,ANTISEMITISM3 ,ITS ,HI/ORY & ,CAUSES 

#ahid 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,B]N>D ,LAZ>E 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

,P,O,R,T,I,O,N,S ( ?IS BOOK1 :I* AT V>I\S TIMES APPE>$ 9 ! NEWSPAP]S & P]IODICALS1 RECEIV$ ! HONOR ( BE+ NOTIC$ & DISCUSS$4 ,?IS HAS 9DUC$ ME TO WRITE ! FEW L9ES ?AT FOLL[4 

,IT HAS BE5 MY 9T5TION TO WRITE NEI!R AN APOLOGY NOR A DIATRIBE1 BUT AN IMP>TIAL /UDY 9 HI/ORY & SOCIOLOGY4 ,I DISLIKE ANTISEMITISM2 IT IS A N>R[1 ONE-SID$ VIEW1 /ILL ,I HAVE S\<T TO ACC\NT = IT4 ,IT WAS NOT BORN )\T CAUSE1 ,I HAVE SE>*$ = ITS CAUSES4 ,:E!R ,I HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 DISCOV]+ !M1 IT IS = ! READ] TO DECIDE4 

,AN OP9ION AS G5]AL AS ANTISEMITISM1 :I* HAS FL\RI%$ 9 ALL C\NTRIES & 9 ALL AGES1 BE=E & AFT] ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 AT ,ALEX&RIA1 ,ROME1 & ,ANTIA*IA1 9 ,>ABIA1 & 9 ,P]SIA1 9 M$IEVAL & 9 MOD]N ,EUROPE1 9 A WORD1 9 ALL P>TS ( ! WORLD :]EV] !RE >E OR HAVE BE5 ,JEWS SU* AN OP9ION1 IT HAS SEEM$ TO ME1 C\LD NOT SPR+ FROM A M]E :IM OR FANCY1 BUT MU/ BE ! EFFECT ( DEEP & S]I\S CAUSES4 

,IT HAS1 !RE=E1 BE5 MY AIM TO DRAW A FULL-SIZE PICTURE ( ANTISEMITISM1 ( ITS HI/ORY & CAUSES1 TO FOLL[ ITS SUCCESSIVE *ANGES & TRANS=MATIONS4 ,SU* A /UDY MI<T EASILY FILL VOLUMES4 ,I HAVE1 !RE=E1 BE5 OBLIG$ TO LIMIT ITS SCOPE1 CONF9+ MYSELF TO BROAD \TL9ES & OMITT+ DETAILS4 ,I HOPE TO TAKE UP1 AT NO DI/ANT DAY1 SOME ( ITS ASPECTS :I* C\LD ONLY BE H9T$ AT H]E1 & ,I %ALL !N 5DEAVOR TO %[ :AT HAS BE5 ! 9TELLECTUAL1 MORAL1 ECONOMIC & REVOLUTION>Y ROLE ( ! ,JEW 9 ! WORLD4 

,B,],N,>,D ,L,A,Z,>,E4 

,P>IS1 #be ,APRIL1 #a#h#i#d4 

,*APT] ,ONE3 ,G5]AL ,CAUSES ( ,ANTISEMITISM 

,TO MAKE ! HI/ORY ( ANTISEMITISM COMPLETE1 OMITT+ NONE ( ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS S5TIM5T & FOLL[+ ITS DIV]S PHASES & MODIFICATIONS1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO GO 9TO ! HI/ORY ( ,ISRAEL S9CE ITS DISP]SION1 OR1 MORE PROP]LY SPEAK+1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ITS EXPANSION BEYOND ! B\ND>IES ( ,PALE/9E4 

,:]EV] ! ,JEWS SETTL$ AFT] CEAS+ TO BE A NATION READY TO DEF5D ITS LIB]TY & 9DEP5D5CE1 ONE OBS]VES ! DEVELOPM5T ( ANTISEMITISM1 OR RA!R ANTI-,JUDAISM2 = ANTISEMITISM IS AN ILL *OS5 WORD1 :I* HAS ITS RAISON D'ETRE ONLY 9 \R DAY1 :5 IT IS S\<T TO BROAD5 ?IS /RIFE BETWE5 ! ,JEW & ! ,*RI/IANS BY SUPPLY+ IT ) A PHILOSOPHY & A METAPHYSICAL1 RA!R ?AN A MAT]IAL REASON4 ,IF ?IS HO/ILITY1 ?IS REPUGNANCE HAD BE5 %[N T[>DS ! ,JEWS AT ONE TIME OR 9 ONE C\NTRY ONLY1 IT W\LD BE EASY TO ACC\NT = ! LOCAL CAUSES ( ?IS S5TIM5T4 ,BUT ?IS RACE HAS BE5 ! OBJECT ( HATR$ ) ALL ! NATIONS AMID :OM IT EV] SETTL$4 ,9ASMU* AS ! 5EMIES ( ! ,JEWS BELONG$ TO DIV]S RACES1 AS !Y DWELL$ F> AP>T FROM ONE ANO!R1 W]E RUL$ BY DIFF]5T LAWS & GOV]N$ BY OPPOSITE PR9CIPLES2 AS !Y HAD NOT ! SAME CU/OMS & DIFF]$ 9 SPIRIT FROM ONE ANO!R1 SO ?AT !Y C\LD NOT POSSIBLY JUDGE ALIKE ( ANY SUBJECT1 IT MU/ NE$S BE ?AT ! G5]AL CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM HAVE ALWAYS RESID$ 9 ,ISRAEL ITSELF1 & NOT 9 ?OSE :O ANTAGONIZ$ IT4 

,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT JU/ICE WAS ALWAYS ON ! SIDE ( ,ISRAEL'S P]SECUTORS1 OR ?AT !Y DID NOT 9DULGE 9 ALL ! EXTREMES BORN ( HATR$2 IT IS M]ELY ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E !MSELVES1 9 P>T1 AT LEA/1 ! CAUSE ( !IR [N ILLS4 

,CONSID]+ ! UNANIMITY ( ANTISEMITIC MANIFE/ATIONS1 IT CAN H>DLY BE ADMITT$1 AS HAD TOO WILL+LY BE5 DONE1 ?AT !Y W]E M]ELY DUE TO A RELIGI\S W>1 & ONE MU/ NOT VIEW ! /RIFE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS AS A /RUGGLE ( POLY!ISM AGA9/ MONO!ISM1 OR ?AT ( ! ,TR9ITY AGA9/ ,JEHOVAH4 ,! POLY!I/IC1 AS WELL AS ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS COMBAT$ NOT ! DOCTR9E ( ONE SOLE ,GOD1 BUT ! ,JEW4 

,:I* VIRTUES OR :I* VISES HAVE E>N$ = ! ,JEW ?IS UNIV]SAL 5MITY8 ,:Y WAS HE ILL-TREAT$ & HAT$ ALIKE & 9 TURN BY ! ,ALEX&RIANS & ! ,ROMANS1 BY ! ,P]SIANS & ! ,>ABS1 BY ! ,TURKS & ! ,*RI/IAN NATIONS 8 ,BECAUSE1 EV]Y:]E UP TO \R [N DAYS ! ,JEW WAS AN UNSOCIABLE BE+4 

,:Y WAS HE UNSOCIABLE 8 ,BECAUSE HE WAS EXCLUSIVE1 & HIS EXCLUSIV5ESS WAS BO? POLITICAL & RELIGI\S1 OR RA!R HE HELD FA/ TO HIS POLITICAL & RELIGI\S CULT1 TO HIS LAW4 

,ALL ?R\< HI/ORY WE SEE ! CONQU]$ PEOPLES SUBMIT TO ! LAWS ( ! CONQU]OR1 ?\< !Y MAY GU>D !IR [N FAI? & BELIEFS4 ,IT WAS EASY = !M TO DO SO1 = ) !M A L9E WAS DRAWN BETWE5 !IR RELIGI\S TEA*+S :I* HAD COME FROM ! GODS1 & !IR CIVIL LAWS :I* EMANAT$ FROM LEGISLATION & C\LD BE MODIFI$ ACCORD+ TO CIRCUM/ANCES1 )\T 9VIT+ UPON ! RE=M]S ! !OLOGICAL ANA!MA OR EXECRATION2 :AT HAD BE5 DONE BY MAN C\LD BE UNDONE BY MAN4 ,?US1 IF ! CONQU]$ ROSE UP AGA9/ ! CONQU]ORS1 IT WAS ?R\< PATRIOTISM ALONE1 & !Y W]E ACTUAT$ BY NO O!R MOTIVE BUT ! DESIRE TO REGA9 !IR L& & !IR LIB]TY4 ,ASIDE FROM !SE NATIONAL UPRIS+S1 !Y SELDOM TOOK EXCEPTION TO BE+ SUBJECT$ TO ! G5]AL LAWS2 IF !Y PROTE/$1 IT WAS AGA9/ P>TICUL> 5ACTM5TS :I* PLAC$ !M 9TO A POSITION ( 9F]IORITY T[>DS ! DOM9ANT PEOPLE2 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,ROMAN CONQUE/S WE SEE ! CONQU]$ B[ TO ,ROME :5 %E EXT5D$ TO !M ! LAWS :I* GOV]N$ ! EMPIRE4 

,NOT SO ) ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE4 ,9 FACT1 AS WAS OBS]V$ BY ,SP9OZA1.<#a.> 0! LAWS REVEAL$ BY ,GOD TO ,MOSES W]E NO?+ BUT LAWS = ! SPECIAL GOV]NM5T ( ! ,HEBREWS40 ,MOSES1.<#b.> ! PROPHET & LEGISLATOR1 ASSIGN$ ! SAME AU?ORITY = HIS JUDICIAL & GOV]NM5TAL 5ACTM5TS1 AS = HIS RELIGI\S PRECEPTS1 I4E41 REVELATION4 ,NOT ONLY DID ,YAHWEH SAY TO ! ,JEWS1 0,YE %ALL BELIEVE 9 ! ONE ,GOD & YE %ALL WOR%IP NO IDOLS10 HE ALSO PRESCRIB$ = !M RULES ( HYGI5E & MORALITY2 NOT ONLY DID HE DESIGNATE ! T]RITORY :]E SACRIFICES W]E TO BE (F]$1 HE ALSO DET]M9$ ! MANN] 9 :I* ?AT T]RITORY WAS TO BE GOV]N$4 ,EA* ( ! GIV5 LAWS1 :E!R AGR>IAN1 CIVIL1 PROPHYLACTIC1 !OLOGICAL1 OR MORAL PROCE$$ FROM ! SAME AU?ORITY1 SO ?AT ALL !SE CODES =M$ A :OLE1 A RIGOR\S SY/EM ( :I* NAU<T C\LD BE TAK5 AWAY = FE> ( SACRILEGE4 

,9 REALITY1 ! ,JEW LIV$ UND] ! RULE ( A LORD1 ,YAHWEH1 :O C\LD NEI!R BE CONQU]$1 NOR EV5 ASSAIL$1 & HE KNEW BUT ONE ?+1 ! LAW1 I4E41 ! COLLECTION ( RULES & DECREES :I* IT HAD ONCE PLEAS$ ,YAHWEH TO GIVE TO ,MOSESA LAW DIV9E & EXCELL5T1 MADE TO LEAD ITS FOLL[]S TO ET]NAL BLISS2 A P]FECT LAW :I* ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE ALONE HAD RECEIV$4 

,) SU* AN IDEA ( HIS ,TORAH1 ! ,JEW C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! LAWS ( /RANGE NATIONS2 NOR C\LD HE ?9K ( SUBMITT+ TO !M2 HE C\LD NOT AB&ON ! DIV9E LAWS1 ET]NAL1 GOOD & JU/1 TO FOLL[ HUMAN LAWS1 NECESS>ILY IMP]FECT & SUBJECT TO DECAY4 ,?US1 :]EV] COLONIES W]E F\ND$ BY ! ,JEWS1 TO :ATEV] L& !Y W]E DEPORT$1 !Y 9SI/$1 NOT ONLY UPON P]MISSION TO FOLL[ !IR RELIGION1 BUT ALSO UPON EXEMPTION FROM ! CU/OMS ( ! PEOPLE AMID :OM !Y W]E TO LIVE1 & ! PRIVILEGES TO GOV]N !MSELVES BY !IR [N LAWS4 

,AT ,ROME1 AT ,ALEX&RIA1 AT ,ANTIO*1 9 ,CYR5AICA !Y W]E ALL[$ FULL FRE$OM 9 ! MATT]4 ,!Y W]E NOT REQUIR$ TO APPE> 9 C\RT ON ,SATURDAY2.<#c.> !Y W]E EV5 P]MITT$ TO HAVE !IR [N SPECIAL TRIBUNALS1 & W]E NOT AM5ABLE TO ! LAWS ( ! EMPIRE2 :5 ! DI/RIBUTION ( GRA9S OCCURR$ ON A ,SATURDAY !IR %>E WAS RES]V$ = !M UNTIL ! NEXT DAY1.<#d.> !Y C\LD BE DECURIONS1 BE+ AT ! SAME TIME EXEMPT FROM ALL PRACTICES CONTR>Y TO !IR RELIGION2.<#e.> !Y 5JOY$ COMPLETE SELF-GOV]NM5T1 AS 9 ,ALEX&RIA2 !Y HAD !IR [N *IEFS1 !IR [N S5ATE1 !IR E?N>*1 & W]E NOT SUBJECT TO ! G5]AL MUNICIPAL AU?ORITIES4 

,EV]Y:]E !Y WANT$ TO REMA9 ,JEWS1 & EV]Y:]E !Y W]E GRANT$ ! PRIVILEGE ( E/ABLI%+ A ,/ATE )9 ! ,/ATE4 ,BY VIRTUE ( !SE PRIVILEGES & EXEMPTIONS1 & IMMUNITY FROM TAXES1 !Y W\LD SOON RISE ABOVE ! G5]AL CONDITION ( ! CITIZ5S ( ! MUNICIPALITIES :]E !Y RESID$2 !Y HAD BETT] OPPORTUNITIES = TRADE & ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 :]EBY !Y EXCIT$ JEAL\SY & HATR$4 

,?US1 ,ISRAEL'S ATTA*M5T TO ITS LAW WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ CAUSES ( ITS UNPOPUL>ITY1 :E!R BECAUSE IT D]IV$ FROM ?AT LAW B5EFITS & ADVANTAGES :I* W]E APT TO EXCITE 5VY1 OR BECAUSE IT PRID$ ITSELF UPON ! EXCELL5CE ( ITS ,TORAH & CONSID]$ ITSELF ABOVE & BEYOND O!R PEOPLES4 

,/ILL HAD ! ,ISRAELITES ADH]$ TO PURE ,MOSAISM1 !Y C\LD1 

D\BTLESS1 AT SOME TIME 9 !IR HI/ORY1 HAVE SO MODIFI$ ?AT ,MOSAISM AS TO RETA9 NONE BUT ! RELIGI\S & METAPHYSICAL PRECEPTS2 POSSIBLY1 IF !Y HAD NO O!R SACR$ BOOK BUT ! ,BIBLE !Y MI<T HAVE M]G$ 9 ! NASC5T *UR*1 :I* 5LI/$ ITS FIR/ FOLL[]S AMONG ! ,SADDUCEES1 ! ,ESS5ES1 & ! ,JEWI% PROSELYTES4 ,ONE ?+ PREV5T$ ?AT FUSION & UPHELD ! EXI/5CE ( ! ,HEBREWS AMONG ! NATIONS2 IT WAS ! GR[? ( ! ,TALMUD1 ! AU?ORITY & RULE ( ! DOCTORS :O TAU<T A PRET5D$ TRADITION4 ,! POLICY ( ! DOCTORS TO :I* WE %ALL RETURN FUR!R MADE ( ! ,JEWS SULL5 BE+S1 UNSOCIABLE & HAU<TY1 ( :OM ,SP9OZA1 :O KNEW !M WELL1 C\LD SAY3 0,IT IS NOT AT ALL SURPRIS+ ?AT AFT] BE+ SCATT]$ = SO MANY YE>S !Y HAVE PRES]V$ !IR ID5TITY )\T A GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N1 =1 BY !IR EXT]NAL RITES1 CONTR>Y TO ?OSE ( O!R NATIONS1 AS WELL AS BY ! SIGN ( CIRCUMCISION1 !Y HAVE ISOLAT$ !MSELVES FROM ALL O!R NATIONS1 EV5 TO ! EXT5T ( DRAW+ UPON !MSELVES ! HATE ( ALL MANK9D40.<#f.> 

,MAN'S AIM ON E>?1 SAID ! DOCTORS1 IS ! KN[L$GE & OBS]VANCE ( ! LAW1 & ONE CANNOT ?OR\<LY OBS]VE IT )\T D5Y+ ALLEGIANCE TO ALL BUT ! TRUE LAW4 ,! ,JEW :O FOLL[$ !SE PRECEPTS ISOLAT$ HIMSELF FROM ! RE/ ( MANK9D2 HE RETR5*$ HIMSELF BEH9D ! F5CES :I* HAD BE5 ]ECT$ >\ND ! ,TORAH BY ,EZRA & ! FIR/ SCRIBES1.<#g.> LAT] BY ! ,PH>ISEES & ! ,TALMUDI/S1 ! SUCCESSORS ( ,EZRA1 RE=M]S ( PRIMITIVE ,MOSAISM & 5EMIES OR ! PROPHETS4 ,HE ISOLAT$ HIMSELF1 NOT M]ELY BY DECL9+ TO SUBMIT TO ! CU/OMS :I* B\ND TOGE!R ! 9HABITANTS ( ! C\NTRIES :]E HE SETTL$1 BUT ALSO BY %UNN+ ALL 9T]C\RSE ) ! 9HABITANTS !MSELVES4 ,TO HIS UNSOCIABILITY ! ,JEW ADD$ EXCLUSIV5ESS4 

,) ! LAW1 YET )\T ,ISRAEL TO PUT IT 9TO PRACTICE1 ! WORLD C\LD NOT EXI/1 ,GOD W\LD TURN IT BACK 9TO NO?+2 NOR WILL ! WORLD KN[ HAPP9ESS UNTIL IT BE BR\<T UND] ! UNIV]SAL DOM9ATION ( ?AT LAW1 I4E41 UND] ! DOM9ATION ( ! ,JEWS4 ,?US ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE IS *OS5 BY ,GOD AS ! TRU/EE ( ,HIS WILL2 IT IS ! ONLY PEOPLE ) :OM ! ,DEITY HAS MADE A COV5ANT2 IT IS ! *OICE ( ! ,LORD4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ! S]P5T TEMPT$ ,EVE1 SAYS ! ,TALMUD1 HE CORRUPT$ H] ) HIS V5OM4 ,ISRAEL1 ON RECEIV+ ! REVELATION FROM ,S9AI1 DELIV]$ ITSELF FROM ! EVIL2 ! RE/ ( MANK9D C\LD NOT RECOV]4 ,?US1 IF !Y HAVE EA* ITS GU>DIAN & ITS PROTECT+ CON/ELLATION1 ,ISRAEL IS PLAC$ UND] ! V]Y EYE ( ,JEHOVAH2 IT IS ! ,ET]NAL'S FAVOR$ SON :O HAS ! SOLE RI<T TO HIS LOVE1 TO HIS GOOD WILL1 TO HIS SPECIAL PROTECTION1 O!R M5 >E PLAC$ B5EA? ! ,HEBREWS2 IT IS BY M]E M]CY ?AT !Y >E 5TITL$ TO DIV9E MUNIFIC5CE1 S9CE ! S\LS ( ! ,JEWS ALONE >E DESC5D$ FROM ! FIR/ MAN4 ,! WEAL? :I* HAS COME TO ! NATIONS1 9 TRU? BELONGS TO ,ISRAEL1 & WE HE> ,JESUS ,HIMSELF REPLY TO ! ,GREEK WOMAN3 0,IT IS NOT MEET TO TAKE ! *ILDR5'S BREAD & SO CA/ IT UNTO ! DOGS40.<#h.> ,?IS FAI? 9 !IR PR$E/9ATION1 9 !IR ELECTION1 DEVELOP$ AMONG ! ,JEWS AN IMM5SE PRIDE4 ,IT L$ !M TO VIEW ! ,G5TILES ) CONTEMPT1 (T5 ) HATE1 :5 PATRIOTIC CONSID]ATIONS SUP]V5$ TO RELIGI\S FEEL+4 

,:5 ,JEWI% NATIONALITY WAS 9 P]IL1 ! ,PH>ISEES1 UND] ,JOHN ,HYRCANUS1 DECL>$ IMPURE ! SOIL ( /RANGE PEOPLES1 AS WELL AS ALL 9T]C\RSE AMONG ,JEWS & ,GREEKS4 ,LAT]1 ! ,%AMAITES ADVOCAT$ AT A SYNOD COMPLETE SEP>ATION ( ! ,JEWS FROM ! HEA!NS1 & DRAFT$ A SET ( 9JUNCTIONS1 CALL$ ,! ,EI<TE5 ,?+S1 :I* ULTIMATELY PREVAIL$ OV] ! OPPOSITION ( ! ,HILLELITES4 ,AS A RESULT ,JEWI% UNSOCIABILITY BEG9S TO 5GAGE ! ATT5TION ( ! C\NCILS ( ,ANTIO*US ,SIDETES2 EXCEPTION IS TAK5 TO 0!IR P]SI/5CE 9 %UTT+ !MSELVES UP AMID !IR [N K9D & AVOID+ ALL 9T]C\RSE ) PAGANS1 & TO !IR EAG]NESS TO MAKE ?AT 9T]C\RSE MORE & MORE DIFFICULT1 IF NOT IMPOSSIBLE40.<#i.> ,& ! HI< PRIE/ ,M5ELAUS ACCUSES ! LAW BE=E ,ANTIO*US ,EPIPHANES1 0( TEA*+ HATR$ ( ! HUMAN RACE1 ( PROHIBIT+ TO SIT D[N AT ! TABLE ( /RANG]S & TO %[ GOOD-WILL T[>DS !M40 

,IF !SE PRESCRIPTIONS HAD LO/ !IR AU?ORITY :5 ! CAUSE :I* HAD PRODUC$ &1 9 A WAY1 JU/IFI$ !M1 HAD DISAPPE>$1 ! EVIL W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 GREAT4 ,YET WE SEE !M REAPPE> 9 ! ,TALMUD & RECEIVE A NEW SANCTION FROM ! AU?ORITY ( ! DOCTORS4 ,AFT] ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ! ,SADDUCEES & ! ,PH>ISEES HAD T]M9AT$ 9 ! VICTORY ( ! LATT]1 !SE 9JUNCTIONS BECAME P>T ( ! LAW1 !Y W]E TAU<T ) ! LAW & HELP$ TO DEVELOP & EXAGG]ATE ! EXCLUSIV5ESS ( ! ,JEWS4 

,ANO!R FE>1 ?AT ( CONTAM9ATION1 SEP>AT$ ! ,JEWS FROM ! WORLD & MADE !IR ISOLATION /ILL MORE RIGOR\S4 ,! ,PH>ISEES HELD VIEWS ( EXTREME RIGOR ON ! SUBJECT ( CONTAM9ATION2 ) !M ! 9JUNCTIONS & PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! ,BIBLE W]E 9SUFFICI5T TO PRES]VE ,MAN FROM S94 ,AS ! SACRIFICIAL VASES W]E CONTAM9AT$ BY ! LEA/ IMPURE CONTACT1 !Y CAME TO REG>D !MSELVES CONTAM9AT$ BY CONTACT ) /RANG]S4 ,( ?IS FE> W]E BORN 9NUM]ABLE RULES AFFECT+ EV]YDAY LIFE3 RULES RELAT+ TO CLO?+1 DWELL+1 N\RI%M5T1 ALL ( :I* W]E PROMULGAT$ ) A VIEW TO SAVE ! ,ISRAELITES FROM CONTAM9ATION & SACRILEGE2 ALL !SE RULES MI<T PROP]LY BE OBS]V$ 9 AN 9DEP5D5T /ATE OR CITY1 BUT C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE 5=C$ 9 =EIGN L&S1 = !IR /RICT OBS]VANCE W\LD REQUIRE ! ,JEWS TO FLEE ! SOCIETY ( ,G5TILES1 & ?US TO LIVE ISOLAT$1 HO/ILE TO !IR 5VIRONM5T4 

,! ,PH>ISEES & ! ,RABB9ITES W5T /ILL F>!R4 ,NOT SATISFI$ ) PRES]V+ ! BODY1 !Y ALSO S\<T TO SAVE ! S\L4 ,EXP]I5CE HAD %[N !M ?AT ,HELL5IC & ,ROMAN IMPORTATIONS IMP]IL$ :AT !Y DEEM$ !IR FAI?4 ,! NAMES ( ! ,HELL5I/IC HI< PRIE/S1 ,JASON1 ,M5ELAUS1 ETC41 REM9D$ ! ,RABB9ITES ( ! TIMES :5 ! G5IUS ( ,GREECE1 W9N+ OV] ONE PORTION ( ,ISRAEL1 CAME V]Y NE> CONQU]+ IT4 ,!Y KNEW ?AT ! ,SADDUCEAN P>TY1 FRI5DLY TO ! ,GREEKS1 HAD PAV$ ! WAY = ,*RI/IANITY1 AS MU* AS ! ,ALEX&RIANS & ALL ?OSE :O MA9TA9$ ?AT 0NONE BUT ! LEGAL PROVISIONS1 CLE>LY 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! ,MOSAIC LAW W]E B9D+1 :]EAS ALL O!R RULES GR[+ FROM LOCAL TRADITIONS OR SUBSEQU5TLY ISSU$1 C\LD LAY NO CLAIM TO RIGOR\S OBS]VANCE4.<#a.> 

,IT WAS UND] ,GREEK 9FLU5CE ?AT ! BOOKS & ORACLES ORIG9AT$ :I* PREP>$ ! M9DS = ,MESSIAH4 ,! ,HELL5I/IC ,JEWS1 ,PHILO & ,>I/OBULUS1 ! PSEUDO-,PHOCYLIDES & ! PSEUDO-,LONG9US1 AU?ORS ( ! ,SIBYLL9E ORACLES & ( ! PSEUDO-,ORPHICS1 ALL !SE SUCCESSORS ( ! PROPHETS :O CONT9U$ !IR WORK1 L$ MANK9D TO ,*RI/4 ,& IT MAY BE SAID ?AT TRUE ,MOSAISM1 PURIFI$ & 5L>G$ BY ,ISAIAH1 ,J]EMIAH & ,EZEKIEL1 BROAD5$ & G5]ALIZ$ BY ! ,JUDEO-,HELL5I/S1 W\LD HAVE BR\<T ,ISRAEL TO ,*RI/IANITY1 BUT = ,EZRAISM1,PH>ISAISM & ,TALMUDISM1 :I* HELD ! MASS ( ! ,JEWS B\ND TO /RICT OBS]VANCES & N>R[ RITUAL PRACTICES4 

,TO GU>D ,GOD'S PEOPLE1 TO KEEP IT SAFE FROM EVIL 9FLU5CES1 ! DOCTORS EXALT$ !IR LAW ABOVE ALL ?+S4 ,!Y DECL>$ ?AT NO /UDY BUT ?AT ( ! LAW ALONE BECAME AN ,ISRAELITE1 & AS A :OLE LIFE-TIME WAS H>DLY SUFFICI5T TO LE>N & P5ETRATE ALL ! SUBTLETIES & ALL ! CASUI/RY ( ?AT LAW1 !Y PROHIBIT$ ! /UDY ( PR(ANE SCI5CES & =EIGN LANGUAGES4 0,?OSE AMONG US :O LE>N SEV]AL LANGUAGES >E NOT HELD 9 E/EEM10 SAID ,JOSEPHUS2 CONTEMPT ALONE WAS SOON ?\<T 9SUFFICI5T1 !Y W]E EXCOM MUNICAT$4 ,NOR DID !SE EXPULSIONS SATISFY ! ,RABB9ITES4 ,?\< DEPRIV$ ( ,PLATO1 HAD NOT ! ,JEW /ILL ! ,BIBLE1 C\LD HE NOT LI/5 TO ! VOICE ( ! PROPHETS8 ,AS ! BOOK C\LD NOT BE PROSCRIB$1 IT WAS BELITTL$ & MADE SUBORD9ATE TO ! ,TALMUD2 ! DOCTORS DECL>$3 0,! LAW IS WAT]1 ! ,MI%NA IS W9E40 ,& ! READ+ ( ! ,BIBLE WAS CONSID]$ LESS B5EFICIAL1 LESS CONDUCIVE TO SALVATION ?AN ! READ+ ( ! ,MI%NA4 

,H[EV]1 ! ,RABB9ITES C\LD NOT KILL ,JEWI% CURIOSITY ) ONE BL[2 IT REQUIR$ C5TURIES4 ,IT WAS AS LATE AS ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 AFT] ,IBN ,EZRA1 ,RABBI ,BE*AI1 ,MAIMONIDES1 ,B$>ES1 ,JOSEPH ,CASPI1 ,LEVI ,B5 ,G]SON1 ,MOSES ( ,N>BONNE1 & MANY O!RS1 W]E GONE1 ALL TRUE SONS ( ,PHILO & ! ,ALEX&RIANS1 :O /ROVE TO V]IFY ,JUDAISM BY =EIGN PHILOSOPHY2 AFT] ,A%] ,B5 ,YE*IEL HAD 9DUC$ ! ASSEMBLY ( ! RABBIS AT ,B>CELONA TO EXCOMMUNICATE ?OSE :O W\LD /UDY PR(ANE SCI5CES2 AFT] ,RABBI ,%ALEM1 ( ,MONTPELLI] HAD COMPLA9$ TO ! ,DOM9ICANS ( ! ,MOREH ,NEBUKHIM1 & ?IS BOOK1 ! HI<E/ EXPRESSION ( ! IDEAS ( ,MAIMONIDES1 HAD BE5 BURN$IT WAS ONLY AFT] ALL ?IS ?AT ! RABBIS ULTIMATELY TRIUMPH$4.<#a#b.> 

,!IR 5D WAS ATTA9$4 ,!Y HAD CUT (F ,ISRAEL FROM ! COMMUNITY ( NATIONS2 !Y HAD MADE ( IT A SULL5 RECLUSE1 A REBEL AGA9/ ALL LAWS1 =EIGN TO ALL FEEL+ FRAT]NITY1 CLOS$ TO ALL BEAUTIFUL1 NOBLE & G5]\S IDEAS2 !Y HAD MADE ( IT A SMALL & MIS]ABLE NATION1 S\R$ BY ISOLATION1 BRUTALIZ$ BY A N>R[ $UCATION1 DEMORALIZ$ & CORRUPT$ BY AN UNJU/IFIABLE PRIDE4.<#a#c.> 

,) ?IS TRANS=MATION ( ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT & ! VICTORY ( SECT>IAN DOCTORS1 CO9CIDES ! BEG9N+ ( (FICIAL P]SECUTION4 ,UNTIL ?AT EPO* !RE HAD ONLY BE5 \TBUR/S ( LOCAL HATR$1 BUT NO SY/EMATIC VEXATIONS4 ,) ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,RABB9ITES1 ! <ETTOS COME 9TO BE+4 ,! EXPULSIONS & MASSACRES COMM5CE4 ,! ,JEWS WANT TO LIVE AP>TA L9E IS DRAWN AGA9/ !M4 ,!Y DETE/ ! SPIRIT ( ! NATIONS AMID :OM !Y LIVE - ! NATIONS *ASE !M4 ,!Y BURN ! ,MOREH - !IR ,TALMUD IS BURN$ & !Y !MSELVES >E BURN$ ) IT4.<#a#d.> 

,IT W\LD SEEM ?AT NO FUR!R AG5CY WAS NE$$ TO R5D] ! SEP>ATION ( ! ,JEWS FROM ! RE/ ( MANK9D COMPLETE & TO MAKE !M AN OBJECT ( HORROR & REPROBATION4 ,/ILL ANO!R CAUSE MU/ BE ADD$ TO ?OSE JU/ M5TION$3 ! 9DOMITABLE & T5ACI\S PATRIOTISM ( ,ISRAEL4 

,C]TA9LY1 EV]Y PEOPLE WAS ATTA*$ TO ! L& ( ITS BIR?4 ,CONQU]$1 BEAT5 BY ! CONQU]ORS1 DRIV5 9TO EXILE OR =C$ 9TO SLAV]Y1 !Y REMA9$ TRUE TO ! SWEET MEMORIES ( !IR PLUND]$ CITY OR ! C\NTRY !Y HAD LO/4 ,/ILL NONE O!R KNEW ! PATRIOTIC 5?USIASM ( ! ,JEWS4 ,! ,GREEK1 :OSE CITY WAS DE/ROY$1 C\LD ELSE:]E BUILD ANEW ! HE>? UPON :I* HIS ANCE/ORS BE/[$ !IR BLESS+S2 ! ,ROMAN :O W5T 9TO EXILE TOOK ALONG ) HIM HIS P5ATES2 ,A!NS OR ,ROME HAD NO?+ ( ! MY/IC FA!RL& LIKE ,J]USALEM4 

,J]USALEM WAS ! GU>DIAN ( ! ,TAB]NACLE :I* RECEIV$ ! DIV9E WORD2 IT WAS ! CITY ( ! ONLY ,TEMPLE1 ! ONLY PLACE 9 ! WORLD :]E ,GOD C\LD EFFICI5TLY BE WOR%IP$ & SACRIFICES (F]$ TO ,HIM4 ,IT WAS ONLY MU* LAT]1 AT A V]Y LATE DAY1 ?AT PRAY] H\SES W]E ]ECT$ 9 O!R T[NS ( ,JUDA1 OR ,GREECE1 OR ,ITALY2 /ILL 9 ?OSE H\SES !Y CONF9$ !MSELVES TO ! READ+ ( ! LAW & !OLOGICAL DISCUSSION2 ! POMP ( ,JEHOVAH WAS KN[N NO:]E BUT AT ,J]USALEM1 ! *OS5 SANCTU>Y4 ,:5 A TEMPLE WAS BUILT AT ,ALEX&RIA1 IT WAS CONSID]$ H]ETICAL2 9DE$1 ! C]EMONIES :I* W]E CELEBRAT$ !RE HAD NO S5SE1 = !Y \<T NOT TO BE P]=M$ ANY:]E BUT 9 A TRUE TEMPLE2 SO ,/4 ,*RYSO/OM1 AFT] ! DISP]SION ( ! ,JEWS & ! DE/RUCTION ( !IR CITY1 WAS JU/IFI$ 9 SAY+3 0,! ,JEWS (F] SACRIFICES 9 ALL P>TS ( ! E>? EXCEPT !RE :]E ! SACRIFICE IS P]MITT$ & VALID1 I4E41 AT ,J]USALEM40 

,ALL ,JEWS ( ! P]IOD ( DISP]SION S5T TO ,J]USALEM ! DIDRA*M TAX = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! TEMPLE2 ONCE 9 !IR LIVES !Y CAME TO ! HOLY CITY1 AS LAT] ! ,MOHAMM$ANS CAME TO ,MECCA2 AFT] !IR DEA? !Y W]E C>RI$ TO ,PALE/9E1 & NUM]\S CRAFT AN*OR$ AT ! COA/1 LOAD$ ) SMALL C(F9S :I* W]E !NCE =W>D$ ON CAMEL'S BACK4 

,IT WAS BECAUSE 9 ,J]USALEM ONLY1 9 ! L& GIV5 BY ,GOD TO !IR ANCE/ORS1 !IR BODIES W\LD BE RESURRECT$4 ,!RE ?OSE :O HAD BELIEV$ 9 ,YAHWEH1 :O HAD OBS]V$ HIS LAW & OBEY$ HIS WORD1 W\LD AWAKE AT ! S\ND ( ! LA/ TRUMPET & APPE> BE=E !IR ,LORD4 ,NO:]E BUT !RE C\LD !Y RISE AT ! APPO9T$ H\R2 EV]Y O!R L& BUT ?AT WA%$ BY ! YELL[ ,JORDAN WAS A VILE L&1 F\L$ BY IDOLATRY1 DEPRIV$ ( ,GOD4 

,:5 ! FA!RL& WAS DEAD1 :5 ADV]SITY WAS SWEEP+ ,ISRAEL ALL OV] ! WORLD1 AFT] ! ,TEMPLE HAD P]I%$ 9 FLAMES1 & :5 ! HEA!NS OCCUPI$ ! HOLIE/ GR\ND1 M\RN+ OV] BYGONE DAYS BECAME EV]LA/+ 9 ! S\L ( ! ,JEW4 ,IT WAS OV]2 !Y C\LD NO LONG] HOPE TO SEE ON ! DAY ( M]CY ! BLACK BUCK C>RY AWAY !IR S9S 9TO ! DES]T1 NEI!R C\LD !Y SEE ! LAMB KILL$ = ! PASS-OV] NI<T1 OR BR+ !IR (F]+S TO ! ALT>2 &1 DEPRIV$ ( ,J]USALEM DUR+ LIFE1 !Y W\LD NOT BE BR\<T !RE AFT] DEA?4 

,GOD \<T NOT TO AB&ON HIS *ILDR51 REASON$ ! PI\S2 & NAIVE LEG5DS CAME TO COM=T ! EXILES4 ,NE> ! TOMBS ( ! ,JEWS :O DIE 9 EXILE1 !Y SAID1 ,JEHOVAH OP5S LONG CAV]NS ?R\< :I* ! CORPSES ROLL AS F> AS ,PALE/9E1 :]EAS ! PAGAN :O DIES !RE1 NE> ! CONSECRAT$ HILLS1 IS REMOV$ FROM ! *OS5 L&1 = HE IS UNWOR?Y ( REMA9+ !RE :]E ! RESURRECTION WILL TAKE PLACE4 

,/ILL ?AT DID NOT SATISFY !M4 ,!Y DID NOT RESIGN !MSELVES TO VISIT+ ,J]USALEM M]ELY AS PITIABLE PILGRIMS1 WEEP+ BE=E ! RU9$ WALLS1 MANY ( !M SO MADD5$ BY GRIEF AS TO LET !MSELVES BE TRAMPL$ UPON BY HORSES' HO(S1 EMBRAC+ ! GR\ND :ILE MOAN+2 !Y C\LD NOT BELIEVE ?AT ,GOD1 ?AT ! BLESS$ CITY HAD AB&ON$ !M2 ) ,JUDAH ,LEVITA !Y EXCLAIM$3 0,ZION1 HA/ ?\ =GOTT5 ?Y UN=TUNATE *ILDR5 :O GROAN 9 SLAV]Y 80 

,!Y EXPECT$ ?AT !IR ,LORD W\LD BY HIS MI<TY RI<T H& RAISE ! FALL5 WALLS2 !Y HOP$ ?AT A PROPHET1 A *OS5 ONE1 W\LD BR+ !M BACK TO ! PROMIS$ L&2 & H[ MANY TIMES1 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES1 HAVE !Y LEFT !IR HOMES1 !IR =TUNES !Y :O >E REPROA*$ ( BE+ TOO MU* ATTA*$ TO WORLDLY GOODS9 ORD] TO FOLL[ A FALSE ,MESSIAH :O UND]TOOK TO LEAD !M & PROMIS$ !M ! RETURN SO MU* LONG$ = 6 ,?\S&S W]E ATTRACT$ BY ,S]5US1 ,MOSES ( ,CRETE1 ,ALROI1 & MASSACR$ 9 ! EXPECTATION ( ! HAPPY DAY4 

,) ! ,TALMUDI/S !SE S5TIM5TS ( POPUL> 5?USIASM1 ?IS MY/IC H]OISM UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION4 ,! DOCTORS TAU<T ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,JEWI% EMPIRE2 9 ORD] ?AT ,J]USALEM MI<T BE BORN ANEW FROM ITS RU9S1 !Y WANT$ TO PRES]VE ! PEOPLE ( ,ISRAEL PURE1 TO PREV5T !M FROM MIX+ ) O!R PEOPLE1 TO 9CULCATE ON !M ! IDEA ?AT !Y W]E EV]Y:]E 9 EXILE1 AMID 5EMIES ?AT HELD !M CAPTIVE4 ,!Y SAID TO !IR DISCIPLES3 0,DO NOT CULTIVATE /RANGE L&S1 SOON Y\ WILL CULTIVATE Y\R [N2 DO NOT ATTA* Y\RSELF TO ANY L&1 = ?US WILL Y\ BE UNFAI?FUL TO ! MEMORY ( Y\R NATIVE L&2 DO NOT SUBMIT TO ANY K+1 = Y\ HAVE NO MA/] BUT ! ,LORD ( ! ,HOLY ,L&1 ,JEHOVAH2 DO NOT SCATT] AMONG ! NATIONS1 Y\ WILL =FEIT Y\R SALVATION & Y\ WILL NOT SEE ! LI<T ( ! DAY ( RESURRECTION2 REMA9 SU* AS Y\ LEFT Y\R H\SE2 ! H\R WILL COME & Y\ WILL SEE AGA9 ! HILLS ( Y\R ANCE/ORS1 & ?OSE HILLS WILL !N BE ! C5T] ( ! WORLD1 :I* WILL BE SUBJECT TO Y\R P[]40 

,?US ALL ?OSE COMPLEX S5TIM5TS :I* HAD 9 OLD5 DAYS S]V$ TO BUILD UP ! HEGEMONY ( ,ISRAEL1 TO MA9TA9 ITS *>ACT] AS A NATION1 TO DEVELOP A HI< & P[]FUL ORIG9ALITY1 ALL ?OSE VIRTUES & VISES :I* GAVE IT ! SPIRIT & C\NT5ANCE NECESS>Y TO PRES]VE A NATION2 :I* 5ABL$ IT TO ATTA9 GREATNESS & LAT] TO DEF5D ITS 9DEP5D5CE ) DESP]ATE VALOR WOR?Y ( ADMIRATION2 ALL ?AT1 AFT] ! ,JEWS HAD CEAS$ TO BE A ,/ATE1 COMB9$ TO %UT !M UP 9 ! MO/ COMPLETE1 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE ISOLATION4 

,?IS ISOLATION HAS BE5 !IR /R5G?1 9 ! OP9ION ( SOME APOLOGI/S4 ,IF !Y MEAN TO SAY ?AT [+ TO IT ! ,JEWS HAVE SURVIV$1 SO MU* IS TRUE2 IF ! CONDITIONS >E CONSID]$1 H[EV]1 UND] :I* ! ,JEWS HAVE PRES]V$ !IR ID5TITY AS A PEOPLE1 IT IS OBVI\S ?AT ?IS ISOLATION HAS BE5 !IR WEAKNESS1 & ?AT !Y HAVE SURVIV$ UP TO MOD]N TIMES1 AS A RACE ( P>IAHS1 P]SECUT$1 (T5 M>TYR$4 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS NOT ONLY TO !IR SECLUSION ?AT !Y [E ?IS SURPRIS+ P]SI/5CE4 ,!IR EXTRAORD9>Y SOLID>ITY1 DUE TO !IR MIS=TUNES1 & MUTUAL SUPPORT C\NT = V]Y MU*2 & EV5 9 \R DAY1 :5 !Y TAKE P>T 9 PUBLIC LIFE 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 HAV+ AB&ON$ !IR SECT>IAN DOGMAS1 ?IS V]Y SOLID>ITY PREV5TS !M FROM DISSOLV+ & DISAPPE>+ AS A PEOPLE1 BY CONF]R+ UPON !M C]TA9 B5EFITS TO :I* !Y >E BY NO MEANS 9DIFF]5T4 

,?IS SOLICITUDE = WORLDLY GOODS1 :I* IS A M>K$ FEATURE ( ! ,HEBREW *>ACT]1 HAS NOT BE5 )\T EFFECT UPON ! CONDUCT ( ! ,JEWS1 ESPECIALLY S9CE !Y LEFT ,PALE/9E2 BY DIRECT+ !M ALONG C]TA9 AV5UES1 TO ! EXCLUSION ( ALL O!RS1 ?IS FEATURE ( !IR *>ACT] HAS DRAWN UPON !M ! MO/ VIOL5T ANIMOSITIES4 ,! S\L ( ! ,JEW IS TW(OLD3 IT IS BO? MY/IC & POSITIVE4 ,HIS MY/ICISM HAS COME D[N FROM ! !OPHANIES ( ! DES]T TO ! METAPHYSICAL DREAM+ ( ! KABBALAH2 HIS POSITIVISM1 OR RA!R HIS RATIONALISM1 MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 ! S5T5CES ( ! ,ECCLESIA/ES AS WELL AS ! LEGISLATIVE 5ACTM5TS ( ! RABBIS & ! DOGMATIC CONTROV]SIES ( ! !OLOGIANS4 ,/ILL IF MY/ICISM LEADS TO A ,PHILO OR ,SP9OZA1 RATIONALISM LEADS TO ! USUR]1 ! WEI<] ( GOLD2 IT CREATES ! GRE$Y TRAD]4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT AT TIMES !SE TWO /ATES ( ! M9D >E F\ND 9 JU/ OPPOSITION1 & ! ,ISRAELITE1 AS IT OCCURR$ 9 ! MIDDLE AGES1 CAN SPLIT HIS LIFE 9TO TWO P>TS3 ONE DEVOT$ TO M$ITATION ON ! ,ABSOLUTE1 ! O!R TO BUS9ESS4 

,( ! ,JEWI% LOVE = GOLD1 !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION H]E4 ,?\< IT MAY HAVE GR[N SO ABNORMAL ) ?IS RACE AS TO HAVE BECOME WELL-NI< ! ONLY MOTIVE ( !IR ACTIONS1 ?\< IT MAY HAVE 5G5D]$ A VIOL5T & EXASP]AT$ ANTISEMITISM1 YET IT CANNOT BE CLASS$ AMONG ! G5]AL CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM4 ,IT WAS1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! EFFECT ( ?OSE V]Y CAUSES1 & WE %ALL SEE ?AT IT IS P>TLY ! EXCLUSIV5ESS1 ! P]SI/5T PATRIOTISM1 & PRIDE ( ,ISRAEL1 ?AT HAS DRIV5 IT TO BECOME ! HAT$ USUR] ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,9 FACT1 ALL ! CAUSES WE HAVE JU/ 5UM]AT$1 IF !Y BE G5]AL1 >E NOT ! ONLY ONES4 ,I HAVE CALL$ !M G5]AL1 BECAUSE !Y DEP5D UPON ONE CON/ANT ELEM5T3 ! ,JEW4 ,/ILL ! ,JEW IS ONLY ONE ( ! FACTORS ( ANTISEMITISM2 HE PROVOKES IT BY HIS PRES5CE1 BUT HE IS NOT ! ONLY ONE ?AT DET]M9ES IT4 ,! NATIONS AMONG :OM ! ,ISRAELITES HAVE LIV$1 !IR MANN]S1 !IR CU/OMS1 !IR RELIGION1 ! PHILOSOPHY EV5 ( ! NATIONS 9 :OSE MID/ ,ISRAEL HAS DEVELOP$ DET]M9E ! P>TICUL> *>ACT] ( ANTISEMITISM1 :I* *ANGES ) TIME & PLACE4 

,WE %ALL TRACE !SE MODIFICATIONS & V>IATIONS ( ANTISEMITISM ?R\< ! C\RSE ( AGES D[N TO \R EPO*2 & WE %ALL EXAM9E :E!R1 9 SOME C\NTRIES AT LEA/1 ! G5]AL CAUSES ,I HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO D$UCE >E /ILL OP]AT+1 OR :E!R ! REASONS = MOD]N ANTISEMITISM MU/ NOT BE S\<T ELSE:]E4 

,FOOTNOTES 

,*APT] ,TWO3 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM 9 ,ANTIQUITY 

,M,O,D,],N ANTISEMITES :O >E 9 QUE/ ( SIRES = !MSELVES1 UNHESITAT+LY TRACE ! FIR/ DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS BACK TO ! DAYS ( ANCI5T ,EGYPT4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE !Y >E P>TICUL>LY PLEAS$ TO REF] TO ,G5ESIS1 XLIII1 #c#b1 :]E IT IS SAID3 0,! ,EGYPTIANS MI<T NOT EAT BREAD ) ! ,HEBREWS2 = ?AT IT IS AN ABOM9ATION UNTO ! ,EGYPTIANS40 ,!Y ALSO RELY UPON A FEW V]SES ( ! ,EXODUS1 AMONG !M ! FOLL[+3 0,BEHOLD1 ! PEOPLE ( ! *ILDR5 ( ,ISRAEL >E MORE & MI<TI] ?AN WE2 COME ON1 LET US DEAL WISELY ) !M1 LE/ !Y MULTIPLY40 7,EXODUS1 I1 #i1 #a47 

,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! SONS ( ,JACOB :O CAME TO ! L& ( ,GO%5 UND] ! ,%EPH]D ,PH>AOH ,APHOBIS1 W]E TREAT$ BY ! ,EGYPTIANS ) ! SAME CONTEMPT AS !IR BRO!RS1 ! ,HYKSOS1 REF]R$ TO 9 HI]OGLYPHIC TEXTS AS LEP]S1 CALL$ ALSO 0PLAGUE0 & 0PE/0 9 SOME 9SCRIPTIONS4.<#a#e.> ,!Y >RIV$ AT ?AT V]Y EPO* :5 A V]Y /RONG NATIONAL S5TIM5T MANIFE/$ ITSELF AGA9/ ! ,ASIATIC 9VAD]S1 HAT$ = !IR CRUELTY2 ?IS S5TIM5T SOON L$ TO ! W> ( 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* RESULT$ 9 ! F9AL VICTORY ( ,AHMOS ,I41 & ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! ,HEBREWS4 ,H[EV]1 UNLESS ONE IS A VIOL5T ANTI-,JEW1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO P]CEIVE 9 ?OSE REMOTE DI/URBANCES ANY?+ BEYOND A M]E 9CID5T 9 A /RUGGLE BETWE5 CONQU]ORS & CONQU]$4 

,!RE IS NO ANTISEMITISM UNTIL ! ,JEWS1 HAV+ AB&ON$ !IR NATIVE L&1 SETTLE AS IMMIGRANTS 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES & COME 9TO CONTACT ) NATIVES OR OLD] SETTL]S1 :OSE CU/OMS1 RACE & RELIGION >E DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ! ,HEBREWS4 

,ACCORD+LY1 ! HI/ORY ( ,HAMAN & ,MORDECAI MAY BE TAK5 AS ! BEG9N+ ( ANTISEMITISM1 & ! ANTISEMITES HAVE NOT FAIL$ SO TO DO4 ,?IS VIEW IS1 P]HAPS1 MORE CORRECT4 ,?\< ! HI/ORICAL REALITY ( ! BOOK ( ,ES!R CAN SC>CELY BE RELI$ UPON1 /ILL IT IS WOR?Y ( NOTE ?AT ITS AU?OR PUTS 9TO ! M\? ( ,HAMAN SOME ( ! COMPLA9TS1 :I*1 AT A LAT] P]IOD1 >E UTT]$ BY ,TACITUS & O!R ,LAT9 WRIT]S4 0,& ,HAMAN SAID UNTO ! K+1 ,AHASU]US3 !RE IS A C]TA9 PEOPLE SCATT]$ ABROAD & DISP]S$ AMONG ! PEOPLE 9 ALL ! PROV9CES ( ?Y K+DOM2 & !IR LAWS >E DIV]SE FROM ALL PEOPLE2 NEI!R KEEP !Y ! K+'S LAWS40 7,ES!R1 III1 #h47 

,! PAMPHLETE]S ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 ( ! SIXTE5? & SEV5TE5? C5TURIES1 & ( \R [N TIME1 SAY NO?+ ELSE2 & IF ! HI/ORY ( ,HAMAN IS APOCRYPHAL1 :I* IS HI<LY PROBABLE1 /ILL IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ! AU?OR ( ! ,BOOK ( ,ES!R HAS V]Y ABLY BR\<T \T SOME ( ! CAUSES1 :I* = MANY C5TURIES EXPOS$ ! ,JEWS TO ! HATR$ ( NATIONS4 

,YET WE MU/ GO TO ! P]IOD ( ,JEWI% EXPANSION ABROAD1 TO BE 5ABL$ TO OBS]VE ) C]TA9TY ?AT HO/ILITY AGA9/ !M1 :I* BY A PECULI> MISUSE ( T]MS HAS 9 \R DAYS BE5 CALL$ ANTISEMITISM4 

,SOME TRADITIONS REF] ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,JEWS 9TO ! ANCI5T WORLD TO ! EPO* ( ! FIR/ CAPTIVITY4 ,:ILE ,NABU- ,KUDUR-,USSUR L$ AWAY TO ,BABYLONIA A PORTION ( ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 MANY ( ! ,ISRAELITES1 TO ESCAPE FROM ! CONQU]OR1 FL$ TO ,EGYPT1 TO ,TRIPOLI1 & REA*$ ! ,GREEK COLONIES4 ,TRADITION BR+S BACK TO ! SAME P]IOD ! >RIVAL ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,*9A & ,9DIA4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 H[EV]1 ! W&]+S ( ! ,JEWS ACROSS ! GLOBE COMM5CE 9 ! F\R? C5TURY BE=E \R ]A4 ,AB\T #cca ,B4,C4 ,ALEX&] TRANSPORT$ SOME ,JEWS TO ,ALEX&RIA1 ,PTOLEMY S5T SOME ( !M TO ,CYR5AICA1 & AB\T ! SAME TIME ,SELEUCUS L$ SOME ( !M TO ,ANTIO*4 ,:5 ,JESUS WAS BORN ,JEWI% COLONIES FL\RI%$ EV]Y:]E1 & IT WAS AMONG !M ?AT ,*RI/IANITY RECRUIT$ ITS FIR/ ADH]5TS4 ,!RE W]E ,JEWS 9 ,EGYPT1 9 ,PH5ICIA1 9 ,SYRIA1 9 ,COELE-,SYRIA1 9 ,PAMPHYLIA1 9 ,CILICIA1 & AS F> AS ,BI?YNIA4 ,9 ,EUROPE !Y HAD SETTL$ 9 ,!SSALIA1 ,BOEOTIA1 ,MAC$ONIA1 ,ATTICA & ,PELOPONNESUS4 ,!Y W]E TO BE F\ND 9 ! ,GREAT ,ISLES1 ON ,EUBOEA1 ON ,CRETE1 ON ,CYPRUS1 & AT ,ROME4 0,IT IS NOT EASY TO F9D A PLACE ON E>?10 SAYS ,/RABO1 0:I* HAS NOT RECEIV$ ?AT RACE40 

,:Y W]E ! ,JEWS HAT$ 9 ALL ?OSE C\NTRIES1 9 ALL ?OSE CITIES8 ,BECAUSE !Y NEV] 5T]$ ANY CITY AS CITIZ5S1 BUT ALWAYS AS A PRIVILEG$ CLASS4 ,?\< HAV+ LEFT ,PALE/9E1 !Y WANT$ ABOVE ALL TO REMA9 ,JEWS1 & !IR NATIVE C\NTRY WAS /ILL ,J]USALEM1 I4E41 ! ONLY CITY :]E ,GOD MI<T BE WOR%IP$ & SACRIFICES (F]$ 9 ,HIS ,TEMPLE4 ,!Y =M$ EV]Y:]E REPUBLICS1 AS IT W]E1 UNIT$ ) ,JUDEA & ,J]USALEM1 & FROM EV]Y PLACE !Y REMITT$ MONIES TO ! HI< PRIE/ 9 PAYM5T ( A SPECIAL TAX = ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! ,TEMPLE! DIDRA*M4 

,MOREOV]1 !Y SEP>AT$ !MSELVES FROM O!R 9HABITANTS BY !IR RITES & !IR CU/OMS2 !Y CONSID]$ ! SOIL ( =EIGN NATIONS IMPURE & S\<T TO CON/ITUTE !MSELVES 9 EV]Y CITY 9TO A SORT ( A SACR$ T]RITORY4 ,!Y LIV$ AP>T1 9 SPECIAL QU>T]S1 SECLUD$ AMONG !MSELVES1 ISOLAT$1 GOV]N+ !MSELVES BY VIRTUE ( PRIVILEGES :I* W]E JEAL\SLY GU>D$ BY !M1 & EXCIT$ ! 5VY ( !IR NEI<BORS4 ,!Y 9T]M>RI$ AMONG !MSELVES & 5 T]TA9$ NO /RANG]S1 = FE> ( POLLUTION4 ,! MY/]Y ) :I* !Y SURR\ND$ !MSELVES EXCIT$ CURIOSITY AS WELL AS AV]SION4 ,!IR RITES APPE>$ /RANGE & GAVE OCCASION = RIDICULE2 BE+ UNKN[N1 !Y W]E MISREPRES5T$ & SL&]$4 

,AT ,ALEX&RIA !Y W]E QUITE NUM]\S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,PHILO1.<#a#f.> ,ALEX&RIA WAS DIVID$ 9TO FIVE W>DS4 ,TWO W]E 9HABIT$ BY ! ,JEWS4 ,! PRIVILEGES ACCORD$ TO !M BY ,CES> W]E 5GRAV$ ON A COLUMN & GU>D$ BY !M AS A PRECI\S TREASURE4 ,!Y HAD !IR [N ,S5ATE ) EXCLUSIVE JURISDICTION 9 ,JEWI% AFFAIRS1 & !Y W]E JUDG$ BY AN E?N>*4 ,!Y W]E %IP-[N]S1 TRAD]S1 F>M]S1 MO/ ( !M WEAL?Y2 ! SUMPTU\SNESS ( !IR MONUM5TS & SYNAGOGUES BORE WITNESS TO IT4 ,! ,PTOLEMIES MADE !M F>M]S ( ! REV5UES2 ?IS WAS ONE ( ! CAUSES ( POPUL> HATR$ AGA9/ !M4 ,BESIDES1 !Y HAD A MONOPOLY ( NAVIGATION ON ! ,NILE1 ( ! GRA9 TRADE & ( PROVISION+ ,ALEX&RIA1 & !Y EXT5D$ !IR TRADE TO ALL ! PROV9CES ALONG ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/4 ,!Y ACCUMULAT$ GREAT =TUNES2 ?IS GAVE RISE TO ! 9VIDIA AURI ,JUDAICI4 ,! GR[+ RES5TM5T AGA9/ !SE =EIGN CORN]]S1 CON/ITUT+ A NATION )9 A NATION1 L$ TO POPUL> DI/URBANCES2 ! ,JEWS W]E FREQU5TLY ASSAULT$1 & ,G]MANICU1 AMONG O!RS1 HAD GREAT TR\BLE PROTECT+ !M4 

,! ,EGYPTIANS TOOK REV5GE UPON !M BY D]ID+ !IR RELIGI\S CU/OMS1 !IR ABHORR5CE ( PORK4 ,!Y ONCE P>AD$ 9 ! CITY A FOOL1 ,C>ABAS BY NAME1 ADORN$ ) A PAPYRUS DIADEM1 DECK$ 9 A ROYAL G[N1 & !Y SALUT$ HIM AS K+ ( ! ,JEWS4 ,UND] ,PHILADELPHUS1 ONE ( ! FIR/ ,PTOLEMIES1 ,MANE?O1 ! HI<-PRIE/ ( ! ,TEMPLE AT ,HELIOPOLIS1 L5T HIS AU?ORITY TO ! POPUL> HATR$2 HE CONSID]$ ! ,JEWS DESC5DANTS ( ! ,HYKSOS USURP]S1 & SAID ?AT ?AT LEPR\S TRIBE HAD BE5 EXPELL$ = SACRILEGE & IMPI\SNESS4 ,?OSE FABLES W]E REPEAT$ BY ,*A]EMON & ,LYSIMA*US4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY POPUL> ANIMOSITY1 H[EV]1 ?AT P]SECUT$ ! ,JEWS2 !Y HAD ALSO AGA9/ !M ! ,/OICS & ! ,SOPHI/S4 ,! ,JEWS1 BY !IR PROSELYTISM1 9T]F]$ ) ! ,/OICS2 !RE WAS A RIVALRY = 9FLU5CE BETWE5 !M1 &1 NOT)/&+ !IR COMMON BELIEF 9 DIV9E UNITY1 !RE WAS OPPOSITION BETWE5 !M4 ,! ,/OICS *>G$ ! ,JEWS ) IRRELIGI\SNESS1 JUDG+ BY ! SAY+S ( ,POSIDONIUS & ,APOLLONIUS ,MOLO2 !Y HAD A V]Y SCANT KN[L$GE ( ! ,JEWI% RELIGION4 ,! ,JEWS1 !Y SAID1 REFUSE TO WOR%IP ! GODS2 !Y DO NOT CONS5T TO B[ EV5 BE=E ! DIV9ITY ( ! EMP]OR4 ,!Y HAVE 9 !IR SANCTU>Y ! HEAD ( AN ASS & R5D] HOMAGE TO IT2 !Y >E CANNIBALS2 EV]Y YE> !Y FATT5 A MAN & SACRIFICE HIM 9 A GROVE1 AFT] :I* !Y DIVIDE AMONG !MSELVES HIS FLE% & SWE> ON IT TO HATE /RANG]S4 0,! ,JEWS1 SAYS ,APOLLONIUS ,MOLO1 >E 5EMIES ( ALL MANK9D2 !Y HAVE 9V5T$ NO?+ USEFUL1 & !Y >E BRUTAL40 ,TO ?IS ,POSIDONIUS ADDS3 0,!Y >E ! WOR/ ( ALL M540 

,NOT LESS ?AN ! ,/OICS DID ! ,SOPHI/S DETE/ ! ,JEWS4 ,BUT ! CAUSES ( !IR HATR$ W]E NOT RELIGI\S1 BUT1 ,I %\LD SAY1 RA!R LIT]>Y4 ,FROM ,PTOLEMY ,PHILADELPHUS1 UNTIL ! MIDDLE ( ! ?IRD C5TURY1 ! ,ALEX&RIAN ,JEWS1 ) ! 9T5T ( SU/A9+ & /R5G!N+ !IR PROPAG&A1 GAVE !MSELVES TO =G+ ALL TEXTS :I* W]E CAPABLE ( L5D+ SUPPORT TO !IR CAUSE4 ,! V]SES ( ,AES*YLUS1 ( ,SOPHOCLES1 ( ,EURIPIDES1 ! PRET5D$ ORACLES ( ,ORPHEUS1 PRES]V$ 9 ,>I/OBULUS & ! ,/ROMATA ( ,CLEM5T ( ,ALEX&RIA W]E ?US MADE TO GLORIFY ! ONE ,GOD & ! ,SABBA?4 ,HI/ORIANS W]E FALSIFI$ OR CR$IT$ ) ! AU?OR%IP ( BOOKS !Y HAD NEV] WRITT54 ,IT IS ?US ?AT A ,HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS WAS PUBLI%$ UND] ! NAME ( ,HECATAEUS ( ,ABD]A4 ,! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE 9V5TIONS WAS ! ,SIBYLL9E ORACLES1 A FABRICATION ( ! ,ALEX&RIAN ,JEWS1 :I* PROPHESI$ ! FUTURE ADV5T ( ! REIGN ( ! ONE ,GOD4 ,!Y F\ND IMITATORS1 H[EV]1 = S9CE ! ,SIBYL HAD BEGUN TO SPEAK1 9 ! SECOND C5TURY BE=E ,*RI/1 ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS ALSO MADE H] SPEAK4 ,! ,JEWS W\LD APPROPRIATE TO !MSELVES EV5 ! ,GREEK LIT]ATURE & PHILOSOPHY4 ,9 A COMM5T>Y ON ! ,P5TATEU*1 :I* HAS BE5 PRES]V$ = US BY ,EUSEBIUS1L#g ,>I/OBULUS ATTEMPT$ TO %[ ?AT ,PLATO & ,>I/OTLE HAD F\ND !IR METAPHYSICAL & E?ICAL IDEAS 9 AN OLD ,GREEK TRANSLATION ( ! ,P5TATEU*4 ,! ,GREEKS W]E GREATLY 9C5S$ AT SU* TREATM5T ( !IR LIT]ATURE & PHILOSOPHY1 & \T ( REV5GE !Y CIRCULAT$ ! SL&]\S /ORIES ( ,MANE?O1 ADAPT+ !M TO ?OSE ( ! ,BIBLE1 TO ! GREAT FURY ( ! ,JEWS2 ?US ! CON- FUSION ( LANGUAGES WAS ID5TIFI$ ) ! MY? ( ,ZEUS ROBB+ ! ANIMALS ( !IR COMMON LANGUAGE4 ,! ,SOPHI/S1 W\ND$ BY ! CONDUCT ( ! ,JEWS1 W\LD SPEAK AGA9/ !M 9 !IR TEA*+4 ,ONE AMONG !M1 ,APION1 WROTE A ,TREATISE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,?IS ,APION WAS A PECULI> 9DIVIDUAL1 A LI> & BABBL]1 TO A DEGREE UNCOMMON EV5 AMONG RHETORS1 & FULL ( VANITY1 :I* E>N$ HIM FROM ,TIB]IUS ! NICKNAME 0,CYMBALUM MUNDI40 ,HIS /ORIES W]E FAM\S2 HE CLAIM$ TO HAVE CALL$ \T1 BY MEANS ( MAGIC H]BS1 ! %ADE ( ,HOM]1 SAYS ,PL9Y4 

,APION REPEAT$ 9 HIS ,TREATISE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS ! /ORIES ( ,MANE?O1 :I* HAD BE5 PREVI\SLY RE/AT$ BY ,*A]EMON & ,LYSIMA*US1 & SUPPLEM5T$ !M BY QUOT+ FROM ,POSIDONIUS & ,APOLLONIUS ,MOLO4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ,MOSES WAS 0NO?+ BUT A S$UC] & WIZ>D10 & HIS LAWS CONTA9$ 0NO?+ BUT :AT IS BAD & DANG]\S40.<#a#h.> 

,AS TO ! ,SABBA?1 ! NAME WAS D]IV$1 HE SAID1 FROM A DISEASE1 A SORT ( AN ULC]1 ) :I* ! ,JEWS W]E AFFLICT$1 & :I* ! ,EGYPTIANS CALL$ SABBATOSIM1 I4E41 DISEASE ( ! GRO9S4 

,PHILO & ,JOSEPHUS UND]TOOK ! DEF5SE ( ! ,JEWS & F\<T ! ,SOPHI/S & ,APION4 ,9 ,CONTRA ,APIONEM1 ,JOSEPHUS IS V]Y SEV]E ON HIS ADV]S>Y4 0,APION10 SAYS HE1 0IS AS /UPID AS AN ASS & AS IMPRUD5T AS A DOG1 :I* IS ONE ( ! GODS ( HIS NATION40 ,PHILO1 ON ! O!R H&1 PREF]S TO ATTACK ! ,SOPHI/S 9 G5]AL1 & IF HE M5TIONS ,APION AT ALL1 9 HIS ,LEGATIO AD ,CAIUM1 IT IS M]ELY BECAUSE ,APION WAS S5T TO ,ROME TO PREF] *>GES AGA9/ ! ,JEWS BE=E ,CALIGULA4 

,9 HIS ,TREATISE ON ,AGRICULTURE HE DRAWS A V]Y BLACK PICTURE ( ! ,SOPHI/S1 & 9S9UATES ?AT ,MOSES HAS COMP>$ !M TO HOGS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 9 HIS O!R WRIT+S1 HE ADVISES HIS CORELIGIONI/S NOT TO IRRITATE !M1 SO AS TO AVOID ALL PROVOCATION TO DI/URBANCES1 BUT TO AWAIT PATI5TLY !IR *A/ISEM5T1 :I* WILL COME ON ! DAY ! ,JEWI% ,EMPIRE1 ! EMPIRE ( SALVATION1 WILL BE E/ABLI%$ ON E>?4 

,PHILO'S 9JUNCTIONS W]E NOT HE$$2 ! EXASP]ATION ON BO? SIDES (T5 L$ TO VIOL5T RIOTS & MASSACRES ( ,JEWS2 ! LATT]1 H[EV]1 VALIANTLY DEF5D$ !MSELVES4.<#a#i.> 

,AT ,ROME ! ,JEWS HAD A P[]FUL & WEAL?Y COLONY AS E>LY AS ! FIR/ YE> ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A4 ,IF ,VAL]IUS ,MAXIMUS MAY BE TRU/$ !Y FIR/ CAME TO ! CITY AB\T #aci ,B4,C41 DUR+ ! CONSULATE ( ,POPILIUS ,LO5US & ,CAJAS ,CALPW9IUS4.<#b.> 

,C]TA9 IT IS ?AT1 9 #af ,B4,C41 AN EMBASSY FROM ,JUDAS ,MACCABEE >RIV$ 9 ,ROME TO NEGOTIATE AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,REPUBLIC AGA9/ ! ,SYRIANS2 O!R EMBASSIES FOLL[$1 9 #adc & #a#c#i4.<#b#a.> 

,! SETTLEM5T ( ! ,JEWS AT ,ROME PROBABLY DATES FROM ?AT TIME4 ,UND] ,POMPEY !Y CAME 9 NUMB]S1 & AS E>LY AS #eh ,B4,C41 !Y HAD QUITE A SETTLEM5T4 ,TURBUL5T & =MIDABLE1 !Y W]E AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 POLITICS4 ,CES> AVAIL$ HIMSELF ( !IR SUPPORT DUR+ ! CIVIL W>S & LAVI%$ FAVORS UPON !M2 HE EV5 GRANT$ !M EXEMPTION FROM MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,UND] ,AUGU/US ! DI/RIBUTION ( FREE BREAD WAS PO/PON$ = !M :5EV] IT FELL DUE ON ,SATURDAY4 ,! ,EMP]OR GAVE !M P]MISSION TO COLLECT ! DIDRA*M :I* WAS S5T TO ,PALE/9E1 & HE ORD]$ ! SACRIFICE ( ONE OR TWO LAMBS TO BE (F]$ 9 HIS BEHALF AT ! ,TEMPLE ( ,J]USALEM = ALL TIME TO COME4 ,:5 ,TIB]IUS BECAME EMP]OR1 !RE W]E AT ,ROME #b1 ,JEWS1 :O W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 COLLEGES & SODALITATES4 

,EXCEPT ! ,JEWS ( PROM95T FAMILIES1 LIKE ! ,H]ODS & ! ,AGRIPPAS1 :O MIX$ 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 ! ,JEWI% MASSES LIV$ 9 RETIREM5T4 ,! MAJORITY RESID$ 9 ! DIRTIE/ & BUSIE/ QU>T] ( ! CITY1 ! ,TRAN/IB]9US4 ,!Y W]E TO BE SE5 NE> ! ,VIA ,PORTU5SIS1 ! ,EMPORIUM & ! ,GREAT ,CIRCUS1 9 ! ,CAMPUS ,M>TIUS1 & 9 ,SUBURRA1 BEYOND ! ,CAP5IAN ,GATE1 ON ! BANKS ( ! ,EG]IAN ,CREEK1 & NE> ! SACR$ GROVE4 ,!Y W]E 5GAG$ 9 RETAIL TRADE & ! SALE ( SECONDH& GOODS2 ?OSE AT ! ,CAP5IAN ,GATE W]E =TUNE TELL]S4 ,! ,JEW ( ! ,<ETTO IS ALREADY !RE4 

,AT ,ROME ! SAME CAUSES W]E AT WORK AS AT ,ALEX&RIA4 ,!RE1 ALSO1 ! EXCESSIVE PRIVILEGES ( ! ,JEWS1 ! WEAL? ( SOME ( !M1 AS WELL AS !IR UNHE>D-( LUXURY & O/5TATION1 EXCIT$ POPUL> HATR$4 ,?IS RES5TM5T WAS AGGRAVAT$ BY DEEP] & MORE IMPORTANT REASONS ( A RELIGI\S *>ACT]2 IT MAY EV5 BE MA9TA9$1 /RANGE AS IT MAY SEEM1 ?AT ! MOTIVE ( ,ROMAN ANTI-,JUDAISM WAS RELIGI\S4 

,! ,ROMAN RELIGION RESEMBL$ 9 NO?+ ! ADMIRABLE & PR(\NDLY SYMBOLIC POLY!ISM ( ! ,GREEKS4 ,IT WAS RITUAL RA!R ?AN MY?ICAL2 IT CONSI/$ ( CU/OMS CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) ! DO+S ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 AS WELL AS ) ALL SORTS ( PUBLIC ACTS4 ,ROME WAS ONE BODY ) ITS GODS2 ITS GREATNESS WAS B\ND1 AS IT W]E1 ) ! RIGOR\S OBS]VANCE ( ! PRACTICES ( !IR NATIONAL RELIGION2 ITS GLORY DEP5D$ UPON ! PIETY ( ITS CITIZ5S1 & IT SEEMS ?AT ! ,ROMAN MU/ HAVE HAD1 LIKE ! ,JEW1 ?AT NOTION ( A COV5ANT BETWE5 ! DEITIES & HIMSELF1 :I* WAS TO BE SCRUPUL\SLY LIV$ UP TO BY BO? P>TIES4 ,SOMEH[ OR O!R1 ! ,ROMAN WAS ALWAYS 9 ! PRES5CE ( HIS GODS2 HE LEFT HIS HE>?1 :]E !Y ABODE1 ONLY TO F9D !M AGA9 9 ! ,=UM1 ON ! PUBLIC HI<WAYS1 9 ! ,S5ATE1 EV5 9 ! FIELDS1 :]E !Y KEPT WAT* OV] ! P[] ( ,ROME4 ,AT ALL TIMES & ON ALL OCCASIONS SACRIFICES W]E (F]$2 ! W>RIORS & ! DIPLOMATS W]E GUID$ BY AUGURIES1 & ALL AU?ORITY1 CIVIL AS WELL AS MILIT>Y1 P>TOOK ( ! PRIE/HOOD1 = ! (FIC] C\LD NOT P]=M HIS DUTIES UNLESS HE KNEW ! RITES & OBS]VANCES ( ! CULT4 

,IT WAS ?IS CULT ?AT = C5TURIES SU/A9$ ! ,REPUBLIC1 & ITS COMM&M5TS W]E FAI?FULLY OBEY$2 :5 !Y W]E *ANG$1 :5 ! TRADITIONS BECAME ADULT]AT$1 :5 ! RULES W]E VIOLAT$1 ,ROME SAW ITS GLORY FADE1 & ITS AGONY COMM5C$4 

,?US ! ,ROMAN RELIGION PRES]V$ ITSELF = A LONG TIME )\T *ANGE4 ,TRUE1 ,ROME WAS FAMILI> ) =EIGN CULTS2 %E SAW ! WOR%IP]S ( ,ISIS & ,OSIRIS1 ?OSE ( ! GREAT ,MO!R & ?OSE ( ,SABAZIUS2 /ILL1 ?\< ADMITT+ !M 9TO H] ,PAN!ON1 %E GAVE !M NO PLACE 9 H] NATIONAL RELIGION4 ,ALL !SE ,ORI5TALS W]E TOL]AT$2 ! CITIZ5S W]E ALL[$ TO PRACTICE !IR SUP]/ITIONS1 PROVID$ !Y W]E H>MLESS2 BUT :5 ,ROME P]CEIV$ ?AT A NEW FAI? WAS SUBV]SIVE ( ! ,ROMAN SPIRIT1 %E WAS PITILESS1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! CONSPIRACY ( ! ,BAC*ANTES1 OR ! EXPULSION ( ,EGYPTIAN PRIE/S4 ,ROME GU>D$ H]SELF AGA9/ ! =EIGN SPIRIT2 %E FE>$ AFFILIATION ) RELIGI\S SOCIETIES2 %E WAS AFRAID EV5 ( ,GREEK PHILOSOPH]S1 & ! ,S5ATE1 9 #a#f#a1 UPON ! REPORT ( ! PRETOR ,M>CUS ,POMPONIUS1 B>R$ !M FROM 5T]+ ! CITY4 

,FROM ?IS1 ONE MAY UND]/& ! FEEL+ ( ! ,ROMANS T[>D ! ,JEWS1 ,GREEKS1 ,ASIATICS1 ,EGYPTIANS1 ,G]MANS1 OR ,GAULS1 :ILE BR++ ) !M !IR RITES & BELIEFS1 MADE NO OBJECTION TO B[+ BE=E ,M>S ( ! ,PALAT9E1 OR EV5 BE=E ,JUPIT] ,LATI>IS4 ,!Y CON=M$ )9 C]TA9 LIMITS1 TO ! RULES ( ! CITY1 TO ITS RELIGI\S CU/OMS2 AT ALL EV5TS1 !Y %[$ NO OPPOSITION4 ,NOT SO ! ,JEWS4 ,!Y BR\<T ) !M A RELIGION AS RIGID1 AS RITUALI/IC1 AS 9TOL]ANT1 AS ! ,ROMAN RELIGION4 ,!IR WOR%IP ( ,YAHWEH EXCLUD$ ALL O!R WOR%IP2 ?US !Y %OCK$ !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S BY REFUS+ TO SWE> TO ! EAGLES1 :]EAS ! EAGLE WAS ! DEITY ( ! LEGION4 ,AS !IR RELIGI\S FAI? WAS BL5D$ ) ! OBS]VANCE ( C]TA9 SOCIAL LAWS1 ! ADOPTION ( ?IS FAI? WAS PREGNANT ) A *ANGE ( ! SOCIAL ORD]4 ,!RE=E ! ,ROMANS W]E WORRI$ BY ITS E/ABLI%M5T 9 !IR MID/1 = ! ,JEWS W]E EAG] TO MAKE PROSELYTES4 

,! PROSELYTIC SPIRIT ( ! ,JEWS IS ATTE/$ BY ALL ! HI/ORIANS1 & ,PHILO JU/LY SAYS3 0,\R CU/OMS W9 OV] & CONV]T ! B>B>IANS & ! ,HELL5ES1 ! CONT95T & ! ISLES1 ! ,ORI5T & ! ,OCCID5T1 ,EUROPE & ,ASIA1 ! :OLE WORLD1 FROM 5D TO 5D40 

,! ANCI5T NATIONS1 AT !IR DECL9E1 W]E DEEPLY ATTRACT$ BY ,JUDAISM1 BY ITS DOGMA ( DIV9E UNITY1 BY ITS MORALS2 MANY ( ! POOR PEOPLE W]E ATTRACT$ BY ! PRIVILEGES ACCORD$ TO ! ,JEWS4 ,!SE PROSELYTES W]E DIVID$ 9TO TWO GREAT CLASSES3 ?OSE :O ACCEPT$ ! CIRCUMCISION & !REBY 5T]$ 9TO ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITY1 ?US BECOM+ /RANG]S TO !IR FAMILIES1 & ?OSE :O1 )\T COMPLY+ ) ! REQUISITES = ADMISSION TO ! COMMUNITY1 NEV]!LESS GA!R$ >\ND IT4 

,!SE CONV]SIONS1 G5]ALLY BY SUASION & AT TIMES BY =CE1 AS :5 ! RI* ,JEWS CONV]T$ !IR SLAVES1 W]E B\ND TO CREATE A REACTION4 ,IT WAS ?IS *IEF CAUSE1 TOGE!R ) ! SECOND>Y CAUSES PREVI\SLY REF]R$ TO1 VIZ41 ! WEAL? ( ! ,JEWS1 !IR POLITICAL 9FLU5CE1 !IR PRIVILEG$ CONDITION1 ?AT L$ TO ANTI-,JUDAIC DEMON/RATIONS AT ,ROME4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,ROMAN & ,GREEK WRIT]S FROM ,CIC]O ON BE> WITNESS TO ?IS /ATE ( M9D4 

,CIC]O1 :O WAS A DISCIPLE ( ,APOLLONIUS ,MOLO1 9H]IT$ HIS TEA*]'S PREJUDICES2 HE F\ND ! ,JEWS 9 HIS WAY3 !Y W]E ) ! POPUL> P>TY AGA9/ ! P>TY ( ! ,S5ATE1 TO :I* HE BELONG$4 ,HE FE>$ !M1 & WE CAN SEE FROM SOME PASSAGES ( ,PRO ,FLACCO1 ?AT HE H>DLY D>$ TO SPEAK ( !M1 SO NUM]\S W]E !Y >\ND HIM & 9 ! PUBLIC PLACE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ONE DAY HE BUR/ =?4 0,!IR B>B>\S SUP]/ITIONS MU/ BE F\<T10 SAYS HE2 HE ACCUSES !M ( BE+ A NATION 0GIV5 TO SUSPICION & SL&]10 & PROCE$S BY SAY+ ?AT !Y 0%[ CONTEMPT = ! SPL5DOR ( ! ,ROMAN P[]10.<#b#b.> ,!Y W]E TO BE FE>$1 ACCORD+ TO HIM?OSE M5 :O1 DETA*+ !MSELVES FROM ,ROME1 TURN$ !IR EYES T[>DS ! F> AWAY CITY1 ?AT ,J]USALEM1 & SUPPORT$ IT BY D5>IES :I* !Y DREW FROM ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,MOREOV]1 HE REPROA*$ !M = W9N+ CITIZ5S OV] TO ! ,SABBAT>IAN RITES4 

,IT IS ?IS LA/ *>GE ?AT RECURS MO/ FREQU5TLY 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! POLEMI/S1 ! POETS & ! HI/ORIANS4 ,! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 :I* *>M$ ?OSE :O HAD P5ETRAT$ ITS ESS5CE1 WAS REPULSIVE TO O!RS :O HAD A SCANT KN[L$GE ( IT & REG>D$ IT AS A HEAP ( ABSURD & DISMAL RITES4 ,! ,JEWS >E NO?+ BUT A SUP]/ITI\S NATION1 SAYS ,P]SIUS2.<#b#c.> !IR ,SABBA? IS A LUGUBRI\S DAY1 ADDS ,OVID2.<#b#d.> !Y WOR%IP ! HOG & ! ASS1 AFFIRMS ,PETRONIUS4.<#b#e.> 

,TACITUS1 WELL 9=M$ AS HE IS1 REPEATS1 ) REG>D TO ,JUDAISM1 ! FABLES ( ,MANE?O & ,POSIDONIUS4 ,! ,JEWS1 SAYS HE1 >E DESC5D$ FROM LEP]S1 !Y HONOR ! HEAD ( AN ASS1 !Y HAVE 9FAM\S RITES4 ,HE FUR!R SPECIFIES HIS *>GES1 :I*1 ONE W\LD SAY1 >E ?OSE ( MOD]N ,FR5* ,NATIONALI/S3 0,ALL ?OSE :O EMBRACE !IR FAI?10 SAYS HE1 0UND]GO CIRCUMCISION1 & ! FIR/ 9/RUCTION !Y RECEIVE IS TO DESPISE ! GODS1 TO =SWE> !IR C\NTRY1 TO =GET FA!R1 MO!R & *ILDR540 ,& HE W>MS UP BY SAY+3 0,! ,JEWS CONSID] AS PR(ANE ALL ?AT IS HELD SACR$ ) US40.<#b#f.> ,SUETONIUS & ,JUV5AL REPEAT ! SAME ?+2 ! PR9CIPAL *>GE READS3 0,!Y HAVE A P>TICUL> CULT & P>TICUL> LAWS2 !Y DESPISE ! ,ROMAN LAWS40.<#b#g.> ,?IS IS LIKEWISE ! COMPLA9T ( ,PL9Y3 0,!Y DESPISE ! GODS40.<#b#h.> 

,S5ECA HAS ! SAME GRUDGE1 /ILL ) ! PHILOSOPH] O!R MOTIVES SUP]V5E4 ,!RE WAS A RIVALRY BETWE5 ,S5ECA1 ! ,/OIC1 & ! ,JEWS1 ! SAME AS !RE HAD BE5 BETWE5 ! ,/OICS & ! ,JEWS AT ,ALEX&RIA4 ,HE QU>REL$ LESS ) !IR CONTEMPT ( ! GODS ?AN ) !IR PROSELYTISM :I* ?W>T$ ! SPREAD ( ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,/OICS4 ,HE ?US GIVES EXPRESSION TO HIS DISPLEASURE3 0,! ,ROMANS10 SAYS HE REGRETFULLY1 0HAVE ADOPT$ ! ,SABBA?40.<#b#i.> ,&1 FUR!R SPEAK+ ( ! ,JEWS1 HE SAYS 9 CONCLUSION3 0,?IS ABOM9ABLE NATION HAS SUCCE$$ 9 SPREAD+ ITS USAGES ?R\<\T ! :OLE WORLD2 ! CONQU]$ HAVE GIV5 !IR LAWS TO ! CONQU]ORS40.<#c.> ,S5ECA'S VIEW WAS 9 ACCORD ) ! ATTITUDE ( BO? ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,EMPIRE1 BY :I* MEASURES W]E ADOPT$ FROM TIME TO TIME TO *ECK ,JEWI% PROSELYTISM4 ,UND] ,TIB]IUS1 9 ! YE> #b#b1 A S5ATUS-CONSULT WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,EGYPTIAN & ,JUDAIC SUP]/ITIONS & F\R ?\S& ,JEWS1 SAYS ,TACITUS1 W]E DEPORT$ TO ,S>D9IA4 ,CALIGULA SUBJECT$ !M TO VEXATI\S P]SECUTION2 HE 5C\RAG$ ! DO+S ( ,FLACCUS 9 ,EGYPT1 & ,FLACCUS1 SU/A9$ BY ! ,EMP]OR1 ROBB$ ! ,JEWS ( ! PRIVILEGES GRANT$ TO !M BY ,CES>2 HE TOOK AWAY FROM !M !IR SYNAGOGUE & DIRECT$ ?AT !Y MI<T BE TREAT$ AS 9 HABITANTS ( A CAPTUR$ CITY4 ,DOMITIAN IMPOS$ A SPECIAL TAX UPON ,JEWS & ?OSE :O L$ A ,JUDAIC LIFE1 HOP+ BY ! LEVY ( ! TAX TO /OP CONV]SIONS1 & ,ANTON9US ,PIUS PROHIBIT$ ! ,JEWS FROM CIRCUMCIS+ O!R ?AN !IR SONS4 

,ANTI-,JUDAISM MANIFE/$ ITSELF NOT ONLY AT ,ROME & ,ALEX&RIA1 BUT :]EV] !RE W]E ,JEWS3 AT ,ANTIO*1 :]E GREAT MASSACRES OCCURR$2 9 ,LYBIA1 :]E1 UND] ,VESPASIAN1 ! GOV]NOR ,CATULLUS /IRR$ UP ! POPULACE AGA9/ !M2 9 ,IONIA1 :]E1 UND] ,AUGU/US1 ! ,GREEK CITIES1 BY AN UND]/&+ AMONG !MSELVES1 =C$ ! ,JEWS EI!R TO R5\NCE !IR FAI? OR TO BE> ! 5TIRE BURD5 ( PUBLIC EXP5DITURES4 

,YET IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,JEWS )\T SPEAK+ ( ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,= A LONG TIME ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS1 !SE HO/ILE BRO!RS1 W]E 9CLUD$ 9 ! SAME CONTEMPT1 & ! SAME CAUSES :I* MADE ! ,JEWS HATEFUL MADE ! ,*RI/IANS HATEFUL AS WELL4 ,! DISCIPLES ( ! ,NAZ>5E BR\<T 9TO ! ANCI5T WORLD ! SAME DEADLY PR9CIPLES4 ,IF ! ,JEWS TAU<T ! PEOPLE TO LEAVE !IR GODS1 TO AB&ON HUSB&1 FA!R1 *ILD & WIFE1 & TO COME TO ,JEHOVAH1 ,JESUS ALSO SAID3 0,I HAVE NOT COME TO UNITE1 BUT TO SEP>ATE40 ,! ,*RI/IANS1 LIKE ! ,JEWS1 REFUS$ TO B[ TO ! EAGLE2 LIKE ! ,JEWS !Y W\LD NOT LIE PRO/RATE BE=E IDOLS4 ,LIKE ! ,JEWS1 ! ,*RI/IANS KNEW ANO!R C\NTRY ?AN ,ROME2 LIKE ! ,JEWS1 !Y W\LD BE OBLIVI\S ( !IR CIVIC1 RA!R ?AN !IR RELIGI\S DUTIES4 

,?US1 DUR+ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 ! ,SYNAGOGUE & ! ANCI5T ,*UR* W]E DESPIS$ ALIKE4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ) ! ,JEWS 0A C]TA9 *RE/US0.<#c#a.> & HIS FOLL[]S W]E DRIV5 FROM ,ROME4 ,EA* SIDE 5DEAVOR$ TO CONV9CE ! PEOPLE ?AT IT \<T NOT TO BE MI/AK5 = ! O!R1 & NO SOON] DID ,*RI/IANITY MAKE ITSELF HE>D ?AN IT REJECT$1 9 ITS TURN1 ! DESC5DANTS ( ,ABRAHAM4 

,*APT] ,?REE3 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM 9 ,*RI/IAN-,ANTIQUITY3 ,FROM ! ,F\NDATION ( ,*RU* ( ,CON/ANT9E 

,! ,*UR* IS ! DAU<T] ( ! ,SYNAGOGUE2 %E [ES H] E>LY DEVELOPM5T TO ! ,SYNAGOGUE2 %E GREW 9 ! %ADE ( ! ,TEMPLE1 & FROM H] FIR/ 9FANT CRY %E OPPOS$ H] MO!R1 :I* WAS QUITE NATURAL1 = !Y W]E DIVID$ BY A WIDE DIV]G5CE ( OP9ION4 

,9 ! FIR/ C5TURIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 DUR+ ! APO/OLIC AGE1 ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES SPRANG =? FROM ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES1 LIKE A SW>M ( BEES ESCAP+ FROM A BEEHIVE2 !Y SETTL$ ON ! SAME SOIL4 

,JESUS WAS NOT YET BORN :5 ! ,JEWS HAD BUILT !IR PRAY]-H\SES 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,ORI5T & ! ,OCCID5T2 !IR EXPANSION TO ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ,EGYPT1 ,CYR5AICA1 ,ROME1 ,GREECE & ,SPA9 HAS ALREADY BE5 NOT$4 ,BY !IR UNCEAS+ PROSELYTISM1 BY !IR PREA*+1 BY ! MORAL 9FLU5CE !Y EX]CIS$ OV] ! NATIONS AMID :OM !Y LIV$1 !Y PAV$ ! WAY = ,*RI/IANITY4 

,?IS IMM5SE CLASS ( PROSELYTES WON OV] BY ! ,JEWS1 ?IS ,GOD-FE>+ MULTITUDE1 WAS READY TO RECEIVE ! BROAD] & MORE HUMANIT>IAN TEA*+S ( ,JESUS1 ?OSE TEA*+S :I* ! UNIV]SAL ,*UR*1 FROM ITS V]Y 9CEPTION1 UND]TOOK TO ADULT]ATE & TO TURN AWAY FROM !IR TRUE MEAN+4 ,!SE CONV]TS :OSE NUMB]S /EADILY 9CREAS$ DUR+ ! FIR/ C5TURY BE=E ,*RI/1 W]E FREE FROM ! NATIONAL PREJUDICES ( ,ISRAEL2 !Y ,JUDAIZ$1 BUT !IR EYES W]E NOT TURN$ T[>D ,J]USALEM1 &1 ONE MAY SAY1 ! F]VID PATRIOTISM ( ! ,JEWS RA!R *ECK$ ! CONV]SIONS4 ,! ,APO/LES1 OR AT LEA/ SOME ( !M1 COMPLETELY SEP>AT$ ! PRECEPTS ( ! ,JEWI% FAI? FROM ! N>R[ IDEA ( NATIONALITY2 !Y BUILT UPON ! F\NDATION ( ,JEWI% WORK ACCOMPLI%$ BE=E & ?US WON = !MSELVES ! S\LS ( ?OSE :O HAD RECEIV$ ! ,JEWI% SE$4 ,! ,APO/LES PREA*$ 9 ! SYNAGOGUES4 ,9 ! CITIES1 :]E !Y >RIV$1 !Y W5T /RAI<T TO ! PRAY]-H\SES & !RE MADE !IR PROPAG&A & F\ND !IR FIR/ HELP]S2 LAT] A ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITY WAS F\ND$1 SIDE BY SIDE ) ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITY1 & ! ORIG9AL ,JEWI% NUCLEUS WAS 9CREAS$ BY ALL ?OSE :OM !Y HAD CONV9C$ AMONG ! ,G5TILES4 

