,ANTI-,W> ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL 

#aiae 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,S*APIRO 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,AU?OR 3 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 

 3 ,GEORGE ,B>RETT 

,AU?OR 3 ,HIPPOLYTE ,HAVEL 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALEX&] ,S*APIRO 

,TEXT 3 

,A ,NOTE 

,! MANIFE/O BEL[ WAS ISSU$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #a#i#a#e4 ,IT WAS SIGN$ BY 
?IRTY-FIVE WELL-KN[N LIB]T>IANS ( V>I\S NATIONALITIES--AMONG !M ,]RICO 
,MALATE/A1 ,ALEX&] ,S*APIRO1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,DOMELA 
,NIEUW5HUIS1 ETC4 ,MALATE/A & ,S*APIRO W]E TWO ( ! FIVE SECRET>IES ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL ,BUREAU1 ELECT$ AT ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ CONGRESS 9 #a#i#g4 
,ANO!R ( ! SECRET>IES1 ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1.<#a.> HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO APP5D HIS 
SIGNATURE1 9 ?AT HE WAS AN 9T]NEE AT ! TIME--BUT HE TOO WAS AGA9/ ! W>4 

,! ,MANIFE/O 

,EUROPE 9 FLAMES1 T5S ( MILLIONS ( M5 AT LOGG]HEADS 9 ! MO/ FRI<TFUL 
BUT*]Y 9 RECORD$ HI/ORY1 HUNDR$S ( MILLIONS ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 9 
TE>S1 ! ECONOMIC1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL LIFE ( SEV5 GREAT PEOPLES BRUTALLY 
SUSP5D$1 ) ! DAILY MORE GRAVE ?REAT ( FUR!R MILIT>Y COMPLICATIONS--SU*1 FIVE MON?S ON1 IS ! DISMAL1 H>R[+1 ODI\S SPECTACLE (F]$ BY ! 
CIVILIZ$ WORLD4 

,BUT ?IS SPECTACLE WAS ANTICIPAT$1 BY AN>*I/S AT ANY RATE4 

,= !RE NEV] 
HAS BE5 & IS NO D\BT--& TODAY'S HORRIFIC EV5TS RE9=CE ?IS CONFID5CE--?AT W> IS P]MAN5TLY 9CUBAT+ )9 ! EXI/+ BODY ( SOCIETY & ?AT 
>M$ CONFLICT1 BE IT SPECIFIC OR G5]AL1 9 ! COLONIES OR 9 ,EUROPE1 IS ! 
NATURAL CONSEQU5CE & NECESS>Y1 9ESCAPABLE DE/9Y ( A REGIME F\ND$ 
UPON ! ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 RELY+ UPON ! UNBRIDL$ CLA% ( 
9T]E/S1 & PLAC+ ! WORLD ( LABOR UND] ! N>R[1 PA9FUL OV]SI<T ( A 
M9ORITY ( P>ASITES :O HOLD BO? POLITICAL P[] & ECONOMIC MI<T4 ,W> 
WAS 9EVITABLE2 FROM :ATEV] QU>T]1 IT SIMPLY HAD TO COME4 ,NOT = NO?+ 
HAS ! LA/ HALF-C5TURY BE5 SP5T ON FEV]I% PREP>ATION ( ! MO/ 
=MIDABLE >MAM5TS & EV]Y PASS+ DAY SE5 ! DEA? BUDGETS SWELL4 
,CONT9UAL REF9EM5T ( W> MAT]IALS1 EV]Y M9D & EV]Y WILL KEPT 
CON/ANTLY GE>$ T[>DS EV]-BETT] ORGANIZATION ( ! MILIT>Y MA*9E--SC>CELY ! WAY TO WORK = PEACE4 

,SO IT IS NAIVE & PU]ILE1 ONCE ! CAUSES & ! OCCASIONS ( /RIFE HAVE 
BE5 MULTIPLI$1 TO TRY TO DEF9E ! DEGREE ( BLAME ATTA*+ TO SU* & SU* A 
GOV]NM5T4 ,NO DI/9CTION IS POSSIBLE BETWE5 (F5SIVE W>S & DEF5SIVE 
W>S4 ,9 ! CURR5T CONFLICT1 ! GOV]NM5TS 9 ,B]L9 & ,VI5NA HAVE JU/IFI$ 
!MSELVES BY PRODUC+ DOCUM5TS EV]Y BIT AS AU!NTIC AS ?OSE PRODUC$ BY 
! GOV]NM5TS 9 ,P>IS1 ,LONDON & ,PETROGRAD4 ,IT IS = :OEV] ON EA* SIDE 
:O WILL PRODUCE ! MO/ UN*ALL5GEABLE1 MO/ TELL+ DOCUM5TATION TO PROVE 
!IR BONA FIDES & PORTRAY !MSELVES AS ! UNBLEMI%$ DEF5D] ( ! RI<T 
& ( FRE$OM1 ! *AMPION ( CIVILIZATION4 