,)\T ! EXI/5CE ( ,JEWI% COLONIES ,*RI/IANITY W\LD HAVE 5C\NT]$ MU* GREAT] OB/ACLES2 IT W\LD HAVE HAD GREAT] DIFFICULTIES 9 E/ABLI%+ ITSELF4 ,AS HAS BE5 /AT$1 ! ,JEWS 9 ANCI5T SOCIETY 5JOY$ CONSID]ABLE PRIVILEGES2 !Y HAD PROTECTIVE *>T]S ASSUR+ !M AN 9DEP5D5T POLITICAL & JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION & FRE$OM ( WOR%IP4 ,!SE PRIVILEGES FACILITAT$ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,*RI/IAN *UR*ES4 ,= A LONG TIME ! ASSOCIATIONS ( ! ,*RI/IANS W]E NOT DI/+UI%$ BY ! AU?ORITIES FROM ,JEWI% ASSOCIATIONS1 ! ,ROMAN GOV]NM5T TAK+ NO COGNIZANCE ( ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! TWO RELIGIONS4 ,*RI/IANITY WAS TREAT$ AS A ,JEWI% SECT1 ?US B5EFIT+ BY ! SAME ADVANTAGES2 IT WAS NOT ONLY TOL]AT$1 BUT1 9 AN 9DIRECT WAY1 PROTECT$ BY ! IMP]IAL GOV]NORS4 

,?US1 ON ! ONE H&1 UNWILL+LY1 ! ,JEWS W]E UNCONSCI\S AUXILI>IES ( ,*RI/IANITY :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y W]E ITS 5EMIES1 = :I* !RE W]E NUM]\S REASONS4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ,JESUS & HIS TEA*+S 5LI/$ !IR FIR/ FOLL[+ AMONG ! ,GALILEAN PROV9CIALS :O W]E DESPIS$ BY ! ,J]USALEMITES = HAV+ YIELD$ MORE ?AN O!RS TO =EIGN 9FLU5CES4 0,CAN !RE ANY GOOD ?+ COME \T ( ,NAZ>E?80 !Y SAID4 ,!SE HUMBLE FOLKS ( ,GALILEE1 ?\< MU* ATTA*$ TO ! ,JUDAIC RITES & CU/OMS1 9 :I* RESPECT !Y W]E P]HAPS /RICT] ?AN ! ,J]USALEMITES1 W]E IGNORANT ( ! ,LAW & W]E !RE=E DESPIS$ BY ! HAU<TY DOCTORS ( ,JUDEA4 ,?IS SCORN LIKEWISE FOLL[$ ! FIR/ DISCIPLES ( ,JESUS1 SOME ( :OM1 BESIDES1 BELONG$ TO ! DISREPUTABLE CLASSES1 SU* AS E4G41 ! PUBLICANS4 

,NEV]!LESS1 :ILE ! ORIG9 ( ! PRIMITIVE ,*RI/IANS BR\<T UPON !M ! SCORN ( ! ,JEWS1 IT WAS NOT 5\< TO EXCITE !IR HATR$2 GRAV] REASONS W]E REQUIR$ = ?AT1 =EMO/ AMONG !M WAS ,JEWI% PATRIOTISM4 

,! BIR? & E>LY DEVELOPM5T ( ,*RI/IANITY CO9CID$ ) ! TIME :5 ! ,JEWI% NATION ATTEMPT$ TO %AKE (F ! YOKE ( ,ROME4 ,(F5D$ 9 !IR RELIGI\S FEEL+S1 ILL- TREAT$ BY ! ,ROMAN ADM9I/RATION1 ! ,JEWS FELT A YE>N+ = LIB]TY1 :I* GREW ) !IR HATR$ ( ,ROME4 ,B&S ( ZEALOTS & ASSASS9S TRAV]S$ ! M\NTA9S ( ,JUDEA1 5T]+ ! VILLAGES & WREAK+ V5GEANCE UPON ,ROME BY /RIK+ ?OSE ( !IR BRE?R5 :O B[$ TO ! IMP]IAL AU?ORITY4 ,PLA9LY1 !SE ZEALOTS & ASSASS9S :O ATTACK$ ! ,SADDUCEES = M]E COMPLAC5CY T[>DS ! ,ROMAN PROCURA TORS1 C\LD NOT SP>E ! DISCIPLES ( ,HIM TO :OM ! WORDS W]E ATTRIBUT$1 0,R5D] UNTO ,CES> ! ?+S :I* >E ,CES>'S40 

,ABSORB$ 9 ! EXPECTATION ( ! COM+ ,MESSIANIC REIGN1 ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS ( ?OSE DAYS W]E 0M5 )\T A C\NTRY02 ! ?\<T ( FREE ,JUDEA NO LONG] MADE !IR HE>TS ?ROB1 ?\< SOME1 LIKE ! SE] ( ! ,APOCALYPSE1 HAD A HORROR ( ,ROME1 /ILL !Y HAD NO PASSION = CAPTIVE ,J]USALEM1 :I* ! ZEALOTS /ROVE TO LIB]ATE2 !Y W]E UNPATRIOTIC4 

,:5 ALL ,GALILEE ROSE 9 RESPONSE TO ! APPEAL ( ,JOHN ( ,GIS*ALA1 !Y HELD ALO(1 & :5 ! ,J]USALEMITES TRIUMPH$ OV] ,CE/IUS ,GALLUS1 ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS1 9DIFF]5T TO ! \TCOME ( ?IS SUPREME /RUGGLE1 FL$ FROM ,J]USALEM1 CROSS$ ! ,JORDAN & S\<T REFUGE AT ,PELLA4 ,9 ! LA/ BATTLES :I* ,B> ,GIORA1 ,JOHN ( ,GIS*ALA & !IR FAI?FUL GAVE TO ! ,ROMAN P[]1 TO ! TRA9$ LEGIONS ( ,VESPASIAN & ,TITUS1 ! DISCIPLES ( ,JESUS TOOK NO P>T2 & :5 ,ZION WAS R$UC$ TO A%ES1 BURY+ UND] ITS RU9S ! NATION ( ,ISRAEL1 NO ,*RI/IAN MET HIS DEA? AMID ! DE/RUCTION4 

,ONE MAY WELL UND]/& :AT C\LD HAVE BE5 ! TREATM5T ACCORD$1 9 ?OSE DAYS ( EXALTATION1 BE=E1 DUR+ & AFT] ! 9SURRECTION1 TO ! ,JEWI% & ,G5TILE ,*RI/IANS1 :O1 ) ,/4 ,PAUL1 C\NSEL$ SUBMISSION TO ! P[] ( ,ROME4 ,! PATRIOTIC 9DIGNATION R\S$ BY ! NASC5T ,*UR* WAS SECOND$ BY ! WRA? ( ! RABBIS AGA9/ ,*RI/IAN PROSELYTISM4 

,ORIG9ALLY ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS & ! ,JEWS W]E FAIRLY CORDIAL4 ,! FOLL[]S ( ! ,APO/LES1 AS WELL AS ! ,APO/LES !MSELVES1 RECOGNIZ$ ! SANCTITY ( ! ANCI5T LAW2 !Y OBS]V$ ! RITES ( ,JUDAISM & AS YET HAD NOT PLAC$ ! WOR%IP ( ,JESUS SIDE BY SIDE ) ?AT ( ! ONE ,GOD4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DOGMA ( ! DIV9ITY ( ,*RI/ MADE A BREA* BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! ,SYNAGOGUE4 ,JUDAISM C\LD NOT ADMIT ( ! DEIFICATION ( A MAN2 TO RECOGNIZE ANY ONE AS ! SON ( ,GOD WAS BLASPHEMY2 & AS ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS HAD NOT SEV]$ !IR CONNECTIONS ) ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITY1 !Y W]E DISCIPL9$4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ! FLAGELLATION ( ! ,APO/LES & ! NEW CON- V]TS1 ! /ON+ ( ,/EPH5 & ! BEHEAD+ ( ! ,APO/LE ,JAMES4 

,AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,J]USALEM1 AFT] ?AT /ORM :I* LEFT ,JUDEA DEPOPULAT$1 ! BE/ ( H] SONS HAV+ P]I%$ 9 BATTLE1 OR 9 ! CIRCUS :]E !Y W]E DELIV]$ TO ! BEA/S1 OR 9 ! LEAD M9ES ( ,EGYPT1 DUR+ ?IS ?IRD CAPTIVITY CALL$ BY ! ,JEWS ! ,ROMAN EXILE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ! ,JEWS & ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS BECAME /ILL MORE /RA9$4 ,!IR C\NTRY BE+ DEAD1 ,ISRAEL GA!R$ >\ND !IR DOCTORS4 ,JABNE1 :]E ! ,SANH$R9 RECONV5$1 REPLAC$ ,ZION )\T EXT+UI%+ ITS MEMORY1 & ! CONQU]$ ATTA*$ !MSELVES /ILL MORE CLOSELY TO ! ,LAW :I* ! SAGES COMM5T$ UPON4 

,!NCE=?1 ?OSE :O ASSAIL$ ?AT ,LAW1 :I* HAD BECOME ! MO/ *]I%$ H]ITAGE ( ! ,JEW1 W]E TO BE TREAT$ AS 5EMIES WORSE ?AN ! ,ROMANS4 ,! DOCTORS ACCORD+LY F\<T ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E :I* WAS MAK+ PROSELYTES AMID !IR FLOCK4 0,! ,GOSPELS MU/ BE BURN$SAYS ,RABBI ,T>PHON= PAGANISM IS NOT AS DANG]\S TO ! ,JEWI% FAI? AS ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IAN SECTS4 ,I %\LD RA!R SEEK REFUGE 9 A PAGAN TEMPLE ?AN 9 AN ASSEMBLY ( ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS40 ,HE WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE :O ?\<T SO1 & ALL ! RABBIS COMPREH5D$ ! DANG] ?REAT5+ ,JUDAISM FROM ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANITY4 

,SOME MOD]N 9T]PRET]S ( ! ,TALMUD HAVE GONE TO ! RABB9ICAL DISCUSSIONS & DECISIONS ( ?AT EPO* = WEAPONS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 ACCUS+ !M ( BL9D HATR$ AGA9/ ANY?+ ?AT DID NOT BE> ! M>K ( ,ISRAEL2 !Y DO NOT SEEM1 H[EV]1 TO HAVE C>RI$ 9TO !IR RESE>*ES ! REQUISITE SCI5TIFIC SPIRIT & GOOD FAI?4 

,ORIG9ALLY1 ALL ,TALMUDICAL 9HIBITIONS CONTEMPLAT$ ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS ALONE4 ,! ,TANAIM WANT$ TO PRES]VE ! FAI?FUL FROM ,*RI/IAN CONTAM9ATION2 = ?IS PURPOSE ! ,GOSPELS W]E LIK5$ TO BOOKS ON WIT*CRAFT1 & ,SAMUEL ,JUNIOR1 BY ORD] ( ! PATRI>* ,GAMALIEL1 9S]T$ 9 ! DAILY PRAY]S A CURSE AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS1 ,BIRKAT ,HAM9IM1 :I* HAS FURNI%$ ! F\NDATION = ! *>GE ?AT ! ,JEWS CURSE ,JESUS ?RICE A DAY4 

,:ILE ! ,JEWS ?US S\<T TO SEP>ATE !MSELVES FROM ! ,*RI/IANS1 ! ,*UR*1 SWAY$ BY A GREAT RELIGI\S MOVEM5T1 WAS =C$ TO CA/ AWAY ,JUDAISM4 ,TO CONQU] ! WORLD1 TO BECOME A UNIV]SAL CRE$1 ,*RI/IANITY HAD TO RID ITSELF ( ,JEWI% P>TICUL>ISM1 TO BREAK ! N>R[ *A9S ( ! ANCI5T LAW1 SO AS TO BE ABLE TO SPREAD ! NEW ONE4 ,?IS WAS ! WORK ( ,/4 ,PAUL1 ! TRUE F\ND] ( ! ,*UR*1 :O OPPOS$ TO ! EXCLUSIV5ESS ( ! ,JEWI%-,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E ! PR9CIPLE ( CA?OLICITY4 

,AS IS WELL KN[N1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 !SE TWO T5D5CIES 9 ! NASC5T ,*RI/IANITY1 :I* W]E SYMBOLIZ$ BY ,PET] & ,PAUL1 WAS LONG & BITT]4 ,! :OLE APO/OLIC S]VICE ( ,PAUL WAS A LONG BATTLE AGA9/ ! ,JUDAIZ+4 ,ON ! DAY :5 ! ,APO/LE DECL>$ ?AT 9 ORD] TO COME TO ,JESUS ONE NE$ NOT PASS ?R\< ! ,SYNAGOGUE NOR ACCEPT ! SIGN ( ! OLD COV5ANT1 ! CIRCUMCISION1 ON ?AT V]Y DAY ALL TIES :I* B\ND ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR* TO ITS MO!R W]E TORN & ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD W]E WON OV] BY ,JESUS4 

,! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,JUDAIZ+ :O WANT$ TO BELONG TO ,JESUS & AT ! SAME TIME TO OBS]VE ! ,SABBA? & ! ,PASSOV]1 WAS 9 VA92 !IR PREJUDICE AGA9/ ! CONV]SION ( ! ,G5TILES WAS ( NO AVAIL4 ,AFT] ,PAUL'S J\RNEY TO ,ASIA ,M9OR ! CAUSE ( ,CA?OLICISM WAS WON4 ,! ,APO/LE WAS BRAC$ UP BY AN >MY1 & ?AT >MY >RAY$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT ! ,HELL5IC1 ,ANTIO* AGA9/ ,J]USALEM4 

,! GREAT BULK ( ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS TORE !MSELVES AWAY FROM ! N>R[ DOCTR9E ( ! LITTLE COMMUNITY ( ,J]USALEM2 ! RU9 ( ! HOLY CITY L$ !M TO D\BT ! EFFICACY ( ! ANCI5T LAW4 ,IT WAS GOOD = ! FUR!R DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,*UR*4 ,EBIONISM MET ITS DEA?4 ,IF ,*RI/IANITY HAD FOLL[$ ! ,J]USALEMITES IT W\LD HAVE REMA9$ A SMALL ,JEWI% SECT4 ,HAV+ RID ITSELF ( ! ,EBIONITES & ! ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANS & CUT LOOSE FROM ITS MO!R1 ,*RI/IANITY ALL[$ ! NATIONS TO COME TO IT )\T =FEIT+ !IR 9DIVIDUALITY4 

,TO SAFEGU>D ITS SUPREMACY1 ! ,*UR* HAD TO FI<T ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT 9 TWO =MS4 ,! FIR/ WAS ?AT NOT$ ABOVE1 ! ,JUDAIC POSITIVISM1 HO/ILE TO AN?ROPOMORPHISM & DEIFICATION ( H]OES4 ,NEV]!LESS ?IS POSITIVISM HAS MA9TA9$ ITS EXI/5CE ?R\<\T ! AGES SO ?AT A HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWI% CURR5T 9 ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR* C\LD BE WRITT51 BEG9N+ ) E>LY ,EBIONISM D[N TO ,PROTE/ANTISM1 9CLUD+ AMONG O!RS ! ,UNIT>IANS & ,>IANS4 

,! SECOND =M IS ! MY/IC =M REPRES5T$ BY ! ,ALEX&RIA & ,ASIATIC GNOSIS4 ,! ,ALEX&RIAN ,JEWS1 AS KN[N1 W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,PLATONISM & ,PY?AGORISM2 ,PHILO HIMSELF WAS ! =]UNN] ( ,PLOT9US & ,PORPHYRY 9 ?IS R5OVATION ( ! META- PHYSICAL SPIRIT4 ,AID$ BY ,HELL5IC DOCTR9ES ! ,JEWS 9T]PRET$ ! ,BIBLE & SCRUT9IZ$ ! MY/]IES CONTA9$ !RE91 CON/RU+ !M 9TO ALLEGORIES & FUR!R DEVELOP+ !M4 

,PROCE$+ FROM MONO!ISM & ! CONCEPTION ( A P]SONAL ,GOD AS !IR RELIGI\S PO9T ( DEP>TURE1 ! ,JEWS ( ,ALEX&RIA W]E B\ND TO COME METAPHYSICALLY TO PAN!ISM1 TO ! IDEA ( A DIV9E SUB/ANCE1 TO ! DOCTR9E ( 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 MAN & ! ,ABSOLUTE1 I4E41 TO EMANATIONS1 TO ! ,EONS ( ,VAL5T9US & ! ,SEPHIRO?S ( ,KABBALAH4 ,TO ?IS ,JEWI% FUND W]E SUP]ADD$ ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ,*ALDEAN1 ,P]SIAN & ,EGYPTIAN RELIGIONS1 :I* COEXI/$ AT ,ALEX&RIA2 AT ?AT TIME W]E ELABORAT$ ?OSE EXTRAORD9>Y ,GNO/IC !OGONIES1 SO MULTIF>I\S1 SO V>I$1 SO MADLY MY/ICAL4 

,:5 ,*RI/IANITY WAS BORN1 ! GNOSIS WAS ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE2 ! ,GOSPELS BR\<T NEW ELEM5TS 9TO IT2 IT SPECULAT$ ON ! LIFE & WORDS ( ,JESUS1 AS IT HAD SPECULAT$ ON ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 & :5 ! ,APO/LES1 9 !IR E>LY PREA*+1 ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! ,G5TILES1 !Y W]E CONFRONT$ ) ! ,GNO/ICS1 & PRIM>ILY ! ,JEWI% ,GNO/ICS4 ,PET] MET !M AT ,SAM>IA 9 ! P]SON ( ,SIMON ! ,MAGICIAN2 ,PAUL FAC$ !M AT ,COLOSSE1 AT ,EPHESUS1 AT ,ANTIO*1 :]EV] HE CAME ) HIS ,GOSPEL1 & POSSIBLY HE F\<T ,C]9?US2 ,JOHN HIMSELF F\<T !M1 &1 9 ! ,EPI/LES ( ! ,APOCALYPSE HE OPPOS$ ! ,NICOLAITES :O W]E 0( ! ,SYNAGOGUE ( ,SATAN40 

,AFT] HAV+ ESCAP$ ! DANG] ( CRY/ALLIZ+ 9TO A B>R5 ,JEWI% COMMUNITY1 ! ,*UR* WAS ?US EXPOS$ TO ! NEW DANG] ( ,GNO/ICISM1 :I*1 IF TRIUMPHANT1 W\LD HAVE RESULT$ 9 SPLITT+ IT UP 9TO SMALL SECTS & BREAK+ ITS UNITY4 

,ALL PREA*]S ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION HAD TO CONT5D AGA9/ ?IS GNOSIS2 TRACES ( ?AT FI<T >E F\ND 9 ! ,EPI/LES ( ,PAUL TO ! ,COLOSSIANS & ,EPHESIANS1 9 ! PA/ORAL LETT]S1 9 ! SECOND ,EPI/LE ( ,PET]1 9 ! ,EPI/LE ( ,JUDE & 9 ! ,APOCALYPSE4 ,!Y DID NOT CONF9E !MSELVES TO P]SECUT+ ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT 9 ! GNOSIS2 AS SOON AS ! ,PAUL9E SPIRIT HAD TRIUMPH$ OV] ,PET]1 !Y DECL>$ W> TO ! ,JUDAIZ+ T5D5CIES )9 ! ,*UR*1 AS WELL AS TO ! ,JEWS !MSELVES4 

,WE F9D ALL !SE S5TIM5TS REFLECT$ 9 ! WRIT+S ( ! ,APO/LE ,FA!RS1 ) A GR[+ DESIRE TO SEP>ATE ,*RI/IANITY FROM ,JUDAISM2 & ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! DOGMA ( ! DIV9ITY ( ,JESUS1 ! ,JEWS BECAME ! ABOM9ABLE PEOPLE ( ,DEICIDES1 :I* !Y HAD NOT BE5 ORIG9ALLY4 ,! ,PAUL9E TRADITIONS RES\ND 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! SECOND C5TURY 9 ! SEV5 LETT]S ( ,IGNATIUS ( ,ANTIO* ADDRESS$ TO ! *UR*ES ( ,ROME1 ,MAGNESIA1 ,PHILADEL PHIA1 ,EPHESUS1 ,SMYRNA & ,TRALLES & TO ! ,BI%OP ,POLYC>P4 

,/ILL 9 FACE ( !SE HO/ILE DEMON/RATIONS ! ,JEWS W]E NOT 9ACTIVE & PROV$ V]Y DANG]\S ADV]S>IES4 ,IT WAS UND] ! FIRE ( !IR CRITICISM ?AT ! DOGMA WAS CON/RUCT$2 IT WAS !Y :O1 BY !IR SUBTLE EXEGETICS1 BY !IR FIRM LOGIC1 =C$ ! TEA*]S ( ,*RI/IANITY TO GIVE PRECISION TO !IR >GUM5TS4 ,!IR HO/ILITY WORRI$ ! !OLOGIANS2 ?\< HAV+ SEV]$ !MSELVES FROM ,JUDAISM1 !Y WANT$ TO W9 OV] ! ,JEWS TO !IR SIDE2 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ! TRIUMPH ( ,JESUS W\LD ONLY BE ASSUR$ ON ! DAY :5 ,ISRAEL W\LD RECOGNIZE ! P[] ( ! ,SON ( ,GOD2 9DE$1 ?IS BELIEF HAS SURVIV$ UND] DIFF]5T =MS ?R\<\T ! AGES4 ,IT W\LD SEEM AS ?\< ! ,*UR* W]E NOT SATISFI$ ( ! LEGITIMACY ( ITS FAI? UNTIL ! DAY :5 ! PEOPLE ( :OM ITS ,GOD HAD COME W]E CONV]T$ TO ! ,GALILEAN4 

,?IS WORK WAS TAK5 UP BY ! APOLOGI/S ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & !IR APOLOGETIC PREPOSSESSION WAS MIX$ ) VIOL5T 5MITY4 ,?US ! ,LETT] TO ,DIOGNETUS1 :I* HAS BE5 PRES]V$ = US 9 ! WORK ( ,/4 ,JU/91 & WAS WRITT5 TO REFUTE ! ]RORS ( ! ADV]S>IES ( ! ,*RI/IANS1 MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ONE ( ! FIR/ ANTI-,JEWI% WRIT+S4 ,! UNKN[N AU?OR ( ?IS BRIEF EPI/LE1 9 HIS VIGOR\S ATTACK UPON ! ,MILL5>IAN IDEAS1 SPEAKS ( ! ,JEWI% RITES AS SUP]/ITIONS4 ,! MOTIVES >E NOT ! SAME AS ?OSE :I* ACTUAT$ ! UNKN[N AU?OR ( ! ,TE/AM5T ( ! ,TWELVE ,PATRI>*S1 = HE WANT$1 & SO HE DECL>$1 TO CONV]T ! ,JEWS & CONV9CE !M ( ! EXCELL5CE ( ! WORD ( ,*RI/4 

,! MO/ ?OR\< ( ! APOLOGI/S ( ?AT EPO* IS ASSUR$LY ,JU/91 ! PHILOSOPH]4 ,HIS ,DIALOGUE ) ,TRYPHON WILL REMA9 A MODEL ( ?IS K9D ( DIALOGICAL POLEMICS1 ( :I* WE HAVE ANO!R SAMPLE FROM ! SAME EPO* 9 ! ,ALT]CATION ( ,JASON & ,PAPISCUS1 FROM ! P5 ( ! ,GREEK ,>I/ON ( ,PELLA2 ! LATT] DIALOGUE WAS REPRODUC$ 9 ! FIF? C5TURY BY ,EVAGRIUS1 9 HIS ,ALT]CATION ( ,SIMON & ,!OPHILUS4 ,JU/91 A NATIVE ( ,SAM>IA1 & WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! ,JUDEANS1 PUTS ALL ! OBJECTIONS ( ! ,JEWI% EXEGETES 9TO ! M\? ( ,TRYPHON1 MEANT TO REPRES5T ,RABBI ,T>PHON1 :O VIGOR\SLY F\<T AGA9/ ! APO/OLIC EVAN GELIZATION4 ,! AU?OR ATTEMPTS TO P]SUADE HIM ?AT ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T IS 9 ACCORD ) ! ,OLD1 & TO RECONCILE MONO!ISM ) ! !ORY ( ,MESSIAH AS ! ,WORD 9C>NATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 REPLY+ TO ,TRYPHON'S REPROA* ?AT ! ,*RI/IANS HAVE AB&ON$ ! ,MOSAIC LAW1 HE MA9TA9S ?AT IT WAS M]ELY A PREP>ATORY LAW4 ,JU/9 ATTACK$ ! ,JUDAIZ+ T5D5CIES 9 BO? =MS1 VIZ41 ,JEWI% ,*RI/IANITY ON ! ONE H&1 &1 ON ! O!R1 ,ALEX&R9ISM1 :I* W\LD ADMIT ! ,WORD ONLY AS A TEMPOR>Y IRRADIATION ( ! ,ONE ,BE+4 ,HE CLOSES ) ! W>N+3 0,BLASPHEME NOT ! ,SON ( ,GOD2 LI/5 NOT TO ! ,PH>ISEES2 RIDICULE NOT ! ,K+ ( ,ISRAEL1 AS Y\ >E DO+ DAILY40 ,! IRONY ( ! ,JEWS HE MET ) S>CASM DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! RABBIS3 0,9/EAD ( EXP\ND+ ! MEAN+ ( ! PROPHECIES Y\R TEA*]S 9DULGE 9 TOMFOOL]Y2 !Y >E ANXI\S TO ASC]TA9 :Y MALE CAMELS >E REF]R$ TO 9 ?IS OR ?AT PASSAGE1 OR :Y A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( FL\R IS REQUIR$ = Y\R OBLATIONS4 ,!Y >E WORRI$ TO KN[ :Y AN ALPHA IS ADD$ TO ! ORIG9AL NAME ( ,ABRAHAM4 ,?IS IS ! SUBJECT ( !IR /UDIES4 ,AS TO ?+S ESS5TIAL1 WOR?Y ( M$ITATION1 !Y D>E NOT SPEAK ( !M TO Y\1 !Y DO NOT ATTEMPT TO EXPLA9 !M1 & !Y PROHIBIT Y\ FROM LI/5+ TO \R 9T]PRETATION40 

,! LA/ COMPLA9T IS IMPORTANT1 IT 9DICATES ! *>ACT] ( ! /RUGGLE = ! CONQUE/ ( S\LS 9 :I* ,JUDAISM WAS DEFEAT$4 ,! SECOND C5TURY IS ONE ( ! MO/ MOM5T\S EPO*S 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! DOGMA1 /ILL UNC]TA9 9 ! FIR/ C5TURY1 IS !N =MULAT$ & DEF9$2 ,JESUS ADVANCES T[>D DIV9ITY & ATTA9S IT1 & HIS METAPHYSICS1 HIS WOR%IP1 HIS CONCEPTION1 >E BL5D$ ) ,JUDEO-,ALEX&RIAN DOCTR9ES1 ) ,PHILO'S !ORIES ( ! ,WORD ( ,GOD1 ! ,*ALDEAN MEMRA & ! ,GREEK LOGOS4 ,! ,WORD IS BORN1 IT BECOMES ID5TIFI$ ) ! ,GALILEAN2 9 ,JU/9'S APOLOGETICS & ! F\R? ,GOSPEL1 WE SEE ! WORK COMPLET$4 ,*RI/IANITY HAS BECOME ,ALEX&RIAN1 & ITS MO/ >D5T UPHOLD]S1 ITS DEF5D]S1 EV5 ITS ORATORS1 >E AT ?AT H\R ! ,*RI/IAN PHILOSOPH]S ( ! ,ALEX&RIAN S*OOL3 ,JU/91 ! AU?OR ( ! F\R? ,GOSPEL1 & ,CLEM5T4 

,:ILE ?IS DOGMATIC TRANS=MATION WAS GO+ ON1 ! IDEA ( A UNIV]SAL *UR* GA9$ /R5G?4 ,BONDS ( UNION W]E =M$ BETWE5 ! SMALL ,*RI/IAN COMMUNITIES1 DETA*$ FROM ,JEWI% CONGREGATIONS2 ! MORE !IR NUMB]S 9CREAS$ ! /RONG] BECAME ! TIES1 & ?IS CONCEPTION ( UNITY & CA?OLICITY KEPT PACE ) ! GR[+ EXPANSION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

,?IS EXPANSION C\LD NOT PROCE$ UNDI/URB$4 ,*RI/IAN PREA*+ ADDRESS$ ITSELF TO ALL ! ,JEWRIES ( ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ,EGYPT1 ,CYR5AICA & ,ITALY1 :]EV] !RE WAS AN UNOR?ODOX ELEM5T AMONG !M1 ! ,HELL5IZ$ ,JEWS :OM ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*]S S\<T TO W9 OV] TO !IR SIDE4 ,! PROPAG&I/S LIKEWISE SPOKE TO ! ANXI\S MASSES :O HAD ALREADY L5T !IR E>S TO ! ,JEWI% WORD4 ,! ,JEWS WITNESS$ ! FAILURE ( !IR 9FLU5CE &1 P]HAPS1 ( !IR HOPES2 AT ALL EV5TS1 !Y SAW !IR BELIEFS1 !IR FAI?1 ATTACK$ BY ! NEOPHYTES2 ! FEEL+ ( ! ,JEWS AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IANS WAS AS BITT] AS ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IANS :5 !Y SAW ! OB/ACLES :I* ! ,JEWI% PREA*]S PUT 9 !IR WAY4 ,FURI\S HATR$ WAS MUTUAL1 & ! P>TIES W]E NOT CONT5T ) ,PLATONIC HATR$4 ,! ,*RI/IAN CONGREGATIONS1 UNLIKE ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES1 W]E NOT RECOGNIZ$ BY ! LAW2 !Y W]E CONSID]$ 5EMIES ( LAW & A DANG] TO ! ,EMPIRE4 ,FROM ?IS !RE WAS BUT ONE /EP TO VIOL5CE2 ?IS ACC\NTS = ! P]IODS ( SUFF]+ ! ,*UR* HAD TO GO ?R\<4 ,! ,*UR*1 9 ?OSE EVIL DAYS1 C\LD NOT C\NT UPON ITS RIVAL1 ! ,SYNAGOGUE1 = ASSI/ANCE2 9 SOME PLACES :]E ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,JEWS & ! ,*RI/IANS HAD REA*$ AN ACUTE /AGE ! ,JEWS1 RECOGNIZ$ BY ,ROMAN LEGISLATION & POSSESS$ ( VE/$ RI<TS1 W\LD JO9 ! CITIZ5S ( ! T[NS 9 DRAGG+ ! ,*RI/IANS BE=E ! C\RT4 ,9 ,ANTIO*1 = EXAMPLE1 :]E ! 5MITY BETWE5 ?OSE TWO SECTS WAS MO/ BITT]1 9 ALL PROBABILITY1 ! ,JEWS1 LIKE ! PAGANS1 DEM&$ ! TRIAL & EXECUTION ( ,POLYC>P4 ,!Y >E SAID TO HAVE F$ ) GREAT EAG]NESS ! /AKE UPON :I* ! BI%OP WAS BURN$4 

,/ILL1 NOT EV]Y:]E WAS ! /RIFE M>K$ ) SU* BLOODY MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,! CONTROV]SY WAS ALWAYS V]Y LIVELY1 YET IT MU/ BE SAID IT WAS NOT CONDUCT$ ) EQUAL WEAPONS4 ,! ,BIBLE WAS !IR COMMON >S5AL1 BUT ! ,*RI/IAN TEA*]S HAD BUT A SCANT KN[L$GE ( IT4 ,!Y DID NOT KN[ ,HEBREW & US$ ! ,SEPTUAG9T V]SION1 :I* !Y 9T]PRET$ V]Y FREELY1 (T5 RELY+1 9 SUPPORT ( !IR DOGMA1 UPON PASSAGES 9T]POLAT$ 9TO ! ,SEPTUAG9T BY FALSIFI]S = ! GOOD ( ! CAUSE4 ,! ,GREEK SPEAK+ ,JEWS DID NOT HESITATE TO DO ! SAME1 SO ?AT ! ,SEPTUAG9T1 A BAD TRANSLATION AS IT WAS1 FULL ( ABSURDITIES1 BECAME AVAILABLE = ANY PURPOSE4 

,!SE CONTROV]SIES1 :I* CONT9U$ ?R\< LONG C5TURIES1 W]E NOT ALWAYS C\RTE\S4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ) T\*+ LEG5DS CONC]N+ ,JESUS1 SC&AL\S /ORIES W]E 9V5T$4 ,TO HUMILIATE !IR 5EMIES1 ! ,JEWS ATTACK$ HIM ( :OM ! =M] MADE !IR ,GOD1 & TO ! DEIFICATION ( ,JESUS !Y OPPOS$ ! /ORIES ( ! SOLDI] ,PAN!RUS1 ( AB&ON$ ,M>Y2 !SE W]E TAK5 UP BY PHILOSOPH]S HO/ILE TO ,*RI/IANITY1 & ,ORIG5 REFUT$ !M 9 HIS ,CONTRA ,CELSUM1 MEET+ ABUSE ) ABUSE4 

,AMID !SE BATTLES WAS BORN A !OLOGICAL ANTI-,JUDAISM1 PURELY IDEOLOGICAL1 :I* CONSI/$ 9 REJECT+ AS BAD OR WOR?LESS ANY?+ COM+ FROM ,ISRAEL4 ,?IS S5TIM5T IS EVID5C$ BY ,T]TULLIAN'S ,DE ,ADV]SUS LUDAEOS4 ,9 ?AT WORK ! FI]Y ,AFRICAN ATTACK$ CIRCUMCISION1 :I*1 HE SAID1 BR\<T NO SALVATION1 BUT WAS A SIMPLE SIGN = DI/+UI%+ ,ISRAEL2 :5 ,MESSIAH W\LD COME HE W\LD SUB/ITUTE SPIRITUAL = BODILY CIRCUMCISION2 HE ATTACK$ ! ,SABBA?1 ! TEMPORAL ,SABBA?1 TO :I* HE OPPOS$ ! ET]NAL ,SABBA?4 

,BUT ?IS SPECIAL ANTI-,JUDAISM1 :I* WE F9D AGA9 9 ,OCTAVIUS1 BY ,M9UCIUS ,FELIX2 9 ,DE ,CA?OLICAE ,ECCLESIAE ,UNITATE1 BY ,CYPRIAN ( ,C>?AGE2 9 ,9/RUCTIONES ,ADR]SUS ,G5TIUM ,DEOS1 BY ! POET ,COMMODIAN1 & 9 ,DIV9AE ,9/ITUTIONES1 BY ,LACTANTIUS1 WAS MIX$ ) ! DESIRE TO CONV9CE ! ,JEWS ( ! TRU? ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION1 ( ! S\NDNESS ( ITS BELIEFS1 ITS DOGMAS & PR9CIPLES2 H5CE ! AMBITION TO MAKE PROSELYTES AMONG !M4 ,?IS ANTI- ,JUDAISM CROSS$ ) ! EF=TS :I* ! ,*UR* WAS MAK+ TO >RIVE AT UNIV]SALITY1 & DUR+ ! FIR/ ?REE C5TURIES REMA9$ PURELY !ORETICAL4 ,WE %ALL FUR!R SEE H[1 S9CE ,CON/ANT9E & ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,*UR*1 ?IS ANTI-,JUDAISM WAS TRANS=M$ & MORE PRECISELY DEF9$4 

,*APT] ,F\R3 ,ANTISEMITISM FROM ,CON/ANT9E TO ! ,EI<? ,C5TURY 

,= ?REE C5TURIES ! ,*UR* HAD TO CONT5D AGA9/ ?OSE ) :OM ! GREATNESS ( ,ROME WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SECUL> WOR%IP ( ! ,GODS4 ,/ILL1 ! RESI/ANCE ( ! CIVIL AU?ORITIES1 ( ! PRIE/S & PHILOSOPH]S1 C\LD NOT >RE/ ! M>* ( ! ,*UR*2 P]SECUTIONS1 HATR$1 HO/ILITY 5HANC$ ITS P[] ( PROPAG&A2 IT ADDRESS$ ITSELF TO ?OSE :OSE SPIRIT WAS TR\BL$1 :OSE CONSCI5CE WAS VACILLAT+1 & TO !M IT BR\<T AN IDEAL & ?AT MORAL SATISFACTION :I* !Y LACK$4 ,MOREOV]1 AT ?AT H\R :5 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE WAS R5D+ ALL OV]1 :5 ,ROME1 HAV+ ABDICAT$ ALL P[] & AU?ORITY1 RECEIV$ ITS ,CAES>S FROM ! H&S ( ! LEGIONS1 & COMPETITORS = ! PURPLE BOBB$ UP 9 EV]Y NOOK ( ! PROV9CES1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* (F]$ TO ?AT EXPIR+ WORLD ! UNITY IT WAS SEEK+4 

,YET1 :ILE (F]+ 9TELLECTUAL UNITY TO ! WORLD1 ! ,*UR* AT ! SAME TIME WAS RU9+ ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 CU/OMS & MANN]S4 ,9 FACT1 AT ,ROME1 AS WELL AS 9 ! ,EMPIRE1 ALL PUBLIC FUNCTIONS W]E AT ONCE CIVIL & RELIGI\S1 ! MAGI/RATE1 ! PROCURATOR1 ! DUX BE+ 9VE/$ ) PRIE/LY FUNCTIONS2 NO PUBLIC ACT WAS P]=M$ )\T RITES2 ! GOV]NM5T WAS1 9 A MANN]1 !OCRATIC2 ?IS ULTIMATELY CAME TO BE SYMBOLIZ$ 9 ! WOR%IP ( ! ,EMP]OR4 ,ALL ?OSE :O WANT$ TO )DRAW FROM ?AT WOR%IP W]E HELD TO BE 5EMIES ( ,CES> & ! ,EMPIRE2 !Y W]E CONSID]$ BAD CITIZ5S4 ,?IS S5TIM5T EXPLA9S ! ,ROMAN DISLIKE ( ,ORI5TAL RELIGIONS & ( ! ,JEWS2 IT EXPLA9S ! MEASURES ADOPT$ AGA9/ ! WOR%IP]S ( ,YAHWEH1 & /ILL MORE ! SEV]ITY %[N T[>DS ! WOR%IP]S ( ,MI?RA1 ( ,SABAZIUS & P>TICUL>LY T[>DS ! ,*RI/IANS1 = ! LATT] W]E NOT =EIGN]S LIKE ! ,JEWS1 BUT REBEL CITIZ5S4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,*RI/IANITY WAS BR\<T AB\T BY POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS1 & SO1 TO MAKE ITS VICTORY & DOM9ATION LA/+1 IT WAS OBLIG$ TO ADOPT MANY ( ! C]EMONIAL OBS]VANCES ( ANCI5T ,ROME4 ,:5 ! ,*RI/IANS HAD 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB]S1 & =M$ A CONSID]ABLE P>TY1 !Y W]E SAV$ & C\LD SEE ! DAWN ( VICTORY GLIMM]1 = N[ A PRET5D] TO ! ?RONE C\LD F9D SUPPORT AMONG !M & USE !IR S]VICES TO SOLIDIFY HIS AU?ORITY4 ,SO IT HAPP5$ ) ,CON/ANT9E1 & ,CON/ANTIUS1 P]HAPS1 =ESAW IT :5 HE COMM&$ ! ,GALLIC LEGIONS4 ,! VICTORI\S *UR* SUCCE$$ TO ,ROME4 ,%E 9H]IT$ ITS HAU<T9ESS1 ITS EXCLUSIV5ESS1 ITS PRIDE1 & ALMO/ )\T ANY TRANSITION P]IOD ! P]SECUT$ TURN$ P]SECUTRIX1 WIELD+ ! P[] BY :I* %E HAD BE5 F\<T1 HOLD+ ! CONSUL> FASCES & HAT*ET & COMM&+ ! LEGION>IES4 

,:ILE ,JESUS WAS TAK+ POSSESSION ( ! SUP]B CITY & HIS UNIV]SAL REIGN WAS COMM5C+1 ,JUDAISM WAS 9 AGONY 9 ,PALES T9E2 ! TEA*]S ( ,TIB]IAS W]E P[]LESS TO HOLD ! Y\NG ,JUDEANS & ! 0ILLU/RI\S1 MO/ GLORI\S1 RI<T REV]5D0 PATRI>* HAD BUT ! %AD[ ( AU?ORITY4 ,! FL\RI%+ ,JEWI% S*OOLS W]E 9 ,BABYLONIA2 ! C5T] ( ,ISRAEL'S 9TELLECTUAL LIFE WAS TRANSF]R$ ?I!R2 /ILL :]EV] ,*RI/IANITY 5DEAVOR$ TO EXT5D ITS 9FLU5CE IT HAD TO RECKON & TO CONT5D ) ! 9FLU5CE ( ,JUDAISM2 ?\< S9CE ! CLOSE ( ! ?IRD C5TURY ! LATT] WAS ( LITTLE IMPORTANCE1 AT LEA/ DIRECTLY4 ,9DE$1 AT ?AT TIME ! ,JUDAIZ+ H]ESIES W]E NE>LY EXT9CT4 ,! ,NAZ>5ES1 ?OSE CIRCUMCIS$ ,*RI/IANS ATTA*$ TO ! OLD LAW1 :O >E M5TION$ BY ,/4 ,J]OME & ,/4 ,EPIPHANIUS1 W]E R$UC$ TO A H&FUL ( MEEK BELIEV]S1 :O HAD F\ND REFUGE AT ,BE]A 7,ALEP71 AT ,KOKABE 9 ,BATANEA1 & AT ,PELLA1 9 ! ,DECAPOLIS4 ,!Y SPOKE ! ,SYRO-,*ALDAIC LANGUAGE2 A REMNANT ( ! PRIMITIVE ,*UR* ( ,J]USALEM1 !Y NO LONG] EX]T$ ANY 9FLU5CE1 SWAMP$ AS !Y W]E AMID ,GREEK-SPEAK+ *UR*ES4 

,/ILL1 ?\< ,EBIONISM WAS DY+ \T1 ,JUDAIZ+ CONT9U$2 ! ,*RI/IANS ATT5D$ ! SYNAGOGUES1 CELEBRAT$ ! ,JEWI% HOLIDAYS1 & ! CONT5TIONS OV] ! ,PASSOV] W]E /ILL ON4 ,A L>GE FACTION 9 ! *UR*ES ( ! ,ORI5T 9SI/$ UPON CELEBRAT+ ! ,PASSOV] AT ! SAME TIME AS ! ,JEWS4 ,IT REQUIR$ ! ACTION ( ! ,NICAEAN ,C\NCIL TO FREE ,*RI/IANITY ( ?IS LA/ & WEAK BOND BY :I* IT HAD /ILL BE5 TI$ TO ITS CRADLE4 ,AFT] ! ,SYNOD ALL WAS OV] BETWE5 ! ,*UR* & ! ,TEMPLE1 (FICIALLY1 & FROM ! OR?ODOX /&PO9T1 AT LEA/2 IT REQUIR$1 H[EV]1 ! ACTION ( FUR!R C\NCILS TO PREV5T ! FAI?FUL FROM CON=M+ TO ! OLD USAGE1 & IT WAS NOT UNTIL #cda ,A4,D41 :5 ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ANTIO* HAD EXCOMMUNICAT$ ! ,QU>TODECIMANS ?AT UNITY ( ! CELEBRATION ( ! ,EA/] WAS EFFECT$4 

,S9CE ! ,*UR* HAD BECOME >M$1 ANTI-,JUDAISM UND]W5T A TRANS=MATION4 ,PURELY !OLOGICAL 9 ! BEG9N+1 CONF9$ TO >GUM5TS & CONTROV]SIES1 IT DEF9$ ITSELF & BECAME H>%]1 MORE SEV]E & AGGRESSIVE4 ,BESIDE WRIT+S1 LAWS APPE>$2 ! 5ACTM5T ( LAWS RESULT$ 9 POPUL> MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,! WRIT+S !MSELVES UND]W5T A *ANGE4 ,?R\<\T ! C5TURIES ( P]SECUTION1 APOLOGETICS HAD FL\RI%$1 & A VA/ LIT]ATURE HAD COME 9TO BE+1 BORN ( ! NE$ FELT BY ! ,*RI/IANS TO CONV9CE !IR ADV]S>IES4 ,!Y ADDRESS$ !MSELVES N[ TO ! ,JEWS1 N[ TO ! PAGANS1 N[ TO ! EMP]ORS1 & ALL ( !M1 ,JU/91 ,A!NAGORAS1 ,TATIAN1 ,>I/O ( ,PELLA1 ,MELITO1 5DEAVOR$ TO PROVE TO ,CES> ?AT !IR DOCTR9ES W]E NOT DANG]\S TO ! PUBLIC WEAL2 ?AT EV5 )\T SACRIFIC+ TO ! GODS1 !Y C\LD BE LOYAL SUBJECTS1 AS OB$I5T AS ! PAGANS & MORALLY SUP]IOR4 ,!Y >GU$ ) ! ,JEWS ?AT IT WAS !Y1 ! ,*RI/IANS1 ?AT W]E ! ONLY FAI?FUL TO TRADITION1 = !Y FULFILL$ ! PROPHECIES & ! LEA/ DETAILS ( !IR DOGMAS W]E =ESE5 & ANN\NC$ BY ! ,SCRIPTURES4 ,TRIUMPHANT ,*RI/IANITY WAS NO LONG] 9 NE$ ( APOLOGI/S2 ,CES> HAD BE5 CONV]T$ & ,CYRIL ( ,ALEX&RIA1 ! AU?OR ( A BOOK AGA9/ ,JULIAN ! ,APO/ATE1 WAS ! LA/ ( ! APOLOGI/S4 ,AS REG>DS ,ISRAEL1 ! ,*RI/IANS P]SI/$1 EV5 TO \R [N DAY1 9 DEMON/RAT+ TO !M !IR /UBBORNNESS2 IT WAS DONE 9 A LESS 9SIDI\S & LESS CONV9C+ MANN]2 !Y SPOKE AS MA/]S1 & FROM ! MIDDLE ( ! FIF? C5TURY1 APOLOGETICS PROP] CEAS$1 REAPPE>+ ONLY MU* LAT] CONSID]ABLY MODIFI$ & TRANS=M$4 

,!Y NO LONG] TRI$ TO W9 OV] ! ,JEWS TO ,*RI/2 9DE$1 A FEW YE>S SUFFIC$ TO %[ TO ! !OLOGIANS ! FUTILITY ( !IR EF=TS1 & ! EFFECT ( !IR REASON+1 BAS$ MO/ FREQU5TLY UPON A FANTA/IC EXEGESIS OR A FEW ABSURDITIES ( ! ,ALEX&RIAN TRANSLATION ( ! ,BIBLE1 WAS LO/ ON !SE /UBBORN M51 :O LI/5$ ONLY TO !IR [N TEA*]S & CLUNG ! /RONG] TO !IR FAI? ! MORE IT WAS DESPIS$4 ,TO >GUM5TS WAS ADD$ 9SULT2 ! ,JEW WAS REG>D$ LESS AS A POSSIBLE ,*RI/IAN ?AN AS AN UNREP5T+ DEICIDE4 ,!Y D5\NC$ ?OSE M51 :OSE P]SI/5CE WAS SO %OCK+ & :OSE V]Y PRES5CE M>R$ ! COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( ! ,*UR*4 ,PA9S W]E TAK5 TO =GET ! ,JEWI% ORIG9 ( ,JESUS & ! ,APO/LES2 TO =GET ?AT ,*RI/IANITY HAD GR[N 9 ! %ADE ( ! ,SYNAGOGUE4 ,?IS OBLIVION P]PETUAT$ ITSELF1 & TODAY :O 9 ALL ,*RI/5DOM W\LD ACKN[L$GE ?AT HE B[S TO A POOR ,JEW & A HUMBLE ,JEWESS ( ,GALILEE8 

,! ,FA!RS1 ! BI%OPS1 ! PRIE/S1 :O HAD TO CONT5D AGA9/ ! ,JEWS TREAT$ !M V]Y BADLY4 ,HOSIUS 9 ,SPA92 ,POPE ,SYLVE/]2 ,PAUL1 BI%OP ( ,CON/ANT9E2 ,EUSEBIUS ( ,CAES>EA1.<#c#b.> CALL !M 0A P]V]SE1 DANG]\S & CRIM9AL SECT40 

,SOME1 LIKE ,GREGORY ( ,NYSSA1.<#c#c.> REMA9 ON DOGMATIC GR\ND1 & M]ELY REPROA* ! ,JEWS = BE+ 9FIDELS1 :O REFUSE TO ACCEPT ! TE/IMONY ( ,MOSES & ! PROPHETS ON ! ,TR9ITY & ,9C>NATION4 ,/4 ,AUGU/9E.<#c#d.> IS MORE VEHEM5T4 ,IRRITAT$ BY ! OBJECTIONS ( ! ,TALMUDI/S HE BR&S !M AS FALSIFI]S1 & DECL>ES ?AT ONE NE$ SEEK NO RELIGION 9 ! BL9DNESS ( ! ,JEWS1 & ?AT ,JUDAISM MAY S]VE ONLY AS A T]M ( COMP>ISON TO DEMON/RATE ! BEAUTY ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,/4 ,AMBROSE.<#c#e.> ATTACK$ !M FROM ANO!R SIDE2 HE TOOK UP ANEW ! *>GES ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ?OSE :I* HAD BE5 US$ AGA9/ ! FIR/ ,*RI/IANS1 & ACCUS$ ! ,JEWS ( DESPIS+ ! LAWS ( ,ROME4 ,/4 ,J]OME.<#c#f.> CLAIM$ ?AT AN IMPURE SPIRIT HAD SEIZ$ ! ,JEWS4 ,HAV+ LE>N$ ,HEBREW 9 ! S*OOLS ( ! RABBIS1 HE SAID1 REF]R+ D\BTLESS TO ! CURSES PRON\NC$ AGA9/ ! ,M9EANS & DI/ORT+ !IR MEAN+3 0,! ,JEWS MU/ BE HAT$1 = !Y DAILY 9SULT ,JESUS ,*RI/ 9 !IR SYNAGOGUES02 & ,/4 ,CYRIL ( ,J]USALEM.<#c#g.> ABUS$ ! ,JEWI% PATRI>*S1 CLAIM+ ?AT !Y W]E A L[ RACE4 

,WE F9D ALL !SE !OLOGICAL & POLEMICAL ATTACKS COMB9$ 9 ! SIX S]MONS DELIV]$ AT ,ANTIO*1 BY ,/4 ,JOHN ,*RYSO/OM.<#c#h.> AGA9/ ! ,JEWS2 AN EXAM9ATION ( ?OSE HOMILIES WILL GIVE US AN UND]/&+ ( ! ME?ODS ( DISCUSSION1 AS WELL AS ! RECIPROCAL ATTITUDE ( ,*RI/IANS & ,JEWS & !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS4 

,! ,JEWS1 SAYS ,*RYSO/OM 9 ! FIR/ ( HIS S]MONS1 >E IGNORAMUSES1 :O LACK ALL UND]/&+ ( !IR [N LAW1 & >E CONSEQU5TLY IMPI\S4 ,!Y >E WRET*ES1 DOGS1 BULL- HEAD$2 !IR PEOPLE >E LIKE A H]D ( BRUTES1 LIKE WILD BEA/S4 ,!Y HAVE DRIV5 ,*RI/ AWAY1 !RE=E !Y >E CAPABLE ( EVIL ONLY4 ,!IR SYNAGOGUES MAY BE LIK5$ TO PLAYH\SES1 !Y >E D5S ( BRIG&S1 ! ABODE ( ,SATAN4 ,BE+ OBLIG$ TO ADMIT ?AT ! ,JEWS >E NOT IGNORANT ( ! ,FA!R1 HE ADDS ?AT ?IS IS NOT 5\<1 S9CE !Y HAVE CRUCIFI$ ! ,SON & REJECT ! ,HOLY ,<O/1 & ?AT !IR S\LS >E ! ABODE ( ! DEVIL4 ,!RE=E !Y MU/ BE MI/RU/$2 ! ,JEWI% DISEASE MU/ BE GU>D$ AGA9/4 

,9 ! SECOND S]MON !SE DIATRIBES >E RESUM$2 ,*RYSO/OM APPE>S 9 IT MU* WORRI$ OV] ! 9FLU5CE EX]T$ BY ! ,JEWS4 0,\R %EEP10 HE EXCLAIMS1 0>E SURR\ND$ BY ,JEWI% WOLVES10 & HE REIT]ATES ! W>N+3 ,AVOID !M2 AVOID !IR IMPIETY2 IT IS NOT SIGNIFICANT CONTROV]SIES ?AT SEP>ATE US FROM !M1 BUT ! DEA? ( ,*RI/4 ,IF Y\ ?9K ?AT ,JUDAISM IS TRUE1 LEAVE ! ,*UR*2 IF NOT1 QUIT ,JUDAISM4 

,! O!R F\R S]MONS >E *IEFLY !OLOGICAL4 ,AVAIL+ HIMSELF ( ! 9VECTIVES ( ! PROPHETS1 ,*RYSO/OM CALLS ! ,JEWS ?IEVES1 IMPURE1 DEBAU*EES1 RAPACI\S1 MIS]S1 CRAFTY1 OPPRESSORS ( ! POOR2 !Y HAVE FILL$ ! MEASURE ( !IR CRIMES BY IMMOLAT+ ,JESUS4 ,HE DOES NOT CONT5T HIMSELF ) ALL ?AT4 ,HE ADVANCES >GUM5TS UPON CONTROV]SIES :I* MU/ HAVE BE5 V]Y LIVELY AT ,ANTIO*4 ,HE DEF5DS ! ,*UR*2 HE %[S ?AT ,ISRAEL IS DISP]S$ 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! DEA? ( ,*RI/2 HE DRAWS FROM ! PROPHETS & ! /ORIES ( ! ,BIBLE PRO(S ( ! DIV9ITY ( ,JESUS1 & HE RECOMM5DS TO HIS FLOCK TO /AY AWAY FROM ! S]MONS ( ?OSE ,JEWS :O CALL ! CROSS AN ABOM9ATION & :OSE RELIGION IS NULL & USELESS TO ?OSE :O KN[ ! TRUE FAI?4 ,9 %ORT1 SAYS HE 9 CONCLUSION1 IT IS ABSURD TO CONSORT ) M5 :O HAVE TREAT$ ,GOD ) SU* 9DIGNITY & AT ! SAME TIME TO WOR%IP ! ,CRUCIFI$4 

,!SE HOMILIES ( ,*RYSO/OM >E *>ACT]I/IC & VALUABLE4 ,ONE F9DS !RE ALREADY ! POLICY :I* ! ,*RI/IAN PREA*]S W]E TO PURSUE ?R\<\T ! AGES TO FOLL[2 ?AT MIXTURE ( >GUM5T & APO/ROPHIZ+1 ( SUASION & ABUSE1 :I* HAS REMA9$ PECULI> TO ANTI-,JEWI% PREA*+4 ,ESPECIALLY WOR?Y ( NOTICE IS ! P>T ( ! CL]GY 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ANTI-,JUDAISM ORIG9ALLY RELIGI\S ANTI- ,JUDAISM1 = SOCIAL ANTI-,JUDAISM >OSE MU* LAT] 9 ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY4 ,!SE S]MONS PORTRAY1 9 A LIVE PICTURE1 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,JUDAISM & ,*RI/IANITY 9 ! F\R? C5TURY2 !SE RELATIONS CONT9U$ = A LONG TIME1 UNTIL AB\T ! N9? C5TURY4 ,! ,JEWS HAD NOT >RIV$ YET AT ?AT EXCLUSIVE CONCEPTION ( !IR 9DIVIDUALITY & !IR NATIONALITY :I* WAS ! WORK ( ! ,TALMUDI/S4 ,!IR PROSELYTIC >DOR WAS NOT DEAD2 !Y W]E NOT CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT !Y HAD =EV] LO/ !IR MORAL P[] OV] ! WORLD1 & !Y /RUGGL$ ON4 ,!Y P]SUAD$ PAGANS & ,*RI/IANS TO ,JUDAIZE1 & !Y F\ND FOLL[]S2 IF NE$ BE !Y W\LD MAKE CONV]TS BY =CE2 !Y DID NOT HESITATE TO CIRCUMCISE !IR SLAVES4 ,!Y W]E ! ONLY FOES ! ,*UR* HAD TO FACE1 = PAGANISM WAS QUIETLY PASS+ AWAY1 LEAV+ 9 ! S\LS BUT LEG5D>Y SURVIVALS1 :I* HAVE NOT 5TIRELY DI$ \T EV5 TO ?IS DAY4 ,IF PAGANISM1 ?R\< ITS LA/ PHILOSOPH]S & POETS1 /ILL OPPOS$ ! DIFFUSION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 IT NO LONG] S\<T1 S9CE ! F\R? C5TURY1 TO REGA9 ?OSE :OM ,JESUS HELD BY HIS BONDS4 ,! ,JEWS1 H[EV]1 HAD NOT GIV5 UP2 !Y DEEM$ !MSELVES 9 POSSESSION ( ! TRUE RELIGION1 UPON AS GOOD A TITLE AS ! ,*RI/IANS1 & 9 ! EYES ( ! PEOPLE !IR ASS]TION HAD ! ATTRACTION FL[+ FROM UNFL9*+ CONVICTIONS4 

,9 ! MORN+ ( ITS TRIUMPH ! ,*UR* AS YET DID NOT HOLD ?AT UNIV]SAL ASC5DANCY :I* IT GA9$ LAT]2 IT WAS /ILL WEAK1 ?\< P[]FUL2 BUT ?OSE :O DIRECT$ IT ASPIR$ TO UNIV]SALITY1 & !Y C\LD NOT HELP CONSID]+ ! ,JEWS AS !IR WOR/ ADV]S>IES2 !Y HAD TO /RA9 !MSELVES TO ! UTMO/ TO WEAK5 ,JEWI% PROPAG&A & PROSELYTISM4 ,9 ?IS ! ,FA!RS FOLL[$ A SECUL> TRADITION2 UPON ?IS BATTLE GR\ND !Y >E UNANIM\S1 & !RE >E LEGIONS ( !OLOGIANS1 HI/ORIANS & WRIT]S :O ?9K & WRITE ( ! ,JEWS ! SAME AS ,*RYSO/OM3 ,EPIPHANIUS1 ,DIODORUS ( ,T>SUS1 ,!ODORE ( ,MOPSUE/IA1 ,!ODORET ( ,CYPRUS1 ,COSMAS ,9DICOPLEU/ES1 ,A?ANASIUS ! ,S9AITE1 ,SYNESIUS1 AMONG ! ,GREEKS2 ,HIL>IUS ( ,POITI]S1 ,PRUD5TIUS1 ,PAULAS ,OROSIUS1 ,SULPICIUS ,SEV]US1 ,G5NADIUS1 ,V5ANTIUS ,=TUNATUS1 ,ISIDORE ( ,SEVILLE1 AMONG ! ,LAT9S4 

,H[EV]1 AFT] ! $ICT ( ,MILAN1 ANTI-,JUDAISM C\LD NO LONG] CONF9E ITSELF TO ORAL OR WRITT5 CONTROV]SIES2 IT WAS NO LONG] A QU>REL BETWE5 TWO SECTS EQUALLY DETE/$ OR DESPIS$4 ,BE=E HIS CONV]SION1 ,CON/ANT9E1 :O ORIG9ALLY DECL9$ TO GRANT ANY EXCLUSIVE PRIVILEGES TO ,*RI/IANS1 ACCORD$1 BY ! $ICT ( TOL]ANCE1 TO EV]YONE ! RI<T TO OBS]VE ! RELIGION ( HIS *OICE4 ,! ,JEWS W]E ?US PUT ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! ,*RI/IANS2 ! PAGAN PONTIFFS1 ! PRIE/S ( ,JESUS1 ! PATRI>*S & TEA*]S ( ,ISRAEL 5JOY$ ! SAME FAVOR & W]E EXEMPT FROM MUNICIPAL TAXES4 ,BUT 9 #c#b#c1 AFT] ! DEFEAT & DEA? ( ,LIC9IUS1 :O HAD REIGN$ 9 ! ,ORI5T1 ,CON/ANT9E1 ! VICTOR & LORD OV] ! ,EMPIRE1 SUPPORT$ BY ALL ! ,*RI/IANS ( HIS /ATES1 %[$ !M M>K$ PREF]5CE4 ,HE MADE !M HIS GREAT DIGNIT>IES1 HIS C\NSELORS1 HIS G5]ALS1 & !NCE=? ! ,*UR* HAD ! IMP]IAL P[] AT ITS DISPOSAL TO BUILD UP ITS DOM9ION4 ,! FIR/ USE IT MADE ( ?IS AU?ORITY WAS TO P]SECUTE ?OSE :O W]E HO/ILE TO ! ,*UR*2 IT F\ND ,CON/ANT9E QUITE OB$I5T TO ITS WI%ES4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! EMP]OR PROHIBIT$ DIV9ATION & SACRIFICES1 CLOS$ ! TEMPLES1 ORD]$ ! GOLD & SILV] /ATUES ( ! GODS TO BE MELT$ = ! EMBELLI%M5T ( ! *UR*ES2 ON ! O!R H&1 HE CONS5T$ TO REPRESS ,JEWI% PROSELYTISM & REVIV$ AN ANCI5T ,ROMAN LAW :I* PROHIBIT$ ! ,JEWS FROM CIRCUMCIS+ !IR SLAVES2 AT ! SAME TIME HE DEPRIV$ !M ( MANY ( !IR =M] PRIVILEGES & B>R$ !M FROM ,J]USALEM1 EXCEPT ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,TEMPLE1 & ?AT UPON PAYM5T ( A SPECIAL TAX 9 SILV]4 ,?US1 BY AGGRAVAT+ ! BURD5S :I* W]E OPPRESS+ ! ,JEWS1 ,CON/ANT9E FAVOR$ ,*RI/IAN PROSELYTISM1 & ! PREA*]S W]E NOT SL[ TO REPRES5T TO ! ,JEWS ! ADVANTAGES BAPTISM W\LD BR+4 

,/ILL1 9 SPITE ( HIS HO/ILITY TO ! ,JEWS1 P]HAPS FACTITI\S1 S9CE ! AU!NTICITY ( ! LETT] WRITT5 9 A VIOL5T LANGUAGE & ATTRIBUT$ TO HIM BY ,EUSEBIUS.<#c#i.> CANNOT BE V\*$ =1 HE TOOK PA9S TO PROTECT !M AGA9/ ! ATTACKS ( !IR [N R5EGADES4 ,UND] HIS SUCCESSORS1 NO SU* RES]VATION WAS MADE4 ,! ,*UR* WAS N[ ALL-P[]FUL ) ! EMP]ORS4 ,CA?OLICISM BECAME ! E/ABLI%$ RELIGION1 ! ,*RI/IAN WOR%IP WAS ! (FICIAL WOR%IP1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! BI%OPS 9CREAS$ FROM DAY TO DAY1 AS WELL AS !IR 9FLU5CE4 ,!Y 9CULCAT$ UPON ! M9DS ( ! EMP]ORS ?OSE S5TIM5TS ) :I* !Y W]E 9SPIR$ !MSELVES1 & :ILE !IR ANTI-,JUDAISM MANIFE/$ ITSELF 9 WRIT+S1 IMP]IAL ANTI ,JUDAISM F\ND EXPRESSION 9 /ATUTES4 ,!SE LAWS1 9SPIR$ BY ! CL]GY1 W]E DIRECT$ NOT ONLY AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 BUT AGA9/ ,*RI/IAN H]ETICS AS WELL4 ,9DE$1 DUR+ ! F\R? C5TURY1 SO F]TILE 9 H]ESIES1 ! OR?ODOX !MSELVES W]E AT TIMES DI/URB$ :5 H]ETICAL !OLOGIANS L$ ! EMP]ORS4 

,( !SE LAWS1 ALL ( :I* W]E 5ACT$ FROM ! F\R? TO ! SEV5? C5TURY1 ! MAJORITY >E DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,JEWI% PROSELYTISM4 ,! P5AL /ATUTES DIRECT$ AGA9/ ?OSE :O CIRCUMCISE ,*RI/IANS >E REAFFIRM$2.<#d.> ! (F5SE IS MADE PUNI%ABLE BY EXILE = LIFE & CONFISCATION ( PROP]TY4 ,! ,JEWS >E PROHIBIT$ FROM [N+ ,*RI/IAN SLAVES2.<#d#a.> !Y >E NOT ALL[$ TO M>RY ,*RI/IANS2 SU* UNIONS >E TREAT$ LIKE CRIM9AL =NICATION4.<#d#b.> ,O!R LAWS 5C\RAGE ,*RI/IAN PROPAG&A & PROSELYTISM AMONG ! ,JEWS1 EI!R DIRECTLYBY PROTECT+ ! APO/ATES.<#d#c.> & 5JO9+ ,JEWS FROM DIS9H]IT+ !IR CONV]T$ SONS & GR&SONS.<#d#d.> OR 9DIRECTLY1 BY VEXATI\S LEGISLATION AGA9/ ,JEWS4 ,!IR PRIVILEGES W]E CURTAIL$4 ,IT WAS DECRE$ ?AT ! MONEYS :I* W]E S5T BY ! ,ISRAELITES TO ,PALE/9E %\LD BE PAID 9TO ! IMP]IAL TREASURY2.<#d#e.> !Y W]E DEB>R$ FROM HOLD+ PUBLIC (FICE2.<#d#f.> !Y W]E ASSESS$ ) H>D & OPPRESSIVE CURIAL TAXES2.<#d#g.> !Y W]E PRACTICALLY DEPRIV$ ( !IR SPECIAL TRIBUNALS4.<#d#h.> ,! VEXATIONS W]E NOT CONF9$ TO ?AT2 ! ,JEWS W]E H>ASS$ EV5 9 ! OBS]VANCE ( !IR RELIGION2 ! LAW UND]TOOK TO REGULATE ! MANN] ( OBS]V+ ! ,SABBA?2.<#d#i.> !Y W]E ORD]$ NOT TO CELEBRATE !IR ,PASSOV] BE=E ,EA/]1 & ,JU/9IAN W5T AS F> AS TO PROHIBIT !M FROM RECIT+ ! DAILY PRAY]1 ! ,S*EMA1 :I* PROCLAIM$ ONE ,GOD1 AS AGA9/ ! ,TR9ITY4 

,/ILL1 NOT)/&+ ! FAVORABLE DISPOSITION ( ,EMP]OR ,CON/ANT9E1 ! ,*UR* WAS NOT GIV5 A FREE H& 9 EV]Y?+4 ,:ILE RE/RICT+ ! RELIGI\S LIB]TIES ( ! PAGANS & ! ,JEWS1 HE WAS OBLIG$ TO ACT ) CAUTION2 ! WOR%IP]S ( ! GODS W]E /ILL NUM]\S UND] HIS REIGN1 & HE D>$ NOT PROVOKE DANG]\S DI/URBANCES4 ,! ,JEWS B5EFIT$ TO SOME EXT5T BY ?IS HESITATION4 ,) ,CON/ANTIUS EV]Y?+ *ANG$4 ,CON/ANT9E1 :O WAS BAPTIZ$ ONLY ON HIS DEA?B$ BY ,EUSEBIUS ( ,NICOM$IA1 WAS A SKEPTIC & A POLITICIAN1 :O US$ ,*RI/IANITY AS A TOOL2 ,CON/ANTIUS WAS AN OR?ODOX1 AS FANATICAL & 9TOL]ANT AS ! CL]GY & ! MONKS ( HIS DAY4 ,) HIM1 ! ,*UR* BECAME DOM9ANT1 & WIELD$ ITS P[] = REV5GE2 IT SEEMS ! ,*UR* WAS EAG] TO MAKE ITS ]/:ILE P]SECUTORS PAY DE>LY = ALL IT HAD SUFF]$ AT !IR H&S4 ,NO SOON] WAS IT >M$ ?AN IT =GOT ITS MO/ ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLES1 & DIRECT$ ! SECUL> >M AGA9/ ITS ADV]S>IES4 ,! PAGANS & ! ,JEWS W]E P]SECUT$ ) UTMO/ SEV]ITY2 ?OSE :O (F]$ SACRIFICES TO ,ZEUS1 AS WELL AS ?OSE :O WOR%IP$ ,JEHOVAH1 W]E MALTREAT$3 ANTI-,JUDAISM W5T TOGE!R ) ANTI- PAGANISM4 

,! ,JEWI% TEA*]S ( ,JUDEA W]E EXIL$1 !Y W]E ?REAT5$ ) DEA? IF !Y P]SI/$ 9 GIV+ 9/RUCTION1 !Y W]E COMPELL$ TO FLEE FROM ,PALE/9E1 :ILE 9 O!R PROV9CES ( ! EMPIRE !Y W]E D5I$ ! RI<TS ( ,ROMAN CITIZ5%IP4 ,:ILE ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS1 ON EXP$ITION AGA9/ ,K+ ,%ABUR ,I,I1 ( ,P]SIA1 W]E CAMP+ 9 ,JUDEA1 ! ,JEWS W]E TREAT$ LIKE 9HABITANTS ( A CONQU]$ C\NTRY4 ,!Y W]E HEAVILY TAX$2 !Y W]E =C$ TO BAKE BREAD = ! SOLDI]S ON ,SABBA? & ON HOLIDAYS4 

,9 ! CITIES1 MONKS & BI%OPS D5\NC$ PAGANS & ,JEWS1 9CIT+ AGA9/ !M ! ,*RI/IAN POPULACE & LEAD+ FANATICAL MOBS 9 ASSAULTS UPON TEMPLES & SYNAGOGUES4 ,UND] ,!ODOSIUS ,I1 & UND] ,>CADIUS1 SYNAGOGUES W]E BURN$ AT ,ROME & AT ,CALL9ICUS1 9 ,MESOPOTAMIA4 ,UND] ,!ODOSIUS ,I,I1 AT ,ALEX&RIA1 ,/4 ,CYRIL /IRR$ UP ! MOB1 H]MITS 9VAD$ ! CITY1 MASSACR$ ALL ! ,JEWS & PAGANS !Y MET1 ASSASS9AT$ ,HYPA?IA1 PLUND]$ SYNAGOGUES1 SET ! LIBR>IES ON FIRE1 DEFY+ ! EF=TS ( ! PREFECT ,ORE/ES :OM ! EMP]OR LAT] DISAV[$4 ,AT ,IMNE/>1 NE> ,ANTIO*1 ,SIMON1 ! ASCETIC1 ACTS LIKEWISE1 & UND] ,Z5O SIMIL> SC5ES >E 5ACT$ AT ,ANTIO*4 ,A FURY ( DE/RUCTION TAKES POSSESSION ( ! ,*RI/IANS2 ONE MI<T SAY1 !Y WI% TO DE/ROY ALL TRACES ( ! OLD WORLD TO PREP>E ! SWEET REIGN ( ,*RI/4 

,/ILL ! ,JEWS DID NOT BEHAVE PASSIVELY 9 ! FACE ( !IR 5EMIES1 !Y HAD NOT1 AS YET1 ACQUIR$ ?AT /UBBORN & T\*+ RESIGNATION :I* BECAME !IR *>ACT]I/IC LAT]4 

,TO ! VEHEM5T DISC\RSES ( ! PRIE/S !Y REPLI$ BY DIS C\RSES1 TO ACTS !Y RESPOND$ BY ACTS2 TO ,*RI/IAN PROSELYTISM !Y OPPOS$ !IR [N PROSELYTISM & V[$ EXECRATION ON !IR APO/ATES4 ,VIOL5T S]MONS W]E PREA*$ 9 ! SYNAGOGUES4 ,JEWI% PREA*]S ?UND]$ AGA9/ ,$OM1 I4E41 AGA9/ ,ROME1 ! ,ROME ( ! ,CAES>S :I* HAD BECOME ! ,ROME ( ,JESUS1 & :I* WAS N[ RAVI%+ ! FAI? ( ! ,JEWS AFT] HAV+ RAVI%$ !IR NATIONALITY4 ,!Y DID NOT CONT5T !MSELVES ) RHETORICAL COMMON-PLACES1 !Y EXCIT$ !IR BRE?R5 TO REVOLT4 ,:ILE ,GALLUS1 ,CON/ANTIUS'S NEPHEW1 GOV]N$ ! ,ORI5TAL PROV9CES1 ,ISAAC ( ,SEPPHORIS RAIS$ ! ,JUDEANS1 BE+ AID$ 9 HIS UND]TAK+ BY A FE>LESS MAN1 ,NATRONA1 :OM ! ,ROMANS CALL$ ,PATRICIUS4 ,! ,JEWS TOOK UP >MS1 BUT !Y W]E SEV]ELY REPRESS$ BY ,GALLUS & HIS G5]AL1 ,URSIC9US4 ,WOM51 *ILDR51 & OLD M5 W]E BUT*]$1 ,TIB]IAS & ,LYDDA W]E HALF DE/ROY$1 ,SEPPHORIS WAS RAZ$ TO ! GR\ND & ! CATACOMBS ( ,TIB]IAS W]E FILL$ ) FUGITIVES :O W]E HID+ = MON?S TO ESCAPE DETECTION & DEA?4 

,UND] ! REIGN ( ,PHOCAS ! ,JEWS ( ,ANTIO*1 TIR$ ( P]SECUTIONS1 \TRAGES & MASSACRES1 ONE DAY RU%$ UPON ! ,*RI/IANS1 ASSASS9AT$ ! PATRI>* ,ANA/ASIUS ! ,S9AITE1 & TOOK POSSESSION ( ! CITY4 ,PHOCAS S5T AGA9/ !M AN >MY ) ,KOTYS 9 ,COMM&1 ! ,JEWS AT FIR/ REPELL$ ! IMP]IAL LEGIONS1 BUT UNABLE TO HOLD \T AGA9/ L>GE 5=CEM5TS BR\<T TO ,ANTIO*1 !Y W]E SUBDU$ & MASSACR$1 MAIM$1 OR BANI%$4 ,!IR SUBMISSION1 H[EV]1 WAS M]ELY APP>5T2 !Y W]E AWAIT+ AN OPPORTUNITY TO R5EW ! /RUGGLE2 ! OPPORTUNITY SOON PRES5T$ ITSELF4 ,:5 ,*OSRU ,I,I1 K+ ( ,P]SIA1 M>*$ AGA9/ ! ,BYZANT9E EMPIRE1 TO AV5GE HIS SON-9-LAW1 ,MAURITIUS1 :OSE ?RONE HAD BE5 USURP$ BY ,PHOCAS1 ! ,JEWS JO9$ ! K+4 ,%>B>ZA 9VAD$ ,ASIA ,M9OR1 DISREG>D+ ! PEACE PROPOSALS ( ,H]ACLIUS1 :O HAD JU/ DE?RON$ ,PHOCAS1 & HE SAW ! ,JEWI% W>RIORS ( ,GALILEE FLOCK UND] HIS BANN]S4 ,B5JAM9 ( ,TIB]IAS WAS ! S\L ( ! REVOLT2 HE >M$ & L$ ! REBELS4 ,! ,JEWS WANT$ TO RECONQU] ,PALE/9E & RE/ORE IT TO ?AT PURITY :I* TO !M HAD BE5 POLLUT$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN CULT4 ,!Y BURN$ ! *UR*ES1 SACK$ ,J]USALEM1 DE/ROY$ ! CONV5TS1 RAIS+ ON !IR WAY ALL !IR CORELIGIONI/S1 & JO9$ BY ! ,ISRAELITES ( ,DAMASCUS1 ,S\!RN ,PALE/9E1 & ! ,ISLE ( ,CYPRUS1 !Y BESIEG$ ,TIRE1 BUT W]E =C$ TO RAISE ! SIEGE4 ,= F\RTE5 YE>S !Y W]E MA/]S ( ,PALE/9E1 & ! ,*RI/IANS ( ,PALE/9E W]E 9 GREAT NUMB]S CONV]T$ TO ,JUDAISM4 ,H]ACLIUS DREW !M AWAY FROM ! ,P]SIANS1 :O HAD NOT LIV$ UP TO !IR PROMISE TO SURR5D] TO !IR ALLIES ! HOLY CITY ( ,J]USALEM2 HE REA*$ AN UND]/&+ ) ,B5JAM9 ( ,TIB]IAS1 PROMIS+ TO ! ,JEWS IMPUNITY & O!R ADVANTAGES2 BUT :5 ! EMP]OR RECONQU]$ HIS PROV9CES FROM ,*OSRU1 HE ORD]$1 AT ! 9/IGATION ( MONKS & ! ,PATRI>* ,MODE/US1 TO MASSACRE ?OSE ) :OM HE HAD TREAT$4 ,:5 ,JULIAN ! ,APO/ATE1 AFT] REPEAL+ ! RE/RICTIVE LAWS ( ,CON/ANT9E & ,CON/ANTIUS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 WANT$ TO RECON/RUCT ! ,TEMPLE ( ,J]USALEM1 ! =EIGN ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES REMA9$ DEAF TO ! IMP]IAL APPEAL2 !Y HAD BECOME E/RANG$ FROM !IR NATIONAL CAUSE1 AT LEA/ DIRECTLY4 ,) ALL ! ,JEWS ( ?AT TIME1 ! RE/ORATION ( ! ,K+DOM ( ,JUDAH WAS 9TIMATELY B\ND ) ! ADV5T ( ,MESSIAH & !Y C\LD NOT EXPECT IT FROM A CR[N$ PHILOSOPH]2 !Y HAD BUT TO AWAIT ! HEAV5LY K+ :O HAD BE5 PROMIS$ !M2 ?IS S5TIM5T P]SI/$ ?R\<\T ! AGES4 ,) ! DEA? ( ! LA/ PATRI>* ,GAMALIEL ,V,I1 ! PHANTOM ( ROYALTY & ( A ,JEWI% NATIONALITY PASS$ AWAY & !RE WAS LEFT TO ,ISRAEL BUT ! *IEF ( EXILE1 ! EXIL>* ( ,BABYLONIA1 :O DISAPPE>$ 9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY4 

,9 ,P]SIA & ,BABYLONIA1 ! ,JEWS LIV$ S9CE !IR CAPTIVITY1 AFT] ! RU9 ( ,J]USALEM MANY MORE S\<T REFUGE 9 ?AT ADMIRABLE & F]TILE C\NTRY1 :]E !Y W]E GIV5 L& TO F>M ON & LIV$ HAPPILY UND] ! B5EVOL5T RULE ( ! ,>SACIDAE4 ,!Y F\ND$ S*OOLS AT ,SORA1 ,NA*>DEA & ,PUMBADI?A1 & MADE NUM]\S PROSELYTES4 ,BUT 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! ?IRD C5TURY ! DYNA/Y ( ! ,>SACIDAE1 :O W]E V]Y UNPOPUL>1 FELL ) ,>TABAN1 & ,>DA%IR F\ND$ ! DYNA/Y ( ! ,SASSANIDES4 ,IT WAS A NATIONAL & RELIGI\S MOVEM5T4 ,! ,NEO-,P]SIANS OR ,GUEB]S EXECRAT$ ! ,HELL5IZ+ ,>SACIDAE :O HAD AB&ON$ ! FIRE WOR%IP4 ,! TRIUMPH ( ,>DA%IR WAS ! TRIUMPH ( ! ,MAGI1 :O RAG$ AGA9/ ! ,HELL5IZ+1 ! ,*RI/IANS ( ,$ESSA & ! ,JEWS1 = ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! ,MAGI WAS COMB9$ ) ANTI-,*RI/IANITY2 SO ! HO/ILE BRO!RS W]E P]SECUT$ SIMULTANE\SLY1 /ILL ! ,JEWS1 MORE FE>$ = !IR NUMB]S & !IR /R5G?1 SUFF]$ MORE 9 CONSEQU5CE1 9 ?OSE TR\BL\S DAYS4 ,H[EV]1 ?OSE P]SECUTIONS W]E NEV] ( LONG DURATION4 ,AFT] SUFF]+ OPPRESSION AT ! 5D ( ! ?IRD C5TURY FROM ,%ABUR ,I,I1 :O L$ AWAY #g1 ,JEWI% PRISON]S FROM ,>M5IA TO ,ISPAHAN1 ! ,ISRAELITES W]E = MANY YE>S LEFT UNDI/URB$2 BUT 9 ! SIX? & ! SEV5? C5TURY UND] ,YEZDIG]D ,I,I1 UND] ,PH]OCES1 & UND] ,KOBAD1 RE/RICTIVE MEASURES W]E ADOPT$ AT ! 9/IGATION ( ! ,MAGI4 ,! ,JEWS W]E PROHIBIT$ FROM CELEBRAT+ ! ,SABBA?2 !IR S*OOLS W]E CLOS$1 ! ,JEWI% TRIBUNALS W]E ABOLI%$4 ,DUR+ ! REIGN ( ,KOBAD1 ,MAZDAK1 ! ,MAGUS1 WAS ! ORIG9ATOR ( !SE P]SECUTIONS4 ,MAZDAK1 ! F\ND] ( ! SECT ( ,Z5DIKS1 PREA*$ COMMUNISM & DEPRIV$ ! ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS ( !IR WIVES & PROP]TY4 ,UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,EXIL>* ,M> ,ZUTRA ,I,I1 ! ,JEWS REBELL$1 &1 ACCORD+ TO ,P]SIAN *RONICLES1 !Y DEFEAT$ ! P>TISANS ( ! ,MAGUS & F\ND$ A /ATE1 :OSE CAPITAL WAS ,MAHUZA1 A CITY 9HABIT$ BY ,P]SIAN CONV]TS TO ,JUDAISM4 ,?IS /ATE EXI/$ = SEV5 YE>S UNTIL ,M> ,ZUTRA WAS DEFEAT$ & KILL$4 

,S9CE !N ! ,JEWS1 9 ,P]SIA1 WITNESS$ ALT]NATELY PEACE & TR\BLE2 HAPPY UND] ,*OSROES ,NU%IRVAN & ,*OSRU ,I,I1 OPPRESS$ UND] ,HORMISDAS ,I,V1 !Y ULTIMATELY TIR$ ( !IR PREC>I\S SITUATION1 &1 9 CONC]T ) ! ,*RI/IANS ( ! ,SASSANIDE K+DOM AID$ ,OM> TO CAPTURE ! ?RONE ( ,P]SIA1 ?US CONTRIBUT+ TO ! TRIUMPH ( ,MOHAMM$ & ! ,>ABS4 

,/ILL ! ,JEWS HAD LITTLE TO REJOICE AT UND] ! ,MUSSULMAN YOKE4 ,!IR FIR/ SETTLEM5T 9 ,>ABIA1 DISREG>D+ ! LEG5DS :I* TRACE IT AS F> BACK AS ,JO%UA OR ,SAUL1 MU/ DATE FROM ! TIME ( ! CAPTIVITY1 OR ( ! DE/RUCTION ( ! FIR/ ,TEMPLE4 ,! ORIG9AL NUCLEUS WAS SWELL$ BY FUGITIVES FROM ,JUDEA1 :O REA*$ ,>ABIA AT ! TIME ,PALE/9E WAS CONQU]$ BY ! ,ROMANS4 ,9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A !RE W]E 9 ,>ABIA F\R ,JEWI% TRIBES1 :OSE C5T] WAS ,M$9A4 

,! ,JEWS ACCOMPLI%$ A MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL CONQUE/ ( ! ,>ABS1 :OM !Y CONV]T$ TO ,JUDAISM2 AT LEA/ !Y MADE !M ADOPT ITS RITES4 ,! K9%IP BETWE5 ! TWO PEOPLES MADE IT EASY1 ! MORE SO ?AT1 9 ,YEM51 ! ,JEWS HAD 9 !IR TURN ADOPT$ ,>ABIAN CU/OMS1 :I* DIFF]$ BUT LITTLE FROM ! E>LY ,JEWI% CU/OMS4 ,!Y W]E F>M]S1 %EPH]DS & W>RIORS1 AT TIMES FREEBOOT]S & POETS4 ,DIVID$ 9TO SMALL GR\PS1 FI<T+ AMONG !MSELVES & TAK+ P>T 9 ! QU>RELS :I* DIVID$ ! ,>AB TRIBES1 !Y AT ! SAME TIME F\ND$ S*OOLS AT ,YA?RIB1 BUILT TEMPLES & PROPAGAT$ !IR RELIGION AS F> AS ! ,HIMY>ITES ) :OM !IR TRAD]S W]E 9 REGUL> 9T]C\RSE4 ,9 ! SIX? C5TURY1 UND] ! REIGN ( ,ZORAH-,DHU-,N[AS1 ALL ,YEM5 WAS ,JEWI%4 ,) ! CONV]SION ( ONE ,>AB TRIBE ( ,N$JRAN TO ,*RI/IANITY1 DIFFICULTIES BEGAN2 !Y W]E1 H[EV]1 ( %ORT DURATION1 = ,*RI/IAN PROPAG&A WAS CUT %ORT 9 ,>ABIA BY ,MOHAMM$4 ,MOHAMM$ WAS NURS$ BY ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT2 FLEE+ FROM ,MECCA1 :]E HIS PREA*+ HAD >\S$ AGA9/ HIM ! ,>ABS :O W]E TRUE TO OLD TRADITIONS1 HE S\<T REFUGE AT ,M$9A1 ! ,JEWI% CITY1 & AS ! APO/LES F\ND !IR FIR/ ADH]5TS AMONG ! ,HELL5IC PROSELYTES1 SO HE F\ND HIS FIR/ DISCIPLES AMONG ! ,JUDAIZ+ ,>ABS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! SAME RELIGI\S CAUSES EMBITT]$ ,MOHAMM$ & ,PAUL TO HATR$4 ,! ,JEWS REBELL$ AGA9/ ! PREA*+ ( ! PROPHET1 !Y HEAP$ RIDICULE UPON HIM1 & ,MOHAMM$ :O HAD UNTIL !N BE5 9CL9$ TO COMPROMISE ) !M1 VIOL5TLY REPUDIAT$ !M & WROTE ! CELEBRAT$ ,SURA ( ! ,C[1 9 :I* HE UNM]CIFULLY 9VEI<$ AGA9/ !M4 ,:5 ! PROPHET HAD ASSEMBL$ AN >MY ( FOLL[]S HE NO LONG] CONF9$ HIMSELF TO ABUSE1 HE M>*$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% TRIBES1 VANQUI%$ !M1 & DECRE$ ?AT 0NEI!R ,JEWS NOR ,*RI/IANS0 %\LD BE ACCEPT$ AS FRI5DS4 ,! ,JEWS ROSE & ALLI$ !MSELVES TO ?OSE ,>ABS :O REJECT$ ! NEW DOCTR9ES1 BUT ! EXT5SION ( ,MOHAMM$ANISM TRIUMPH$ OV] !M4 ,BY ! TIME ( ,MOHAMM$'S DEA? !Y HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO EXTREME WEAKNESS2 ,OM> COMPLET$ ! WORK4 ,HE DROVE \T ( ,*AIB> & ,WADIL ,KORA ! LA/ ,JEWI% TRIBES1 AS WELL AS ! ,*RI/IANS ( ,D$JRAN1 = ,*RI/IANS & ,JEWS ALIKE POLLUT$ ! SACR$ SOIL ( ,ISLAM4 

,:]EV] ,OM> C>RI$ HIS >MS1 ! ,JEWS1 OPPRESS$ BY REASON ( ?AT V]Y AFF9ITY :I* UNIT$ !M ) ! ,>ABS1 FAVOR$ ! SECOND CALIPH1 :O TOOK POSSESSION ( ,P]SIA & ,PALE/9E4 ,OM> 5ACT$ SEV]E LAWS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 :O HAD ASSI/$ HIS ANTAGONI/2 HE SUBJECT$ !M TO RE/RICTIVE LEGISLATION1 PROHIBIT$ ! ]ECTION ( NEW SYNAGOGUES1 =C$ !M TO WE> DRESS ( A P>TICUL> COLOR1 5JO9$ !M FROM RID+ ON HORSEBACK1 & IMPOS$ UPON !M A P]SONAL & A L& TAX4 ,*RI/IANS W]E TREAT$ LIKEWISE4 ,NEV]!LESS ! ,JEWS 5JOY$ GREAT] LIB]TY UND] ,>AB RULE ?AN UND] ,*RI/IAN DOM9ATION4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! LEGISLATION ( ,OM> WAS NOT RIGOR\SLY 5=C$2 ON ! O!R H&1 ASIDE FROM A FEW MANIFE/ATIONS ( FANATICISM1 ! ,MUSSULMANIC MASS1 9 SPITE ( RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES1 %[$ A FRI5DLY DISPOSITION T[>DS !M4 ,& LAT]1 ) ! EXPANSION ( ,ISLAM1 ! ,>ABS W]E HAIL$ AS LIB]ATORS BY ALL ! ,WE/]N ,JEWS4 

,! CONDITION ( ! ,WE/]N ,JEWS S9CE ! DE/RUCTION ( ! FRAGILE ,ROMAN EMPIRE & ! RU% ( B>B>IANS UPON ! OLD WORLD1 WAS SUBJECT TO ALL ! VICISSITUDES ( ! TIMES4 ,! ,CSES>S1 ?OSE POOR ,CAES>S :O BORE ! NAMES ( ,OLYBRIUS1 ,GLYC]IUS1 ,JULIUS ,NEPOS1 & ,ROMULUS ,AUGU/ULUS1 FELL1 BUT ! ,ROMAN LAWS REMA9$2 & IF = %ORT P]IODS !Y W]E NOT 5=C$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 !Y /ILL REMA9$ 9 EFFECT1 & ! ,G]MAN SOV]EIGNS C\LD MAKE USE ( !M AT PLEASURE4 

,FROM ! FIF? TO ! EI<? C5TURY ! =TUNES ( ! ,JEWS :OLLY DEP5D$ UPON RELIGI\S CAUSES :I* W]E EXT]NAL TO !M1 & !IR HI/ORY AMONG ?OSE :O W]E CALL$ B>B>IANS IS B\ND ) ! HI/ORY ( ,>IANISM1 ITS TRIUMPH & DEFEATS4 ,SO LONG AS ! ,>IAN DOCTR9E PR$OM9AT$1 ! ,JEWS LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( RELATIVE WELF>E1 = ! CL]GY & EV5 ! H]ETICAL GOV]NM5T W]E BUSY FI<T+ AGA9/ OR?ODOXY & LITTLE WORRI$ AB\T ! ,ISRAELITES1 :O1 TO !M1 W]E NOT ! 5EMIES TO BE CRU%$4 ,!ODORIC1 H[EV]1 WAS AN EXCEPTION4 ,NO SOON] WAS ! ,O/ROGO? EMPIRE E/ABLI%$ ?AN ! K+ PROHIBIT$ ! ]ECTION ( SYNAGOGUES & 5DEAVOR$ TO CONV]T ! ,JEWS4.<#e.> ,HE PROTECT$ !M1 H[EV]1 AGA9/ POPUL> \TBREAKS1 & COMPELL$ ! ,ROMAN ,S5ATE TO REBUILD ! SYNAGOGUES :I* HAD BE5 SET ON FIRE BY ! ,CA?OLIC MOBS :I* ROSE AGA9/ ! ,>IAN ,!ODORIC4 

,/ILL 9 ,ITALY1 UND] ! ,BYZANT9E DOM9ION SO H>ASS+ TO !M1 OR UND] ! MORE 9DIFF]5T ,LOMB>D RULE1 = ! ,>IAN & ! PAGAN ,LOMB>DS SC>CELY TOOK NOTICE ( ! EXI/5CE ( ,ISRAEL! ,JEWS W]E GU>D$ AGA9/ ! ZEAL ( ! L[] CL]GY & !IR FLOCKS BY ! B5EVOL5CE ( ! PONTIFICAL AU?ORITY1 :I*1 FROM ! E>LIE/ DAYS ( ITS P[]1 SEEMS TO HAVE DESIR$1 ) R>E EXCEPTIONS1 TO PRES]VE ! SYNAGOGUE AS A LIV+ TE/IMONY ( ITS VICTORY4 

,9 ,SPA9 ! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS WAS QUITE DIFF]5T4 ,FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL !Y FREELY SETTL$ 9 ! P59SULA2 !IR NUMB]S 9CREAS$ UND] ,VESPASIAN1 ,TITUS & ,HADRIAN1 DUR+ ! ,JUDEAN W>S & AFT] ! DISP]SION2 !Y [N$ L>GE =TUNES1 !Y W]E WEAL?Y1 P[]FUL & RESPECTABLE & EX]T$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE UPON ! POPULATION AMONG :OM !Y LIV$4 ,! IMPR9T RECEIV$ BY ! PEOPLES ( ,SPA9 FROM ,JUDAISM1 5DUR$ = C5TURIES1 & ?AT L& WAS ! LA/ TO WITNESS ONCE MORE ! CONTE/1 ) ALMO/ EQUAL WEAPONS1 BETWE5 ! ,JEWI% & ! ,*RI/IAN SPIRIT4 ,MORE ?AN ONCE ,SPA9 CAME V]Y NE> BECOM+ ,JEWI%1 & TO WRITE ! HI/ORY ( ?AT C\NTRY UNTIL ! FIFTE5? C5TURY MEANS TO WRITE ! HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS1 = !Y W]E 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ 9 A MO/ REM>KABLE WAY1 ) ITS LIT]ATURE & 9TELLECTUAL1 NATIONAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,! *UR*1 FROM ITS V]Y E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,SPA91 CONT5D$ AGA9/ ,JEWI% T5D5CIES & PROSELYTISM1 & IT WAS ONLY AFT] A /RUGGLE ( TWELVE C5TURIES ?AT IT SUCCE$$ 9 COMPLETELY EXTIRPAT+ !M4 

,UNTIL ! SIX? C5TURY ! ,SPANI% ,JEWS LIV$ 9 P]FECT HAPP9ESS4 ,!Y W]E AS HAPPY AS 9 ,BABYLONIA1 & !Y F\ND A NEW MO!R C\NTRY 9 ,SPA94 ,! ,ROMAN LAWS DID NOT REA* !M !RE & ! ECCLESIA/ICAL ORD9ANCES ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ,ELVIRA1 9 ! F\R? C5TURY :I* 5JO9$ ,*RI/IANS FROM 9T]C\RSE ) !M1 REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 

,! ,VISIGO?IC CONQUE/ DID NOT *ANGE !IR CONDITION & ! ,>IAN ,VISIGO?S CONF9$ !MSELVES TO P]SECUT+ ! ,CA?OLICS4 ,! ,JEWS 5JOY$ ! SAME CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS AS ! CONQU]ORS2 MOREOV]1 ! ,JEWS JO9$ !IR >MIES & ! ,PYR5EAN FRONTI] WAS GU>D$ BY ,JEWI% TROOPS4 ,) ! CONV]SION ( ,K+ ,RECC>$ EV]Y?+ *ANG$2 ! TRIUMPHANT CL]GY HEAP$ P]SECUTION & VEXATION UPON ! ,JEWS1 & FROM ?AT H\R 7#e#h#i ,A4,D47 !IR EXI/5CE BECAME PREC>I\S4 ,!Y W]E GRADUALLY BR\<T UND] SEV]E & M$DLESOME LAWS :I* W]E DRAFT$ BY ! NUM]\S C\NCILS1 HELD DUR+ ?AT P]IOD 9 ,SPA91 & W]E 5ACT$ BY ! ,VISIGO? K+S4 ,!SE SUCCESSIVE LAWS >E ALL COMB9$ 9 ! $ICT PROMULGAT$1 9 #f#e#b1 BY ,RECESW9?2 !Y W]E RE5ACT$ & AGGRAVAT$ BY ,]WIG1 :O HAD !M APPROV$ BY ! TWELF? C\NCIL ( ,TOL$O 7#f#h74.<#e#a.> ,! ,JEWS W]E PROHIBIT$ FROM P]=M+ ! RI<T ( CIRCUMCISION & OBS]V+ ! DIET>Y LAWS1 FROM M>RY+ RELATIVES UNTIL ! SIX? G5]ATION1 FROM READ+ BOOKS CONDEMN$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION4 ,!Y W]E NOT ALL[$ TO TE/IFY AGA9/ ,*RI/IANS OR TO MA9TA9 AN ACTION 9 C\RT AGA9/ !M1 OR TO HOLD PUBLIC (FICE4 ,!SE LAWS :I* HAD BE5 5ACT$ ONE BY ONE1 W]E NOT ALWAYS 5=C$ BY ! ,VISIGO? LORDS1 :O W]E 9DEP5D5T1 9 A WAY1 BUT ! CL]GY D\BL$ !IR EF=TS TO PROCURE !IR /RICT 5=CEM5T4 ,! OBJECT ( ! BI%OPS & ! DIGNIT>IES ( ! *UR* WAS TO BR+ AB\T ! CONV]SION ( ! ,JEWS & TO KILL ! SPIRIT ( ,JUDAISM 9 ,SPA9 & ! SECUL> AU?ORITY L5T !M ITS SUPPORT4 ,FROM TIME TO TIME ! ,JEWS W]E PUT TO ! *OICE BETWE5 BANI%M5T & BAPTISM2 FROM ?AT EPO* DATES ! ORIG9 ( ! CLASS ( ,M>RANOS1 ?OSE ,JUDAIZ+ ,*RI/IANS :O W]E LAT] DISP]S$ BY ! ,9QUISITION4 ,UNTIL ! EI<? C5TURY ! ,SPANI% ,JEWS LIV$ 9 ?AT /ATE ( UNC]TA9TY & DI/RESS1 RELY+ ONLY UPON ! TRANSITORY GOOD WILL ( SOME K+S LIKE ,SW9TILA & ,WAMBA4 ,!Y W]E LIB]AT$ ONLY BY ,T>IQ1 ! ,MOHAMM$AN CONQU]OR1 :O DE/ROY$ ! ,VISIGO?IC EMPIRE ) ! AID ( ! EXIL$ ,JEWS JO9+ HIS >MY & ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,JEWS REMA9+ 9 ,SPA94 ,AFT] ! BATTLE ( ,X]ES & ! DEFEAT ( ,ROD]ICK 7#g#a#a71 ! ,JEWS BREA!D AGA94 

,AB\T ! SAME EPO* A BETT] ]A DAWN$ = !M 9 ,FRANCE4 ,!Y HAD E/ABLI%$ COLONIES 9 ,GAUL 9 ! DAYS ( ! ,ROMAN REPUBLIC1 OR ( ,CES>1 & !Y PROSP]$1 B5EFIT+ BY !IR PRIVILEGES ( ,ROMAN CITIZ5%IP4 ,! >RIVAL ( ! ,BURGUNDIANS & ,FRANKS DID NOT *ANGE !IR CONDITION1 & ! 9VAD]S ACCORD$ !M ! SAME TREATM5T AS ! ,GAULS4 ,!IR HI/ORY WAS SUBJECT TO ! SAME FLUCTUATIONS & RHY?MS AS 9 ,ITALY & ,SPA94 ,FREE UND] PAGAN OR ,>IAN DOM9ION1 !Y W]E P]SECUT$ AS SOON AS OR?ODOXY BECAME DOM9ANT4 ,SIGISMUND1 K+ ( ! ,BURGUNDIANS1 AFT] HIS CONV]SION TO ,CA?OLICISM 5ACT$ LAWS AGA9/ !M :I* W]E CONFIRM$ BY HIS SUCCESSORS4.<#e#b.> ,! ,FRANKS1 BE+ IGNORANT ( ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! ,JEWS1 W]E :OLLY GUID$ BY ! BI%OPS1 & AFT] ,CLOVIS !Y NATURALLY BEGAN TO APPLY TO ! ,JEWS ! PROVISIONS ( ! ,!ODOSIAN ,CODE4 ,!SE PROVISIONS W]E AGGRAVAT$ & COMPLICAT$ BY ECCLESIA/ICAL AU?ORITY :I* LEFT TO ! SECUL> P[] ! DUTY ( 5=C+ & COMPELL+ ! OBS]VANCE ( ITS DECREES4 ,FROM ! FIF? TO ! EI<? C5TURY ?AT P>T ( ! CANON LAW RELAT+ TO ! ,JEWS WAS WORK$ \T 9 ,GAUL4 ,! LAWS W]E =MULAT$ BY ! C\NCILS & APPROV$ BY ! $ICTS ( ! ,M]OV+IAN K+S4 

,! *IEF CONC]N ( ! *UR*1 DUR+ ?OSE ?REE C5TURIES1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 TO SEP>ATE ! ,JEWS FROM ! ,*RI/IANS1 TO PREV5T ,JUDAIZ+ AMONG ! FAI?FUL & TO *ECK ,ISRAELITE PROSELYTISM4 ,?IS LEGISLATION :I* HAD1 T[>DS ! EI<? C5TURY1 BECOME EXTREMELY SEV]E 9 DEAL+ ) ! ,JEWS & ! ,JUDAIZ+1 WAS NOT 5ACT$ AT ONE /ROKE2 BEG9N+ ) ! C\NCIL ( ,VANNES1 ( ! YE> #d#f#e1 ! SYNODS FIR/ CONF9$ !MSELVES TO PLATONIC 9JUNCTIONS4 ,! CL]GY AT ?AT EPO* HAD BUT V]Y SCANT AU?ORITY & C\LD 9FLICT NO P5ALTIES2 IT WAS NOT BE=E ! SIX? C5TURY ?AT ! SUPPORT ( ! ,FRANK *IEFS 5ABL$ IT TO 5ACT P5AL LEGISLATION1 :I* ORIG9ALLY APPLI$ ONLY TO CL]ICAL (F5D]S AGA9/ ! DECISIONS ( ! C\NCILS1 BUT LAT] WAS EXT5D$ TO LAYM54 

,NEV]!LESS1 ONE MU/ NOT IMAG9E ! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS AT ?AT EPO* AS V]Y MIS]ABLE4 ,ON ! ,JEWI%1 AS WELL AS ON ! ,*RI/IAN SIDE1 ONE NOTICES A MIXTURE ( TOL]ANCE & 9TOL]ANCE :I* IS ACC\NT$ = EI!R BY A MUTUAL DESIRE TO MAKE CONV]TS1 OR EV5 TO SOME EXT5T BY RECIPROCAL RELIGI\S GOOD-WILL4 ,! ,JEWS TOOK AN 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC LIFE1 ! ,*RI/IANS ATE AT !IR TABLES2 !Y %>$ 9 !IR JOYS & SORR[S1 AS WELL AS 9 FACTIONAL FI<TS4 ,?US !Y >E SE51 AT ,>LES1 TO UNITE ) ! ,VISIGO?IC P>TY AGA9/ ! BI%OP ,CAES>IUS1.<#e#c.> & LAT] TO FOLL[ ! FUN]AL ( ! SAME BI%OP1 CRY+3 ,VAE6 VAE6 ,!Y W]E ! CLI5TS ( GREAT SEIGNORS 7AS WITNESS$ BY TWO LETT]S ( ,SIDONIUS ,APOLL9>IS71.<#e#d.> & ! LATT] HELP$ !M TO EVADE ! VEXATI\S ORD9ANCES4 ,9 MANY REGIONS ! CL]GY VISIT$ !M1 A GREAT MANY ,*RI/IANS W5T TO ! SYNAGOGUES1 & ! ,JEWS LIKEWISE ATT5D$ ,CA?OLIC S]VICES DUR+ ! MASS ( ! CATE*UM5S4 ,!Y RESI/$1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 ! NUM]\S EF=TS TO CONV]T !M1 AT TIMES ATT5D$ ) VIOL5CE1 NOT)/&+ ! RECOMM5DATIONS ( C]TA9 ,POPES1.<#e#e.> & !Y BOLDLY 5GAG$ 9 CONTROV]SIES ) !OLOGIANS :O 5DEAVOR$ TO P]SUADE !M BY ! SAME MEANS AS ! ,FA!RS ( =M] AGES4 ,WE %ALL RETURN TO !SE CONTROV]SIES & WRIT+S :5 WE %ALL COME TO /UDY ! ANTI-,JEWI% LIT]ATURE4 

,?US1 AS %[N ABOVE1 DUR+ ! FIR/ SEV5 C5TURIES ( ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 ANTI-,JUDAISM PROCE$$ EXCLUSIVELY FROM RELIGI\S CAUSES & WAS L$ ONLY BY ! CL]GY4 ,ONE MU/ NOT BE MISL$ BY POPUL> EXCESSES & LEGISLATIVE REPRESSION1 = !Y W]E NEV] SPONTANE\S1 BUT ALWAYS 9SPIR$ BY BI%OPS1 PRIE/S1 OR MONKS4 ,IT WAS ONLY S9CE ! EI<? C5TURY ?AT SOCIAL CAUSES SUP]V5$ TO RELIGI\S CAUSES1 & IT WAS ONLY AFT] ! EI<? C5TURY ?AT REAL P]SECUTION COMM5C$4 ,IT CO9CID$ ) ! UNIV]SAL SPREAD ( ,CA?OLICISM1 ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( FEUDALISM & ALSO ) ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL *ANGE ( ! ,JEWS1 :I* WAS MO/LY DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,TALMUDI/S & ! EXAGG]AT$ GR[? ( EXCLUSIV5ESS AMONG ! ,JEWS4 ,WE %ALL N[ PROCE$ TO EXAM9E ?IS NEW TRANS=MATION ( ANTI- ,JUDAISM4 

,*APT] ,FIVE3 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM FROM ! ,EI<? ,C5TURY TO ! ,RE=MATION 

,! *UR* REA*ES ITS F9AL CON/ITUTION 9 ! EI<? C5TURY4 ,! P]IOD ( GREAT DOCTR9AL CRISES IS AT AN 5D1 DOGMA IS SETTL$ & H]ESIES WILL NOT CAUSE IT ANY TR\BLE UNTIL ! ,RE=MATION4 ,PONTIFICAL PRIMACY /RIKES DEEP ROOT1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! CL]GY IS H5CE=? SOLID1 RELIGION & LITURGY >E UNIFI$1 DISCIPL9E & CANONIC LAW >E SETTL$1 ECCLESIA/IC PROP]TY 9CREASES1 ! TI! IS E/ABLI%$1 ! F$]AL CON/ITUTION ( ! ,*UR*SUB- DIVID$ 9TO SUFFICI5TLY AUTONOM\S CIRCUITSDISAPPE>S1 ! MOVEM5T ( C5TRALIZATION = ! B5EFIT ( ,ROME IS CLE>LY \TL9$4 ,?IS MOVEM5T CAME TO AN 5D1 :5 ! ,C>OL+IANS HAD E/ABLI%$ ! TEMPORAL P[] ( ! POPES1 & ! ,LAT9 *UR*1 /RONGLY HI]>*ICAL BE=E1 BECAME AS C5TRALIZ$1 9 A COMP>ATIVELY %ORT TIME1 AS ! ,ROMAN EMPIRE ( YORE1 :I* ! *UR*'S UNIV]SAL AU?ORITY HAD ?US SUPPLANT$4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY ,*RI/IANITY SPREAD FUR!R /ILL & CONQU]$ ! B>B>IANS4 ,! ,ANGLO-,SAXON MISSION>IES HAD SET ! EXAMPLES 9 ,SA9T ,BONIFACE & ,SA9T ,WILLIBROD2 !Y HAD FOLL[]S4 ,! GOSPEL WAS PREA*$ TO ! ,ALAMANS1 ! ,FRISIANS1 ! ,SAXONS1 ! ,SC&9AVIANS1 ! ,BOHEMIANS & ! ,HUNG>IANS1 ! ,RUSSIANS & ! ,W5DS1 ! ,POM]ANIANS & ! ,PRUSSIANS1 ! ,LI?UANIANS & ! ,F9NS4 ,! WORK WAS ACCOMPLI%$ AT ! 5D ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY3 ,EUROPE WAS ,*RI/IANIZ$4 

,! ,JEWS SETTL$ 9 ! WAKE ( ,*RI/IANITY AS IT KEPT SPREAD+ BY DEGREES4 ,9 ! N9? C5TURY1 !Y CAME FROM ,FRANCE TO ,G]MANY1 GOT !NCE 9TO ,BOHEMIA1 9TO ,HUNG>Y & 9TO ,POL&1 :]E !Y MET ANO!R WAVE ( ,JEW/HOSE COM+ BY WAY ( ! ,CAUCASUS & CONV]T+ ON !IR M>* SEV]AL ,T>T> TRIBES4 ,9 ! TWELF? C5TURY !Y SETTL$ 9 ,5GL& & ,BELGIUM1 & EV]Y:]E !Y BUILT !IR SYNAGOGUES1 !Y ORGANIZ$ !IR COMMUNITIES AT ?AT DECISIVE H\R1 :5 ! NATIONS W]E COM+ \T FROM *AOS1 :5 /ATES W]E BE+ =M$ & CONSOLIDAT$4 ,!Y REMA9$ \TSIDE ( !SE GREAT AGITATIONS1 AMID :I* CONQU]+ & CONQU]$ RACES W]E AMALGAMAT+ & UNIT+ ONE ) ! O!R2 & 9 ! MID/ ( !SE TUMULTU\S COMB9ATIONS !Y REMA9$ SPECTATORS1 /RANG]S & HO/ILE TO !SE FUSIONS3 AN ET]NAL PEOPLE WITNESS+ ! RISE ( NEW NATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 !IR ROLE WAS SURELY ( ACC\NT AT ALL TIMES2 !Y W]E ONE ( ! ACTIVE ELEM5TS ( F]M5T ( !SE SOCIETIES 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION4 

,9 SOME C\NTRIES1 AS E4G41 9 ,SPA91 !IR HI/ORY IS 9 SO HI< A DEGREE 9T]L9K$ ) ?AT ( ! P59SULA1 ?AT1 )\T !M IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO GRASP & APPRECIATE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,SPANI% PEOPLE4 ,BUT IF !Y HAD 9FLU5C$ ITS CON/ITUTION BY ! NUMB]S ( !IR CONV]TS 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 BY ! SUPPORT !Y HAD GIV5 9 SUCCESSION TO ! V>I\S MA/]S 9 POSSESSION ( ITS SOIL !Y DID SO BY SEEK+ TO BR+ TO !MSELVES ?OSE AMONG :OM !Y LIV$ & NOT BY LETT+ !MSELVES BE ABSORB$4 ,/ILL1 ! HI/ORY ( ! ,SPANI% ,M>RANOS IS EXCEPTIONAL4 ,EV]Y:]E1 ?\<1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 ! ,JEWS PLAY$ A P>T ( ECONOMIC AG5TS2 !Y DID NOT CREATE A SOCIAL /ATE1 BUT !Y ASSI/$ AFT] A FA%ION 9 E/ABLI%+ IT1 & YET !Y C\LD NOT BE TREAT$ ) FAVOR AMONG ! ORGANIZATIONS TO :OSE =MATION !Y HAD L5T AID4 ,= ?IS !RE WAS A S]I\S OB/ACLE4 ,ALL ! /ATES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E MOLD$ BY ! *UR*2 9 !IR ESS5CE1 9 !IR V]Y BE+1 !Y W]E P]MEAT$ ) ! IDEAS & DOCTR9ES ( ,CA?OLICISM2 ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION GAVE ! UNITY !Y LACK$ TO ! NUM]\S TRIBES :I* HAD GA!R$ TOGE!R 9TO NATIONS4 ,AS REPRES5TATIVES ( CONTR>Y DOGMAS1 ! ,JEWS C\LD NOT BUT OPPOSE ! G5]AL MOVEM5T1 BO? BY !IR PROSELYTISM1 & BY !IR V]Y PRES5CE AS WELL4 ,AS ! *UR* L$ ?IS MOVEM5T IT WAS FROM ! *UR* ?AT ANTI-,JUDAISM1 !ORETICAL & LEGISLATIVE1 PROCE$$1 ANTI ,JUDAISM :I* ! GOV]NM5TS & ! PEOPLES %>$ & :I* O!R CAUSES CAME TO AGGRAVATE4 ,! SOCIAL & RELIGI\S /ATE ( AFFAIRS & ! ,JEWS !MSELVES GAVE ORIG9 TO !SE CAUSES4 ,BUT !Y HAD REMA9$ EV] SUBORD9AT$ TO ?OSE ESS5TIAL REASONS :I* MAY BE TRAC$ TO ! OPPOSITION1 !N SECUL> ALREADY BETWE5 ! ,*RI/IAN SPIRIT & ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT1 BETWE5 ! UNIV]SAL1 & SO TO SAY1 9T]NATIONAL ,CA?OLIC RELIGION1 & ! P>TICUL>I/ & N>R[ ,JEWI% FAI?4 

,ONLY T[>DS ! 5D ( ! EI<? C5TURY ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,WE/]N ,JEWS DEVELOP$4 ,PROTECT$ 9 ,SPA9 BY ! ,CALIPHS1 GIV5 SUPPORT BY ,*>LEMAGNE :O LET ! ,M]OV+IAN LAWS FALL 9TO DISUSE1 !Y EXT5D$ !IR COMM]CE :I* UNTIL !N C5T]$ *IEFLY 9 ! SALE ( SLAVES4 ,= ?IS !Y W]E1 9DE$1 P>TICUL>LY FAVOR$ BY CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,!IR COMMUNITIES W]E 9 CON/ANT COMMUNICATION1 !Y W]E UNIT$ BY ! RELIGI\S BOND :I* TI$ !M ALL TO ! !OLOGICAL C5T] ( ,BABYLONIA :OSE DEP5D5CIES !Y CONSID]$ !MSELVES UP TO ! DECL9E ( ! EXIL>*ATE4 ,?US !Y ACQUIR$ V]Y GREAT FACILITIES = EXPORT+ COMM]CE1 9 :I* !Y AMASS$ CONSID]ABLE =TUNES1 IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ! DIATRIBES ( ,DAGOB>D1.<#e#f.> & LAT] ?OSE ( ,RIGORD1.<#e#g.> :I*1 ) ALL !IR EXAGG]ATION ( ! PROP]TY ( ! ,JEWS MU/ NOT1 YET1 BE 5TIRELY REJECT$ AS UNWOR?Y ( CR$5CE4.<#e#h.> ,9DE$1 ) REG>D TO ?IS WEAL? ( ! ,JEWS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 WE POSSESS ! TE/IMONIES ( *RONICL]S & ! ,JEWS !MSELVES1 SEV]AL ( :OM REPROA*$ !IR CORELIGIONI/S = DEVOT+ TO WORLDLY WELF>E MU* MORE TIME ?AN TO ! WOR%IP ( ,JEHOVAH4 0,9/EAD ( CALCULAT+ ! NUM]ICAL VALUE ( ! NAME ( ,GOD10 SAYS ! ,KABBALI/ ,ABULAFIA1 0! ,JEWS PREF] TO C\NT !IR RI*ES40 

,P>ALLEL ) ! G5]AL ADVANCE WE REALLY SEE ?IS PREOCCUPATION ) WEAL? GR[ AMONG ! ,JEWS & !IR PRACTICAL ACTIVITY CONC5TRAT+ ON A SPECIAL BUS9ESS3 ,I MEAN ! GOLD BUS9ESS4 ,H]E WE MU/ EMPHASIZE A PO9T4 ,IT HAS (T5 BE5 SAID1 & IT IS REPEAT$ /ILL1 ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN SOCIETIES HAD =C$ ! ,JEWS 9TO ?IS POSITION ( CR$ITOR & USUR]1 :I* !Y HAVE = A LONG TIME KEPT3 ?IS IS ! !SIS ( ! PHILOSEMITES4 ,ON ! O!R H& ! ANTISEMITES ASS]T ?AT ! ,JEWS1 FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL1 HAD NATURAL 9CL9ATIONS = COMM]CE & F9ANCE1 & ?AT !Y BUT FOLL[$ !IR NORMAL DISPOSITION1 & ?AT NO?+ HAD EV] BE5 =C$ UPON !M4 ,9 !SE TWO ASS]TIONS !RE IS A PORTION ( V]ITY & A PORTION ( ]ROR1 OR RA!R ?AT !RE IS ROOM TO COMM5T ON !M1 & ESPECIALLY TO GIVE !M A HE>+4 

,AT ! TIME ( !IR NATIONAL PROSP]ITY ! ,JEWS1 LIKE ALL O!R NATIONS1 = ?AT MATT]1 HAD A CLASS ( ! RI*1 :I* PROV$ ITSELF AS EAG] = GA9 & AS H>D TO ! L[LY AS ! CAPITALI/S ( ALL AGES & ALL NATIONS HAVE PROV54 ,! ANTISEMITES1 AS WELL1 :O MAKE USE ( ! TEXTS ( ,ISAIAH & ,J]EMIAH1 E4G41 TO PROVE ! CON/ANT ET]NAL RAPACITY ( ! ,JEWS1 ACT V]Y NAIVELY1 &1 ?ANKS TO ! WORDS ( ! PROPHETS1 CAN BUT E/ABLI%& PU]ILE IT IS ! EXI/5CE1 9 ,ISRAEL1 ( POSSESSORS & POOR4 ,IF !Y EXAM9$ IMP>TIALLY ! ,JUDAIC CODES & PRECEPTS ONLY1 !Y W\LD ACKN[ L$GE ?AT LEGISLATION & MORALS PRESCRIB$ NEV] TO *>GE 9T]E/ ON DEBTS4.<#e#i.> ,TAK+ ALL 9 ALL1 ! ,JEWS W]E1 9 ,PALE/9E1 ! LEA/ M]CANTILE ( ! ,SEMITES1 9 ?IS REG>D MU* 9F]IOR TO ! ,PHO5ICIANS & ,C>?AG9IANS4 ,IT WAS ONLY UND] ,SOLOMON ?AT !Y 5T]$ 9TO 9T]C\RSE ) ! O!R NATIONS4 ,EV5 AT ?AT TIME1 IT WAS A P[]FUL CORPORATION ( ,PHO5ICIANS ?AT WAS 5GAG$ 9 ! BANK+ BUS9ESS AT ,J]USALEM4 ,H[EV]1 ! GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION ( ,PALE/9E PREV5T$ ITS 9HABITANTS FROM DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO A V]Y EXT5SIVE & CONSID]ABLE TRAFFIC4 ,NEV]!LESS1 DUR+ ! FIR/ CAPTIVITY & ?R\< ! CONTACT ) ! ,BABYLONIANS1 A CLASS ( M]*ANTS HAD =M$1 & FROM IT CAME ! FIR/ ,JEWI% EMIGRANTS1 :O E/ABLI%$ !IR COLONIES 9 ,EGYPT1 ,CYR5AICA & ,ASIA ,M9OR4 ,9 ALL CITIES ?AT ADMITT$ !M1 !Y =M$ ACTIVE COMMUNITIES1 P[]FUL & OPUL5T1 &1 ) ! F9AL DISP]SION1 IMPORTANT GR\PS ( EMIGRANTS JO9$ ! ORIG9AL GR\PS :I* FACILITAT$ !IR 9/ALLATION4 ,TO EXPLA9 ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,JEWS IT IS1 ACCORD+LY1 NOT NECESS>Y TO FALL BACK UPON A !ORY ( ! ,>IAN G5IUS & ! ,SEMITIC G5IUS4 ,9DE$1 WE WELL KN[ ! TRADITIONAL ,ROMAN CUPIDITY & ! COMM]CIAL S5SE ( ! ,GREEKS4 ,! USURY ( ! ,ROMAN F5]ATORES HAD NO LIMIT ANY MORE ?AN HAD !IR BAD FAI?2 !Y W]E 5C\RAG$ BY ! V]Y H>% LAWS AGA9/ ! DEBTORSA WOR?Y DAU<T] ( ?AT LAW ( ! ,TWELVE ,TABLES :I* GRANT$ TO ! CR$ITOR ! RI<T ( CUTT+ PIECES ( FLE% FROM ! LIVE BODY ( AN 9SOLV5T BORR[]4 ,9 ,ROME GOLD WAS ABSOLUTE MA/]1 & ,JUV5AL C\LD SPEAK ( ! 0SANCTISSIMA DIVITI>UM MAIE/AS40.<#f.> ,AS TO ! ,GREEKS1 !Y W]E ! CLEV]E/ & BOLDE/ ( SPECTATORS2 RIVAL+ ! ,PHO5ICIANS 9 ! SLAVE-TRADE1 9 PIRACY1 !Y KNEW ! USE ( LETT]S ( EX*ANGE & M>ITIME 9SURANCE1 &1 ,SOLON HAV+ AU?ORIZ$ USURY1 !Y NEV] DID AWAY ) IT4 

,AS A NATION ! ,JEWS DIFF]$ 9 NO?+ FROM O!R NATIONS1 & IF AT FIR/ !Y W]E A NATION ( %EPH]DS & AGRICULTURI/S1 !Y CAME1 BY A NATURAL C\RSE ( EVOLUTION1 TO CON/ITUTE O!R CLASSES AMONG !M4 ,& DEVOT+ !MSELVES TO COMM]CE1 AFT] !IR DISP]SION1 !Y FOLL[$ A G5]AL LAW :I* IS APPLICABLE TO ALL COLONI/S4 ,9DE$1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( CASES :5 HE GOES TO BREAK VIRG9 SOIL1 ! EMIGRANT CAN BE ONLY AN >TISAN OR M]*ANT1 AS NO?+ BUT NECESSITY OR ALLUREM5T ( GA9 CAN =CE HIM TO LEAVE HIS NATIVE SOIL4 ,!RE=E1 ! ,JEWS COM+ 9TO ,WE/]N CITIES ACT$ 9 NO WAY DIFF]5TLY FROM ! ,DUT* OR ,5GLI% :5 !Y E/ABLI%$ BUS9ESS (FICES4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y CAME SOON 5\< TO SPECIALIZE 9 ! MONEY BUS9ESS1 = :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SO BITT]LY REPROA*$ EV] S9CE1 & 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY !Y CON/ITUT$ QUITE A COT]IE ( *ANG]S & L5D]S3 !Y HAD BECOME ! BANK]S ( ! WORLD4 

,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES CONSID]$ GOLD & SILV] AS TOK5S POSSESS+ IMAG9>Y VALUE1 V>Y+ AT ! WILL ( ! K+1 :O C\LD ORD] ITS RATE ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATIONS ( HIS FANCY4 ,?IS NOTION WAS D]IV$ FROM ,ROMAN LAW1 :I* REFUS$ TO TREAT MONEY AS A M]*&ISE4 ,! *UR* 9H]IT$ !SE F9ANCIAL DOGMAS1 COMB9$ !M ) ! BIBLICAL PRESCRIPTIONS :I* =BADE LOAN ON 9T]E/1 & WAS SEV]E1 FROM ITS V]Y />T1 AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IANS & ECCLESIA/ICS EV5 ?AT FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! T5]ATORES1 :O ADVANC$ MONEY AT #b#d1 #dh & EV5 #f P] C5T41 :5 ! LEGAL RATE ( 9T]E/ WAS #ab P] C5T4 ,! CANONS ( C\NCILS >E QUITE EXPLICIT ON ?IS PO9T2 !Y FOLL[ ! TEA*+ ( ! ,FA!RS1 ,SA9T ,AUGU/91 ,SA9T ,*RYSO/OM1 ,SA9T ,J]OME2 !Y =BID LOANS & >E H>% AGA9/ ?OSE CL]ICS & LAYM5 :O 5GAGE 9 ! USUR]'S BUS9ESS4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 9 ! TWELF? & ?IRTE5? C5TURIES1 ! WAGE SY/EM WAS E/ABLI%$1 ! B\RGEOISIE DEVELOP$1 GREW RI* & ACQUIR$ PRIVILEGES & FRAN*ISES3 CAPITALI/IC P[] WAS N[ BORN4 ,COMM]CE HAV+ TAK5 ON A NEW =M1 ! VALUE ( GOLD 9CREAS$ & ! PASSION = MONEY GREW ) ! IMPORTANCE :I* ! CURR5CY HAD ACQUIR$4 

,9DE$1 ON ONE H& W]E ! RI*1 ON ! O!R! PEASANTS1 L&LESS1 SUBJECT TO ! TI! & PRE/ATIONS2 WORK+M5 DOM9AT$ OV] BY ! CAPITALI/ LAWS4 ,TO CAP IT ALL1 P]PETUAL W>S1 REVOLTS1 DISEASES & FAM9ES4 ,:5EV] ! YE> WAS BAD1 ! MONEY GAVE \T1 ! CROP FAIL$1 AN EPIDEMIC CAME1 ! PEASANT1 ! PROLET>IAN1 & ! SMALL B\RGEOIS W]E =C$ TO RESORT TO BORR[+4 ,H5CE1 BY NECESSITY !RE HAD TO BE BORR[]S4 ,BUT ! *UR* HAD =BIDD5 LOAN AT 9T]E/1 & CAPITAL DOES NOT *OOSE TO REMA9 UNPRODUCTIVE1 BUT DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES CAPITAL C\LD ONLY BE EI!R M]*ANT OR L5D]1 AS MONEY C\LD BE MADE PRODUCTIVE 9 NO O!R WAY4 ,AS F> AS ! ECCLESIA/ICAL DECISIONS HAD ANY 9FLU5CE1 A GREAT P>T ( ! ,*RI/IAN CAPITALI/S DID NOT WANT TO BEG9 AN OP5 REVOLT AGA9/ !IR AU?ORITY2 !RE WAS ALSO =M$ A CLASS ( REPROBATES = :OM ! B\RGEOISIE & NOBILITY (T5 ACT$ AS SIL5T P>TN]S4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( ,LOMB>DS1 ,CAEORS9S1 TO :OM ! PR9CES1 ! LORDS GRANT$ ! PRIVILEGES ( LOAN+ ON 9T]E/1 GA!R+ A P>T ( ! PR(ITS :I* W]E CONSID]ABLE1 AS ! ,LOMB>DS L5T MONEY AT #a P] C5T4 A MON?2 OR ( UNSCRUPUL\S =EIGN]S1 LIKE ,TUSCAN EMIGRANTS SETTL$ 9 ,I/RIA :O W5T 9 USURY TO SU* EXTREMES ?AT ! COMMUNITY ( ,TRIE/ SUSP5D$1 9 #a#c#e1 ALL EXECUTION = DEBTS = ?REE YE>S4 ,?IS DID NOT TAKE AWAY ! GR\ND FROM UND] ! USUR]S1 BUT AS ,I HAVE SAID !Y F\ND OB/ACLES :I* ! *UR* PLAC$ 9 ! WAY ( !IR OP]ATIONS 7! C\NCIL ( ,LYONS ( #abae WANT$ TO DECL>E ! WILLS ( USUR]S VOID74 

,AS = ,JEWS1 !SE OB/ACLES DID NOT EXI/4 ,! *UR* HAD NO MORAL P[] OV] !M1 IT C\LD NOT =BID !M1 9 ! NAME ( ! DOCTR9E & DOGMA1 TO 5GAGE 9 MONEY EX*ANG+ & BANK+4 ,?US A RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( CAPITAL & 9T]E/1 & A SOCIAL SY/EM :I* RAN C\NT] TO ?IS CONCEPTION1 L$ ! ,JEWS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TO ADOPT A PR(ESSION CRI$ D[N BUT MADE NECESS>Y2 & 9 REALITY !Y W]E NOT ! CAUSE ( ! ABUSES ( USURY1 = :I* ! SOCIAL ORD] ITSELF WAS RESPONSIBLE4 ,IF !Y DID NOT CULTIVATE L&1 IF !Y W]E NOT AGRICULTURI/S1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE !Y POSSESS$ NONE1 AS HAS (T5 BE5 SAID2 ! RE/RICTIVE LAWS RELATIVE TO ! PROP]TY RI<TS ( ! ,JEWS CAME AT A DATE PO/]IOR TO !IR SETTLEM5T4 ,!Y [N PROP]TY1 BUT HAD !IR DOMA9S CULTIVAT$ BY SLAVES1 = !IR /UBBORN PATRIOTISM =BADE !M TO BREAK =EIGN SOIL4 ,?IS PATRIOTISM1 ! NOTION :I* !Y ATTA*$ TO ! SANCTITY ( !IR ,PALE/9IAN FA!RL&1 ! ALLUSION :I* !Y KEPT ALIVE 9 !M ( ! RE/ORATION ( ?AT FA!RL& & ?IS P>TICUL> FAI? :I* MADE !M CONSID] !MSELVES EXILES :O W\LD ONE DAY AGA9 SEE ! HOLY CITYALL ?IS DROVE !M ABOVE ALL O!R =EIGN]S & COLONI/S TO TAKE UP COMM]CE4 

,AS M]*ANTS !Y W]E DE/9$ TO BECOME USUR]S1 GIV5 ! CONDITIONS :I* ! CODES HAD IMPOS$ UPON !M & ! CONDITIONS !Y HAD IMPOS$ UPON !MSELVES4 ,TO ESCAPE P]SECUTION & ANNOYANCE !Y HAD TO MAKE !MSELVES USEFUL1 EV5 NECESS>Y1 TO !IR RUL]S1 ! NOBLEM5 UPON :OM !Y DEP5D$1 TO ! *UR* :OSE VASSALS !Y W]E4 ,N[ ! NOBLEMAN1 ! ,*UR* DESPITE ITS ANA!MASNE$$ GOLD1 & ?IS GOLD !Y DEM&$ FROM ! ,JEWS4 ,DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES GOLD BECAME ! GREAT MOTIVE P[]1 ! SUPREME DEITY AL*EMI/S SP5T !IR LIVES 9 SE>* ( ! MAGI/]Y :I* WAS TO PRODUCE IT1 ! IDEA ( POSSESS+ IT 9FLAM$ ! M9DS1 9 ITS NAME ALL K9DS ( CRUELTIES W]E COMMITT$1 ! ?IR/ ( RI*ES LAID HOLD ( ALL S\LS2 LAT] ON1 = ,CORTEZ & ,PIZ>RO1 ! SUCCESSORS ( ,COLUMBUS1 ! CONQUE/ ( ,AM]ICA MEANT ! CONQUE/ ( GOLD4 ,! ,JEWS FELL UND] ! UNIV]SAL *>M! SAME UND] :I* ! ,TEMPL>S HAD FALL5 & = !M IT WAS P>TICUL>LY FATAL1 BECAUSE ( !IR /ATE ( M9D & ! CIVIL /ATUS IMPOS$ UPON !M4 ,9 ORD] TO EXI/1 !Y TURN$ BROK]S 9 GOLD1 BUT ?IS ! ,*RI/IANS S\<T AS EAG]LY AS !Y4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 UND] ! CON/ANT M5ACE ( BANI%M5T1 ALWAYS ACAMP1 =C$ TO BE NOMADS1 ! ,JEWS HAD TO GU>D AGA9/ ! T]RIBLE EV5TUALITIES ( EXILE4 ,!Y HAD TO TRANS=M !IR PROP]TY SO AS TO MAKE IT MORE CONV]TIBLE 9TO MONEY1 ?AT IS1 TO GIVE IT A MORE MOVABLE =M1 & !Y W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE 9 DEVELOP+ ! MONEY VALUE1 9 CONSID]+ IT AS A M]*&ISE1 H5CE ! L5D+ &TO REC\P = P]IODIC & UNAVOIDABLE CONFISCATIONS! USURY4 

,! CREATION ( GUILDSM]*ANT & CRAFTGUILDS & !IR ORGANIZATION1 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 F9ALLY =C$ ! ,JEWS 9TO ! CONDITION TO :I* !Y HAD BE5 L$ BY ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS G5]AL & SPECIALUND] :I* !Y LIV$4 ,ALL !SE ORGANIZATIONS W]E1 SO TO SPEAK1 RELIGI\S ORGANIZATIONS1 BRO!RHOODS :I* NONE JO9$ BUT ?OSE :O PRO/RAT$ !MSELVES BE=E ! /&>D ( ! PATRON SA9T4 ,! C]EMONIES ATT5DANT UPON ! 9ITIATION 9TO !SE BODIES BE+ ,*RI/IAN C]EMONIES1 ! ,JEWS C\LD NOT BUT BE %UT \T FROM !M3 & SO !Y W]E4 ,A S]IES ( PROHIBITIONS SUCCESSIVELY %UT !M \T ( ALL 9DU/RY & ALL COMM]CE1 EXCEPT ?AT 9 ODDS & 5DS & 9 OLD CLO!S4 ,?OSE :O ESCAP$ ?IS DISQUALIFICATION DID SO BY VIRTUE ( SPECIAL PRIVILEGES = :I* !Y (T5 PAID TOO DE>LY4 

,H[EV]1 ?IS IS NOT ALL2 O!R MORE 9TIMATE CAUSES W]E ADD$ TO ?OSE ,I HAVE JU/ 5UM]AT$1 & ALL JO9$ 9 ?R[+ ! ,JEW MORE & MORE \T ( SOCIETY1 9 %UTT+ HIM UP 9 ! <ETTO1 9 IMMOBILIZ+ HIM BEH9D ! C\NT] :]E HE WAS WEI<+ GOLD4 

,AN 5]GETIC1 VIVACI\S NATION1 ( 9F9ITE PRIDE1 ?9K+ !MSELVES SUP]IOR TO ! O!R NATIONS1 ! ,JEWS WI%$ TO BECOME A P[]4 ,!Y 9/9CTIVELY HAD A TA/E = DOM9ATION1 AS !Y BELIEV$ !MSELVES SUP]IOR TO ALL O!RS BY !IR ORIG91 !IR RELIGION1 !IR TITLE ( A 0*OS5 RACE10 :I* !Y HAD ALWAYS ASCRIB$ TO !MSELVES4 ,TO EX]CISE ?IS K9D ( P[] ! ,JEWS HAD NO *OICE ( MEANS4 ,GOLD GAVE !M A P[] :I* ALL POLITICAL & RELIGI\S LAWS D5I$ !M1 & IT WAS ! ONLY ONE !Y C\LD HOPE =4 ,AS POSSESSORS ( GOLD !Y BECAME ! MA/]S ( !IR MA/]S1 !Y DOM9AT$ OV] !M1 & ?IS WAS ! ONLY WAY TO DEPLOY !IR 5]GY & !IR ACTIVITY4 

,W\LD !Y NOT HAVE BE5 ABLE TO DISPLAY IT 9 SOME O!R FA%ION8 ,YES1 & !Y TRI$ IT1 BUT !RE !Y HAD TO FI<T !IR [N SPIRIT4 ,= MANY LONG YE>S !Y HAD WORK$ 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL L9E1 DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO SCI5CES1 LETT]S1 PHILOSOPHY4 ,!Y W]E MA!MATICIANS & A/RONOM]S2 !Y PRACTIC$ M$IC9E1 &1 IF ! S*OOL ( ,MONTPELLI] WAS NOT F\ND$ BY !M1 !Y SURELY HELP$ 9 DEVELOP+ IT2 !Y HAD TRANSLAT$ ! WORKS ( ,AV]ROES & ( ! ,>ABIC COMM5TATORS ( ,>I/OTLE2 !Y HAD REVEAL$ ! ,GREEK PHILOSOPHY TO ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 & !IR METAPHYSICIANS ,IBN ,GABIROL & ,MAIMONIDES HAD BE5 AMONG ! TEA*]S ( ! S*OOLM54 .<#f#a.> ,:O /OPP$ !M 9 ?IS ADVANCE8 ,!Y !MSELVES4 

,!IR DOCTORS 5DEAVOR$ TO CONF9E ,ISRAEL TO ! EXCLUSIVE /UDY ( ! LAW 9 ORD] TO PRES]VE ,ISRAEL FROM \TSIDE 9FLU5CES1 P]NICI\S1 IT WAS SAID1 TO ! 9TEGRITY ( ! LAW4 ,EF=TS TO ?IS EFFECT HAD BE5 MADE S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,MACCABEES1 :5 ! ,HELL5IZ]S CON/ITUT$ A GREAT P>TY 9 ,PALE/9E4 ,BEAT5 AT FIR/1 OR1 AT LEA/1 H>DLY LI/5$ TO1 ?OSE :O LAT] ACQUIR$ ! NAME ( OBSCURANTI/S1 KEPT AT !IR TASK4 ,:5 ,JEWI% 9TOL]ANCE & BIGOTRY GREW 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 :5 EXCLUSIV5ESS 9CREAS$1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! P>TISANS ( PR(ANE SCI5CE & !IR OPPON5TS BECAME FI]C]1 IT BLAZ$ UP AFT] ! DEA? ( ,MAIMONIDES & 5D$ 9 ! VICTORY ( ! OBSCURANTI/S4 

,9 HIS WORKS1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! ,MOREH ,NEBUKHIM 7,GUIDE ( ! ,P]PLEX$7 .<#f#b.> ,MOSES ,MAIMONIDES ATTEMPT$ TO RECONCILE FAI? & SCI5CE4 ,AS A CONV9C$ ,>I/OTELIAN1 HE WI%$ TO UNITE P]IPATETIC PHILOSOPHY ) ! ,MOSAIC FAI?1 & HIS SPECULATIONS ON ! NATURE ( ! S\L & ITS IMMORTALITY F\ND FOLL[]S & >D5T ADMIR]S AS WELL AS FI]CE DETRACTORS4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE & ,SPA91 ! ,MAIMUNI/S W]E L$ TO NEGLECT ! RITUAL PRACTICES & PETTY C]EMONIES ( WOR%IP3 BOLD RATIONALI/S1 !Y HAD ALLEGORIC 9T]PRETATIONS = ! BIBLICAL MIRACLES1 AS ! DISCIPLES ( ,PHILO BE=E !M1 & ?US !Y ESCAP$ ! TYRANNY ( RELIGI\S PRECEPTS4 ,!Y CLAIM$ ! RI<T ( TAK+ P>T 9 ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T ( ! TIME & M+L+ 9 ! SOCIETY 9 :I* !Y LIV$ )\T GIV+ UP !IR BELIEFS4 ,!IR OPPON5TS CLUNG TO ! PURITY ( ,ISRAEL1 TO ! ABSOLUTE 9TEGRITY ( ITS WOR%IP1 ITS RITES1 & ITS BELIEFS2 9 PHILOSOPHY & SCI5CE !Y SAW ! MO/ DEADLY 5EMIES ( ,JUDAISM & MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E DE/9$ TO P]I% & SCATT] AMONG ! NATIONS1 IF !Y DID NOT RECOV] !IR WITS & DID NOT REJECT EV]Y?+ ?AT WAS NOT ( ! ,HOLY ,LAW4 

,9 #a#b#c#b1 ,RABBI ,SOLOMON ( ,MONTPELLI] ISSU$ AN ANA!MA AGA9/ ALL ?OSE :O W\LD READ ! ,MOREH ,NEBUKHIM OR W\LD TAKE UP SCI5TIFIC & PHILOSOPHIC /UDIES4 ,?IS WAS ! SIGNAL = ! /RUGGLE4 ,IT WAS VIOL5T ON BO? SIDES1 & ALL WEAPONS W]E RESORT$ TO4 ,! FANATICAL RABBIS APPEAL$ TO ! FANATICISM ( ! ,DOM9ICANS1 !Y D5\NC$ ! ,GUIDE ( ! ,P]PLEX$ & HAD IT BURN$ BY ! 9QUISITION4 ,AT ! 9/IGATION ( A ,G]MAN DOCTOR1 ,A%] ,B5 ,YE*IEL1 A SYNOD ( ?IRTY RABBIS MET AT ,B>CELONA1 ) ,B5 ,ADRET 9 ! *AIR1 & EXCOMMUNICAT$ ALL ?OSE :O READ BOOKS O!R ?AN ! ,BIBLE & ! ,TALMUD1 :5 UND] TW5TY-FIVE YE>S4 

,A C\NT]-EXCOMMUNICATION WAS PROCLAIM$ BY ,JACOB ,TIBBON1 :O1 AT ! HEAD ( ALL ,PROV5CIAL RABBIS1 BOLDLY DEF5D$ CONDEMN$ SCI5CE4 ,ALL WAS 9 VA93 ?OSE WRET*$ ,JEWS1 :OM EV]YBODY TORM5T$ = !IR FAI?1 P]SECUT$ !IR CORELIGIONI/S MORE CRUELLY & SEV]ELY ?AN !Y HAD EV] BE5 P]SECUT$4 ,?OSE :OM !Y ACCUS$ ( 9DIFF]5CE HAD TO UND]GO ! WOR/ PUNI%M5TS2 ! BLASPHEM]S HAD !IR TONGUES CUT2 ,JEWI% WOM5 :O HAD ANY RELATIONS ) ,*RI/IANS W]E CONDEMN$ TO DISFIGUREM5T3 !IR NOSES W]E SUBJECT$ TO ABLATION4 ,DESPITE ?IS1 ,TIBBON'S FOLL[]S P]SI/$4 ,IT WAS DUE TO !M1 ?AT ,JEWI% ?\<T DID NOT COMPLETELY DIE \T 9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE & ,ITALY DUR+ ! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES4 ,EV5 SU* M5 AS ,MOSES ( ,N>BONNE & ,LEVY DE ,BAGNOLS1 AS ,ELIAS ( ,CRETE & ,ALEMANI1 ! TEA*] ( ,PICO DI ,MIR&OLA1 AS WELL AS LAT] ,SP9OZA1 W]E ALL ISOLAT$ M54 ,AS = ! MASS ( ,JEWS1 IT HAD COMPLETELY FALL5 UND] ! P[] ( ! OBSCURANTI/S4 ,H]EAFT] IT WAS SEP>AT$ FROM ! WORLD1 ITS :OLE HORIZON WAS %UT \T2 TO N\RI% ITS SPIRIT IT HAD NO?+ BUT FUTILE TALMUDIC COMM5T>IES1 IDLE & M$IOCRE DISCUSSIONS ON ! ,LAW4 

,H5CE=? ! ,JEW ?\<T NO LONG]4 ,& :AT NE$ HAD HE ( ?9K+ S9CE HE POSSESS$ A M9UTE1 PRECISE CODE1 ! WORK ( CASUI/ LEGI/S1 :I* C\LD GIVE ANSW] TO ANY QUE/ION ?AT IT WAS LEGITIMATE TO ASK 8 ,= BELIEV]S W]E =BIDD5 TO 9QUIRE 9TO PROBLEMS :I* W]E NOT M5TION$ 9 ?IS CODE! ,TALMUD4 

,! ,JEW F\ND EV]Y?+ =ESE5 9 ! ,TALMUD3 ! S5TIM5TS1 ! EMOTIONS1 :ATEV] !Y MI<T BE1 W]E DESIGNAT$2 PRAY]S1 =MULAS1 ALL READY-MADE1 SUPPLI$ ! MEANS = EXPRESS+ !M4 ,! BOOK LEFT ROOM NEI!R TO REASON NOR TO FRE$OM1 9ASMU* AS 9 9/RUCTION ! LEG5D>Y & GNOMICAL PORTIONS W]E ALMO/ PROSCRIB$TO LAY /RESS UPON ! LAW & RITUAL4 ,TRUE1 BY ! TYRANNY !Y HAD EX]CIS$ OV] !IR FLOCK !Y DEVELOP$ 9 EA* ! +5UITY & SPIRIT ( CRAFT9ESS NECESS>Y TO ESCAPE FROM ! NET :I* CLOS$ )\T PITY2 BUT !Y ALSO 9CREAS$ ! NATURAL POSITIVISM ( ! ,JEWS BY PRES5T+ TO !M AS !IR ONLY IDEA ! MAT]IAL & P]SONAL HAPP9ESS1 A HAPP9ESS :I* ONE C\LD ATTA9 ON E>? IF ONE KNEW H[ TO B9D ONESELF TO ! ?\S& RELIGI\S LAWS4 ,TO ATTA9 ?IS SELFI% HAPP9ESS1 ! ,JEW1 :OM ! PRESCRIB$ C]EMONIES RID ( ALL C>E & TR\BLE1 WAS FATALLY L$ ON TO /RIVE AFT] GOLD1 = UND] ! EXI/+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS :I* RUL$ HIM1 AS !Y RUL$ ALL ! PEOPLE ( ?AT EPO*1 GOLD ALONE C\LD GIVE HIM ! GRATIFICATION :I* HIS LIMIT$ & N>R[ BRA9 C\LD CONCEIVE4 ,HE WAS PREP>$ TO BE *ANG]1 L5D]1 USUR]1 ONE :O /RIVES AFT] ! METAL1 AT FIR/ = ! PLEASURES IT C\LD AF=D & !N AFT]W>DS = ! SOLE HAPP9ESS ( POSSESS+ IT2 ONE :O GRE$ILY SEIZES GOLD & AV>ICI\SLY IMMOBILIZES IT4 ,! ,JEW HAV+ BECOME SU*1 ANTI-,JUDAISM BECAME MORE COMPLICAT$1 SOCIAL CAUSES 9T]M+L$ ) RELIGI\S CAUSES2 ! COMB9ATION ( !SE CAUSES EXPLA9S ! 9T5SITY & GRAVITY ( ! P]SECUTIONS :I* ,ISRAEL HAD TO UND]GO4 

,9DE$1 ! ,LOMB>DS & ,CAEORS9S1 = 9/ANCE1 W]E ! OBJECT ( POPUL> ANIMOSITY2 !Y W]E HAT$ & DESPIS$ BUT !Y W]E NOT VICTIMS ( SY/EMATIC P]SECUTIONS4 ,IT WAS DEEM$ ABOM9ABLE ?AT ,JEWS %\LD HAVE ACQUIR$ WEAL?1 ESPECIALLY BECAUSE !Y W]E ,JEWS4 ,AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IAN :O *EAT$ HIM1 & WAS NEI!R BETT] NOR WORSE ?AN ! ,JEW1 ! POOR WRET* :5 PLUND]$ FELT LESS ANG] ?AN AGA9/ ! ,ISRAELITE REPROBATE1 ! 5EMY ( ,GOD & MAN4 ,:5 ! DEICIDE1 EV5 SO ! OBJECT ( T]ROR1 HAD BECOME ! USUR]1 ! COLLECTOR ( TAXES1 ! M]CILESS AG5T ( ! FISC! T]ROR 9CREAS$2 IT BECAME 9T]M+L$ ) HATR$ ON ! P>T ( ! OPPRESS$ & D[NTRODD54 ,! SIMPLE M9DS DID NOT SEEK ! REAL CAUSES ( !IR DI/RESS2 !Y ONLY SAW ! PROXIMATE CAUSES4 ,= ! ,JEW WAS ! PROXIMATE CAUSE ( USURY2 BY ! HEAVY 9T]E/ HE *>G$ HE CAUS$ DE/ITUTION1 SEV]E & H>D MIS]Y2 ACCORD+LY1 IT WAS UPON ! ,JEWS ?AT 5MITIES FELL4 ,! SUFF]+ POPULACE DID NOT TR\BLE !MSELVES AB\T RESPONSIBILITIES2 !Y W]E NEI!R ECONOMI/S NOR REASON]S2 !Y ONLY ASC]TA9$ ?AT A HEAVY H& WEI<$ UPON !M3 ?AT WAS ! H& ( ! ,JEW1 & ! PEOPLE RU%$ UPON HIM4 ,!Y DID NOT RU% UPON HIM ALONE2 :5 AT ! LIMIT ( !IR 5DURANCE1 !Y (T5 ATTACK$ ALL ! RI*1 9DISCRIM9ATELY KILL+ ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS ALIKE4 ,9 ,GASCONY & S\!RN ,FRANCE ! ,PA/\REAUX DE/ROY$ #ab ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES1 BUT ! ,JEWS W]E NOT !IR ONLY VICTIMS2 !Y 9VAD$ CA/LES1 !Y EXT]M9AT$ ! NOBLES & ! PROP]TI$4 ,ONLY ?AT AMONG ! ,*RI/IANS ! PROP]TI$ ALONE SUFF]$ VIOL5CE AT ! H&S ( ! REBELS1 ! POOR W]E SP>$2 AMONG ! ,JEWS ! RI* & ! POOR W]E EXT]M9AT$ 9DISCRIM9ATELY1 =1 BE=E ANY CRIME1 !Y W]E GUILTY ( BE+ ,JEWS4 

,AT ALL EV5TS1 ! MASSES1 RE/RA9$ BY AU?ORITY & LAW R>ELY ATTACK$ ! CAPITALI/S 9 G5]AL2 TO GOAD !M ON TO REVOLT A T]RIBLE ACCUMULATION ( MIS]IES WAS NECESS>Y4 ,BUT ) REF]5CE TO ! ,JEWS !IR ILL-FEEL+ WAS NOT RE/RA9$ AT ALL2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT WAS 5C\RAG$4 ,?IS WAS A MEANS TO DIV]T ATT5TION1 & EV]Y N[ & !N K+S1 NOBLES OR BUR<]S (F]$ !IR SLAVES A HOLOCAU/ ( ,JEWS4 ,?IS UN=TUNATE ,JEW WAS UTILIZ$ = TWO PURPOSES DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,!Y EMPLOY$ HIM AS A LEE*1 LET HIM SWELL UP1 FILL HIMSELF ) GOLD1 !N !Y MADE HIM CLE>2 OR1 :5EV] POPUL> HATR$ WAS TOO BITT]1 HE WAS SUBJECT$ TO CORPORAL PUNI%M5T :I* WAS PR(ITABLE TO ! ,*RI/IAN CAPITALI/S1 :O ?US PAID A TRIBUTE ( PROPITI>Y BLOOD TO ?OSE :OM !Y OPPRESS$4 

,TO GIVE SATISFACTION TO !IR WRET*$ SUBJECTS1 ! K+S W\LD FROM TIME TO TIME PROSCRIBE ,JEWI% USURY1 W\LD CANCEL DEBTS2 BUT (T5E/ !Y TOL]AT$ ! ,JEWS1 5C\RAG$ !M1 BE+ SURE TO D]IVE B5EFIT FROM !M ?R\< CONFISCATION OR BY TAK+ !IR PLACE AS CR$ITORS4 ,NEV]!LESS !SE MEASURES W]E ALWAYS BUT TEMPOR>Y1 & GOV]NM5TAL ANTI-,JUDAISM WAS PURELY POLITICAL4 ,!Y BANI%$ ! ,JEWS EI!R TO M5D !IR F9ANCES1 OR TO ELICIT ! GRATITUDE ( ! SMALL FRY BY P>TLY RELIEV+ !M ( ! HEAVY BURD5 ( DEBT2 BUT !Y W\LD SOON RECALL ! ,JEWS1 AS !Y C\LD F9D NO BETT] TAX COLLECTORS4 ,H[EV]1 ANTI-,JEWI% LEGISLATION WAS1 AS WE HAVE SAID1 MO/ FREQU5TLY =C$ UPON ! ROYAL P[] BY ! *UR*1 EI!R BY ! MONKS OR ! POPES & SYNODS4 ,EV5 ! REGUL> CL]GY & ! SECUL> CL]GY ACT$ UPON DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES4 

,! MONKS ADDRESS$ !MSELVES TO ! PEOPLE1 ) :OM !Y W]E 9 CON/ANT T\*4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE !Y PREA*$ AGA9/ ! ,DEICIDES1 BUT !Y REPRES5T$ !SE DEICIDES AS DOM9E]+1 :ILE !Y %\LD HAVE BE5 B5T =EV] UND] ! YOKE ( ,*RI/5DOM4 ,ALL !SE PREA*]S GAVE EXPRESSION TO POPUL> GRIEVANCES4 0,IF ! ,JEWS FILL !IR GRAN>IES ) FRUIT1 !IR CELL> ) VICTUALS1 !IR BAGS ) MONEY & !IR *E/S ) GOLD10 SAID ,PI]RE DE ,CLUNY3 .<#f#c.> 0IT IS NEI!R BY TILL+ ! E>?1 NOR BY S]V+ 9 W>1 NOR BY PRACTIC+ ANY O!R USEFUL & HONORABLE TRADE1 BUT BY *EAT+ ! ,*RI/IANS & BUY+1 AT L[ PRICE1 FROM ?IEVES ! ?+S :I* !Y HAVE /OL540 ,!Y ?UND]$ AGA9/ ! 09FAM\S0 NATION 0:I* LIVES BY PILLAGE10 & :ILE !IR 9VECTIVES W]E PROMPT$ BY ZEAL 9 PROSELYTISM1 !Y POS$ ESPECIALLY AS AV5G]S1 :O HAD COME TO PUNI% 0! ISOL5CE1 AV>ICE & H>DHE>T$NESS0 ( ! ,JEWS4 ,& !Y F\ND A HE>+4 ,9 ,ITALY1 ,JOHN ( ,CAPI/RANO1 0! SC\RGE ( ! ,HEBREWS10 WAS /IRR+ UP ! POOR AGA9/ ! USURY & OBDURACY ( ! ,JEWS4 ,HE CONT9U$ HIS WORK 9 ,G]MANY & ,POL&1 LEAD+ GANGS ( POOR WRET*ES & DESP]ADOES :O EXACT$ EXPIATION = !IR SUFF]+S FROM ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES4 ,B]N>D9US ( ,FELTRE FOLL[$ HIS EXAMPLE1 BUT HE WAS HAUNT$ BY MORE PRACTICAL NOTIONS1 AMONG O!RS BY ?AT ( E/ABLI%+ MONT-DE-PIETES TO C\NT]ACT ! RAPACITY ( ! L5D]S4 ,HE TRAVEL$ ALL OV] ,ITALY & ,TYROL1 DEM&+ ! EXPULSION ( ! ,HEBREWS1 9CIT+ 9SURRECTIONS & RIOTS1 CAUS+ ! MASSACRE ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,TR5T4 

,! K+S1 NOBLES & BI%OPS DID NOT 5C\RAGE ?IS CAMPAIGN ( ! REGUL>S4 ,!Y PROTECT$ ! ,JEWS FROM ! MONK ,RADULPHE 9 ,G]MANY2 9 ,ITALY1 !Y SET !MSELVES AGA9/ ! PREA*+S ( ,B]N>D9US ( ,FELTRE1 :O ACCUS$ ! PR9CES ( HAV+ SOLD !MSELVES TO ,YE*IEL ( ,PISA1 ! WEAL?IE/ ,JEW ( ! P59SULA2 9 ,POL&1 ,POPE ,GREGORY ,X,I /OPP$ ! CRUSADE ( ,JAN ( ,RYCZYWOL4 ,! RUL]S HAD EV]Y 9T]E/ TO SUPPRESS !SE P>TIAL UPRIS+S2 FROM EXP]I5CE !Y KNEW ?AT :5 ! B&S ( />VEL+S W]E ?R\< SLAU<T]+ ! ,JEWS1 !Y W\LD KILL ?OSE :O POSSESS$ TOO GREAT WEAL?1 ?OSE :O 5JOY$ EXCESSIVE PRIVILEGES1 OR ?OSE LORDS1 C\NTS OR B>ONS1 :OSE P[] WEI<$ TOO HEAVILY ON ! %\LD]S ( TAX-PAY]S4 

,AS = ! ,*UR*1 IT KEPT TO !OLOGICAL ANTI-,JUDAISM1 &1 BE+ ESS5TIALLY CONS]VATIVE1 FAVOR+ ! MI<TY & RI*1 IT TOOK C>E NOT TO 5C\RAGE ! PASSIONS ( ! PEOPLE4 ,I SPEAK ( ! (FICIAL ,*UR*1 AB\ND+ 9 PREB5D>IES2 /RIV+ = UNITY & C5TRALIZATION1 *]I%+ DREAMS ( UNIV]SAL DOM9ATION2 ! ,*UR* ( ! ,SYNODS1 ! LAW-MAK+ ,*UR*1 & NOT ! *UR* ( PETTY PRIE/S & MONKS :I* WAS /IRR$ BY ! SAME PASSIONS AS AGITAT$ ! L[LY4 ,BUT IF ! *UR* SOMETIMES 9T]F]$ 9 BEHALF ( ! ,JEWS :5 !Y W]E ! OBJECT ( ! MOB'S FURY1 IT NURS$ ?IS FURY & SUPPLI$ IT ) FUEL BY COMBAT+ ,JUDAISM1 EV5 ?\< COMBAT+ IT FROM DIFF]5T MOTIVES4 

,FAI?FUL TO ITS PR9CIPLES1 IT VA9LY P]SECUT$ ! SPIRIT ( ,JUDAISM 9 ALL ITS =MS4 ,IT C\LD NOT GET RID ( IT1 AS ?IS ,JEWI% SPIRIT HAD 9SPIR$ IT 9 ITS E>LIE/ /AGES4 ,IT WAS IMPREGNAT$ ) IT AS ! BEA*-S&S >E IMPREGNAT$ ) ! SEA-SALT :I* RISES TO !IR SURFACE1 & DESPITE ITS EF=TS FROM ! SECOND C5TURY ON TO REBUFF ITS ORIG91 TO ?RU/ F> AWAY ALL MEMORY ( ITS ORIG9AL F\NDATION1 IT /ILL PRES]V$ ! M>KS ( IT4 ,9 SEEK+ TO REALIZE ITS CONCEPTION ( ,*RI/IAN /ATES DIRECT$ & RUL$ OV] BY ! ,PAPACY1 ! *UR* /ROVE TO R$UCE ALL ANTI-,*RI/IAN ELEM5TS4 ,?US IT 9SPIR$ ,EUROPE'S VIOL5T REACTION AGA9/ ! ,>ABS1 & ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONALITIES AGA9/ ,MAHOMM$ANISM WAS A /RUGGLE AT ONCE POLITICAL & RELIGI\S4 

,/ILL ! ,MUSLIM DANG] WAS EXT]NAL1 BUT ! 9T]NAL DANG]S ?REAT5+ ! DOGMA PROV$ QUITE AS GRAVE = ! *UR*4 ,=M]LY B5IGN & CONF9+ ITSELF TO CANONIC P5ALTIES1 H]EAFT] IT APPEAL$ TO ! SECUL> P[]S1 & ! ,VAUDOIS1 ,ALBIG5SES1 ,BE<>DS1 ,APO/OLIC ,BRO!RS1 ,LUCIF]IANS W]E TREAT$ ) CRUELTY4 ,! LIMIT ( ?IS MOVEM5T WAS REA*$ 9 ! 9QUISITION :I* ! ,POPE ,9NOC5T ,I,I,I4 9/ITUT$ 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY4 ,H5CE=?1 A SPECIAL TRIBUNAL1 BACK$ BY CIVIL AU?ORITY1 OB$I5T TO ITS ORD]S WAS TO BE ! SOLE JUDGE1 & PITILESS AT ?AT1 ( H]ESY4 

,! ,JEWS C\LD NOT BE OV]LOOK$ 9 ?IS LEGISLATION4 ,!Y W]E P]SECUT$ NOT AS ,JEWS! *UR* WI%$ TO PRES]VE ! ,JEWS AS A LIV+ TE/IMONY ( ITS TRIUMPHBUT BECAUSE !Y 9/IGAT$ PEOPLE TO JUDAIZATION1 EI!R DIRECTLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 BY ! V]Y FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,HAD NOT !IR PHILOSOPH]S S5T =? METAPHYSICIANS LIKE ,AMAURY DE ,B5E & ,DAVID DE ,D9AN8 ,:AT IS MORE1 W]E NOT C]TA9 H]ETICS JUDAIZ+8 ,! ,PASAGIANS ( ,UPP] ,ITALY OBS]V$ ! ,MOSAIC LAW2 ! ,ORLEANS H]ESY WAS A ,JEWI% H]ESY2 AN ,ALBIG5S SECT MA9TA9$ ?AT ! DOCTR9E ( ! ,JEWS WAS PREF]ABLE TO ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IANS2 ! ,HUSSITES W]E SUPPORT$ BY ! ,JEWS2 ACCORD+LY1 ! ,DOM9ICANS PREA*$ AGA9/ ! ,HUSSITES & ! ,JEWS1 & ! IMP]IAL >MY ?AT ADVANC$ AGA9/ ,JAN ,ZISKA MASSACR$ ! ,JEWS ON ITS WAY4 

,9 ,SPA91 :]E ! M+L+ ( ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS WAS CONSID]ABLE1 ! ,9QUISITION WAS 9/ITUT$ BY ,GREGORY ,X,I1 :O GAVE IT ITS CON/ITUTION1 TO SURVEY ! JUDAIZ+ H]ETICS & ! ,JEWS & ,MOORS1 :O1 ?\< NOT SUBJECTS ( ! ,*UR*1 W]E SUBJECT TO ! WILL ( ! ,HOLY ,(FICE :5EV] 0BY !IR WORDS OR !IR WRIT+S !Y URG$ ! ,CA?OLICS TO EMBRACE !IR FAI?40 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 ! POPES RECALL$ ! CANONIC DECISIONS TO ! M9DS ( ! ,K+S ( ,SPA91 BECAUSE ! FU]OS1 I4E41 ,CA/ILLIAN CU/OMS :I* SUP]S$$ ! ,VISIGO?IC LAWS1 HAD GRANT$ EQUAL RI<TS TO ,JEWS1 ,*RI/IANS & ,MOSLEMS4 

,ALL !SE ECCLESIA/IC MEASURES RE9=C$ ! ANTI-,JEWI% S5TIM5TS ( K+S & NATIONS2 !Y W]E ! PRIME CAUSES2 !Y UPHELD A SPECIAL /ATE ( M9D1 :I* POLITICAL MOTIVES EMPHASIZ$ ) ! K+S2 SOCIAL MOTIVES) ! NATIONS4 ,[+ TO IT1 ANTI-,JUDAISM BECAME G5]AL1 & NO CLASS ( SOCIETY WAS FREE FROM IT1 = ALL CLASSES W]E MORE OR LESS GUID$ BY ! ,*UR* OR 9SPIR$ BY ITS TEA*+S1 ALL ( !M W]E OR ?\<T !MSELVES H>M$ BY ! ,JEWS4 ,! NOBILITY TOOK (F5SE AT !IR RI*ES2 ! PROLET>IANS1 ! >TISANS & PEASANTS1 9 A WORD ! SMALL PEOPLE1 W]E PROVOK$ BY !IR USURY2 AS = ! B\RGEOISIE1 ! M]*ANT CLASS1 ! DEAL]S 9 MONEY1 IT WAS 9 P]MAN5T RIVALRY ) ! ,JEWS1 & !IR CON/ANT COMPETITION 5G5D]$ HATR$4 ,! MOD]N CONTE/ BETWE5 ,*RI/IAN & ,JEWI% CAPITAL ASSUMES %APE 9 ! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES1 ! ,CA?OLIC B\RGEOIS LOOKS ) CALM EYES ON ! MURD] ( ,JEWS1 :I* RIDS HIM ( AN (T5 SUCCESSFUL RIVAL4 

,?US EV]Y?+ CONCURR$ TO MAKE ( ! ,JEW A UNIV]SAL FOE1 & ! ONLY SUPPORT ?AT HE F\ND DUR+ ?IS T]RIBLE P]IOD ( SEV]AL C5TURIES WAS ) ! POPES1 :O1 :ILE ABETT+ ! PASSIONS ( :I* !Y MADE CAPITAL1 /ILL WANT$ TO GU>D C>EFULLY ?IS WITNESS ( ! EXCELL5CE ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI?4 ,IF ! ,*UR* PRES]V$ ! ,JEWS1 IT (T5 WAS NOT )\T S*OOL+ & PUNI%+ !M4 ,! ,*UR* =BADE GIV+ !M PUBLIC POSITIONS ?AT MI<T CONF] UPON !M AU?ORITY OV] ,*RI/IANS1 IT 9/IGAT$ ! K+S TO ADOPT RE/RICTIVE MEASURES AGA9/ !M2 IT IMPOS$ UPON !M DI/9CTIVE BADGES1 ! R\ELLE & HAT2 IT %UT !M 9 ?OSE <ETTOES1 :I* ! ,JEWS HAD (T5 ACCEPT$ & EV5 S\<T 9 !IR EAG]NESS TO SEP>ATE !MSELVES FROM ! WORLD1 TO LIVE AP>T1 )\T MIX+ ) ! NATIONS1 TO PRES]VE 9TACT !IR BELIEFS & !IR RACE2 SO ?AT 9 MANY PO9TS ! $ICTS BIDD+ ! ,JEWS TO REMA9 CONF9$ 9 SPECIAL QU>T]S REALLY BUT SANCTION$ AN ALREADY EXI/+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,BUT ! *IEF TASK ( ! ,*UR* WAS TO COMBAT ! ,JEWI% RELIGION DOGMATICALLY4 ,H[EV]1 CONTROV]SIES1 NUM]\S AS !Y W]E1 DID NOT SUFFICE = ?IS2 LAWS W]E ISSU$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% BOOKS4 ,! READ+ ( ! ,MI%NA 9 SYNAGOGUES HAD ALREADY BE5 PROHIBIT$ BY ,JU/9IAN2 AFT] HIM NO LAWS W]E PASS$ AGA9/ ! ,TALMUD1 UNTIL ! TIME ( ,SA9T ,L\IS4 ,AFT] ! CONTROV]SY BETWE5 ,NI*OLAS ,DON9 & ,YE*IEL ( ,P>IS 7#a#b#d7 ,GREGORY ,I,X ORD]$ TO BURN ! ,TALMUD2 ?IS ORD] WAS REPEAT$ BY ,9NOC5T ,I,V 7#a#b#d#d71 ,HONORIUS ,I,V 7#a#b#h#f71 ,JOHN ,X,X,I,I 7#a#c#b7 & ! ANTI-POPE ,B5$ICT ,X,I,I,I 7#a#d#a#e74 ,MOREOV]1 ! ,JEWI% PRAY]S W]E EXPURGAT$ & ! ]ECTION ( NEW SYNAGOGUES WAS =BIDD54 

,! CIVIL LAWS EXP\ND$ ! ECCLESIA/ICAL DECREES & W]E 9SPIR$ BY !M1 AS E4G41 ! LAWS ( ,ALFONSO ,X ( ,CA/ILE1 9 ! CODE ( ,SIETE ,P>TIDAS1.<#f#d.> ! DISPOSITIONS ( ,SA9T ,L\IS1 ?OSE ( ,PHILLIP ,I,V1 ?OSE ( ! ,G]MAN EMP]ORS & ! ,POLI% K+S4 .<#f#e.> ,! ,JEWS W]E =BIDD5 TO APPE> 9 PUBLIC ON C]TA9 DAYS2 A P]SONAL TOLL WAS IMPOS$ UPON !M AS IF ON CATTLE2 !Y W]E SOMETIMES =BIDD5 TO M>RY )\T AU?ORIZATION4 

,TO ! LAWS ONE MU/ ADD ! CU/OMSVEXATI\S CU/OMSLIKE ?AT ( ,T\L\SE1 :I* MADE ! SYNDIC ( ! ,JEWS SUBJECT TO BOX+ ON ! E>4 ,! MOB 9SULT$ !M DUR+ !IR HOLIDAYS & SABBA?S2 IT PR(AN$ !IR CEMET]IES2 ON LEAV+ ! ,MY/]IES & ,PASSION PLAYS IT W\LD LAY !IR H\SES WA/E4 

,NOT CONT5T ) VEX+ !M1 ) EXPELL+ !M1 AS DID ,$W>D ,I 9 ,5GL& 7#a#b#h#g71 ,PHILLIP ,I,V & ,*>LES ,V,I 9 ,FRANCE 7#a#c#f & #a#c#i#d71 ,F]D9& ! ,CA?OLIC 9 ,SPA9 7#a#d#i#b71 !Y KILL$ ! ,JEWS EV]Y:]E4 

,:5 ON !IR WAY TO LIB]ATE ! ,HOLY ,TOMB1 ! ,CRUSAD]S PREP>$ !MSELVES = ! ,HOLY ,W> BY ! IMMOLATION ( ,JEWS2 :5EV] ! BLACK PLAGUE OR A FAM9E RAG$1 ! ,JEWS W]E SACRIFIC$ 9 HOLOCAU/ TO ! ANG]$ DIV9ITY2 :5EV] EXTORTIONS1 MIS]Y1 HUNG]1 DE/ITUTION MADD5$ ! PEOPLE1 !Y W\LD AV5GE !MSELVES ON ! ,JEWS1 :O W]E MADE VICTIMS ( EXPIATION4 0,:AT'S ! USE ( GO+ TO FI<T ! ,MOHAMM$ANS10 CRI$ ,PI]RE DE ,CLUNY1.<#f#f.> 0:5 WE HAVE AMONG US ! ,JEWS1 :O >E WORSE ?AN ! ,S>AC5S80 

,:AT WAS TO BE DONE AGA9/ AN EPIDEMIC UNLESS TO KILL ! ,JEWS :O CONSPIR$ ) ! LEP]S TO POISON ! WELLS8 ,& SO !Y W]E EXT]M9AT$ 9 ,YORK & ,LONDON1 9 ,SPA9 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,/4 ,V9C5T ,F]R]2 9 ,ITALY1 :]E ,JOHN ( ,CAPI/RANO PREA*$2 9 ,POL&1 ,BOHEMIA1 ,FRANCE1 ,MORAVIA1 ,AU/RIA4 ,!Y W]E BURN$ 9 ,/RASSBURG1 ,MAY5CE1 ,TROYES4 ,9 ,SPA9 ! ,M>RANOS M\NT$ ! SCAFFOLD BY ! ?\S&S1 ELSE:]E !Y W]E RIPP$ OP5 ) PIT*=KS & SCY!S2 !Y W]E BEAT5 TO DEA? LIKE DOGS4 

,:AT CRIMES C\LD HAVE DES]V$ SU* FRI<TFUL PUNI%M5TS8 ,H[ POIGNANT MU/ HAVE BE5 ! AFFLICTIONS ( ?OSE BE+S 6 ,9 ?OSE EVIL H\RS !Y CUDDL$ ONE TO ! O!R & FELT !MSELVES BRE?R52 ! BOND ?AT JO9$ !M WAS FA/5$ MORE TI<TLY4 ,TO :OM C\LD !Y TELL !IR PLA9TS & !IR FEEBLE JOYS1 IF NOT TO !MSELVES 8 ,FROM !SE G5]AL DESOLATIONS1 FROM !SE SOBS WAS BORN AN 9T5SE & SUFF]+ BRO!RHOOD4 ,! ANCI5T ,JEWI% PATRIOTISM BECAME /ILL MORE EXALT$4 ,!SE \TCA/S1 MALTREAT$ ALL OV] ,EUROPE1 & M>*+ ) BESPATT]$ FACES1 GOT IT 9TO !IR HEADS TO FEEL ,ZION & ITS HILLS BR\<T BACK TO LIFE1 TO CONJURE UP :AT A SUPREME & SWEET CONSOLATION 6! BELOV$ BANKS ( ! ,JORDAN & ! LAKE ( ,GALILEE2 !Y >RIV$ !RE ?R\< AN 9T5SE SOLID>ITY4 

,/ILL1 TO UND]/& EXACTLY ! POSITION ( ! ,JEWS DUR+ !SE ,D>K ,AGES1 ONE MU/ COMP>E IT ) ?AT ( ! PEOPLE SURR\ND+ !M4 ,! P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,JEWS W\LD GO ON N[ ?AT !IR EXCLUSIVE *>ACT] W\LD R5D] !M MORE SORR[FUL4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! PROLET>IANS & ! PEASANTS W]E NOT MU* BETT] (F2 AFT] BE+ %AK5 UP BY T]RIBLE UPHEAVALS1 ! ,JEWS W\LD 5JOY P]IODS ( COMP>ATIVE TRANQUILITY1 ( :I* ! S]FS KNEW NO?+4 ,/EPS W]E TAK5 AGA9/ !M1 BUT :AT /EPS W]E NOT TAK5 AGA9/ ! ,MORISCOES1 ! ,HUSSITES1 ! ,ALBIG5SES1 ! ,PA/\REAUX1 ! ,JACQUES1 AGA9/ ! H]ETICS & ! \TCA/S8 ,FROM ! ELEV5? TO ! 5D ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ABOM9ABLE YE>S FELL \T1 & ! ,JEWS SUFF]$ FROM IT NOT A :IT MORE ?AN DID ?OSE AMONG :OM !Y LIV$4 ,!Y SUFF]$ = O!R REASONS1 & TRACES ( IT W]E LEFT IMPRESS$ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,BUT AS ! MANN]S HAD GR[N S(T]1 H\RS ( GREAT] HAPP9ESS = !M W]E BORN4 ,WE %ALL SEE :AT *ANGES ! ,RE=MATION & ! ,R5AISSANCE W]E TO BR+ AB\T 9 !IR POSITION4 

,*APT] ,SIX3 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM FROM ! ,TIME ( ! ,RE=MATION TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 

,:,5 ! FIR/ BREA? ( FRE$OM SWEPT OV] ! WORLD AT ! DAWN ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 ! ,JEWS W]E BUT A NATION ( CAPTIVES & SLAVES4 ,COOP$ UP 9 ! <ETTOES1 :OSE WALLS !IR [N FOOLI% H&S HELP$ ONLY TO MAKE ?ICK]1 !Y W]E RETIR$ FROM HUMAN SOCIETY1 &1 = ! MO/ P>T1 LIV$ 9 A /ATE ( LAM5TABLE & HE>TR5D+ ABJECTION4 ,!IR 9TELLECT HAD BECOME ATROPHI$1 AS !Y HAD !MSELVES B>R$ ALL ! DOORS & %UT ALL ! W9D[S ?R\< :I* AIR & LI<T MI<T HAVE COME TO !M4 

,! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O HAD ESCAP$ ?IS ABASEM5T WAS V]Y LIMIT$1 & ! ,JEWS :O SUCCE$$ 9 KEEP+ A FREE BRA9 & PR\D SPIRIT W]E 9 ! L[E/ M9ORITY4 ,!SE W]E MO/LY PHYSICIANS1 AS M$IC9E IS ! ONLY SCI5CE P]MITT$ BY ! ,TALMUD2 AT ! SAME TIME !RE W]E PHILOSOPH]S OCCASIONALLY1 & WE %ALL SEE ! ROLE !Y PLAY$ 9 ,ITALY DUR+ ! ,R5AISSANCE4 

,T[>D ! 5D ( ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 ! ,JEW HAD BECOME ! S]F ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,*AMB] 9 ,G]MANY2 9 ,FRANCE HE WAS ! K+'S S]F1 ! S]F ( ! LORD1 LESS EV5 ?AN A S]F1 = A S]F C\LD /ILL [N SOME?+1 :ILE A ,JEW 9 REALITY HAD NO PROP]TY2 HE WAS 

A ?+ RA!R ?AN A P]SON4 ,! K+ & ! LORD1 ! BI%OP OR ! ABBOT1 C\LD DISPOSE ( ALL HIS BELONG+S1 I4E41 ( ALL ?AT SEEM$ TO BELONG TO HIM1 S9CE = HIM ! POSSIBILITY ( [N+ WAS PURELY FICTITI\S4 ,HE WAS TAXABLE AT WILL2 HE WAS SUBJECT$ TO FIX$ IMPO/S1 )\T PREJUDICE TO CONFISCATIONS1 & :ILE1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! ,*UR* WAS MAK+ EV]Y EF=T TO ATTRACT TO IT ! ,JEW1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! B>ON & *UR* DIGNIT>IES KEPT HIM 9 HIS CONDITION4 ,IF HE TURN$ TO ,*RI/IANITY HE LO/ HIS POSSESSIONS 9 FAVOR ( ! LORD1 :O WAS ANXI\S TO MAKE GOOD ! LOSS ( ! TAXES :I* HE C\LD NO LONG] LEVY ON ! CONV]T1 & ?US IT WAS TO HIS 9T]E/ TO REMA9 9 ! SLAVES' PRISON4 ,HE WAS LOOK$ UPON AS A BEA/1 IMPURE & USEFUL AT ?AT1 AS L[] ?AN A DOG OR HOG1 TO :I* ! P]SONAL TOLL LIK5$ HIM1 H[EV]2 HE WAS ! ONE =EV] ACCURS$1 HE UPON :OM IT WAS LAWFUL1 EV5 M]ITORI\S1 TO %[] ! BL[S :I* ! ,CRUCIFI$ HAD RECEIV$ 9 ,PILATE'S PRETORIUM4 

,! ONLY C\NTRY :]E ! ,JEWS C\LD CLAIM ! DIGNITY ( HUMAN BE+S WAS CLOS$ TO !M AT ! OP5+ ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,! CAPTURE ( ,GRANADA & ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,MOORI% ,K+DOM HAD DEPRIV$ ! ,JEWS ( !IR LA/ REFUGE4 ,! :OLE ( ,SPA9 BECAME ,*RI/IAN ON ! DAY 7,JANU>Y #b1 #a#d#i#b7 :5 ,F]D9& & ,ISABELLA 5T]$ ! ,MOHAMM$AN CITY4 ,! HOLY W> ( ! ,SPANI>DS AGA9/ ! 9FIDELS 5D$ VICTORI\SLY1 & ! ,MOORS 9 EXI/5CE W]E CRUELLY P]SECUT$ 9 SPITE ( ! SECURITY :I* HAD BE5 GRANT$ !M4 ,! VICTORY HAV+ >\S$ ON ! ONE H& FANATICISM1 & ! NATIONAL S5TIM5T ON ! O!R1 ,SPA91 N[ FREE FROM ! ,MOORS1 WI%$ TO GET RID ( ! ,JEWS1 :OM ! ,CA?OLIC K+ & QUE5 EXPELL$ ! V]Y YE> ( ,BOABDIL'S FALL1 :ILE ! ,9QUISITION D\BL$ ! SEV]ITIES AGA9/ ! ,M>RANOS & ! DESC5DANTS ( ! ,MORISCOES4 

,/ILL1 ! TIME ( GREAT SORR[S HAD PASS$ = ! ,JEWS1 NOT)/&+ ?AT ! CIRCUM/ANCES TO :I* !Y HAD BE5 R$UC$ W]E LAM5TABLE4 ,!Y BEGAN TO DESC5D ! HILL :I* !Y HAD SO LABORI\SLY CLIMB$1 & IF !Y F\ND AS YET NO COMPLETE SECURITY 9 !IR PA?S1 !Y MET ) MORE HUMAN5ESS1 MORE PITY4 ,! MANN]S S(T5 AT ?IS EPO*1 ! S\LS BECOME LESS RUDE1 PEOPLE ACTUALLY ACQUIRE ! IDEA ( A HUMAN BE+2 ?IS AGE :5 9DIVIDUALISM 9CREASES1 BETT] UND]/&S ! 9DIVIDUALS2 :ILE P]SONALITY DEVELOPS1 MORE T5D]NESS IS DISPLAY$ T[>DS ! P]SONALITY ( ! O!R4 

,! ,JEWS FELT ! EFFECTS ( ?IS /ATE ( M9D4 ,!Y W]E DESPIS$ ALL ! SAME1 BUT !Y W]E HAT$ 9 A LESS VIOL5T WAY4 ,IT WAS /ILL S\<T TO ATTRACT !M TO ,*RI/IANITY1 BUT ?AT WAS BY P]SUASION4 ,!Y W]E BANI%$ FROM A GOOD MANY CITIES & C\NTRIES2 !Y W]E DRIV5 FROM ,COLOGNE & ,BOHEMIA 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY2 ! TRADE-BODIES ( ,FRANK=T & ,WORMS1 L$ BY ,V9C5T ,FETTMIL*1 =C$ !M TO LEAVE ?OSE CITIES2 BUT AS S]FS ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,*AMB]1 !Y W]E EFFICI5TLY PROTECT$ BY !IR SUZ]A94 ,IF ,LEOPOLD ,I S5T !M \T ( ,VI5NA1 IF LAT] ON ,M>IA ,!RESA EXPELL$ !M FROM ,MORAVIA1 !SE DECREES ( EXILE HAD BUT A TEMPOR>Y EFFECT1 !IR CONSEQU5CES W]E FELT BUT = A %ORT TIME2 & :5 ! ,JEWS RE5T]$ ! CITIES BY VIRTUE ( UN- D\BT$ TOL]ANCE1 !Y W]E NOT MOLE/$4 ,! MASSACRES ( ,FRANCONIA & ,MORAVIA1 ! FUN]AL PILES ( ,PRAGUE1 W]E EXCEPTIONS 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 & AS = ! EXT]M9ATION ORD]$ 9 ,POL& BY ,*MIELNICKI1 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 !Y REA*$ ! ,JEWS BY RICO*ET ONLY4 

,H]EAFT] !RE HAVE BE5 NO SY/EMATIC P]SECUTIONS1 EXCEPT ?OSE KEPT UP 9 ,SPA9 AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% CONV]TS1 & 9 ,PORTUGAL :5 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,POPE ,CLEM5T ,V,I,I1 AT ! REQUE/ ( ,JOHN ,I,I,I1 & AFT] ! MASSACRES ( #a#e#f4 ,EV5 !RE ! 9QUISITION WAS 5TRU/$ TO ! ,FRANCISCANS1 :O HAD %[N !MSELVES LESS CRUEL ?AN ! ,SPANI% ,DOM9ICANS4 

,/ILL ! ,JEWS DID NOT *ANGE4 ,SU* AS WE HAVE SE5 !M RI<T 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 WE F9D !M ALSO AT ! MOM5T ( ! ! ,RE=MATION2 MORALLY & 9TELLECTUALLY ! MASS ( ! ,JEWS WAS P]HAPS EV5 WORSE4 ,BUT IF !Y HAD NOT *ANG$1 ?OSE BY !IR SIDE HAD *ANG$4 ,PEOPLE W]E LESS BELIEV+1 & !RE=E LESS 9CL9$ TO DETE/ H]ETICS4 ,AV]ROISM HAD PREP>$ ?IS DECAD5CE ( FAI?1 & ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS 9 ! SPREAD ( ,AV]ROISM IS WELL KN[N2 SO ?AT !Y ?US HAD WORK$ = !IR [N B5EFIT4 ,! MAJORITY ( ,AV]ROI/S W]E UNBELIEV]S1 OR MORE OR LESS ASSAIL$ ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION4 ,!Y W]E ! DIRECT ANCE/ORS ( ! M5 ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,IT IS [+ TO !M ?AT ! SPIRIT ( D\BT1 AS WELL AS ! SPIRIT ( 9VE/IGATION1 HAD WORK$ ITSELF \T4 ,! ,FLOR5T9E PLATONI/S1 ! ,ITALIAN ,>I/OTELIANS1 ! ,G]MAN HUMANI/S CAME FROM !M2 ?ANKS TO !M ,POMPONAZZO COMPOS$ ! TREATISES AGA9/ ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L2 ?ANKS TO !M1 TOO1 AMONG ! ?9K]S ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY SPRANG UP ! !ISM :I* CORRESPOND$ ) ! DECAD5CE ( ,CA?OLICISM4 

,ANIMAT$ BY SU* S5TIM5TS1 ! M5 ( ?IS P]IOD C\LD NOT GL[ ) RELIGI\S 9DIGNATION AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,O!R PREOCCUPATIONS 5GAG$ !M1 ?\<1 & !Y HAD TO ABATE TWO P[]FUL AU?ORITIESS*OLA/ICISM & ! SUPREMACY ( ,ROME4 ,! /RUGGLES ( ! PREC$+ C5TURY1 ! S*ISMS ( ! ,WE/1 ! LIC5SE 9 ! MANN]S ( ! CL]GY1 SIMONY1 ! SALE ( B5EFICES & 9DULG5CES1 ALL !SE HAD WEAK5$ ! ,*UR* & IMPAIR$ ! ,PAPACY4 ,!RE W]E PROTE/S RIS+ AGA9/ !M ON ALL SIDES4 0,! CL]GY MU/ BE MADE MORAL10 SAID ! ,FA!R ( ! ,VI5NA ,SYNOD 7#a#c#a#a74 ,! MOVEM5T ( ! ,HUSSITES1 ?AT ( ! ,FR]OTS1 ! ,FRATICELLIANS1 ! ,BE<>DS1 HAD ALREADY BE5 A PROTE/ AGA9/ ! WEAL? & CORRUPTION ( ! ,*UR*2 BUT ! ,PAPACY WAS 9CAPABLE ( RE=M1 & ! ,RE=MATION HAD TO TAKE PLACE \TSIDE ( & AGA9/ IT4 