,CIVILIZATION8 ,:O /&S = ?AT AT ! MOM5T8 ,IS IT ! ,G]MAN ,/ATE ) ITS R$\BTABLE MILIT>ISM1 SO 
P[]FUL ?AT IT HAS /IFL$ EV]Y VE/IGE ( REBELLION8 ,OR ! ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE1 
:OSE ONLY ME?ODS ( P]SUASION >E ! KN\T1 ! GIBBET & ,SIB]IA8 ,OR ! 
,FR5* ,/ATE ) ITS ,HIRIBI1 ITS BLOODY CONQUE/S 9 ,TONK91 ,MADAGASC>1 
,MOROCCO & =CIBLE CONSCRIPTION ( BLACK TROOPS2 ! ,FRANCE :OSE PRISONS 
HAVE H\S$1 = YE>S PA/1 COMRADES :OSE ONLY CRIME WAS TO HAVE WRITT5 & 
SPOK5 \T AGA9/ W>8 ,OR ,5GL&1 AS %E EXPLOITS1 DIVIDES1 />VES1 & 
OPPRESSES ! PEOPLES ( H] HUGE COLONIAL EMPIRE8 

,NO4 ,NONE ( ! BELLIG]5TS HAS ANY RI<T TO LAY CLAIM TO CIVILIZATION1 JU/ AS 
NONE ( !M IS 5TITL$ TO CLAIM LEGITIMATE SELF-DEF5SE4 

,! TRU? IS ?AT ! ROOT ( W>S1 ( ! W> CURR5TLY BLOODY+ ! PLA9S ( 
,EUROPE1 JU/ LIKE ALL ! ONES ?AT W5T BE=E IT1 IS LOCAT$ EXCLUSIVELY 9 ! 
EXI/5CE ( ! ,/ATE1 :I* IS ! POLITICAL =M ( PRIVILEGE4 

,! ,/ATE IS BORN ( MILIT>Y MI<T2 IT HAS GR[N ?R\< REC\RSE TO MILIT>Y 
MI<T1 &1 LOGICALLY1 IT IS UPON MILIT>Y MI<T ?AT IT MU/ RELY IF IT IS TO RETA9 ITS 
OMNIPOT5CE4 ,:ATEV] ! =M IT MAY ASSUME1 ! ,/ATE IS M]ELY OPPRESSION 
ORGANIZ$ = ! B5EFIT ( A PRIVILEG$ M9ORITY4 ,! PRES5T CONFLICT (F]S A 
/RIK+ ILLU/RATION ( ?IS3 ALL =MS ( ! /ATE >E EMBROIL$ 9 ! PRES5T 
W>--ABSOLUTISM IS REPRES5T$ BY ,RUSSIA1 ABSOLUTISM MITIGAT$ BY 
P>LIAM5T>ISM1 BY ,G]MANY1 A ,/ATE RUL+ OV] V]Y DIFF]5T PEOPLES1 BY 
,AU/RIA1 CON/ITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY BY ,5GL& & ! DEMOCRATIC REPUBLICAN 
SY/EM BY ,FRANCE4 

,! MIS=TUNE ( ! PEOPLES1 :O W]E NEV]!LESS ALL DEEPLY COMMITT$ 
TO PEACE1 IS ?AT !Y TRU/$ 9 ! ,/ATE ) ITS S*EM+ DIPLOMATS1 9 
DEMOCRACY & 9 ! POLITICAL P>TIES 7EV5 ! OPPOSITION P>TIES1 LIKE ! 
P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S7 TO AV]T W>4 ,?AT TRU/ WAS DELIB]ATELY ABUS$ & 
CONT9UES TO BE ABUS$ :5 ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T1 ) ! HELP ( !IR :OLE 
PRESS1 P]SUADE !IR RESPECTIVE PEOPLES ?AT ?IS W> IS A W> ( LIB]ATION4 

,WE 
>E DET]M9$LY AGA9/ ANY W> BETWE5 PEOPLES1 &1 9 ! NEUTRAL C\NTRIES1 
LIKE ,ITALY1 :]E ?OSE 9 GOV]NM5T >E SEEK+ ONCE AGA9 TO PU% MORE 
PEOPLES 9TO ! 9F]NO ( W>1 \R COMRADES HAVE OPPOS$1 OPPOSE & ALWAYS 
WILL OPPOSE W> ) EV]Y \NCE ( 5]GY !Y POSSESS4 