,! ,HUMANI/S W]E ITS PROMOT]S4 ,EV]Y?+ TURN$ !M AWAY FROM ,CA?OLICISM4 ,! ,GREEKS ( ,CON/ANT9OPLE1 FLEE+ FROM ! ,TURKS1 HAD BR\<T TO !M ! TREASURES ( ! ANCI5T LIT]ATURES4 ,BY DISCOV]+ A NEW WORLD ,COLUMBUS WAS TO OP5 = !M UNKN[N HORIZONS4 ,!Y W]E F9D+ NEW REASONS = COMBAT+ S*OLA/ICISM1 ?AT OLD S]VANT-MAID ( ! ,*UR*4 ,! HUMANI/S W]E BECOM+ SKEPTICS & PAGANS 9 ,ITALY1 BUT 9 ,G]MANY ! EMANCIPAT+ MOVEM5T :I* !Y HELP$ TO BR+ AB\T WAS BECOM+ MORE RELIGI\S4 ,TO BEAT ! S*OLA/ICS ! HUMANI/S ( ! EMPIRE BECAME !OLOGIANS1 & W5T TO ! V]Y S\RCES 9 ORD] TO >M !MSELVES BETT]2 !Y LE>N$ ,HEBREW1 NOT AS ,PICO DI ,MIR&OLA & ! ,ITALIANS HAD DONE1 9 ! WAY ( A DILETTANTE OR \T ( LOVE = KN[L$GE1 BUT 9 ORD] TO F9D !RE9 >GUM5TS AGA9/ !IR OPPON5TS4 

,DUR+ !SE YE>S :I* U%]$ 9 ! ,RE=MATION1 ! ,JEW TURN$ $UCATOR1 & TAU<T ! S*OL>S ,HEBREW2 HE 9ITIAT$ !M 9TO ! MY/]IES ( ! KABBALAH AFT] HAV+ OP5$ TO !M ! DOORS ( ,>ABIC PHILOSOPHY4 ,AGA9/ ,CA?OLICISM HE EQUIPP$ !M ) ! =MIDABLE EXEGESIS :I* ! RABBIS HAD CULTIVAT$ & BUILT UP DUR+ C5TURIES3 ! EXEGESIS :I* PROTE/ANTISM1 & LAT] ON RATIONALISM1 W\LD MAKE GOOD USE (4 ,BY A S+UL> *ANCE ! ,JEWS1 :O HAD CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY SUPPLI$ HUMANISM ) WEAPONS1 HAD ALSO GIV5 IT ! PRETEXT = ITS FIR/ S]I\S BATTLE4 ,! CONTE/ = OR AGA9/ ! ,TALMUD WAS ! =]UNN] ( ! DISPUTES OV] ! ,EU*>I/4 

,! /RUGGLE />T$ AT ,COLOGNE1 ! CITY ( ! 9QUISITION & CAPITAL ( ! ,DOM9ICANS4 ,A CONV]T$ ,JEW1 ,JOSEPH ,PFEFF]KORN1 ONCE MORE D5\NC$ ! ,TALMUD BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 &1 ) ! AID ( ! GREAT 9QUISITOR1 ,HO*/RAT51 OBTA9$ FROM ! ,EMP]OR ,MAXIMILIAN AN $ICT AU?ORIZ+ HIM TO EXAM9E ! CONT5TS ( ! ,JEWI% BOOKS & DE/ROY ?OSE :I* BLASPHEM$ ! ,BIBLE & ! ,CA?OLIC FAI?4 ,FROM ?IS DECISION ! ,JEWS APPEAL$ TO ,MAXIMILIAN1 & SUCCE$$ 9 HAV+ ! P[] ORIG9ALLY CONF]R$ UPON ,PFEFF]KORN TRANSF]R$ TO ! >*BI%OP ELECTOR ( ,MAY5CE4 ,AS HIS ADVIS]S ! >*BI%OP TOOK ! DOCTORS1 ! HUMANI/S1 & AMONG !M ,REU*L91 :O FELT NO UNB\ND$ SYMPA?Y = ! ,JEWS1 HAV+ EV5 ATTACK$ !M ONCE UPON A TIME4 ,BUT ?\< HE SCORN$ ! ,JEWS 9 G5]AL1 HE WAS A HEBRAIZ] = ALL ?AT1 & AS SU* WAS D\BTLESS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! ,TALMUD ?AN 9 ! 9QUISITORIAL TRIBUNAL ) ITS >RE/S4 ,HE1 !RE=E1 VIOL5TLY F\<T ! PROJECTS ( ,PFEFF]KORN & ! ,DOM9ICANS1 & NOT ONLY DECL>$ ?AT ! BOOKS ( ! ,ISRAELITES \<T TO BE PRES]V$1 BUT EV5 MA9TA9$ ?AT *AIRS ( ,HEBREW \<T TO BE CREAT$ 9 ! UNIV]SITIES4 ,REU*L9 WAS ACCUS$ ( HAV+ SOLD HIMSELF = ! GOLD ( ! ,JEWS4 ,HE REPLI$ ) A T]RIBLE PAMPHLET1 ,! ,MIRROR ( ! ,EYES1 :I* WAS CONDEMN$ TO BE BURN$4 

,BUT NEW TIMES W]E APPROA*+2 ! /ORM =ESE5 BY EV]YBODY BROKE OV] ! ,*UR*4 ,LU!R ISSU$ AT ,WITT5B]G HIS N9ETY-FIVE !SES1 & ,CA?OLICISM NOT ONLY HAD TO DEF5D ! POSITION ( ITS PRIE/S1 BUT WAS ALSO =C$ TO FI<T = ITS ESS5TIAL - T5ETS4 ,= A MOM5T ! !OLOGIANS =GOT ! ,JEWS1 !Y EV5 =GOT ?AT ! SPREAD+ MOVEM5T TOOK ITS ROOTS 9 ,HEBREW S\RCES4 

,NEV]!LESS1 ! ,RE=MATION 9 ,G]MANY & ,5GL& AS WELL WAS ONE ( ?OSE MOVEM5TS :5 ,*RI/IANITY ACQUIR$ NEW =CE 9 ,JEWI% S\RCES4 ,! ,JEWI% SPIRIT TRIUMPH$ ) ,PROTE/ANTISM4 ,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS ! ,RE=MATION WAS A RETURN TO ! ANCI5T ,EBIONISM ( ! EVANGELIC AGES4 ,A GREAT PORTION ( ! PROTE/ANT SECTS WAS SEMI-,JEWI%1 ! ANTI-TR9IT>IAN DOCTR9ES W]E LAT] PREA*$ BY ! PROTE/ANTS1 BY ,MI*EL ,S]VET & ! TWO ,SOC9S ( ,SI5NA AMONG O!RS4 ,EV5 9 ,TRANSYLVANIA ANTI-TR9IT>IANISM HAD FL\RI% S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 & ,SEIDELIUS HAD ASS]T$ ! EXCELL5CE ( ,JUDAISM & ( ! ,DECALOGUE4 ,! ,GOSPELS HAD BE5 AB&ON$ = ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T & ! ,APOCALYPSE4 ,! 9FLU5CE EX]CIS$ BY !SE TWO BOOKS OV] ! ,LU!RANS1 ! ,CALV9I/S & ESPECIALLY ! ,RE=M]S & ! ,5GLI% REVOLUTIONI/S1 IS WELL KN[N4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE CONT9U$ TO ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 IT PRODUC$ ! ,ME?ODI/S1 ,PIETI/S1 & P>TICUL>LY ! ,MILL5>IES1 ! M5 ( ! ,FIF? ,MON>*Y1 :O 9 ,LONDON DREAM$ ) ,V5N] ( A REPUBLIC & ALLI$ !MSELVES ) ! ,LEVEL]S ( ,JOHN ,LILBURNE4 

,MOREOV]1 ,PROTE/ANTISM1 AT ITS 9CEPTION 9 ,G]MANY1 5DEAVOR$ TO W9 OV] ! ,JEWS1 & 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ANALOGY BETWE5 ,LU!R & ,MOHAMM$ IS /RIK+4 ,BO? HAD DRAWN !IR TEA*+S FROM ,HEBREW S\RCES1 BO? WI%$ TO HAVE ! REMA9S ( ,ISRAEL /AMP ) APPROVAL ! NEW DOGMAS :I* !Y W]E =MULAT+4 ,BUT ! ,JEWS HAD ALWAYS BE5 ! /UBBORN PEOPLE ( ! ,SCRIPTURES1 ! PEOPLE ) ! H>D NAPE1 REBELLI\S AGA9/ 9JUNCTIONS1 T5ACI\S1 FE>LESSLY FAI?FUL TO ITS ,GOD & ITS ,LAW4 

,LU!R'S PREA*+ PROV$ VA91 & ! IRASCIBLE MONK ISSU$ A T]RIBLE PAMPHLET AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 .<#f#g.> 0,! ,JEWS >E BRUTES10 HE SAID2 0!IR SYNAGOGUES >E PIG-/IES1 !Y \<T TO BE BURN$1 = ,MOSES W\LD DO IT1 IF HE CAME BACK TO ?IS WORLD4 ,!Y DRAG 9 MIRE ! DIV9E WORDS1 !Y LIVE BY EVIL & PLUND]S1 !Y >E WICK$ BEA/S ?AT \<T TO BE DRIV5 \T LIKE MAD DOGS40 

,9 SPITE ( !SE VIOL5T \TBUR/S & EXCITEM5T1 9 SPITE ( ! NUM]\S CONTROV]SIES1 :I* HAD TAK5 PLACE BETWE5 ! PROTE/ANTS & ,JEWS1 ! LATT] W]E NOT ILL-TREAT$ 9 ,G]MANY2 PEOPLE HAD NO SP>E TIME TO BUSY !MSELVES ) !M4 

,OV]:ELM$ ) MIS]IES1 DECIMAT$ BY W>1 RU9$1 R$UC$ TO SLAV]Y1 A PREY TO DE/ITUTION & FAM9E1 ! PEASANTS ( ! SIXTE5? C5TURY NO LONG] W5T = ! ,JEWI% MONEY-L5D] OR ! ,*RI/IAN USUR]1 BUT !Y AIM$ HI<]2 !Y ATTACK$ 9 ! FIR/ PLACE A :OLE CLASS( ! RI*& !N ! SOCIAL ORD] AS A :OLE4 ,! REVOLT WAS G5]AL2 AT FIR/ IT WAS ! PEASANTS ( ! ,NE!RL&S1 !N1 & *IEFLY1 ?OSE ( ,G]MANY4 ,ALL OV] ! ,EMPIRE !Y F\ND$ SECRET SOCIETIES1 ! ,BUNDS*UH1 .<#f#h.> ! ,POOR ,CONRAD1 ! ,EVANGELIC ,CONF$]ATION4 ,! PEASANTS ( ,SPEY] & ( ! BANKS ( ! ,RH9E ROSE 9 #a#e#c2 ! B&S ( ,JOSS ,FRITZ1 9 #a#e#a#b2 ! PEASANTS ( ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y1 9 #a#e#a#e2 ?OSE ( ,SUABIA1 9 #a#e#b#d2 ?OSE ( ,SUABIA1 ,ALSACE & ! ,PALAT9ATE1 9 #a#e#b#e4 ,ALL M>*$ ) ! BATTLE CRY3 0,9 ,*RI/ !RE IS NO LONG] MA/] OR SLAVE40 ,! TRADESM5 JO9$ !M2 KNI<TS1 LIKE ,GETZ VON ,B]LI*+51 PLAC$ !MSELVES AT !IR HEAD1 & !Y MASSACR$ ! NOBLES & SET ! CA/LES & CONV5TS ON FIRE4 ,9 ?IS =MIDABLE MOVEM5T :I* CONVULS$ A P>T ( ,EUROPE UNTIL #a#e#c#e1 EV]Y:]E LEAV+ DEEP TRACES1 ! ,JEWS HAD BE5 NEGLECT$1 !Y HAD CEAS$ TO BE ! SCAPEGOAT1 & ! POOR WRET*ES1 FAMI%$ & MIS]ABLE1 NO LONG] FELL UPON !M4 

,W]E !Y AS HAPPY 9 ! ,CA?OLIC C\NTRIES8 ,YES1 = !RE1 TOO1 !Y CEAS$ TO BE ! *IEF & SOLE 5EMIES ( ! ,*UR*1 & IT WAS NO LONG] !Y ?AT W]E FE>$4 ,! RELAXATION ( RELIGI\S IDEAS BR\<T 9 ,ITALY A RAPPRO*EM5T BETWE5 A C]TA9 CLASS ( ,JEWS & ! V>I\S CLASSES ( SOCIETY4 ,FIR/1 ! HUMANI/S1 ! POETS1 VISIT$ ! ,JEWI% S*OL>S1 PHILOSOPH]S & PHYSICIANS4 ,?IS FAMILI>ITY HAD BEGUN 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 :5 ,DANTE WAS SE5 TO HAVE = HIS FRI5D ! ,JEW ,MANOELLO1 ! C\S9 ( ! PHILOSOPH] ,GIUDA ,ROMANO2 IT CONT9U$ 9 ! FIFTE5? & ! SIXTE5? C5TURIES4 ,ALEMANI WAS ! TEA*] ( ,PICODI ,MIR&OLA1 ,ELIAS DEL ,M$IGO PUBLICLY TAU<T METAPHYSICS 9 ,PADUA & ,FLOR5CE1 ,LEO ! ,HEBREW PUBLI%$ HIS PLATONIC DIALOGUES ON LOVE4 ,! ,JEWI% PR9T]S1 LIKE ! S*OL> ,SONC9O1 W]E 9 CON/ANT T\* ) ! LIT]ATURE ( ! P]IOD2 HIS LIBR>Y WAS ! C5T] ( ,HEBREW PUBLICATIONS1 & HE EV5 RIVAL$ ,ALDO BY PUBLI%+ ,GREEK AU?ORS4 ,H]CULES ,GONZAGO1 BI%OP ( ,MANTUA & DISCIPLE ( ! ,JEW ,POMPONAZZO ( ,BOLOGNA1 ACCEPT$ ! D$ICATION ( ,JACOB ,MANT9O1 :O HAD TRANSLAT$ ! ,COMP5DIUM ( ,AV]ROES1 :ILE O!R PR9CES 5C\RAG$ ,ABRAHAM DE ,BALMES 9 HIS WORK ( TRANSLATION4 .<#f#i.> ,& NOT ONLY ! SKEPTICAL1 EV5 UNBELIEV+ FACTION1 ( ! ,HELL5I/S & ,LAT9I/S1 WOR%IP]S ( ,ZEUS & ,APHRODITE MORE ?AN ( ,JESUS1 W]E ON GOOD T]MS ) ! ,JEWS1 BUT ! LORD & ! B\RGEOIS W]E LIKEWISE4 0,!RE >E10 SAYS ! BI%OP ,MAIOL1 0P]SONS1 & (T5 P]SONS ( QUALITY1 BO? M5 & WOM51 :O >E SO FOOLI% & S5SELESS AS TO TAKE C\NSEL ) ,JEWS OV] !IR MO/ 9TIMATE AFFAIRS1 TO !IR [N DETRIM5T4 ,!Y 7! ,JEWS7 >E SE5 VISIT+ ! H\SES & PALACES ( ! GREAT ONES1 ! DWELL+S ( (FIC]S1 C\NCILORS1 SECRET>IES1 G5TLEM51 BO? 9 ! CITY & C\NTRY40 ,PEOPLE DID NOT CONT5T !MSELVES ) RECEIV+ ,JEWS1 !Y W5T TO !IR H\SES1 &1 :AT IS MORE1 ATT5D$ !IR RELIGI\S C]EMONIES4 0,!RE >E AMONG US10 SAYS AGA9 ,MAIOL1 0SOME :O VISIT & SUP]/ITI\SLY REV]E ! SYNAGOGUES02 &1 ADDRESS+ !M1 HE EXCLAIMS3 0,Y\ HE> ! ,JEWS BL[ !IR TRUMPETS ON ! DAYS ( !IR FE/IVITIES1 & Y\ RUN ) Y\R FAMILIES TO LOOK AT !M40 ,?US IT W5T ON DUR+ ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ,F]R>A !Y W5T TO HE> ! S]MONS ( ,JUDAH ,AZAEL1 &1 9 #a#f#g#f1 ,9NOC5T ,X,I ?REAT5$ ) EXCOMMUNICATION & A F9E ( FIFTE5 DUCATS ?OSE :O FREQU5T$ ! SYNAGOGUES4 ,AFT] ! T]RIBLE %OCK :I* HAD JU/ DI/URB$ ! ,*UR*1 !Y MORE ?AN EV] WI%$ TO GU>ANTEE SECURITY TO ! ,CA?OLIC DOGMA4 ,JULIUS ,I,I,I HAD ! ,TALMUD BURN$ 9 ,ROME & ,V5ICE UPON D5UNCIATION BY ,SOLOMON ,ROMANO1 A CONV]T$ ,JEW2 ,PAUL ,I,V CONDEMN$ IT AGA9 AT ! REQUE/ ( ANO!R CONV]T1 ,VITTORIO ,ELIANO2 ,PIUS ,V & ,CLEM5T ,V,I,I,I DID LIKEWISE4 

,DUR+ ! DOGMATIC & !OLOGICAL REACTION :I* FOLL[$ ! ,RE=MATION1 ! ,ROMAN ,*UR*1 FRI5DLY TO ! ,JEWS H]ET(ORE1 CAME TO BE ! ONLY GOV]NM5T1 ALMO/ ! ONLY P[]1 SY/EMATICALLY TO P]SECUTE ,JUDAISM4 ,PAUL ,I,V REVIV$ ! ANCI5T CANONIC LAWS & HAD ! ,M>RANOS BURN$2 ,PIUS ,V BANI%$ ! ,JEWS FROM HIS DOMA9S1 EXCEPT FROM ,ROME & ,ANCONA1 AFT] HAV+ ISSU$ HIS ,CON/ITUTION AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 :ILE ! ,SPANI>DS1 AS !Y P5ETRAT$ FUR!R 9TO ,ITALY1 W]E DRIV+ !M FROM ,NAPLES1 ,G5OA & ,MILAN4 

,! O!R SOV]EIGNS HAD NOT ! SAME MOTIVES AS ! POPES TO ATT5D TO ! ,JEWS4 ,& SO1 FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ON1 LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,JEWS CEAS$4 ,WE F9D ONLY ! $ICT ( ,F]D9& ,I AGA9/ ,JEWI% USURY9 ,G]MANY2 A FEW DECREES 9 ,POL&1 & MU* LAT]1 ! PROHIBITIONS ( ,L\IS ,X,V & ,L\IS ,X,V,I4 ,AGA9 TO F9D ANTI-,JEWI% LEGISLATION1 IT WILL BE NECESS>Y TO /UDY MOD]N ,RUSSIA1 ,RUMANIA & ,S]BIA1 :I* WE %ALL %ORTLY DO4 

,ANTI-,JUDAISM CONSI/$ *IEFLY 9 MOLE/ATIONS & \TRAGES4 ,! POPULACE DELI<T$ 9 JE]+ ! ,JEWS1 & ! GR&EES (T5 GAVE !M A *ANCE TO DO IT4 ,LEO ,X1 ?AT O/5TATI\S PONTIFF1 :O WAS FOND ( BUFFOON]YHE HAD AT HIS SIDE TWO MONKS TO DIV]T HIM ) !IR PLEASANTRIESW\LD ORD] RACES BETWE5 ,JEWS1 &1 BE+ V]Y %ORTSI<T$1 W\LD WAT* !M1 GLASS 9 H&1 FROM ! HEI<TS ( HIS BALCONIES4 ,DUR+ ! C>NIVAL 9 ,ROME ! PEOPLE W\LD P>ODY ! BURIAL ( RABBIS1 & A ,JEW W\LD BE M>*$ ?R\< ! CITY /REETS1 M\NT$ BACKW>D ON A DONKEY & HOLD+ ! ANIMAL'S TAIL 9 HIS H&4 ,ON ! <ETTO-GATES A S[ WAS C>V$1 & !Y W]E (T5 COV]$ ) OBSC5E GR\PS1 9 :I* RABBIS W]E REPRES5T$4 ,! S[ SYMBOLIZ$ ! SYNAGOGUEEXACTLY AS ) ! ,ISRAELITES ! ,ROMAN ,*UR* WAS DESIGNAT$ BY ! ,HEBREW NAME = HOG& ! ,JEWS W]E CON/ANTLY REM9D$ ( IT2 A PA9T] ONCE EV5 RELAT$ AT ,WAG5SEIL H[ HE HAD PA9T$ A S[ ON ! DOOR-LEAF ( ! >* ( A SYNAGOGUE :I* HE WAS 5GAG$ TO ADORN4 

,) ! S*OL>S1 ! LE>N$ & ! !OLOGIANS1 ANTI-,JUDAISM WAS BECOM+ DOGMATIC & !ORETICAL4 ,TRUE !Y WANT$ TO BR+ ! ,JEWS BACK1 BUT BY S(T MEASURES4 ,IT WAS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( BURN+ !IR BOOKS1 BUT ( TRANSLAT+ !M4 ,IT WAS SAID ?AT N[ ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? HAD /RUCK DEEP 5\< ROOTS1 !RE WAS NO DANG] TO BELIEV]S FROM PUBLI%+ ,HEBREW BOOKS1 AS HAD BE5 DONE 9 ! CASE ( ?OSE ( ! ,>IANS & O!R H]ETICS4 ,?US IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO KN[ ! POLEMIC PRACTICES ( ! ,ISRAELITES1 & IT W\LD ?US BE POSSIBLE SUCCESSFULLY TO COMBAT !M4 

,?IS /UDY BR\<T AB\T A RESULT QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT EXPECT$4 ,BY SCRUT9IZ+ ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT ONE CAME NE>] TO ! ,JEWS1 & !REBY BECAME MORE SYMPA?IZ+ ) !M4 ,M51 LIKE ,RI*>D ,SIMON1 E4G41 :O HAD PREP>$ !MSELVES = SCI5TIFIC EXEGESIS1 ?R\< TALMUDI/S & HEBRAIZ+ RESE>*ES1 C\LD NOT LOOK ) HATR$ UPON ?OSE FROM :OM !Y HELD !IR KN[L$GE4 ,O!RS W]E ANXI\S TO KN[ :5 ! ,JEWS W\LD BE CALL$ TO ,*RI/IAN COMMUNION4 ,! SEV5TE5? C5TURY WAS ! MO/ PROPITI\S TIME = ! DISPUTES OV] ! RECALL+ ( ! ,JEWS4 ,9 ,FRANCE ?IS QUE/ION AS TO :E!R ! ,JEWS W\LD BE RECALL$ AT ! 5D ( ! WORLD OR BE=E ITDIVID$ ,BOSSUET & ! ,FIGURI/S L$ BY ,DUGUET4 .<#g.> ,9 ,5GL& ! ,MILL5>IES PROCLAIM$ ! RETURN ( ! ,JEWS4.<#g#a.> ,9 ,G]MANY ALSO ?IS OP9ION HAD ITS ADVOCATES1 SU* AS ,B5GAL1 E4G4 ,9 ,FRANCE1 NOT ONLY DID ! CONVULSION>IES ( ,SA9T-,M5>D PROCLAIM ! APPROA*+ 5TRY ( ! ,JEWS 9TO ! ,*UR*1 BUT SOME W]E SE5 5T]TA9+ !SE DREAMS UNTIL \R DAYS1 & 9 #ahi ,PRESID5T ,AGI] FIX$ UPON #ahdi AS ! YE> ( ! CONV]SION ( ! ,JEWS4 

,ALL OV] ,EUROPE ! ,JEWS 5JOY$ ! GREATE/ TRANQUILITY DUR+ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,9 ,POL& ALONE !Y F>$ BADLY = HAV+ ONCE LIV$ TOO WELL4 ,!Y HAD BE5 PROSP]\S !RE UP TO ! MIDDLE ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY4 ,RI*1 P[]FUL1 !Y HAD LIV$ ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! ,*RI/IANS1 TREAT$ AS ?\< ( ! PEOPLE AMID :OM !Y LIV$2 BUT !Y C\LD NOT HELP GIV+ !MSELVES UP TO !IR USUAL COMM]CE1 !IR VISES1 !IR PASSION = GOLD4 ,DOM9AT$ BY ! ,TALMUDI/S !Y SUCCE$$ 9 PRODUC+ NO?+ BEYOND COMM5TATORS ( ! ,TALMUD4 ,!Y W]E TAX COLLECTORS1 SPIRIT-DI/ILL]S1 USUR]S1 SEIGNEURIAL /EW>DS4 ,!Y W]E ! NOBLEM5'S ALLIES 9 !IR ABOM9ABLE WORK ( OPPRESSION1 & :5 ! ,COSSACKS ( ,UKRA9E & ,LITTLE ,RUSSIA HAD RIS51 UND] ,*MIELNICKI1 AGA9/ ,POLI% TYRANNY1 ! ,JEWS1 AS ACCOMPLICES ( ! LORDS1 W]E ! FIR/ TO BE MASSACR$4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT OV] #a1 ( !M W]E KILL$ 9 T5 YE>S1 BUT JU/ AS MANY ,CA?OLICS & ESPECIALLY ,JESUITS1 W]E KILL$ AS WELL4 

,ELSE:]E !Y W]E V]Y PROSP]\S4 ,?US1 9 ! ,OTTOMAN ,EMPIRE1 !Y W]E SIMPLY LIABLE TO ! TAX ON =EIGN]S & SUBJECT TO NO O!R RE/RICTIVE REGULATIONS1 BUT NO:]E WAS !IR PROSP]ITY SO GREAT AS 9 ! ,NE!RL&S & ,5GL&4 ,M>RANOS FLEE+ ! ,SPANI% ,9QUISITION HAD SETTL$ 9 ! ,NE!RL&S 9 #a#e#i#c1 & !NCE SETTL$ A COLONY 9 ,HAMBURG1 !N1 LAT] ON1 UND] ,CROMWELL1 ONE 9 ,5GL&1 :5CE !Y HAD BE5 BANI%$ = C5TURIES & :I!R ,M5ASSE-B5-,ISRAEL BR\<T !M BACK4 ,! ,DUT*1 AS PRACTICAL & CIRCUMSPECT A PEOPLE AS ! ,5GLI%1 UTILIZ$ ! COMM]CIAL G5IUS ( ! ,JEWS & TURN$ IT TO !IR [N 5RI*M5T4 ,9 ,FRANCE ,H5RY ,I,I HAD AU?ORIZ$ ! ,PORTUGUESE ,JEWS TO SETTLE 9 ,BORDEAUX1 :]E1 ON ! /R5G? ( ! GRANT$ PRIVILEGES1 CONFIRM$ ALSO BY ,H5RY ,I,I,I1 ,L\IS ,X,I,V1 ,L\IS ,X,V1 & ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 !Y ACQUIR$ GREAT WEAL? 9 M>ITIME COMM]CE4 

,9 ! O!R CITIES ( ,FRANCE !RE W]E FEW ( !M1 &1 BESIDES1 ?OSE RESID+ 9 ,P>IS OR ELSE:]E HAD SETTL$ !RE ONLY BECAUSE ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE TOL]ANCE4 ,9 ,ALSACE ALONE !RE WAS A GREAT AGGLOM]ATION4 

,!IR SPL5DID CONDITION PROVOK$ NO VIOL5T DEMON/RATIONS2 N[ & !N PROTE/S W\LD BE HE>D1 !Y W\LD SAY ) ,EXPILLY3 0,) 9F9ITE GRIEF ONE SEES H[ SU* BASE PEOPLE1 :O HAD BE5 RECEIV$ 9 ! CAPACITY ( SLAVES1 POSSESS CO/LY FURNITURE1 LEAD A REF9$ LIFE1 WE> GOLD & SILV] ON !IR G>M5TS1 DRESS %[ILY1 P]FUME !MSELVES1 /UDY 9/RUM5TAL & VOCAL MUSIC & RIDE HORSEBACK = M]E DIV]SION40 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 GREAT] & GREAT] TOL]ATION WAS %[N !M FROM DAY TO DAY2 ! WORLD WAS DRAW+ NE>] TO !M4 ,W]E !Y1 9 TURN1 DRAW+ NE>] TO ! WORLD8 ,NO4 ,!Y SEEM$ MORE & MORE TO ATTA* !MSELVES TO !IR MY/IC PATRIOTISM2 ! FUR!R !Y W5T1 ! MORE ! DREAMS ( ,KABBALAH HAUNT$ !M1 ) EV] R5EW$ CONFID5CE !Y AWAIT$ ! ,MESSIAH1 & NEV] HAD ! PSEUDO-,MESSIAHS BE5 RECEIV$ ) SO MU* 5?USIASM AS !Y W]E 9 ! SEV5TE5? & EI<TE5? C5TURIES4 ,! ,KABBALI/S EXHAU/$ >I?METICAL COMB9ATIONS TO CALCULATE ! EXACT DATE ( ! COM+ ( HIM1 :O WAS SO LONG$ =4 ,T[>D #a#f#f#f1 ! DATE MO/ COMMONLY DESIGNAT$ AS ! SACR$ DATE1 ALL ,JEWS ( ! ,ORI5T W]E RAIS$ BY ! PREA*+S ( ,SABBATAI ,ZEVI4 ,FROM ,SMYRNA1 :]E ,SABBATAI HAD PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF ,MESSIAH1 ! MOVEM5T SPREAD TO ! ,NE!RL&S1 & ,5GL& EV51 & EV]YBODY EXPECT$ ! RE/ORATION ( ,J]USALEM & ( ! HOLY K+DOM FROM ! ,K+ ( ,K+S1 AS ,SABATTAI WAS CALL$4 ,! SAME 5?USIASM WAS DISPLAY$ 9 #agee :5 ,FRANK APPE>$ 9 ,PODOLIA AS ! NEW ,MESSIAH4 

,!SE HOPES :I* ! ILLUM9ISM ( ! ,KABBALI/S 5T]TA9$ HELP$ TO KEEP ! ,JEWS AP>T1 BUT ?OSE :O W]E NOT S$UC$ BY ! SPECULATIONS ( DREAM]S1 W]E WEI<$ D[N BY ! YOKE ( ! ,TALMUD1 A YOKE AT ALL EV5TS EV5 RUD] & MORE HUMILIAT+4 

,SO F> FROM DECREAS+1 ! ,TALMUDIC TYRANNY HAD EV5 9CREAS$ S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,AT ?IS TIME ,JOSEPH ,C>O HAD $IT$ ! ,%UL*AN ,>U*1 A ,TALMUDIC CODE1 :I*ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITIONS 9CULCAT$ BY ! RABB9I/SSET UP AS LAWS ! OP9IONS ( ! DOCTORS4 ,UP TO \R TIME ! ,EUROPEAN ,JEWS HAD LIV$ UND] ! EXECRABLE OPPRESSION ( !SE PRACTICES4 .<#g#b.> ,! ,POLI% ,JEWS IMPROV$ EV5 UPON ,JOSEPH ,C>O & REF9$ ! ALREADY 5ORM\S SUBTLETIES ( ! ,%UL*AN ,>U* BY MAK+ ADDITIONS !RETO1 & !Y 9TRODUC$ ! ME?OD ( ,PILPUL 7PEPP]-GRA9S7 9TO !IR 9/RUCTION4 

,ACCORD+LY1 AS ! WORLD GREW K9D] TO !M1 ! ,JEWSAT LEA/ ! MASSESRETIR$ 9TO !MSELVES1 /RAI<T5$ !IR PRISON1 B\ND !MSELVES ) TI<T] BONDS4 ,!IR DECREPITUDE WAS UNHE>D (1 !IR 9TELLECTUAL S9K+ WAS EQUAL$ ONLY BY !IR MORAL DEBASEM5T2 ?IS NATION SEEM$ DEAD4 

,H[EV]1 ! REACTION AGA9/ ! ,TALMUD HAD PROCE$$ FROM ! ,JEWS !MSELVES4 ,MORDECAI ,KOLKOS1 .<#g#c.> ( ,V5ICE1 HAD ALREADY PUBLI%$ A BOOK AGA9/ ! ,MI%NA2 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 ,URIEL ,ACO/A .<#g#d.> VIOL5TLY F\<T ! RABBIS1 & ,SP9OZA .<#g#e.> EXHIBIT$ LITTLE AFFECTION = !M4 ,BUT ANTI-TALMUDISM DISPLAY$ ITSELF P>TICUL>LY 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 AT FIR/ AMONG ! MY/ICS1 SU* AS1 E4G41 ! ,ZOH>ITES1 DISCIPLES ( ,FRANCK1 :O DECL>$ !MSELVES 5EMIES ( ! DOCTORS ( ! LAW4 ,AT ANY RATE !SE OPPON5TS ( ! RABB9ITES W]E UNABLE TO EXTRICATE ! ,JEWS FROM !IR ABJECTION4 ,TO BEG9 ?IS TASK1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ,MOSES ,M5DELSSOHN1 A ,JEW & PHILOSOPH] AT ! SAME TIME1 TO >RAY ! ,BIBLE AGA9/ ! ,TALMUD4 ,HIS ,G]MAN V]SION 7#a#g#g#i7WAS A GREAT REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ BL[ DEALT TO ! RABB9ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,! ,TALMUDI/S1 TOO1 :O HAD ONCE WI%$ TO KILL ,KOLKOS & ,SP9OZA1 VIOL5TLY ATTACK$ ,M5DELSSOHN1 & PROHIBIT$1 UND] P5ALTY ( EXCOMMUNICATION1 TO READ ! ,BIBLE :I* HE HAD TRANSLAT$4 

,!SE \TBUR/S ( RAGE W]E ( NO AVAIL4 ,M5DELSSOHN HAD FOLL[]S3 Y\NG M51 HIS DISCIPLES1 F\ND$ ! P]IODICAL ,MEASSEF1 :I* ADVOCAT$ ! NEW ,JUDAISM1 5DEAVOR$ TO SNAT* ! ,JEWS FROM !IR IGNORANCE & HUMILIATION1 & PREP>$ !IR MORAL EMANCIPATION4 ,AS = POLITICAL EMANCIPATION1 ! HUMANIT>IAN PHILOSOPHY ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY WAS WORK+ H>D TO BR+ IT AB\T4 ,?\< ,VOLTAIRE WAS AN >D5T ,JUDOEPHOBE1 ! IDEAS :I* HE & ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S REPRES5T$ W]E NOT HO/ILE TO ! ,JEWS1 AS BE+ IDEAS ( LIB]TY & UNIV]SAL EQUALITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! ,JEWS REALLY W]E ISOLAT$ 9 ! V>I\S /ATES1 !Y /ILL HAD SOME PO9TS ( CONTACT ) ?OSE SURR\ND+ !M4 

,CAPITALISM HAD BY ?IS TIME DEVELOP$ AMONG ! NATIONS2 /OCK-JOBB+ & SPECULATION W]E BORN2 ! ,*RI/IAN F9ANCI]S APPLI$ !MSELVES TO !M ) A ZEAL1 JU/ AS !Y HAD APPLI$ !MSELVES TO USURY1 JU/ AS !Y HAD1 9 ! CAPACITY ( F>M]S-G5]AL1 COLLECT$ IMPO/S & TAXES4 ,! ,JEWS C\LD1 !RE=E1 TAKE !IR PLACE AMONG ?OSE :OM 0DISC\NTS W]E 5RI*+ AT ! PUBLIC'S EXP5SE1 & :O W]E MA/]S ( ALL POSSESSIONS ( ! ,FR5* ( ALL CLASSES10 AS ALREADY ,SA9T ,SIMON WAS SAY+4 

,! ECONOMIC OBJECTIONS :I* W]E RAIS$ AGA9/ !IR POSSIBLE EMANCIPATION HAD NO LONG] ! SAME IMPORT AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 :5 ! *UR* WANT$ TO MAKE ! ,JEWS ! ONLY REPRES5TATIVES ( ! CLASS ( MONEY-BROK]S4 ,AS = ! POLITICAL OBJECTIONS1 ?AT !Y =M$ A ,/ATE )9 ! ,/ATE1 ?AT !IR PRES5CE AS CITIZ5S C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ 9 A ,*RI/IAN SOCIETY & WAS EV5 9JURI\S TO IT1 !Y REMA9$ VALID UNTIL ! DAY :5 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION DEALT ITS DIRECT BL[ TO ! CONCEPTION ( A ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE4 ,& SO ,DOHM1 ,MIRABEAU1 ,CL]MONT-,TONN]RE1 ! ,ABBOT ,GREGOIRE W]E RI<T ) REG>D TO ,REWBEL1 ,MAURY & ! ,PR9CE DE ,BROGLIE1 & ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY OBEY$ ! SPIRIT :I* HAD GUID$ IT S9CE ITS 9CEPTION :5 IT DECL>$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#g1 #a#g#i#a1 ?AT ! ,JEWS W\LD 5JOY 9 ,FRANCE ! RI<TS ( ACTUAL CITIZ5S ,! ,JEWS W]E ON ! ?RE%OLD TO SOCIETY4 

.<#g#d ,EXEMPL> VITAE HUMANAE 7,PUBLI%$ BY ,LIMBRO*1 #a#f#h#g74 

,*APT] ,SEV53 ,ANTI-,JUDAIC ,LIT]ATURE & ,PREJUDICES 

,W,E HAVE /UDI$ ONLY ! LEGAL & ! POPUL> ANTI-,JUDAISM FROM ! EI<? C5TURY TO ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,WE HAVE SE5 H[ ANTI-,JEWI% LEGISLATION1 AT FIR/ CANONIC & LAT] CIVIL1 WAS LITTLE BY LITTLE 9/ITUT$4 ,WE HAVE %[N H[ ! POPULACE HAD BE5 P>TLY PREP>$ BY ! DECREES ( ! POPES1 K+S & REPUBLICS1 TO HATE & ABUSE ! ,JEWS1 & H[ F> ?IS EXASP]ATION ( ! PEOPLE1 ! MASSACRES IT COMMITT$1 ! 9SULTS & \TRAGES IT %[]$1 HAD GIV5 ! C\NT]-BL[ TO ?IS LEGISLATION4 ,WE HAVE %[N ?AT UP TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 ! ACCUSATIONS WEI<+ OV] ! ,JEWS1 HAD GR[N EA* YE>1 SO ?AT !Y HAD REA*$ !IR MAXIMUM AT ?IS P]IOD1 & FROM !N ON W5T DECREAS+1 ?AT ! CODES HAD CEAS$ TO BE APPLI$ RIGOR\SLY1 ?AT CU/OMS HAD GRADUALLY FALL5 9TO DISUSE1 ?AT FEW1 IF AT ALL1 NEW LAWS W]E MADE1 & ?AT ! ,JEW ?US M>*$ T[>DS LIB]ATION4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS A K9D ( ANTI-,JUDAISM TO :I* WE HAVE PAID NO SPECIAL ATT5TION1 & :I* WE MU/ H]EAFT] EXAM9E4 ,:ILE ! ,*UR* & ! MON>*IES ISSU$ LAWS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 ! !OLOGIANS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 POETS1 & HI/ORIANS W]E WRIT+ AB\T !M4 ,IT IS ! ROLE1 ! WORK+ & ! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! P5 ?AT WE /ILL HAVE TO EXAM9E4 

,!OLOGICAL ANTI-,JUDAISM1 *RONOLOGICALLY ! FIR/1 NATURALLY HAD APOLOGETIC WAYS AT ITS 9CEPTION2 IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE AS ,JUDAISM WAS F\<T ONLY TO GLORIFY ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? & PROVE ITS EXCELL5CE4 ,AS WE HAVE SAID1 !Y CEAS$ PRODUC+ APOLOGETIC WRIT+S T[>DS ! 5D ( ! F\R? C5TURY2 ! Y\NG *UR*1 9 ! 9TOXICATION ( ITS TRIUMPH1 DID NO LONG] ?9K IT NECESS>Y TO PROVE ITS SUP]IORITY1 & AS REPRES5TATIVES ( ! APOLOGETIC MANN]1 WE F9D 9 ! FIF? C5TURY ONLY ! ,ALT]CATION ( ,SIMON & ,!OPILUS ( ,EVAGRIVS1.<#g#f.> 9 :I* ! ,ALT]CATION ( ,JASON & ,PAPISCUS ( ,>I/O ( ,PELLA WAS IMITAT$ & EV5 PLAGI>IZ$2 AFT] ?AT ONE HAS TO COME TO ! SEV5? C5TURY TO F9D ! ?REE BOOKS ( ,ISIDORE ( ,SEVILLE DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 .<#g#g.> 

,:5 S*OLA/ICISM WAS BORN1 APOLOGETICS REAPPE>$4 ,!Y HAD TWO 5DS 9 VIEW3 !Y DEF5D$ ! ,CA?OLIC DOGMAS & SYMBOLS1 & !Y COMBAT$ ,JUDAISM4 ,!Y SET !MSELVES AGA9/ ?AT JUDAIZ+ :I* ! *UR*1 ITS DOCTORS1 PHILOSOPH]S & APOLOGI/S HAD ALWAYS FE>$1 IMAG9+ ! ,JEW AS A SORT ( WOLF ?AT PR[L$ >\ND ! %EEP-FOLD 9 ORD] TO C>RY ! %EEP AWAY FROM A HAPPY LIFE4 ,!SE W]E ! S5TIM5TS ?AT GUID$1 E4G41 ,C$R5US .<#g#h.> & ,!OPHANES .<#g#i.> :5 !Y WROTE !IR ,CONTRA ,JUDAEOS1 & ,GILB]T ,CREP91 ABBOT ( ,WE/M9/]1 9 HIS ,DISPUTATIO ,JUDEI CUM ,*RI/IANO DE FIDE ,*RI/IANA4 .<#h.> 

,! =M ( !SE WRIT+S WAS LITTLE V>I$2 !Y REPRODUC$ ALMO/ S]VILELY ! CLASSIC >GUM5TS ( ! ,FA!RS ( ! ,*UR*1 & !IR WORD+ FOLL[$ SIMIL> PATT]NS4 ,TO ANALYZE ONE ( !M MEANS ANALYZ+ ALL4 ,?US1 E4G41 ,PI]RE DE ,BLOIS'S ,AGA9/ ! ,P]FIDY ( ! ,JEWS1 .<#h#a.> 5UM]AT$ ?R\< ?IRTY *APT]S ! TE/IMONIES :I* ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 & ESPECIALLY ! PROPHETS1 CONTA9 9 FAVOR ( ! DIV9E ,TR9ITY & ,UNITY1 ( ! ,FA!R & ! ,SON1 ( ! ,HOLY ,SPIRIT1 ( ! ,MESSIANISM ( ,JESUS ,*RI/1 ( ! ,DAVIDIC DESC5T ( ! ,SON ( ,MAN1 & ( HIS 9C>NATION4 ,HE 5D$ BY PROV+1 ON ! BASIS ( ! SAME AU?ORITIES1 ?AT ! ,LAW HAD BE5 TRANSMITT$ TO ! ,G5TILES1 ?AT ! ,JEWS HAD BE5 DOOM$ TO REPROBATION1 BUT ?AT ! REMNANTS ( ,ISRAEL W\LD NEV]!LESS ONE DAY BE CONV]T$ & SAV$4 

,YET !SE WRIT+S1 DISCUSSIONS1 FICTITI\S DIALOGUES H>DLY1 IF AT ALL1 ATTA9$ !IR OBJECT4 ,!Y W]E CONSULT$ BY CL]GYM5 ONLY1 & W]E ?US DIRECT$ AT CONV]TS2 RABBIS READ !M 9 V]Y R>E CASES2 !IR [N BIBLICAL EXEGESIS & SCI5CE BE+ MU* SUP]IOR TO ?OSE ( ! GOOD MONKS1 !SE LATT] R>ELY W]E AT AN ADVANTAGE4 ,AT ALL EV5TS !Y NEV] CONV9C$ ?OSE :OM !Y W]E TO CONV9CE1 & !Y C\LD NOT EFFECTIVELY FI<T ! ,JEWS1 AS !Y DID NOT KN[ ! TALMUDIC & EXEGETIC COMM5T>IES1 FROM :I* ! ,JEWS DREW !IR WEAPONS & =CES4 ,?+S *ANG$ 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY4 ,! WORKS ( ,JEWI% PHILOSOPH]S HAD SPREAD & EX]CIS$ CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE ON ! S*OLA/ICISM ( ! TIME2 M5 LIKE ,ALEX&RE DE ,HALES HAD READ ,MAIMONIDES 7,RABBI ,MOSES7 & ,IBN ,GEBIROL 7,AVICEBRON71 & !Y BORE ! IMPRESS ( ! TEA*+S EXPOS$ BY ! ,GUIDE ( ! ,P]PLEX$ & ! ,F\NTA9 ( ,LIFE4 ,CURIOSITY WAS AWAK5$1 PEOPLE WANT$ TO KN[ ,JEWI% ?\<T & DIALECTICS1 AT FIR/ = PHILOSOPHICAL MOTIVES1 !N TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,JEWS ) BETT] SUCCESS4 

,! ,DOM9ICAN ,RAYMOND DE ,P5A=TE1 CONFESSOR ( ,JAMES ,I1 ( ,>AGON1 & A GREAT CONV]T] ( ! ,JEWS1 BADE ! ,DOM9ICANS TO LE>N ,HEBREW & ,>ABIC TO BE ABLE BETT] TO P]SUADE & BATTLE ) ! ,JEWS4 ,HE E/ABLI%$ S*OOLS = ! 9/RUCTION ( MONKS 9 !SE TWO LANGUAGES & WAS ! PIONE] ( ,HEBREW & ,>ABIC /UDIES 9 ,SPA94 ,HE ?US />T$ A L9E ( APOLOGI/S :O W]E NO LONG] CONT5T$ ) COLLECT+ ! PASSAGES ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T ?AT =E%AD[$ ! ,TR9ITY OR PROPHESI$ ! ,MESSIAH1 BUT :O 5DEAVOR$ TO REFUTE ! RABB9ICAL BOOKS & ,TALMUDIC ASS]TIONS4 

,! BE/ KN[N AMONG ALL !SE !OLOGICAL LAMPOONS >E ?OSE PUBLI%$ BY ! ,DOM9ICAN ,RAYMUND ,M>T91 0A MAN AS REM>KABLE = HIS KN[L$GE ( ,HEBREW & ,>ABIC WRIT+S AS = ?AT ( ,LAT9 WORKS40 .<#h#b.> ,!SE SQUIBS BE> *>ACT]I/IC 5\< TITLES3 ,CAPI/RUM ,JUDAEORUM 7,MUZZLE ( ! ,JEWS7 & ,PUGIO ,FIDEI 7,DAGG] ( ! ,FAI?74 #cc ,! SECOND HAD ! GREATE/ CIRCULATION4 0,IT IS WELL10 ,RAYMUND ,M>T9 SAID !RE91 0?AT ! ,*RI/IANS TAKE 9 H& ! SWORD ( !IR 5EMIES1 ! ,JEWS1 TO /RIKE !M ) IT80 

,DUR+ ! ?IRTE5? & F\RTE5? C5TURIES ! ,PUGIO ,FIDEI WAS QUITE 9 VOGUE AMONG ! MONKS1 ESPECIALLY ! ,DOM9ICANS1 >D5T DEF5D]S ( ! FAI?4 ,IT WAS /UDI$1 CONSULT$1 PLAGI>IZ$4 ,! NUMB] ( WRIT+S :I* W]E 9SPIR$ BY ,RAYMUND ,M>T9 & = :I* ! ,PUGIO ,FIDEI S]V$ AS ! PROTOTYPE & EV5 MOLD1 WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,AMONG O!RS ?OSE ( ,POR*ET ,SALVATICUS1 .<#h#d.> ,PI]RE DE ,B>CELONA1 .<#h#e.> & ,PIETRO ,GALAT9I .<#h#f.> MAY BE NAM$4 

,/ILL EV5 ,M>T9'S KN[L$GE WAS NOT P]FECT1 & AS WE %ALL PRES5TLY SEE1 ! RABBIS V]Y (T5 WOR/$ !IR OPPON5TS 9 !IR CONTROV]SIES4 ,! ANTI-,JEWS NE$$ BETT] WEAPONS3 ! ,FRANCISCAN1 ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA1 SUPPLI$ !M4 ,HE HAD MADE A C>EFUL /UDY ( RABB9ICAL LIT]ATURE1 & HIS ,HEBRAIC ATTA9M5TS1 !IR EXT5T1 V>IETY & SOLIDITY L$ TO ! BELIEF ?AT HE WAS ( ,JEWI% ORIG91 :I* IS ( LITTLE PROBABILITY4 ,AT ALL EV5TS1 HE WAS ! PRECURSOR ( MOD]N EXEGESIS1 :I* IS ! DAU<T] ( ,JEWI% ?\<T & :OSE RATIONALISM IS PURELY ,JEWI%2 HE WAS ! ANCE/OR ( ,RI*>D ,SIMON4 ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA DECL>$ ?AT ! LIT]AL EXPLANATION ( ! TEXT ( ! ,SCRIPTURES %\LD =M ! F\NDATION ( ECCLESIA/IC SCI5CE1 & ?AT ! TEXT & ITS MEAN+ ONCE E/ABLI%$ F\R MEAN+S %\LD BE D]IV$ !REFROM3 ! LIT]AL1 ALLEGORIC1 MORAL & ANAGOGIC4 .<#h#g.> ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA EXP\ND$ HIS RESE>*ES 9 ! ,PO/ILLA & ! ,MORALITATES1 COLLECT$ & RECA/ LAT] 9TO A L>G] WORK4 ,H]EAFT] ?IS WAS ! >S5AL TO DRAW UPON 9 ! POLEMICS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 AS WELL AS = ! DEF5SE ( ! ,GOSPELS AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% ATTACKS1 = ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA HAD REFUT$1 9 HIS ,DE ,MESSIA1 ! CRITICISMS PASS$ ON ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T BY ! ,JEWS4 ,NUM]\S $ITIONS ( ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA'S WORKS APPE>$1 COMM5T>IES1 NOTES & ADDITIONS !RETO W]E MADE1 & 9 ! MATT] ( EXEGESIS EV5 ,LU!R WAS HIS PUPIL4 

,BUT PRAISEWOR?Y AS IT WAS TO COMBAT ! ,JEWS1 IT WAS /ILL MORE M]ITORI\S TO CONV9CE !M1 & MO/ ( ! POLEMI/ MONKS DID NOT =GET ?AT ! CONV]SION ( ,JUDAH WAS ONE ( ! AIMS ( ! *UR*4 ,:ILE ! C\NCILS TOOK /EPS TO CONV]T ! ,JEWS1 ! WRIT]S1 ON !IR P>T1 5DEAVOR$ TO BE CONV9C+1 SEV]AL ( !M1 ! MORE PRACTICAL1 W5T SO F> AS TO SEEK GR\ND = RECONCILIATION4 ,SO1 E4G41 BY MAK+ C]TA9 CONCESSION%E WAS EV5 READY TO ACCEPT CIRCUMCISION,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA WANT$ TO UNITE ALL RELIGIONS 9TO ONE1 ) ! ,TR9ITY AS ITS PR9CIPAL DOGMA4 ,! ANCI5T 0OB/9ATIO ,JUDAEORUM0 :I* MA9TA9$ DIV9E UNITY RESI/$ !SE ATTEMPTS1 & ! OV]TURES ( ! ,*RI/IANS W]E G5]ALLY RECEIV$ ) DISFAVOR4 ,H[EV]1 CONV]SIONS W]E NOT 9FREQU5T1 & ,I MEAN NOT ONLY ?OSE BR\<T AB\T BY VIOL5CE1 BUT ALSO ?OSE OBTA9$ BY P]SUASION4 ,!SE CONV]T$ ,JEWS PLAY$ A V]Y GREAT ROLE 9 ! ANTI-,JEWI% LIT]ATURE AS WELL AS 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! P]SECUTIONS4 ,T[>D !IR CORELIGIONI/S !Y PROV$ !MSELVES ! MO/ CRUEL1 UNJU/ & TREA*]\S ( ADV]S>IES4 ,?IS IS G5]ALLY *>ACT]I/IC ( CONV]TS1 & ! ,>ABS CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY OR ,*RI/IANS TURN$ TO ,ISLAM WITNESS ?AT ?IS RULE ALL[S ( V]Y FEW EXCEPTIONS4 

,A HO/ ( S5TIM5TS UNIT$ 9 MA9TA9+ ?IS BILI\S DISPOSITION AMONG ! APO/ATES4 ,ABOVE ALL !Y WI%$ TO GIVE PRO( ( !IR S9C]ITY3 !Y FELT ?AT A SORT ( SUSPICION SURR\ND$ !M AT 5T]+ 9TO ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD1 & ! AFFECTATION ( PIETY :I* !Y PROCLAIM$ DID NOT SEEM SUFFICI5T TO !M TO DISPEL ! SUSPICIONS4 

,NO?+ DID !Y FE> SO MU* AS ! ACCUSATION ( LUKEW>MNESS OR SYMPA?Y ) !IR =M] BRE?R51 & ! WAY 9 :I* ! ,9QUISITION TREAT$ ?OSE IT DEEM$ RELAPS]S1 WAS NOT CALCULAT$ TO DIM9I% ! FE>S 5T]TA9$ BY ! PROSELYTES4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y SIMULAT$ AN EXCESS ( ZEAL :I* 9 MANY1 IF NOT ALL1 UPHELD A G5U9E FAI?4 ,SOME ( !M1 CONV9C$ ( HAV+ F\ND SALVATION 9 !IR CONV]SION1 MADE EV5 EF=TS TO W9 OV] !IR CORELIGIONI/S TO ! ,*RI/IAN FAI?2 AMONG !SE ! *UR* F\ND SEV]AL ( ITS MO/ FE>LESS & EAG]LY LI/5$ TO CONV]T]S4 .<#h#h.> ,SOME EV5 9=M$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWS ?AT !Y HAD AB&ON$ ! RIGORS ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL & CIVIL LAWS4 ,AB\T #a#d#g#e1 = 9/ANCE1 ,PET] ,S*W>TZ & ,HANS ,BAYOL1 BO? CONV]T$ ,JEWS1 9/IGAT$ ! 9HABITANTS ( ,RATISBON TO SACK ! ,<ETTO2 9 ,SPA91 ,PAUL DE ,SANTA-,M>IA 9/IGAT$ ,H5RY ,I,I,I ( ,CA/ILE TO TAKE MEASURES AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,?IS ,PAUL DE ,SANTA-,M>IA1 PREVI\SLY KN[N UND] ! NAME ( ,SOLOMON ,LEVI ( ,BURGOS1 WAS NOT AN ORD9>Y P]SONALITY4 ,A V]Y PI\S1 V]Y LE>N$ RABBI1 HE ABJUR$ AT ! AGE ( =TY1 AFT] ! MASSACRES ( #a#c#i#a1 & WAS BAPTIZ$ ALONG ) HIS BRO!R & F\R ( HIS SONS4 ,HE /UDI$ !OLOGY AT ,P>IS1 WAS ORDA9$ PRIE/1 BECAME BI%OP ( ,C>TAG5A & AFT]W>DS *ANCELLOR ( ,CA/ILE4 ,HE PUBLI%$ AN ,EXAM9ATION ( ! ,HOLY ,WRITA DIALOGUE BETWE5 ! 9FIDEL ,SAUL & ! CONV]T ,PAUL & ISSU$ AN $ITION ( ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA'S ,PO/ILLA1 SUPPLEM5T$ BY HIS ,ADDITIONES & GLOSSES4 ,HE DID NOT /OP AT ?AT 9 HIS ACTIVITY4 ,HE IS G5]ALLY F\ND ! 9/IGATOR 9 ALL ! P]SECUTIONS :I* BEFELL ! ,JEWS ( HIS TIME1 & HE HUNT$ ! SYNAGOGUE ) A F]OCI\S HATR$2 & YET 9 HIS WORKS HE CONF9$ HIMSELF TO !OLOGICAL POLEMICS4 .<#h#i.> 

,BUT ! ,TALMUD WAS ! GREAT ANTAGONI/ ( ! CONV]TS1 & ONE ?AT HAD TO )/& MO/ ( !IR WRA?4 ,!Y CON/ANTLY D5\NC$ IT BE=E ! 9QUISITORS1 ! K+1 ! EMP]OR1 ! POPE4 ,! ,TALMUD WAS ! EXECRABLE BOOK1 ! RECEPTACLE ( ! MO/ HIDE\S ABUSES ( ,JESUS1 ! ,TR9ITY & ! ,*RI/IANS2 AGA9/ IT ,P$RO DE LA ,CABALL]IA WROTE HIS ,WRA? ( ,*RI/ ,AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 .<#i.> ,PFEFF]KORN1 HIS ,5EMY ( ! ,JEWS1 .<#i#a.> 9 :I* HE CONGRATULAT$ HIMSELF UPON 0HAV+ )DRAWN FROM ! DIRTY & PE/IL5TIAL MIRE ( ! ,JEWS10 & ,J]OME ( ,SANTA ,FE1 HIS ,HEBREOMA/YX4 .<#i#b.> ,! ,CA?OLIC !OLOGIANS FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! CONV]TS1 MO/ FREQU5TLY !Y HAD AB\T ! ,TALMUD NO O!R NOTIONS BEYOND ?OSE GIV5 !M BY ! CONV]TS4 

,USUALLY AUTO-DA-FES FOLL[$ !SE D5UNCIATIONS ( ! ,TALMUD1 BUT !Y W]E1 AS A RULE1 PREC$$ BY A DISPUTATION4 ,?IS CU/OM ( DISPUTATIONS GOES BACK TO DEEP ANTIQUITY4 ,WE KN[ ?AT ALREADY ! ,HEBREW DOCTORS HELD DISPUTATIONS ) ! APO/LES4 ,ON SEV]AL OCCASIONS RABBIS & MONKS W]E SE5 CONT5D+ 9 ELOQU5CE 9 ! PRES5CE ( ! ,EMP]ORS ( ,ROME & ,BYZANTIUM 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE !IR AUDI5CE ( ! EXCELL5CE ( !IR CAUSE1 & ! ,*AZ> ,K+ MADE UP HIS M9D TO EMBRACE ,JUDAISM ONLY AFT] A DISCUSSION1 9 :I* A ,JEW1 A ,*RI/IAN & A ,MOHAMM$AN TOOK P>T1 SO1 AT LEA/1 ! LEG5D RELATES4 .<#i#c.> ,!SE DISCUSSIONS W]E1 H[EV]1 R>ELY PUBLIC1 ! *UR* FE>$ !IR CONSEQU5CES2 IT FE>$ ,JEWI% SUBTLETY1 CLEV] AT F9D+ OBJECTIONS :I* EMB>RASS$ ! DEF5D]S ( ! ,CA?OLIC FAI? & TR\BL$ ! BELIEV]4 ,!RE REMA9$ 9 USE ONLY PRIVATE DISCUSSIONS BETWE5 ECCLESIA/ICAL DIGNIT>IES & ,TALMUDI/S1 & FEW AUDITORS W]E ADMITT$ TO !SE MEET+S1 EXCEPT UND] R>E & IMPORTANT CIRCUM/ANCES1 9 :I* CASES A LEGAL SANCTION FOLL[$ ! DISPUTE4 ,9 !SE QUE] DISPUTES1 9 :I* ONE SIDE ACT$ AS JUDGE AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,JEWS W]E1 9 G5]AL1 ! /RONG]4 ,!IR MORE CONCISE DIALECTICS1 !IR MORE G5U9E KN[L$GE1 !IR MORE S]I\S & SUBTLE EXEGESIS1 GAVE !M AN EASY ADVANTAGE4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 OR RA!R1 BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ! ,JEWS W]E V]Y PRUD5T 9 !IR ASS]TIONS1 !Y APPE>$ 9 ! MO/ C\RTE\S LI<T1 & HE$$ ?OSE MELAN*OLY WORDS ( ,MOSES ,COH5 ( ,TORDESILLAS1 ADDRESS$ TO HIS BRE?R53 0,NEV] LET Y\R ZEAL C>RY Y\ AWAY TO ! PO9T ( UTT]+ /++ WORDS1 = ! ,*RI/IANS HOLD ! P[] & MAY SIL5CE ! TRU? ) FI/-BL[S40 ,!SE C\NSELS W]E FOLL[$1 BUT 9 SPITE ( ! PRECAUTIONS TAK51 AT ! 5D ( ! >GUM5T ! ,JEW1 :O WAS ALWAYS WRONG 9 ! 5D1 WAS BEAT5 TO DEA?4 

,H[EV]1 ! 9=M]S W]E USUALLY COMM&$ TO SU/A9 !IR *>GES4 ,9 #a#b#c#i1 A CONV]T$ ,JEW1 ,NI*OLAS ,DON91 ( ,LA ,RO*ELLE1 BR\<T BE=E ! POPE1 ,GREGORY ,I,X1 A *>GE AGA9/ ! ,TALMUD4 ,GREGORY ORD]$ ! COPIES ( ! BOOK TO BE SEIZ$ & AN 9QUE/ MADE4 ,BULLS W]E S5T \T TO ! BI%OPS ( ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 ,CA/ILE & ,>AGON4 ,EUDES DE ,*ATEAUR\X1 *ANCELLOR ( ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,P>IS1 DIRECT$ ! 9VE/IGATION 9 ,FRANCE1 ! ONLY C\NTRY :]E ! BULLS HAD PRODUC$ AN EFFECT4 ,! DISPUTATION WAS ORD]$1 & TOOK PLACE 9 #a#b#d1 BETWE5 ! 9=M]1 ,NI*OLAS ,DON91 & F\R RABBIS3 ,YE*IEL ( ,P>IS1 ,JEHUDA B5 ,DAVID ,MELUN1 ,SAMUEL B5 ,SOLOMON1 & ,MOSES ( ,C\CY4 ,! DISCUSSION WAS LONG1 BUT ,DON9'S SKILL F9ALLY DIVID$ ! RABBIS2 ! ,TALMUD WAS CONDEMN$ & BURN$ A FEW YE>S LAT]4 

,9 #a#b#f#c1 ,RAYMOND DE ,P5A=TE >RANG$ AT ! ,>AGONIAN C\RT A DISPUTE BETWE5 ! RABBIS1 ,NA*MANI ( ,GIRONE 7,BONA/RUC DE ,PORTA71 & ! ,DOM9ICAN1 ,PABLO ,*RI/IANI1 A CONV]T$ ,JEW & A ZEAL\S CONV]T]4 ,?IS TIME ,NA*MANI WAS VICTORI\S AFT] A F\R-DAY DISPUTATION ON ! COM+ ( ,MESSIAH1 ON ! DIV9ITY ( ,JESUS1 & ! ,TALMUD4 ,! K+ HIMSELF ACCORD$ HIM AN AUDI5CE1 RECEIV$ HIM V]Y CORDIALLY & LOAD$ HIM ) PRES5TS4 ,BUT SU* VICTORIES W]E EXCEPTIONAL1 AS ! ,JEWI% BOOKS W]E MO/ FREQU5TLY CONDEMN$ BY ! JUDGES BE=EH&1 :ATEV] ! SKILL ( !IR DEF5D]S4 

,!SE CONTROV]SIES 9CREAS$ 9 NUMB] 9 ,SPA9 DUR+ ! F\RTE5? & FIFTE5? C5TURIES4 ,?US ! CONV]T ,ALFONSO ( ,VALLADOLID HAD A DISPUTE ) HIS =M] CORELIGIONI/S AT ,VALLADOLID2 ,JOHN ( ,VALLADOLID1 ANO!R CONV]T1 HAD A DISPUTE ) ,MOSES ,COH5 DE ,TORDESILLAS ON ! PRO(S ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? CONTA9$ 9 ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T1 BUT WAS DEFEAT$ 9 ! CONTE/2 ,%EM-,TOB B5 ,ISAAC ,%APRUT HAD AT ,PAMPELUNA A CONTROV]SY ON ! ORIG9AL S9 & R$EMPTION1 ) ! C>D9AL ,P$RO DE ,LUNA1 LAT] ANTI-POPE ,B5$ICT ,X,I,I,I4 ,MANY MORE MI<T BE M5TION$1 ALL ( !M PROV+ :AT AM\NT ( TR\BLE ! ,JEWS W]E GIV+ ! *UR* & H[ EAG]LY CONV]SION WAS DESIR$ & SOLICIT$4 ,/ILL ALL !SE DISPUTES W]E C\RTE\S UP TO ! MOM5T ! ,9QUISITION WAS 9TRODUC$4 

,BUT ALONGSIDE ( ! ,JEW1 CONSID]$ ! 5EMY ( ,JESUS & ! FOE ( ,*RI/IANITY1 !RE WAS ! ,JEW1 ! USUR]1 ! MONEYDEAL]1 HE UPON :OM FELL A P>T ( ! HATR$ ( ! OPPRESS$ & ! POOR1 HE :OM ! RIS+ B\RGEOISIE WAS BEG9N+ TO 5VY & HATE4 ,I HAVE PICTUR$ ?AT ,JEW AT WORK1 H[ HE HAD COME TO ! EXCLUSIVE PURSUIT ( GOLD1 & H[ HE BECAME ! OBJECT ( POPUL> PASSIONS AS A SORT ( VICTIM ( EXPIATION1 ! SCAPEGOAT = ALL ! S9S ( A SOCIETY ?AT WAS NO BETT] ?AN HE4 ,IF ! POPULACE (T5E/ KILL$ ! DEICIDE1 IT ALSO FELL UPON ! CLIPP] ( DUCATS2 ITS ANTI-,JUDAISM WAS NOT RELIGI\S ONLY1 BUT SOCIAL AS WELL4 ,! CASE WAS SIMIL> ) ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! P54 ,IF C]TA9 BI%OPS & ECCLESIA/ICAL WRIT]S CONF9$ !MSELVES TO DEF5D+ ! SYMBOLS ( !IR FAI? AGA9/ ,JEWI% EXEGESIS1 IF !Y F\<T AGA9/ ?IS ,JEWI% SPIRIT! T]ROR ( ! *UR* ?AT WAS1 NEV]!LESS1 DEEPLY IMPREGNAT$ ) ?IS SPIRITO!RS FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,FA!RS :O HAD ?UND]$ AGA9/ ,JEWI% RAPACITY & ! RAPACITY ( ! RI* 9 G5]AL4 ,TO ! !OLOGICAL TREATISES ISSU$ BY !M !Y ADD$ ADDRESSES TO ! C\RT 9T5D$ TO COMBAT ! LEAD]S ON PAWN$ >TICLES1 ?OSE :O LIV$ BY USURY4 ,DAGOB>D1 .<#i#d.> ,AMOLON1 .<#i#e.> ,RIGORD1 .<#i#f.> ,PI]RE DE ,CLUNY1 .<#i#g.> ,SIMON ,MAIOL .<#i#h.> W]E !SE ANTI-,JEWS4 ,!Y W]E AMONG ?OSE :OM ! WEAL? ( ! ,JEWS REVOLT$ MORE ?AN !IR UNGODL9ESS1 :O W]E MORE SC&ALIZ$ BY !IR LUXURY ?AN BY !IR BLASPHEMIES4 ,NO D\BT1 = !M ! ,JEWS W]E ! MO/ HATEFUL ADV]S>IES ( ! TRU?1 ! WOR/ ( ! UNBELIEV]S2 .<#i#i.> !Y >E ! 5EMIES ( ,GOD & ,JESUS ,*RI/2 !Y CALL ! APO/LES APO/ATES2 !Y SC(F AT ! ,BIBLE ( ! ,SEPTUAG9T2 .<#a.> 9 !IR DAILY PRAY]S !Y CURSE ! ,SAVIOR UND] ! NAME ( ! ,NAZ>5E2 !Y BUILD NEW SYNAGOGUES AS IF TO 9SULT ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION2 !Y ,JUDAIZE ! BELIEV]S1 !Y PREA* ! ,SABBA? TO !M & !Y P]SUADE !M TO TAKE A RE/ ON ,SABBA?4 ,BUT1 BESIDES1 ! ,JEWS OPPRESS ! PEOPLE2 !Y HO>D UP WEAL? ?AT IS ! FRUIT ( USURY & PLUND]2 .<#a#a.> !Y HOLD ! ,*RI/IANS 9 S]VITUDE2 !Y POSSESS 5ORM\S TREASURES 9 ! CITIES :I* HAD RECEIV$ !M1 E4G41 9 ,P>IS & ,LYONS2 !Y COMMIT L>C5Y1 !Y ACQUIRE MONEY BY EVIL ME?ODS2 0EV]Y?+ PASSES ?R\< !IR H&S1 !Y 9S9UATE !MSELVES 9TO H\SES & GA9 CONFID5CE2 BY !IR USURY !Y DRAW ! SAP1 ! BLOOD & ! NATURAL VIGOR ( ! ,*RI/IANS40 .<#a#b.> ,!Y SELL C\NT]FEIT JEWELS1 !Y RECEIVE /OL5 GOODS1 !Y CO9 BASE MONEY1 CANNOT BE TRU/$1 COLLECT !IR DEBTS TWICE OV]4 ,9 BRIEF1 0!RE IS NO WICK$NESS 9 ! WORLD :I* ! ,JEWS >E NOT GUILTY (1 SO ?AT !Y SEEM TO AIM AT NO?+ BUT ! ,*RI/IANS' RU940 .<#a#c.> 

,TO ?IS PICTURE ( ! P]FIDIA ,JUDAEORUM1 ! ANTI-,JEWS1 LIKE ,MAIOL OR ,LU!R1 .<#a#d.> ADD$ ABUNDANT ABUSE1 & SOON ANTI-,JUDAISM BECAME PURELY POLEMIC4 ,! !OLOGICAL & SOCIAL CONSID]ATIONS N[ OCCUPY BUT A LIMIT$ PLACE 9 ! BOOKS ( ,ALONZO DA ,SP9A1 .<#a#e.> ESPECIALLY ,PI]RE DE ,LANCRE .<#a#f.> & ,FRANCISCO DE ,TORREJONCILLO4 .<#a#g.> ,! ,S5T9EL ,AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 A PAMPHLET BY ! LA/ NAM$1 IS P>TICUL>LY CURI\S4 ,WRITT5 9 ,SPA9 AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 IT WAS AIM$ AT ! ,M>RANOS1 :O1 IT WAS SAID1 9VAD$ ALL ! CIVIL & RELIGI\S (FICES4 ,IT CONSI/$ ( F\RTE5 BOOKS & %[$ ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E PRESUMPTU\S & LI>S1 ?AT !Y W]E TRAITORS1 ?AT !Y W]E DESPIS$ & DEJECT$1 ?AT ?OSE FAVOR+ !M CAME TO AN EVIL 5D1 ?AT NEI!R !Y NOR !IR WORK C\LD BE TRU/$1 ?AT !Y W]E TURBUL5T1 SELFCONCEIT$1 S$ITI\S1 ?AT ! *UR* PRES]V$ !M ONLY ?AT 9 !IR MID/ MI<T BE BORN !IR ,MESSIAH ! ANTI-,*RI/1 :O WILL BE VANQUI%$ TO ALL[ ,ISRAEL TO RECOGNIZE HIS ]ROR4 ,AT ANY RATE ,FRANCISCO DE ,TORREJONCILLO MAY BE CONSID]$ AMIABLE IF ONE COMP>ES HIS PAMPHLET ) A S+UL> LITTLE WORK ( ! SAME EPO* BE>+ ! TITLE1 ,BOOK ( ! ,ALBORAIQUE4 .<#a#h.> ,! ,ALBORAIQUE WAS ,MOHAM$'S M\NT1 A QUE] ANIMAL1 NEI!R HORSE1 NOR MULE1 NOR OX1 NOR DONKEY2 TO ?IS S+UL> ANIMAL ! AU?OR ( ! SQUIB LIK5S ! NEW ,*RI/IANS1 ! ,M>RANOS1 :O >E ,ALBORAIQUES AS BE+ NEI!R ,JEWS NOR ,*RI/IANS4 

,HAD ALL ! POLEMI/S LIMIT$ !MSELVES TO ALLEGORICAL COMP>ISONS1 NOT MU* H>M W\LD HAVE COME TO ! ,JEWS4 ,BUT SOME DID NOT HESITATE TO RELATE ! MO/ EXTRAORD9>Y ?+S AB\T !SE ACCURS$ ONES1 & ! ANTI-,JEWI% POLEMIC LIT]ATURE 5REGI/]$ ALL ! POPUL> PREJUDICES1 EV5 MADE !M WORSE2 IT ORIG9AT$ NEW ONES & P]PETUAT$ !M 9 ALL 9/ANCES4 ,! WILDE/ /ORIES AB\T ! ,JEWS W]E CIRCULAT$2 !Y W]E REPRES5T$ ) MON/R\S FEATURES2 ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE DE=MITIES1 ! BLACKE/ VISES1 ! MO/ HE9\S CRIMES1 ! MO/ DESPICABLE HABITS W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO !M4 ,!Y HAVE1 SO IT WAS DECL>$1 ! FIGURE ( A HE-GOAT1 !Y HAVE HORNS & A CAUDAL APP5DAGE1 .<#a#i.> !Y >E SUBJECT TO QU9SY1 TO SCR(ULA1 TO BLOOD-FLUX1 /9K+ 9FIRMITIES :I* MAKE !M L[] !IR HEADS1 .<#a#a.> !Y HAVE HEMORRHOIDS1 BLOODY SORES ON !IR H&S1 !Y CANNOT SPIT2 AT NI<T !IR TONGUE IS OV]RUN ) WORMS4 ,! BELIEF 9 !SE DISEASES PECULI> TO ! ,JEWS HAD COME FROM ,SPA91 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY2 LAT] ON !Y W]E >RANG$ 9 LI/S1 ! OLDE/ ( :I* BELONGS TO #a#f#c#d4 ,9 !SE LI/S1 TO EA* ( ! TWELVE TRIBES ITS SPECIAL DISEASE IS ASSIGN$4 

,?US CAN BE EXPLA9$ SOME O!R ANTI-,JEWI% PREJUDICES2 BUT ?\< IT IS EVID5T ?AT ! LIK5+ ( ! ,ISRAELITES TO ! EVIL SPIRIT CAUS$ ! HE-GOAT FIGURE & HORNS ON !IR =EHEADS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ !M1 /ILL MANY ( !SE BELIEFS REMA9 9EXPLICABLE4 ,!Y ALL >ISE1 9 P>T1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! RETIR$ LIFE ( ! ,JEWS1 !IR V5]ABLE HABIT ( KEEP+ ALO(1 NOT TO M+LE ) ?OSE SURR\ND+ !MEV] S]V$ TO EXCITE EXCESSIVELY ! POPUL> IMAG9ATION4 

,AS TO ! ,TEMPL>S1 CONC]N+ :OM SO MANY SIMIL> ABOM9ATIONS HAD BE5 SPREAD1 !Y1 ABOVE ALL O!RS1 CAN BE LIK5$ UNTO ! ,JEWS4 ,LIKE ! LATT]1 !Y W]E HAT$ = !IR PRIDE1 !IR O/5TATION1 !IR WEAL? 9 ! MID/ ( G5]AL MIS]Y1 !IR EAG]NESS = GA91 !IR %AMELESS USE ( MEANS ( ACQUISITION1 !IR MAK+ USURI\S CONTRACTS4 ,!Y W]E HAT$ BECAUSE !Y ADVANC$ MONEY ON *ATTELS & FIEFS ON CONDITION ?AT !SE FIEFS & *ATTELS REMA9$ !IRS 9 CASE ( ! BORR[]'S DEA?2 BECAUSE ! ,TEMPL>S' ,ORD] POSSESS$ A GREAT] P>T ( ! ,FR5* T]RITORY 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY & =M$ A COMMONWEAL? )9 ! /ATE1 ! ,TEMPL>S HAV+ & RECOGNIZ+ NO MA/] BUT ,GOD4 .<#a#a#a.> ,WE SEE !N ?AT ! SAME CAUSES PRODUCE ! SAME RESULTS1 CREATE ! SAME ANIMOSITIES1 GIVE RISE TO ! SAME BELIEFS4 

,W]E NOT ! ,TEMPL>S SAID TO 0BURN & ROA/ ! *ILDR5 !Y BEGAT BY Y\NG GIRLS1 & TO SACRIFICE TO & ANO9T !IR IDOLS ) ! FAT TAK5 (F02 .<#a#a#b.> W]E NOT ! ,CAGOTS SAID TO MAKE USE ( ,*RI/IAN BLOOD8 ,DOES NOT ! *>GE ( RITUAL MURD] WEI< OV] ! ,JEWS AS IT HAD WEI<$ OV] ?OSE WRET*ES1 ! LEP]S1 :OM ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES TREAT$ AS ! ,JEW'S BRE?R51 ?US TAK+ UP AGA9 ! ASS]TIONS ( ,MANE?O1 REPEAT$ BY ,*A]EMON1 ,LYSIMA*US1 ,POSIDONIUS1 ,APOLLONIUS ,MOLO & ,APION1 JU/ AS IT HAD WEI<$ OV] ! SORC]]S1 :O W]E ALSO LIK5$ TO ! ,JEWS8 ,BUT WE %ALL COME BACK TO ?IS QUE/ION :5 WE SPEAK ( ! MOD]N ANTISEMITES4 

,:AT WAS ! ATTITUDE ( ! ,JEWS 9 ! FACE ( ALL !SE ATTACKS & ABUSES :I* ! !OLOGIANS & POLEMI/S DIRECT$ AT !M8 ,!Y VIGOR\SLY DEF5D$ !MSELVES4 ,!Y OPPOS$ EXEGESIS TO EXEGESIS2 !Y OPPOS$ !IR LOGIC TO !IR OPPON5TS' >GUM5TS2 !Y ANSW]$ 9SULTS & CALUMNIES ) CALUMNIES & 9SULTS2 :I* IS BUT NORMAL1 NATURAL1 9EVITABLE1 BUT ALL ! SAME !SE 9SULTS FATALLY REB\ND$ AGA9/ !M4 ,IF ! ANTI-,JEWI% LIT]ATURE IS 5ORM\S1 ! DEF5SIVE LIT]ATURE ( ! ,JEWS1 AS WELL AS !IR ANTI-,*RI/IAN LIT]ATURE= ! ,JEWS (T5TIMES TOOK UP ! (F5SIVEIS QUITE CONSID]ABLE4 

,! FIR/ CONTROV]SIAL WORK BELONG+ TO ! ,ISRAELITE LIT]ATURE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 WAS ! ,BOOK ( ! ,LORD'S ,W>S1 WRITT5 9 #a#a#g1 BY ,JACOB B5 ,RUB54 .<#a#a#c.> ,IT WAS MADE UP ( TWELVE *APT]S1 OR GATEWAYS1 PROV+ ?AT ,MESSIAH HAD NOT YET COME1 :I*1 H[EV]1 = ! EXEGETIC RHETORICIANS1 WAS JU/ AS EASY AS1 IF NOT EASI] ?AN TO PROVE ! OPPOSITE4 ,BUT IT WAS NOT 5\< TO PROVE ?AT ,JESUS WAS NOT ! AWAIT$ ,MESSIAH2 IT WAS EQUALLY NECESS>Y TO PROVE ! SUP]IORITY ( ! ,JEWI% RELIGION TO ?OSE :O W]E E/ABLI%+1 IRREFUTABLY1 ! SUP]IORITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION1 & ?IS WAS EASY = BO? SIDES1 AS EA* DREW FROM ! ,BIBLE :AT SUIT$ IT4 ,! ,TALMUDI/S MADE USE ( ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T EV5 TO CONFIRM !IR ,JUDAIC DOGMAS4 ,?IS WAS DONE BY ,MOSES ,COH5 DE ,TORDESILLAS1 9 HIS ,SUPPORT ( ! ,FAI?1 :ILE ,%EM-,TOB B5 ,ISAAC ,%APRUT RESUM$1 9 ! =M ( A DIALOGUE BETWE5 A ,UNIT>IAN & A ,TR9IT>IAN1 ! IDEAS PROP\ND$ BY ,JACOB B5 ,RUB54 .<#a#a#d.> 

,9 IMITATION ( ! ECCLESIA/ICAL WRIT]S & 9QUISITORS1 ! RABBIS WROTE BOOKS = ! USE ( ?OSE :O W]E *ALL5G$ 9 DISPUTES4 ,A K9D ( VADE MECUM1 !SE BOOKS PO9T$ \T ! VULN]ABLE SIDES ( ! ,*RI/IAN DOGMAS2 & IF1 ON ! ONE H&1 !RE W]E PUBLICATIONS LIKE 0,JUDAISM ,DEFEAT$ ) ,ITS ,[N ,WEAPONS10 ON ! O!R H& W]E COMPOS$ WORKS LIKE 0,*RI/IANITY ,DEFEAT$ ) ,ITS ,[N ,>MS10 I4E41 ) ?OSE F\ND 9 ! ,NEW ,TE/AM5T4 ,9 ANTI-,*RI/IAN LIT]ATURE ! ,GOSPELS PLAY$ ! P>T ( ! ,TALMUD 9 ANTI-,JEWI% LIT]ATURE4 ,BEG9N+ ) ! ELEV5? OR TWELF? C5TURY !Y W]E (T5 ASSAIL$1 & NUM]\S DISCUSSIONS TOOK PLACE BETWE5 RABB9ITES & !OLOGIANS4 ,!SE DISCUSSIONS W]E SOMETIMES GA!R$ 9 COLLECTIONS1 :]E !Y W]E PRES5T$ 9 A LI<T FAVORABLE TO ,JEWI% DIALECTICS4 ,PRES5TLY !SE COLLECTIONS CAME TO BE US$ AS MANUALS2 AMONG !M W]E ! ANCI5T ,NIZZA*ON 7,VICTORY7 ( ,RABBI ,MATTA?IAH2 ,NIZZA*ON ( ,LIPMAN DE ,MULHAUS52 ! ONE BY ,JOSEPH ,KIMHI2 ! ,/R5G!N+ ( ! ,FAI?1 BY ,ISAAC ,TROKI1 .<#a#a#e.> & ! ,BOOK ( ,JOSEPH ! ,ZCALOT4 .<#a#a#f.> ,/ILL ?IS WAS NOT SUFFICI5T = ! F]VOR ( ! ,JEWS4 ,HAV+ PREP>$ ! M9DS = FUTURE DEBATES1 HAV+ ASSAIL$ ! ,CA?OLIC DOCTR9ES1 NOT 9 ORATORICAL T\RNAM5TS ONLY1 BUT 9 APOLOGIES AS WELL1 !Y WROTE ABUSIVE PAMPHLETS1 LIKE ?AT FAM\S ,TOLDOT ,JE%O1 ! LIFE ( ! ,GALILEAN :I* GOES BACK TO ! SECOND OR ?IRD C5TURY1 & :I* ,CELSIUS POSSIBLY WAS ACQUA9T$ )4 .<#a#a#g.> ,?IS ,TOLDOT ,JE%O WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,RAYMUND ,M>T91 ,LU!R TRANSLAT$ IT 9TO ,G]MAN2 ,WAG5SEIL & ! ,DUT*MAN ,HULDRI* ALSO PUBLI%$ IT4 ,IT CONTA9$ ! /ORY ( ,PAN!RUS ! SOLDI] & ! LEG5DS REPRES5T+ ,JESUS AS A MAGICIAN4 ,AFT] DEF5D+ ! ,BIBLE & ,MONO!ISM ! ,JEWS TURN$ UPON ?OSE :O W]E !IR MO/ DANG]\S 5EMIES! CONV]T$4 ,IF !Y HAD REFUT$ ,RAYMUND ,M>T9 & ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA1 .<#a#a#h.> !Y REFUT$ ) /ILL GREAT] 5]GY ,J]OME DE ,SANTA ,FE1 ! ,SANTA ,FE :OM HIS =M] CORELIGIONI/S CALL$ ,MEGADDEF1 I4E41 BLASPHEM]4 ,AT ,J]OME !Y W]E 9C5S$4 ,DON ,VIDAL IBN ,LABI1 ,ISAAC B5 ,NA?AN ,KALONYMOS1 .<#a#a#i.> ,SOLOMON ,DURAN1 .<#a#b.> SEV]AL O!RS1 WROTE TO GIVE ! LIE TO ! 0CALUMNIATOR40 ,! SAME WAS DONE BY ,ISAAC ,PULG> AGA9/ ,ALFONSO ( ,VALLADOLID1 .<#a#b#a.> BY ,JO%UA B5 ,JOSEPH ,LORQUI & ,PR(IAT ,DURAN4.<#a#b#b.> ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ANTI-,JUDAISM TOOK ON ANO!R =M4 ,! !OLOGIANS W]E SUCCE$$ BY ]UDITES1 S*OL>S1 EXEGETES4 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM BECAME MILD] & MORE SCI5TIFIC2 IT WAS REPRES5T$ BY HEBRAIZ]S1 (T5 ( GREAT ATTA9M5TS1 LIKE ,WAG5SEIL1 .<#a#b#c.> ,B>TOLOCCI1 .<#a#b#d.> ,VOETIUS1 .<#a#b#e.> ,JOSEPH DE ,VOIS91 .<#a#b#f.> ETC4 ,!SE M5 /UDI$ ,JEWI% LIT]ATURE & MANN]S 9 A MORE S]I\S WAY4 ,?US ,WAG5SEIL D5I$ RITUAL MURD]2 .<#a#b#g.> ?\< SAY+ ?AT ! ,TALMUD CONTA9$ 0BLASPHEMIES1 IMPO/URES & ABSURDITIES10 ,BUXTORF DECL>$ ?AT IT ALSO CONTA9$ ?+S ( VALUE = ! HI/ORIAN & PHILOSOPH]4 .<#a#b#h.> ,YET ! SAME IDEAS P]SI/$ :I* HAD 9SPIR$ ! AU?ORS ( ! PREC$+ C5TURIES4 ,! OBJECT WAS ALWAYS TO PROVE ! TRU? ( ! ,*RI/IAN FAI? & DOGMAS ON ! BASIS ( ! ,OLD ,TE/AM5T2 ! ANXIETY TO CONV]T ! ,JEWS EV] HAUNT$ ! S\LS1 ! RECALL ( ,ISRAEL WAS SPOK5 (1 MEANS ( BR++ !M BACK W]E PROPOS$2 .<#a#b#i.> ! APO/ATES 9VOK$ ! ,ZOH> & ,MI%NA 9 FAVOR ( ,JESUS1 .<#a#c.> & ! POLEMIC LIT]ATURE WAS /ILL 9 BLOOM UND] ,EIS5M5G]1 :OSE ,JUDAISM ,UNVEIL$ .<#a#c#a.> HAS 9SPIR$ MANY CONTEMPOR>Y ANTISEMITES2 UND] ,S*UDT1 .<#a#c#b.> LAT] UND] ,VOLTAIRE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT LIT]>Y ANTI-,JUDAISM1 P>TICUL>LY ?AT ( COMBATIVE T5D5CIES & PAMPHLETE]S1 IS V>I$ BUT LITTLE4 ,MO/ ( ! ANTI-,JEWI% WRIT]S IMITATE ONE ANO!R1 )\T SCRUPLE2 !Y PLAGI>IZE )\T EV5 TAK+ ! TR\BLE TO V]IFY ! ASS]TIONS ( !IR PR$ECESSORS4 ,ONE BOOK ( ! K9D IS RESPONSIBLE = SIMIL> O!RS3 ,ALONZO DA ,SP9A DRAWS HIS 9SPIRATION FROM ,BATALLAS DE ,DIOS1 BY ,ALFONSO ( ,VALLADOLID2 ,POR*ET ,SALVATICUS1 ,PIETRO ,GALAT9I1 ,PI]RE DE ,B>CELONA REPUBLI%1 UND] DIFF]5T NAMES1 ,RAYMUND ,M>T9'S ,SWORD ( ! ,FAI?2 ,PAUL ,FAGIUS & ,SEBA/IAN ,MUN/] .<#a#c#c.> HELP !MSELVES TO ! ,BOOK ( ! ,FAI?4 

,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 & 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! DISSIMIL>ITIES ,I HAVE NOT$1 ANTI-,JUDAISM1 FROM ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY ON1 IS 9 ALL RESPECTS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! PREC$+ C5TURIES4 ,! SOCIAL SIDE GETS GRADUALLY ! UPP]H& ( ! RELIGI\S SIDE1 ?\< ?IS LATT] CONT9UES TO EXI/4 ,! QUE/ION IS ASK$1 NOT :E!R ! ,JEWS >E WRONG 9 BE+ USUR]S1 OR M]*ANTS1 OR DEICIDES1 BUT :E!R1 AS ,S*UDT .<#a#c#d.> SAYS1 ! ,JEWS \<T TO BE TOL]AT$ 9 A ,/ATE OR NOT1 :E!R IT IS LAWFUL TO ADMIT ,JEWS 9TO A ,*RI/IAN COMMONWEAL?1 AS ,JOHN ,DURY .<#a#c#e.> 9QUIRES1 AB\T #a#f#e#e1 9 A PAMPHLET DIRECT$ AGA9/ ,CROMWELL'S PROTEGE1 ,M5ASSEH B5 ,ISRAEL4 ,?IS IS ! SOCIAL /&PO9T :I* WE %ALL SEE DEVELOP+ H5CE=? 9 LIT]>Y ANTI-,JUDAISM2 A P>T ( MOD]N ANTISEMITISM WILL RE/ ON ! !ORY ( A ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE & ITS 9TEGRITY1 & 9 ?IS WISE IT WILL BE CONNECT$ ) ! ANCI5T ANTI-,JUDAISM4 

.<#g#h ,DISPUTATIO CONTRA ,JUDAEOS1 ,OP]A1 ,$ITIO ,BASILE5SIS1 P4 #a#h4 

,*APT] ,EI<T3 ,MOD]N ,LEGAL ,ANTI-,JUDAISM 

,A,F,T,] PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSIONS1 AS A RESULT ( :I* ANY DECISION ON ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,JEWS WAS ADJ\RN$1 ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY VOT$1 ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#g1 #a#g#i#a1 ON A MOTION BY ,DUPORT1 & ?ANKS TO ,REGNAULT DE ,SA9T-,JEAN-D',ANGELY'S 9T]V5TION1 ! ADMISSION ( ! ,JEWS TO ! RANK ( CITIZ5S4 ,?IS DECREE HAD BE5 READY = A LONG TIME1 PREP>$ AS IT WAS ?R\< ! WORK ( ! COMMISSION ASSEMBL$ BY ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 ) ,MALE%]BES 9 ! *AIR2 PREP>$ BY ! WRIT+S ( ,LESS+ & ,DOHM1 ( ,MIRABEAU & ,GREGOIRE4 ,IT WAS ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! EF=TS MADE = SOME TIME BY ! ,JEWS & ! PHILOSOPH]S2 9 ,G]MANY ,M5DELSSOHN HAD BE5 ITS PROMOT] & MO/ ACTIVE ADVOCATE1 & 9 ,B]L9 ,MIRABEAU DREW HIS 9SPIRATION AT ! SIDE ( ,DOHM 9 ! SALONS ( ,H5RIETTE DE ,LEMOS4 

,A C]TA9 CLASS ( ,JEWS HAD1 H[EV]1 ALREADY BE5 EMANCIPAT$4 ,9 ,G]MANY ! C\RT ,JEWS 7,H(JUD57 HAD OBTA9$ COMM]CIAL PRIVILEGES2 EV5 TITLES ( NOBILITY W]E BE+ CONF]R$ UPON !M = MONEY4 ,9 ,FRANCE ! ,PORTUGUESE ,M>RANOS RETURN$ TO ,JUDAISM1 5JOY$ GREAT LIB]TIES & PROSP]$ UND] ! SUP]VISION ( !IR SYNDICS AT ,BORDEAUX1 V]Y 9DIFF]5T NEV]!LESS TO ! FATE ( !IR UN=TUNATE BRE?R51 ?\< V]Y 9FLU5TIAL3 ONE ( !M1 ,GRADIS1 FAIL$ TO SECURE A NOM9ATION AS DEPUTY TO ! ,/ATES-,G5]AL4 ,9 ,ALSACE EV51 SEV]AL ,JEWS OBTA9$ IMPORTANT FAVORS1 AS1 E4G41 ,C]F ,B]R1 PURVEYOR TO ! >MIES ( ,L\IS ,X,V1 :O GRANT$ HIM NATURALIZATION & ! TITLE ( ,M>QUIS DE ,TOMBELA9E4 

,?ANKS TO ALL !SE PRIVILEGES1 !RE SPRANG 9TO EXI/5CE A CLASS ( RI* ,JEWS :I* CAME 9TO CONTACT ) ! *RI/IAN SOCIETY2 OP5-M9D$1 SUBTLE1 9TELLIG5T1 REF9$1 ( EXTREME 9TELLECTUALISM1 IT HAD GIV5 UP1 LIKE SO MANY ,*RI/IANS1 ! LETT] ( RELIGION OR ( ! FAI? EV51 & RETA9$ NO?+ BUT A MY/IC IDEALISM :I*1 = GOOD OR ILL1 W5T H& 9 H& ) A LIB]AL RATIONALISM4 ,! FUSION BETWE5 ?IS GR\P ( ,JEWS & ! ELITE L$ BY ,LESS+1 WAS BR\<T AB\T ABOVE ALL 9 ,B]L91 A Y\NG CITY & C5T] ( A K+DOM :I* WAS RIS+ TO FAME1 AN EASY-GO+ CITY1 ) LITTLE TRADITION4 ,Y\NG ,G]MANY GA!R$ AT ! H\SES ( ,H5RIETTA DE ,LEMOS & ,RA*EL VON ,V>NHAG52 ) ! ,JEWS1 ,G]MAN ,ROMANTICISM 5D$ 9 IMPREGNAT+ ITSELF ) ,SP9OZAISM2 ,S*LEI]MA*] & ,HUMBOLDT W]E SE5 VISIT+ !RE1 & IT MAY BE SAID ?AT IF ! ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY DECRE$ ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,JEWS1 IT WAS 9 ,G]MANY ?AT IT HAD BE5 PREP>$4 

,AT ANY RATE1 ! NUMB] ( !SE ,JEWS QUALIFI$ TO M+LE ) ! NATIONS1 WAS EXTREMELY LIMIT$1 ! MORE SO BECAUSE ! MAJORITY ( !MLIKE ,M5DELSSON'S DAU<T]S1 LIKE ,BO]NE & ,HE9E LAT] ON5D$ BY CONV]T+1 & ?US NO LONG] EXI/$ AS ,ISRAELITES4 ,AS = ! MASS ( ,JEWS1 IT WAS 9 QUITE DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,! DECREE ( #agia FRE$ !SE P>IAHS FROM A SECUL> S]VITUDE2 IT BROKE ! FETT]S ) :I* ! LAWS HAD B\ND !M2 IT WRE/$ !M FROM ALL K9DS ( <ETTOS :]E !Y HAD BE5 IMPRISON$2 FROM1 AS IT W]E1 CATTLE IT MADE !M HUMAN BE+S4 ,BUT IF IT WAS )9 ITS P[] TO RE/ORE !M TO LIB]TY1 IF IT WAS POSSIBLE = IT TO UNDO )9 ONE DAY ! LEGISLATIVE WORK ( C5TURIES1 IT C\LD NOT ANNUL !IR MORAL EFFECT1 & IT WAS ESPECIALLY IMPOT5T TO BREAK ! *A9S :I* ! ,JEWS HAD =G$ !MSELVES4 ,! ,JEWS W]E EMANCIPAT$ LEGALLY1 BUT NOT SO MORALLY2 !Y KEPT !IR MANN]S1 CU/OMS & PREJUDICESPREJUDICES :I* !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S ( O!R CONFESSIONS KEPT1 TOO4 ,!Y W]E HAPPY AT HAV+ ESCAP$ !IR HUMILIATION1 BUT !Y LOOK$ >\ND ) DIFFID5CE & SUSPECT$ EV5 !IR LIB]ATORS4 

,= C5TURIES !Y HAD LOOK$ ) DISGU/ & T]ROR AT ?IS WORLD :I* WAS REJECT+ !M2 !Y HAD SUFF]$ FROM IT1 BUT !Y /ILL MORE FE>$ TO LOSE !IR P]SONALITY & FAI? FROM CONTACT ) IT4 ,MORE ?AN ONE OLD ,JEW MU/ HAVE LOOK$ ) ANXIETY AT ! NEW EXI/5CE :I* OP5$ BE=E HIM2 ,I %\LD NOT EV5 BE SURPRIS$ IF !RE W]E SOME 9 :OSE EYES ! LIB]ATION APPE>$ A MIS=TUNE OR ABOM9ATION4 

,AS ! DECREE ( EMANCIPATION DID NOT *ANGE ! ,JUDAIC SELF1 ! WAY 9 :I* ?IS SELF MANIFE/$ ITSELF WAS NOT *ANG$ EI!R4 ,ECONOMICALLY ! ,JEWS REMA9$ :AT !Y W]EBE IT UND]/OOD ?AT ,I SPEAK ( ! MAJORITYUNPRODUCTIVE1 I4E41 BROK]S1 MONEY-L5D]S1 USUR]S1 & !Y C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE1 GIV5 !IR HABITS & CONDITIONS UND] :I* !Y HAD LIV$4 ,) ! EXCEP-TION ( AN 9SIGNIFICANT M9ORITY AMONG !M1 !Y HAD NO O!R APTITUDES1 & EV5 N[ADAYS A GREAT MANY ,JEWS >E 9 ! SAME PLI<T4 ,!Y DID NOT FAIL TO APPLY !SE APTITUDES1 & DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ( UNRE/ & DISORD] !Y F\ND OCCASION TO APPLY !M MORE ?AN EV]4 ,9 ,FRANCE !Y AVAIL$ !MSELVES ( EV5TS1 & ! EV5TS W]E FAVORABLE = !M4 ,9 ,ALSACE1 = 9/ANCE1 !Y ACT$ AS AUXILI>IES TO ! PEASANTS1 :OM !Y L5T ! FUNDS NECESS>Y = ! PUR*ASE ( NATIONAL PROP]TY4 ,ALREADY BE=E ! REVOLUTION !Y W]E ! HOME-BR$ USUR]S 9 ?IS PROV9CE1 & ! OBJECTS ( HATR$ & CONTEMPT1 .<#a#c#f.> AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 ! V]Y PEASANTS :O HAD ]/:ILE =G$ QUITTANCES .<#a#c#g.> TO ESCAPE FROM ! CLUT*ES ( !IR CR$ITORS1 N[ APPEAL$ TO !M4 ,?ANKS TO ! ,ALSATIAN ,JEWS1 ! NEW [N]%IP CONT9U$1 BUT !Y MEANT TO DRAW PR(IT FROM IT ) A PL5TIFUL1 USURI\S H&4 ,! DEBTORS RAIS$ A PROTE/2 !Y PRET5D$ !Y W\LD BE RU9$ IF NO AID W]E =?COM+1 & 9 ?IS !Y EXAGG]AT$1 AS !Y1 :O PREVI\S TO #agie HAD NO?+1 HAD EI<TE5 YE>S LAT] ACQUIR$ #f11 FRANCS' WOR? ( E/ATES ON :I* !Y [$ ! ,JEWS #i1#e1 FRANCS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,NAPOLEON L5T E> TO !M1 & SUSP5D$1 DUR+ ONE YE>1 JUDICIAL DECISIONS 9 BEHALF ( ! ,JEWI% USUR]S ( ! ,UPP] ,RH9E1 ! ,L[] ,RH9E1 & ! ,RH9E PROV9CES4 ,HIS WORK DID NOT /OP AT ?AT4 ,9 ! PREAMBLES ( ! DECREE ( SUSP5SION ( ,MAY #c1 #a#h#f1 HE %[$ ?AT HE DID NOT CONSID] ! REPRESSIVE MEASURES SUFFICI5T1 BUT WANT$ ! S\RCE ( ! EVIL DONE AWAY )4 

0,!SE CIRCUM/ANCES10 SAID HE1 0CAUS$ US AT ! SAME TIME TO CONSID] H[ URG5T IT WAS TO REVIVE AMONG ?OSE SUBJECTS ( \R C\NTRY :O PR(ESS ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 ! S5TIM5TS ( CIVIC MORALS1 :I* HAVE UN=TUNATELY BE5 DEAD5$ ) A GREAT NUMB] ( !M ?R\< ! /ATE ( HUMILIATION 9 :I* !Y HAVE LANGUI%$ TOO LONG1 & :I* IS NOT \R 9T5TION TO MA9TA9 & R5EW40 

,TO REVIVE OR RA!R TO GIVE BIR? TO !SE S5TIM5TS1 HE WANT$ TO B5D ! ,JEWI% RELIGION TO SUIT HIS DISCIPL9E1 TO HI]>*IZE IT AS HE HAD HI]>*IZ$ ! RE/ ( ! NATION1 TO MAKE IT CON=M TO ! G5]AL PLAN4 ,:5 FIR/ CONSUL HE HAD NEGLECT$ TO TAKE UP ! QUE/ION ( ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 & SO HE WANT$ TO MAKE AM5DS = ?IS FAILURE BY CONVOK+ AN ,ASSEMBLY ( ,NOTABLE ,JEWS = ! PURPOSE ( 0CONSID]+ ! MEANS ( IMPROV+ ! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWI% NATION & SPREAD+ ! TA/E = ! USEFUL >TS & PR(ESSIONS AMONG ITS MEMB]S10 & ( ORGANIZ+ ,JUDAISM ADM9I/RATIVELY4 ,A LI/ ( QUE/IONS WAS S5T \T AMONG PROM95T ,JEWS & :5 ! ANSW]S HAD COME 91 ! ,EMP]OR CALL$ TOGE!R A ,GREAT ,SANH$R9 VE/$ ) ! P[] ( BE/[+ A RELIGI\S AU?ORITY UPON ! RESPONSES ( ! FIR/ ASSEMBLY4 ,! ,SANH$R9 DECL>$ ?AT ! ,MOSAIC LAW CONTA9$ OBLIGATORY RELIGI\S PROVISIONS1 & POLITICAL PROVISIONS2 ! LATT] CONC]N$ ! PEOPLE ( ,ISRAEL :5 AN AUTONOM\S NATION1 & HAD1 !RE=E1 LO/ !IR MEAN+ S9CE ! ,JEWS HAD SCATT]$ AMONG ! NATIONS2 IT ALSO =BADE TO MAKE1 9 ! FUTURE1 ANY DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS 9 ! MATT] ( LOANS1 & 5TIRELY PROHIBIT$ USURY4 

,!SE DECL>ATIONS %[$ ?AT ! PROM95T ,JEWS BELONG+ = ! MO/ P>T TO ! M9ORITY ,I HAVE M5TION$1 KNEW TO ADAPT !MSELVES TO ! NEW /ATE ( AFFAIRS1 BUT C\LD 9 NO WAY MAKE ANY PRESUMPTION UPON ! DISPOSITIONS ( ! MASS4 ,IT REQUIR$ ! C&OR ( ,NAPOLEON ! LEGI/ TO BELIEVE ?AT A SYNOD C\LD 5JO9 LOVE = ! NEI<BOR1 OR =BID USURY :I* ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS FACILITAT$4 ,! IMP]IAL PROHIBITION = ,JEWS AGA9/ PROVID+ SUB/ITUTES = MILIT>Y S]VICE?IS = ! PURPOSE ( MAK+ !M BETT] REALIZE ! GR&EUR ( !IR CIVIC DUTIESWAS B\ND TO HAVE ! SAME EFFECT AS ! PRESCRIPTIONS ( ! SYNOD4 .<#a#c#h.> ,! CASE WAS ! SAME ) ! DECREE ( ,M>* #a#g1 #a#h#h1 =BIDD+ ! ,JEWS TO 5GAGE 9 COMM]CE )\T A P]SONAL LIC5SE ISSU$ BY ! PREFECT1 OR TO TAKE MORTGAGES )\T AU?ORIZATION2 BESIDES1 ,JEWS W]E =BIDD5 TO SETTLE 9 ,ALSACE & ! ,RH9E PROV9CES1 & ! ,ALSATIAN ,JEWS W]E =BIDD5 TO 5T] O!R DEP>TM5TS UNLESS TO 5GAGE 9 AGRICULTURE4 .<#a#c#i.> ,!SE DECREES ISSU$ = T5 YE>S1 DID NOT TURN A S+LE ,JEW 9TO A F>M]1 & IF ANY ( !M BECAME *AUV9I/S1 ! OBLIGATION ( S]V+ 9 ! >MY HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) IT4 ,!SE W]E ! LA/ RE/RICTIVE LAWS 9 ,FRANCE2 ! LEGAL ASSIMILATION WAS CONSUMMAT$ 9 #a#h#c1 :5 ,LAFITTE HAD ! ,JEWI% CRE$ 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! BUDGET4 ,?IS MEANT ! F9AL D[NFALL ( ! 0,*RI/IAN ,/ATE10 ?\< ! LAY /ATE WAS NOT1 AS YET1 COMPLETELY E/ABLI%$4 ,! LA/ TRACE ( ! ANCI5T DI/9CTIONS BETWE5 ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS DISAPPE>$ ) ! ABOLITION ( ! OA? ,MORE ,JUDAICO1 9 #a#h#c#i4 ,NOR WAS ! MORAL ASSIMILATION COMPLETE4 

,SO F> WE HAVE BE5 SPEAK+ ( ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,FR5* ,JEWS1 IT REMA9S TO EXAM9E ! 9FLU5CE IT HAD ON ! ,JEWS ( ,EUROPE4 ,FROM ! MOM5T ( ! F\NDATION ( ! ,BATAVIAN ,REPUBLIC1 9 #a#g#i#f1 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY GAVE ! ,JEWS 9 ! ,NE!RL&S ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP1 & !IR POSITION REGULAT$ LAT] BY ,L\IS ,BONAP>TE WAS SETTL$ 9 A DECISIVE WAY BY ,WILLIAM ,I1 9 #a#h#a#e4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 ! ,DUT* ,JEWS 5JOY$ IMPORTANT PRIVILEGES & QUITE A DEAL ( LIB]TY S9CE ! SIXTE5? C5TURY3 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS BUT ! DECISIVE CAUSE ( !IR TOTAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 ,ITALY & ,G]MANY EMANCIPATION WAS BR\<T TO ! ,JEWS BY ! >MIES ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! ,EMPIRE4 ,NAPOLEON BECAME ! H]O & GOD ( ,ISRAEL1 ! AWAIT$ LIB]ATOR1 HE :OSE MI<TY H& WAS BREAK+ ! B>RI]S ( ! ,<ETTO4 ,HE 5T]$ ALL CITIES GREET$ BY ! ACCLAMATIONS ( ! ,JEWSWITNESS ! WAY 9 :I* ,HE9RI* ,HE9E EXTOLL$ HIM:O FELT ?AT !IR CAUSE WAS L9K$ ) ! TRIUMPH ( ! EAGLES4 ,& = ?IS REASON ! ,JEWS W]E ! FIR/ TO FEEL ! EFFECTS ( ! ,NAPOLEONIC REACTION4 ,A RETURN TO ANTI-,JUDAISM W5T H& 9 H& ) ! EXALTATION ( PATRIOTISM4 ,! EMANCIPATION WAS A ,FR5* ACT2 IT WAS1 !RE=E1 NECESS>Y TO PROVE IT BAD1 BESIDES1 IT WAS A REVOLUTION>Y ACT1 & !RE WAS A REACTION AGA9/ ! ,REVOLUTION & ! IDEAS ( EQUALITY4 ,:ILE ! ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE WAS BE+ REE/ABLI%$1 ! ,JEWS W]E BE+ BANI%$4 ,9 ,G]MANY 9 P>TICUL> ?IS ANTIQUE RELIGI\S CONCEPTION ( ! ,/ATE AGA9 CAME TO LIFE ) A NEW SPL5DOR1 & 9 ,G]MANY1 ESPECIALLY1 ANTI-,JUDAISM MANIFE/$ ITSELF MORE ACUTELY1 BUT ! REVIVAL ( ANTI-,JEWI% LEGISLATION WAS G5]AL4 ,9 ,ITALY LEGISLATION HAD BE5 RESUM$ 9 #a#g#g2 9 ,G]MANY ! ,VI5NA ,CONGRESS ABOLI%$ ALL IMP]IAL PROVISIONS = ,JEWS1 LEAV+ !M ONLY ! RI<TS GRANT$ BY ! LAWFUL ,G]MAN GOV]NM5TS4 ,AS A RESULT ( ! DECISIONS ( ! ,CONGRESS1 ! CITIES & COMMUNITIES %[$ !MSELVES H>% T[>D ! ,JEWS4 ,LUBECK & ,BREM5 EXPELL$ !M2 LIKE ,ROME1 ,FRANK=T %UT !M UP ANEW 9 !IR ANCI5T QU>T]S .<#a#d.> 4 ,NATURALLY1 POPUL> MOVEM5TS FOLL[$ SUIT ( ! LEGAL MEASURES4 ,AT ?IS MOM5T ( OV]HEAT$ PATRIOTISM1 ANY RE/RICTION ( ! RI<TS ( /RANG]S MET ) APPROVAL2 = ! ,JEWS W]E AS EV] ! /RANG]S P> EXCELL5CE1 :O BE/ REPRES5T$ NOXI\S /RANG]S1 & SO1 AB\T #a#h#b1 I4E41 ! MOM5T :5 ?IS /ATE ( M9DS REA*$ ITS P>OXYSM1 ! MOB FELL1 9 MANY PLACES1 UPON ! ,JEWS & BADLY MALTREAT$ !M1 EV5 IF IT DID NOT MASSACRE !M4 

,! ?IRTY YE>S FOLL[+ ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ,NAPOLEON DID NOT WITNESS ANY GREAT PROGRESS = ! ,JEWS4 ,9 ,5GL& :]E !Y W]E1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 TREAT$ LIB]ALLY 5\<1 !Y W]E1 NEV]!LESS1 ALWAYS CONSID]$ DISSID5TS1 &1 LIKE ! ,CA?OLICS1 W]E SUBJECT TO C]TA9 OBLIGATIONS4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ONLY DID !Y SEE !IR CONDITION MODIFI$1 & ! HI/ORY ( !IR EMANCIPATION IS AN EPISODE 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,H\SE ( ,COMMONS & ! ,H\SE ( ! ,LORDS4 ,NOT BE=E #ahf W]E !Y COMPLETELY ASSIMILAT$ ) ! O!R ,5GLI% CITIZ5S4 

,9 ,AU/RIA !Y HAD BE5 P>TLY EMANCIPAT$ BY ! ,TOL]ATION $ICT ( ,JOSEPH ,I,I 7#a#g#h#e71 BUT HAD TO UND]GO ! SAME REACTION2 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS TOO FATAL = ! ,AU/RIAN ,H\SE1 ?AT ! LATT] %\LD EV5 PUT UP ) ?IS WELL-NI< EQUALITY ( ! ,JEWS :I* A DEMOCRATIC & PHILOSOPHIC SOV]EIGN HAD GRANT$4 ,ONLY 9 #ahdh ! ,AU/RIAN ,JEWS BECAME CITIZ5S .<#a#d#a.>4 4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !IR EMANCIPATION WAS A*IEV$ 9 ,G]MANY1 .<#a#d#b.> ,GREECE1 ,SW$51 & ,D5M>K4 ,ONCE MORE !Y [$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE TO ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT :I* ONCE AGA9 CAME FROM ,FRANCE4 ,H[EV]1 WE %ALL SEE ?AT !Y W]E NOT /RANG]S TO ! GREAT MOVEM5T :I* AGITAT$ ALL ,EUROPE2 9 SOME C\NTRIES1 NOTABLY 9 ,G]MANY1 !Y AID$ 9 PREP>+ IT1 & !Y W]E ! ADVOCATES ( LIB]TY4 ,!Y ALSO W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO B5EFIT !REBY1 AS LEGAL ANTI-,JUDAISM MAY BE SAID TO HAVE COME TO AN 5D 9 ! ,OCCID5T AFT] #a#h#d#h4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE ! LA/ OB/ACLES FELL1 & ! LA/ RE/RICTIONS W]E ABOLI%$4 ,! FALL ( ! TEMPORAL P[] ( ! ,POPES1 9 #a#h#g1 DID AWAY ) ! LA/ OCCID5TAL ,<ETTO1 & ! ,JEWS N[ C\LD BECOME CITIZ5S EV5 9 ,/4 ,PET]'S CITY4 

,S9CE !N ANTI-,JUDAISM HAS TRANS=M$1 IT HAS BECOME PURELY LIT]>Y1 IT HAS COME TO BE BUT AN OP9ION1 & ?IS OP9ION HAS NO LONG] HAD ITS EFFECT ON LAWS4 ,BUT BE=E EXAM9+ ?IS ANTISEMITISM ( ! P5 :I* 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES EXI/$ UNTIL #a#h#g1 SIDE BY SIDE ) RE/RICTIVE REGULATIONS1 WE MU/ SPEAK ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,/ATES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 :]E ! ANTI-,JUDAISM IS EV5 N[ LEGAL & P]SECUTION>Y1 I4E41 ( ,ROMANIA & ,RUSSIA4 

,! ,JEWS HAVE LIV$ 9 ,ROMANIA1 .<#a#d#c.> I4E41 ! ,MOLDAU-,VALA*IAN L&S1 S9CE ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 BUT !Y CAME !RE 9 NUMB]S AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS C5TURY ONLY1 & >E AB\T #c1 9 ALL1 AS A RESULT ( ,HUNG>IAN & ,RUSSIAN EMIGRATION4 ,= MANY LONG YE>S !Y LIV$ UNDI/URB$4 ,!Y NATURALLY DEP5D$ UPON ! BOY>S :O HOLD ! P[] 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 & !Y LEAS$ ! SALE ( SPIRITS FROM !SE NOBLEM51 :O HELD ! MONOPOLY !RE=E4 ,AS !Y W]E 9DISP5SABLE TO ! NOBLEM5 AS TAX-COLLECTORS1 FISCAL AG5TS & ALL SORTS ( MIDDLEM51 ! NOBLES W]E RA!R 9CL9$ TO GRANT !M PRIVILEGES1 & !Y ONLY HAD ! EXCESS ( POPUL> SUP]/ITIONS OR PASSIONS4 ,! (FICIAL P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,JEWS BEGAN ONLY 9 #a#h#e#f1 :5 ,ROMANIA ADOPT$ ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM & ! P[] ?US FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,!NCE=? RE/RICTIVE MEASURES GREW MORE S]I\S4 ,! ,JEWS C\LD NOT OBTA9 ANY RANK1 !Y W]E DEPRIV$ ( ! RI<T ( P]MAN5T DOMICILE 9 C\NTRY PLACES1 !Y W]E =BIDD5 TO HOLD REAL E/ATEEXCEPT 9 CITIESOR L&S1 OR V9EY>DS4 ,!Y W]E PROHIBIT$ TO TAKE E/ATES ON LEASE1 TO KEEP HOTELS & TAV]NS \TSIDE ( CITIES1 TO RETAIL SPIRITS1 TO HAVE ,*RI/IAN DOME/ICS1 TO BUILD NEW SYNAGOGUES4 ,SOME ( !SE DECISIONS W]E PASS$ >BITR>ILY BY C]TA9 MUNICIPALITIES2 9 O!R VILLAGES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,JEWS W]E TOL]AT$4 ,?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS LA/$ TILL #a#h#f#g4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! M9I/] ,JEAN ,BRATIANO PUBLI%$ A CIRCUL> 9 :I* HE RECALL$ TO M9D ! FACT ?AT ! ,JEWS HAD NO RI<T TO LIVE 9 RURAL COMMUNITIES1 OR TO TAKE !RE PROP]TY ON LEASE4 ,AS A RESULT ( ?IS CIRCUL> ! ,JEWS W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! VILLAGES !Y 9HABIT$1 !Y W]E CONDEMN$ LIKE VAGABONDS1 & ! EXPULSIONS CONT9U$ TILL #a#h#g#g2 !Y W]E G5]ALLY CALL$ =? BY ! UPRIS+S 9 ,BU*>E/1 ,YASSY1 ,GALATZ1 ,TECUC91 AS WELL AS 9 O!R PLACES1 & DUR+ !SE UPRIS+S CEMET]IES W]E PR(AN$ & SYNAGOGUES BURN$4 

,:AT W]E1 :AT >E /ILL ! CAUSES ( ?IS SPECIAL LEGISLATION1 & ( ?IS ANIMOSITY ( ! ,ROMANIANS T[>DS ! ,JEWS8 ,!Y >E NOT EXCLUSIVELY RELIGI\S1 & DESPITE ! P]SI/5CE ( ANCE/RAL PREJUDICES1 IT IS NOT A CASE ( A CONFESSIONAL W>4 ,! ,R\MANIAN ,JEWS CON/ITUT$1 ESPECIALLY AT ! MOM5T ( ! =MATION ( ,ROMANIA1 AGGLOM]ATIONS COMPLETELY ISOLAT$ FROM ! BULK ( ! POPULATION 9 ! ,MOLDAU-,VALA*IAN L&S4 ,!Y WORE A SPECIAL G>B1 LIV$ 9 QU>T]S SET AP>T 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE CONTAM9ATIONS1 & SPOKE A ,JUDEO-,G]MAN J>GON1 :I* R\ND$ (F !IR M>KS ( DI/9CTION4 ,!Y LIV$ UND] ! DOM9ATION ( !IR RABBIS1 N>R[-M9D$1 LIMIT$1 IGNORANT ,TALMUDI/S1 FROM :OM !Y RECEIV$ 9 ,JEWI% S*OOL%$]AN $UCATION :I* WAS CONDUCIVE TO !IR 9TELLECTUAL ABASEM5T & !IR DEGRADATION4 

,!Y W]E ! VICTIMS ( ?IS ISOLATION :I* WAS DUE TO !IR GUIDES1 ! RABB9I/S4 ,! PATRIOTIC PASSIONS W]E P>TICUL>LY >\S$ 9 ?IS L&1 :I* WAS BE+ BORN1 WAS ACQUIR+ A NATIONALITY & /RIV+ = UNITY4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A PAN-,R\MANISM1 JU/ LIKE PAN-,G]MANISM OR PAN-,SLAVISM4 ,!RE W]E DISCUSSIONS ON ! ,R\MANIAN RACE1 ON ITS 9TEGRITY1 ITS PURITY1 ! DANG] ?REAT5+ IT FROM ADULT]ATION4 ,ASSOCIATIONS W]E =M$ TO C\NT]ACT =EIGN 5CROA*M5T1 & ,JEWI% 5CROA*M5T 9 P>TICUL>4 ,S*OOLMA/]S1 UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS W]E ! S\L ( !SE SOCIETIES2 JU/ AS 9 ,G]MANY1 !Y W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE ANTISEMITES4 ,!Y ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,JEWI% $UCATION CRIPPL$ ! BRA9S ( ?OSE RECEIV+ IT1 ?AT IT R5D]$ !M UNFIT = SOCIAL LIFE1 :I* WAS BUT TOO CORRECT1 & YET !Y W]E GO+ TO %UT ! ,JEWS \T COMPLETELY FROM OBTA9+ ! $UCATION GIV5 TO ,*RI/IANS1 EXACTLY ! ONE ?AT W\LD LIFT !M FROM !IR DEGRADATION4 

,BUT ! COLLEGE-BR$ W]E NOT ! SOLE ANTISEMITES 9 ,ROMANIA1 & !RE W]E ECONOMIC CAUSES BESIDE PATRIOTIC CAUSES4 ,AS ,I HAVE SAID1 ANTISEMITISM WAS BORN ) ! ADV5T ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 BECAUSE ?IS B\RGEOIS CLASS1 COMPOS$ ( M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S1 CAME 9TO COMPETITION ) ! ,JEWS :O DISPLAY$ !IR ACTIVITY EXCLUSIVELY 9 COMM]CE & 9DU/RY1 :5 NOT 9 USURY4 ,! B\RGEOISIE HAD EV]Y 9T]E/ 9 ! PASSAGE ( PROTECTIVE LAWS1 :I*1 ?\< NOM9ALLY DIRECT$ AT /RANG]S & NOT AT ! ,JEWS1 PR9CIPALLY AIM$ AT PLAC+ OB/ACLES TO ! EXPANSION ( !IR =MIDABLE RIVALS4 ,IT A*IEV$ ITS PO9T BY SKILLFULLY FOM5T+ DI/URBANCES :I* GAVE !IR REPRES5TATIVES 9 ,P>LIAM5T A *ANCE TO PROPOSE NEW REGULATIONS4 ,?US !SE DIV]SE CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM MAY BE R$UC$ TO A S+LE ON5ATIONAL PROTECTIONISM& V]Y CLEV] IT IS1 AS SIMULTANE\SLY ) D5Y+ ! ,JEWS ALL CIVIC RI<TS ON ! GR\ND ?AT !Y >E /RANG]S1 IT =CES !M 9TO MILIT>Y S]VICE1 :I* AGA9 IS A CONTRADICTION1 AS NONE BUT A CITIZ5 CAN =M A P>T ( A NATIONAL >MY4 

,H>D] /ILL1 MORE MIS]ABLE ?AN 9 ,ROMANIA1 IS ! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,!IR HI/ORY 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 :]E !Y >RIV$ 9 ! ?IRD C5TURY ,B4,C4 & F\ND$ COLONIES 9 ,CRIMEA1 HAS BE5 ?AT ( ! ,JEWS ( ALL ,EUROPE4 ,!Y W]E BANI%$ 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY NEV] TO BE RECALL$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AT PRES5T ,RUSSIA C\NTS #d1#e1 ,JEWS1 & TO SAY1 AS ! ANTISEMITES MA9TA91 ?AT ! ,JEWS HAVE 9VAD$ IT IS NONS5SE1 = ,RUSSIA HAS ACQUIR$ !M BY SEIZ+ ,:ITE ,RUSSIA 9 #agfi & LAT] ON ! ,POLI% PROV9CES & ,CRIMEA1 :I* CONTA9$ A GREAT NUMB] ( ,JEWS4 ,AT ! MOM5T ( ?IS CONQUE/ IT WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION TO APPLY ! UKASE ( #agdb :I* BANI%$ ! ,JEWS ONCE MORE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT WAS NOT AN EASY ?+ TO DRIVE \T SEV]AL MILLION 9DIVIDUALS 9TO ! NEI<BOR+ /ATES2 ON ! O!R1 COMM]CE1 9DU/RY1 & P>TICUL>LY ! TREASURY1 W\LD HAVE F>$ ILL FROM SU* :OLESALE EXPULSION4 ,CA!R9E ,I,I !N GRANT$ ! ,JEWS EQUAL RI<TS ) H] ,RUSSIAN SUBJECTS1 BUT ! ,S5ATE UKASES ( #a#g#h#f1 #agia & #agid CURTAIL$ !SE PRIVILEGES & CONF9$ ! ,ISRAELITES )9 ,:ITE ,RUSSIA & ,CRIMEA!NCE=? CON/ITUT+ ! ,JEWI% T]RITORY& ,POL&4 ,ONLY 9 C]TA9 CASES & UND] SPECIAL CONDITIONS W]E !Y ALL[$ TO LEAVE ! LIMITS ( ?IS T]RITORIAL ,<ETTO4 

,9 ,RUSSIA ALL MOD]N ANTISEMITISM1 :I* IS (FICIAL ANTISEMITISM P> EXCELL5CE1 CONSI/S 9 KEEP+ ! ,JEWS FROM ESCAP+ ! ,S5ATE UKASES JU/ SPOK5 (4 ,RUSSIA HAS RESIGN$ H]SELF TO H] ,JEWS1 BUT %E WANTS TO LEAVE !M :]E %E F\ND !M4 ,/ILL !RE W]E FAVORABLE OR RA!R LESS UNFAVORABLE TIMES = ! ,JEWS4 ,ALEX&] ,I P]MITT$ !M 9 #ahh TO SETTLE 9 ! CR[N L&S ON CONDITION ( 5GAG+ !RE 9 AGRICULTURE2 ,NI*OLAS ,I GAVE !M P]MISSION TO TRAVEL :5 !IR BUS9ESS REQUIR$ IT1 !Y W]E ALL[$ TO ATT5D ! UNIV]SITIES2 & UND] ,ALEX&] ,I,I !IR POSITION IMPROV$ /ILL FUR!R4 .<#a#d#d.> 

,AFT] ! DEA? ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I ! AUTOCRATIC REACTION BECAME MON/R\S 9 ,RUSSIA3 AN ABOM9ABLE REAWAK5+ ( ABSOLUTISM WAS ! ANSW] TO ! BOMB ( ! NIHILI/S4 ,! NATIONAL OR?ODOX SPIRIT WAS OV]EXCIT$1 ! LIB]AL & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T WAS *>G$ TO =EIGN 9FLU5CES1 & ! ,JEWS W]E MADE ! SCAPEGOATS1 9 ORD] TO DIV]T ! PEOPLE FROM ! NIHILI/IC PROPAG&A2 H5CE ! MASSACRES ( #ahha & #a#h#h#b1 DUR+ :I* ! MOB BURN$ ,JEWI% H\SES1 ROBB$ & KILL$ ! ,JEWS1 SAY+3 0,\R DADDY1 ! ,CZ>1 WANTS IT40 

,AFT] !SE DI/URBANCES ,G5]AL ,IGNATYEFF PROMULGAT$ ! 0,MAY ,LAWS0 ( #a#h#h#b4 ,!Y READ AS FOLL[S3 

#a4 ,AS A TEMPOR>Y MEASURE & UNTIL ! G5]AL REVISION ( ! LAWS REGULAT+ !IR /ATUS1 ,JEWS >E =BIDD5 TO SETTLE H]EAFT] \TSIDE ( CITIES & T[NS4 ,EXCEPTION IS MADE ) REG>D TO ,JEWI% VILLAGES ALREADY 9 EXI/5CE :]E ! ,JEWS >E 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURE4 

#b4 ,UNTIL FUR!R ORD] ALL CONTRACTS = ! MORTGAG+ OR R5T+ ( REAL E/ATE SITUAT$ \TSIDE ( CITIES & T[NS TO A ,JEW1 %ALL BE ( NO EFFECT4 ,EQUALLY VOID IS ANY P[] ( ATTORNEY GRANT$ TO A ,JEW = ! ADM9I/RATION OR DISPOSITION ( PROP]TY ( ! ABOVE-9DICAT$ NATURE4 

#c4 ,JEWS >E =BIDD5 TO DO BUS9ESS ON ,SUNDAYS & ,*RI/IAN HOLIDAYS2 ! LAWS COMPELL+ ,*RI/IANS TO CLOSE !IR PLACES ( BUS9ESS ON ?OSE DAYS WILL BE APPLI$ TO ,JEWI% PLACES ( BUS9ESS4 

#d4 ,! ABOVE MEASURES >E APPLICABLE ONLY 9 ! GOV]NM5TS SITUAT$ )9 ! ,JEWI% PALE ( SETTLEM5T4 

,!SE LAWS W]E 5ACT$ AS A TEMPOR>Y MEASURE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 A COMMISSION PRESID$ OV] BY ,C\NT ,PAHL5 MET 9 #ahhc TO SETTLE F9ALLY ! ,JEWI% QUE/ION4 ,! CONCLUSIONS ( ?IS COMMISSION W]E QUITE LIB]AL 9 SPIRIT2 IT RECOMM5D$ ?AT C]TA9 CIVIL RI<TS BE GIV5 TO ! ,JEWS4 ,[+ TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ,POBY$ONO/SEFF1 ! ,PROCURATOR ( ! ,HOLY ,SYNOD1 ! REPORT ( ! ,PAHL5 ,COMMISSION WAS BURI$1 & ! ,MAY ,LAWS HAVE REMA9$ 9 =CE4 ,S9CE ?AT TIME1 & ESPECIALLY FROM #ahi ON1 ! P]SECUTIONS R$\BL$4 ,! 0PALE0 WAS N>R[$ BY =BIDD+ ! ,JEWS TO 5T] C]TA9 =TIFI$ PLACES1 & BY CREAT+ A FRONTI] BELT :]E ! ,JEWS C\LD NOT RESIDE4 ,! UKASE ( #ahfe ( ,ALEX&] ,I,I1 ALL[+ 0SKILL$0 >TISANS TO *OOSE A DOMICILE ?R\<\T ! EMPIRE WAS ABROGAT$4 ,?US NE>LY #c11 ,JEWS W]E CR[D$ 9TO ! CITIES ( ! PALE ( SETTLEM5T1 :ILE A MILLION WAS SPREAD OV] ,POL&1 & #e1 PRIVILEG$M]*ANTS ( ! FIR/ RANK1 F9ANCI]S & /UD5TSALL OV] ,RUSSIA4 

,O!R MEASURES1 BESIDES ?IS SY/EMATIC CR[D+1 W]E TAK5 AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,!Y W]E %UT \T ( C]TA9 OCCUPATIONS & C]TA9 PR(ESSIONS2 ?OSE %ELT]$ 9 HOSPITALS AS 9VALIDS W]E S5T AWAY2 EMPLOYES ( RAILROADS & /EAM%IP COMPANIES W]E DISMISS$2 ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O C\LD 5T] UNIV]SITIES1 COLLEGES & HI< S*OOLS WAS LIMIT$2 !Y W]E B>R$ FROM BECOM+ ATTORNEYS1 PHYSICIANS1 5G9E]S1 OR AT LEA/ !IR OPPORTUNITIES = 5T]+ !SE PR(ESSIONS W]E RE/RICT$2 EV5 !IR [N S*OOLS W]E CLOS$ TO !M1 !Y >E NOT ADMITT$ EV5 TO HOSPITALS1 !Y >E BURD5$ ) SPECIAL TAXES ON !IR R5TS1 9H]ITANCES1 ! ANIMALS !Y KILL = MEAT1 ! C&LES !Y LI<T ON ,FRIDAY EV5+S1 ! SKULL-CAPS !Y WE> DUR+ RELIGI\S C]EMONIES1 EV5 :5 !SE >E ( A PRIVATE NATURE4 

,BESIDES !SE (FICIAL TAXES IMPOS$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 ! ,JEWS >E UND] ! EXPLOITATION ( ! ,RUSSIAN ADM9I/RATION & POLICE1 ! BASE/1 ! MO/ CORRUPT & V5AL 9 ALL ,EUROPE4 ,HALF ! 9COME ( ! MIDDLE CLASS ,JEWS1 SAYS ,WEB] & ,KEMP/]1 & ,H>OLD ,FR$]IC1 GOES TO ! POLICE4 ,EV]Y ,JEW 9 EASY CIRCUM/ANCES IS ! VICTIM ( CON/ANT EXTORTION4 ,AS = ?OSE 7& !Y >E ! MAJORITY71 :O >E TOO POOR TO BE ABLE TO PAY1 !Y >E SUBJECT$ TO ! MO/ LOA?SOME1 MO/ 9HUMAN TREATM5T1 =C$ TO B[ TO ALL ! :IMS ( BRUTAL POLICEM5 :O DOM9E] & M>TYRIZE !M1 AS !Y M>TYRIZE ALSO ! NIHILI/S & ! SUSPECTS ( LIB]ALISM :OM ! HORRIBLE AUTOCRACY ( ! ,CZ> PLACES 9 !IR P[]4 .<#a#d#e.> 

,WE %ALL NOT DEAL ) ! FRAUDS ) :I* ,JEWI% BUS9ESS M5 >E *>G$1 AS EXACTLY !SE BUS9ESS M5 OCCUPY A PRIVILEG$ POSITION2 AS = ! LAWLESSNESS ( A P>T ( ! MIS]ABLE MASS1 ?OSE ( :OM IT IS MADE UP 0W\LD NOT HAVE FOOD IF !Y DID NOT ROB10 & SO !Y >E 9 ! SAME POSITION ) A GREAT NUMB] ( OR?ODOX ,RUSSIANS :OM ! SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONDITION ( ,RUSSIA =CES TO RESORT TO UNSCRUPUL\S ME?ODS1 9 ORD] TO MAKE A LIV+4 

,:AT >E !N ! REAL CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM8 ,!Y >E POLITICAL & RELIGI\S4 ,ANTISEMITISM IS BY NO MEANS A POPUL> MOVEM5T 9 ,RUSSIA2 IT IS PURELY (FICIAL4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEOPLE1 LAD5 ) MIS]Y1 CRU%$ UND] TAXES1 GROAN+ UND] ! MO/ ATROCI\S ( TYRANNIES1 EMBITT]$ BY ADM9I/RATIVE VIOL5CE & GOV]NM5TAL ABUSE ( P[]1 BURD5$ ) SUFF]+ & HUMILIATION IS 9 AN UNBE>ABLE CONDITION4 ,G5]ALLY RESIGN$1 !Y >E LIABLE TO YIELD TO PASSIONS2 !IR UPRIS+S & REVOLTS >E =MIDABLE2 ANTISEMITIC RIOTS >E ! PROP] ?+ TO DIV]T POPUL> ANG]1 & ?AT IS :Y ! GOV]NM5T 5C\RAG$ !M & (T5 PROVOK$ !M4 ,AS TO ! PEASANTS & WORK+M51 !Y FELL UPON ! ,JEWS BECAUSE1 !Y SAID1 0! ,JEW & ! NOBLEMAN >E ( A PAIR1 ONLY IT IS EASY TO ?RA% ! ,JEW40 .<#a#d#f.> ,?US IS EXPLA9$ ! PLUND]+ ( RI* ,JEWI% M]*ANTS1 ( WEAL?Y MONEY-L5D]S1 (T5 ( POOR ,JEWI% WORKM51 & IT IS HE>T-R5D+ TO SEE !SE DIS9H]IT$ FALL UPON ONE ANO!R 9/EAD ( UNIT+ AGA9/ ! OPPRESSIVE CZ>ISM4 

,! POSSIBILITY ( A UNION BETWE5 !SE TWO CAMPS ( MIS]Y IS1 P]HAPS1 =ESE5 BY ?OSE :OSE 9T]E/ IT IS TO 5G5D] & KEEP !IR ANTAGONISM & :O ACTUALLY SAW ! RIOT]S BURN MANY ,*RI/IAN H\SES DUR+ ! RIOTS ( #ahha & #a#h#h#b4 ,AFT] ,ALEX&] ,I,I'S DEA? IT BECAME URG5T TO BLOT \T ( ! M\JIK'S & PROLET>IANS' MEMORIES ! NIHILI/S' ATTEMPTS AT LIB]ATION4 ,! REVOLUTION WAS MORE ?AN EV] ! FRI<TFUL HYDRA & DRAGON1 AGA9/ :I* ,HOLY ,RUSSIA WAS TO BE PROTECT$4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% IT A RETURN TO OR?ODOX IDEAS WAS ?\<T NECESS>Y4 ,ALL EVIL1 IT WAS SAID1 COMES FROM ! =EIGN1 ! H]ETICAL1 ?AT :I* POLLUTES ! SACR$ SOIL4 

,! RELIGI\S ORIG9 ( ! (FICIAL ANTISEMITISM HAS (T5 BE5 D5I$2 YET IT CANNOT BE D5I$1 & ! ,RUSSIANS WILL YET PROBABLY GIVE UP EV5 ,PANSLAVISM 9 ORD] TO >RIVE AT RELIGI\S UNITY1 A UNITY :I* TO SOME ( !M1 AT LEA/1 SEEMS 9DISP5SABLE = ! UNITY ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! NATIONAL & ! RELIGI\S QUE/ION >E BUT ONE 9 ,RUSSIA1 ! ,CZ> BE+ SIMULTANE\SLY ! TEMPORAL & SPIRITUAL HEAD1 ,CES> & ,POPE2 BUT TO FAI? MORE IMPORTANCE IS ATTA*$ ?AN TO RACE1 & ! PRO( IS ?AT A ,JEW :O IS WILL+ TO BE CONV]T$ IS NOT P]SECUT$4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,JEW IS 5C\RAG$ TO EMBRACE OR?ODOXY4 

,?US WE MAY SAY ?AT 9 EA/]N ,EUROPE :]E ! ACTUAL CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS FAIRLY WELL REPRES5TS :AT HAD BE5 !IR CONDITION 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM >E TW(OLD3 SOCIAL CAUSES1 & RELIGI\S CAUSES COMB9$ ) PATRIOTIC ONES4 ,IT N[ REMA9S = US TO SEE :AT >E ! CAUSES ?AT MA9TA9 ANTISEMITISM 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E IT HAS BECOME ANTISEMITISM ( ! P5 9/EAD ( LEGAL ANTISEMITISM1 &1 FIR/ ( ALL1 TO EXAM9E ?IS TRANS=MATION & ! PH5OM5A TO :I* IT HAS GIV5 RISE4 

,*APT] ,N9E3 ,MOD]N ,ANTISEMITISM & ITS ,LIT]ATURE 

,! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEWS SCATT]$ AMONG ! NATIONS JU/ LIKE /RANG]S1 &1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IT C\LD NOT BE O!RWISE1 S9CE = C5TURIES !Y =M$ A NATION AMONG ! NATIONS1 A SPECIAL PEOPLE PRES]V+ ITS *>ACT]I/ICS ?ANKS TO ! /RICT & PRECISE RITUAL1 AS WELL AS [+ TO ! LEGISLATION :I* KEPT IT AP>T & T5D$ TO P]PETUATE IT4 ,AS CONQU]ORS1 NOT AS GUE/S DID !Y COME 9TO MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,!Y W]E LIKE A P5N$-9 FLOCK2 SUDD5LY ! B>RI]S FELL & !Y RU%$ UPON ! FIELD OP5$ TO !M4 ,!Y W]E NOT W>RIORS1 :AT IS MORE1 ! MOM5T WAS NOT FAVORABLE TO AN EXP$ITION ( A SMALL B&1 BUT !Y MADE ! ONLY CONQUE/ = :I* !Y W]E >M$1 ! ECONOMIC CONQUE/ = :I* !Y HAD BE5 PREP>+ = SOME MANY LONG YE>S4 ,!Y W]E A RACE ( M]*ANTS & MONEY-DEAL]S1 P]HAPS DEGRAD$ BY M]CANTILE PRACTICE1 BUT1 ?ANKS TO ?IS V]Y PRACTICE1 EQUIPP$ ) QUALITIES :I* W]E BECOM+ PREPOND]ANT 9 ! NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM4 ,& SO IT WAS EASY = !M TO TAKE TO COMM]CE & F9ANCES1 &1 IT MU/ BE REPEAT$1 !Y C\LD NOT ACT O!RWISE4 ,CR[D$ TOGE!R1 OPPRESS$ = C5TURIES1 EV] CURB$ 9 !IR SO>+S1 !Y HAD ACQUIR$ A =MIDABLE P[] ( EXPANSION1 & ?IS P[] C\LD F9D APPLICATION 9 C]TA9 *ANNELS ONLY2 !IR EF=TS W]E LIMIT$1 BUT !IR NATURE WAS NOT *ANG$1 & IT WAS NOT *ANG$ ON ! DAY ( !IR LIB]ATION EI!R1 & !Y M>*$ AHEAD ON ! ROAD :I* WAS FAMILI> TO !M4 ,H[EV]1 ! /ATE ( AFFAIRS WAS P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE TO !M4 ,AT ?IS P]IOD ( GREAT OV]?R[S & RECON/RUCTIONS1 :5 NATIONS W]E BE+ MODIFI$1 NEW PR9CIPLES E/ABLI%$1 NEW SOCIAL1 MORAL & METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS WR\<T \T1 !Y W]E ! ONLY ONES TO BE FREE4 ,!Y W]E )\T ANY ATTA*M5TS TO ?OSE SURR\ND+ !M2 !Y HAD NO ANCI5T PATRIMONY TO DEF5D1 ! H]ITAGE :I* ! =M] SOCIETY WAS LEAV+ TO NASC5T SOCIETY WAS NOT !IRS2 ! ?\S& ANCE/RAL TIES :I* L9K$ ! CITIZ5S ( ! MOD]N /ATE ) ! PA/1 C\LD NOT 9FLU5CE !IR CONDUCT1 !IR 9TELLECTUALITY1 !IR MORALITY2 !IR SPIRIT HAD NO %ACKLES4 

,I HAVE %[N ?AT !IR LIB]ATION C\LD NOT *ANGE !M1 ?AT A NUMB] ( !M REGRETT$ !IR PA/ ( ISOLATION1 & EV5 IF !Y DID 5DEAVOR TO REMA9 !MSELVES1 IF !Y DID NOT ASSIMILATE1 !Y M>VEL\SLY ADAPT$ !MSELVES1 BY ! V]Y =CE ( !IR SPECIAL T5D5CIES1 TO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS :I* HAD AFFECT$ ! NATIONS S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION WAS ABOVE ALL AN ECONOMIC REVOLUTION4 ,IF IT IS CONSID]$ AS ! T]M9ATION ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 CLASSES1 IT MU/ BE VIEW$ AS ! CONSUMMATION ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 TWO =MS ( CAPITAL1 VIZ3 REAL PROP]TY & P]SONAL PROP]TY1 OR L&$ CAPITAL1 & 9DU/RIAL & SPECULATIVE CAPITAL4 ,) ! SUPREMACY ( ! NOBILITY ! SUPREMACY ( L&$ CAPITAL DISAPPE>$1 TOO1 & ! SUPREMACY ( ! B\RGEOISIE BR\<T ON ! SUPREMACY ( 9DU/RIAL & SPECULATIVE CAPITAL4 ,! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,JEW IS L9K$ ) ! GR[? ( ! PREVAL5CE ( 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL4 ,SO LONG AS L&$ CAPITAL RETA9$ ! POLITICAL P[]1 ! ,JEW WAS DEPRIV$ ( ANY RI<T2 ! ,JEW WAS LIB]AT$ ON ! DAY :5 POLITICAL P[] PASS$ TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL1 & ?AT PROV$ FATAL4 ,! B\RGEOISIE NE$$ HELP 9 ! /RUGGLE IT UND]TOOK2 ! ,JEW WAS = IT A VALUABLE ALLY1 :OM IT WAS ITS 9T]E/ TO EMANCIPATE4 ,S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ,JEW & B\RGEOIS M>*$ H& 9 H&1 TOGE!R !Y SU/A9$ ,NAPOLEON AT ! MOM5T :5 DICTATOR%IP BECAME NECESS>Y TO DEF5D ! PRIVILEGES GA9$ BY ! ,?IRD ,E/ATE1 & :5 ! IMP]IAL TYRANNY BECAME TOO HEAVY & OPPRESSIVE = CAPITALISM ! B\RGEOIS & ! ,JEW1 UNIT$ & PRELUD$ ! FALL ( ! ,EMPIRE BY =E/ALL+ PROVISIONS AT ! TIME ( ! ,RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN & HELP$ TO BR+ AB\T ! F9AL DISA/] BY CALL+ =? SLUMPS AT ! EX*ANGE & BUY+ ! DISLOYALTY ( M>%ALS4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! GREAT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 AFT] #a#h#a#e1 :5 CANAL1 M9E1 & 9SURANCE COMPANIES W]E =M$1 ! ,JEWS W]E AMONG ! MO/ ACTIVE 9 PROMOT+ COMB9ATION ( CAPITAL4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y W]E ! MO/ SKILLFUL1 BECAUSE ! SPIRIT ( COMB9ATION HAD = C5TURIES BE5 !IR ONLY SUPPORT4 ,BUT !Y W]E NOT CONT5T TO AID 9 BR++ AB\T 9 ?IS PRACTICAL WAY ! TRIUMPH ( 9DU/RIALISM1 !Y GAVE !IR AID 9 A !ORETICAL WAY1 ALSO4 ,!Y GA!R$ >\ND ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ! PHILOSOPH] ( ! B\RGEOISIE2 !Y WORK$ AT DIFFUS+ & DEVELOP+ HIS TEA*+4 

,SA9T-,SIMON HAD SAID3 .<#a#d#g.> 0,! MANUFACTUR]S MU/ BE 5TRU/$ ) ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! TEMPORAL P[]10 & 0! LA/ /EP ?AT REMA9S = 9DU/RY TO MAKE IS TO OBTA9 ! DIRECTION ( ! ,/ATE & ! *IEF PROBLEM ( \R TIME IS TO SECURE TO 9DU/RY A MAJORITY 9 \R P>LIAM5TS40 ,HE HAD ADD$ 3 .<#a#d#h.> 0,! 9DU/RIAL CLASS MU/ OCCUPY ! FIR/ RANK1 BECAUSE IT IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ALL2 BECAUSE IT CAN DO )\T ALL ! O!RS1 :ILE NONE O!R CAN DO )\T IT2 BECAUSE IT EXI/S BY ITS [N =CES1 BY ITS P]SONAL LABORS4 ,! O!R CLASSES MU/ WORK = IT1 BECAUSE !Y >E ITS CREATURES & BECAUSE IT SU/A9S !IR EXI/5CE2 9 A WORD1 AS EV]Y?+ IS MADE BY 9DU/RY1 EV]Y?+ MU/ BE MADE = IT40 ,! ,JEWS HELP$ TO REALIZE ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIAN DREAM2 !Y PROV$ !MSELVES ! MO/ TRU/WOR?Y ALLIES ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 9ASMU* AS 9 WORK+ = IT !Y WORK$ = !MSELVES &1 9 ALL ,EUROPE1 !Y W]E 9 ! FRONT RANK ( ! LIB]AL MOVEM5T1 :I* FROM #ahae TILL #ahdh SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ! DOM9ATION ( B\RGEOIS CAPITALISM4 

,?IS ROLE ( ! ,JEWS DID NOT ESCAPE ! CLASS ( L&$ CAPITALI/S1 & WE %ALL SEE ?AT !RE9 LAY ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! CONS]VATIVES1 BUT TO ! ,JEWS IT WAS NOT WOR? SO MU* AS ! RECOGNITION ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,:5 ! LATT] HAD FIRMLY E/ABLI%$ ITS P[]1 :5 IT BECAME RE/FUL & SECURE1 IT DISCOV]$ ?AT ITS ALLY1 ! ,JEW1 WAS ITS =MIDABLE COMPETITOR1 & IT REACT$ AGA9/ IT4 ,?US ! CONS]VATIVE P>TIES1 MADE UP1 AS A RULE1 ( CAPITALI/ AGRICULTUR]S1 BECAME ANTI-,JEWI% 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ 9DU/RIAL & SPECULATIVE CAPITALISM1 REPRES5T$ *IEFLY BY ! ,JEW1 & 9DU/RIAL & SPECULATIVE CAPITALISM BECAME ANTI-,JEWI% 9 ITS TURN1 ON ACC\NT ( ,JEWI% COMPETITION4 ,ANTI-,JUDAISM1 :I* HAD BE5 RELIGI\S AT FIR/1 BECAME ECONOMIC1 OR1 RA!R1 ! RELIGI\S CAUSES1 :I* HAD ONCE BE5 DOM9ANT 9 ANTI-,JUDAISM1 W]E SUBORD9AT$ TO ECONOMIC & SOCIAL CAUSES4 

,?IS TRANS=MATION1 :I* CORRESPOND$ ) ! *ANGE 9 ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS1 WAS NOT ! ONLY ONE4 ,ONCE A MATT] ( S5TIM5T1 ! HO/ILITY T[>DS ! ,JEWS BECAME ONE ( REASON4 ,! ,*RI/IANS ( YE/]DAY HAT$ ! DEICIDES 9/9CTIVELY1 & !Y NEV] ATTEMPT$ TO JU/IFY !IR ANIMOSITY3 !Y %[$ IT4 ,! ANTISEMITES ( TO-DAY CONCEIV$ A DESIRE TO EXPLA9 !IR HATR$1 I4E41 !Y WANT$ TO DIGNIFY IT3 ANTI-,JUDAISM MOLT$ 9TO ANTISEMITISM4 ,H[ WAS ?IS ANTISEMITISM MANIFE/$8 ,IT HAD NO O!R WAY ( EXPRESSION BUT ?R\< ! PR9T+ PRESS4 ,(FICIAL ANTISEMITISM WAS DEAD 9 ! ,WE/1 OR IT WAS DY+2 AS A RESULT ANTI-,JEWI% LEGISLATION1 TOO1 WAS DISAPPE>+2 !RE REMA9$ !ORETICAL ANTISEMITISM1 IT WAS AN OP9ION1 A !ORY1 BUT ! ANTISEMITES HAD A V]Y DI/9CT OBJECT 9 VIEW4 ,UP TO ! TIME ( ! ,REVOLUTION LIT]>Y ANTI-,JUDAISM SU/A9$ LEGAL ANTI-,JUDAISM1 S9CE ! ,REVOLUTION & ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,JEWS1 LIT]>Y ANTISEMITISM HAS /RIV5 TO RE/ORE LEGAL ANTI-,JUDAISM 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E IT NO LONG] EXI/S4 ,IT HAS NOT1 AS YET1 A*IEV$ ?AT1 & WE HAVE TO /UDY ONLY ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! ANTISEMITISM ( ! P51 MANIFE/ATIONS1 SOME ( :I* REPRES5T ! OP9ION ( ! MANY1 =1 IF LIT]>Y ANTISEMITIES HAVE SUPPLI$ REASONS TO ! UNCONSCI\S ANTISEMITES1 !Y W]E PRODUC$ BY !M2 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO EXPLA9 :AT ! FLOCK FELT1 MANIFE/$1 & IF !Y HAVE AT TIMES ASCRIB$ /RANGE & IMPROBABLE MOTIVES1 !Y (T5 BUT E*O$ ! S5TIM5TS ( !IR 9SPIR]S4 ,:AT W]E !SE S5TIM5TS8 ,WE %ALL SEE IF WE EXAM9E ! ANTISEMITIC LIT]ATURE1 & AT ! SAME TIME WE %ALL DIS5TANGLE ! MANIFOLD CAUSES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ANTISEMITISM4 

,EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( SOME ( !M1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CLASSIFY ! ANTISEMITIC WORKS UND] TOO N>R[ CATEGORIES1 AS EA* ( !M (T5 PRES5T$ MANIFOLD T5D5CIES4 ,/ILL !Y EA* HAVE A DOM9ANT IDEA1 9 ACCORDANCE ) :I* !IR CLASSIFICATION MAY BE SETTL$1 ALWAYS REMEMB]+ ?AT A WORK APPROA*+ A DEF9ITE TYPE DOES NOT BELONG SOLELY & EXCLUSIVELY TO IT4 ,WE %ALL1 !N1 SUBDIVIDE ANTISEMITISM 9TO ,*RI/IAN1 ,SOCIALI/1 ECONOMIC1 E?NOLOGICAL & NATIONAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 REVOLUTION>Y & ANTI-,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITISM4 

,*RI/IAN ,SOCIALI/ ANTISEMITISM WAS G5]AT$ BY ! P]MAN5CY ( RELIGI\S PREJUDICES4 ,IF ! ,JEWS HAD NOT *ANG$ ON 5T]+ 9TO SOCIETY1 ! S5TIM5TS FELT T[>D !M = SO MANY LONG YE>S W\LD NOT HAVE DISAPPE>$ EI!R4 ,! ,JEWS [$ !IR EMANCIPATION TO A PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5T CO9CID+ ) AN ECONOMIC MOVEM5T & NOT TO ! ABOLITION ( SECUL> PREJUDICES AGA9/ !M4 ,?OSE :O ?\<T ! ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE ! ONLY ,/ATE POSSIBLE LOOK$ ) DISFAVOR UPON ! 9TRUSION ( ! ,JEWS1 & ANTI-,TALMUDISM WAS ! FIR/ MANIFE/ATION ( ?IS HO/ILITY4 ,! ,TALMUD :I* WAS JU/LY CONSID]$ ! RELIGI\S /RON<OLD ( ! ,JEWS WAS ASSAIL$ & A HO/ ( POLEMI/S DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO PROV+ H[ MU* ! TEA*+S ( ! ,TALMUD W]E OPPOS$ TO ! TEA*+S ( ! ,GOSPEL4 ,AGA9/ ! BOOK !Y RESUM$ ALL ! COMPLA9TS ( ! CONTROV]SIALI/S ( YORE1 ?OSE 5UM]AT$ BY ! ,JEWI% APO/ATES 9 DEBATES1 & REPEAT$ 9 ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY BY ,RAYMUND ,M>T91 ?OSE RAIS$ BY ,PFEFF]KORN & LAT] ON BY ,EIS5M5G]4 ,NOT EV5 ! ME?OD OR ! MAKE-UP WAS *ANG$2 ! SAME MOLDS W]E MADE USE (2 9 WRIT+ PAMPHLETS ! SAME TRADITIONS W]E FOLL[$ AS ?OSE ( ! DOM9ICAN 9QUISITORS1 & NOT A :IT MORE ( CRITICAL ACUM5 WAS PUT TO USE 9 ! /UDY ( ! ,TALMUDIC 0DEEP40 ,NEV]!LESS1 CONC]N+ ! ,JEW1 HIS DOGMAS1 HIS RACE1 ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES ( \R TIME HAVE ! SAME NOTIONS AS ! ,JEWS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAD4 ,! ,JEW PREOCCUPIES & HAUNTS !M1 !Y SEE HIM EV]Y:]E1 !Y TRACE EV]Y?+ BACK TO HIM1 !Y HAVE ! SAME CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY AS HAD ,BOSSUET4 ,= ! BI%OP1 ,JUDEA WAS ! C5T] ( ! WORLD2 ALL EV5TS1 DISA/]S & JOYS1 CONQUE/S & D[NFALLS1 AS WELL AS ! F\ND+S ( EMPIRES HAD = ITS PRIM>Y1 MY/]I\S & 9EFFABLE CAUSE ! :IMS ( A ,GOD FAI?FUL TO ! ,B5E-,ISRAEL1 & ?IS PEOPLE1 W&]]1 F\ND] ( K+DOMS & CAPTIVE1 9 TURN1 HAD CONT9UALLY DIRECT$ MANK9D T[>D ITS ONLY GOAL3 ! COM+ ( ,*RI/4 ,B5 ,HADAD & ,S5NA*]IB1 ,CYRUS & ,ALEX&]1 SEEM TO EXI/ ONLY BECAUSE ,JUDAH EXI/S1 & BECAUSE ,JUDAH MU/ N[ BE EXALT$ & !N HUMILIAT$1 UNTIL ! H\R :5 HE WILL 5JO9 UPON ! WORLD ! LAW :I* MU/ COME FROM HIM4 ,BUT :AT ,BOSSUET HAD CONCEIV$ = ! PURPOSE ( UNHE>D ( GLORIFICATION1 ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES R5EW ?AT ) QUITE OPPOSITE 5DS 9 VIEW4 ,= !M ! ,JEWI% RACE1 ! SC\RGE ( ! NATIONS1 SCATT]$ OV] ! E>?1 ACC\NTS = ! MIS=TUNES & BLESS+S ( ! ALI5 NATIONS 9 :OSE MID/ IT HAD SETTL$1 & ! HI/ORY ( ! ,HEBREWS ONCE MORE BECOMES ! HI/ORY ( MON>*IES & REPUBLICS4 ,SC\RG$ OR TOL]AT$1 BANI%$ OR ADMITT$1 !Y1 BY ! V]Y FACT ( !SE POLITICAL VICISSITUDES1 ACC\NT = ! GLORY ( ! /ATES OR EV5 !IR DECAD5CE4 ,TO TELL ! /ORY ( ,ISRAEL1 IS TO TELL ! /ORY ( ,FRANCE1 OR ,G]MANY1 OR ,SPA94 ,?IS IS :AT ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES SEE1 & !IR ANTISEMITISM IS ?US PURELY !OLOGICAL1 IT IS ! ANTISEMITISM ( ! ,FA!RS1 ?AT ( ,*RYSO/OM1 ,SA9T ,AUGU/91 ,SA9T ,J]OME4 ,BE=E ! BIR? ( ,JESUS1 ! ,JEWI% PEOPLE WAS ! *OS5 PEOPLE1 ! BELOV$ SON ( ,GOD2 S9CE ! TIME IT HAD DIS[N$ ! ,SAVIOR1 S9CE IT HAD BECOME A DEICIDE1 IT HAD BECOME ! FALL5 PEOPLE P> EXCELL5CE1 & HAV+ BE=E BR\<T ! WORLD'S SALVATION1 IT N[ CAUSES ITS RU94 

,:ATEV] !IR AFF9ITIES & K9%IP ) ! ANTI-,JEWS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ANTI-,TALMUDI/S1 AT ALL EV5TS1 TAKE A LITTLE DIFF]5T PO9T ( VIEW4 ,=M]LY1 ! BLASPHEMIES AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION W]E *IEFLY S\<T 9 ! ,TALMUD1 OR >GUM5TS 9 SUPPORT ( ! DIV9ITY ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ W]E S\<T !RE2 H]EAFT] ?IS BOOK'S 5EMIES HUNT IT ESPECIALLY AS AN ANTI-SOCIAL1 P]NICI\S & DE/RUCTIVE WORK4 ,! ,TALMUD1 ACCORD+ TO !M1 MAKES ! ,JEW AN 5EMY ( ALL NATIONS1 BUT IF SOME ( !M1 LIKE DES ,M\SSEAUX & ,*I>9I >E GUID$1 LIKE ! !OLOGIANS ( YORE1 ABOVE ALL BY ! DESIRE TO BR+ ,ISRAEL BACK TO ! BOSOM ( ! *UR*1 .<#a#d#i.> O!RS1 LIKE ,DOCTOR ,ROHL+1 .<#a#e.> >E RA!R 9CL9$ TO SUPPRESS HIM & !Y DECL>E HIM =EV] 9CAPABLE TO BE ( ANY GOOD4 ,QUITE ! CONTR>Y2 S9CE1 !Y SAY1 NOT ONLY >E HIS TEA*+S 9COMPATIBLE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ,*RI/IAN GOV]NM5TS1 BUT BECAUSE HE EV5 SEEKS TO RU9 !SE GOV]NM5TS 9 ORD] TO DRAW PR(IT !REFROM4 

,IT IS EASY TO UND]/& ?AT AFT] ! UPSETT+S CAUS$ BY ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! CONS]VATIVES FELT CALL$ UPON TO HOLD ! ,JEWS RESPONSIBLE = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ANCI5T REGIME4 ,:5 !Y CA/ A GLANCE >\ND !M AFT] ! /ORM HAD PASS$ AWAY1 ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT MU/ HAVE GIV5 !M ! GREATE/ SURPRISE1 WAS SURELY ! POSITION ( ! ,JEW4 ,BUT YE/]DAY ! ,JEW WAS NO?+1 HE HAD NO RI<T1 NO P[]1 & N[ HE WAS %9+ 9 ! FRONT RANK2 NOT ONLY WAS HE RI*1 BUT HE C\LD EV5 BE A DOCTOR & GOV]N ! L&1 AS HE PAID HIS TAX4 ,HIM P>TICUL>LY DID ! SOCIAL *ANGE FAVOR4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES DID NOT /OP AT BE+ 9C5S$ AT ! ,JEWS' SPECULATIONS OV] NATIONAL PROP]TY OR ! MILIT>Y SUPPLY1 BUT APPLI$ TO !M ! OLD JURIDICAL SAY+3 FECI/I QUI PRODES 70?OSE HA/ DONE IT :O PR(ITE/ !REBY407 ,IF ! ,JEW 9DE$ HAD PR(IT$ BY ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ?IS RESPECT1 IF HE HAD D]IV$ FROM IT SO GREAT A B5EFIT1 IT MEANS ?AT HE HAD PREP>$ !M1 OR RA!R1 TO SAY1 HE HAD HELP$ ALONG ) ALL HIS =CES4 

,NEV]!LESS IT WAS NECESS>Y TO EXPLA9 H[ ?IS DESPIS$ & HAT$ ,JEW1 CONSID]$ A ?+1 HAD OBTA9$ ! P[] ( ACCOMPLI%+ SU* DE$S1 H[ HE HAD PREP>$ SO =MIDABLE A MI<T4 ,H]E COMES 9 A !ORY1 OR RA!R A PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY FAMILI> TO ! ,CA?OLIC POLEMI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE HI/ORIANS1 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION :OSE C\NT] BL[ HAS BE5 UNIV]SAL1 & :I* HAS TRANS=M$ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 WAS BUT ! CAPP+ ( A SECUL> CONSPIRACY4 ,?OSE :O ATTRIBUTE IT TO ! PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5T ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 TO ! EXCESSES ( MON>*ICAL GOV]NM5TS1 TO A FATAL ECONOMIC *ANGE1 TO ! DECREPITUDE ( A CLASS1 ! 5FEEBLEM5T ( A =M ( CAPITAL1 TO ! 9EVITABLE EVOLUTION ( ! IDEAS ( AU?ORITY & ,/ATE1 TO ! 5L>GEM5T ( ! IDEA ( AN 9DIVIDUALALL ?OSE >E GRIEV\SLY 9 ]ROR1 ACCORD+ TO ! HI/ORIANS ,I AM SPEAK+ AB\T4 ,!Y >E BL9D PEOPLE :O DO NOT SEE ! TRU?3 ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ! WORK ( ONE OR SEV]AL SECTS1 :OSE E/ABLI%M5T GOES BACK TO GREAT ANTIQUITY1 SECTS BR\<T \T BY ! SAME DESIRE & ! SAME PR9CIPLE3 ! DESIRE = DOM9ATION & ! PR9CIPLE ( DE/RUCTION4 

,! ,G5ESIS ( ?IS CONCEPTION ( HI/ORY IS EASY TO F9D4 ,IT TOOK ITS ORIG9 UND] ! ,T]ROR ITSELF4 ,! P>T TAK5 BY ! ,MASONIC LODGES1 BY ! ,ILLUM9ES1 ! ,R$-,CROSSES1 ! ,M>T9I/S1 ETC41 9 ! ,REVOLUTION1 HAD VIVIDLY /RUCK C]TA9 M9DS :I* W]E C>RI$ AWAY TO EXAGG]ATE ! 9FLU5CE & ROLE ( !SE SOCIETIES4 ,A ?+ :I* P>TICUL>LY A/ONI%$ !SE SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]S1 WAS ! 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] ( ! ,REVOLUTION ( #a<i & ! SIMULTANE\SNESS ( ! MOVEM5TS IT CALL$ =?4 ,!Y CONTRA/$ ITS G5]AL EFFECT ) ! LOCAL EFFECT ( ! PREVI\S ,REVOLUTIONS1 :I* HAD AGITAT$1 AS1 E4G41 9 ,5GL&1 ONLY ! C\NTRIES :]E !Y TOOK PLACE1 &1 9 ORD] TO ACC\NT = ?IS DIFF]5CE !Y ATTRIBUT$ ! WORK ( C5TURIES TO A ,EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION ) REPRES5TATIVES 9 ! MID/ ( ALL NATIONS1 RA!R ?AN TO ADMIT ?AT ! SAME /AGE ( CIVILIZATION & SIMIL> 9TELLECTUAL1 SOCIAL1 MORAL & ECONOMIC CAUSES1 C\LD HAVE SIMULTANE\SLY PRODUC$ ! SAME EFFECTS4 ,! V]Y MEMB]S ( !SE LODGES1 ( !SE SOCIETIES1 HELP$ 9 SPREAD+ ?IS BELIEF4 .<#a#e#a.> ,!Y1 TOO1 EXAGG]AT$ !IR IMPORTANCE1 !Y NOT ONLY ASS]T$ TO HAVE WORK$1 DUR+ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 = ! *ANGES !N 9 ! PROCESS ( PREP>ATION:I* WAS TRUEBUT !Y EV5 CLAIM$ TO HAVE BE5 !IR DI/ANT 9ITIATORS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT ! PLACE TO DEBATE ?IS QUE/ION2 SUFFICE IT TO HAVE /AT$ ! EXI/5CE ( !SE !ORIES3 WE >E GO+ TO %[ H[ !Y CAME TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES4 

,! FIR/ WRIT]S TO SET =? !SE IDEAS CONF9$ !MSELVES TO /AT+ ! EXI/5CE ( 0A PECULI> NATION :I* WAS BORN & HAD GR[N 9 D>KNESS1 AMID ALL CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 = ! PURPOSE ( SUBJECT+ ALL ( !M TO ITS RULE10 .<#a#e#b.> AS1 E4G41 ! CAVALI] DE ,MALET1 BRO!R ( ! CONSPIR+ G5]AL1 WANT$ TO PROVE 9 A BOOK1 LITTLE-KN[N & V]Y POOR AT ?AT4 ,M5 LIKE ,P4 ,B>RUEL1 9 HIS ,MEMOIRS ON ,JACOB9ISM1 .<#a#e#c.> LIKE ,ECK]T 9 HIS WORKS ON ,FREE ,MASONRY1 .<#a#e#d.> LIKE ,DOM ,DES*AMPS1 .<#a#e#e.> LIKE ,CLAUDIO ,JANNET1 LIKE ,CRET9EAU ,JOLY1 .<#a#e#f.> HAVE DEVELOP$ & SY/EMIZ$ ?IS !ORY1 !Y HAVE EV5 5DEAVOR$ TO PROVE ITS REALITY & ?\< !Y DID NOT ATTA9 !IR AIM1 !Y HAVE AT LEA/ GA!R$ ALL ! ELEM5TS NECESS>Y TO UND]TAKE SO CURI\S A HI/ORY AS ?AT ( SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,9 ALL !IR WORKS1 !Y W]E L$ TO EXAM9E :AT HAD BE5 ! POSITION ( ! ,JEWS 9 !SE GR\PS & SECTS1 &1 /RUCK BY ! ANALOGIES PRES5T$ BY ! MY/AGOGIC RITES ( ,MASONRY AS COMP>$ ) C]TA9 ,JUDAIC & ,KABBALI/IC TRADITIONS1 .<#a#e#g.> MISL$ BY ! ,HEBREW POMP :I* *>ACT]IZES ! 9ITIATION 9 !SE LODGES1 !Y >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,JEWS HAD ALWAYS BE5 ! 9SPIR]S1 GUIDES & MA/]S ( ,FREE ,MASONRY1 NAY1 MORE ?AN ?AT1 !Y HAD BE5 ITS F\ND]S1 & ?AT !Y1 ) ITS AID1 P]SI/5TLY AIM$ AT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! *UR*1 FROM ! V]Y TIME ( ITS F\NDATION4 

,!Y W5T FUR!R 9 ?IS PA?1 !Y WANT$ TO PROVE ?AT ! ,JEWS HAD PRES]V$ !IR NATIONAL CON/ITUTION1 ?AT !Y W]E /ILL RUL$ BY PR9CES1 ! ,NASSI1 :O L$ !M TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! WORLD1 & ?AT !SE 5EMIES ( MANK9D POSSESS$ A =MIDABLE ORGANIZATION & TACTICS4 ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAUX1 .<#a#e#h.> ,RUP]T1 .<#a#e#i.> DE ,SA9T ,&RE1 .<#a#f.> ! ABBOT ,*ABEAUTY1 .<#a#f#a.> HAVE SUPPORT$ !SE ASS]TIONS4 ,AS = ,$\>D ,DRUMONT1 ! :OLE PSEUDO-HI/ORIC PORTION ( HIS BOOKS1 :5 NOT BORR[$ FROM FA!R ,LORIQUET1 IS NO?+ BUT A CLUMSY & UNCRITICAL PLAGI>ISM ( ,B>RUEL1 ,G\G5OT1 ( ,DOM ,DES*AMPS & ,CRET9EAU ,JOLY4 .<#a#f#b.> 

,:ATEV] ! CASE MAY BE1 ) ,DRUMONT1 AS ) PA/OR ,/OECK]1 ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITISM TRANS=MS OR RA!R IT BORR[S NEW WEAPONS FROM SEV]AL SOCIOLOGI/S4 ,?\< ,DRUMONT FI<TS ! ,JEW'S ANTI-CL]ICALISM1 ?\< ,/OECK]1 9 HIS ANXIETY TO W9 ! NAME ( A SECOND ,LU!R1 RISES AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% RELIGION AS DE/RUCTIVE ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE1 O!R PREOCCUPATIONS 5GAGE !M2 !Y ATTACK ,JEWI% WEAL? & ATTRIBUTE TO ,JEWS ! ECONOMIC TRANS=MATION :I* IS ! WORK ( ! L#i? C5TURY4 ,!Y /ILL P]SECUTE 9 ! ,JEW1 ! 5EMY ( ,JESUS1 ! MURD]] ( A ,GOD1 BUT !Y AIM P>TICUL>LY AT ! F9ANCI]1 & !RE9 !Y JO9 H&S ) ?OSE :O PREA* ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM4 

,?IS ANTISEMITISM HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ,JEWI% F9ANCI]+ & 9DU/RIALISM4 ,IF WE F9D ONLY TRACES ( IT 9 ,F\RI] .<#a#f#c.> & ,PR\DHON1 :O CONF9$ !MSELVES TO /AT+ ONLY ! ROLE ( ! ,JEW AS MIDDLE-MAN1 /OCKJOBB] & NONPRODUC]1 .<#a#f#d.> IT GAVE LIFE TO M5 LIKE ,T\SS5EL .<#a#f#e.> & ,CAPEFIGUE .<#a#f#f.> 2 IT 9SPIR$ SU* BOOKS AS ,! ,JEWS ,K+S ( ! ,EPO* & ! ,HI/ORY ( ,GREAT ,F9ANCIAL ,OP]ATIONS2 & LAT] ON1 9 ,G]MANY1 ! PAMPHLETS ( ,OTTO ,GLAGAU AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% BANK]S & BROK]S4 .<#a#f#g.> ,H[EV]1 ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T ! ORIG9 ( ?IS ANTISEMITISM1 H[1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! L&$ CAPITALI/S HELD ! ,JEW ACC\NTABLE = ! PR$OM9ANCE ( 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM1 SO HATEFUL TO !M1 H[1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! B\RGEOISIE1 /OCK$ ) PRIVILEGES1 TURN$ AGA9/ ! ,JEW1 ITS ]/:ILE ALLY1 H5CE=? ITS COMPETITOR & A =EIGN COMPETITOR AT ?AT2 = TO HIS POSITION AS A NON-ASSIMILAT$ /RANG] ! ,JEW [ES ! EXCESSIVE ANIMOSITY %[N HIM1 & ?US ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM IS B\ND UP ) E?NOLOGIC & NATIONAL ANTISEMITISM4 

,?IS LA/ =M ( ANTISEMITISM IS MOD]N1 IT WAS BORN 9 ,G]MANY1 & FROM ! ,G]MANS ! ,FR5* ANTISEMITES HAVE D]IV$ !IR !ORY4 

,?IS DOCTR9E ( RACES1 :I* ,R5AN ADVOCAT$ 9 ,FRANCE .<#a#f#h.> WAS WR\<T \T 9 ,G]MANY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,HEGELIAN DOCTR9ES4 ,IT GA9$ ! ASC5DANCY 9 #ahd & P>TICUL>LY 9 #a#h#d#h1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ,G]MAN POLICY PRESS$ IT 9TO S]VICE1 BUT BECAUSE IT WAS 9 ACCORD ) ! NATIONALI/ & PATRIOTIC MOVEM5T ?AT PRODUC$ NATIONS1 & ) ?AT /RIV+ = UNITY :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ALL ,EUROPEAN NATIONS4 

,! /ATE1 SO !Y SAID1 MU/ BE NATIONAL2 ! NATION MU/ BE ONE1 & MU/ 9CLUDE ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS SPEAK+ ! NATIONAL LANGUAGE & BELONG+ TO ! SAME RACE4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT1 IT IS ( IMPORTANCE ?AT ?IS NATIONAL ,/ATE R$UCE ALL ! HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS1 I4E41 ! =EIGN]S4 ,= ! ,JEW1 NOT BE+ AN ,>YAN1 HAS NOT ! SAME MORAL1 SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL CONCEPTIONS AS ! ,>YAN2 HE IS IRR$UCIBLE1 & !RE=E HE MU/ BE ELIM9AT$1 OR ELSE HE WILL RU9 ! NATIONS ?AT HAVE RECEIV$ HIM1 & SOME AMONG ! NATIONALI/ & E?NOLOGIC ANTISEMITES ASS]T ?AT ! WORK HAS ALREADY BE5 ACCOMPLI%$4 

,!SE NOTIONS1 RESUM$ S9CE !N BY VON ,TREITS*KE .<#a#f#i.> & ,ADOLPH ,WAGN] 9 ,G]MANY1 BY ,S*O5]] 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,PATTAI 9 ,HUNG>Y &1 AT A MU* LAT] DATE1 BY ,DRUMONT 9 ,FRANCE1 .<#a#g.> W]E R$UC$1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 TO A SY/EM BY ,W4 ,M>R1 9 A PAMPHLET :I* HAD A C]TA9 E*O 9 ,FRANCE3 ,! ,VICTORY ( ,JUDAISM OV] ,G]MANISM4 .<#a#g#a.> 4 ,9 IT ,M>R DECL>$ ,G]MANY ! PREY ( A CONQU]+ RACE1 ! ,JEWS1 A RACE POSSESS+ EV]Y?+ & WANT+ TO ,JUDAIZE ,G]MANY1 LIKE ,FRANCE1 H[EV]1 & HE CONCLUD$ BY SAY+ ?AT ,G]MANY WAS LO/4 ,TO HIS E?NOLOGIC ANTISEMITISM HE EV5 ADMIX$ ! METAPHYSICAL ANTISEMITISM :I*1 IF ,I MAY SAY SO1 ,S*OP5HAU] HAD PR(ESS$1 .<#a#g#b.> ! ANTISEMITISM CONSI/+ 9 COMBAT+ ! OPTIMISM ( ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 AN OPTIMISM :I* ,S*OP5HAU] F\ND L[ & DEGRAD+1 & ) :I* HE CONTRA/$ ,GREEK & ,H9DU RELIGI\S CONCEPTIONS4 

,BUT ,S*OP5HAU] & ,M>R >E NOT ! ONLY REPRES5TATIVES ( PHILOSOPHICAL ANTISEMITISM4 ,! :OLE ( ,G]MAN METAPHYSICS COMBAT$ ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT1 :I* IT CONSID]$ ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,G]MANIC SPIRIT1 & :I* = IT /OOD = ! PA/ AS CONTRA/$ ) ! PRES5T4 ,:ILE ! ,SPIRIT IS REALIZ$ 9 ! WORLD'S HI/ORY1 :ILE IT ADVANCES1 ! ,JEWS REMA9 AT A L[] /AGE4 ,SU* IS ! ,HEGELIAN ?\<T1 ?AT ( ,HEGEL & ALSO ( HIS DISCIPLES ( ! EXTREME LEFT,FEU]BA*1 ,>NOLD ,RUGE & ,BRUNO ,BAU]4 .<#a#g#c.> ,MAX ,/IRN] .<#a#g#d.> DEVELOP$ !SE IDEAS ) MU* PRECISION4 ,TO HIS M9D1 UNIV]SAL HI/ORY HAS UNTIL N[ PASS$ ?R\< TWO AGES3 ! FIR/1 REPRES5T$ BY ANTIQUITY1 DUR+ :I* WE HAD TO WORK \T & ELIM9ATE 0! NEGRO /AGE ( ! S\L20 ! SECOND1 ?AT ( ,MONGOLISM1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN P]IOD4 ,DUR+ ! FIR/ AGE MAN DEP5D$ UPON ?+S1 DUR+ ! SECOND HE IS SWAY$ BY IDEAS1 WAIT+ UNTIL HE CAN DOM9ATE !M & FREE HIMSELF4 ,BUT ! ,JEWS1 !SE PRECOCI\SLY WISE *ILDR5 ( ANTIQUITY1 HAVE NOT PASS$ \T ( ?IS NEGRO /AGE ( ! S\L4 ,9 ,DUHR+ WE F9D ANO!R MORE E?ICAL ?AN METAPHYSICAL =M ( PHILOSOPHICAL ANTISEMITISM4 ,9 SEV]AL TREATISES1 PAMPHLETS & BOOKS1 .<#a#g#e.> ,DUHR+ ASSAILS ! ,SEMITIC SPIRIT & ! ,SEMITIC CONCEPTION ( ! DIV9E & ( E?ICS1 :I* HE CONTRA/S ) ! CONCEPTION ( ! ,NOR!RN PEOPLES4 ,PU%+ ! D$UCTIONS FROM HIS PREMISES TO !IR LOGICAL 5D & /ILL FOLL[+ UP ,BRUNO ,BAU]'S DOCTR9E1 HE ASSAILS ,*RI/IANITY :I* IS ! LA/ MANIFE/ATION ( ! ,SEMITIC SPIRIT3 0,*RI/IANITY10 SAYS HE1 0HAS ABOVE ALL NO PRACTICAL MORALITY SU* AS IS NOT CAPABLE ( AMBIGU\S 9T]PRETATION & ?US MI<T BE AVAILABLE & SANE4 ,! NATIONS WILL1 !RE=E1 NOT BE DONE ) ! ,SEMITIC SPIRIT UNTIL !Y HAVE EXPELL$ FROM !IR SPIRIT ?IS PRES5T SECOND ASPECT ( ,HEBRAISM40 

,AFT] ,DUHR+1 ,NIETZS*E1.<#a#g#f.> 9 HIS TURN1 COMBAT$ ,JEWI% & ,*RI/IAN E?ICS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 >E ! E?ICS ( SLAVES AS CONTRA/$ ) ! E?ICS ( MA/]S4 ,?R\< ! PROPHETS & ,JESUS1 ! ,JEWS & ! ,*RI/IANS HAVE SET UP L[ & NOXI\S CONCEPTIONS :I* CONSI/ 9 ! DEIFICATION ( ! WEAK1 ! HUMBLE1 ! WRET*$1 & SACRIFIC+ TO IT ! /RONG1 ! PR\D1 ! MI<TY4 

,SEV]AL REVOLUTION>Y A!I/S1 ,GU/AVE ,TRIDON .<#a#g#g.> & ,REGN>D .<#a#g#h.> AMONG !M1 HAVE ESP\S$1 9 ,FRANCE1 ?IS ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITISM :I*1 9 ITS F9AL ANALYSIS1 IS R$UC$ TO ! E?NOLOGIC ANTISEMITISM1 JU/ LIKE ! /RICTLY METAPHYSICAL ANTISEMITISM4 

,! DIFF]5T V>IETIES ( ANTISEMITISM MAY1 !N1 BE R$UC$ TO ?REE3 ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITISM1 ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM1 & E?NOLOGICAL ANTISEMITISM4 ,9 \R EXAM9ATION JU/ MADE WE HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! GRIEVANCES ( ! ANTISEMITES W]E RELIGI\S GRIEVANCES1 SOCIAL GRIEVANCES1 E?NOLOGIC GRIEVANCES1 NATIONAL GRIEVANCES1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL GRIEVANCES4 ,TO ! ANTISEMITE ! ,JEW IS AN 9DIVIDUAL ( A =EIGN RACE1 9CAPABLE ( ADAPT+ HIMSELF1 HO/ILE TO ,*RI/IAN CIVILIZATION & RELIGION2 IMMORAL1 ANTISOCIAL1 ( AN 9TELLECTUALITY DIFF]5T FROM ! ,>YAN 9TELLECTUALITY1 &1 TO CAP IT ALL1 A DEPR$ATOR & WRONGDO]4 

,WE %ALL N[ EXAM9E !SE GRIEVANCES 9 REGUL> ORD]4 ,WE %ALL SEE :E!R !Y >E WELL-F\ND$1 I4E41 :E!R ! REAL CAUSES ( CONTEMPOR>Y ANTISEMITISM CORRESPOND TO !M1 OR :E!R !Y >E BUT PREJUDICES4 ,LET US FIR/ TURN TO ! /UDY ( ! E?NOLOGIC GRIEVANCE4 

,*APT] ,T53 ,! ,RACE 

,! ,JEW IS A ,SEMITE1 HE BELONGS TO A /RANGE1 NOXI\S1 DI/URB+ & 9F]IOR RACE SU* IS ! E?NOLOGIC GRIEVANCE ( ! ANTISEMITES4 ,:AT DOES IT RE/ UPON8 ,IT RE/S UPON AN AN?ROPOLOGICAL !ORY :I* HAD GIV5 RISE OR AT LEA/ JU/IFICATION TO AN HI/ORICAL !ORY3 ! DOCTR9E ( ! 9EQUALITY ( RACES1 ( :I* WE MU/ SPEAK FIR/ ( ALL4 

,S9CE ! EI<TE5? C5TURY ATTEMPTS HAVE BE5 MADE TO CLASSIFY M5 & DI/RIBUTE !M UND] WELL-DEF9$1 DI/9CT & SEP>ATE CATEGORIES4 ,AS A BASIS = IT QUITE DIFF]5T 9DICES W]E TAK53 ! SECTION ( ! HAIR OVAL SECTION = NEGROES ) WOOLLY HAIR1 OR R\ND SECTION2 .<#a#g#i.> ! %APE ( ! SKULL BROAD OR ELONGAT$2 .<#a#h.> ! COLOR ( ! SK94 ,?IS LA/ CLASSIFICATION HAS PREVAIL$3 N[ADAYS ?REE RACES ( MANK9D ! NEGRO1 ! YELL[1 & ! :ITE RACE >E DI/+UI%$4 ,DIFF]5T APTITUDES >E ASCRIB$ TO !SE RACES1 & !Y >E >RANG$ 9 ! ORD] ( !IR SUP]IORITY 9 A LADD] ( :I* ! NEGRO RACE OCCUPIES ! L[E/ & ! :ITE RACE ! HI<E/ R\ND4 

,RACE IS1 H[EV]1 A FICTION4 ,NO HUMAN GR\P EXI/S ?AT CAN BOA/ ( HAV+ HAD TWO ORIG9AL ANCE/ORS & HAV+ DESC5D$ FROM !M )\T ANY ADULT]ATION ( ! PRIMITIVE /OCK ?R\< MIXTURE2 HUMAN RACES >E NOT PURE1 I4E41 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS A RACE4 0,!RE IS NO UNITY10 SAYS ,TOP9>D3 .<#a#h#a.> 0! RACES HAVE DIVID$1 SCATT]$1 BL5D$1 9T] CROSS$ 9 ALL DEGREES & DIRECTIONS S9CE ?\S&S ( C5TURIES2 MO/ ( !M GAVE UP !IR LANGUAGE 9 FAVOR ( ?AT ( !IR CONQU]ORS1 !N GAVE ! SAME UP = A ?IRD1 IF NOT A F\R? LANGUAGE2 ! PR9CIPAL MASSES HAVE DISAPPE>$ & N[ WE F9D \RSELVES FACE TO FACE ) PEOPLES & NOT RACES40 ,! AN?ROPOLOGIC CLASSIFICATION ( MANK9D HAS CONSEQU5TLY NO VALUE :ATEV]4 

,NEV]!LESS1 & H[EV] UNT5ABLE ?IS DOCTR9E ( ! 9EQUALITY ( RACES1 :E!R FROM ! L+UI/IC OR FROM ! AN?ROPOLOGIC PO9T ( VIEW1 IT HAS BE5 QUITE DOM9ANT 9 \R TIMES1 & NATIONS HAVE *AS$ & /ILL *ASE ?IS *IM]A ( E?NOLOGIC UNITY1 :I* IS BUT ! H]ITAGE ( AN ILL-9=M$ PA/ &1 TRU? TO TELL1 A =M ( REGRESS4 

,:ATEV] !Y BE1 TRUE OR FALSE1 !SE E?NOLOGIC PR9CIPLES :I* CONC]N US1 HAVE1 BY ! V]Y FACT ( !IR EXI/5CE BE5 ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM2 !Y HAVE SUPPLI$ A SCI5TIFIC APPE>ANCE TO A PH5OM5ON :I* WE %ALL LAT] RECOGNIZE AS NATIONAL & ECONOMIC &1 ?R\< !M1 ! GRIEVANCES ( ! ANTISEMITES W]E =TIFI$ ) PSEUDO-HI/ORICAL & PSEUDO-AN?ROPOLOGICAL >GUM5TS4 ,9DE$1 NOT ONLY WAS ! EXI/5CE ADMITT$ ( ?REE RACES NEGRO1 YELL[ & :ITE RANG$ 9 HI]>*IC ORD]1 BUT EV5 9 !SE RACES SUB-DIVISIONS1 CATEGORIES1 W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,AT FIR/ IT WAS ASS]T$ ?AT ! :ITE RACE ALONE & SOME FAMILIES ( ! YELL[ RACE W]E CAPABLE ( F\ND+ SUP]IOR CIVILIZATIONS2 PRES5TLY ?IS :ITE RACE WAS DIVID$ 9TO TWO BRAN*ES3 ! ,>YAN RACE & ! ,SEMITIC RACE 2 F9ALLY IT WAS MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,>YAN MU/ BE CONSID]$ ! MO/ P]FECT RACE4 ,EV5 9 \R DAYS ! ,>YAN RACE HAS BE5 SUBDIVID$ 9TO GR\PS1 & ?IS 5ABL$ AN?ROPOLOGI/S & *AUV9I/IC E?NOLOGI/S TO DECL>E EI!R ?AT ! ,CELTIC OR ! ,G]MANIC GR\P MU/ BE CONSID]$ AS ! PURE :EAT ( ?IS ,>YAN RACE1 ALREADY SUP]IOR AS IT WAS4 ,?US1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 HI/ORY IS MODEL$ AFT] ! E?NIC TABLES ( ,G5ESIS TABLES ALSO MET ) AMONG ! ,BABYLONIANS & ! PRIMITIVE ,GREEKS :I* ACC\NT$ 9 A RUDIM5T>Y WAY = ! DIV]SITY ( HUMAN GR\PS1 BY ! EXI/5CE ( SPR\TS ISSU$ FROM S+LE P>5TS1 EA* SPR\T !N PRODUC+ A NATION4 ,?US IT IS ! ,BIBLE AGA9 ?AT L5DS ASSI/ANCE TO ! ANTISEMITES1 = 9 E?NOGRAPHY & HI/ORY WE >E /ILL CL++ TO ! EXPLANATIONS ( ! ,G5ESIS,%EM1 ,HAM & ,JAPHET1 ONLY REPLAC$ BY ! ,SEMITE1 ! ,TURANIAN & ! ,>YAN1 H[EV] IMPOSSIBLE IT MAY BE TO JU/IFY !SE DIVISIONS L+UI/ICALLY1 AN?ROPOLOGICALLY OR HI/ORICALLY4 