,NO MATT] :]E !Y 
MAY F9D !MSELVES1 ! AN>*I/S' ROLE 9 ! 
CURR5T TRAG$Y IS TO C>RY ON PROCLAIM+ ?AT !RE IS BUT ONE W> ( 
LIB]ATION3 ! ONE WAG$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY BY ! OPPRESS$ AGA9/ ! 
OPPRESSOR1 BY ! EXPLOIT$ AGA9/ ! EXPLOIT]4 ,\R TASK IS TO SUMMON ! 
SLAVES TO REVOLT AGA9/ !IR MA/]S4 

,AN>*I/ PROPAG&A & AN>*I/ ACTION %\LD SET AB\T DOGG$LY 
UND]M9+ & BREAK+ UP ! V>I\S ,/ATES1 CULTIVAT+ ! SPIRIT ( 
REBELLION & ACT+ AS MIDWIFE TO ! DISCONT5T 9 ! PEOPLES & 9 ! 
>MIES4 

,TO EV]Y SOLDI] FROM EV]Y C\NTRY CONV9C$ ?AT HE IS FI<T+ = 
JU/ICE & FRE$OM1 WE MU/ EXPLA9 ?AT !IR H]OISM & !IR VALOR WILL S]VE 
ONLY TO P]PETUATE HATR$1 TYRANNY & MIS]Y4 

,TO ! FACTORY WORK]S1 WE MU/ BE A REM9D] ?AT ! RIFLES !Y N[ HOLD 
9 !IR H&S HAVE BE5 US$ AGA9/ !M DUR+ /RIKES & LEGITIMATE REVOLTS1 
& WILL AGA9 BE DEPLOY$ AGA9/ !M LAT] TO =CE !M TO SUBMIT TO ! 
EMPLOY]S' EXPLOITATION4 

,WE HAVE TO %[ ! PEASANTS ?AT AFT] ! W> !Y WILL ONCE AGA9 HAVE TO 
B5D B5EA? ! YOKE & C>RY ON WORK+ !IR MA/]S' L& & FE$+ ! 
RI*4 

,ALL ( ! \TCA/S MU/ BE %[N ?AT !Y %\LD NOT LAY D[N !IR 
WEAPONS UNTIL SU* TIME AS !Y HAVE SETTL$ SCORES ) !IR OPPRESSORS & 
TAK5 ! L& & ! FACTORY = !IR [N4 

,WE WILL %[ MO!RS1 SWEE!>TS & DAU<T]S1 ! VICTIMS ( 
OV]:ELM+ MIS]Y & DEPRIVATION1 :O BE>S ! REAL RESPONSIBILITY = !IR 
GRIEF & = ! C>NAGE ( !IR FA!RS1 SONS & SP\SES4 

,WE MU/ CAPITALIZE UPON EV]Y /IRR+ ( REBELLION1 EV]Y DISCONT5T 9 ORD] 
TO FOM5T 9SURRECTION1 TO ORGANIZE ! REVOLUTION TO :I* WE LOOK = ! 
5D+ ( ALL ( SOCIETY'S 9IQUITIES4 

,NO LOSS ( HE>T1 EV5 9 ! FACE ( A CALAMITY SU* AS W>6 ,IT IS 9 SU* 
TR\BL$ TIMES1 :5 ?\S&S ( M5 >E H]OICALLY GIV+ !IR LIVES = AN 
IDEA1 ?AT WE MU/ %[ SU* M5 ! G5]OSITY1 GR&EUR & BEAUTY ( ! 
AN>*I/ IDEAL3 SOCIAL JU/ICE A*IEV$ ?R\< ! FREE ORGANIZATION ( 
PRODUC]S3 W> & MILIT>ISM ]ADICAT$ =EV]1 COMPLETE FRE$OM WON 
?R\< ! UTT] DEMOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ITS AG5CIES ( CO]CION4 

,LONG LIVE ,AN>*Y6 

,SIGN$ BY -  

,LEON>D ,D4 ,ABBOTT1 ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,L4 ,B]TONI1  

,L4 ,B]SANI1 ,G4 ,B]N>D1 ,G4 ,B>RETT1 ,A4 ,B]N>DO1  

,E4 ,B\DOT1 ,A4 ,CALZITTA1 ,JOSEPH ,J4 ,COH51 ,H5RRY ,COMBES1  

,NE/OR ,CIELE VAN ,DIEP51 ,F4,W4 ,DUNN1 ,*4 ,FRIG]IO1  

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ,V4 ,G>CIA1 ,HIPPOLYTE ,HAVEL1 ,T4,H4 ,KEELL1  