,)\T /OPP+ TO DISCUSS :E!R ! NEGRO RACES >E CAPABLE ( CIVILIZATION OR NOT WE MU/ SEE :AT IS UND]/OOD UND] ! NAMES ,>YANS & ,SEMITES4 

,>YANS IS ! NAME ( ALL PEOPLES :OSE LANGUAGE IS D]IV$ FROM ,SANSKRIT1 A LANGUAGE SPOK5 BY A HUMAN GR\P CALL$ >YA4 ,N[1 ?IS GR\P 0PRES5TS NO SCI5TIFICALLY DEMON/RABLE UNITY EXCEPT FROM ! EXCLUSIVELY L+UI/IC PO9T ( VIEW40 ,ALL AN?ROPOLOGIC UNITY IS UNDEMON/RABLE3 ! CRANIAL MEASUREM5TS1 9DICES1 NUMB]S1 FURNI% NO PRO(4 ,9 ?IS ,>YAN *AOS >E F\ND ,SEMITIC TYPES1 ,MONGOLIAN TYPES1 ALL TYPES & ALL V>IETIES ( TYPES1 FROM ! ONE :I* IS CAPABLE ( DEVELOP+ MORALLY1 9TELLECTUALLY & SOCIALLY1 UP TO ! ONE ?AT REMA9S 9 EV]LA/+ M$IOCRITY4 ,!RE MAY BE OBS]V$ DOLI*OCEPHALS & BRA*YCEPHALS1 M5 ) BR[N SK91 O!RS ) YELL[I% & YET O!RS ) :ITE SK9 ,/ILL1 DESPITE ! FACT ?AT SOME TRIBES ( ,>YAN LANGUAGE HAD NO DEVELOPM5T P]CEPTIBLY SUP]IOR TO ?AT ( SOME AGGLOM]ATIONS ( NEGROES1 IT IS NOT A :IT LESS 5]GETICALLY ASS]T$ ?AT ! ,>YAN IS ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL & NOBLE/ ( ! RACES1 ?AT IT IS ! PRODUCTIVE & CREATIVE RACE P> EXCELL5CE1 ?AT TO IT WE >E 9DEBT$ = ! MO/ WOND]FUL METAPHYSICS1 ! MO/ MAGNIFIC5T LYRIC1 RELIGI\S & E?ICAL PRODUCTIONS & ?AT NO O!R RACE EV] WAS OR IS SUSCEPTIBLE ( A LIKE EXPANSION4 ,TO >RIVE AT SU* A RESULT1 AN AB/RACTION IS NATURALLY MADE FROM ! 9DISPUTABLE FACT ?AT ALL HI/ORICAL ORGANISMS HAD BE5 =M$ ( ! MO/ DISSIMIL> ELEM5TS1 :OSE RESPECTIVE %>E 9 ! COMMON WORK IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DET]M9E4 

,! ,>YAN RACE1 !N1 IS SUP]IOR1 & IT HAS PROV5 ITS SUP]IORITY BY RESI/+ ! RULE ( A FRAT]NAL & RIVAL RACE ! ,SEMITIC4 ,?IS LATT] IS A F]OCI\S1 BRUTAL RACE1 9CAPABLE ( CREATIVE P[]1 DEVOID ( ANY IDEAL1 & ,UNIV]SAL ,HI/ORY IS REPRES5T$ AS ! HI/ORY ( ! CONFLICT BETWE5 ! ,>YAN & ! ,SEMITIC RACE1 A CONFLICT :I* WE WITNESS EV5 AT PRES5T4 ,EA* ANTISEMITE AF=DS PRO( ( ?IS SECUL> CONFLICT4 ,EV5 ! ,TROJAN ,W> BECOMES1 ) SOME1 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! ,>YAN & ! ,SEMITE1 & ?R\< ! EXIG5CIES ( ! CASE1 ,P>IS BECOMES A ,SEMITIC BRIG& :O RAVI%ES ,>YAN BEAUTIES4 ,LAT] ON ! ,M$IAN ,W>S =M A PHASE ( ?IS GREAT CONTE/1 & ! GREAT K+ IS PICTUR$ AS ! LEAD] ( ! ,SEMITIC ,ORI5T FALL+ UPON ! ,>YAN ,OCCID5T2 !N IT IS ,C>?AGE DISPUT+ ) ,ROME OV] ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,WORLD2 !N ,ISLAM ADVANCES AGA9/ ,*RI/5DOM1 & ALL ?R\<1 IT IS PO9T$ ) PLEASURE ?AT ! ,GREEK HAS DEFEAT$ ! ,TROJAN & ,>TAX]XES1 ?AT ,ROME TRIUMPH$ OV] ,C>?AGE1 & ,*>LES ,M>TEL *ECK$ ,ABD]-,RAHMAN4 

,! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES HAVE ?US RECONCIL$ !IR FAI? ) !IR ANIMOSITY1 & NOT /OPP+ %ORT EV5 BE=E H]ESY1 !Y HAVE ADMITT$ ?AT ! PROPHETS & ,JESUS W]E ,>YANS1 .<#a#h#b.> :ILE ! ANTI-,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES CONSID] ! ,GALILEAN & ! NABIS 7PROPHETS7 AS DES]V+ CONDEMNATION & 9F]IOR ,SEMITES4 

,DOES :AT WE KN[ ( ! HI/ORY ( ANCI5T & MOD]N NATIONS GIVE US ! RI<T TO ACCEPT AS G5U9E ?IS RIVALRY1 ?IS /RUGGLE1 ?IS 9/9CTIVE OPPOSITION BETWE5 ! ,>YAN & ! ,SEMITIC RACE8 ,BY NO MEANS1 S9CE ,SEMITES & ,>YANS HAVE 9T]M+L$ 9 A CONT9U\S WAY1 & S9CE ! ,SEMITIC %>E 9 ALL SO-CALL$ ,>YAN CIVILIZATIONS IS CONSID]ABLE4 ,FROM ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 ! HI/ORY ( ,HELL5IC MY?S IS CURI\S & 9/RUCTIVE1 & ?IS ,SEMITIC CONTRIBUTION MAY BE GRASP$ BY COMP>+ ,H]CULES TO ,MELK>T1 OR ,A%TORE? TO ,APHRODITE4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,PHO5ICIAN CUPS & VASES1 EXPORT$ 9 GREAT NUMB]S BY ! M]*ANTS ( ,TIRE & ,SIDON1 S]V$ AS MODELS = ! ,GREEK >TI/S1 & ?US 5ABL$ ! SUBTLE M9D ( ! ,IONIANS & ,DORIANS TO 9T]PRET ! MY?S REPRES5T$ ON !M1 & ! ,PHO5ICIAN IMAGE-TRADE HELP$ \T MU* ! ,GREEK ICONOLOGIC MY?OLOGY4 

,/ILL ! MOD]N ANTISEMITES W\LD RIGOR\SLY ADMIT ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,SEMITES 9 ! HI/ORY ( CIVILIZATION1 BUT W\LD MAKE A CLASSIFICATION EV5 !RE4 ,!RE >E1 !Y SAY1 SUP]IOR & 9F]IOR ,SEMITES4 ,! ,JEW IS ! LATT] TYPE1 ( ! ,SEMITES1 ESS5TIALLY UNPRODUCTIVE1 FROM :OM M5 HAVE RECEIV$ NO?+ & :O CAN GIVE NO?+4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ACCEPT ?IS ASS]TION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! ,JEWI% NATION HAS NEV] DISPLAY$ ANY GREAT APTITUDES = ! PLA/IC >TS1 BUT1 ?R\< ! VOICE ( ITS PROPHETS1 IT HAS ACCOMPLI%$ A MORAL WORK BY :I* EV]Y NATION HAS BE5 B5EFIT$2 IT HAS WORK$ \T SOME ( ?OSE E?ICAL & SOCIAL IDEAS :I* >E ! LEAV5 ( HUMANITY2 IF IT HAS NOT HAD ANY DIV9E SCULPTORS & PA9T]S1 IT HAS HAD WOND]FUL POETS1 IT HAS1 ABOVE ALL1 HAD MORALI/S :O HAD WORK$ = UNIV]SAL BRO!RHOOD1 PROPHETIC PAMPHLETE]S :O MADE LIV+ & IMMORTAL ! IDEA ( JU/ICE1 & ,ISAIAH1 ,J]EMIAH1 ,EZEKIEL1 DESPITE !IR VIOL5CE1 FI]C5ESS EV51 HAVE MADE HE>D ! VOICE ( SUFF]+ :I* WANTS NOT ONLY TO BE PROTECT$ AGA9/ EXECRABLE =CE1 BUT TO BE FRE$ FROM IT4 

,H[EV]1 IF ! ,PHO5ICIAN ELEM5T HAD 9CORPORAT$ ITSELF ) ! ,PELASGIAN1 ,HELL5IC1 ,LAT91 ,CELTIC & ,IB]IAN ELEM5TS1 ! ,JEWI% ELEM5T1 BY 9T]M+L+ ) O!RS1 HAS ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( ?OSE AGGLOM]ATIONS :I* LAT] ON UNIT$ TO =M ! MOD]N NATIONS4 ,! ,JEW1 TOO1 CAME TO S9K & DISAPPE> 9 ?AT 5ORM\S CRUCIBLE :I* ,ASIA ,M9OR PRES5T$1 & :]E ! MO/ DIV]SE NATIONS W]E CA/4 ,SL[LY HELL5IZ$1 ! ,JEWS 9 ,ALEX&RIA TURN$ ! CITY 9TO ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE C5T]S ( ,*RI/IAN PROPAG&A4 ,!Y W]E AMONG ! FIR/ TO CONV]T2 !Y =M$ ! NUCLEUS ( ! PRIMITIVE ,*UR* 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,ANTIO*1 ,ROME1 & AFT] ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ! ,EBIONITES !Y W]E ABSORB$ 9 ! TOTAL MASS ( ,GREEK & ,ROMAN CONV]TS4 

,?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ,JEWI% BLOOD WAS 9T]M+L+ ) ,*RI/IAN BLOOD4 ,CASES ( :OLESALE CONV]SION W]E EXCE$+LY NUM]\S1 & IT W\LD MAKE 9T]E/+ READ+ TO REC\NT ?OSE ( ! ,JEWS ( ,BRA9E1 .<#a#h#c.> ( ,TORTOSA1 .<#a#h#d.> ?OSE ( ,CL]MONT CONV]T$ BY ,AVITUS1 ! #b#e1 CONV]T$1 AS TRADITION GOES1 BY ,V9C5T ,F]R] ALL ( :OM DISAPPE>$ 9 ! MID/ ( ! NATIONS AMONG :OM !Y LIV$4 ,IF ! ,9QUISITION H9D]$1 OR AT LEA/ TRI$ TO H9D]1 JUDAIZATION1 IT FAVOR$ ! ABSORPTION ( ! ,JEWS1 & W]E ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES LOGICAL !Y W\LD CURSE ,TORQUEMADA & HIS SUCCESSORS1 :O HELP$ TO POLLUTE ,>YAN PURITY BY ! ADJUNCTION ( ! ,JEW4 ,! NUMB] ( ,M>RANOS 9 ,SPA9 WAS 5ORM\S4 ,9 NE>LY ALL ,SPANI% FAMILIES1 A ,JEW OR A ,MOOR IS F\ND AT SOME PO9T ( !IR G5EALOGY2 0! NOBLE/ H\SES >E FULL ( ,JEWS10 !Y SAID1 .<#a#h#e.> & ! C>D9AL ,M5DOZA Y ,BOVADILLA WROTE 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY A PAMPHLET ON ! FLAWS 9 ,SPANI% L9EAGES1 .<#a#h#f.> 

,WE HAVE ?US MADE ANSW] TO ?OSE :O MA9TA9 ! PURITY ( ! ,>YAN RACE2 WE HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ?IS RACE1 LIKE ALL ! O!RS1 WAS A PRODUCT ( C\NTLESS MIXTURES4 ,NOT TO SPEAK ( ! PREHI/ORIC TIMES WE HAVE MADE IT CLE> ?AT ! ,P]SIAN1 ,MAC$ONIAN & ,ROMAN CONQUE/S MADE WORSE ! E?NOLOGIC CONFUSION :I* 9CREAS$ 9 ,EUROPE /ILL FUR!R DUR+ ! 9VASIONS4 ,! SO-CALL$ ,9DO-,G]MANIC RACES1 /OCK-FULL ( ALLUVIONS EV5 BE=E1 9T]M+L$ ) ,*UDIANS1 ,UGRIANS1 ,URALO-,ALTAIANS4 ,?OSE AMONG ! ,EUROPEANS :O BELIEVE !MSELVES DESC5D$ 9 L9E DIRECT FROM ,>YAN ANCE/ORS DO NOT KEEP 9 M9D ?OSE SO DIV]SE L&S :I* !SE ANCE/ORS HAD TRAV]S$ 9 !IR LONG J\RNEYS1 NOR ALL ! TRIBES :I* !Y HAD SWEPT ALONG ) !M1 NOR ALL ?OSE :I* !Y F\ND SETTL$ :]EV] !Y T>RI$ TRIBES ( UNKN[N RACES & ( UNC]TA9 ORIG91 OBSCURE & UNKN[N TRIBES :OSE BLOOD IS /ILL RUNN+ 9 ! VE9S ( ?OSE :O BOA/ !MSELVES HEIRS ( ! LEG5D>Y & NOBLE ,>YANS1 AS ! BLOOD ( ! YELL[ ,DASYUS & BLACK ,DRAVIDIANS FL[S UND] ! SK9 ( ! :ITE ,>YA-,H9DOOS4 

,AT PRES5T1 ! ,JEWS :O CONSID] !MSELVES ! HI<E/ 9C>NATION ( ,SEMITISM HELP 9 P]PETUAT+ ?IS BELIEF 9 ! 9EQUALITY & HI]>*Y ( RACES4 ,! E?NOLOGIC PREJUDICE IS UNIV]SAL1 & ?OSE EV5 :O SUFF] FROM IT >E ITS MO/ T5ACI\S UPHOLD]S4 ,ANTISEMITES & PHILOSEMITES JO9 H&S TO DEF5D ! SAME DOCTR9ES1 !Y P>T COMPANY ONLY :5 IT COMES TO AW>D ! SUPREMACY4 ,IF ! ANTISEMITE REPROA*ES ! ,JEW = BE+ A P>T ( A /RANGE & BASE RACE1 ! ,JEW VAUNTS ( BELONG+ TO AN ELECT & SUP]IOR RACE2 TO HIS NOBILITY & ANTIQUITY HE ATTA*ES ! HI<E/ IMPORTANCE & EV5 N[ HE IS ! PREY ( PATRIOTIC PRIDE4 ,?\< NO LONG] A NATION1 ?\< PROTE/+ AGA9/ ?OSE :O SEE 9 HIM ! REPRES5TATIVE ( A NATION 5CAMP$ AMONG /RANGE NATIONS1 HE NEV]!LESS H>BORS 9 ! DEP? ( HIS HE>T ?IS ABSURDLY VA9 CONVICTION1 & ?US HE IS LIKE ! *AUV9I/S ( ALL L&S4 ,LIKE !M HE CLAIMS TO BE ( PURE ORIG91 :ILE HIS ASS]TION IS NO MORE WELL-F\ND$1 & WE HAVE TO EXAM9E CLOSELY ! ASS]TION ( ,ISRAEL'S 5EMY & ( ,ISRAEL HIMSELF3 TO WIT1 ?AT ! ,JEWS >E ! MO/ UNIT$1 /ABLE1 IMP5ETRABLE1 IRR$UCIBLE NATION4 

,WE POSSESS NO DOCUM5TS TO DET]M9E ! E?NOLOGY ( ! NOMADIC ,B5E-,ISRAEL1 BUT PROBABLE IT IS ?AT ! TWELVE TRIBES CON/ITUT+ ?IS PEOPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ! TRADITION1 DID NOT BELONG TO A S+LE /OCK4 ,!Y W]E D\BTLESS HET]OG5E\S TRIBES1 =1 9 SPITE ( ITS LEG5DS1 ! ,JEWI% NATION CANNOT1 ANY MORE ?AN ! O!R NATIONS1 BOA/ ( HAV+ ORIG9AT$ FROM A S+LE C\PLE1 & ! CURR5T CONCEPTION :I* REPRES5TS ! ,HEBREW TRIBE AS SUBDIVID+ 9TO SUB-TRIBES .<#a#h#g.> IS BUT A LEG5D>Y & TRADITIONAL CONCEPTION ?AT ( ! ,G5ESIS & ONE :I* A PORTION ( HI/ORIANS ( ! ,HEBREWS HAVE WRONGLY ACCEPT$4 ,ALREADY COMPOS$ ( V>I\S UNITIES AMONG :I* D\BTLESS W]E ,TURANIAN & ,KU%ITE GR\PS1 I4E41 YELL[S & BLACKS1 ! ,JEWS ADD$ /ILL O!R /RANGE ELEM5TS :ILE LIV+ 9 ,EGYPT & 9 ! L& ( ,CANAAN :I* !Y CONQU]$4 ,LAT] ON ,GOG & ,MAGOG1 ! ,SCY?IANS1 COM+ 9 ,JOSIAH'S REIGN TO ,J]USALEM'S GATES1 PROBABLY LEFT !IR IMPRESS ON ,ISRAEL4 ,BUT />T+ ) ! FIR/ CAPTIVITY ! MIXTURES GR[ 9 NUMB]4 0,DUR+ ! ,BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY10 SAYS ,MAIMONIDES1 .<#a#h#h.> 0! ,ISRAELITES M+L$ ) ALL SORTS ( =EIGN RACES & HAD *ILDR51 :O =M$1 [+ TO !SE UNIONS1 A K9D ( A NEW CONFUSION ( TONGUES10 & YET ?IS ,BABYLONIA1 :]E !RE W]E CITIES LIKE ,MAHUZA1 ALMO/ 5TIRELY PEOPL$ BY ,P]SIANS CONV]T$ TO ,JUDAISM1 WAS DEEM$ TO CONTA9 ,JEWS ( A PUR] RACE ?AN ! ,JEWS ( ,PALE/9E4 ,SAID AN OLD PROV]B3 0,= ! PURITY ( ! RACE1 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! ,JEWS ( ! ,ROMAN PROV9CES IS JU/ AS P]CEPTIBLE AS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 D\< ( M$IOCRE QUALITY & D\< MADE ( ! FL\R ( MEAL2 BUT1 COMP>$ TO ,BABYLONIA1 ,JUDEA ITSELF IS LIKE M$IOCRE D\<40 

,?IS MEANS ?AT ,JUDEA HAD UND]GONE MANY VICISSITUDES4 ,IT HAD ALWAYS BE5 ! TRANSIT GR\ND = ! ,MIZRAIM & ,ASSUR2 AFT]W>DS1 ON RETURN+ FROM CAPTIVITY1 ! ,JEWS UNIT$ ) ! ,SAM>ITANS1 ,$OMITES & ,MOABITES4 ,AFT] ! CONQUE/ ( ,IDUMEA BY ,HYRCAN1 !RE W]E ,JEWI% & ,IDUMEAN UNIONS1 & IT WAS SAID ?AT1 DUR+ ! W> ) ,ROME1 ! ,LAT9 CONQU]ORS HAD BEGOTT5 SONS4 0,>E WE P]FECTLY SURE10 SAID ,RABBI ,ULLA1 MELAN*OLICALLY1 TO ,JUDAH-B5 ,EZEKIEL1 0?AT WE >E NOT DESC5D$ FROM PAGANS :O DI%ONOR$ ! Y\NG DAU<T]S ( ,ZION AFT] ! CAPTURE ( ,J]USALEM80 

,BUT :AT WAS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( =EIGN BLOOD 9TO ! ,JEWI% NATION WAS PROSELYTISM4 ,! ,JEWS W]E A PROPAG&I/ NATION P> EXCELL5CE1 & FROM ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,SECOND ,TEMPLE & P>TICUL>LY AFT] ! DISP]SION1 !IR ZEAL WAS CONSID]ABLE4 ,!Y W]E EXACTLY ?OSE ( :OM ! ,GOSPEL SAYS1 ?AT !Y RAN OV] 0E>? & SEA TO MAKE A PROSELYTE10 .<#a#h#i.> & ) P]FECT RI<T C\LD ,RABBI ,ELIEZ] EXCLAIM3 0,:]E=E HAS ,GOD SCATT]$ ! ,JEWS AMONG ! NATIONS8 ,TO RECRUIT = ,HIM PROSELYTES EV]Y:]E40 .<#a#i.> ,!RE >E ABUNDANT PRO(S ( ! PROSELYT+ >DOR ( ! ,JEWS1 .<#a#i#a.> & DUR+ ! FIR/ C5TURIES BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A ,JUDAISM SPREAD ) ! SAME VIGOR AS *>ACT]IZ$ ,*RI/IANITY & ,MOHAMM$ANISM LAT] ON4 ,ROME1 ,ALEX&RIA1 ,ANTIO* :]E NE>LY ALL ! ,JEWS W]E CONV]T$ G5TILES ,DAMASK1 ,CYPRUS W]E ! C5T]S ( FUSION1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY PO9T$ \T4 .<#a#i#b.> ,NAY1 MORE1 ! ,HASMONIDE CONQU]ORS COMPELL$ ! VANQUI%$ ,SYRIANS TO CIRCUMCISE2 K+S1 C>RY+ !IR SUBJECTS ALONG1 CONV]T$1 AS1 E4G41 ! FAMILY ( ,ADIAB5US1 & ! POPULATION WAS V]Y MIX$ 9 C]TA9 CANTONS ( ,PALE/9E ITSELF1 AS WAS ! CASE ) ,GALILEA1 9 ?AT 0CIRCLE ( G5TILES0 :]E ,JESUS WAS TO BE BORN4 

,ALL OV] ,EUROPE ! ,JEWS ATTRACT$ PROSELYTES1 ?US REJUV5AT+ !IR BLOOD BY ! ADMIXTURE ( NEW BLOOD4 ,!Y MADE CONV]TS 9 ,SPA9 :]E SUCCESSIVE C\NCILS AT ,TOL$O =BADE MIX$ M>RIAGES2 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E A DECREE ( ! F\RTE5? C5TURY S5T5C$ Y\NG GIRLS TO WE>+ ,JEWI% HATS = HAV+ BEGOTT5 *ILDR5 BY ,ISRAELITE FA!RS2 9 ,POL&1 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 9 SPITE ( ,SIGISMUND ,I'S $ICTS1 IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ! HI/ORIAN ,BIELSKI4 .<#a#i#c.> ,& !Y NOT ONLY MADE !SE UNIONS ) ! SO-CALL$ ,>YAN NATIONS 9 ,EUROPE1 BUT ALSO ) ! ,URALO-,ALTAIANS & ,TURANIANS2 !RE ! 9FILTRATION WAS MORE CONSID]ABLE4 

,ON ! %ORES ( ! ,BLACK & ! ,CASPIAN ,SEA1 ! ,JEWS HAD E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES 9 GREAT ANTIQUITY4 ,! /ORY GOES ?AT DUR+ ! W> HE WAG$ AGA9/ ,K+ ,TA*US 7#c#f#a ,B4,C47 9 ,EGYPT1 ,>TAX]XES ,O*US WRE/$ ! ,JEWS FROM !IR L& & TRANSF]R$ !M TO ,HYRCANIA ON ! ,CASPIAN %ORE4 ,EV5 IF !IR E/ABLI%M5T 9 ?IS REGION IS NOT SO OLD AS CLAIM$ BY ?IS TRADITION1 !Y /ILL W]E SETTL$ !RE LONG BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 WITNESS ! ,GREEK 9SCRIPTIONS ( ,ANAPE1 ,OLBIA & ,PANTICAPEA4 ,!Y EMIGRAT$ 9 ! SEV5? & EI<? C5TURIES FROM ,BABYLONIA & CAME TO ! ,T>T> CITIES1 ,K]T%1 ,T>KU1 ,D]B5D1 ETC4 ,AB\T #fb !Y CONV]T$ !RE A :OLE TRIBE1 ! ,KHAZ>S1 .<#a#i#d.> :OSE T]RITORY WAS 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,A/RAKHAN4 ,LEG5D SEIZ$ UPON ?IS FACT1 :I* GREATLY /IRR$ UP ! ,JEWS ( ! ,WE/1 BUT1 DESPITE ( ?IS1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT AB\T IT4 ,ISIDORE ( ,SEVILLE1 A CONTEMPOR>Y ( ! EV5T1 M5TIONS IT1 & AFT]W>DS ,*ASDAI ,IBN-,%APRUT1 M9I/] ( ! ,CALIPH ,ABD-]-,RAHMAN1 CORRESPOND$ ) ,JOSEPH1 ! LA/ ,KHAGAN ( ! ,KHAZ>S1 :OSE K+DOM WAS DE/ROY$ BY ,SVYATOSLAV1 PR9CE ( ,KIEFF4 ,! ,KHAZ>S EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE OV] ! NEI<BOR+ ,SLAV TRIBES1 ! ,POLYANE1 ,SYEV]YANE & ,VYATI*I1 & MADE NUM]\S PROSELYTES AMONG !M4 

,! ,T>T> PEOPLES ( ! ,CAUCASUS ALSO EMBRAC$ ,JUDAISM 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT ( ! TRAVEL] ,PETA*YA ( ,RATISBON4 .<#a#i#e.> ,9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY1 !RE W]E NUM]\S ,JEWS 9 ! HORDES1 :I*1 ) ,MAMAY AT !IR HEAD1 9VAD$ ! L&S SURR\ND+ ! ,CAUCASUS4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS NOOK ( ,E3A/]N ,EUROPE ?AT ACTIVELY W5T ON ! FUSION ( ,JEWS & ,URALO-,ALTAIANS2 H]E ! ,SEMITE MIX$ ) ! ,TURANIAN1 & EV5 N[1 9 /UDY+ ! NATIONS ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 ONE MEETS ) TRACES ( ?IS MIXTURE AMONG ! #c1 ,JEWS ( ?AT C\NTRY & ! TRIBES SURR\ND+ !M4 .<#a#i#f.> 

,?US ?IS ,JEWI% RACE REPRES5T$ BY ,JEWS & ANTISEMITES AS ! MO/ UNASSAILABLE1 MO/ HOMOG5E\S ( RACES1 IS /RONGLY MULTIF>I\S4 ,AN?ROPOLOGI/S W\LD 9 ! FIR/ PLACE DIVIDE IT 9TO TWO WELL-DEF9$ P>TS3 ! DOLI*OCEPHALS & ! BRA*YCEPHALS4 ,TO ! FIR/ TYPE BELONG ! ,SEPH>DIC ,JEWS ! ,SPANI% & ,PORTUGUESE ,JEWS AS WELL AS ! GREAT] P>T ( ! ,JEWS ( ,ITALY & ,S\!RN ,FRANCE2 TO ! SECOND MAY BE ASSIGN$ ! ,A%K5AZIM1 I4E41 ! ,POLI%1 ,RUSSIAN & ,G]MAN ,JEWS4 .<#a#i#g.> ,BUT ! ,SEPH>DIM & ! ,A%K5AZIM >E NOT ! ONLY TWO KN[N V>IETIES ( ,JEWS2 !SE V>IETIES >E NUM]\S4 

,9 ,AFRICA >E F\ND AGRICULTURAL & NOMADIC ,JEWS1 ALLI$ ) ! ,KABYLS & ,B]B]IANS1 NE> ,SETIF1 ,GUELMA & ,BISKRA1 AT ! FRONTI] ( ,MOROCCO2 9 C>AVAN !Y GO AS F> AS ,TIMBUCTOO1 & SOME ( !IR TRIBES1 ON ! BORD]S ( ,SAH>A1 LIKE ! ,DAGGAT\NS1 >E BLACK TRIBES1 .<#a#i#h.> AS ALSO >E ! ,FELLAH ,JEWS ( ,ABYSS9IA4 .<#a#i#i.> ,9 ,9DIA1 ONE F9DS :ITE ,JEWS 9 ,BOMBAY1 & BLACK ,JEWS 9 ,CO*9 ,*9A1 BUT ! :ITE ,JEWS HAVE 9 !M MELANIAN BLOOD4 ,!Y SETTL$ 9 ,9DIA 9 ! FIF? C5TURY1 AFT] ! P]SECUTIONS ( ! ,P]SIAN ,K+ ,PH]OCES1 :O BANI%$ !M FROM ,BA<DAD4 ,!IR SETTL+ IS AT ALL EV5TS ASSIGN$ TO A MORE REMOTE DATE3 ! COM+ ( ! ,JEWS 9TO ,*9A1 I4E41 BE=E ,*RI/4 ,AS TO ! ,JEWS ( ,*9A1 !Y >E NOT ONLY RELAT$ TO ! ,*9ESE SURR\ND+ !M1 BUT !Y HAVE ALSO ADOPT$ ! PRACTICES ( ! ,CONFUCIAN RELIGION4 .<#b.> 

,! ,JEW1 CONSEQU5TLY1 HAS 9CESSANTLY BE5 TRANS=M$ BY ! 5VIRONM5TS 9 :I* HE /AY$4 ,HE HAS *ANG$ BECAUSE ! DIFF]5T LANGUAGES :I* HE HAS SPOK51 HAVE 9TRODUC$ 9TO HIS M9D DIFF]5T & OPPOSITE NOTIONS2 HE HAS NOT REMA9$ SU* AS A UNIT$ & HOMOG5E\S PEOPLE \<T TO BE1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE IS1 AT PRES5T1 ! MO/ HET]OG5E\S ( ALL NATIONS1 ONE ?AT PRES5TS ! GREATE/ V>IETIES4 ,& ?IS PRET5D$ RACE :OSE /ABILITY & P[] ( RESI/ANCE FRI5D & FOE AGREE 9 EXTOLL+1 AF=DS US ! MO/ MULTIF>I\S & MO/ OPPOSITE TYPES1 S9CE !Y RANGE FROM ! :ITE TO ! BLACK ,JEW1 PASS+ BY WAY ( ! YELL[ ,JEW1 NOT TO SPEAK ( ! SECOND>Y DIVISIONS ,JEWS ) BLOND & R$ HAIR1 & BR[N ,JEWS ) BLACK HAIR4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! E?NOLOGIC GRIEVANCE ( ! ANTISEMITES DOES NOT RE/ UPON ANY S]I\S & REAL F\NDATION4 ,! OPPOSITION ( ! ,>YANS & ! ,SEMITES IS >TIFICIAL2 IT IS NOT CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! ,>YAN RACE & ! ,SEMITIC RACE >E PURE RACES1 & ?AT ! ,JEW IS A S+LE & UNV>Y+ PEOPLE4 ,SEMITIC BLOOD HAS M+L$ ) ,>YAN BLOOD & ,>YAN BLOOD HAS MIX$ ) ,SEMITIC BLOOD4 ,>YANS & ,SEMITES HAVE BO?1 FUR!RMORE1 RECEIV$ AN ADMIXTURE ( ,TURANIAN BLOOD & ,HAMITE1 ,NEGRO OR ,NEGROID BLOOD1 & 9 ! ,BABEL ( NATIONALITIES & RACES :I* ! WORLD IS AT PRES5T1 ! PREOCCUPATION ( ?OSE :O SEEK TO DISCOV] :O AMONG HIS NEI<BORS IS AN ,>YAN1 A ,TURANIAN1 A ,SEMITE1 IS A VA9 PURSUIT4 

,9 SPITE ( ?IS !RE IS A PORTION ( TRU? 9 ! GRIEVANCE :I* WE HAVE EXAM9$1 OR1 RA!R1 ! !ORIES ( ! ANTISEMITES AB\T ! 9EQUALITY ( RACES & ,>YAN SUP]IORITY1 9 ONE WORD1 ! AN?ROPOLOGIC PREJUDICES >E BUT ! VEIL :I* COV]S SOME REAL CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM4 

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT !RE >E NO RACES1 BUT !RE >E PEOPLES & NATIONS4 ,:AT IS IMPROP]LY CALL$ A RACE IS NOT AN E?NOLOGIC UNIT1 BUT IS AN HI/ORIC1 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL UNIT4 ,! ,JEWS >E NOT AN E?NOS1 BUT !Y >E A NATIONALITY1 !Y >E DIV]SIFI$ TYPES1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT :AT NATION IS NOT DIV]SIFI$8 ,:AT MAKES A PEOPLE IS NOT UNITY ( ORIG91 BUT UNITY ( S5TIM5TS1 IDEAS1 E?ICS4 ,LET US SEE :E!R ! ,JEWS DO NOT PRES5T ?IS UNITY1 & :E!R WE CANNOT F9D !RE91 9 P>T1 ! SECRET ( ! ANIMOSITY %[N !M4 

,*APT] ,ELEV53 ,NATIONALISM & ,ANTISEMITISM 

,!,R,E >E AB\T EI<T MILLION ,JEWS SCATT]$ OV] ! FACE ( ! E>?1 NE>LY SEV5-EI<?S ( :I* 9HABIT ,EUROPE4 ,AMONG !SE ,JEWS FIGURE ! ,B$\9 ,JEWS LIV+ ON ! CONF9ES ( ,SAH>A1 ! ,DAGGAT\NS ( ! DES]T1 ! ,FELLAHS ( ,ABYSS9IA1 ! BLACK ,JEWS ( ,9DIA1 ! ,MONGOLOID ,JEWS ( ,*9A1 ! ,KALMUK & ,T>T> ,JEWS ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 ! BLOND ,JEWS ( ,BOHEMIA & ,G]MANY1 ! BR[N ,JEWS ( ,PORTUGAL1 ,S\!RN ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY & ! ,ORI5T1 ! DOLI*OCEPHAL\S ,JEWS1 ! BRA*YCEPHAL\S & SUB-BRA*YCEPHAL\S ,JEWS1 ALL ,JEWS1 :O1 ACCORD+ TO ! SECTION ( !IR HAIR1 ! %APE ( !IR SKULL1 ! COLOR ( !IR SK91 C\LD BE CLASSIFI$1 ON ! /R5G? ( ! BE/ PR9CIPLES ( E?NOLOGY1 9TO F\R OR FIVE DIFF]5T RACES1 AS WE HAVE JU/ %[N4 

,/ILL1 PROCE$+ 9 ?IS WAY1 WE %ALL REALLY HAVE PROV5 ?AT ! RACE IS NOT AN E?NOLOGIC UNITY1 I4E41 ?AT NO PEOPLE IS A DESC5DANT ( COMMON P>5TS1 & ?AT NO NATION HAS BE5 =M$ FROM ! AGGREGATION ( CELLS ( ?IS K9D4 ,BUT WE %ALL BY NO MEANS HAVE PROV5 ?AT !RE EXI/S NO ,FR5* PEOPLE1 A ,G]MAN PEOPLE1 AN ,5GLI% PEOPLE1 ETC41 & WE %\LD NOT BE ABLE TO DO IT1 S9CE !RE EXI/S AN ,5GLI% LIT]ATURE1 A ,G]MAN LIT]ATURE1 A ,FR5* LIT]ATURE1 DIFF]5T LIT]ATURES ALL ( !M1 EXPRESS+ 9 A DIFF]5T WAY COMMON S5TIM5TS1 IT IS TRUE1 BUT :OSE OBJECTIVE & SUBJECTIVE PLAY UPON ! V>I\S 9DIVIDUALS AFFECT$ BY !M IS NOT ! SAME1 S5TIM5TS COMMON TO HUMAN NATURE1 BUT ONES :I* EA* MAN & EA* COLLECTION ( M5 FEELS & EXPRESSES 9 A DIFF]5T WAY4 ,WE HAVE HAD TO REJECT ! AN?ROPOLOGIC NOTION ( RACE1 A NOTION :I* IS ]RONE\S & :I* WE %ALL SEE TO HAVE GIV5 ORIG9 TO ! WOR/ OP9IONS1 ! MO/ DETE/ABLE & LEA/ JU/IFIABLE VANITIES1 ?AT AN?ROPOLOGIC NOTION :I* T5DS TO MAKE ( EA* PEOPLE AN ASSOCIATION ( PR\D & EGOI/IC RECLUSES1 BUT WE >E =C$ TO ADMIT ! EXI/5CE ( HI/ORICAL UNITS I4E41 SEP>ATE NATIONS4 ,= ! IDEA ( RACE WE SUB/ITUTE ! IDEA ( NATION1 & AGA9 WE HAVE TO MAKE AN EXPLANATION1 = ! N9ETE5? C5TURY.<#a#c .> BAS$ ITS BELIEF 9 NATIONALITIES ON ITS BELIEF 9 RACE1 & AN 9NATE RACE AT ?AT4 

,TO SUM UP4 ,CU/OM>ILY A NATION IS CALL$ AN AGGLOM]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS HAV+ 9 COMMON !IR T]RITORY1 LANGUAGE1 RELIGION1 LAW1 CU/OMS1 MANN]S1 SPIRIT1 HI/ORIC MISSION4 ,N[1 WE HAVE SE5 ?AT A COMMON RACE1 9NATE RACE1 A RACE IMPLY+ ! SAME ORIG9 & PURITY ( BLOOD IS BUT A FICTION2 ! IDEA ( RACE IS NOT NECESS>ILY L9K$ ) ! CONCEPTION ( A NATION PRO( ?AT ! ,BASQUES1 ,BRETONS1 ,PROV5CALS1 BELONG ALL TO ! ,FR5* NATION1 ?\< V]Y DIFF]5T AN?ROPOLOGICALLY4 ,AS = T]RITORIAL COMMUNITY1 IT IS NOT A :IT MORE NECESS>Y2 ! ,POLES1 E4G41 POSSESS NO COMMON T]RITORY1 & YET !RE IS A ,POLI% NATION4 ,LANGUAGE1 TOO1 DOES NOT SEEM 9DISP5SABLE1 & 9DE$ ONE MAY REF] TO ,SWITZ]L&1 ,AU/RIA1 ,BELGIUM1 9 :I* C\NTRIES TWO OR SEV]AL LANGUAGES >E SPOK5 BUT !SE C\NTRIES1 ORGANIZ$ ) ! EXCEPTION ( ,SWITZ]L& F$]ATIVELY1 P]MIT US ON ! CONTR>Y1 TO ASS]T ?AT LANGUAGE IS CLE>LY ! SIGN ( NATIONALITY1 S9CE 9 ALL ( !M ?OSE SPEAK+ ! SAME LANGUAGE /RIVE TO GR\P TOGE!R1 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT ONE LANGUAGE T5DS TO BECOME PREPOND]ANT & DE/ROY ! O!RS4 ,RELIGION WAS =M]LY ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT =CES ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! =MATION ( PEOPLES4 ,WE CANNOT POSSIBLY REALIZE :AT ,ROME1 ,A!NS OR ,SP>TA HAD BE51 IF WE DISREG>D ! ,GODS ( ,OLYMPUS & ! ,CAPITOLIUM2 ! SAME IS TRUE ( ,MEMPHIS1 ,N9EVEH1 ,BABYLON & ,J]USALEM1 & :AT BECOMES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES IF WE LEAVE \T ,*RI/IANITY8 

,NATIONS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 DO EXI/4 ,!SE NATIONS MAY SOMETIMES NOT BE ORGANIZ$ UND] ! SAME GOV]NM5T2 !Y MAY HAVE LO/ !IR FA!RL&1 !IR LANGUAGE1 BUT ! NATION CONT9UES AS LONG AS ?IS SELF-CONSCI\SNESS & ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ?AT COMMUNITY ( ?\<T & 9T]E/S :I* !Y REPRES5T BY ! FICTITI\S BACKGR\ND ( RACE1 FILIATION1 ORIG9 & PURITY ( BLOOD HAVE NOT DISAPPE>$4 

,N[ LET US TURN TO ! ,JEW4 ,WE HAVE SE5 ?AT HE DOES NOT EXI/1 AS F> AS RACE IS CONC]N$1 & ?OSE >E 9 ]ROR :O SAY3 0,!RE IS NO LONG] A ,JEWI% PEOPLE1 !RE IS A ,JEWI% FELL[%IP CLOSELY UNIT$ ) A RACE40.<#b#a.> ,IT REMA9S TO 9QUIRE :E!R ! ,JEW IS NOT A P>T ( A NATION COMPOS$1 LIKE ALL NATIONS1 ( V>I\S ELEM5TS1 & NEV]!LESS POSSESS+ UNITY4 ,N[1 IF WE LEAVE ASIDE ! ,ABYSS9IAN ,FELLAHE51 SOME LITTLE KN[N NOMADIC ,JEWI% TRIBES ( ,AFRICA1 ! BLACK ,JEWS ( ,9DIA1 & ! ,*9ESE ,JEWS1 WE >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT BY ! SIDE ( ! PO9T$ \T DIFF]5CES :I* DI/+UI% !SE ,JEWS !Y POSSESS ALSO COMMON PECULI>ITIES1 A COMMON 9DIVIDUALITY & A COMMON TYPE4 ,/ILL1 ! ,JEWS HAVE LIV$ 9 QUITE CONTRA/+ C\NTRIES1 !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO V]Y DIV]SE CLIMATIC 9FLU5CES1 !Y W]E SURR\ND$ BY V]Y DISSIMIL> PEOPLES4 ,:AT IS IT ?AT SUCCE$$ 9 KEEP+ !M SU* AS !Y HAVE REMA9$ UNTIL TODAY8 ,:Y DO !Y CONT9UE TO EXI/ O!RWISE ?AN AS A RELIGI\S CONFESSION 8 ,?IS IS DUE TO ?REE CAUSES3 ONE DEP5D+ ON ! ,JEWS RELIGION2 ANO!R = :I* !Y >E P>TLY RESPONSIBLE !IR SOCIAL CONDITION2 ! ?IRD1 :I* IS EXT]NAL ! CONDITIONS :I* HAVE BE5 =C$ UPON !M4 

,NO RELIGION HAS EV] MOLD$ S\L & SPIRIT AS HAS ! ,JEWI% RELIGION4 ,NE>LY ALL RELIGIONS HAVE HAD A PHILOSOPHY1 E?ICS1 A LIT]ATURE ALONGSIDE ( !IR RELIGI\S DOGMAS2 ) ,ISRAEL RELIGION WAS SIMULTANE\SLY E?ICS & METAPHYSICS1 NAY1 MORE1 IT WAS LAW4 ,! ,JEWS HAD NO SYMBOLIC 9DEP5D5CE FROM !IR LEGISLATION2 NO1 AFT] ! RETURN FROM ! SECOND CAPTIVITY1 !Y HAD ,YAHWEH & HIS ,LAW1 EA* 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! O!R4 ,TO BECOME P>T ( ! NATION ONE HAD TO ACCEPT NOT ITS ,GOD ONLY1 BUT ALSO ALL LEGAL PRESCRIPTIONS EMANAT+ FROM ,HIM & BE>+ ! /AMP ( SANCTITY4 ,HAD ! ,JEW HAD ONLY ,YAHWEH1 HE W\LD PROBABLY HAVE VANI%$ 9 ! MID/ ( ! DIFF]5T PEOPLES ?AT HAD RECEIV$ HIM1 JU/ AS HAD VANI%$ ! ,PHO5ICIANS :O C>RI$ ONLY ,MELK>T ) !M4 ,BUT ! ,JEW HAD SOME?+ MORE ?AN HIS ,GOD HE HAD HIS ,TORAH1 HIS LAW1 & BY IT HE HAS BE5 PRES]V$4 ,HE NOT ONLY DID NOT LOSE ?IS LAW :5 LOS+ HIS ANCE/RAL T]RITORY1 BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE HAS /R5G!N$ ITS AU?ORITY2 HE HAS DEVELOP$ IT2 HE HAS 9CREAS$ ITS P[] AS WELL AS ITS PROP]TY4 ,AFT] ! DE/RUCTION ( ,J]USALEM ! LAW BECAME ! BOND ( ,ISRAEL2 HE LIV$ = & BY HIS LAW4 ,BUT ?IS LAW WAS M9UTE & M$DLESOME1 IT WAS ! MO/ P]FECT MANIFE/ATION ( ! RITUAL RELIGION 9TO :I* ! ,JEWI% RELIGION TURN$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ITS DOCTORS1 AN 9FLU5CE :I* MAY BE CONTRA/$ ) ! SPIRITUALISM ( ! PROPHETS :OSE TRADITION ,JESUS C>RI$ ON4 ,!SE RITES :I* =ESAW EV]Y ACT 9 LIFE1 & :I* ! ,TALMUDI/S MADE 9F9ITELY COMPLICAT$1 HAVE GIV5 %APE TO ! ,JEWI% BRA91 & EV]Y:]E1 9 ALL L&S1 !Y HAVE %AP$ IT 9 ! SAME MANN]4 ,?\< SCATT]$1 ! ,JEWS ?\<T ! SAME WAY 9 ,SEVILLE1 ,YORK1 ,ANCONA1 ,RATISBON1 ,TROYES & ,PRAGUE2 !Y HAD ! SAME FEEL+S & IDEAS AB\T HUMAN BE+S & ?+S2 !Y VIEW$ ?+S ?R\< ! SAME 

EYE-GLASSES2 !Y JUDG$ ACCORD+ TO SIMIL> PR9CIPLES4 ,! ,JEWI% TYPE HAS BE5 =M$ 9 A WAY ANALOG\S TO ?AT 9 :I* W]E =M$ & >E /ILL =M+ ! TYPE ( A PHYSICIAN1 ! TYPE ( A LAWY]1 ETC41 TYPES PRODUC$ BY ! ID5TITY ( ! SOCIAL & PSY*IC FUNCTION4 ,! ,JEW IS A CONFESSIONAL TYPE2 SU* AS HE IS HE HAS BE5 MADE BY ! LAW & ! ,TALMUD2 MORE P[]FUL ?AN BLOOD OR CLIMATIC V>IETIES1 !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 HIM ! *>ACT]I/ICS :I* IMITATION & H]$ITY HAVE P]PETUAT$4 

,SOCIAL *>ACT]I/ICS W]E ADD$ TO !SE CONFESSIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,WE HAVE SPOK5 .<#b#b.> ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,JEW DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 H[ 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL CAUSES1 PROCE$+ FROM ECONOMIC & PSY*OLOGICAL LAWS1 L$ !M TO BECOME ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY TRAD]S1 & ABOVE ALL DEAL]S 9 GOLD AT A TIME :5 CAPITAL WAS =C$ TO BE CR$ITOR 9 ORD] TO BE PRODUCTIVE4 ,?IS ROLE WAS G5]AL2 ! ,JEWS FILL$ IT 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 NOT 9 ANY P>TICUL> ONE ONLY4 ,TO !IR COMMON RELIGI\S PREOCCUPATIONS W]E CONSEQU5TLY ADD$ COMMON SOCIAL PREOCCUPATIONS4 ,AS A RELIGI\S BE+ ! ,JEW WAS ALREADY ?9K+ 9 A C]TA9 WAY :]EV] HE WAS2 AS A SOCIAL BE+ HE AGA9 ?\<T ID5TICALLY2 ?US O!R PECULI>ITIES W]E CREAT$1 :I*1 TOO1 SPREAD PECULI>ITIES1 ! =MATION ( :I* WAS G5]AL & SIMULTANE\S ) ALL ,JEWS4 ,9 ,SPA91 ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 ,G]MANY1 ,POL&1 ! LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,JEWS WAS ID5TICAL1 A FACT QUITE EASY ( EXPLANATION AS 9 ALL !SE L&S ! LEGISLATION WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! *UR*4 ,! ,JEW WAS PLAC$ UND] ! SAME RE/RICTIONS1 ! SAME B>RI]S W]E BUILT >\ND HIM1 HE WAS RUL$ BY ! SAME LAWS4 ,! ,JEW OBTA9$ A T]RITORY ON ! DAY HE WAS IMPRISON$ 9 !SE ,JEWRIES1 & ! ,ISRAELITES LIV$ S9CE !N EXACTLY LIKE A PEOPLE ?AT HAD A FA!RL& ( ITS [N2 9 !SE SPECIAL QU>T]S !Y PRES]V$ !IR CU/OMS1 MANN]S & SECUL> HABITS1 SCRUPUL\SLY TRANSMITT$ BY AN $UCATION :I* WAS EV]Y:]E GUID$ BY ! SAME 9V>IABLE PR9CIPLES4 

,?IS $UCATION DID NOT PRES]VE ! TRADITIONS ONLY1 IT WAS PRES]V+ ! LANGUAGE4 ,! ,JEW SPOKE ! LANGUAGE ( ! C\NTRY HE 9HABIT$1 BUT HE SPOKE IT ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE 9 HIS BUS9ESS TRANSACTIONS2 ONCE AT HOME HE MADE USE ( A CORRUPT ,HEBREW OR ( A J>GON ( :I* ,HEBREW =M$ ! BASIS4 ,= WRIT+ PURPOSES HE EMPLOY$ ,HEBREW1 & ! ,BIBLE & ! ,TALMUD DO NOT CON/ITUTE ! :OLE ( ,HEBREW LIT]ATURE4 ,! ,JEWI% LIT]>Y PRODUCTIVITY FROM ! EI<? TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY WAS V]Y GREAT4 ,!RE HAS BE5 A NEO-HEBRAIC POETRY ( ! SYNAGOGUE1 :I* WAS P>TICUL>LY COPI\S & BRILLIANT 9 ,SPA91 .<#b#c.> !RE HAS BE5 A ,JEWI% RELIGI\S PHILOSOPHY :I* WAS BORN ) ,SAADIAH 9 ,EGYPT & :I* ,IBN ,GEBIROL & ,MAIMONIDES DEVELOP$ AFT]W>DS2 !RE HAS BE5 A ,JEWI% !OLOGY S9CE ! TIME ( ,JOSEPH ,ALBO & ,JEHUDA ,HALEVI1 & ,JEWI% METAPHYSICS ?AT IS ! ,KABBALAH4 ,?IS LIT]ATURE1 ?IS PHILOSOPHY1 ?IS !OLOGY1 !SE METAPHYSICS W]E ! COMMON PROP]TY ( ! ,ISRAELITES ( ALL C\NTRIES4 

,?US1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,JEWS HAD ! SAME RELIGION1 MANN]S1 HABITS & CU/OMS1 !Y W]E SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME CIVIL1 RELIGI\S1 MORAL & RE/RICTIVE LAWS2 !Y LIV$ 9 SIMIL> CONDITIONS2 9 EA* CITY !Y HAD !IR [N T]RITORY1 !Y SPOKE ! SAME LANGUAGE1 !Y 5JOY$ A LIT]ATURE1 !Y SPECULAT$ OV] ! SAME P]SI/+ & V]Y OLD IDEAS4 ,?IS ALONE WAS SUFFICI5T TO CON/ITUTE A NATION4 ,!Y HAD EV5 MORE ?AN ?AT3 !Y HAVE HAD ! CONSCI\SNESS ( BE+ A NATION1 ?AT !Y HAD NEV] CEAS$ TO BE ONE4 ,AFT] !Y HAD LEFT ,PALE/9E1 9 ! FIR/ C5TURIES BE=E ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 A BOND ALWAYS TI$ !M TO ,J]USALEM2 AFT] ,J]USALEM HAD BE5 PLUNG$ 9 FLAMES1 !Y HAD !IR EXIL>*S1 !IR ,NASSIS & ,GAONS1 !IR S*OOLS ( DOCTORS1 S*OOLS ( ,BABYLON1 ,PALE/9E1 !N ,EGYPT1 F9ALLY ( ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE4 ,! *A9 ( TRADITION HAS NEV] BE5 BROK54 ,!Y HAVE EV] CONSID]$ !MSELVES EXILES & HAVE DELUD$ !MSELVES ) ! DREAM ( ! RE/ORATION ( ,ISRAEL'S K+DOM ON E>?4 ,EV]Y YE>1 ON ! EVE ( ! ,PASSOV] !Y HAVE *ANT$ FROM ! DEP? ( !IR :OLE BE+S1 ?REE TIMES ! S5T5CE3 0,LE%ANA HABA B',Y]U%ALAIM0 7! NEXT YE> 9 ,J]USALEM 674 ,!Y HAVE PRES]V$ !IR ANCI5T PATRIOTISM1 EV5 !IR *AUV9ISM2 9 SPITE ( DISA/]S1 MIS=TUNES1 \TRAGES1 SLAV]Y1 !Y HAVE CONSID]$ !MSELVES ! ELECT PEOPLE1 ONE SUP]IOR TO ALL O!R PEOPLES1 :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ALL *AUV9I/ NATIONS1 ! ,G]MANS AS WELL AS ! ,FR5* & ,5GLI% ( TODAY4 ,AT ONE TIME 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,JEW WAS REALLY SUP]IOR1 BECAUSE1 HE1 ! 9H]ITOR ( AN ALREADY ANCI5T CIVILIZATION1 ! POSSESSOR ( A LIT]ATURE1 PHILOSOPHY & ABOVE ALL EXP]I5CE1 :I* %\LD HAVE GIV5 HIM ! ADVANTAGE1 CAME 9TO ! MID/ ( B>B>IAN *ILDR54 ,HE LO/ ?AT SUPREMACY1 & 9 ! F\RTE5? C5TURY EV51 HIS WAS ALREADY A CULTURE L[] ?AN ! G5]AL CULTURE ( ?OSE 9 ! SAME CLASS ) HIM4 ,BUT HE HAS RELIGI\SLY KEPT ?IS IDEA ( SUPREMACY1 HAS KEPT ON LOOK+ ) DISDA9 & SCORN UPON ALL ?OSE :O W]E /RANG]S TO HIS LAW4 ,H[EV]1 HE WAS TAU<T TO BE SU* BY HIS BOOK1 ! ,TALMUD P]VAD$ BY A N>R[ & F]OCI\S PATRIOTISM4 ,! BOOK HAS BE5 *>G$ ) BE+ ANTI-SOCIAL1 & !RE IS SOME TRU? 9 ?IS ACCUSATION2 IT HAS BE5 CLAIM$ ?AT IT IS ! MO/ ABOM9ABLE CODE ( LAW & E?ICS1 & !RE9 LAY ! ]ROR1 S9CE IT IS NEI!R MORE NOR LESS EXECRABLE ?AN ALL P>TICUL>I/ & NATIONAL CODES4 ,IF IT IS ANTI-SOCIAL1 IT IS SO ONLY 9 ?AT IT REPRES5T$ & /ILL REPRES5TS A SPIRIT DIFF]+ FROM ?AT ( ! LAWS 9 =CE 9 ! C\NTRY :]E ! ,JEWS LIV$ & ?AT ! ,JEWS WANT$ TO FOLL[ !IR CODE BE=E FOLL[+ ! ONE TO :I* EV]Y MEMB] ( SOCIETY WAS AM5ABLE1 & AGA9 IT IS UNSOCIAL ONLY 9 A RELATIVE S5SE1 AS ! LAW WAS NOT ALWAYS UNI=M & CU/OM 9V>IABLE 9 ALL P>TS ( ! ,/ATES4 ,AT ONE MOM5T ( HI/ORY IT APPE>$ FATALLY ANTI-HUMAN1 BECAUSE IT REMA9$ IMMUTABLE :ILE EV]Y?+ WAS *ANG+4 ,ITS BRUTALITY HAS BE5 EXPOS$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES1 BECAUSE ?IS BRUTALITY %OCK$ !M DIRECTLY1 BUT 9 SAY+1 0,KILL EV5 ! BE/ ( ,GOYIM10 ,RABBI ,SIMON B5 ,JO*AI WAS NO MORE CRUEL ?AN WAS ,SA9T ,L\IS1 :O ?\<T ?AT ! BE/ WAY ( >GU+ ) A ,JEW WAS TO PLUNGE A DIRK 9 HIS BELLY1 OR ?AN ! ,POPE ,URBAN ,I,I,I :5 HE WROTE 9 HIS BULL3 0,EV]YBODY IS ALL[$ TO KILL AN EXCOMMUNICATE IF IT IS DONE FROM ZEAL = ! *UR*40 

,ONE ?+1 BESIDES1 HAS TO BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT4 ,SOME MOD]N ,JEWS & PHILOSEMITES HAVE REJECT$ ) HORROR ?OSE APHORISMS & AXIOMS ?AT HAD BE5 NATIONAL APHORISMS & AXIOMS4 ,!Y SAY ?AT ! 9VECTIVES AGA9/ ! GOYIM1 ! ,M9EANS1 W]E DIRECT$ AT ! ,ROMANS1 ! ,HELL5ES1 ! ,JEWI% APO/ATES1 BUT !Y W]E NEV] AIM$ AT ! ,*RI/IANS4 ,!RE IS A GREAT DEAL ( TRU? 9 !SE ASS]TIONS1 BUT !RE IS ALSO A GREAT DEAL ( ]ROR4 ,:5 ,JUDAISM WAS F\<T BY ! RIS+ ,*RI/IANITY1 ALL ! HATR$ & WRA? ( HIR$ ASSASS9S1 PATRIOTS1 PI\S PEOPLE TURN$ UPON ! ,JEWS :O W]E CONV]T+ !MSELVES! ,M9EANS4 ,:5 DES]T+ ! NATIONAL FAI? !Y DES]T$ ! BATTLE AGA9/ ,ROME & ! 5EMY2 !Y W]E TRAITORS TO !IR C\NTRY1 TO ! ,JEWI% RELIGION2 !Y LO/ 9T]E/ 9 A /RUGGLE ?AT WAS VITAL = ,ISRAEL2 GA!R$ >\ND !IR NEW TEMPLES !Y LOOK$ ) AN EYE ( 9DIFF]5CE UPON ! FALL ( ! NATIONAL GLORY1 ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( !IR AUTONOMY1 & NOT ONLY DID !Y NOT FI<T AGA9/ ! %E-WOLF1 BUT !Y EV5 UNN]V$ ! C\RAGE ( ?OSE LI/5+TO !M4 ,AGA9/ !M1 AGA9/ !SE ANTI-PATRIOTS1 =MULAS ( MAL$ICTION W]E DRAWN UP2 ! ,JEWS PLAC$ !M UND] ! BAN ( !IR SOCIETY1 IT WAS LAWFUL TO KILL !M1 JU/ AS IT WAS LAWFUL TO KILL 0! BE/ ( GOYIM40 ,SIMIL> EXHORTATIONS W\LD BE F\ND AT ALL P]IODS ( PATRIOTIC /RUGGLES1 AMONG ALL NATIONS2 ! PROCLAMATIONS ( ! G5]ALS1 ! CALLS TO >MS ( ! TRIBUNES ( ALL AGES CONTA9 JU/ AS ODI\S =MULAS4 ,:5 ! ,FR5*1 = 9/ANCE1 9VAD$ ! ,PALAT9ATE1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 A RULE1 NAY1 EV5 A DUTY1 = ALL ,G]MANS TO SAY3 0,DEA? EV5 TO ! BE/ ( ,FR5*M5 60 

,!RE CAME A DAY :5 ! ,JEW HAD BUT ONE 5EMY 9 ,EUROPE ! ,*RI/IAN :O P]SECUT$1 HUNT$1 MASSACR$1 BURN$1 M>TYRIZ$ HIM4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE HE C\LD NOT EXP]I5CE ANY V]Y T5D] FEEL+ T[>D ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! MORE SO ?AT ALL ! EF=TS ( ! ,*RI/IAN W]E B5T ON DE/ROY+ ,JUDAISM1 ON ANNIHILAT+ ! RELIGION :I* FROM ?AT TIME ON CON/ITUT$ ! ,JEWI% FA!RL&4 ,! GOY ( ! ,MACCABEES1 ! ,M9EAN ( ! DOCTORS1 TURN$ 9TO ! ,*RI/IAN1 & TO ! ,*RI/IAN ALL ! WORDS ( FURI\S HATR$1 WRA? & DESPAIR F\ND 9 ! BOOK1 W]E APPLI$4 ,TO ! ,*RI/IAN1 ! ,JEW WAS A DESPICABLE BE+1 BUT TO ! ,JEW ! ,*RI/IAN BECAME ! GOY1 ! EXECRABLE /RANG]1 :O FE>S NO POLLUTION1 :O MALTREATS ! ELECT NATION1 ONE ?R\< :OM ,JUDAH SUFF]S4 ,?IS WORD GOY COMPREH5D$ ALL ! PASSIONS1 SCORNS1 HATR$S ( P]SECUT$ ,ISRAEL AGA9/ ! /RANG]1 & ?IS CRUELTY ( ! ,JEWS T[>D ! NON-,JEW IS ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT BE/ PROVE H[ LONG-LIV$ ! IDEA ( NATIONALITY WAS AMONG ! *ILDR5 ( ,JACOB4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS BELIEV$ !MSELVES A PEOPLE4 ,DO !Y /ILL BELIEVE IT AT PRES5T8 

,AMONG ! ,JEWS :O RECEIVE A ,TALMUDIC $UCATION1 & ?IS MEANS ! MAJORITY ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL&1 ,GALICIA1 ,HUNG>Y1 ,BOHEMIA & ! ,ORI5T1 ! IDEA ( NATIONALITY IS /ILL AS ALIVE AT PRES5T AS IT HAD BE5 DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,!Y /ILL =M A PEOPLE AP>T1 FIX$1 RIGID1 CONGEAL$ BY ! SCRUPUL\SLY OBS]V$ RITES1 BY ! UNV>Y+ CU/OMS & ! MANN]S2 HO/ILE TO EV]Y 9NOVATION1 TO EV]Y *ANGE1 REBELL+ AGA9/ ALL ATTEMPT$ EF=TS TO DETALMUDIZE HIM4 ,9 #ah$ ! RABBIS ANA!MATIZ$ ! ,ORI5TAL S*OOLS F\ND$ BY ,FR5* ,JEWS1 :]E PR(ANE SCI5CES W]E TAU<T2 AT ,J]USALEM1 AN ANA!MA WAS HURL$1 9 #a#h#e#f1 AGA9/ ! S*OOL E/ABLI%$ BY ,DOCTOR ,FRANCKEL4 ,9 ,RUSSIA & ,GALICIA1 SECTS LIKE ?OSE ( ! ,NEW ,*ASSIDIM >E /ILL OPPOS+ ALL ATTEMPTS MADE TO CIVILIZE ! ,JEWS4 ,9 ALL !SE C\NTRIES ONLY A M9ORITY ESCAPES ! ,TALMUDIC SPIRIT1 BUT ! MASS P]SI/S 9 ITS ISOLATION1 & H[EV] GREAT ITS ABJECTION & ITS HUMILIATION1 IT EV] HOLDS ITSELF ! *OS5 PEOPLE1 ! NATION ( ,GOD4 

,?IS 9TOL]ANT AV]SION T[>D ! /RANG] HAS DISAPPE>$ AMONG ! ,WE/]N ,JEWS1 ! ,JEWS ( ,FRANCE1 ,5GL&1 ,ITALY & A GREAT PORTION ( ! ,G]MAN ,JEWS4 .<#b#d.> ,! ,TALMUD IS NO LONG] READ BY !SE ,JEWS1 & ! ,TALMUDIC E?ICS1 AT LEA/ ! NATIONALI/ E?ICS ( ! ,TALMUD1 HAVE NO LONG] ANY HOLD ON !M4 ,!Y NO LONG] OBS]VE ! #fac LAWS1 HAVE LO/ !IR FE> ( IMPURITY1 A HORROR :I* ! ,EA/]N ,JEWS HAVE PRES]V$2 ! MAJORITY NO LONG] KN[ ,HEBREW2 !Y HAVE =GOTT5 ! MEAN+ ( ! ANTIQUE C]EMONIES2 !Y HAVE TRANS=M$ ! RABB9IC ,JUDAISM 9TO A RELIGI\S RATIONALISM2 !Y HAVE GIV5 UP ! FAMILI> OBS]VANCES1 & ! RELIGI\S EX]CISE HAS BE5 R$UC$ BY !M TO PASS+ SEV]AL H\RS 9 ! YE> 9 A SYNAGOGUE LI/5+ TO HYMNS !Y NO LONG] UND]/&4 ,!Y CAN'T ATTA* !MSELVES TO A DOGMA1 A SYMBOL2 !Y HAVE NONE ( IT2 9 GIV+ UP ! ,TALMUDIC PRACTICES !Y HAVE GIV5 UP :AT MADE !IR UNITY1 ?AT :I* CONTRIBUT$ TO =M+ !IR SPIRIT4 ,! ,TALMUD HAD =M$ ! ,JEWI% NATION AFT] ITS DISP]SION2 ?ANKS TO IT1 9DIVIDUALS ( DIV]SE ORIG9 HAD CON/ITUT$ A PEOPLE2 IT HAD BE5 ! MOLD ( ! ,JEWI% S\L1 ! CREATOR ( ! RACE2 IT & ! RE/RICTIVE LAWS ( ! V>I\S SOCIETIES HAVE MODEL$ IT4 ,IT APPE>S ?AT ) ! LEGISLATORS ABOLI%$1 ! ,TALMUD LEFT 9 DISDA91 ! ,JEWI% NATION %\LD 9EVITABLY HAVE DI$1 & YET ! ,WE/]N ,JEWS >E ,JEWS /ILL4 ,!Y >E ,JEWS1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE KEPT P]5NIAL & LIV+ !IR NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS2 !Y /ILL BELIEVE !Y >E A NATION1 &1 BELIEV+ ?AT1 !Y PRES]VE !MSELVES4 ,:5 ! ,JEW CEASES TO HAVE ! NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS HE DISAPPE>S2 SO LONG AS HE HAS ?IS CONSCI\SNESS1 HE CONT9UES TO BE4 ,HE PRACTICES HIS RELIGI\S FAI? NO LONG]1 HE IS IRRELIGI\S1 (T5 EV5 AN A!I/1 BUT HE CONT9UES TO BE1 BECAUSE HE HAS A BELIEF 9 HIS RACE4 ,HE HAS KEPT HIS NATIONAL PRIDE1 HE ALWAYS FANCIES HIMSELF A SUP]IOR 9DIVIDUALITY1 A DIFF]5T BE+ FROM ?OSE SURR\ND+ HIM1 & ?IS CONVICTION PREV5TS HIM FROM ASSIMILAT+ HIMSELF1 =1 BE+ ALWAYS EXCLUSIVE1 HE G5]ALLY REFUSES TO MIX ?R\< M>RIAGE ) ! PEOPLES SURR\ND+ HIM4 ,MOD]N ,JUDAISM CLAIMS TO BE BUT A RELIGI\S CONFESSION2 BUT 9 REALITY IT IS AN E?NOS BESIDES1 = IT BELIEVES IT IS ?AT1 = IT HAS PRES]V$ ITS PREJUDICES1 EGOISM & VANITY AS A PEOPLE A BELIEF1 PREJUDICES1 EGOISM & VANITY :I* MAKE IT APPE> A /RANG] TO ! PEOPLES 9 :OSE MID/ IT EXI/S1 & H]E WE T\* UPON ONE ( ! MO/ PR(\ND CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM4 ,ANTISEMITISM IS ONE ( ! WAYS 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLE ( NATIONALITIES IS MANIFE/$4 

,:AT IS ?IS QUE/ION ( NATIONALITIES8 ,BY IT IS UND]/OOD 0! MOVEM5T :I* C>RIES C]TA9 POPULATIONS1 ( ! SAME ORIG9 & LANGUAGE1 BUT CON/ITUT+ A P>T ( DIFF]5T ,/ATES TO UNITE 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE A S+LE POLITICAL BODY1 A S+LE NATION40 .<#b#e.> 

,SIMULTANE\SLY ) PROCLAIM+ ! RI<TS ( ! L&1 =M]LY ! PROP]TY & DOMA9 ( ! PEOPLES ! ,REVOLUTION OV]?REW ! OLD CONCEPTION ( RULE & DYNA/Y ON :I* ! NATIONS W]E F\ND$2 ! L&1 =M]LY ! PROP]TY & DOMA9 ( ! K+S1 N[ BECAME ! DOMA9 ( ! PEOPLE ?AT OCCUPI$ !M4 ,! ROYAL GOV]NM5T 9 ITSELF CON/ITUT$ ! NATIONAL UNITY ! REPRES5TATIVE1 CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T PLAC$ ?AT UNITY SOME:]E ELSE3 9 ! COMMUNITY ( ORIG9 & LANGUAGE4 ,! >TIFICIAL BOND BE+ BROK51 A NATURAL BOND WAS S\<T =2 !RE HAVE BE5 EF=TS ON ! P>T ( NATIONS TO ACQUIRE AN 9DIVIDUALITY2 !Y ALL /ROVE = ! UNITY !Y LACK$4 ,IT WAS AB\T #ahd ?AT NATIONALI/ IDEAS ESPECIALLY MANIFE/$ !MSELVES1 !Y BEGAN ! WORK1 & CONTEMPOR>Y ,EUROPE WAS F\ND$ ?R\< !M4 ,! !ORY ( A ,NATIONAL ,/ATE WAS WR\<T \T BY ! SAVANTS1 HI/ORIANS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 POETS ( A :OLE G5]ATION4 

,ON !SE IDEAS ( NATIONALITIES ,RUSSIA & ,G]MANY HAVE BE5 & >E RE/+ TO MAKE UP !IR EMPIRE1 ,PANG]MANIC OR ,PANSLAVIC2 & IS NOT ?IS ,PANSLAVISM1 & ?IS ,PANG]MANISM :AT AGITATES ! ,EA/ ( ,EUROPE1 DO NOT ! DE/9IES ( ?AT P>T ( ,EUROPE DEP5D ON ?IS REMOTE OR NE> CLA% ( !IRS 8 

,IT W\LD BE \T ( PLACE TO DISCUSS H]E ! LEGITIMACY OR ILLEGITIMACY ( ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,IT WILL SUFFICE = \R PURPOSE M]ELY TO /ATE ITS EXI/5CE4 ,H[ DO ! PEOPLES CON/RUE ?IS T5D5CY 9TO UNITY8 ,9 TWO WAYS3 EI!R BY UNIT+ UND] ! SAME GOV]NM5T ALL 9DIVIDUALS :O SPEAK ! NATIONAL LANGUAGE1 OR BY R$UC+ ALL HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS COEXI/+ 9 ! NATIONS1 = ! B5EFIT ( ONE ( !SE ELEM5TS :I* BECOMES PREPOND]ANT & :OSE *>ACT]I/ICS H5CE=? BECOME ! NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,?US ! ,G]MANS HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO ASSIMILATE ! ,ALSATIANS & ,POLES2 ! ,RUSSIANS COMPEL ! ,POLES TO MA9TA9 ! ,RUSSIAN UNIV]SITIES :I* D5ATIONALIZE !M2 9 ,AU/RIA ! ,G]MANS TRY TO ABSORB ! ,CZE*S2 9 ,HUNG>Y1 0,SLOVAK ORPHANS >E TAK5 FROM ! PLACES :]E !IR NATIVE TONGUE IS SPOK5 & REMOV$ TO ,MAGY> COMITATS40 .<#b#f.> ,IF !SE HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS DO NOT LET !MSELVES BE ABSORB$1 !RE COMES A /RUGGLE1 A VIOL5T /RUGGLE (T51 :I* IS MANIFE/$ 9 MANY V>I\S WAYS FROM P]SECUTION D[N TO EXPULSION 9 SOME CASES4 

,N[1 9 ! MID/ ( ! ,EUROPEAN NATIONS ! ,JEWS LIVE AS A CONFESSIONAL COMMUNITY1 BELIEV+ 9 ! LATT]'S NATIONALITY1 HAV+ PRES]V$ A PECULI> TYPE1 SPECIAL APTITUDES & A SPIRIT ( !IR [N4 ,9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! HET]OG5E\S ELEM5TS :I* !Y CONTA9$1 ! NATIONS W]E L$ TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 & ANTISEMITISM WAS ONE ( ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! EF=T MADE BY ! PEOPLES 9 ORD] TO R$UCE !SE /RANGE 9DIVIDUALITIES4 

,TO !SE NATIONALI/ EGOTI/S1 TO !SE EXCLUSIVI/S1 ! ,JEWS APPE>$ A DANG]1 BECAUSE !Y FELT ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E /ILL A PEOPLE1 A PEOPLE :OSE M5TALITY DID NOT AGREE ) ! NATIONAL M5TALITY1 :OSE CONCEPTS W]E OPPOS$ TO ?AT 5SEMBLE ( SOCIAL1 MORAL1 PSY*OLOGICAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL CONCEPTIONS1 :I* CON/ITUTES NATIONALITY4 ,= ?IS REASON ! EXCLUSIVI/S BECAME ANTISEMITES1 BECAUSE !Y C\LD REPROA* ! ,JEWS ) AN EXCLUSIVISM EXACTLY AS UNCOMPROMIS+ AS !IRS1 & EV]Y ANTISEMITIC EF=T T5DS1 AS WE HAVE SE5 ALREADY1 .<#b#g.> TO RE/ORE ?OSE ANCI5T LAWS RE/RICT+ ! RI<TS ( ! ,JEWS :O >E CONSID]$ /RANG]S4 ,?US IS REALIZ$ ?IS FUNDAM5TAL & EV]LA/+ CONTRADICTION ( NATIONALI/ ANTISEMITISM3 ANTISEMITISM WAS BORN 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES1 BECAUSE ! ,JEW DID NOT ASSIMILATE HIMSELF1 DID NOT CEASE TO BE A PEOPLE1 BUT :5 ANTISEMITISM HAD ASC]TA9$ ?AT ! ,JEW WAS NOT ASSIMILAT$1 IT VIOL5TLY REPROA*$ HIM = IT1 & AT ! SAME :5EV] POSSIBLE IT TOOK ALL NECESS>Y MEASURES TO PREV5T HIS ASSIMILATION 9 ! FUTURE4 

,AT ALL EV5TS1 !RE EXI/ CONTR>Y1 OPPOS+ T5D5CIES BY ! SIDE ( !SE NATIONALI/ T5D5CIES4 ,ABOVE NATIONALITIES !RE IS MANK9D2 N[1 ?IS MANK9D1 SO FRAGM5TAL AT ! />T1 COMPOS$ ( ?\S&S ( 9IMICAL TRIBES ?AT W]E DEV\R+ ONE ANO!R1 IS BECOM+ A V]Y HOMOG5E\S MANK9D4 ,! DIFF]5T PEOPLES POSSESS A COMMON GR\ND1 DESPITE !IR DIFF]5CES2 A G5]AL CONSCI5CE IS =M$ ABOVE ALL ! NATIONAL CONSCI5CES2 =M]LY !RE HAD BE5 CIVILIZATIONS1 N[ WE ADVANCE T[>DS ONE CIVILIZATION2 ONCE UPON A TIME ,A!NS RESI/$ ITS NEI<BOR ,SP>TA2 FROM N[ ON1 EV5 IF DISSIMIL>ITIES BETWE5 ONE NATION & ANO!R P]SI/1 ! SIMIL>ITIES >E ACC5TUAT$4 ,AS BY ! SIDE ( HIS SPECIAL QUALITIES CON/ITUT+ HIS ESS5CE & P]SONALITY1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL 9 A NATION POSSESSES QUALITIES 9 COMMON ) ?OSE :O SPEAK ! SAME TONGUE & HAVE ! SAME 9T]E/S AS HE1 JU/ SO CIVILIZ$ MANK9D ACQUIRES SIMIL> *>ACT]I/ICS1 ?\< EA* NATION PRES]VES ITS PHYSIOGNOMY4 ,MORE FREQU5T FROM DAY TO DAY1 ! RELATIONS AMONG ! PEOPLES BR+ ON A MORE 9TIMATE COMMUNION4 ,SCI5CE1 >T1 LIT]ATURE1 BECOME MORE & MORE COSMOPOLITAN4 ,HUMANIT>IANISM TAKES ITS PLACE BY ! SIDE ( PATRIOTISM1 9T]NATIONALISM BY ! SIDE ( NATIONALISM1 & PRES5TLY ! IDEA ( MANK9D WILL ACQUIRE MORE =CE ?AN ! IDEA ( FA!RL&1 :I* IS BE+ MODIFI$ & IS LOS+ SOME ( ?AT EXCLUSIVISM :I* ! NATIONAL EGOI/S WI% TO P]PETUATE4 ,H5CE ! ANTAGONISM BETWE5 ! TWO T5D5CIES4 ,TO 9T]NATIONALISM1 :I* IS ALREADY SO P[]FUL1 PATRIOTISM IS OPPOS$ ) UNHE>D ( VIOL5CE4 ,! OLD CONS]VATIVE SPIRIT IS ELAT$2 IT IS 9 TRA9+ AGA9/ COSMOPOLITANISM :I* WILL SOME DAY DEFEAT IT2 IT FI]CELY FI<TS ?OSE :O >E 9 FAVOR ( COSMOPOLITANISM1 & ?IS IS AGA9 A CAUSE ( ANTISEMITISM4 

,?\< (T5 EXCE$+LY *AUV9I/1 ! ,JEWS >E ESS5TIALLY COSMOPOLITAN 9 *>ACT]2 !Y >E ! COSMOPOLITAN ELEM5T ( MANK9D1 SAYS ,S*AEFFLE4 ,?IS IS QUITE TRUE1 S9CE !Y HAVE ALWAYS POSSESS$ 9 A HI< DEGREE ?AT M>K ( COSMOPOLITANISM ! EXTREME FACILITY ( ADAPTATION4 ,ON !IR >RIVAL 9TO ! ,PROMIS$ ,L& !Y ADOPT$ ! LANGUAGE ( ,CANAAN2 AFT] A SEV5TY YE> SOJ\RN 9 ,BABYLONIA1 !Y =GOT ,HEBREW & RE5T]$ ,J]USALEM1 SPEAK+ AN ,>AMAIC OR ,*ALDEE J>GON2 DUR+ ! FIR/ C5TURY BE=E & AFT] ! ,*RI/IAN ]A1 ! ,HELL5IC TONGUE P]VAD$ ! ,JEWRIES4 ,ONCE DISP]S$ ! ,JEWS FATALLY BECAME COSMOPOLITES4 ,9DE$ !Y DID NOT AGA9 ATTA* !MSELVES TO ANY T]RITORIAL UNIT1 & HAVE HAD ONLY A RELIGI\S UNITY4 ,TRUE1 !Y HAVE HAD A FA!RL&1 BUT ?IS FA!RL&1 ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL ( ALL1 AS1 H[EV]1 EV]Y FA!RL& IS1 WAS PLAC$ 9 ! FUTURE1 IT WAS ,ZION R5EW$1 ) :I* NO L& IS COMP>$ OR COMP>ABLE2 A SPIRITUAL FA!RL& :I* !Y LOV$ SO >D5TLY ?AT !Y BECAME 9DIFF]5T TO EV]Y L&1 & ?AT EV]Y L& SEEM$ TO !M EQUALLY GOOD OR EQUALLY BAD4 ,F9ALLY !Y LIV$ UND] SU* & SO T]RIBLE CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT !Y C\LD NOT BE EXPECT$ TO HAVE A FA!RL& ( !IR *OICE1 &1 ) ! AID ( !IR 9/9CT ( SOLID>ITY1 !Y HAVE REMA9$ 9T]NATIONALI/S4 

,! NATIONALI/S HAVE BE5 L$ TO CONSID] !M AS ! MO/ ACTIVE PROPAGATORS ( ! IDEAS ( 9T]NATIONALISM2 !Y EV5 F\ND ?AT ! EXAMPLE ALONE ( !SE C\NTRYLESS LAYM5 WAS BAD1 & ?AT BY !IR PRES5CE !Y UND]M9$ ! IDEA ( FA!RL&1 ?AT IS ANY SPECIAL IDEA ( FA!RL&4 ,= ?IS REASON !Y BECAME ANTISEMITES OR RA!R = ?IS REASON !IR ANTISEMITISM TOOK ON ADD$ =CE4 ,!Y NOT ONLY ACCUS$ ! ,JEWS ( BE+ /RANG]S1 BUT EV5 DE/RUCTIVE /RANG]S4 ,! CONS]VATISM ( ! EXCLUSIVI/S CONNECT$ COSMOPOLITANISM ) REVOLUTION2 IT UPBRAID$ ! ,JEWS FIR/ = !IR COSMOPOLITANISM1 & !N = !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT & ACTIVITY4 ,HAS ! ,JEW1 9DE$1 ANY LEAN+ T[>D REVOLUTION 8 ,WE %ALL EXAM9E ?AT4 

,*APT] ,TWELVE3 ,! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SPIRIT 9 ,JUDAISM 

,TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES ( ,JUDAISM DOES NOT MEAN TO EXAM9E ,JEWI% ,COMMUNISM4 ,MOREOV]1 FROM ! FACT ?AT ! SO-CALL$ ,MOSAIC 9/ITUTIONS HAD BE5 9SPIR$ BY SOCIALI/IC PR9CIPLES IT %\LD NOT NECESS>ILY BE 9F]R$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT HAS ALWAYS GUID$ ,ISRAEL4 

,COMMUNISM & REVOLUTION >E NOT 9SEP>ABLE T]MS1 & IF N[ADAYS WE CANNOT UTT] ! FIR/ WORD )\T FATALLY EVOK+ ! O!R ?IS IS DUE TO ! ECONOMIC CONDITIONS GOV]N+ US & TO ! FACT ?AT ! TRANS=MATION ( ! PRES5T-DAY SOCIETIES1 BAS$ AS !Y >E ON 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 IS CONSID]$ IMPOSSIBLE )\T A VIOL5T TE>+ UP4 ,9 A CAPITALI/IC ,/ATE ! COMMUNI/ IS LOOK$ UPON AS A REVOLUTIONI/1 BUT IT IS NOT TAK5 9TO ACC\NT ?AT A P>TISAN ( PRIVATE CAPITAL W\LD BE TREAT$ 9 SIMIL> FA%ION 9 A COMMUNI/IC ,/ATE4 

,IF IT CAN BE SAID1 ) ,R5AN1 ( ! ,JEWS ?AT !Y HAVE BE5 AN ELEM5T ( PROGRESS OR AT LEA/ ( TRANS=MATION1 IF !Y C\LD BE REG>D$ AS ! F]M5TS ( REVOLUTION1 & ?AT1 TOO1 AT ALL TIMES1 WE %ALL SEE1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE ( !SE LAWS ON GLEAN+1 ON ! WORKM5'S WAGES1 ON ! SABBATIC & JUBILEE YE>S1 :I* >E F\ND 9 ! ,EXODUS1 ,NUMB]S1 ,LEVITICUS1 ETC41 .<#b#h.> BUT BECAUSE !Y HAVE ALWAYS BE5 MALCONT5TS4 

,I DO NOT MEAN TO CLAIM !REBY ?AT !Y W]E M]E MUDSL+]S & SY/EMATIC OPPON5TS ( ALL GOV]NM5T1 = !Y W]E NOT WR\<T UP AGA9/ AN ,AHAB OR ,AHAZIAH ONLY BUT ! /ATE ( ?+S DID NOT SATISFY !M2 !Y W]E =EV] RE/LESS1 9 ! EXPECTATION ( A BETT] /ATE :I* !Y NEV] F\ND REALIZ$4 ,!IR IDEAL NOT BE+ ONE ( ?OSE :I* >E SATISFI$ ) HOPE !Y HAD NOT PLAC$ IT HI< 5\< = ?AT !Y NEV] C\LD LULL !IR AMBITIONS ) DREAMS & PHANTOMS4 ,!Y ?\<T !Y HAD A RI<T TO DEM& IMM$IATE SATISFACTIONS & NOT REMOTE PROMISES4 ,H5CE ?IS CON/ANT AGITATION ( ! ,JEWS1 :I* HAD MANIFE/$ ITSELF NOT ONLY 9 PROPHETISM1 ,MESSIANISM & ,*RI/IANITY ?AT WAS ITS SUPREME CONSUMMATION1 BUT AS WELL S9CE ! TIME ( ! DISP]SION1 & !N 9 AN 9DIVIDUAL MANN]4 

,! CAUSES ?AT GAVE BIR? TO ?IS AGITATION1 :I* KEPT IT UP & P]PETUAT$ IT 9 ! S\LS ( SOME MOD]N ,JEWS1 >E NOT EXT]NAL CAUSES SU* AS ! TYRANNY ( A RUL]1 ( A PEOPLE OR F]OCI\S CODE3 !Y >E 9T]NAL CAUSES1 I4E41 SU* AS P]TA9 TO ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! ,HEBREW SPIRIT4 ,! REASONS ( ! S5TIM5TS ( REVOLT ) :I* ! ,JEWS W]E ANIMAT$ MU/ BE S\<T 9 ! IDEA !Y HAD ( ,GOD1 9 !IR CONCEPTION ( LIFE & DEA?4 

,TO ,ISRAEL1 LIFE IS A BOON1 ! EXI/5CE GRANT$ TO MAN BY ,GOD IS GOOD2 TO LIVE IS 9 ITSELF GOOD LUCK4 

,BY CONTRA/1 DEA? IS ! ONLY EVIL ?AT CAN AFFLICT MAN1 IT IS ! GREATE/ ( CALAMITIES2 IT IS SO HORRIBLE1 SO FRI<TFUL ?AT TO BE /RUCK BY IT IS ! MO/ T]RIBLE ( PUNI%M5TS4 0,MAY DEA? S]VE ME AS EXPIATION10 ! DY+ W\LD SAY1 = HE C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( A MORE S]I\S PUNI%M5T ?AN ?AT CONSI/+ 9 DEA?4 ,! ONLY RECOMP5SE ?AT ! PI\S E>NE/LY DESIR$ WAS ?AT ,YAHWEH MI<T MAKE !M DIE SAT$ ) DAYS1 AFT] YE>S PASS$ 9 ABUNDANCE & JUBILATION4 

,BESIDES1 :AT RECOMP5SE O!R ?AN ?IS C\LD !Y HAVE EXPECT$8 ,!Y DID NOT BELIEVE 9 ! FUTURE LIFE1 & IT WAS LATE1 P]HAPS ONLY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,P>SISM1 ?AT !Y BEGAN TO ADMIRE ! IMMORTALITY ( ! S\L4 ,= A ,JEW1 HIS EXI/5CE 5D$ ) LIFE1 HE WAS SLEEP+ TILL ! DAY ( RESURRECTION1 HE HAD NO?+ TO HOPE = EXCEPT FROM EXI/5CE1 & ! PUNI%M5TS ?AT ?REAT5$ VISE1 JU/ AS ! SATISFACTIONS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ VIRTUE1 W]E ALL ( ?IS WORLD4 

,HAV+ NO HOPE ( FUTURE REW>D ! ,JEW C\LD NOT RESIGN TO ! MIS=TUNES ( LIFE2 IT WAS ONLY AT A V]Y LATE DATE ?AT HE C\LD CONSOLE HIMSELF 9 HIS MIS=TUNES BY DREAM+ ( CELE/IAL HAPP9ESS4 ,TO ! SC\RGES BEFALL+ HIM HE REPLI$ NEI!R ) ! ,MOHAMM$AN'S FATALISM1 NOR ) ! ,*RI/IAN'S RESIGNATION1 BUT ) REVOLT4 ,AS HE POSSESS$ A CONCRETE IDEAL1 HE WANT$ TO REALIZE IT1 & :ATEV] RET>D$ ITS ADV5T >\S$ HIS WRA?4 

,! PEOPLES ?AT BELIEV$ 9 A WORLD BEYOND1 ?OSE :O DELUD$ !MSELVES ) SWEET & CONSOL+ *IM]AS & LET !MSELVES BE LULL$ TO SLEEP ) ! DREAM ( ET]NITY2 ?OSE ?AT POSSESS$ ! DOGMA ( REW>DS & PUNI%M5TS1 ( P>ADISE & HELL1 ALL !SE PEOPLES ACCEPT$ POV]TY & SICKNESS ) B[$ HEADS4 ,! DREAM ( FUTURE REJOIC+ KEPT !M UP1 & )\T ANG] !Y PUT UP ) !IR SORES & !IR PRIVATION4 ,!Y CONSOL$ !MSELVES ( ! 9JU/ICES ( ?IS WORLD BY ?9K+ ( ! MIR? ?AT W\LD BE !IR IDYLLIC PLEASURES1 !Y CONS5T$ TO B5D1 )\T COMPLA9T1 BE=E ! /RONG :O TYRANNIZ$ !M4 

,BUT ?IS IDEA ( ! CONT9UITY & P]SI/5CE ( ! P]SONALITY CONTRIBUT$ NO?+ TO ! =MATION ( ! MORAL BE+ ) ! ,JEWS4 ,9 E>LIE/ TIMES !Y DID NOT %>E ! HOPES ( ! LAT] ,PH>ISEES2 AFT] ,YAHWEH HAD CLOS$ !IR EYELIDS1 !Y EXPECT$ ONLY ! HORROR ( ,%EOL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 LIFE WAS = !M ! IMPORTANT ?+2 !Y S\<T TO BEAUTIFY IT ) ALL BLESS+S1 & !SE MAD IDEALI/S1 :O HAD CONCEIV$ ! PURE IDEA ( ONE ,GOD W]E1 BY A />TL+ YET EXPLICABLE CONTRA/1 ! MO/ UNTRACTABLE ( S5SUALI/S4 ,YAHWEH HAD ASSIGN$ TO !M A C]TA9 NUMB] ( YE>S ON E>?2 9 ?IS EXI/5CE1 ALWAYS TOO %ORT TO SUIT ! ,HEBREW1 ,HE DEM&$ ( !M A FAI?FUL & SCRUPUL\S WOR%IP2 9 RETURN1 ! ,HEBREW CLAIM$ POSITIVE ADVANTAGES FROM HIS ,LORD4 

,! IDEA ( CONTRACT DOM9AT$ ! :OLE ( ,JEWI% !OLOGY4 ,:5 ! ,ISRAELITE FULFILL$ HIS DUTIES T[>D ,YAHWEH1 HE DEM&$ RECIPROCITY4 ,IF HE ?\<T HIMSELF WRONG$1 IF HE CONSID]$ HIS RI<TS HAD NOT BE5 RESPECT$1 HE HAD NO GOOD REASON TO TEMPORIZE1 = ! M9UTE ( HAPP9ESS HE LO/ WAS A M9UTE /OL5 FROM HIM1 ONE :I* C\LD NEV] BE RETURN$ TO HIM4 ,ACCORD+LY1 HE LOOK$ TO A PUNCTUAL FULFILLM5T ( MUTUAL OBLIGATIONS2 HE WANT$ A CORRECT BALANCE TO EXI/ BETWE5 HIS ,GOD & HIMSELF2 HE KEPT A /RICT ACC\NT ( HIS DUTIES & HIS RI<TS1 ?IS ACC\NT WAS P>T ( ! RELIGION1 & ,SP9OZA C\LD JU/LY SAY 3 .<#b#i.> 0,) ! ,JEWS ! RELIGI\S DOGMAS DID NOT CONSI/ 9 9/RUCTIONS1 BUT 9 RI<TS & PRESCRIPTIONS2 PIETY MEANT JU/ICE1 IMPIETY MEANT 9JU/ICE & CRIME40 

,! MAN :OM ! ,JEW LAUDS IS NOT A SA9T1 NOT A RESIGNEE3 IT IS ! JU/ MAN4 ,! *>ITABLE MAN DOES NOT EXI/ = ?OSE ( ,JUDAH'S PEOPLE2 9 ,ISRAEL !RE CAN BE NO QUE/ION ( *>ITY1 BUT ONLY ( JU/ICE3 ALMS IS BUT A RE/ITUTION4 ,BESIDES1 :AT DID ,YAHWEH SAY8 ,HE HAS SAID3 0,JU/ BALANCES1 JU/ WEI<TS1 A JU/ EPHAH & A JU/ H9 %ALL YE HAVE20 .<#b#a.> HE HAS ALSO SAID3 0,?\ %ALT NOT RESPECT ! P]SON ( ! POOR1 NOR HONOR ! P]SON ( ! MI<TY2 BUT 9 RI<TE\SNESS %ALT ?\ JUDGE ?Y NEI<BORS40 .<#b#a#a.> 

,FROM ?IS CONCEPTION ( ! PRIMITIVE TIMES ( ,ISRAEL CAME ! LAW ( RETALIATION4 ,SIMPLE SPIRITS1 IMBU$ ) ! IDEA ( JU/ICE1 W]E OBVI\SLY B\ND TO COME TO3 0,AN EYE = AN EYE1 A TOO? = A TOO?40 ,! RIGOR ( ! CODE S(T5$ ONLY !N :5 A MORE EXACT IDEA ( EQUITY WAS OBTA9$4 

,! ,YAHWEHISM ( ! PROPHETS REFLECTS !SE S5TIM5TS4 ,:AT ! ,GOD !Y PRAISE WANTS IS3 0,LET JUDGM5T RUN D[N AS WAT]S & RI<TE\SNESS AS A MI<TY /REAM20 .<#b#a#b.> HE SAYS3 0,I AM ! ,LORD :I* EX]CISE LOV+ K9DNESS1 JUDGM5T & RI<TE\SNESS 9 ! E>?2 = 9 !SE ?+S ,I DELI<T40 .<#b#a#c.> ,TO KN[ JU/ICE IS TO KN[ ,GOD1 .<#b#a#d.> & JU/ICE BECOMES AN EMANATION FROM DIV9ITY2 IT TAKES ON ! *>ACT] ( A REVELATION4 ,) ,ISAIAH1 ,J]EMIAH1 ,EZEKIEL IT =M$ P>T ( ! DOGMA1 IT HAD BE5 PROCLAIM$ DUR+ ! ,S9AITIC !OPHANIES1 & LITTLE BY LITTLE IS BORN ?IS IDEA3 ,ISRAEL MU/ REALIZE JU/ICE4 

,ON RETURN+ FROM ,BABYLON1 ! ,JEWI% POPULATION =M$ A CONSID]ABLE NUCLEUS ( POOR1 JU/1 PI\S1 HUMBLE1 & SA9TS4 ,A GREAT PORTION ( ! ,PSALMS CAME FROM ?IS MID/4 ,!SE ,PSALMS >E = ! MO/ P>T VIOL5T DIATRIBES AGA9/ ! RI*2 !Y SYMBOLIZE ! /RUGGLE ( ! EBIONIM AGA9/ ! MI<TY4 ,:5 ADDRESS+ ! POSSESSORS1 ! SAT$1 ! ,PSALMI/S READILY SAY ) ,AMOS3 0,HE> ?IS1 ,O YE ?AT SWALL[ UP ! NE$Y1 EV5 TO MAKE ! POOR ( ! L& TO FAIL10 .<#b#a#e.> & 9 ALL !SE POEMS WRITT5 BETWE5 ! ,BABYLONIAN EXILE & ! ,MACCABEES 7#e#h#i-#a#f#g7 ! POOR IS GLORIFI$4 ,HE IS ,GOD'S FRI5D1 ,HIS PROPHET1 ,HIS ANO9T$2 HE IS GOOD1 HIS H&S >E PURE2 HE IS UPRI<T & JU/2 HE IS P>T ( ! FLOCK ( :I* ,GOD IS ! %EPH]D4 

,! RI* IS ! WICK$1 HE IS ! MAN ( VIOL5CE & BLOOD2 HE IS KNAVI%1 P]FIDI\S1 HAU<TY2 HE DOES EVIL )\T MOTIVE2 HE IS CONTEMPTIBLE1 = HE EXPLOITS1 OPPRESSES1 P]SECUTES & DEV\RS ! POOR4 ,BUT HIS GREAT CRIME IS ?AT HE DOES NOT DO JU/ICE2 ?AT HE HAS BRIB$ JUDGES :O CONDEMN ! POOR BE=EH&4 .<#b#a#f.> 

,9CIT$ BY ! WORDS ( !IR POETS1 ! EBIONIM DID NOT SLUMB] 9 !IR MIS]Y1 !Y DID NOT DELI<T 9 !IR MIS=TUNES1 !Y DID NOT RESIGN TO POV]TY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y DREAM$ ( ! DAY ?AT W\LD AV5GE ! 9IQUITIES & OPPROBRIUMS HEAP$ UPON !M1 ! DAY :5 ! WICK$ W\LD BE HURL$ D[N & ! JU/ EXALT$3 ! DAY ( ! ,MESSIAH4 

,:5 ,JESUS COMES HE WILL REPEAT :AT ! EBIONIM ,PSALMI/S HAD SAID1 HE WILL SAY3 0,BLESS$ >E !Y :I* DO HUNG] & ?IR/ AFT] RI<TE\SNESS1 = !Y %ALL BE FILL$20 .<#b#a#g.> HE WILL ANA!MATIZE ! RI*1 & WILL EXCLAIM3 0,IT IS EASI] = A CAMEL TO GO ?R\< ! EYE ( A NE$LE ?AN = A RI* MAN TO 5T] ! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD40 .<#b#a#h.> ,ON ?IS PO9T ! ,*RI/IAN DOCTR9E WILL TURN \T TO BE PURELY ,JEWI%1 NOT AT ALL ,HELL5IC1 & ,JESUS WILL F9D HIS FIR/ ADH]5TS AMONG ! EBIONIM4 

,?US ! CONCEPTION ! ,JEWS =M$ ( LIFE & DEA? FURNI%$ ! FIR/ ELEM5T ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT4 ,/>T+ ) ! IDEA ?AT GOOD1 ?AT IS JU/ICE1 WAS TO BE REALIZ$ NOT BEYOND ! GRAVE = BEYOND ! GRAVE !RE IS SLEEP1 UNTIL ! DAY ( ! RESURRECTION ( ! DEAD BUT DUR+ LIFE1 !Y S\<T JU/ICE1 & NEV] F9D+ IT1 EV] DISSATISFI$1 !Y W]E RE/LESS TO GET IT4 

,! SECOND ELEM5T WAS GIV5 !M BY !IR CONCEPTION ( DIV9ITY4 ,IT L$ !M TO CONCEIVE ! EQUALITY ( M51 IT L$ !M EV5 TO AN>*Y2 A !ORETIC & S5TIM5TAL AN>*Y1 S9CE !Y ALWAYS HAD A GOV]NM5T1 BUT A REAL AN>*Y1 = !Y NEV] ACCEPT$ ) *E]FUL HE>T ?IS GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] IT W]E4 

,:E!R WOR%IP+ ,YAHWEH AS !IR NATIONAL ,GOD1 OR :5 !Y ROSE ) !IR PROPHETS TO ! BELIEF 9 ONE & UNIV]SAL ,GOD1 ! ,JEWS NEV] SPECULAT$ OV] ! ESS5CE ( ,DIV9ITY4 ,JUDAISM NEV] SET = ITSELF ANY ESS5TIAL METAPHYSICAL QUE/IONS1 :E!R AB\T ! 0BEYOND0 OR ! NATURE ( ,GOD4 0,SUBLIME SPECULATIONS HAVE NO CONNECTION ) ! ,SCRIPTURE10 SAYS ,SP9OZA1 0&1 AS F> AS ,I AM CONC]N$1 ,I HAVE NOT & C\LD NOT LE>N1 FROM ! ,HOLY ,WRIT1 ANY ( ! ET]NAL ATTRIBUTES ( ,GOD01 .<#b#a#i.> & ,M5DELSSOHN ADDS3 0,JUDAISM HAS NOT REVEAL$ UNTO US ANY ( ! ET]NAL TRU?S40 .<#b#b.> 

,! ,JEWS LOOK$ UPON ,YAHWEH AS A CELE/IAL MON>*1 :O W\LD GIVE A *>T] TO HIS PEOPLE & 5T] 9TO 5GAGEM5TS ) IT1 DEM&+1 9 RETURN1 OB$I5CE TO HIS LAWS & PRESCRIPTIONS4 ,9 ! EYES ( ! ANCI5T ,HEBREWS &1 LAT] ON1 ! ,TALMUDI/S1 ! ,B5E-,ISRAEL ALONE C\LD 5JOY ! PR]OGATIVES GRANT$ BY ,YAHWEH2 9 ! EYES ( ! PROPHETS1 ALL NATIONS C\LD LAWFULLY CLAIM !SE PRIVILEGES1 BECAUSE ,YAHWEH WAS ! ,GOD ,UNIV]SAL1 & NOT ! EQUAL ( ,DAGON OR ,BEELZEBUB4 

,BUT ,YAHWEH WAS 0! SUPREME HEAD ( ! ,HEBREW PEOPLE01 .<#b#b#a.> ,HE WAS ! ALL-P[]FUL & =MIDABLE LORD1 ! ONLY K+1 JEAL\S ( ,HIS AU?ORITY1 CRUELLY PUNI%+ ?OSE :O %[$ !MSELVES REBELLI\S AGA9/ ,HIS OMNIPOT5CE4 ,9 GOOD LUCK1 AS 9 ILL-LUCK1 A PI\S ,JEW HAD EV] TO HAVE REC\RSE TO ,HIM4 ,TO TURN TO M5 & NOT TO ,GOD ,YAHWEH WAS A CRIME1 & HAV+ MADE AN ALLIANCE ) ,ROME & ,MI?RIDATES ,I1 ,JUDAS ,MACCADAEUS 9- CURR$ ?IS ANA!MA ( ,RABBI ,JOSE1 SON ( ,JOHANAN3 0,ACCURS$ BE HE :O PLACES HIS RELIANCE 9 CREATURES ( FLE% & :O REMOVES HIS HE>T FROM ,YAHWEH 60 ,YAHWEH IS ?Y =T1 ?Y %IELD1 ?Y CITADEL1 ?Y HOPE1 SAY ! ,PSALMS4 

,ALL ,JEWS >E ,YAHWEH'S SUBJECTS2 ,HE HAS SAID IT ,HIMSELF3 0,= UNTO ME ! *ILDR5 ( ,ISRAEL >E S]VANTS40 .<#b#b#b.> ,:AT AU?ORITY CAN1 !N1 PREVAIL BY ! SIDE ( ! DIV9E AU?ORITY8 ,ALL GOV]NM5T1 :ATEV] IT BE1 IS EVIL S9CE IT T5DS TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ,GOD2 IT MU/ BE F\<T AGA9/1 BECAUSE ,YAHWEH IS ! ONLY HEAD ( ! ,JEWI% COMMONWEAL?1 ! ONLY ONE TO :OM ! ,ISRAELITE [ES OB$I5CE4 

,:5 9SULT+ ! ,K+S1 ! PROPHETS REPRES5T$ ! S5TIM5T ( ,ISRAEL4 ,!Y W]E GIV+ EXPRESSION TO ! ?\<TS ( ! POOR1 ! HUMBLE1 ALL ?OSE :O1 BE+ DIRECTLY ILL-US$ BY ! P[] ( ! ,K+S OR ( ! RI*1 W]E MORE 9CL9$1 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 TO CRITICIZE OR D5Y ! GOOD COM+ FROM ?IS TYRANNY4 

,HOLD+ ,YAHWEH ALONE AS !IR LORD1 !SE ANAVIM & EBIONIM1 W]E EV] DRIV5 TO REVOLT AGA9/ HUMAN MAGI/RACY2 !Y C\LD NOT ACCEPT IT1 & DUR+ ! P]IODS ( UPRIS+ ,ZADOK & ,JUDAH ! ,GALILEAN W]E SE5 C>RY+ ) !M ! ZEALOTS BY !IR CRY3 0,CALL NONE Y\R MA/]60 ,ZADOK & ,JUDAH W]E LOGICAL3 IF WE PLACE \R TYRANT 9 HEAV5S WE CANNOT 5DURE ONE D[N H]E4 

,GOD HIMSELF COMM&S ?IS EQUALITY1 & AGA9 ! MI<TY >E ! OB/ACLE TO ITS REALIZATION4 ,! HUMBLE1 :O LIVE 9 COMMON1 PRACTICE IT2 !Y FOLL[ ! COMMUNI/IC PRECEPTS ( ,LEVITICUS1 ,EXODUS1 ,NUMB]S1 PRECEPTS 9SPIR$ BY PREOCCUPATIONS ) EQUALITY4 ,AS = ! RI*1 !Y =GET ?AT ,GOD HAD MADE ALL M5 FROM ! SAME CLAY1 !Y DIS[N ! EQUALITY PROCLAIM$ BY ,GOD4 ,?US !Y OPPRESS ! PEOPLE1 !Y FILL !IR H\SES ) ! SPOILS ( ! POOR1 !Y BR[SE HIS V9EY>D1 !Y MAKE ( WID[S !IR PREY1 ( ORPHANS !IR BOOTY1 .<#b#b#c.> & [+ TO !M 9EQUALITY EXI/S4 

,AT !M1 AT !SE POSSESSORS & !SE GR&EES ! PROPHETS HURL ! ANA!MA2 ! PSALMI/S ?UND]3 0,O ,LORD ,GOD1 TO :OM V5GEANCE BELONGE?2 ,O ,GOD1 TO :OM V5GEANCE BELONGE?1 %[ ?YSELF 60 .<#b#b#d.> !Y CRY4 ,!Y REBUKE ! RI* = ! ABUNDANCE ( HIS TREASURES1 HIS LUXURY1 HIS LOVE ( PLEASURES2 :ATEV] CONTRIBUTES TO RAISE HIM MAT]IALLY ABOVE HIS BRE?R52 :ATEV] CAN GIVE HIM ! IMPI\S >ROGANCE ( DEEM+ HIMSELF MADE ( O!R DU/ ?AN ?AT ( :I* IS MADE ! M\NTA9-%EPH]D :O PA/URES HIS %EEP & FE>S ,GOD2 :ATEV] MAKES HIM =GET ?IS DIV9E TRU?2 M5 >E EQUAL TO ONE ANO!R1 S9CE !Y >E ! *ILDR5 ( ,YAHWEH :O PRET5D$ GIV+ EA* ( HIS SUBJECTS AN EQUAL %>E ( ! E>? !Y TREAD ON1 AN EQUAL %>E ( JOYS & BLESS+S4 

,AFT] ,YAHWEH !Y BELIEV$ 9 SELF ONLY4 ,TO ! UNITY ( ,GOD !RE CORRESPOND$ ! UNITY ( BE+2 TO ,GOD ABSOLUTE ABSOLUTE BE+4 ,ACCORD+LY1 SUBJECTIVITY HAS EV] BE5 ! FUNDAM5TAL TRAIT ( ! ,SEMITIC *>ACT]2 IT HAS (T5 L$ ! ,JEWS TO EGOISM1 & HAV+ ONCE EXAGG]AT$ ?IS EGOISM1 C]TA9 ,TALMUDI/S 5D$ ) RECOGNIZ+1 9 ! MATT] ( DUTIES1 NO?+ BUT DUTIES TO ONE'S SELF4 ,?IS SUBJECTIVITY1 AS MU* AS MONO!ISM1 ACC\NTS = ! 9CAPACITY %[N BY ! ,JEWS 9 ALL PLA/IC >TS4 ,AS = !IR LIT]ATURE IT WAS PURELY SUBJECTIVE2 ! ,JEWI% PROPHETS1 LIKE ! PSALMI/S1 LIKE ! POETS ( ,JOB & ! ,SONG ( ,SONGS1 LIKE ! MORALI/S ( ! ,ECCLESIA/ES & ! ,BOOK ( ,WISDOM1 KNEW ONLY !MSELVES & G5]ALIZ$ !IR FEEL+S OR !IR P]SONAL S5SATIONS4 ,?IS SUBJECTIVITY ALSO MAKES US UND]/& :Y ! ,JEWS HAVE AT ALL TIMES1 EV5 9 \R DAYS1 %[N SO MU* APTNESS = MUSIC?AT MO/ SUBJECTIVE ( ALL >TS4 

,?US !Y W]E UND5IABLY 9DIVIDUALI/S1 & !SE M51 SO EAG] TO PURSUE E>?LY 9T]E/S1 APPE> TO US ?ANKS TO !IR UNCOMPROMIS+ CONCEPTION ( EXI/5CE AS UNTRACTABLE IDEALI/S4 ,N[1 AN 9DIVIDUALI/ IMBU$ ) IDEALISM IS & WILL ALWAYS BE 9 REVOLT4 ,HE WILL NEV] WANT TO ALL[ ANYBODY TO VIOLATE HIS SACR$ SELF1 & NO WILL CAN PREVAIL OV] HIS4 

,NOT)/&+ !IR LONG BONDAGE1 DESPITE ! YE>S ( M>TYRDOM :I* HAVE BE5 !IR LOT1 9 SPITE ( ! C5TURIES ( HUMILIATION1 :I* HAVE DEBAS$ !IR *>ACT]1 DEPRESS$ !IR BRA9S1 CRAMP$ !IR 9TELLIG5CE1 *ANG$ !IR TA/ES1 !IR CU/OMS1 !IR APTITUDES1 ! DEBRIS ( ,JUDAH HAVE NOT ABJUR$ !IR SO VIVID DREAM1 :I* HAD BE5 !IR SUPPORT & 9SPIRATION DUR+ ! W>S = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,! FUN]AL-PILES1 MASSACRES1 SPOLIATIONS1 9SULTS1 EV]Y?+ CONTRIBUT$ TO MAKE DE>] TO !M ! JU/ICE1 ! EQUALITY & ! LIB]TY :I* DUR+ MANY LONG YE>S W]E = !M ! EMPTIE/ WORDS4 ,! GREAT VOICE ( ! PROPHETS PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! WICK$ WILL BE PUNI%$ ONE DAY HAS ALWAYS F\ND AN E*O 9 !SE T5ACI\S S\LS ?AT DID NOT LIKE TO B5D1 & DESPIS$ ?IS SO MIS]ABLE REALITY 9 ORD] TO DELUDE !MSELVES ) ! IDEA ( ! FUTURE TIME2 ?AT FUTURE TIME1 ( :I* ,AMOS & ,ISAIAH1 ,J]EMIAH & ,EZEKIEL1 & ALL ?OSE HAVE SPOK5 :O SANG ,MIZMORIM 7PSALMS71 TO !IR [N ACCOMPANIM5T ON /R+$ 9/RUM5TS4 ,H[EV] GLOOMY ! PRES5T1 ,ISRAEL NEV] CEAS$ TO BELIEVE 9 ! FUTURE4 

,! ,JEWS W]E TOLD3 0,:Y DO Y\ AWAIT ,MESSIAH2 OBDURATE1 KN[ YE NOT ?AT HE HAS COME80 ,!Y ANSW]$ ) S>CASM1 !Y %RUGG$ !IR %\LD]S & REPLI$3 ',! ,MESSIAH HAS NOT COME1 = WE >E SUFF]+1 = FAM9E DESOLATES ! L&1 = ! BLACK PE/ & ! NOBLEMAN BURD5 ! SORR[FUL WRET*ES 60 ,BUT :5 !Y W\LD BE TOLD ?AT !IR ,ME%IA* W\LD NEV] COME1 !Y W\LD LIFT UP !IR B[$ D[N HEADS &1 /UBBORN ?AT !Y W]E1 W\LD SAY3 0,ME%IA* WILL COME ONE DAY & ON ?AT DAY WILL BE UND]/OOD ! WORD ( ! ,PSALMI/3 ',I HAVE SE5 ! WICK$ 9 GREAT P[] & SPREAD+ HIMSELF LIKE A GRE5 BAY TREE4 ,YET HE PASS$ AWAY & LO 6 HE WAS NOT2 YEA1 ,I S\<T HIM1 BUT HE C\LD NOT BE F\ND' .<#b#b#e.> & ! POOR1 ! JU/ >E ?OSE :O WILL POSSESS ! E>?40 

,! N>R[ PRACTICES 9TO :I* !IR DOCTORS HAD PRESS$ ! ,JEWS1 HAVE PUT TO SLUMB] !IR 9/9CTS ( REVOLT4 ,UND] ! BONDS ( ! ,TALMUDIC LAWS1 !Y FELT TOTT]+ 9 !M ! IDEAS ?AT HAD EV] SU/A9$ !M1 & IT C\LD BE SAID ?AT ,ISRAEL C\LD BE VANQUI%$ ONLY BY HIMSELF4 ,/ILL ! ,TALMUD DID NOT DEBASE ALL ,JEWS2 AMONG ?OSE :O REJECT$ IT !RE W]E SOME :O P]SI/$ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT JU/ICE1 LIB]TY & EQUALITY W]E TO COME TO ?IS WORLD2 !RE W]E MANY ( !M :O BELIEV$ ?AT ! PEOPLE ( ,YAHWEH WAS *>G$ ) WORK+ = ?IS COM+4 ,?IS MAKES IT PLA9 :Y ! ,JEWS W]E IMPLICAT$ 9 ALL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 = !Y TOOK AN ACTIVE P>T 9 ALL REVOLUTIONS1 AS WE %ALL SEE :5 WE /UDY !IR ROLE DUR+ ALL P]IODS ( TR\BLE & *ANGE4 

,IT REMA9S N[ TO KN[ H[ ! ,JEW HAS MANIFE/$ !SE REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES1 :E!R HE WAS ACTUALLY 7AS HE IS ACCUS$7 AN ELEM5T ( DI/URBANCE 9 MOD]N SOCIETIES2 & ?US WE >E L$ TO EXAM9E ! RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM4 

,*APT] ,?IRTE53 ,! ,JEW AS A ,FACTOR 9 ! ,TRANS=MATION ( ,SOCIETY 

,?,U,S IT W\LD SEEM AS IF ! GRIEVANCE ( ! ANTISEMITE W]E WELL F\ND$2 ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT IS ESS5TIALLY A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 & CONSCI\SLY OR O!RWISE1 ! ,JEW IS A REVOLUTIONI/4 ,NOT CONT5T1 H[EV]1 ) ?IS1 ANTISEMITISM W\LD HAVE IT ?AT ! ,JEWS >E ! V]Y CAUSE ( REVOLUTION4 ,LET US SEE :AT TRU? !RE IS 9 ! *>GE4 

,TAK+ HIM AS HE WAS1 ! T5D5CIES ( HIS NATURE & ! DIRECTION ( HIS SYMPA?IES MADE IT 9EVITABLE ?AT ! ,JEW %\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! REVOLUTIONS ( HI/ORY2 & SU* A P>T HE HAS NOT FAIL$ TO PLAY4 ,NEV]!LESS IT W\LD BE TOO MU* TO SAY1 ) ! GREAT MASS ( ,ISRAEL'S 5EMIES1 ?AT EV]Y PUBLIC COMMOTION1 EV]Y UPRIS+1 EV]Y POLITICAL OV]TURN+ HAS ORIG9AT$ ) ! ,JEWS1 OR HAS BE5 PROVOK$ OR OCCASION$ BY ! ,JEWS1 & ?AT GOV]NM5TS *ANGE & TAKE ON NEW =MS BECAUSE ! ,JEW 9 HIS SECRET C\NSELS HAS PLOTT$ SU* *ANGES & TRANS=MATIONS4 ,9 MA9TA9+ SU* A PROPOSITION WE VIOLATE ! SIMPLE/ ( HI/ORICAL LAWS1 BY ASSIGN+ TO A M9UTE CAUSE A TOTALLY DISPROPORTIONATE EFFECT1 & CONC5TRAT+ \R ATT5TION UPON ONE PHASE ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T TO ! EXCLUSION ( A ?\S& O!RS ( ITS MANIFOLD ASPECTS4 ,HAD ! ,JEWS P]I%$ TO A MAN BEH9D ! WALLS ( ,ZION1 ! DE/9Y ( NATIONS W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 *ANG$1 & ?\< ! ,JEWI% ELEM5T W]E WANT+ TO ?IS WONDR\S TOTALITY :I* WE CALL PROGRESS1 SOCIETY W\LD HAVE DEVELOP$ NOT)/&+4 ,O!R =CES W\LD HAVE TAK5 ! PLACE ( ! ,JEWS & ACCOMPLI%$ :AT ! ,JEWS HAVE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ! G5]AL S*EME4 ,GIV5 ! ,BIBLE & ,*RI/IANITY1 ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL MISSION ( ! ,JEW W\LD HAVE BE5 C>RI$ \T )\T HIM4 

,!OLOGIANS :O RESORT TO REASON = ! DEF5SE ( DOGMA1 WILL 9EVITABLY 5D BY ASS]T+ ! SUP]IORITY ( REASON TO DOGMA1 ) FATAL RESULTS TO ! LATT]4 ,EXEGESIS & FRE$OM ( 9VE/IGATION >E P[]FUL DE/ROY]S1 & IT IS ! ,JEWS :O ORIG9AT$ BIBLICAL EXEGESIS1 JU/ AS !Y W]E ! FIR/ TO CRITICIZE ! =MS & DOCTR9ES ( ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ! CONTROV]SIAL LIT]ATURE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N4 ,IF WE /UDY CLOSELY WE F9D 9 IT ALL ! >GUM5TS ADVANC$ BY ! S*OL>S ( \R [N DAY4 ,IT MI<T1 9DE$1 BE MA9TA9$ 9 D5IAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ROLE SAID TO HAVE BE5 PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS1 ?AT ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR EXEGESIS WAS ADDRESS$ TO ,JEWS ONLY1 & ?AT IT CONSEQU5TLY C\LD NOT HAVE BE5 A MEANS ( 9CIT+ TO *ANGE1 9ASMU* AS ! ,JEW KNEW WELL H[ TO RECONCILE ! RESULTS ( TEXTUAL CRITICISM ) ! M9UTIAE ( HIS PRACTICES & ! 9TEGRITY ( HIS FAI?4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT ALTOGE!R TRUE1 = ,JEWI% DOCTR9ES DID F9D !IR WAY \T ( ! SYNAGOGUE1 & ?IS 9 TWO DIFF]5T WAYS4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE ! ,JEWS C\LD ALWAYS F9D AN OPPORTUNITY = PROCLAIM+ !IR IDEALS1 ?ANKS TO ! PREVAL5CE ( PUBLIC DISPUTATION4 ,9 ! SECOND PLACE1 !Y W]E ! MEANS ( DISSEM9AT+ ! ,>ABIAN PHILOSOPHY1 & W]E ITS EXP\ND]S AT A TIME1 TWELF? C5TURY1 TO BE PRECISE1 :5 ,AL ,F>ABI & ,IBN ,S9A W]E BE+ ANA!MATIZ$ 9 ! MOSQUES1 & OR?ODOX ,MUSLIMS W]E FE$+ ! FIRES ) ! WRIT+S ( ! ,>ABIAN ,>I/OTELIANS4 ,! ,JEWS ( ?IS P]IOD TRANSLAT$ ! WRIT+S ( ,>I/OTLE & ( ! ,>ABIAN PHILOSOPH]S 9TO ,HEBREW1 & !SE1 RETRANSLAT$ 9TO ,LAT91 AF=D$ ! S*OLA/ICS AN OPPORTUNITY = BECOM+ ACQUA9T$ ) ,GREEK ?\<T4 ,! MO/ FAM\S ( ! S*OLA/ICS1 0M5 LIKE ,ALB]TUS ,MAGNUS & ,/4 ,?OMAS ,AQU9AS1 /UDI$ ! WORKS ( ,>I/OTLE 9 ,LAT9 V]SIONS MADE FROM ! ,HEBREW40 .<#b#b#f.> 

,! ,JEWS DID NOT /OP !RE4 ,!Y PREA*$ ! MAT]IALISM ( ! ,>ABIAN PHILOSOPH]S :I* WAS TO PROVE SO DE/RUCTIVE TO ! ,*RI/IAN FAI?1 & C>RI$ ABROAD ! SPIRIT ( SKEPTICISM4 ,!IR ACTIVITY WAS SU* AS TO GIVE RISE TO A G5]AL BELIEF 9 ! EXI/5CE ( A SECRET SOCIETY SWORN TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY4 .<#b#b#g.> ,DUR+ ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY1 A C5TURY :I* WITNESS$ ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T ( ?AT COMPLEX ( HUMANISM1 SKEPTICISM & PAGANISM :I* WE CALL ! ,R5AISSANCE1 AT A TIME :5 ! ,HOH5/AUF5 DEF5D$ ! CAUSE ( SCI5CE AGA9/ DOGMA1 & %[$ !MSELVES ! PROTECTORS ( ,EPICUREANISM1 ! ,JEWS OCCUPI$ ! FIR/ PLACE AMONG S*OL>S & RATIONALI/ PHILOSOPH]S4 ,AT ! ,C\RT ( ! ,EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK ,I,I1 0?AT HOTB$ ( IRRELIGION10 !Y W]E RECEIV$ ) FAVOR & RESPECT4 ,IT WAS !Y1 AS ,R5AN HAS %[N1 .<#b#b#h.> ?AT CREAT$ ,AV]ROISM2 IT WAS !Y :O E/ABLI%$ ! FAME ( ?AT ,IBN-,RO%D1 ?AT ,AV]ROES :OSE 9FLU5CE WAS DE/9$ TO BECOME SO GREAT4 ,)\T D\BT !Y HAD !IR %>E1 TOO1 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( ! 0BLASPHEMIES0 ( ! IMPI\S ,>ABIANS2 BLASPHEMIES :I* AN ,EMP]OR1 FOND ( SCI5CE & ( PHILOSOPHY1 5C\RAG$4 ,!SE F9D !IR TYPE 9 ! SO-CALL$ 0,BLASPHEMY ( ! ,?REE ,IMPO/ORS10 ,MOSES1 ,JESUS & ,MOHAMM$1 9V5T$ BY ! !OLOGIANS1 & !IR SPIRIT IS T]SELY SUMM$ UP 9 ! SAY+ ( ! ,>ABIAN S\FIS1 0,:AT C>E ,I = ! ,KAABA ( ! ,MOHAMM$AN1 ! SYNAGOGUE ( ! ,JEW1 OR ! CONV5T ( ! ,*RI/IAN 60 ,TRULY HAS ,D>ME/ET] WRITT53 0,! ,JEW WAS ! APO/LE ( UNBELIEF1 & EV]Y REVOLT ( ! M9D ORIG9AT$ ) HIM1 :E!R SECRETLY OR 9 ! OP54 ,9 ?AT IMM5SE F\NDRY ( BLASPHEMY MA9TA9$ BY ! ,EMP]OR ,FR$]ICK & ! PR9CES ( ,SUABIA & ,>AGON1 HE ACT$ A BUSY P>T40 .<#b#b#i.> 

,ANO!R ?+ ALSO IS WOR?Y ( NOTICE4 ,IF ! ,JEWS AS FOLL[]S ( ,AV]ROES1 OR AS UNBELIEV]S1 SKEPTICS & BLASPHEM]S1 SAPP$ ! F\NDATIONS ( ,*RI/IANITY 9 SPREAD+ ! DOCTR9ES ( MAT]IALISM & RATIONALISM1 !Y W]E ALSO ! CREATORS ( ?AT O!R 5EMY ( ,CA?OLIC DOGMA1 PAN!ISM4 ,9 FACT ! ,FONS ,VITAE ( ,AVICEBRON WAS ! WELL AT :I* NUM]\S H]ETICS DRANK4 ,IT IS EV5 QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ,DAVID DE ,D9ANT & ,AMAURY DE ,*>TRES1 W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,FONS ,VITAE :I* !Y KNEW 9 A ,LAT9 TRANSLATION MADE 9 ! TWELF? C5TURY BY ! >*DEACON ,DOM9IQUE ,GUNDISSAL9US4 ,IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ,GIORDANO ,BRUNO BORR[$ FROM ! ,FONS ,VITAE1 :5CE HIS PAN!ISM CAME 9 P>T4 .<#b#c.> 

,IF1 !RE=E1 ! ,JEWS W]E NOT SOLELY RESPONSIBLE = ! DE/RUCTION ( RELIGI\S DOCTR9E & ! DECAY ( FAI?1 !Y MAY AT LEA/ BE C\NT$ AMONG ?OSE :O HELP$ TO BR+ AB\T SU* A /ATE ( DESUETUDE & ! *ANGES :I* FOLL[$4 ,IF !Y HAD NEV] EXI/$1 ! ,>ABIANS & ! HET]ODOX !OLOGIANS W\LD HAVE FILL$ !IR PLACE2 BUT !Y DID EXI/1 & EXI/+ !Y W]E NOT IDLE4 ,MOREOV] ! ,HEBREW G5IUS WORK$ NOT ONLY ?R\< !M1 = !IR ,BIBLE BECAME A P[]FUL AID TO ALL ADVOCATES ( FRE$OM ( ?\<T4 ,! ,BIBLE WAS ! S\L ( ! ,RE=MATION1 JU/ AS IT WAS ! S\L ( ! RELIGI\S & POLITICAL REVOLUTION 9 ,5GL&4 ,BIBLE 9 H&1 ,LU!R & ! ,5GLI% RECUSANTS BLAZ$ ! PA? TO LIB]TY1 & IT WAS ?R\< ! ,BIBLE ?AT ,LU!R1 ,MELAN*?ON & O!RS BROKE ! YOKE ( ,ROMAN !OCRACY & OV]?REW ! TYRANNY ( DOGMA4 ,BUT !Y MADE USE1 TOO1 ( ?AT ,JEWI% S*OL>-%IP :I* ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA HAD TRANSMITT$ TO ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD4 ,SI ,LYRA NON ,IYRASSET1 ,LU!RUS NON SALTASSET1 IT US$ TO BE SAID1 & ,LYRA HAD /UDI$ ) ! ,JEWS2 9 FACT1 HE WAS SO /EEP$ 9 ! SCI5CE ( ,HEBREW EXEGESIS ?AT HE WAS TAK5 = A ,JEW HIMSELF4 

,9 LIKE MANN] WE W\LD HAVE TO 9QUIRE :AT WAS ! IMPORTANCE1 ,I WILL NOT SAY ( ! ,JEW1 BUT ( ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT ?R\<\T ! P]IOD ( FI]CE REVOLT AGA9/ ,*RI/IANITY :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! EI<TE5? C5TURY4 ,WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT 9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY1 S*OL>S LIKE ,WAG5SEIL1 ,B>TOLOCCI1 ,BUXTORF & ,WOLF1 HAD BR\<T =? FROM OBLIVION OLD VOLUMES ( ,HEBREW POLEMIC1 WRITT5 9 REFUTATION ( ! ,TR9ITY & ! ,9C>NATION & ATTACK+ ALL DOGMAS & =MS ( ,*RI/IANITY ) A BITT]NESS 5TIRELY ,JUDAIC1 & ) ALL ! SUBTLETY ( ?OSE PE]LESS CASUI/S :O CREAT$ ! ,TALMUD4 ,!Y GAVE TO ! WORLD NOT ONLY TREATISES ON QUE/IONS ( DOCTR9E & EXEGESIS1 LIKE ! ,NIZZA*ON OR ! ,*IZUK ,EMUNAH1 .<#b#c#a.> BUT PUBLI%$ BLASPHEM\S TRACTS & PSEUDO-LIVES ( ,JESUS1 ( ! *>ACT] ( ! ,TOLDO? ,JE%O4 ,! EI<TE5? C5TURY REPEAT$1 CONC]N+ ,JESUS & ! ,VIRG91 ! \TRAGE\S FABLES 9V5T$ BY ! ,PH>ISEES ( ! SECOND C5TURY2 WE F9D !M 9 ,VOLTAIRE & 9 ,P>NEY1 & !IR RATIONALI/ SATIRE1 PELLUCID & MORDANT1 LIVES AGA9 9 ,HE9E1 9 ,BO]NE & 9 ,DISRAELI2 JU/ AS ! P[]FUL LOGIC ( ! ANCI5T RABBIS LIVES AGA9 9 ,K>L ,M>X1 & ! PASSIONATE ?IR/ = LIB]TY ( ! ANCI5T ,HEBREW REBELS BREA!S =? AGA9 9 ! GL[+ S\L ( ,F]D9& ,LASSALLE4 

,I HAVE SKET*$ H]E1 & ?AT 9 ! BROADE/ /ROKES1 ! FUNCTION P]=M$ BY ! ,JEWS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( C]TA9 IDEAS :I* HELP$ TO BR+ ON ! G5]AL REVOLUTION2 BUT ,I HAVE NOT YET %[N H[ ! ACTIVITY ( ! ,JEW REVEAL$ ITSELF 9 ! V]Y WORK ( REVOLUTION4 ,I BELIEVE ,I HAVE E/ABLI%$ ! FACT1 ON MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION1 ?AT ! ,JEWS ACT$ AS A LEAV5 UPON ! ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ! AGE1 .<#b#c#b.> EV5 ?\< !IR 9FLU5CE MAY HAVE PROV$ TO BE1 AS ! P>TISANS ( ! OLD REGIME ASS]T1 A S\RCE ( DISORD]2 ORD] & /ABILITY BE+ REPRES5T$ BY ! ,*RI/IAN MON>*ICAL /ATE4 ,IF WE >E TO BELIEVE ,B>RUEL1 ,CRET9EAU-,JOLY1 ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAUX1 ,DOM ,DES*AMPS1 ,CLAUDIO ,JANNET1 ALL ?OSE :O SEE 9 HI/ORY ! M]E WORK ( SECRET SOCIETIES1 ! ROLE PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS 9 ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL UPHEAVALS ( HI/ORY HAS BE5 ONE ( CAPITAL IMPORTANCE4 

,TRUE IT IS ?AT1 DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 SECRET ASSOCIATIONS EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! C\RSE ( EV5TS1 & ?\< !Y MAY NOT HAVE BE5 =MULATORS ( ! HUMANIT>IAN1 RATIONALI/IC & REVOLUTION>Y !ORIES ( ! TIME1 SOCIETIES C]TA9LY W]E ! CAUSE ( ! 5ORM\SLY WIDESPREAD DISSEM9ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 GREAT C5T]S ( AGITATION4 ,IT CANNOT BE D5I$ ?AT ,FREE ,MASONRY & ,M>T9ISM W]E P[]FUL AG5TS 9 BR++ AB\T ! REVOLUTION1 BUT IT MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT !IR IMPORTANCE 9CREAS$ ONLY AS ! !ORIES = :I* !Y /OOD BECAME PR$OM9ANT 9 SOCIETY1 & ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ ! CREATORS ( ?AT SPIRIT ( ! TIMES :I* WAS ! FUNDAM5TAL CAUSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 !Y W]E 9 !MSELVES BUT ONE ( ITS EFFECTS1 ?\< AN EFFECT TO BE SURE :I* REACT$ 9 ITS TURN UPON ! C\RSE ( EV5TS4 

,:AT !N WAS ! CONNECTION BETWE5 !SE SECRET SOCIETIES & ! ,JEWS8 ,! PROBLEM IS A DIFFICULT ONE TO SOLVE1 = RESPECTABLE DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE ON ! SUBJECT !RE IS NONE4 ,IT IS CLE>1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E NOT ! DOM9ANT FACTORS 9 !SE ASSOCIATIONS1 AS ! WRIT] :OM ,I HAVE JU/ N[ QUOT$ W\LD HAVE IT2 !Y W]E NOT 0NECESS>ILY ! S\L1 ! HEADS1 ! GR&MA/]S ( ,FREE ,MASONRY10 AS ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAUX MA9TA9S4 .<#b#c#c.> ,IT IS TRUE1 ( C\RSE1 ?AT !RE W]E ,JEWS CONNECT$ ) ,FREE ,MASONRY FROM ITS BIR?1 /UD5TS ( ! ,KABBALAH1 AS IS %[N BY C]TA9 RITES :I* SURVIVE4 ,IT IS V]Y PROBABLE1 TOO1 ?AT 9 ! YE>S PREC$+ ! \TBREAK ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 !Y 5T]$ 9 GREAT] NUMB]S ?AN EV]1 9TO ! C\NCILS ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 BECOM+1 9DE$1 !MSELVES ! F\ND]S ( SECRET ASSOCIATIONS4 ,!RE W]E ,JEWS 9 ! CIRCLE >\ND ,WEI%AUPT1 & A ,JEW ( ,PORTUGUESE ORIG91 ,M>T9EZ DE ,PASQUALES1 E/ABLI%$ NUM]\S GR\PS ( ILLUM9ATI 9 ,FRANCE & GA!R$ A L>GE NUMB] ( DISCIPLES1 :OM HE 9/RUCT$ 9 ! DOCTR9ES ( RE9TEGRATION4 .<#b#c#d.> ,! LODGES :I* ,M>T9EZ F\ND$ W]E MY/IC 9 *>ACT]1 :]EAS ! O!R ORD]S ( ,FREE ,MASONRY W]E1 ON ! :OLE1 RATIONALI/IC 9 !IR TEA*+S4 ,?IS MI<T ALMO/ LEAD ONE TO SAY ?AT ! SECRET SOCIETIES GAVE EXPRESSION 9 A WAY TO ! TWO FOLD NATURE ( ! ,JEW1 ON ! ONE H& A RIGID RATIONALISM1 ON ! O!R ?AT PAN!ISM :I*1 BEG9N+ AS ! METAPHYSICAL REFLECTION ( ! BELIEF 9 ONE ,GOD1 (T5 5D$ 9 A SORT ( ,KABBALI/IC !URGY4 ,!RE W\LD BE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 %[+ H[ !SE TWO T5D5CIES WORK$ 9 H>MONY2 H[ ,CAZOTTE1 ,CAGLIO/RO1 .<#b#c#e.> ,M>T9EZ1 ,SA9T-,M>T91 ! ,COMTE DE ,SA9T ,G]VAIS1 & ,ECK>T%AUS5 W]E PRACTICALLY 9 ALLIANCE ) ! ,5CYCLOP$I/S & ,JACOB9S1 & BO?1 9 SPITE ( !IR SEEM+ HO/ILITY1 SUCCE$$ 9 >RIV+ AT ! SAME 5D1 ! UND]-M9+1 NAMELY1 ( ,*RI/IANITY4 

,?IS1 TOO1 !N1 W\LD T5D TO %[ ?AT ?\< ! ,JEWS MI<T V]Y WELL HAVE BE5 ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! AGITATION C>RI$ ON BY ! SECRET SOCIETIES1 IT WAS NOT BECAUSE !Y W]E ! F\ND]S ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS1 BUT M]ELY BECAUSE ! DOCTR9ES ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES AGRE$ SO WELL ) !IR [N4 ,! CASE ( ,M>T9EZ DE ,PASQUALES IS AN EXCEPTIONABLE ONE1 & EV5 ) REG>D TO HIM1 IT %\LD BE REMEMB]$ ?AT BE=E HE BECAME ! F\ND] ( LODGES1 ,M>T9EZ HAD ALREADY BE5 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! MY/]IES ( ! ILLUM9ATI & ! ,ROSICRUCIANS4 

,DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION ! ,JEWS DID NOT REMA9 9ACTIVE1 CONSID]+ H[ FEW !IR NUMB]S W]E 9 ,P>IS2 ! POSITION !Y OCCUPI$ AS DI/RICT ELECTORS1 (FIC]S ( LEGION1 & ASSOCIATE JUDGES1 WAS IMPORTANT4 ,!RE W]E EI<TE5 ( !M 9 ! CAPITAL1 & ONE MU/ WADE ?R\< PROV9CIAL >*IVES TO DET]M9E :AT P>T !Y PLAY$ 9 AFFAIRS4 ,( !SE EI<TE5 SOME EV5 DES]VE (FICIAL M5TION4 ,!RE WAS ! SURGEON ,JOSEPH ,RAVEL1 MEMB] ( ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! ,COMMUNE1 :O WAS EXECUT$ ON ! N9? ,!RMIDOR2 ,ISAAC ,CALM]1 ,PRESID5T ( ! ,COMMITTEE ( ,SAFETY AT ,CLI*Y1 EXECUT$ ON ! #b#i? ,MESSIDOR1 ,YE> ,I,I2 & ,JACOB ,P]EIRA1 :O HAD HELD ! PO/ ( COMMISSION] ( ! ,BELGIAN GOV]NM5T ) ! >MY ( ,DUM\RIEZ1 & :O AS A FOLL[] ( ,HEB]T1 WAS BR\<T TO TRIAL & CONDEMN$ AT ! SAME TIME AS HIS *IEF1 & WAS EXECUT$ ON ! #d? ,G]M9AL1 ,YE> ,I,I4 .<#b#c#f.> ,WE HAVE SE5 H[1 AS FOLL[]S ( ,SA9T ,SIMON1 !Y B\<T AB\T ! ECONOMIC REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! YE> #a<i WAS BUT A /EP1 .<#b#c#g.> ! IMPORTANT POSITION OCCUPI$ BY D',EI*?AL & ,ISAAC ,P]EIRA 9 ! S*OOL ( ,OL9DE ,RODRIGUEZ4 ,DUR+ ! SECOND REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 :I* BEG9S 9 #a#h#c1 !Y DISPLAY$ EV5 GREAT] >DOR ?AN DUR+ ! FIR/4 ,!Y W]E ACTUAT$ BY MOTIVES ( P]SONAL 9T]E/1 = 9 ! GREAT NUMB] ( ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES !Y W]E NOT AS YET COMPLETELY EMANCIPAT$4 ,?OSE1 !RE=E1 :O W]E NOT REVOLUTIONI/S BY TEMP]AM5T OR PR9CIPLE1 BECAME SU* ?R\< SELF-9T]E/4 ,9 LABOR+ = ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]ALISM1 !Y W]E LOOK+ = !IR [N GOOD4 ,IT IS BEYOND A D\BT ?AT ! ,JEWS1 ?R\< !IR WEAL?1 !IR 5]GY & !IR TAL5TS1 SUPPORT$ & FUR!R$ ! PROGRESS ( ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTION4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ,JEWI% BANK]S1 ,JEWI% MANUFACTUR]S1 ,JEWI% POETS1 J\RNALI/S1 & ORATORS1 /IRR$ P]HAPS BY QUITE DIFF]5T MOTIVES1 W]E1 NEV]!LESS1 ALL /RIV+ T[>DS ! SAME GOAL4 0,) /OOP+ =M1 UNKEMPT BE>D1 & FLA%+ EYE10 WRITES ,CRET9EAU-,JOLY1 .<#b#c#h.> 0!Y MI<T HAVE BE5 SE5 BREA?LESSLY RU%+ UP & D[N EV]Y:]E 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :I* W]E UNHAPPY 5\< TO BE AFFLICT$ ) !M4 ,CONTR>Y TO !IR USUAL MOTIVES1 IT WAS NOT ! DESIRE = WEAL? ?AT SPURR$ !M ON TO SU* ACTIVITY1 BUT RA!R ! ?\<T ?AT ,*RI/IANITY C\LD NO LONG] )/& ! REPEAT$ %OCKS :I* W]E CONVULS+ SOCIETY1 & !Y W]E PREP>+ TO WREAK ON ! CROSS ( ,CALV>Y REV5GE = EI<TE5 HUNDR$ & =TY YE>S ( WELL-DES]V$ SUFF]+40 

,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS NOT SU* FEEL+ ?AT ANIMAT$ ,MOSES ,HESS1 ,GABRIEL ,RIESS]1 ,HE9E1 & ,BO]NE 9 ,G]MANY1 ,MAN9 9 ,ITALY1 ,JELL9EK 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,LUBL9] 9 ,POL&1 & MANY O!RS BESIDES :O F\<T = LIB]TY 9 ?OSE DAYS4 ,TO DISCOV] 9 ?AT ALL EMBRAC+ CRUSADE :I* AGITAT$ ,EUROPE UNTIL ! AFT]MA? ( #ahdh ! WORK ( A FEW ,JEWS 9T5T ON REV5G+ !MSELVES ON ! ,NAZ>5E1 >GUES A REM>KABLE M5TAL ATTITUDE4 ,/ILL1 :ATEV] MAY HAVE BE5 ! 5D PURSU$1 SELF-9T]E/ OR IDEALISM1 ! ,JEWS W]E ! MO/ ACTIVE1 ! MO/ ZEAL\S ( MISSION>IES4 ,WE F9D !M TAK+ P>T 9 ! AGITATION ( ,Y\NG ,G]MANY2 L>GE NUMB]S ( !M W]E MEMB]S ( ! SECRET SOCIETIES :I* CON/ITUT$ ! FI<T+ =CE ( ! ,REVOLUTION2 !Y MADE !IR WAY L 9TO ! ,MASONIC LODGES1 9TO ! SOCIETIES ( ! ,C>BON>I1 !Y W]E F\ND EV]Y:]E 9 ,FRANCE1 9 ,G]MANY1 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 ,ITALY4 

,!IR CONTRIBUTION TO PRES5T-DAY SOCIALISM WAS1 AS IS WELL KN[N1 & /ILL IS V]Y GREAT4 ,! ,JEWS1 IT MAY BE SAID1 >E SITUAT$ AT ! POLES ( CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,!Y >E F\ND AMONG ! REPRES5TATIVES ( 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL CAPITALISM1 & AMONG ?OSE :O HAVE VEHEM5TLY PROTE/$ AGA9/ CAPITAL4 ,RO?S*ILD IS ! ANTI!SIS ( ,M>X & ,LASSALLE2 ! /RUGGLE = MONEY F9DS ITS C\NT]P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ MONEY1 & ! WORLDWIDE \TLOOK ( ! /OCK-SPECULATOR F9DS ITS ANSW] 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL PROLET>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,IT WAS ,M>X :O GAVE ! FIR/ IMPULSE TO ! F\ND+ ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ?R\< ! MANIFE/O ( #a#h#d#g1 DRAWN UP BY HIMSELF & ,5GELS4 ,NOT ?AT IT CAN BE SAID ?AT HE 0F\ND$0 ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 AS IS MA9TA9$ BY ?OSE :O P]SI/ 9 REG>D+ ! ,9T]NATIONAL AS A SECRET SOCIETY CONTROLL$ BY ! ,JEWS4 ,MANY CAUSES L$ TO ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 BUT FROM ,M>X PROCE$$ ! IDEA ( A ,LABOR ,CONGRESS1 :I* WAS HELD AT ,LONDON 9 #a#h#f#d1 & RESULT$ 9 ! F\ND+ ( ?AT SOCIETY4 ,! ,JEWS CON/ITUT$ A V]Y L>GE PROPORTION ( ITS MEMB]S1 & 9 ! ,G5]AL ,C\NCIL ( ! SOCIETY1 WE F9D ,K>L ,M>X1 ,SECRET>Y = ,G]MANY & ,RUSSIA1 & ,JAMES ,COH51 SECRET>Y = ,D5M>K4 .<#b#c#i.> ,MANY ( ! ,JEWI% MEMB]S ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TOOK P>T SUBSEQU5TLY 9 ! ,COMMUNE1 .<#b#d.> :]E !Y F\ND O!RS ( !IR FAI?4 ,9 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIALI/IC P>TY1 ! ,JEWS P>TICIPAT$ TO ! GREATE/ EXT5T4 ,M>X & ,LASSALLE 9 ,G]MANY1 .<#b#d#a.> ,A>ON ,LIB]MANN & ,ADL] 9 ,AU/RIA1 ,DOBROJAN ,<]EA 9 ,ROMANIA1 >E OR W]E AT ONE TIME ITS CREATORS & ITS LEAD]S4 ,! ,JEWS ( ,RUSSIA DES]VE SPECIAL NOTICE 9 ?IS BRIEF RESUME4 ,Y\NG ,JEWI% /UD5TS1 SC>CELY ESCAP$ FROM ! ,<ETTO1 HAVE PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,NIHILI/IC PROPAG&A2 SOME1 AMONG !M WOM51 HAVE GIV5 UP !IR LIVES = ! CAUSE ( LIB]ATION1 & TO !SE Y\NG ,JEWI% PHYSICIANS & LAWY]S1 WE MU/ ADD ! L>GE NUMB] ( EXIL$ WORK+M5 :O HAVE F\ND$ 9 ,LONDON & 9 ,NEW ,YORK IMPORTANT LABOR SOCIETIES1 :I* S]VE AS C5T]S ( SOCIALI/IC & EV5 ( AN>*I/IC PROPAG&A4 .<#b#d#b.> 

,?US HAVE ,I BRIEFLY DEPICT$ ! ,JEW 9 HIS *>ACT] AS A REVOLUTIONI/1 OR AT LEA/ HAVE ATTEMPT$ TO %[ H[ WE MI<T APPROA* ! SUBJECT4 ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ HIS A*IEVEM5TS BO? AS AN AG5T 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS1 & AS AN ACTUAL P>TICIPANT 9 ! /RUGGLE1 & HAVE %[N H[ HE BELONGS TO BO? ?OSE :O PREP>E ! WAY = REVOLUTION ?R\< ! ACTIVITY ( ! M9D1 & ?OSE :O TRANSLATE ?\<T 9TO ACTION4 ,! OBJECTION MAY BE RAIS$ ?AT1 9 JO9+ ! RANKS ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,JEW AS A RULE1 TURNS A!I/1 & CEASES PRACTICALLY TO BE A ,JEW4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS TRUE ONLY 9 ! S5SE ?AT ! *ILDR5 ( ! ,JEWI% RADICAL LOSE !MSELVES MORE EASILY 9 ! SURR\ND+ POPULATION1 & ?AT AS A RESULT ! ,JEWI% REVOLUTIONI/ IS MORE EASILY ASSIMILAT$4 ,BUT AS A G5]AL ?+1 ! ,JEW1 EV5 ! EXTREME ,JEWI% RADICAL1 CAN NOT HELP RETA9+ HIS ,JEWI% *>ACT]I/ICS1 & ?\< HE MAY HAVE AB&ON$ ALL RELIGION & ALL FAI?1 HE HAS NONE ! LESS RECEIV$ ! IMPRESS ( ! NATIONAL G5IUS ACT+ ?R\< H]$ITY & E>LY TRA9+4 ,?IS IS ESPECIALLY TRUE ( ?OSE ,JEWS :O LIV$ DUR+ ! E>LI] HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ( :OM ,HE9RI* ,HE9E & ,K>L ,M>X MAY S]VE AS FITT+ EXAMPLES4 

,HE9E1 :O 9 ,FRANCE WAS REG>D$ AS A ,G]MAN1 & WAS REPROA*$ 9 ,G]MANY ) BE+ ,FR5*1 WAS BE=E ALL ?+S A ,JEW4 ,AS A ,JEW HE SANG ! PRAISES ( ,NAPOLEON1 = :OM HE 5T]TA9$ A F]V5T ADMIRATION COMMON TO ALL ! ,G]MAN ,JEWS1 :O HAD BE5 FRE$ FROM !IR DISABILITIES BY ! ,EMP]OR'S WILL4 ,HE9E'S DIS5*ANTM5T1 HIS IRONY1 >E ! DIS5*ANTM5T & ! IRONY ( ! ,ECCLESIA/ES2 LIKE ,KOHELE? HE BORE )9 HIM ! LOVE = LIFE & = ! PLEASURES ( ! E>?2 & BE=E SORR[ & DISEASE GR\ND HIM D[N1 DEA? TO HIM WAS ! WOR/ ( EVILS4 ,HE9E'S MY/ICISM CAME TO HIM FROM ! ANCI5T ,JOB4 ,! ONLY PHILOSOPHY ?AT EV] REALLY ATTRACT$ HIM WAS PAN!ISM1 A DOCTR9E :I* SEEMS TO COME NATURALLY TO ! ,JEWI% PHILOSOPH] :O 9 SPECULAT+ UPON ! UNITY ( ,GOD BY 9/9CT TRANS=MS IT 9TO A UNITY ( SUB/ANCE4 ,HIS S5SU\SNESS1 ?AT SAD & VOLUPTU\S S5SU\SNESS ( ! ,9T]MEZZO1 IS PURELY ORI5TAL1 & HAS ITS S\RCE 9 ! ,SONG ( ,SONGS4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ,M>X4 ,! DESC5DANT ( A LONG L9E ( RABBIS & TEA*]S HE 9H]IT$ ! SPL5DID P[]S ( HIS ANCE/ORS4 ,HE HAD ?AT CLE> ,TALMUDIC M9D :I* DOES NOT FALT] AT ! PETTY DIFFICULTIES ( FACT4 ,HE WAS A ,TALMUDI/ DEVOT$ TO SOCIOLOGY & APPLY+ HIS NATIVE P[] ( EXEGESIS TO ! CRITICISM ( ECONOMIC !ORY4 ,HE WAS 9SPIR$ BY ?AT ANCI5T ,HEBRAIC MAT]IALISM1 :I*1 REJECT+ AS TOO DI/ANT & D\BTFUL ! HOPE ( AN ,$5 AFT] DEA?1 NEV] CEAS$ TO DREAM ( ,P>ADISE REALIZ$ ON E>?4 ,BUT ,M>X WAS NOT M]ELY A LOGICIAN1 HE WAS ALSO A REBEL1 AN AGITATOR1 AN ACRID CONTROV]SIALI/1 & HE D]IV$ HIS GIFT = S>CASM & 9VECTIVE1 AS ,HE9E DID1 FROM HIS ,JEWI% ANCE/RY4 

,! ,JEW1 !RE=E1 DOES TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 REVOLUTIONS2 & HE P>TICIPATES 9 !M 9 SO F> AS HE IS A ,JEW1 OR MORE CORRECTLY 9 SO F> AS HE REMA9S ,JEWI%4 ,IS IT = ?IS REASON1 !N1 ?AT ! CONS]VATIVE ELEM5TS AMONG ,*RI/IANS >E ANTISEMITES1 & IS ?IS PR$ISPOSITION ( ! ,JEWS = REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS A CAUSE ( ANTISEMITISM8 ,WE MAY SAY AT ONCE ?AT ! GREAT MAJORITY ( CONS]VATIVES OV]LOOK 5TIRELY ! HI/ORIC & $UCATIVE ROLE ( ! ,JEWS4 ,IT IS APPRECIAT$ ONLY1 & ?AT V]Y IMP]FECTLY1 BY ! !ORI/S & ! LIT]>Y M5 AMONG ! ANTISEMITES4 ,! HATR$ AGA9/ ,ISRAEL DOES NOT COME FROM ! FACT ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 BR++ AB\T ! ,T]ROR1 OR ?AT ,MAN9 LIB]AT$ ,V5ICE1 OR ?AT ,M>X ORGANIZ$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,ANTISEMITISM1 ! ANTISEMITISM ( ! ,*RI/IAN CONS]VATIVES1 SAYS3 0,IF MOD]N SOCIETY IS SO DIFF]5T FROM ! OLD REGIME2 IF RELIGI\S FAI? HAS DIM9I%$2 IF ! POLITICAL SY/EM HAS BE5 5TIRELY *ANG$2 IF /OCK-GAMBL+1 IF SPECULATION1 IF CAPITAL 9 ITS 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL =MS1 KN[+ NO SPIRIT ( NATIONALITY DOM9ATES N[ & IS TO DOM9ATE 9 ! FUTURE1 ! FAULT RE/S ) ! ,JEW40 ,LET US CLE>LY EXAM9E ?IS PO9T4 ,! ,JEW HAS BE5 LIV+ = C5TURIES 9 ! MID/ ( ?OSE NATIONS :I*1 SO IT IS SAID1 >E N[ P]I%+ ON ACC\NT ( HIS PRES5CE4 ,:Y1 IT MAY BE ASK$1 HAS ! POISON TAK5 SU* A LONG TIME TO WORK8 ,! USUAL ANSW] IS1 BECAUSE =M]LY ! ,JEW WAS \TSIDE ( SOCIETY2 BECAUSE HE WAS C>EFULLY KEPT AP>T4 ,N[ ?AT ! ,JEW HAS 5T]$ 9TO SOCIETY1 HE HAS BECOME A S\RCE ( DISORD]1 &1 LIKE ! MOLE1 HE IS BUSILY 5GAG$ 9 UND]M9+ ! ANCI5T F\NDATIONS UPON :I* RE/S ! ,*RI/IAN /ATE4 ,& ?IS ACC\NTS = ! DECL9E ( NATIONS1 & !IR 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL DECAD5CE3 !Y >E LIKE A HUMAN BODY :I* SUFF]S FROM ! 9TRUSION ( SOME =EIGN ELEM5T :I* IT CANNOT ASSIMILATE & ! PRES5CE ( :I* BR+S ON CONVULSIONS & LA/+ DISEASE4 ,BY HIS V]Y PRES5CE ! ,JEW ACTS AS A SOLV5T2 HE PRODUCES DISORD]S1 HE DE/ROYS1 HE BR+S ON ! MO/ FE>FUL CATA/ROPHES4 ,! ADMISSION ( ! ,JEW 9TO ! BODY ( ! NATIONS HAS PROV$ FATAL TO !M2 !Y >E DOOM$ = HAV+ RECEIV$ HIM4 ,SU* IS ! V]Y SIMPLE EXPLANATION :I* ! ANTISEMITES ADVANCE TO ACC\NT = ! *ANGES :I* SOCIETY IS UND]GO+4 

,! ACCUSATION HAS NOT BE5 LIMIT$ TO ?IS ALONE4 ,! ,JEW1 IT IS SAID1 IS NOT ONLY A DE/ROY]1 BUT ALSO AN UP-BUILD]2 >ROGANT1 AMBITI\S & DOM9E]+1 HE SEEKS TO SUBJECT EV]Y?+ TO HIMSELF4 ,HE IS NOT CONT5T M]ELY TO DE/ROY ,*RI/IANITY1 BUT HE PREA*ES ! GOSPEL ( ,JUDAISM2 HE NOT ONLY ASSAILS ! ,CA?OLIC OR ! ,PROTE/ANT FAI?1 BUT HE 9CITES TO UNBELIEF1 & !N IMPOSES ON ?OSE :OSE FAI? HE HAS UND]M9$ HIS [N CONCEPTION ( ! WORLD1 ( MORALITY & ( LIFE4 ,HE IS 5GAG$ 9 HIS HI/ORIC MISSION1 ! ANNIHILATION ( ! RELIGION ( ,*RI/4 ,>E ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITES RI<T OR WRONG 9 ?IS RESPECT8 ,HAS ! ,JEW RETA9$ HIS ANCI5T NOTIONS2 IS HE /ILL 9 HIS ACTIONS ANTI-,*RI/IAN8 ,I SAY 9 HIS ACTIONS1 BECAUSE HE IS NECESS>ILY ANTI-,*RI/IAN1 BY DEF9ITION1 9 BE+ A ,JEW1 JU/ AS HE IS ANTI-,MOHAMM$AN1 JU/ AS HE IS OPPOS$ TO EV]Y PR9CIPLE :I* IS NOT HIS [N4 ,! ANSW] IS ?AT ! ,JEW HAS RETA9$ HIS ANCI5T ANIMOSITIES PRECISELY :]E HE HAS BE5 KEPT \TSIDE ( SOCIETY2 :]EV] HE H]DS AP>T2 9 ! ,<ETTOES1 :]E HE LIVES UND] ! GUIDANCE ( HIS RABBIS1 :O UNITE ) ! P[]S 9 AU?ORITY TO PREV5T HIM FROM ATTA9+ LI<T2 EV]Y:]E1 9 FACT1 :]E ! ,TALMUD /ILL DOM9ATES1 & ESPECIALLY 9 EA/]N ,EUROPE :]E (FICIAL ANTISEMITISM /ILL PREVAILS4 ,9 WE/]N ,EUROPE :]E ! ,TALMUD N[ADAYS HAS LO/ ITS 9FLU5CE & ! ,JEWI% *$] HAS GIV5 PLACE TO ! PUBLIC S*OOL1 ! H]$IT>Y HATR$ ( ! ,JEW = ! ,*RI/IAN HAS DISAPPE>$ 9 ! SAME PROPORTION AS ! HATR$ ( ! ,*RI/IAN = ! ,JEW4 ,= WE MU/ NOT =GET ?AT ?\< WE SPEAK FREQU5TLY ( ! ANIMOSITY ( ! ,JEW AGA9/ ! ,*RI/IAN1 WE SPEAK V]Y R>ELY ( ! ANIMOSITY ( ! ,*RI/IAN AGA9/ ! ,JEW1 A FEEL+ :I* ALWAYS ?RIVES4 ,PREJUDICE AGA9/ ! ,JEW1 OR1 BETT] /ILL1 ! NUM]\S PREJUDICES AGA9/ ! ,JEW >E NOT DEAD4 ,WE F9D 9 ! PUBLICATIONS ( ! ANTISEMITES ALL ! ANCI5T *>GES1 :I* W]E BR\<T =W>D 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 & :I* ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY REVIV$1 ACCUSATIONS :I* F9D SUPPORT 9 POPUL> BELIEF4 ,! MO/ P]SI/5T ( ALL ACCUSATIONS1 H[EV]1 & ! ONE :I* TYPIFIES BE/ ! HI/ORIC /RUGGLE ( ,JUDAISM AGA9/ ,*RI/IANITY1 IS ! *>GE ( RITUAL-MURD]4 ,! ,JEW1 IT IS MA9TA9$ TO ! PRES5T DAY1 HAS NE$ ( ,*RI/IAN BLOOD 9 ORD] TO CELEBRATE HIS ,PASSOV]4 ,:AT IS ! ORIG9 ( ?IS ACCUSATION :I* GOES BACK TO ! TWELF? C5TURY8 

,! FIR/ 9/ANCE ( SU* AN ACCUSATION BE+ BR\<T AGA9/ ! ,JEWS OCCURR$ AT ,BLOIS1 9 #a#a#g#a1 :5 !Y W]E ACCUS$ ( HAV+ CRUCIFI$ A *ILD DUR+ !IR CELEBRATION ( ,PASSOV]4 ,C\NT ,!OBALD ( ,*>TRES1 AFT] HAV+ CAUS$ ! ACCUS] ( ! ,JEWS TO UND]GO ! ORDEAL BY WAT]1 :I* PROV$ FAVORABLE TO HIM1 CONDEMN$ ?IRTY-F\R ,JEWI% M5 & SEV5TE5 ,JEWI% WOM5 TO BE BURNT4 

,WE CAN SEE CLE>LY 5\< :Y ! ,ROMANS %\LD HAVE BR\<T ! ID5TICAL *>GE AGA9/ ! E>LY ,*RI/IANS4 ,IT >OSE FROM A MAT]IALI/IC CONCEPTION ( ! ,LORD'S ,SUPP]1 FROM A LIT]AL 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORDS EMPLOY$ 9 CONSECRAT+ ! FLE% & BLOOD ( ,JESUS4 ,BUT H[ C\LD ! ,JEWS1 :OSE SACR$ BOOKS BREA! =? A HORROR ( BLOOD1 HAVE GIV5 OCCASION1 & /ILL GIVE OCCASION1 = SU* A BELIEF8 ,?IS QUE/ION MU/ BE DISCUSS$ TO ! V]Y BOTTOM4 ,WE MU/ EXAM9E ! !ORIES ADVANC$ BY ?OSE :O W\LD HAVE IT ?AT HUMAN SACRIFICE IS A ,SEMITIC 9/ITUTION1 :]EAS1 AS A MATT] ( FACT1 IT IS F\ND AMONG ALL PEOPLES AT A C]TA9 /AGE ( CIVILIZATION4 ,9 ?IS MANN] WE W\LD PROVE1 AS HAS 9 FACT BE5 PROV51 ?AT ! ,JEWI% RELIGION DOES NOT DEM& BLOOD4 ,CAN WE1 H[EV]1 PROVE1 9 ADDITION1 ?AT NO ,JEW EV] %$ BLOOD8 ,( C\RSE NOT1 & ?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 ,JEWI% MURD]]S1 ,JEWS :OM OPPRESSION & P]SECUTION DROVE TO AV5GE !MSELVES BY ASSASS9AT+ !IR P]SECUTORS OR EV5 P]HAPS !IR *ILDR54 ,TO ?IS G5]AL BELIEF !RE W]E ADD$ ! ACCUSATIONS1 (T5 JU/IFI$1 :I* W]E BR\<T AGA9/ ! ,JEWS AS BE+ ADDICT$ TO ! PRACTICE ( MAGIC4 ,?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! ,JEW WAS CONSID]$ BY ! COMMON PEOPLE AS ! MAGICIAN P> EXCELL5CE4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 A NUMB] ( ,JEWS DID DEVOTE !MSELVES TO MAGIC4 ,WE F9D MANY =MULAS ( EXORCISM 9 ! ,TALMUD1 & ! DEMONOLOGY BO? ( ! ,TALMUD & ! ,KABBALAH IS V]Y COMPLICAT$4 ,N[ IT IS WELL KN[N ! BLOOD PLAY$ ALWAYS A V]Y IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! >TS ( SORC]Y4 ,9 ,*ALDEAN MAGIC1 IT WAS ( ! UTMO/ CONSEQU5CE2 9 ,P]SIA IT WAS CONSID]$ AS A MEANS ( R$EMPTION1 & IT DELIV]$ ALL ?OSE :O SUBMITT$ !MSELVES TO ! PRACTICES ( ,TAUROBOLUS & ,KRIOBOLUS4 ,! ,MIDDLE ,AGES W]E HAUNT$ BY ! IDEA ( BLOOD AS !Y W]E HAUNT$ BY ! IDEA ( GOLD2 = ! AL*EMI/1 = ! 5*ANT] BLOOD WAS ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* ! A/RAL LI<T C\LD WORK4 ,! ELEM5TAL SPIRITS1 ACCORD+ TO ! MAGICIANS1 UTILIZ$ \TP\R$ BLOOD 9 FA%ION+ A BODY = !MSELVES1 & IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT ,P>ACELSUS SPEAKS :5 HE SAYS ?AT 0! BLOOD LO/ BY !M BR\<T 9TO BE+ PHANTOMS & L>VAE40 ,TO BLOOD1 & ESPECIALLY TO ! BLOOD ( A VIRG91 UNHE>D ( P[]S W]E ASSIGN$4 ,BLOOD WAS ! CUR]1 ! R$EEM]1 ! PRES]V]2 IT WAS USEFUL 9 ! SE>* = ! ,PHILOSOPH]'S ,/ONE1 9 ! COMPOSITION ( POTIONS1 & 9 ! PRACTICE ( 5*ANTM5TS4 ,N[ IT IS QUITE PROBABLE1 C]TA91 9 FACT1 ?AT ,JEWI% MAGICIANS MAY HAVE SACRIFIC$ *ILDR51 & !NCE ! G5ESIS ( RITUAL MURD]4 ,! ISOLAT$ ACTS ( C]TA9 MAGICIANS W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO !M 9 !IR *>ACT] AS ,JEWS4 ,IT WAS MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,JEWI% RELIGION :I* APPROV$ ( ! ,CRUCIFIXION ( ,*RI/1 PRESCRIB$ 9 ADDITION ! %$D+ ( ,*RI/IAN BLOOD2 & ! ,TALMUD & ! ,KABBALAH W]E ZEAL\SLY SE>*$ = TEXT ?AT MI<T BE MADE TO JU/IFY SU* A !SIS4 ,SU* 9VE/IGATIONS HAVE SUCCE$$ ONLY ?R\< DELIB]ATE MIS9T]PRETATION1 AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 OR ?R\< ACTUAL FALSIFICATIONS LIKE ?OSE REC5TLY COMMITT$ BY ,DR4 ,ROHL+1 & PROV5 SPURI\S BY ,DELITZ*4 ,! RESULT1 !RE=E1 IS ?IS1 ?AT :ATEV] ! FACTS BR\<T =W>D1 !Y CANNOT PROVE ?AT ! MURD] ( *ILDR5 CON/ITUT$1 OR /ILL CON/ITUTES1 A P>T ( ! ,JEWI% RITUAL ANY MORE ?AN ! ACTS ( ! M>E*AL DE ,RETZ & ( ! SACRILEGI\S PRIE/S :O PRACTIC$ ! 0BLACK MASS0 W\LD PROVE ?AT ! ,*UR* RECOMM5DS 9 ITS BOOKS ASSASS9ATION & HUMAN SACRIFICE4 

,>E !RE /ILL 9 EXI/5CE 9 ! ,EA/ SECTS MA9TA9+ SU* PRACTICES8 ,IT IS POSSIBLE4 ,DO ,JEWS CON/ITUTE A P>T ( SU* SOCIETIES8 ,!RE IS NO?+ TO SUPPORT SU* A CONT5TION4 ,! G5]AL ACCUSATION ( RITUAL MURD]1 !RE=E1 IS %[N TO BE UTT]LY BASELESS4 ,! MURD] ( *ILDR51 ,I SPEAK ( CASES :]E MURD] WAS ACTUALLY PROV$1 & !SE >E V]Y R>E1 CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ ONLY TO V5GEANCE OR TO ! PRACTICES ( MAGICIANS1 PRACTICES :I* W]E NO MORE PECULI> TO ,JEWS ?AN TO ,*RI/IANS4 

,AMONG ! NATIONS ( ! ,WE/1 ! OR?ODOX ,JEW LIKEWISE AF=DS EVID5CES ( HIS CONS]VATISM4 ,HE HOLDS TO ! LAW & TO ! REGULATIONS ( SOCIETY4 ,HE KN[S H[ TO RECONCILE HIS ,JUDAISM ) A SPIRIT ( PATRIOTISM1 :I* 9 ITS EXCESS AM\NTS AT TIMES ALMO/ TO J+OISM4 ,AS WE HAVE SE51 IT WAS ONLY A M9ORITY ( EMANCIPAT$ ,JEWS :O TOOK P>T 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE EMANCIPAT$ ,JEWS1 EV5 ?\< !Y MI<T AB&ON !IR FAI?1 C\LD NOT = ALL ?AT CEASE TO BE ,JEWS4 ,&1 9DE$1 H[ C\LD !Y HAVE DONE O!RWISE8 ,BY EMBRAC+ ,*RI/IANITY1 IT IS SAID1 A C\RSE ( ACTION FOLL[$ BY SOME1 BUT FROM :I* ! MAJORITY HAVE RECOIL$1 AS M]ELY HYPOCRISY ON !IR P>T1 9ASMU* AS ! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEW SPE$ILY >RIVES AT A /ATE ( IRRELIGION4 ,!Y HAVE !RE=E REMA9$ ,JEWS BY APA?Y4 ,ALL ?OSE REVOLUTION>IES ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ( :OM ,I HAVE SPOK51 W]E BR\<T UP 9 ,JUDAISM1 & IF !Y AB&ON$ ,JUDAISM 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y NO LONG] PRACTIC$ IT1 !Y REMA9$ ITS ADH]5TS 9 RETA9+ ! SPIRIT ( !IR NATION4 

,! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEW1 BE+ NO LONG] B\ND BY ! FAI? ( HIS ANCE/ORS1 & [N+ NO TIES ) ! OLD =MS ( A SOCIETY 9 ! MID/ ( :I* HE HAD LIV$ AN \TCA/1 HAS BECOME 9 MOD]N NATIONS A V]ITABLE BRE$] ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,N[ IT HAS HAPP5$ ?AT ! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEW HAS DRAWN P]CEPTIBLY NE>] TO ! ,*RI/IAN UNBELIEV]2 BUT 9/EAD ( OBS]V+ ?AT ! ,*RI/IAN HAS ALLI$ HIMSELF ) ! ,JEW1 BECAUSE HE1 TOO1 LIKE ! ,JEW1 HAS LO/ HIS RELIGION1 ! ANTISEMITES W\LD HAVE US BELIEVE ?AT ! ,JEW1 BY HIS V]Y CONTACT1 HAS UND]M9$ ! FAI? ( ! ,*RI/IANS :O HAVE JO9$ HIM4 ,! ,JEWS1 !RE=E1 >E MADE RESPONSIBLE = ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( RELIGI\S BELIEF1 & ! G5]AL DECAY ( FAI?2 & 9 DO+ SO1 MOREOV]1 ! ANTISEMITE DOES NOT DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! ,JEW :O IS /ILL FAI?FUL TO HIS RELIGION & ! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEW4 ,TO ! IMP>TIAL OBS]V]1 H[EV]1 IT IS NOT ! ,JEW ?AT IS DE/ROY+ ,*RI/IANITY4 ,! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION IS DISAPPE>+ LIKE ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 LIKE ALL RELIGIONS1 :I* WE MAY N[ OBS]VE 9 !IR SL[ AGONY4 ,IT IS PASS+ AWAY UND] ! BL[S ( REASON & ( SCI5CE4 ,IT IS DY+ A NATURAL DEA?1 BECAUSE IT ESS5TIALLY WAS 9 H>MONY ) ONLY ONE P]IOD ( CIVILIZATION1 & BECAUSE ! FUR!R WE ADVANCE1 ! LESS 9 H>MONY IT IS ) *ANG+ CONDITIONS4 ,FROM DAY TO DAY \R YE>N+ = ! IRRATIONAL & \R NE$ ( ! SUP]NATURAL IS DISAPPE>+1 & ) !M \R NE$ = RELIGION1 ESPECIALLY = ! RITES ( RELIGION3 = ?OSE EV5 :O BELIEVE 9 ,GOD1 DO NOT BELIEVE 9 ! NECESSITY NOR 9 ! EFFICACY ( WOR%IP4 

,!SE1 !N1 9 BRIEF1 >E ! POLITICAL & RELIGI\S MA9SPR+S ( ANTISEMITISM4 ,FIR/ & FUNDAM5TAL >E H]$IT>Y DISLIKE & PREJUDICE2 !N1 AS A RESULT ( !SE PREJUDICES1 AN EXAGG]AT$ CONCEPTION ( ! ROLE :I* ! ,JEWS HAVE PLAY$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T & ORGANIZATION ( MOD]N SOCIETY2 A CONCEPTION 9 :I* ! ,JEWS APPE> AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 AGA9/ ! SPIRIT ( E/ABLI%$ ORD]2 ( *ANGE AGA9/ TRADITION2 A CONCEPTION :I* MAKES !M RESPONSIBLE 9 ?IS AGE ( TRANSITION = ! FALL ( ANTIQUAT$ 9/ITUTIONS & ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ANCI5T BELIEFS4 

,! N9ETE5? C5TURY WITNESS$ ! LA/ EF=T ON ! P>T ( ! ,*RI/IAN /ATE TO RETA9 ITS DOM9ANCE4 ,ANTISEMITISM REPRES5TS ONE PHASE ( ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! FEUDAL /ATE1 BAS$ UPON UNITY ( BELIEF1 & ! OPPOSITE NOTION ( A NEUTRAL & SECUL> /ATE1 UPON :I* ! GREAT] NUMB] ( POLITICAL 5TITIES >E AT PRES5T BAS$4 ,! ,JEW IS ! LIV+ TE/IMONY ( ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ?AT /ATE :I* HAD ITS F\NDATIONS 9 !OLOGICAL PR9CIPLES & ! RE/ORATION ( :I* IS ! DREAM ( ! ,*RI/IAN ANTISEMITE4 ,! DAY :5 ! ,JEW WAS FIR/ ADMITT$ TO CIVIL RI<TS1 ! ,*RI/IAN /ATE WAS 9 DANG]4 ,?IS IS TRUE1 & ! ANTISEMITES :O SAY ?AT ! ,JEWS HAVE DE/ROY$ ! IDEA ( ,/ATE C\LD MORE JU/LY SAY ?AT ! 5TRANCE ( ! ,JEW 9TO SOCIETY M>K$ ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,/ATE1 MEAN+ BY ,/ATE1 ! ,*RI/IAN ,/ATE4 

,*APT] ,F\RTE53 ,! ,ECONOMIC ,CAUSES ( ,ANTISEMITISM 

,A,F,T,] BE+ ASSAIL$ AS A ,SEMITE1 AS A /RANG]1 AS A REVOLUTIONI/1 AS AN 5EMY TO ,*RI/IANITY1 ! ,JEW IS ATTACK$ AS A FACTOR 9 ECONOMIC AFFAIRS4 ,?IS HAS BE5 ! CASE EV] S9CE ! DISP]SION4 ,ALREADY BE=E \R ]A ! ,ROMANS & ! ,GREEKS W]E JEAL\S ( ! PRIVILEGES :I* P]MITT$ ! ,JEWS TO C>RY ON TRADE UND] MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS ?AN ! RE/ ( ! PEOPLE1.<#b#d#c.> & DUR+ ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES ! USUR] WAS HAT$ AS MU* AS1 IF NOT MORE ?AN1 ! MURD]] ( ,*RI/4.<#b#d#d.> ,! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS WAS *ANG$ AT ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY2 & SO FAVORABLE WAS ! *ANGE TO !M ?AT IT T5D$ TO CONFIRM1 IF NOT TO 9CREASE1 ! FEEL+ ( ANTIPA?Y ) :I* !Y W]E REG>D$4 ,ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM TO-DAY IS /RONG] ?AN IT EV] WAS1 = ! REASON ?AT TO-DAY1 MORE ?AN EV]1 ! ,JEW APPE>S P[]FUL & RI*4 ,=M]LY HE WAS NOT SE53 HE REMA9$ HIDD5 9 HIS ,<ETTO1 F> FROM ,*RI/IAN EYES4 ,HE HAD BUT ONE C>E1 TO CONCEAL HIS WEAL?1 ?AT WEAL? ( :I* TRADITION REG>D$ HIM AS ! GA!R]1 & NOT ! PROPRIETOR4 ,! DAY HE WAS FRE$ FROM HIS DISABILITIES1 ! DAY ! RE/RICTIONS PUT TO HIS ACTIVITIES FELL AWAY1 ! ,JEW %[$ HIMSELF 9 PUBLIC4 ,9DE$1 HE %[$ HIMSELF ) O/5TATION4 ,HE WI%$1 AFT] C5TURIES ( IMPRISONM5T1 AFT] YE>S ( OPPRESSION1 TO APPE> A MAN2 & HE HAD ! NAIVE VANITY ( ! SAVAGE4 ,?AT WAS HIS WAY ( RE-ACT+ UPON C5TURIES ( HUMILIATION4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 !Y SAW HIM HUMBLE1 TIMID1 AN OBJECT ( G5]AL CONTEMPT1 EXPOS$ TO 9SULT & 9JURY4 ,!Y F\ND HIM AFT] ! TEMPE/1 FREE1 LIB]AT$ FROM EV]Y CON/RA9T1 & FROM A SLAVE1 BECOME A MA/]4 ,SU* A RAPID EXALTATION WAS (F5SIVE4 ,PEOPLE W]E AFFRONT$ BY ! WEAL? :I* ! ,JEWS HAD N[ ATTA9$ ! RI<T TO PILE UP1 & REC\RSE WAS HAD AT ONCE TO ! OLD ACCUSATION ( ! FA!RS1 ! *>GE ?AT ! ,JEW WAS AN 5EMY TO SOCIETY4 ,! WEAL? ( ! ,JEW1 IT WAS SAID1 IS GA9$ AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ,*RI/IAN4 ,IT IS ACQUIR$ ?R\< DECEPTION1 ?R\< FRAUD1 ?R\< OPPRESSION1 BY ALL MEANS & PR9CIPALLY BY DETE/ABLE MEANS4 ,?IS IS :AT ,I %ALL CALL ! MORAL *>GE ( ! ANTISEMITES1 & IT MAY BE SUMM$ UP ?US3 ! ,JEW IS MORE DI%ONE/ ?AN ! ,*RI/IAN 2 HE IS 5TIRELY UNSCRUPUL\S1 A /RANG] TO LOYALTY & C&OR4 

,IS ?IS *>GE WELL F\ND$8 ,IT WAS TRUE & /ILL IS TRUE 9 ALL ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E ! ,JEW IS KEPT \TSIDE ( SOCIETY2 :]E HE RECEIVES ONLY ! TRADITIONAL ,TALMUDIC $UCATION2 :]E HE IS EXPOS$ TO P]SECUTION1 TO 9SULT1 & TO OPPRESSION2 :]E PEOPLE REFUSE TO RECOGNIZE 9 HIM ! DIGNITY & ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! HUMAN BE+4 ,! MORAL CONDITION ( ! ,JEW IS DUE P>TLY TO HIMSELF1 & P>TLY TO EXT]IOR CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,HIS S\L HAS BE5 MOLD$ BY ! LAW :I* HE IMPOS$ ON HIMSELF1 & ! LAW :I* HAS BE5 =C$ UPON HIM4 ,?R\<\T ! C5TURIES HE LIV$ TWICE A SLAVE3 HE WAS ! BONDMAN ( ! LAW1 & ! BONDMAN ( EV]YONE4 ,HE WAS A P>IAH1 BUT A P>IAH :OM TEA*]S & GUIDES UNIT$ TO KEEP 9 A /ATE ( S]VITUDE MORE COMPLETE ?AN ! ANCI5T BONDAGE ( ,EGYPT4 ,FROM )\T1 A ?\S& RE/RICTIONS IMP$$ HIS WAY1 >RE/$ HIS DEVELOPM5T1 RE/RA9$ HIS ACTIVITY2 )91 HE WAS CONFRONT$ BY AN ELABORATE SY/EM ( PROHIBITIONS4 ,\TSIDE ! ,<ETTO1 HE EXP]I5C$ ! CON/RA9T ( ! LAW2 )9 ! ,<ETTO1 HE SUFF]$ ! OPPRESSION ( ! ,TALMUD4 ,IF HE ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE FROM ! ONE1 A ?\S& PUNI%M5TS AWAIT$ HIM2 IF HE V5TUR$ TO DEP>T FROM ! O!R1 HE EXPOS$ HIMSELF TO ! ,*]EM1 ?AT AWFUL EXCOMMUNICATION :I* LEFT HIM ALONE TO ! WORLD4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 VA9 TO ATTACK !SE TWO HO/ILE P[]S BOLDLY2 & !RE=E ! ,JEW ATTEMPT$ TO TRIUMPH OV] !M BY GUILE4 ,BO? =MS ( OPPRESSION DEVELOP$ 9 HIM ! 9/9CT ( CUNN+4 ,HE ATTA9$ TO AN UNEQUAL$ TAL5T = DIPLOMACY1 TO A SUBTLETY R>ELY F\ND4 ,HIS NATURAL F9ESSE 9CREAS$1 BUT IT WAS EMPLOY$ = BASE PURPOSES - TO DECEIVE A TYRANNICAL ,GOD & DESPOTIC RUL]S4 ,! ,TALMUD & ANTI-,JUDAIC LEGISLATION UNIT$ TO CORRUPT ! ,JEW TO HIS V]Y DEP?S4 ,IMPELL$ BY HIS TEA*]S1 ON ! ONE H&1 BY HO/ILE LEGISLATION ON ! O!R1 BY MANY SOCIAL CAUSES BESIDES1.<#b#d#e.> TO ! EXCLUSIVE OCCUPATION ( COMM]CE & ( USURY1 ! ,JEW BECAME DEGRAD$4 ,! PURSUIT ( WEAL? CEASELESSLY PROSECUT$1 DEBAU*$ HIM1 WEAK5$ ! VOICE ( CONSCI5CE )9 HIM1 TAU<T HIM HABITS ( FRAUD4 ,9 ?IS W> ( SELF-PRES]VATION :I* HE WAS =C$ TO C>RY ON AGA9/ ! WORLD & AGA9/ ! SECUL> & RELIGI\S LAW1 HE C\LD CONQU] ONLY BY 9TRIGUE1 & ! UNHAPPY WRET*1 GIV5 OV] TO HUMILIATIONS1 TO 9SULTS1 =C$ TO B[ HIS HEAD UND] BL[S & CURSES & P]SECUTION1 C\LD AV5GE HIMSELF ON HIS 5EMIES1 HIS TORM5TORS1 HIS EXECUTION]S ONLY BY GUILE4 ,ROBB]Y & BAD FAI? BECAME HIS WEAPONS2 !Y W]E ! ONLY WEAPONS ( :I* HE C\LD POSSIBLY MAKE USE1 & !RE=E HE EX]T$ HIMSELF TO ELABORATE !M1 TO %>P5 !M1 & TO CONCEAL !M4 

,:5 ! WALLS ( ! ,<ETTO W]E OV]?R[N1 ! ,JEW1 SU* AS HE HAD BE5 MADE BY ! ,TALMUD & ! LEGISLATIVE & SOCIAL RE/RICTIONS IMPOS$ UPON HIM1 DID NOT *ANGE ALL AT ONCE4 ,UPON ! MORR[ ( ! ,REVOLUTION HE LIV$ JU/ AS HE HAD LIV$ UPON ITS EVE1 NOR DID HE ALT] HIS CU/OMS1 HIS MANN]S1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 HIS SPIRIT1 AS QUICKLY AS HIS CONDITION 9 LIFE HAD BE5 ALT]$4 ,LIB]AT$1 HE RETA9$ ! S\L ( A SLAVE1 ?AT S\L :I* HE IS LOS+ DAY BY DAY AS ONE BY ONE ! MEMORIES ( HIS DEGRADATION >E DISAPPE>+4 

,I HAVE ALREADY %[N H[ 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME ! B\RGEOISIE F\ND 9 ! ,JEW A P[]FUL & M>VEL\SLY 5D[$ ALLY4 ,DUR+ LONG C5TURIES1 :ILE SOCIETY WAS /ILL PLUNG$ 9 ! B>B>ISM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 ! ,JEW1 ! TRAD] ( OLD1 WELL >M$1 WELL PROVID$ ) A F9E M5TAL EQUIPM5T1 & RI* 9 ! POSSESSION ( AGES ( EXP]I5CE1 WAS EI!R ! REPRES5TATIVE ( CAPITAL AS EMPLOY$ 9 COMM]CE & 9 USURY1 OR ELSE AID$ 9 ITS CREATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !SE =MS ( CAPITAL DID NOT ATTA9 !IR GREATE/ 9FLU5CE UNTIL ! LABOR ( C5TURIES HAD PREP>$ ! WAY = !IR DOM9ATION & HAD TRANS=M$ !M 9TO 9DU/RIAL & BOND$ CAPITAL4 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ?IS1 CAPITAL NE$$ ?OSE TWO GREAT MOVEM5TS1 ! ,CRUSADES & ! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA1 FOLL[$ BY ! MANIFOLD COLONIAL 5T]PRISES ( ,SPA91 ( ,PORTUGAL1 ( ! ,NE!RL&S1 ( ,5GL&1 & ( ,FRANCE1 ALL ! ACTIVITY1 9 FACT1 ( ! AGE ( COMM]CIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT NE$$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PUBLIC CR$IT & ! RISE ( GREAT BANK+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT NE$$ ! RISE ( MANUFACTURES & ! SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]IES :I* BR\<T AB\T ! 9V5TION & ! P]FECTION ( MA*9]Y4 ,IT NE$$ ALL ! ELABORATE LEGISLATION LOOK+ T[>DS ! RE/RICTION ( ! LABOR]'S RI<TS & WAGES1 UNTIL ! MOM5T CAME :5 ! PROLET>IAT WAS DEPRIV$ EV5 ( ! RI<T ( ASSOCIATION2 IT NE$$ ALL ?AT & MANY O!R CAUSES BESIDES1 CAUSES HI/ORIC1 RELIGI\S & MORAL1 9 ORD] TO MAKE PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY :AT IT IS4 ,?OSE :O MA9TA9 ?AT ! ,JEWS >E ! SOLE CAUSE ( ! PRES5T /ATE ( ?+S SUCCE$ ONLY 9 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N ABSURDLY M>VEL\S IGNORANCE4 