,H>RY ,KELLY1 ,J4 ,LEMAIRE1 ,E4 ,MALATE/A1 ,H4 ,M>QUES1  

,F4 ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS1 ,NOEL ,PANAVI*1 ,E4 ,REC*IONI1  

,G4 ,RIJND]S1 ,I4 ,RO*T*9E1 ,A4 ,SAVIOLI1 ,A4 ,S*APIRO1  

,WILLIAM ,%AT(F1 ,V4,J4,C4 ,S*]M]HORN1 ,C4 ,TROMBETTI1  

,P4 ,VALL9A1 ,G4 ,VIGNATI1 ,LILLIAN ,G4 ,WOOLF1 ,S4 ,YANOVSKY4 

,A ,CONTR>Y ,NOTE 

,ON A CONTR>Y NOTE1 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#a#f1 SOME O!R AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ 
,KROPOTK91 ,T*]KESS(F1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,*>LES ,MALATO1 ,*RI/IAN ,CORNELISSE1 
,PAUL ,RECLUS 7SON ( ,ELISEE.<#b.>71 ETC41 ISSU$ A DECL>ATION APPROV+ ! W>4 ,9 
,FRANCE1 IT WAS C>RI$ BY ,LA ,BATAILLE ,SYNDICALI/E1 A NEWS-%EET SUSPECT$ ( 
BE+ SUBSIDIZ$ BY ! ,FR5* GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS DECL>ATION BECAME FAM\S AS ! 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE510 AL?\<1 9 FACT1 IT HAD ONLY FIFTE5 SIGNATORIES4 ,9 ,MAY #a#i#a#f1 IT ELICIT$ A PROTE/ FROM AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 :I* CONCLUD$ ) !SE WORDS3 

,EXC]PT FROM ! 0,MANIFE/O ( ! ,SIXTE50 

,WE DECL>E ?AT ALL PROPAG&A 9 FAVOR ( CONT9UANCE ( ! W> BETWE5 
! PEOPLES 0TO ! BITT] 5D10 :I* IS TO SAY1 0UNTIL VICTORY0 BY ONE ( ! 
BELLIG]5T COALITIONS1 IS ESS5TIALLY NATIONALI/IC & REACTION>Y PROPAG&A2 
?AT ! AIMS 9 T]MS ( :I* ?IS PROPAG&A ATTEMPTS TO JU/IFY & EXPLA9 
ITSELF >E QUITE +5U\S1 PR(\NDLY MI/AK5 & CANNOT )/& ! 
SLI<TE/ HI/ORICAL OR LOGICAL SCRUT9Y2 ?AT SU* PROPAG&A1 HAV+ NO?+ 9 
COMMON ) AN>*ISM1 ANTI-MILIT>ISM OR 9T]NATIONALISM1 9/EAD REPRES5TS1 
9 ITS V]Y ESS5CE & 9 ITS PRACTICAL CONSEQU5CES1 A SORT ( PROPAG&A ON 
BEHALF ( MILIT>ISM & SUPPOS$LY 0DEMOCRATIC0 NATIONALI/IC ,/ATISM2 ?AT IT IS 
! ABSOLUTE DUTY ( AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S TO /RUGGLE FIRMLY AGA9/ SU* 
AB]RATIONS & AGA9/ !SE CURR5TS ( IDEAS :I* >E UTT]LY CONTR>Y TO ! 
WORK]S' VITAL 9T]E/S2 & ?AT1 AS A RESULT1 NOT ONLY CAN WE NOT1 H]EAFT]1 
REG>D ! SIGNATORIES TO ! 0,DECL>ATION0 AS COMRADES 9 ! /RUGGLE1 BUT WE 
F9D \RSELVES OBLIG$ TO CLASS !M RESOLUTELY AS 5EMIES1 UNWITT+ 5EMIES 
MAYBE1 BUT REAL 5EMIES ( ! WORK+ CLASS = ALL ?AT4 

.<#a.> ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#e#h71 ,G]MAN AN>*I/ HI/ORIAN & PHILOSOPH] :O DI$ 9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,AU?OR1 NOTABLY ( ,! ,BANKRUPTCY ( ,RUSSIAN ,/ATE ,COMMUNISM 79 ,G]MAN71 
#a#i#b#a4 

.<#b.> ,*>LES ,MALATO 7#a#h#e#g-#a#i#c#h71 AN>*I/ WRIT]1 AU?OR1 NOTABLY1 ( 
,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*Y 7#a#h#h#i73 ,PAUL ,RECLUS1 SON ( ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #aiae 3 ,ANTI-,W> ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #b#h1 #bb 3 ,ANTI-,W> ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ANTI-,W> ,MANIFE/O ( ! ,AN>*I/ ,9T]NATIONAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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