,( C\RSE1 AS ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 ! P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 WAS IMPORTANT1 BUT ITS TRUE *>ACT] IS V]Y LITTLE KN[N1 OR1 AT LEA/1 V]Y IMP]FECTLY KN[N1 & ?AT ESPECIALLY TO ! ANTISEMITES4 ,IT IS NOT TO ?IS V]Y ELEM5T>Y KN[L$GE ( ! ECONOMIC HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS ?AT ANTISEMITISM MU/ BE ATTRIBUT$4 ,\R KN[L$GE ( ! ,JEWS S9CE !IR EMANCIPATION IS MORE COMPLETE2 9 ,FRANCE1 UND] ! ,RE/ORATION & ! ,JULY ,MON>*Y1 !Y /OOD AT ! HEAD ( ! F9ANCIAL & 9DU/RIAL 5T]PRISE1 & W]E AMONG ! F\ND]S ( ! GREAT CANAL1 RAILWAY & 9SURANCE COMPANIES4 ,9 ,G]MANY !IR ACTIVITY WAS EXCE$+LY GREAT4 ,!Y W]E AT ! BOTTOM ( ALL ! LEGISLATION FAVORABLE TO ! C>RY+ ON ( BANK+ & EX*ANGE1 ! PRACTICE ( USURY & SPECULATION4 ,IT WAS !Y :O PR(IT$ BY ! ABOLITION1 9 #a#h#f#g1 ( ! ANCI5T LAWS LIMIT+ ! RATE ( 9T]E/4 ,!Y W]E ACTIVE 9 BR++ AB\T ! 5ACTM5T ( ! LAW ( ,JUNE #a#h#g1 :I* EXEMPT$ /OCK COMPANIES FROM GOV]NM5T SUP]VISION4 ,AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN ,W>1 !Y W]E AMONG ! BOLDE/ SPECULATORS1 & AT A TIME :5 ,G]MAN CAPITALI/S W]E C>RI$ AWAY BY A PASSION = ! CREATION ( 9DU/RIAL COMB9ATIONS1 !Y ACT$ A NO LESS IMPORTANT P>T ?AN HAD ! ,JEWS ( ,FRANCE1 FROM #ahc TO #a#h#d#h4.<#b#d#f.> ,!IR ACTIVITY P]SI/$ UNTIL ! F9ANCIAL PANIC ( #a#h#g#c1 :5 ! C\NTRY SQUIRES & ! SMALL TRAD]S :O HAD BE5 RU9$ BY ! EXCESSES ( ?IS ,GRUND] ,P]IODE 7! ]A ( PROMOT]S7 9 :I* ! ,JEW HAD PLAY$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T1 GAVE !MSELVES UP TO ! MO/ VIOL5T ANTISEMITISM1 SU*1 9DE$1 AS PROCE$S ONLY FROM 9JUR$ 9T]E/S4 

,ONCE ! IMPORTANT P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS ( ?IS P]IOD HAD BE5 PROV51 &1 9DE$1 !IR IMPORTANCE WAS UND5IABLE1 PEOPLE PROCE$$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ,JEW WAS ! POSSESSOR ( CAPITAL P> EXCELL5CE4 ,?IS BECAME AN ADD$ CAUSE ( HATR$ AGA9/ HIM4 ,! ,JEWS1 IT WAS ASS]T$1 HELD EV]Y?+1 & ! WORD ,JEW1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 A SYNONYM = KNAVE1 MALEFACTOR & USUR]1 CAME TO BE US$ AS EQUIVAL5T TO RI*4 ,EV]Y ,JEW IS A CAPITALI/2 SU* IS ! COMMON BELIEF4 ,! ]ROR ( C\RSE IS DEEP4 

,!RE REMA91 AB\T TWO MILLION ,JEWS 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :O MAY BE SAID TO BELONG TO ! MIDDLE CLASS4 ,( !SE TWO MILLIONS1 H[EV]1 IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT IF !Y W]E ( V]Y LITTLE IMPORTANCE A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 !Y >E ( V]Y GREAT IMPORTANCE TO-DAY4 ,?R\< !IR WEAL?1 ?R\< !IR $UCATION1 ?R\< !IR RELATIONS TO ONE ANO!R1 !Y OCCUPY A PLACE F> \T ( PROPORTION TO !IR NUMB]S4 ,COMP>$ ) ! G5]AL BODY ( ! POPULATION !Y >E BUT A H&FUL1 & YET !IR POSITION 9 LIFE IS SU* ?AT !Y >E TO BE SE5 EV]Y:]E1 & 9 NUMB] SEEM TO BE LEGION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE MU/ AVOID ! COMMON ]ROR ( COMP>+ !M ) ! TOTAL POPULATION ( ANY C\NTRY1 9ASMU* AS !Y DO NOT G5]ALLY LIVE \TSIDE ( T[NS1 BUT CONF9E !MSELVES TO ! CITIES :]E !Y PLAY A CORRESPOND+LY IMPORTANT P>T4 ,IF WE W\LD >RIVE AT SOME EXACT /ATI/ICAL BASIS WE MU/ COMP>E !M TO ! ,*RI/IAN POPULATION ( !IR [N CLASS1 ?AT IS1 TO ! B\RGEOISIE ( COMM]CE1 9DU/RY & F9ANCE4 ,& YET EV5 :5 WE R$UCE ! COMP>ISON TO !SE TWO FACTORS1 ! ,JEW V]SUS ! B\RGEOISIE1 IT IS /ILL 9 FAVOR ( ! ,JEW4 ,:]E=E1 !N1 ?IS PREPOND]ANCE 8 ,SOME ,JEWS >E 9 ! HABIT ( ASCRIB+ !IR ECONOMIC SUPREMACY TO !IR 9TELLECTUAL SUP]IORITY4 ,?IS BOA/ ( ,JEWI% SUP]IORITY IS NOT ALTOGE!R TRUE1 OR1 AT LEA/1 REQUIRES EXPLANATION4 ,9 ! PRES5T B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 :I* IS F\ND$ UPON ! EXPLOITATION ( CAPITAL & UPON EXPLOITATION BY CAPITAL1 :]E ! P[] ( WEAL? IS SUPREME1 :]E /OCK-JOBB+ & SPECULATION >E ALL-P[]FUL1 ! ,JEW IS C]TA9LY BETT] EQUIPP$ = SUCCESS ?AN ANY O!R BODY4 ,?\< HE MAY HAVE BE5 DEGRAD$ BY HIS EXCLUSIVE DEVOTION TO COMM]CE ?R\< ! AGES1 HIS EXP]I5CE HAS NEV]!LESS 5D[$ HIM ) C]TA9 QUALITIES :I* HAVE BECOME ( SURPASS+ VALUE 9 ! NEW ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY4 ,HE IS COLD & CALCULAT+1 SUPPLE & 5]GETIC1 P]SEV]+ & PATI5T1 CLE> & EXACT1 QUALITIES :I* HE HAS 9H]IT$ ALL FROM HIS ANCE/ORS1 ! MONEY *ANG]S & TRAD]S ( M$IEVAL TIMES4 ,:5 HE DEVOTES HIMSELF TO COMM]CE OR TO F9ANCE1 HE NATURALLY PR(ITS BY ! $UCATION :I* HIS ANCE/ORS HAVE UND]GONE ?R\< C5TURIES1 AN $UCATION :I* HAS R5D]$ HIM1 P]HAPS1 NOT MORE SUIT$ = C]TA9 PURSUITS AS HIS VANITY SUGGE/S1 BUT C]TA9LY MORE ADAPTABLE TO !M4 ,9 ! PRES5T 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE1 HE IS BETT] 5D[$1 MAN = MAN - ,I AM SPEAK+ 9 G5]AL T]MS - ?AN HIS COMPETITORS1 & ALL ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 HE MU/ SUCCE$ BECAUSE ( HIS SUP]IOR EQUIPM5T4 ,HE HAS NO NE$ TO MAKE USE ( FRAUD1 OR1 AT LEA/1 TO MAKE MORE USE ( IT ?AN HIS NEI<BORS1 S9CE HIS .<L#f#h.> P]SONAL & 9H]IT$ QUALITIES >E SUFFICI5T TO ASSURE HIM ! VICTORY4 

,/ILL ! POSSESSION ( SU* P]SONAL GIFTS IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ! PREPOND]ANCE ( ! ,JEWS4 ,AMONG ! ,*RI/IANS1 TOO1 !RE >E ANCI5T M]*ANT FAMILIES2 A SECTION ( ! B\RGEOISIE HAS 9H]IT$ QUALITIES V]Y SIMIL> TO ?OSE ( ! ,JEWS1 & !RE=E IT W\LD SEEM1 %\LD BE ABLE TO *ALL5GE ! ,JEWS SUCCESSFULLY4 ,! ANSW] IS ?AT !RE >E O!R1 F>!R REA*+ CAUSES1 >IS+ BO? FROM ! NATURE ( ! ,JEW & FROM ! *>ACT] ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,B\RGEOIS SOCIETY IS BAS$ 5TIRELY UPON COMPETITION BETWE5 MAN & MAN 9 ! FIELD ( ! DAILY NECESSITIES ( LIFE4 ,IT AF=DS US ! SPECTACLE ( 9DIVIDUALS FI<T+ BITT]LY ONE AGA9/ ! O!R1 ( ISOLAT$ UNITS /UBBORNLY DISPUT+ ! VICTORY & MAK+ USE ( !IR [N 9DIVIDUAL RES\RCES4 ,9 ?IS /ATE ( SOCIETY ,D>W9'S PR9CIPLE ( ! /RUGGLE ( LIFE DOM9ATES4 ,?IS SPIRIT GOV]NS ! ACTIONS ( EV]Y MAN1 & TACITLY IT IS RECOGNIZ$ ?AT VICTORY \<T TO BELONG TO ! /RONGE/1 TO HIM1 ?AT IS1 :O IS BE/ EQUIPP$1 :OSE BODY & :OSE SPIRIT >E MO/ P]FECTLY ADJU/$ TO ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( EXI/5CE4 ,IF WE CONCEIVE1 !N1 9 ! MID/ ( SU* A COMMUNITY1 BAS$ UPON EGOI/IC ACTION1 ASSOCIATIONS ( CITIZ5S /RONGLY ORGANIZ$ & GIFT$1 ANIMAT$ = MANY C5TURIES BY ! SPIRIT ( COMMON ACTION1 & KN[+ BY 9/9CT & EXP]I5CE1 ! ADVANTAGES :I* !Y MAY D]IVE FROM UNION1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT SU* ORGANIZATIONS BY DIRECT+ !IR ACTIVITY T[>DS ! SAME 5D AS ?AT PURSU$ BY ! SCATT]$ 9DIVIDUALS >\ND !M WILL POSSESS SU* AN ADVANTAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE AS TO ASSURE !M AN EASY VICTORY4 ,?IS IS JU/ ! ROLE :I* IS BE+ PLAY$ BY ! ,JEWS ( ! MIDDLE CLASS 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,!Y >E DESIR\S ( W9N+ ! SAME PRIZES ( LIFE AS ! ,*RI/IAN2 !Y 5T] ! SAME FIELD ( BATTLE2 !Y HAVE ! SAME AMBITIONS2 !Y >E JU/ AS KE51 JU/ AS GRE$Y1 JU/ AS HUNGRY = WEAL?1 JU/ AS =EIGN TO ANY =M ( JU/ICE ?AT IS NOT ! JU/ICE ( !IR CA/E1 OR ?AT DOES NOT DEF5D !M AGA9/ ! CLASSES !Y HOLD 9 SUBJECTION2 !Y >E1 TO SUM UP1 JU/ AS IMMORAL AT BOTTOM AS ! ,*RI/IAN 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y CONSID] ONLY ! ADVANTAGES :I* !Y MAY OBTA9 = !MSELVES1 & ?AT ! SOLE AMBITION ( !IR LIVES IS ! ACQUISITION ( MAT]IAL GOODS1 ( :I* EA* HOPES & /RIVES TO OBTA9 ! MAXIMUM4 ,BUT 9 ?IS DAILY /RUGGLE1 ! ,JEW1 :O1 P]SONALLY1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 IS BETT] 5D[$ ?AN HIS COMPETITORS1 9CREASES HIS ADVANTAGE BY UNIT+ ) HIS CORELIGIONI/S POSSESS$ ( SIMIL> VIRTUES1 & ?US AUGM5TS HIS P[]S BY ACT+ 9 COMMON ) HIS BRE?R52 ! 9EVITABLE RESULT BE+ ?AT !Y \T-DI/ANCE !IR RIVALS 9 ! PURSUIT ( ANY COMMON 5D4 ,9 ! MID/ ( A DISUNIT$ MIDDLE CLASS1 :OSE MEMB]S >E 5GAG$ 9 A P]PETUAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ ONE ANO!R1 ! ,JEWS /& UNIT$ AS ONE4 ,?IS IS ! SECRET ( !IR SUCCESS4 ,!IR SOLID>ITY IS ALL ! /RONG] 9 ?AT IT GOES SO F> BACK4 ,ITS V]Y EXI/5CE IS D5I$1 & YET IT IS UND5IABLE4 ,! L9KS 9 ! *A9 HAVE BE5 =G$ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES UNTIL ! FLI<T ( C5TURIES HAS MADE MAN UNCONSCI\S ( !IR EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS WOR? \R :ILE TO SEE H[ ?IS BOND ( UNION WAS =M$ & H[ IT WAS P]PETUAT$4 

,JEWI% SOLID>ITY DATES FROM ! ,DISP]SION4 ,JEWI% EMIGRANTS & COLONI/S TOOK UP !IR RESID5CE 9 =EIGN C\NTRIES1 & :]EV] !Y MADE !IR HOME !Y CON/ITUT$ A DI/9CT SOCIETY4 ,!IR COMMUNITIES C5T]$ >\ND !IR H\SES ( PRAY]1 :I* !Y BUILT 9 EV]Y T[N :]E !Y =M$ A NUCLEUS4 ,EV]Y:]E !Y POSSESS$ NUM]\S IMPORTANT PRIVILEGES 7SEE ,*APT]S ,I,I & ,I,I,I474 ,! ,DIASPOROI W]E 9VALUABLE ALLIES ( ! ,GREEKS 9 C>RY+ ON ! WORK ( EA/]N COLONIZATION1 & /RANGELY 5\< ! ,JEWS :O ADOPT$ ,HELL5ISM1 ASSI/$ 9 TURN 9 ,HELL5IZ+ ! ,EA/4 ,AS A RECOMP5SE !Y W]E ALL[$ TO RETA9 !IR NATIONAL HOMOG5EITY1 TOGE!R ) FULL P[]S ( SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS WAS ! CASE 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 9 ,ANTIO*1 9 ,ASIA ,M9OR1 & 9 ! ,GREEK CITIES ( ,IONIA4 ,9 ALMO/ EV]Y CITY !Y CON/ITUT$ CORPORATIONS AT ! HEAD ( :I* WAS AN E?N>* OR PATRI>*1 :O1 ) ! ASSI/ANCE ( A C\NCIL ( LEAD]S & A SPECIAL TRIBUNAL1 @&LAQNO2EX]CIS$ ALL ! P[]S ( CIVIL AU?ORITY & ( JU/ICE4 ,! SYNAGOGUES W]E 0V]ITABLE SMALL REPUBLICS40 ,!Y W]E1 9 ADDITION1 ! C5T]S ( RELIGI\S & PUBLIC LIFE4 ,! ,JEWS CAME TOGE!R 9 !IR SYNAGOGUES1 NOT ONLY TO LI/5 TO ! READ+ ( ! ,LAW1 BUT ALSO = ! DISCUSSION ( !IR PRIVATE AFFAIRS & = ! PURPOSE ( EX*ANG+ VIEWS UPON ! G5]AL C\RSE ( EV5TS4 ,ALL ! SYNAGOGUES W]E CLOSELY CONNECT$ 9 A VA/ F$]ATION :I* 9CLUD$ )9 ITS SCOPE ! 5TIRE ANCI5T WORLD1 PROGRESS+ P>ALLEL ) ! EXPANSION ( ! ,MAC$ONIAN P[] & ,HELL5I/IC CIVILIZATION4 ,!Y COMMUNICAT$ ) ONE ANO!R BY MESS5G]S & KEPT ONE ANO!R 9 CON/ANT T\* ) EV5TS1 ! KN[L$GE ( :I* WAS LIKELY TO PROVE USEFUL4 ,9 EV]Y CITY ! ,JEWI% TRAVEL] C\LD C\NT UPON ! AID ( ! COMMUNITY2 :5 HE >RIV$ AS AN IMMIGRANT OR AS A SETTL]1 HE WAS RECEIV$ AS A BRO!R1 SUCCOR$ 9 HIS NE$ & ASSI/$ 9 HIS DESIGNS1 HE WAS P]MITT$ TO TAKE UP HIS HOME :]EV] HE DESIR$ & HE 5JOY$ ! PROTECTION ( ! COMMUNITY :I* PUT ALL ITS RES\RCES AT HIS DISPOSAL4 ,HE DID NOT COME AS A /RANG] B\ND UPON A DIFFICULT CONQUE/1 BUT AS ONE WELL EQUIPP$ & ) PROTECTORS1 FRI5DS1 & BRO!RS BY HIS SIDE4 ,?R\<\T ,ASIA ,M9OR1 ! ,>*IPELAGO1 ,CYR5AICA & ,EGYPT1 A ,JEW MI<T TRAVEL 9 P]FECT SECURITY2 EV]Y:]E HE WAS TREAT$ AS A GUE/1 EV]Y:]E HE PROCE$$ /RAI<T TO ! H\SE ( PRAY]1 :]E HE WAS SURE TO F9D A WELCOME4 ,! ,ESS5ES C>RI$ ON !IR PROPAG&A 9 ! SAME MANN]4 ,!Y1 TOO1 CREAT$ !IR LITTLE SOCIAL C5T]S1 LITTLE ASSOCIATIONS 9 ! V]Y HE>T ( ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES1 & 9 ?IS FA%ION !Y TRAVEL$ FROM CITY TO CITY1 AT !IR [N FREE WILL TAK+ NO ?\<T ( ! MORR[4 

,AT ,ROME1 :]E !Y LIV$ 9 CONSID]ABLE NUMB]S1.<#b#d#g.> ! ,JEWS W]E AS FIRMLY UNIT$ AS 9 ! CITIES ( ! ,ORI5T4 0,!Y >E B\ND TOGE!R BY 9DISSOLUBLE BONDS BY ! TIES ( LOV+ SYMPA?Y10 SAYS ,TACITUS4.<#b#d#h.> ,?ANKS TO !IR SOLID>ITY1 !Y HAD ACQUIR$ AT ,ROME1 AS 9 ,ALEX&RIA1 SU* P[] ?AT POLITICAL P>TIES FE>$ !M & S\<T !IR SUPPORT4 0,Y\ KN[10 SAYS ,CIC]O1.<#b#d#i.> 0H[ GREAT IS ! MULTITUDE ( ! ,JEWS1 H[ FIRM !IR UNION & !IR SYMPA?Y1 H[ /RIK+ !IR POLITICAL SKILL & !IR SWAY OV] ! CR[D 9 ! ASSEMBLIES40 

,:5 ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE FELL1 :5 ! B>B>IAN HO/S 9VAD$ ! ANCI5T WORLD1 & TRIUMPHANT ,CA?OLICISM 5T]$ UPON ITS C>E] ( EXPANSION1 ! ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES DID NOT *ANGE4 ,!Y W]E /ILL P[]FUL ORGANISMS & ! ACTIVITY ( !IR COMMON LIFE WAS SU* AS TO L5D !M GREAT P[]S ( RESI/ANCE4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! UNIV]SAL UPHEAVAL !Y PRES]V$ !IR RELIGI\S & SOCIAL UNITY1 TWO 9SEP>ABLE BONDS TO :I* !Y [E !IR PROSP]ITY4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! ,JEWI% SYNAGOGUES DREW /ILL MORE CLOSELY TOGE!R4 ,IT WAS [+ TO ?IS MUTUAL SUPPORT ?AT !Y SUFF]$ NO?+ FROM ! GREAT *ANGES ?AT W]E GO+ ON AB\T !M4 ,= SOME TIME1 EV5 AFT] ! ,GO?IC & ,G]MAN K+DOMS HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES PRES]V$ A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y W]E PLAC$ UND] A SPECIAL JURISDICTION & 9 ! MID/ ( ?OSE NEW SOCIETIES !Y CON/ITUT$ V]ITABLE TRAD+ CORPORATIONS 9 :I* NONE ( ! ANCI5T SOLID>ITY WAS WANT+4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ! NATIONS BECAME MORE HO/ILE TO ! ,JEWS1 9 PROPORTION AS P]SECUTION & OPPRESSIVE LEGISLATION 9CREAS$1 !IR SOLID>ITY 9CREAS$4 ,! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL =CES :I* T5D$ TO IMPRISON ! ,JEWS )9 ! N>R[ CIRCUMF]5CE ( !IR ,<ETTOES1 ONLY S]V$ TO FO/] ! SPIRIT ( UNION AMONG !M4 ,ISOLAT$ FROM ! WORLD1 !Y ONLY TI<T5$ ! BONDS :I* HELD !M TOGE!R4 ,!IR COMMON LIFE N\RI%$ ! DESIRE =1 & ! NE$ (1 FRAT]NAL ACTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! ,<ETTOES DEVELOP$ ! SPIRIT ( ,JEWI% SOLID>ITY4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! SYNAGOGUES HAD SUCCE$$ 9 PRES]V+ !IR AU?ORITY1 SO ?AT :ILE ! ,JEWS W]E SUBJECT TO ! H>% LAWS ( K+ & ( EMP]OR1 !Y HAD ALSO A GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N1 C\NCILS ( ELD]S1 & TRIBUNALS1 TO :OSE DECISIONS !Y SUBMITT$4 ,!IR G5]AL SYNODS =BADE1 9 FACT1 ANY ,JEW UND] ! PA9 ( ANA!MA1 FROM CIT+ A FELL[ ,JEW BE=E A ,*RI/IAN TRIBUNAL4.<#b#e.> ,EV]Y?+ DROVE !M TO UNITY 9 ?OSE LONG YE>S ( HORROR & CRUELTY KN[N AS ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,HAD !Y BE5 DISUNIT$ !Y W\LD HAVE SUFF]$ /ILL MORE4 ,BY COMMON ACTION !Y C\LD DEF5D !MSELVES ! MORE EASILY & ESCAPE SOME ( ! CALAMITIES ?AT ?REAT5$ !M )\T 5D4 ,9 ! ELEV5? C5TURY A ,RABB9ICAL SYNOD AT ,WORMS1 =BADE A ,JEWI% L&LORD TO R5T \T HIS H\SE1 OCCUPI$ BY A ,JEW1 TO A ,G5TILE )\T ! CONS5T ( ! T5ANT.<#b#e#a.> & A C\NCIL ( ! TWELF? C5TURY =BADE A ,JEW1 UND] ! PA9 ( ANA!MA1 TO BR+ A FELL[ ,JEW BE=E A ,*RI/IAN TRIBUNAL4 ,! ,JEWI% COMMUNITY1 OR ,KAHAL1 MADE USE ( A P[]FUL WEAPON AGA9/ ?OSE :O PROV$ !MSELVES LACK+ 9 ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY2 IT /RUCK !M ) ANA!MA & PRON\NC$ AGA9/ !M ! ,*]EM ,HAKAHAL 7! BAN ( ! COMMUNITY7 4 

,9 ?IS MANN]1 ! ACTION ( TIME1 ! 9FLU5CE ( HO/ILE LEGISLATION & ( RELIGI\S P]SECUTION1 & ! NE$ = MUTUAL DEF5SE1 HAVE 9T5SIFI$ ! FEEL+ ( FELL[%IP AMONG ! ,JEWS4 ,9 \R [N DAY ! P[]FUL 9/ITUTION ( ! ,KAHAL EX]TS ITS 9FLU5CE :]EV] ! ,JEW IS SUBJECT$ TO A RIGOR\S REGIME1 & EV5 ! RE=M$ ,JEW1 :O HAS BROK5 AWAY FROM ! N>R[ RE/RICTIONS ( ! SYNAGOGUE1 & YIELDS NO OB$I5CE TO ! WILL ( ! COMMUNITY7 HAS NOT =GOTT5 ! SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY4.<#b#e#b.> ,ONCE HAV+ ACQUIR$ ! S5TIM5T ( UNION & FO/]$ IT BY ! HABIT ( AGES1 !Y C\LD NOT GET RID ( IT 9 GETT+ RID ( !IR FAI?4 ,IT HAD BECOME A SOCIAL 9/9CT1 & SOCIAL 9/9CTS1 SL[LY =M$1 >E SL[ TO DISAPPE>4 ,A ,JEW WILL ALWAYS OBTA9 ASSI/ANCE FROM HIS CORELIGIONI/S1 PROVID$ HE BE F\ND FAI?FUL TO ! TIES ( ,JEWI% BRO!RHOOD2 BUT1 IF ON ! CONTR>Y1 HE PROVE HO/ILE TO ! S5TIM5T ( ,JEWI% UNITY1 HE WILL MEET ) NO?+ BUT HO/ILITY4 ,! ,JEW1 EV5 ?\< HE MAY HAVE DEP>T$ FROM ! SYNAGOGUE1 IS /ILL A MEMB] ( ! ,JEWI% FREE-MASONRY1.<#b#e#c.> ( ! ,JEWI% CLIQUE1 IF Y\ WILL4 

,UNIT$1 !N1 BY ! /RONGE/ FEEL+S ( SOLID>ITY1 ! ,JEWS CAN EASILY HOLD !IR [N 9 ?IS DISJO9T$ & AN>*IC SOCIETY ( \RS4 ,IF ! MILLIONS ( ,*RI/IANS BY :OM !Y >E SURR\ND$ W]E TO SUB/ITUTE ?IS SAME PR9CIPLE ( COOP]ATION = ?AT ( 9DIVIDUAL COMPETITION1 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ,JEW W\LD IMM$IATELY BE DE/ROY$4 ,! ,*RI/IAN1 H[EV]1 WILL NOT ADOPT SU* A C\RSE1 & ! ,JEW MU/ 9EVITABLY1 ,I WILL NOT SAY DOM9ATE1 ! FAVORITE EXPRESSION ( ! ANTISEMITES1 BUT C]TA9LY POSSESS ! ADVANTAGE OV] O!RS1 & EX]CISE ?AT SUPREMACY AGA9/ :I* ! ANTISEMITES 9VEI<1 )\T BE+ ABLE TO DE/ROY IT1 SEE+ ?AT ITS REASON LIES NOT ONLY 9 ! MIDDLE CLASS AMONG ! ,JEWS1 BUT 9 ! ,*RI/IAN B\RGEOISIE AS WELL4 

,IF WE KEEP 9 M9D1 !N1 ?IS CONCEPTION ( ,JEWI% FELL[%IP & ! FACT ?AT ! ,JEWS AT PRES5T1 CON/ITUTE AN ORGANIZ$ M9ORITY1 WE >E NOT UNJU/ 9 CONCLUD+ ?AT ANTISEMITISM IS1 9 P>T1 A M]E /RUGGLE AMONG ! RI*1 A CONTE/ AMONG ! POSSESSORS ( CAPITAL4 ,9 TRU?1 IT IS ! CAPITALI/1 ! M]*ANT1 ! MANUFACTUR]1 ! F9ANCI]1 AMONG ! ,*RI/IANS1 :O FEELS HIMSELF 9JUR$ BY ! ,JEWS1 & NOT ! ,*RI/IAN PROLET>IAT1 :O SUFF] NO MORE FROM ! CLASS ( ,JEWI% EMPLOY]S ?AN FROM !IR ,*RI/IAN MA/]S2 LESS1 9DE$1 IF WE CONSID] ?AT 9 A CASE LIKE ?IS1 :]E NUMB]S C\NT1 ! 5TREPR5EUR CLASS AMONG ! ,JEWS BY COMP>ISON ) ! ,*RI/IANS AM\NTS TO LITTLE4 ,?IS WILL EXPLA9 :Y ANTISEMITISM IS ESS5TIALLY ! S5TIM5T ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 & :Y IT IS SO R>ELY MET )1 EXCEPT 9 ! =M ( A VAGUE PREJUDICE AMONG ! MASS ( ! PEASANTS & ! WORK+ CLASSES4 

,?IS W> )9 ! RANKS ( CAPITAL DOES NOT REVEAL ITSELF AFT] ! SAME FA%ION2 IT PRES5TS RA!R TWO ASPECTS1 ACCORD+ AS IT >ISES FROM ! HO/ILITY BETWE5 ! L&[N+ CLASS & ! CAPITALI/ CLASS 9 ! N>R[] S5SE1 OR FROM COMPETITION )9 ! 9DU/RIAL CLASS ITSELF4 

,! AGR>IAN CAPITALI/1 9 HIS CONTE/ AGA9/ ! CAPTA9 ( 9DU/RY1 HAS EMBRAC$ ANTISEMITISM1 BECAUSE TO ! T]RITORIAL LORD1 ! ,JEW IS ! REPRES5TATIVE ( COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,= ?IS REASON1 9 ,G]MANY1 ! ,AGR>IAN ,PROTECTIONI/S1 >E BITT] 5EMIES ( ! ,JEWS1 :O >E AMONG ! MO/ CONSPICU\S *AMPIONS ( FREE TRADE4 ,BY 9/9CT & SELF-9T]E/ ! ,JEWS >E OPPOS$ TO ! PHYSIOCRATIC !ORY :I* W\LD VE/ POLITICAL P[] ONLY 9 ! [N]S ( L&2 !Y MA9TA9 RA!R ! !ORY ( MOD]N 9DU/RIALISM1 :I* MAKES POLITICAL P[] GO H& 9 H& ) 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,JEWS & ,AGR>IANS BO? >E PROBABLY UNCONSCI\S1 AS 9DIVIDUALS1 ( ! P>T !Y >E PLAY+ 9 ! ECONOMIC /RUGGLE1 BUT !IR MUTUAL HATR$ COMES FROM ?IS S\RCE1 NEV]!LESS4 ,! MAN ( ! L[] MIDDLE CLASS1 ! SMALL TRADESMAN :OM SPECULATION HAS PROBABLY RU9$ HAS MU* CLE>] IDEAS ( :Y HE IS AN ANTISEMITE4 ,HE KN[S ?AT RECKLESS SPECULATION1 ) ITS ATT5DANT PANICS1 HAS BE5 HIS BANE1 & = HIM1 ! MO/ =MIDABLE JUGGL]S ( CAPITAL1 ! MO/ DANG]\S SPECULATORS >E ! ,JEWS2 :I*1 9DE$1 IS V]Y TRUE4 ,?OSE EV5 :OSE D[NFALL HAS NOT BE5 CAUS$ BY SPECULATION1 ASCRIBE !IR MIS=TUNES 9DIRECTLY TO ?IS CAUSE :I* HAS DE/ROY$ A GREAT P>T ( ! 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL CAPITAL ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT H]E1 AS EV]Y:]E1 !Y MAKE ! ,JEW RESPONSIBLE = A /ATE ( ?+S1 ( :I* HE IS F> FROM BE+ ! SOLE CAUSE4 

,! O!R =M ( ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM IS MORE SIMPLE4 ,IT >ISES FROM ! DIRECT COMPETITION BETWE5 ,JEWI% & ,*RI/IAN BROK]S1 MANUFACTUR]S1 & M]*ANTS4 ,! ,*RI/IAN CAPITALI/1 ACT+ = ! MO/ P>T1 9DEP5D5TLY ( HIS FELL[S1 :5 CONFRONT$ BY ! H>MONI\S1 IF NOT UNIT$1 OPPOSITION ( ! ,JEWI% CAPITALI/S1 F9DS HIMSELF NECESS>ILY AT A DISADVANTAGE1 & 9 ! DAILY /RUGGLE = LIFE FREQU5TLY SUCCUMBS TO HIS ADV]S>IES4 ,HE1 !RE=E1 SUFF]S DIRECTLY1 FROM ! RISE ( ,JEWI% MANUFACTUR]S & M]*ANTS4 ,H5CE HIS EXTREME ANIMOSITY AGA9/ ! ,JEWS1 & ! DESIRE TO BREAK ! P[] ( HIS =TUNATE RIVALS4 ,?IS IS ! MO/ VIOL5T1 ! MO/ BITT] ( ALL ! MANIFE/ATIONS ( ANTISEMITISM1 BECAUSE IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! S5TIM5TS ( ?OSE :O FEEL !MSELVES 9JUR$ 9 !IR P]SONAL 9T]E/S4 

,?IS PREJUDICE AGA9/ ! ,JEWS HAS PREVAIL$ TO ! PRES5T DAY1 SECRET1 9/9CTIVE RA!R ?AN DELIB]ATE1 & ACQUIR$ BY H]$ITY4 ,PEOPLE /ILL FEEL AN 9T5SE BITT]NESS AGA9/ ! DEICIDES1 & GLANCE ) NO FAVORABLE EYE AT !IR RI*ES1 = !Y /ILL F9D IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/& H[ ?IS TRIBE ( MISCREANTS & MURD]]S1 DOOM$ TO P]DITION1 CAN LEGITIMATELY BE ! [N]S ( WEAL?4 ,! BELIEF IS /ILL HELD ?AT ! ,JEW CANNOT ACQUIRE WEAL? )\T PLUND]+ ! SONS ( ! SOIL - EV]Y [N] ( L& LOOK+ UPON HIMSELF AS ITS *ILD4 ,IF ECONOMIC ANTISEMITISM !RE=E MU/ BE REG>D$ AS ! MANIFE/ATION ( A /RUGGLE )9 ! RANKS ( CAPITAL1 WE MU/ NOT =GET1 TOO1 ?AT IT IS AN \TCOME ( ! OPPOSITION BETWE5 NATIONAL & =EIGN WEAL?4 

,*APT] ,FIFTE53 ,! ,FATE ( ,ANTISEMITISM 

,W,E HAVE SE5 !N ?AT ! CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM >E1 9 !IR NATURE1 E?NIC1 RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC4 ,!Y >E ALL CAUSES ( F> REA*+ IMPORTANCE1 & !Y EXI/ NOT BECAUSE ( ! ,JEW ALONE1 NOR BECAUSE ( HIS NEI<BORS ALONE1 BUT PR9CIPALLY BECAUSE ( PREVAIL+ SOCIAL CONDITIONS4 ,IGNORANT ( ! REAL CAUSE ( !IR S5TIM5TS1 ?OSE :O PR(ESS ANTISEMITISM1 JU/IFY !IR OP9ION BY ACCUSATIONS AGA9/ ! ,JEW :I*1 AS WE HAVE SE51 DO NOT AT ALL AGREE ) FACTS4 ,*>GES RACIAL1 *>GES RELIGI\S1 *>GES POLITICAL & ECONOMIC1 NONE ( !SE GRIEVANCES ( ANTISEMITISM >E WELL F\ND$4 ,SOME1 LIKE ! E?NIC GRIEVANCE >ISE FROM A FALSE CONCEPTION ( RACE2 O!RS LIKE ! RELIGI\S & POLITICAL *>GES1 >E DUE TO A N>R[ & 9COMPLETE 9T]PRETATION ( HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION2 & LA/ ( ALL1 ! ECONOMIC C\NT1 HAS ITS JU/IFICATION 9 ! NECESSITY ( CONCEAL+ ! /RIFE GO+ ON )9 ! CAPITALI/ CLASS4 ,NONE ( !SE ACCUSATIONS IS JU/IFI$4 ,IT IS NO MORE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ! ,JEW IS A PURE ,SEMITE ?AN IT W\LD BE TO SAY ?AT ! ,EUROPEAN PEOPLES >E PURE ,>YANS4 

,/ILL ?\< ! ,JEWS >E NOT A RACE1 !Y W]E1 UNTIL \R [N DAYS1 A NATION4 ,!Y DID NOT FAIL TO P]PETUATE !IR NATIONAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 !IR RELIGION & !IR !OLOGICAL CODE1 :I* WAS AT ! SAME TIME A SOCIAL CODE4 ,?\< !Y W]E NEV] GUILTY ( WORK+ = ! DE/RUCTION ( ,*RI/IANITY1 & W]E NEV] ORGANIZ$ 9 A SECRET CONSPIRACY AGA9/ ,JESUS1 !Y DID L5D AID TO ?OSE :O ASSAIL$ ! ,*RI/IAN RELIGION1 & 9 ALL ATTACKS ON ! ,*UR*1 !Y W]E EV] 9 ! FRONT RANK4 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 EV5 IF !Y DID NOT CON/ITUTE A VA/ SECRET SOCIETY1 IMPLACABLY PURSU+ ?R\< ! C5TURIES AS ITS OBJECT1 ! UND]M9+ ( MON>*Y1 !Y DID R5D] IMPORTANT AID TO ! CAUSE ( ,REVOLUTION4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY !Y W]E AMONG ! MO/ >D5T ADH]5TS ( ! LIB]AL1 SOCIAL1 & REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES1 TO :I* !Y CONTRIBUT$ M5 LIKE ,LASK] & ,DISRAELI1 ,CREMIEUX1 ,M>X & ,LASSALLE1 NOT C\NT+ ! OBSCURE H]D ( AGITATORS4 ,TO ! REVOLU- TION>Y CAUSE1 TOO1 !Y CONTRIBUT$ !IR WEAL?4 ,F9ALLY1 AS ,I HAVE JU/ SAID1 IF !Y DID NOT1 BY !MSELVES1 ]ECT ! ?RONE ( TRIUMPHANT CAPITALISM ON ! RU9S ( ! OLD REGIME !Y W]E 9/RUM5TAL 9 ITS ]ECTION4 ,?US >E ! ,JEWS F\ND AT ! OPPOSITE POLES ( MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,ON ! ONE H& !Y LABOR ASSIDU\SLY AT ?AT 5ORM\S CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?1 :I*1 NO D\BT1 IS B\ND TO RESULT 9 ITS EXPROPRIATION BY ! ,/ATE2 ON ! O!R H&1 !Y >E AMONG ! MO/ BITT] FOES ( CAPITAL4 ,OPPOS$ TO ! ,JEWI% MONEY B>ON1 ! PRODUCT ( EXILE1 ( ,TALMUDISM1 ( HO/ILE LEGISLATION & P]SECUTION1 /&S ! ,JEWI% REVOLUTIONI/1 ! *ILD ( BIBLICAL & PROPHETIC TRADITION1 ?AT SAME TRADITION :I* ANIMAT$ ! FANATIC ,ANABAPTI/S ( ,G]MANY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY1 & ! ,PURITAN W>RIORS ( ,CROMWELL4 ,9 ! MID/ ( ! MANY TRANS=MATIONS :I* \R AGE HAS WITNESS$1 !Y HAVE NOT REMA9$ 9ACTIVE2 9DE$1 IT IS !IR ACTIVITY :I* HAS1 ,I WILL NOT SAY CAUS$1 BUT RA!R P]PETUAT$1 ANTISEMITISM1 = ANTISEMITISM IS BUT ! SUCCESSOR ( ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,LONG AGO1 9 ,SPA91 ! P]SECUTION ( ! ,MORISCOES & ! ,M>RANOS WAS AN ATTEMPT TO ELIM9ATE A =EIGN ELEM5T 9 ! ,SPANI% NATION2 & 9 ! SAME WAY ! ,JEWS W]E REG>D$ AS A /RANGE TRIBE1 A HORDE ( DEICIDES1 :OSE AIM WAS BY PROPAG&A TO 9FUSE !IR SPIRIT 9TO ! ,*RI/IAN PEOPLES1 & 9 ADDITION1 TO OBTA9 POSSESSION ( GREAT WEAL?1 ! IMPORTANCE ( :I* WAS BECOM+ APP>5T EV5 DUR+ ! E>LY YE>S ( ! ,M$IEVAL P]IOD4 ,ANTISEMITISM1 AT PRES5T1 F9DS DIFF]5T EXPRESSION FROM ?AT ( =M] TIMES2 ! *>GES BR\<T AGA9/ ! ,JEW HAVE ALSO V>I$1 9 ?AT !Y >E =MULAT$ AFT] A DIFF]5T FA%ION & >E GIV5 A BASIS ( E?NOLOGIC & AN?ROPOLOGIC !ORY2 BUT ! CAUSES HAVE NOT ALT]$ APPRECIABLY1 & MOD]N ANTISEMITISM DIFF]S FROM ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( =M] TIMES ONLY 9 ?AT IT IS MORE SELF-CONSCI\S1 MORE PRAGMATIC1 & MORE DELIB]ATE4 ,AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ANTISEMITISM ( \R [N DAYS1 AS AT ! BOTTOM ( ! ANTI-,JUDAISM ( ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY >E ! FE> (1 & ! HATR$ =1 ! /RANG]4 ,?IS IS ! PRIMAL CAUSE ( ALL ANTISEMITISM1 ! NEV] FAIL+ CAUSE4 ,IT APPE>S 9 ,ALEX&RIA UND] ! ,PTOLEMIES1 9 ,ROME DUR+ ! LIFETIME ( ,CIC]O1 9 ! ,GREEK CITIES ( ,IONIA1 9 ,ANTIO*1 9 ,CYR5AICA1 9 FEUDAL ,EUROPE1 & 9 ! MOD]N /ATE :OSE S\L IS ! SPIRIT ( NATIONALITY4 

,LET US LEAVE N[ ?IS OLD ANTI-,JUDAISM & CONC]N \RSELVES ONLY ) ! ANTISEMITISM ( MOD]N TIMES4 ,A PRODUCT ( ! SPIRIT ( NATIONAL EXCLUSIV5ESS & ( A REACTION ON ! P>T ( ! CONS]VATIVE SPIRIT AGA9/ ! T5D5CIES SET 9TO MOTION BY ! ,REVOLUTION1 ALL ! CAUSES :I* HAVE BR\<T IT AB\T1 OR HAVE S]V$ TO MA9TA9 IT1 MAY BE R$UC$ TO ?IS ONE ONLY3 ! ,JEWS >E NOT AS YET ASSIMILAT$2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 !Y HAVE NOT YET GIV5 UP !IR BELIEF 9 !IR [N NATIONALITY4 ,BY ! PRACTICE ( CIRCUMCISION1 BY ! OBS]VATION ( !IR SPECIAL RULES ( PRAY] & !IR DIET>Y REGULATIONS1 !Y /ILL CONT9UE TO DIFF]5TIATE !MSELVES FROM ?OSE >\ND !M2 !Y P]SI/ 9 BE+ ,JEWS4 ,NOT ?AT !Y >E 9CAPABLE ( ! S5TIM5T ( PATRIOTISM - ! ,JEWS 9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 AS 9 ,G]MANY1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ MORE ?AN ANYBODY ELSE TO ! REALIZATION ( NATIONAL UNITY - BUT !Y SEEM TO SOLVE ! APP>5TLY UNSOLVABLE PROBLEM ( CON/ITUT+ AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( TWO NATIONALITIES2 IF !Y >E ,FR5*M51 OR IF !Y >E ,G]MANS1 !Y >E ALSO ,JEWS4 

,:Y IS ?IS SO8 ,BECAUSE EV]Y?+ HAS CONTRIBUT$ TO MA9TA9 !IR PECULI> *>ACT]I/ICS AS A PEOPLE2 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 ! POSSESSORS ( A RELIGION :I* IS NATIONAL 9 *>ACT]1 & :I* HAD ITS P]FECT REASON = EXI/5CE :ILE ! ,JEWS CON/ITUT$ A PEOPLE1 BUT :I* CEAS$ TO BE ( S]VICE AFT] ! ,DISP]SION & N[ T5DS ONLY TO KEEP !M AP>T FROM ! RE/ ( ! WORLD2 BECAUSE ALL OV] ,EUROPE !Y HAVE E/ABLI%$ COLONIES JEAL\S ( !IR PR]OGATIVES1 & CL++ FIRMLY TO !IR CU/OMS1 TO !IR RELIGI\S PRACTICES1 TO !IR MANN]S ( LIFE2 BECAUSE !Y HAVE BE5 LIV+ = AGES UND] ! DOM9ATION ( A !OLOGICAL CODE1 :I* HAS R5D]$ !M IMMOBILE2 BECAUSE ! LAWS ( ! NUM]\S C\NTRIES 9 :I* !Y HAVE MADE !IR ABODE1 TOGE!R ) PREJUDICE & P]SECUTION1 HAVE PREV5T$ !M FROM M+L+ ) ! BODY ( ! PEOPLE2 BECAUSE S9CE ! SECOND EXODUS1 S9CE !IR DEP>TURE1 ?AT IS1 FROM ,PALE/9E1 !Y HAVE RAIS$ >\ND !MSELVES1 & O!RS HAVE RAIS$ >\ND !M RIGID & 9SURM\NTABLE B>RI]S4 ,SU* AS !Y >E !Y >E ! RESULT ( A SL[ PROCESS ( CREATION1 ON !IR [N P>T1 & ON ! P>T ( O!RS3 !IR 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL LIFE IS :AT IT IS1 BECAUSE O!RS MADE IT !IR OBJECT TO DIFF]5TIATE ! ,JEWS FROM ! WORLD1 & ! ,JEWS !MSELVES DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! SAME OBJECT4 ,!Y FE>$ DEFILEM5T ?R\< CONTACT1 & !Y W]E FE>$ 9 TURN AS A S\RCE ( DEFILEM5T4 ,!IR DOCTORS =BADE !M TO UNITE ) ! ,*RI/IANS1 & ! ,*RI/IAN LAWMAK]S =BADE ALL UNION ) ! ,JEWS4 ,( !IR [N IMPULSE !Y DEVOT$ !MSELVES TO ! OCCUPATION ( MONEY-*ANG+1 & !Y W]E =BIDD5 TO EX]CISE ANY O!R PR(ESSION ?AN ?AT2 ( !IR [N ACCORD1 !Y SEP>AT$ !MSELVES FROM ! WORLD1 & !Y W]E =C$ BY O!RS TO REMA9 9 ! ,<ETTOES4 

,H]E WE F9D \RSELVES CONFRONT$ ) A MO/ S]I\S OBJECTION4 ,! ANTISEMITES >E NOT CONT5T ) SAY+ ?AT ! ,JEW BELONGS TO A DIFF]5T RACE1 & IS !RE=E A /RANG]1 BUT !Y DECL>E ?AT HE IS BY NATURE AN ELEM5T :I* CAN NEV] BE ASSIMILAT$2 & EV5 IF SOME ( !M ADMIT ?AT ! ,JEW MAY BECOME A CON/ITU5T P>T 9 ! COMPOSITION ( NATIONS1 !Y W\LD HAVE IT ?AT SU* AN AMALGAMATION IS ONLY DETRIM5TAL TO ?AT NATION4 ,! ,SEMITE1 IT IS MA9TA9$1 SAPS ! /R5G? ( & DE/ROYS ! ,>YAN1 & ?IS 9 SPITE ( ! ANTISEMITIC !ORY ?AT ! SUP]IOR RACE IS B\ND TO OV]COME ! 9F]IOR RACE )\T BE+ 9 ! LEA/ AFFECT$ BY IT4 ,>E ! ,JEWS !N 9CAPABLE ( ASSIMILATION8 ,NOT ! LEA/ 9 ! WORLD1 & !IR 5TIRE HI/ORY PROVES ! CONTR>Y4 ,IT %[S US.<#b#e#d.> H[ L>GE IS ! NUMB] ( ,JEWS :O HAVE BECOME MIX$ ) ! O!R NATIONS ?R\< BAPTISM1 H[ NUM]\S W]E !IR CONV]SIONS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES2 H[ MANY ,JEWS HAVE BE5 ABSORB$ BY ! SURR\ND+ POPULATION1 GO+ OV] ( !IR [N FREE WILL TO ,*RI/1 OR DRIV5 TO ! BAPTISMAL FONT BY ! VIOL5CE ( MONKS & FANATICAL K+S4 ,JEWS1 9 %ORT1 ( :OM WE CAN NO LONG] F9D ANY TRACE1 JU/ AS WE CAN NO LONG] F9D ANY TRACES ( ! ,GO?S1 ! ,ALAMANI & ! ,SUEVI1 :O ) MANY O!R PEOPLES UNIT$ TO =M ! ,FR5* NATION4 ,AT ALL TIMES ! ,JEW1 LIKE ALL ,SEMITES1 HAS BE5 9 T\* ) ! ,>YAN2 AT ALL TIMES !RE HAS BE5 9T]COMMUNICATION BETWE5 ! TWO RACES1 & NO?+ CAN S]VE BETT] TO PROVE ?AT !IR ASSIMILATION IS POSSIBLE4 ,IF WE F9D C]TA9 RESEMBLANCES BETWE5 ! ,SPANI% ,JEW & ! ,JEW ( ,RUSSIA.<#b#e#e.> WE F9D ALSO M>K$ DIFF]5CES1 & !SE DIFF]5CES >E DUE NOT ONLY TO ! ABSORPTION ( O!R RACES1 ATTRACT$ & CONV]T$ BY ! ,JEW1 BUT >E ! RESULT ALSO ( ! ,JEW'S NATURAL 5VIRONM5T1 SOCIAL1 MORAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL4 ,! ,JEWI% TYPE HAS V>I$ NOT ONLY GEOGRAPHICALLY1 BUT HAS *ANG$ ?R\< TIME2 IT IS A TRUISM ?AT ! ,JEW ( ! ,ROMAN ,<ETTO WAS NOT ! SAME AS ! ,JEW :O F\<T UND] ,B>-,CO*BA1 JU/ AS ! ,JEW ( \R GREAT ,EUROPEAN CITIES DOES NOT RESEMBLE ! ,JEW ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! ,JEW HAS BE5 NO EXCEPTION TO ?IS LAW ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 & IT IS NOT ! SN[S ( ,POL&1 OR ! BURN+ SUNS ( ,SPA9 ?AT HAVE BE5 ! PR9CIPAL FACTORS 9 HIS DEVELOPM5T4 ,HE HAS BE5 R$UC$ TO A /ATE ( PUTREFACTION BY ! HO/ILE LAWS ( ! NATIONS 9 :I* HE LIV$1 & BY HIS RELIGION1 A P[]FUL & FE>FUL RELIGION1 LIKE ALL NON-METAPHYSICAL RELIGIONS :I* >E *>ACT]IZ$ PR$OM9ANTLY BY A RITUAL & A ,LAW4 ,= ! ,JEW ?IS RELIGION & ?IS ,LAW HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! SAME1 9 ALL TIMES & ALL PLACES4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 CON/ANT =CES 9 HIS DEVELOPM5T1 BO? EXT]NALLY & 9T]NALLY4 

,BUT DUR+ ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S1 !SE SEEM+LY CON/ANT FACTORS HAVE UND\BT$LY UND]GONE A *ANGE4.<#b#e#f.> ,!RE >E NO LONG] EXT]NAL LEGISLATIVE RE/RICTIONS ON ! ,JEW2 ! SPECIAL LAWS TO :I* HE WAS =M]LY SUBJECT$ HAVE BE5 ABOLI%$1 & H5CE=?1 HE IS AM5ABLE ONLY TO ! LAWS ( ! C\NTRY ( :I* HE IS A CITIZ5 7& !SE LAWS1 LET ME REM>K1 DIFF]+ ) EV]Y C\NTRY CON/ITUTE 9 !MSELVES A FACTOR ( DIFF]5TIATION = ! ,JEW74 ,) ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( DISCRIM9AT+ LAWS1 HIS [N PECULI> LAWS HAVE ALSO DISAPPE>$4 ,! ,JEW NO LONG] LIVES AP>T1 BUT %>ES 9 ! COMMON LIFE2 IS NO LONG] A /RANG] TO ! CIVILIZATION ( ! C\NTRIES :I* HAVE RECEIV$ HIM2 HAS NO LONG] A LIT]ATURE ( HIS [N2 NOR MANN]S ?AT M>K HIM AS DIFF]5T FROM O!RS4 ,9 %ORT1 HE HAS ADAPT$ HIMSELF TO ! MODE ( LIFE ( :ATEV] NATION HE ADH]ES TO4 ,& AS !SE MODES ( LIFE DIFF] FROM NATION TO NATION1 !Y S]VE TO CREATE M>K$ DIFF]5CES AMONG ! ,JEWS !MSELVES1 ) ! PROGRESS ( TIME CREAT+ MORE & MORE /RIK+ V>IETY AMONG !M4 ,DAY BY DAY !Y >E DEP>T+ FROM ! CLASS ( OCCUPATIONS & ! TYPE ( RELIGION PECULI> TO ! ,JEW4 

,/ILL MORE IMPORTANT1 H[EV]1 IS ! FACT ?AT ! ,TALMUDIC SPIRIT IS SL[LY VANI%+4 ,SU* S*OOLS ( ! ,TALMUD AS /ILL EXI/ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE >E DISAPPE>+ DAY BY DAY3 ! MOD]N ,JEW IS NOT EV5 ABLE TO READ ,HEBREW2 FRE$ FROM ! BONDS ( ! RABB9ICAL CODE1 ! SYNAGOGUE ( ! PRES5T DAY PR(ESSES AT MO/ A SORT ( C]EMONIAL DEISM1 & DEISM ITSELF IS LOS+ ITS /R5G? ) ! MOD]N ,JEW1 MAK+ EV]Y RE=M$ ,JEW READY = RATIONALISM4 ,NOR IS IT ONLY ,TALMUDISM ?AT IS DY+1 BUT ! ,JEWI% RELIGION ITSELF IS 9 ITS DEA? AGONY4 ,IT IS ! OLDE/ ( ALL EXI/+ RELIGIONS1 & IT W\LD SEEM RI<T ?AT IT %\LD BE ! FIR/ TO DISAPPE>4 ,DIRECT CONTACT ) ! ,*RI/IAN WORLD HAS />T$ IT UPON ITS C\RSE ( DISSOLUTION4 ,= A LONG TIME IT HAS 5DUR$ AS ALL BODIES 5DURE :I* >E DEPRIV$ ( LI<T & AIR3 BUT ONCE A BREA* IS MADE 9 ! CAV]N 9 :I* IT HAS BE5 SLEEP+1 ! SUN & ! FRE% BREA? ( ! \TSIDE AIR HAVE 5T]$ & IT HAS FALL5 AP>T4 ,TOGE!R ) ! ,JEWI% RELIGION1 ! ,JEWI% SPIRIT IS VANI%+4 ,TRUE IT IS ?AT ?AT WAS ! SPIRIT :I* ANIMAT$ ,HE9E & ,BO]NE1 ,M>X & ,LASSALLE1 BUT !Y W]E /ILL ! PRODUCTS ( ! ,JEWRY2 !Y W]E CRADL$ 9 TRADITIONS :I* ! Y\NG ,JEWS ( TO-DAY OV]LOOK OR DESPISE4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 IF !RE IS /ILL SU* A ?+ AS ,JEWI% P]SONALITY1 IT T5DS TO DISAPPE>4 ,:AT RELIGI\S P]SECUTION C\LD NOT BR+ AB\T1 ! DECL9E ( RELIGI\S FAI?1 BAS$ UPON NATIONAL IDEAL HAS ACCOMPLI%$4 ,! EMANCIPAT$ ,JEW1 FRE$ ALIKE FROM HO/ILE LEGISLATION & OBSCURANT ,TALMUDISM1 F> FROM BE+ AN ELEM5T TO ABSORB O!RS1 HAS BECOME AN ELEM5T ?AT CAN BE READILY ABSORB$4 ,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES1 AS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,JEWS & ,*RI/IANS IS RAPIDLY DISAPPE>+4.<#b#e#g.> ,IT IS VANI%+ FROM DAY TO DAY1 BECAUSE FROM DAY TO DAY ! ,JEWS >E AB&ON+ !IR ANCI5T PREJUDICES1 !IR PECULI> MODES ( WOR%IP1 ! OBS]VANCE ( !IR SPECIAL LAWS ( PRAY] & !IR DIET>Y REGULATIONS4 ,!Y NO LONG] P]SI/ 9 ! BELIEF ?AT !Y >E DE/9$ ALWAYS TO REMA9 A PEOPLE2 !Y NO LONG] DREAM - A T\*+ DREAM1 P]HAPS1 BUT RIDICUL\S - ?AT !Y HAVE AN ET]NAL MISSION TO FULFILL4 ,! TIME WILL COME :5 !Y %ALL BE COMPLETELY ELIM9AT$2 :5 !Y %ALL BE M]G$ 9TO ! BODY ( ! NATIONS1 AFT] ! SAME MANN] AS ! ,PHO5ICIANS1 :O1 HAV+ PLANT$ !IR TRAD+ /ATIONS ALL OV] ,EUROPE DISAPPE>$ )\T LEAV+ A TRACE BEH9D !M4 ,BY ?AT TIME1 TOO1 ANTISEMITISM WILL HAVE RUN ITS C\RSE4 ,! MOM5T1 TO BE SURE1 IS NOT NE>2 ! NUMB] ( OR?ODOX ,JEWS IS /ILL GREAT1 & AS LONG AS !Y EXI/ IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ANTISEMITISM MU/ EXI/4 

,IF ,JUDAISM1 !N1 IS 9 ! PROCESS ( DISSOLUTION1 NEI!R IS ,CA?OLICISM OR ,PROTE/ANTISM GA9+ 9 /R5G?1 & WE MAY V5TURE TO SAY ?AT EV]Y EXT]NAL =M ( RELIGION IS LOS+ ITS 9FLU5CE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 WE >E ADVANC+ T[>DS A N>R[ & /UPID MAT]IALISM1 OPPOS$ TO ALL RELIGI\S FEEL+2 ON ! O!R1 \R WAY IS T[>DS A /ATE ( PHILOSOPHIC & MORAL UNRELIGION :I* %ALL BE 0A DEGREE HI<] ?AN RELIGION OR CIVILIZATION ITSELF40.<#b#e#h.> ,AT ! SAME TIME :ILE !SE T5D5CIES >E 9CREAS+1 RELIGI\S PREJUDICE IS T5D+ TO DISAPPE>1 & ! PREJUDICE ( ,*RI/IAN AGA9/ ,JEW1 & ( ,JEW AGA9/ ,*RI/IAN1 P]SI/5T1 9 ITS WAY1 AS ! PREJUDICE ( ! ,CA?OLIC AGA9/ ! ,PROTE/ANT1 CANNOT POSSIBLY BE ! ONLY ONE TO REMA94 ,EV5 N[ IT IS DECREAS+ 9 9T5SITY1 & ! TIME IS NE>1 NO D\BT1 :5 EV]Y ,JEW WILL NO LONG] BE HELD RESPONSIBLE = ! SUFF]+S ( ,JESUS ON ,CALV>Y4 ,) ! /EADY EXT9CTION ( RELIGI\S ANIMOSITIES1 ONE ( ! CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM MU/ DISAPPE>1 & ANTISEMITISM ITSELF MU/ LOSE MU* ( ITS VIOL5CE1 ?\< EXI/ IT WILL1 SO LONG AS ! ECONOMIC & E?NIC CAUSES :I* HAVE MADE IT1 5DURE4 

,! SPIRIT ( NATIONAL EGOTISM & SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 H[EV] /RONG IT MAY BE AT PRES5T IS ALSO %[+ SIGNS ( DECAY4 ,O!R IDEAS HAVE >IS51 :I* FROM DAY TO DAY >E GA9+ 9 9FLU5CE2 !Y 5T] 9TO ! SPIRITS ( M51 !Y IMPRESS !MSELVES UPON !IR UND]/&+1 !Y 5G5D] NEW CONCEPTIONS & NEW =MS ( ?\<T4 ,! BRO!RHOOD ( NATIONS :I* =M]LY WAS A M]E *IM]A1 MAY BE DREAM$ ( N[1 )\T TRANSC5D+ ! LIMITS ( COMMON S5SE4 ,! S5TIM5T ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY IS GR[+ /RONG]2 & ! NUMB] ( ?9K]S & WRIT]S :O LABOR AT FUR!R+ ITS GR[? IS 9CREAS+ FROM DAY TO DAY4 ,! NATIONS >E COM+ 9TO CLOS] T\*1 & >E LE>N+ TO KN[ ONE ANO!R BETT]1 ADMIRE ONE ANO!R1 LOVE ONE ANO!R4 ,9CREAS$ FACILITIES ( COMMUNICATION T5D TO FAVOR ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! COSMOPOLITAN SPIRIT1 & ?IS SPIRIT ( COSMOPOLITANISM WILL UNITE ONE DAY ! MO/ DIV]SE ( RACES 9 A PEACEFUL ,F$]ATION ( DEF9ITE 5TITIES1 SUB/ITUT+ UNIV]SAL ALTRUISM = SELFI% PATRIOTISM4 ,! ,JEWS >E B\ND TO PR(IT BY ?IS DECL9E ( NATIONAL EXCLUSIV5ESS1 9 ?AT IT MU/ CO9CIDE ) ! P>TIAL ELIM9ATION ( !IR [N PECULI> *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! PROGRESS ( 9T]NATIONALISM MU/ BR+ AB\T ! DECAY ( ANTISEMITISM4 ,P>ALLEL ) ! DECL9E ( NATIONAL PREJUDICES ! ,JEWS WILL WITNESS ! ECONOMIC CAUSES ( ANTISEMITISM LOS+ !IR =CE4 ,AT PRES5T ! ,JEWS >E ASSAIL$ AS ! REPRES5TATIVES ( =EIGN WEAL?4 ,IT IS !RE=E JU/ TO SUPPOSE ?AT :5 ! ANIMOSITY AGA9/ ?+S =EIGN %ALL HAVE DISAPPE>$1 ,JEWI% CAPITAL WILL NO LONG] BE AN OBJECT ( ATTACK = ,*RI/IAN CAPITAL4 ,COMPETITION WILL1 ( C\RSE1 P]SI/ 9 SPITE ( ALL ?IS1 & ?OSE ,JEWS :O P]SI/ 9 MA9TA9+ !IR NATIONAL ID5TITY1 WILL ALWAYS REMA9 ! OBJECTS ( AN HO/ILITY BAS$ UPON ?IS COMPETITIVE /RUGGLE4 

,O!R EV5TS1 H[EV]1 & O!R *ANGES MAY BR+ AB\T ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( !SE ECONOMIC CAUSES4 ,9 ! /RUGGLE :I* IS N[ ON BETWE5 ! PROLET>IAT & ! 9DU/RIAL & F9ANCIAL CLASSES1 WE %ALL POSSIBLY SEE ,JEWI% & ,*RI/IAN CAPITALI/S =GETT+ !IR DIFF]5CES TO UNITE AGA9/ A COMMON 5EMY4 ,IF PRES5T SOCIAL CONDITIONS P]SI/1 H[EV]1 SU* A UNION ( ! ,*RI/IAN & ,JEWI% B\RGEOISIE CAN ONLY BR+ AB\T A TEMPOR>Y TRUCE4 ,FROM ! BATTLE :I* MU/ 9EVITABLY BE F\<T \T1 ! 9DICATIONS >E ?AT ,CAPITAL CANNOT COME \T ! VICTOR4 ,F\ND$ UPON EGOISM1 UPON SELFI%NESS1 UPON 9JU/ICE1 UPON LIES1 & UPON !FT1 \R PRES5T SOCIETY IS DOOM$ TO DISAPPE>4 ,H[EV] BRILLIANT IT MAY APPE>1 H[EV] RESPL5D5T1 REF9$1 LUXURI\S1 MAGNIFIC5T1 IT IS /RICK5 ) DEA?4 ,IT HAS BE5 WEI<$ MORALLY & F\ND WANT+4 ,! B\RGEOISIE :I* EX]CISES ALL POLITICAL P[] BECAUSE IT HOLDS CONTROL ( ALL ECONOMIC AG5CIES1 WILL DRAW UPON ITS RES\RCES 9 VA92 9 VA9 WILL IT APPEAL TO ALL ! >MIES ?AT DEF5D IT1 TO ALL ! TRIBUNALS ( JU/ICE ?AT WAT* OV] IT1 TO ALL ! LEGAL CODES ?AT PROTECT IT2 IT WILL NOT BE ABLE TO )/& ! 9FLEXIBLE LAWS :I* DAY BY DAY >E WORK+ T[>DS ! SUB/ITUTION ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY = ! CAPITALI/IC REGIME4 

,EV]Y?+ IS T5D+ TO BR+ AB\T SU* A CONSUMMATION4 ,SU* IS ! IRONY ( ?+S ?AT ANTISEMITISM :I* EV]Y:]E IS ! CRE$ ( ! CONS]VATIVE CLASS1 ( ?OSE :O ACCUSE ! ,JEWS ( HAV+ WORK$ H& 9 H& ) ! ,JACOB9S ( #a<i & ! ,LIB]ALS & ,REVOLUTIONI/S ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ?IS V]Y ANTISEMITISM IS ACT+1 9 FACT1 AS AN ALLY ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 ,DRUMONT 9 ,FRANCE1 ,PATTAI 9 ,HUNG>Y1 ,/OECK] & VON ,BOECKEL 9 ,G]MANY >E CO-OP]AT+ ) ! V]Y DEMAGOGUES & REVOLUTIONI/S :OM !Y BELIEVE !Y >E ATTACK+4 ,?IS ANTISEMITIC MOVEM5T1 9 ITS ORIG9 REACTION>Y1 HAS BECOME TRANS=M$ & IS ACT+ N[ = ! ADVANTAGE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y CAUSE4 ,ANTISEMITISM /IRS UP ! MIDDLE CLASS1 ! SMALL TRADESM51 & SOMETIMES ! PEASANT1 AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% CAPITALI/1 BUT 9 DO+ SO IT G5TLY LEADS !M T[>D ,SOCIALISM1 PREP>ES !M = AN>*Y1 9FUSES 9 !M A HATR$ = ALL CAPITALI/S1 &1 MORE ?AN ?AT1 = CAPITAL 9 ! AB/RACT4 ,& ?US1 UNCONSCI\SLY1 ANTISEMITISM IS WORK+ ITS [N RU91 = IT C>RIES 9 ITSELF ! G]M ( DE/RUCTION4 

,SU*1 !N1 IS ! PROBABLE FATE ( MOD]N ANTISEMITISM4 ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ H[ IT MAY BE TRAC$ BACK TO ! ANCI5T HATR$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWS2 H[ IT P]SI/$ AFT] ! EMANCIPATION ( ! ,JEWS1 H[ IT HAS GR[N & :AT >E ITS MANIFE/ATIONS4 ,9 EV]Y WAY ,I AM L$ TO BELIEVE ?AT IT MU/ ULTIMATELY P]I%1 & ?AT IT WILL P]I% = ! V>I\S REASONS :I* ,I HAVE 9DICAT$1 BECAUSE ! ,JEW IS UND]GO+ A PROCESS ( *ANGE2 BECAUSE RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS >E LIKEWISE *ANG+2 BUT ABOVE ALL1 BECAUSE ANTISEMITISM IS ONE ( ! LA/1 ?\< MO/ LONG LIV$1 MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?AT OLD SPIRIT ( REACTION & N>R[ CONS]VATISM1 :I* IS VA9LY ATTEMPT+ TO >RE/ ! ONW>D MOVEM5T ( ! ,REVOLUTION4 

.<#a.> ,TRACTATUS !OLOGICO-POLITICUS4 

.<#b.> ,:5 ,I SAY 0,MOSES ASSIGN$10 IT IS NOT TO MA9TA9 ?AT ,MOSES HIMSELF ELABORAT$ ALL ! LAWS :I* PASS UND] HIS NAME1 BUT M]ELY BECAUSE HE IS CR$IT$ ) HAV+ REVIS$ !M4 

.<#c.> ,COD4 ,!OD41 BOOK ,I,I1 TITLE ,I,I,I1 8#b4 ,COD4 ,JU/41 BOOK ,I1 TITLE ,I,X1 8#b4 

.<#d.> ,PHILO1 ,LEGAT4 AD ,CAI4 

.<#e.> ,DIG41 BOOK ,I1 TITLE ,I,I,I1 8#c4 7,DECISIONS BY ,SEPTIMIUS ,SEV]US & ,C>ACALLA47 

.<#f.> ,SP9OZA1 ,TRACTATUS !OLOGICO-POLITICUS4 

.<#g.> ,! ,DIBRE ,SOPH]IM4 

.<#h.> ,M>K1 VII1 #b#g4 

.<#i.> ,D]EMB\RG1 ,GEOGRAPHIE DE LA ,PALE/9E4 

.<#a.> ,GRAETZ1 ,HI/OIRE DES ,JUITS1 B4 ,I,I1 P4 #d#f#i4 

.<#a#b.> ,! ,JEWI% ?\<T /ILL HAD A FEW LI<TS 9 ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,BUT ?OSE AMONG ! ,JEWS :O PRODUC$ ANY?+ MO/LY TOOK P>T 9 ! /RUGGLE BETWE5 PHILOSOPHY & RELIGION1 & W]E )\T 9FLU5CE UPON !IR CORELIGIONI/S2 !IR EXI/5CE IS !RE=E NO D5IAL ( ! SPIRIT 9CULCAT$ ON ! MASSES BY ! RABBIS4 ,BESIDES1 ONE MEETS1 ?R\<\T ?AT P]IOD1 NONE BUT UNIMPORTANT COMM5TATORS1 PHYSICIANS & TRANSLATORS2 !RE APPE>S NO GREAT M9D AMONG !M4 ,ONE MU/ GO AS F> AS ,SP9OZA TO F9D A ,JEW TRULY CAPABLE ( HI< IDEAS2 IT IS WELLKN[N H[ ! ,SYNAGOGUE TREAT$ ,SP9OZA4 

.<#a#c.> 0,9SOL5TIA ,JUDAEORUM10 SPOK5 ( BY ,AGOB>D1 ,AMOLON & ! POLEMI/S ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES MEANS NO?+ BUT ! PRIDE ( ! ,JEWS1 :O CONSID] !MSELVES ! *OS5 PEOPLE4 ,?IS EXPRESSION HAS NOT ! S5SE =C$ 9TO IT BY MOD]N ANTISEMITES1 :O1 IT MAY BE NOT$1 >E POOR HI/ORIANS4 

.<#a#d.> ,! ,ROMAN LAWS1 ! ,VISIGO?IC ORD9ANCES & ?OSE ( ! ,C\NCILS WILL PROBABLY BE CIT$2 YET NE>LY ALL !SE MEASURES PROCE$$ PR9CIPALLY FROM ,JEWI% PROSELYTISM4 ,IT WAS NOT UNTIL ! ?IRTE5? C5TURY ?AT ! ,JEWS W]E RADICALLY & (FICIALLY SEP>AT$ FROM ! ,*RI/IANS1 BY <ETTOS1 BY SYMBOLS ( 9FAMY 7! HAT1 ! CAPE1 ETC474 ,SEE ,ULYSSE ,ROB]T1 ,LES ,SIGNES D'9FAMIE AU ,MOY5 ,AGE4 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a47 

.<#a#e.> ,9SCRIPTION ( ,AAHMES1 *IEF ( ! M>9]S1 CIT$ 9 ,L$RA9'S ,HI/OIRE DU PEUPLE D',ISRAEL1 ,I1 P4 #e#c4 

.<#a#f.> ,9 ,FLACCUM4 

.<#a#h.> ,JOSEPHUS1 ,CONTRA ,APIONEM1 BOOK ,I,I1 *4 #f4 

.<#a#i.> ,PHILO1 ,9 ,FLACCUM4 

.<#b.> ,VAL]IUS ,MAXIMUS1 ,I1 #c1 #b4 

.<#b#a.> ,MACCAB4 VIII41 #a#a1 #a#g-#c#b- XII1 #a-#c2 XIV1 #a#f-#a#i1 #b#d4-,JOSEPHUS1 ,ANTIQU4 ,JUD41 XII1 #a#a2 XIII1 #e1 #g1 #i ,MAI2 ,SCRIPT4 VET41 #a#a#a1 P>T #c1 P4 #i#i#h4 

.<#b#b.> ,PRO ,FLACCO4 

.<#b#c.> ,SAT41 ,V4 

.<#b#d.> ,>S AMATORIA1 ,I1 #g#e1 #g#f4 

.<#b#e.> ,FRAGM4 POET4 

.<#b#f.> ,TAC41 ,HI/41 V4 #d1 #e4 

.<#b#g.> ,JUV5AL1 ,SAT41 XIV1 #i#f1 #a#d4 

.<#b#h.> ,HI/4 NAT41 XII1 #d4 

.<#b#i.> ,EPI/LE XV4 

.<#c.> ,DE SUP]/ITIONE1 FRAGM4 XXXVI4 

.<#c#a.> ,SUETONIUS1 ,CLAUD41 #b#e4 

.<#c#b.> ,DEMON/RATIO ,EVANGELICA4 

.<#c#c.> ,TE/IMONIUM ADV]SUS ,JUDAEOS EX ,TET]E ,TE/AM5TO1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,G414 ,X,L,V,I4 

.<#c#d.> ,ORATIO ADV]SUS ,JUDAEOS1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,L4 ,X,L,I,I4 

.<#c#e.> ,DE ,TOBIA1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,L4 ,X,I,V4 

.<#c#f.> ,EP4 ,C,L,I1 ,QUAE/4 #a1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,L4 ,X,X,I,I4 

.<#c#g.> ,EP4 ,C,L,I1 ,QUAE/1 #a1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,G41 ,X,X,X,I,I,I4 

.<#c#h.> ,ADV]SUS ,JUDAEOS1 #a1 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,C41 ,X,L,V,I,I,I4 

.<#c#i.> ,EUSEBIUS1 ,VITA ,CON/ANT9I1 ,I,I,I1 #a#h1 #b4 

.<#d.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS1 #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #a#f4 

.<#d#a.> ,CODEX ,!ODOSIANUS1 #a4 ,X,V,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #c1 #d1 #e4 

.<#d#b.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #f4 

.<#d#c.> ,COD4 ,!OD41 B4 ,X,V,I1 TIT4 VIII1 #e4 

.<#d#d.> ,CODE ,!ODOSI51 #a4 ,X,V,I1 TIT4 ,V,I,I,I1 #b#h4 

.<#d#e.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS1 #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #ag & ,COD4 ,!ODOS41 #a4 ,X,V,I1 TIT4 ,V,I,I,I1 4 #a#d4 

.<#d#f.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS1 #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #a#h4 

.<#d#g.> ,JU/9IANUS1 ,NOVELLAE1 #d#e4 

.<#d#h.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS1 #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #a#e4 

.<#d#i.> ,CODEX ,JU/9IANEUS #a4 ,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #a#c1 & ,COD4 ,!OD41 #a4 ,V,I,I,I1 TIT4 ,I,X1 #h4 

.<#e.> ,HIS C\RSE WAS PROBABLY 9FLU5C$ BY HIS ,M9I/] ,CASSIODORUS1 :O 4 SEEMS TO HAVE HAD SCANT SYMPA?Y = ! ,JEWS-HE *>ACT]IZ$ !M AS SCORPIONS1 WILD ASSES1 DOGS & UNICORNS4 

.<#e#a.> ,LEGES ,VISIGO?1 #a4 ,X,I,I1 TIT4 ,I,I1 #e4 

.<#e#b.> ,LEX ,BURGUNDIONUM1 TIT4 ,X,V1 #a1 #b1 #c4 

.<#e#c.> ,VIE DE ,SA9T ,CESAIRE1 ,MIGNE4 ,PATROLOGIE LAT9E1 T4 ,L,X,V,I,I4 

.<#e#d.> ,SIDONIUS ,APOLL9>IS1 #a4 ,I,I,I1 EP4 ,I,V1 & #a4 ,I,V1 EP4 ,V4 

.<#e#e.> ,FR$EGAIRE 7,*RONIQUE1 ,X,V71 & ,AUMO9 7,*RONIQUA ,MOISSIAC5SIS1 ,X,L,V7 RELATE ?AT1 AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,EMP]OR ,H]ACLIUS1 ,DAGOB]T GAVE TO ! ,JEWS ! *OICE BETWE5 DEA?1 EXILE & BAPTISM4 7,GE/A ,DAGOB]TI1 ,X,X,I,V74 ,! SAME IS REPORT$ ( ! ,VISIGO?IC ,K+ ,SISEBUT 7SEE APP5DIX TO ! ,*RONICLE ( ,BI%OP ,M>IUS1 ,A4,D4 #e#h#h2 ,DOM ,B\QUET1 T4 ,I,I1 P4 #a#i74 ,*ILP]I* =C$ MANY ,JEWS TO BE BAPTIZ$4 7,GREGOIRE DE ,T\RS1 ,H4 ,F41 #a4 ,V,I1 *4 ,X,V,I,I74 ,BI%OP ,AVITUS COMPELL$ ! ,JEWS ( ,CL]MONT TO R5\NCE !IR FAI?1 OR LEAVE ! CITY4 ,GREGOIRE DE ,T\RS1 ,H4 ,F41 #a4 ,V1 *4 ,X,I74 ,O!R BI%OPS RESORT$ TO =CE1 & IT REQUIR$ ! 9T]F]5CE ( ,POPE ,/4 ,GREGORY TO /OP OR AT LEA/ MOD]ATE !IR ZEAL4 0,! ,JEWS MU/ NOT BE BAPTIZ$ BY =CE1 BUT BR\<T OV] BY SWEETNESS10 SAYS HE 9 HIS LETT]S ADDRESS$ TO ,VIRGIL BI%OP ( ,>LES1 TO ,!ODORE1 BI%OP ( ,M>SEILLES1 & TO ,PAS*ASIUS1 BI%OP ( ,NAPLES4 7,REGE/A ,PONTIFICUM ,ROMANORUM1 $4 ,JAFLE1 NOS4 #aaae & #a#h#g#i47 ,BUT ! AU?ORITY ( ! ,POPE WAS NOT ALWAYS EFFECTIVE4 

.<#e#f.> ,DE ,9SOL5TIA ,IUDAEORUM 7,PATROLOGIE ,LAT9E1 T4 ,C,I,V74 

.<#e#g.> ,GE/A ,PHILIPPI ,AUGU/I4 

.<#e#h.> ,= ! POSITION ( ,S\!RN ,JEWS AT ! TIME ( ,PHILIP ! ,FAIR1 CF4 ,SIMEON ,LUCE 7,CATALOG DES DOCUM5TS DU ,TRESOR DES ,*>TES 7,REVUE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 T4 ,I1 #c74 

.<#e#i.> 0,?\ %ALT NOT L5D UPON USURY TO ?Y BRO!R2 USURY ( MONEY1 USURY ( VICTUALS1 USURY ( ANY?+ ?AT IS L5T UPON USURY3 UNTO A /RANG] 7NOKHRI 7 ?\ MAYE/ L5D UPON USURY40 ,DEUT]4 ,X,X,I,I,I1 #a#i-#b4 
,NOKHRI MEANS A TRANSI5T /RANG]2 A RESID5T /RANG] IS G]4 
 0,& IF ?Y BRO!R BE WAX5 POOR1 & FALL5 9 DECAY ) !E2 !N ?\ %ALT RELIEVE HIM3 YEA1 ?\< HE BE A /RANG]1 OR A SOJ\RN]2 ?AT HE MAY LIVE ) !E4 ,TAKE ?\ NO USURY ( HIM OR 9CREASE40 ,LEVIT4 ,X,X,V1 #c#e-#c#f4  
0,LORD1 :O %ALL ABIDE 9 ,?Y TAB]NACLE8444 ,HE ?AT PUTTE? NOT \T HIS MONEY TO USURY40 7,PSALM1 ,X,V1 #a-#e74 0,EV5 TO A NON-,JEW10 ADDS ! ,TALMUDIC COM95T>Y 7,MAKKO?1 ,X,X,I,V74 ,CONSULT ALSO3 ,EXOD4 ,X,X,I,I #b#e2 ,PHILO1 ,DE ,*>ITATE2 ,JOSEPHUS1 ,ANTIQUITATES ,JUDAEORUM1 ,I,V1 *4 ,V,I,I,I2 ,SELD51 ,V,I1 *4 ,I,X4 

.<#f.> ,! ,HEBREW ,SIBYL SPEAKS ( 0! EXECRABLE ?IR/ = GOLD1 ( ! PASSION = SORDID GA9 :I* GOADS ! ,LAT9S ON TO ! CONQUE/ ( ! WORLD40 

.<#f#a.> ,CF4 ,S4 ,MUNK1 ,MELANGES DE PHILOSOPHIE JUIVE ET >ABE4 

.<#f#b.> ,GUIDE DES ,EG>ES 7,TRANSLAT$ BY ,S4 ,MUNK74 

.<#f#c.> ,PET] ! ,V5]ABLE1 ABBOT ( ,CLUNY3 ,TRACTATUS ADV]SUS ,JUDAEORUM 9VET]ATAM DURITIAM 7,BIBL4 DES ,P]ES ,LAT9S1 ,LYONS74 

.<#f#d.> ,TITLE ,X,X,I,V4 

.<#f#e.> ,G5]AL ,/ATUTE ( ,LADISLAS ,JAGELLON4 ,>T4 ,X,I,X4 

.<#f#f.> ,LOC4 CIT4 

.<#f#g.> ,! ,JEWS & !IR ,LIES1 ,WITT5B]G1 #a#e#e#h4 

.<#f#h.> ,! CONF$]ATE %OE4 

.<#f#i.> ,ABRAHAM DE ,BALMES TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,LAT9 ! GREATE/ P>T ( ,AV]ROES'S WRIT+S1 & HIS TRANSLATIONS W]E 9 USE 9 ! ,ITALIAN UNIV]SITIES UNTIL ! 5D ( ! SEV5TEE? C5TURY4 

.<#g.> ,ON ?IS PO9T CONSULT ,DUGUET1 ,REGLES P\R L'9TELLIG5CE DES ,SA9TES ,ECRITURES1 #a#g#b#c4 ,BOSSUET1 ,DISC\RS SUR L',HI/OIRE UNIV]SELLE1 P>T ,I,I4 ,RONDET1 ,DISS]TATION SUR LE RAPPEL DES ,JUIFS1 ,P>IS1 #a#g#g#h4 ,ANONYM\S1 ,LETTRE SUR LE PRO*E RET\R DES ,JUIFS1 ,P>IS1 #a#g#h#i1 ETC4 

.<#g#a.> ,GREGOIRE1 ,HI/OIRE DES SECTES RELIGIEUSES1 T4 ,I,I 7,P>IS1 #a#h#b#e74 

.<#g#b.> ,9 ,RUSSIA1 ,POL& & ,GALICIA !Y >E EXTANT EV5 TO-DAY4 

.<#g#c.> ,CONSULT ,WOLF1 ,BIBLIO!CA ,HEBRAEA1 V4 ,I,I1 P4 #g#i#h4 ,HAMBURG4 

.<#g#e.> ,TRACTATUS ,!OLOGICO-,POLITICUS4 

.<#g#f.> ,CONSULT ! ,SPICILEGIUM BY ,A*]Y1 VOLS4 ,X & ,X,V4 

.<#g#g.> ,ISIDORE ( ,SEVILLE1 ,DE ,FIDE ,CA?OLICA EX VET]E ET NOVO ,TE/AM5TO CONTRA ,JUDAEOS 7,OP]A1 VOL4 ,V,I,I74 ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,L41 LXXXIII4 

.<#g#i.> ,CONTRA ,JUDAEOS14 ,LIB4 ,V,I4 

.<#h.> ,MIGNE1 ,P4 ,L41 ,*4 ,C,L,I,X4 

.<#h#a.> ,LIB] CONTRA P]FIDIA ,JUDAEORUM1 ,OP]A1 ,P>IS1 #a#e#a#i4 

.<#h#b.> ,AUGU/9 ,GIU/9IANI1 ,L+UAE ,HEBREAE 7#a#e#f#f74 

.<#h#d.> ,VICTORIA ADV]SUS IMPIOS ,HEBREOS ET SACRIS LITT]IS 7,P>IS1 #a#f#b#i74 ,WOLF1 ,BIBL4 ,HEBR4 V4 ,I1 P4 #a#a#b#d4 

.<#h#e.> ,CONSULT ,FABRICIUS1 ,BIBLIO!CA ,LAT9A1 ON ,PET] ( ,B>CELONA 7,PETRUS ,B>C9ON5SIS74 

.<#h#f.> ,DE ,>CANIS CA?OLICAE V]ITATIS LIBRIS 7,SONC9O1 #a#e#a#h74 

.<#h#g.> ,?R\<\T ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES !Y BELIEV$ 9 ?IS F\RFOLD MEAN+ ( ! ,SCRIPTURES1 & ! FOLL[+ DI/I* EXPRESS$ ITS IMPORT3  
,LITT]A GE/A DOCET1 QUID CR$AS1 ALLEGORIA2 
,MORALIS1 QUID AGAS QUO T5DAS ANAGOGIA4 

.<#h#h.> ,= ! ANTISEMITIC LIT]ATURE ( ! ,JEWI% APO/ATES CONSULT ,WOLF1 ,BIBL4 ,HEBR41 V4 ,I4 

.<#h#i.> ,CF4 ,WOLF1 ,BIBL4 ,HEBR41 ,I1 P4 #a#d2 & ,JOSEPH ,RODRIGUEZ DE ,CA/RO1 ,BIBLIO!CA ESPANOLA 7,MADRID1 #a#g#h#a71 VOL4 ,I1 P4 #b#c#e4 

.<#i.> ,TRACTATUS ,ZELUS *RI/I CONTRA ,JUDAEOS1 ,S>AC5OS ET 9FIDELES 7,V5ICE1 #a#e#d#b7 4 

.<#i#a.> ,HO/IS ,JUDAEORUM 7,COLOGNE1 #a#e#i74 

.<#i#b.> ,HEBREOMA/YX 7,FRANK=T1 #a#f#a74 

.<#i#c.> ,JUDA ,HALLEVY1 ,LIB] ,COSRI4 ,TRANSLAT$ BY ,JOHN ,BUXTORF1 ,JR41 #aff - A ,G]MAN TRANSLATION ) AN 9TRODUCTION WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,H4 ,JOL[ICZ & ,D4 ,CASSEL1 ,DAS ,BU* ,KUZ>I1 #a#h#d#a1 #a#h#e#c4 

.<#i#d.> ,DE ,9SOL5TIA ,JUDAEORUM 7,PATROLOGIE LAT9E V4 ,C,I,V74 

.<#i#e.> ,EPI/OLA SEU LIB] CONTRA ,JUDAEOS 7,PATROLOGIE LAT9E1 V4 ,C,X,V,I74 

.<#i#f.> ,GE/A ,PHILIPPI ,AUGU/I1 #a#b-#a#f4 

.<#i#g.> ,TRACTATUS ADV]SUS ,JUDAEORUM 9VET]ATAM DURITIAM 7,BIBLIO!QUE DES ,P]ES LAT9S4 ,LYONS74 

.<#i#h.> ,LES ,JORS CANICULAIRES 7,DI]UM CANICUL>IUM7 TRANSLAT$ BY ,F4 DE ,ROSSET 7,P>IS1 #a#f#a#b74 

.<#i#i.> ,AGOB>D1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a.> ,AMOLON1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#a.> ,PI]RE DE ,CLUNY1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#b.> ,AGOB>D1 LOC4 CIT4 - ,RIGORD1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#c.> ,S4 ,MAIOL1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#d.> ,! ,JEWS & !IR LIES 7,WITTEMB]G1 #a#e#e#h74 

.<#a#e.> ,=TALITIUM ,FIDEI 7,NUREMB]G1 #a#d#i#d74 ,WOLF1 ,BIBL4 ,HEBR41 V4 ,I1 P4 #a#a#a#f4 

.<#a#f.> ,L'LNCR$ULITE ET MECREANCE DU SORTILEGE PLE9EM5T CONVA9CUE 7#a#f#b#b74 

.<#a#g.> ,C5T9ELA CONTRA ,JUDIOS 7,CF4 ,LOEB1 ,REVUE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 V4 ,V74 

.<#a#h.> ,BIBLIO!QUE ,NATIONALE1 ,SPANI% SECTION1 ,MS4 ,NO4 #cef 7,LOEB1 ,REVUE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 V4 ,X,V,I,I,I74 

.<#a#i.> ,C5T9ELA CONTRA ,JUDIOS4 

.<#a#a.> ,PI]RE DE ,LANCRE1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#a#a.> ,LAVOCAT1 ,PROCES DES ,FR]ES DE L'ORDRE DU ,TEMPLE1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#h4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,LAVOCAT1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#a#c.> ,LOEB1 ,REVUE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 V4 ,X,V,I,I,I4 

.<#a#a#d.> ,%EM-,TOB B5 ,ISAAC ,%APRUT1 ,! ,T\*/ONE 7,LOEB1 LOC4 CIT474 

.<#a#a#e.> ,WAG5SEIL 9 HIS ,TELA IGNEA ,SATANAE 7,ALTDORF1 #a#f#h#a71 REPRODUCES ALL !SE TREATISES 9 PR9T4 

.<#a#a#f.> ,ZADOC ,KAHN1 ,! ,BOOK ( ,JOSEPH ! ,ZEALOT 7,REVUE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 VOLS4 ,I & ,I,I,I74 

.<#a#a#g.> ,= ! ,TOLDOT ,JE%O1 CF4 ,TELA IGNEA ,SATANAE1 ,WAG5SEIL1 V4 ,I,I1 P4 #a#h#i1 & ,B4 DE ,ROSSI1 ,BIBLO!CA ,JUDAICA ANTI*RI/IANA 7,P>MA1 #a#h71 P4 #a#a#g4 

.<#a#a#h.> ,WAG5SEIL1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#a#i.> ,MAGNA ,BIBLO?ICA ,RABB9ICA 7,ROME1 #a#f#i#c-#i#e74 

.<#a#b.> ,SOLOMON B5 ,ADRET1 ( ,B>CELONA1 REFUT$ ! ,PUGIO ,FIDEI4 

.<#a#b#a.> ,*AYIM IBN ,MUSA REFUT$ ,NI*OLAS DE ,LYRA 9 HIS ,%IELD & ,SWORD 7,GRAETZ1 LOC4 CIT47 

.<#a#b#b.> ,LETT] ( ,COMBAT 7,GRAETZ1 LOC4 CIT41 & ,ROSSI1 ,BIBLO?4 ANTI*RI/1 P4 #a74 

.<#a#b#c.> ,DIALOGUE AGA9/ ! ,APO/ATES 7,LOEB1 LOC4 CIT47 

.<#a#b#d.> ,ALTECA ,BOTECA 7,LOEB1 LOC4 CIT47 - ,DE ,ROSSI1 ,DIZION>IO ,/ORICO DEGLI AUTORI ,EBREI 7,P>MA1 #a#h#b71 P4 #h#i4 

.<#a#b#e.> ,DISPUTATIONES ,SELECTAE 7,UTRE*T1 #a#f#f#c74 

.<#a#b#f.> ,!OLOGIA ,JUDAEORUM 7#a#f#d#g74 

.<#a#b#g.> ,B5A*RI*TUNG WEG5 E9IG] DIE ,JUD5S*AFT 5GEH5D5 ,SA*5 7,ALTDORF1 #a#g#i74 

.<#a#b#h.> ,DICTIONN1 *ALDEO-TALMADICO-RABB9IQUE 7,BASILIAE1 #a#f#c#i7 & ,SYNAGOGUA ,JUDAICA 7,HANAU1 #a#f#d74 

.<#a#b#i.> ,PEAN DE LA ,CR\LL>DI]E1 ,ME?ODE FACILE P\R CONVA9CRE LES H]ETIQUES 7,P>IS1 #a#f#f#g71 :I* CONTA9S A 0ME?OD ( ASSAIL+ & CONV]T+ ! ,JEWS02 ,?OMAS ,BELL1 ,HAD]1 ,DOTTR9A FACILE E BREVE P] R$UIRE L',HEBREO AL CONOSCIM5TO DEL V]O ,MESSIA E ,SALVATOR DEL ,MONDO 7,V5ETIA #a#f#h74 

.<#a#c.> ,CONRAD ,OTTON1 ,GALI ,RAZIA 7,SECRETS UNVEIL$71 7,NUR5B]G1 #a#f#e74 

.<#a#c#a.> ,JUDAISM ,UNVEIL$ 7,FRANK=T1 #a#g74 

.<#a#c#b.> ,COMP5DIUM ,HI/ORIAE ,JUDAICAE 7,FRANK=T1 #a#g7 & ,JUDAEAS ,*RI/ICIDA GRAVISSIME PECCANS ET VAPULANS 7#a#g74 

.<#a#c#c.> ,REVUE DES ,ETUDES JUIVES1 V4 ,V1 P4 #e#g4 

.<#a#c#d.> ,LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#c#e.> ,A ,CASE ( ,CONSCI5CE 7,LONDON #a#f#e#e74 

.<#a#c#f.> ,M5TION MU/ BE MADE ?AT1 AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE AGES1 ! ,ALSATIAN ,JEWS W]E ! 0DUMMIES0 & 9T]M$I>IES ( ! ,*RI/IAN USUR]S 7,CF4 ,HALPH51 ,RECUEIL DES LOIS ET DECRETS CONC]NANT LES ,ISRAELITES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#e#a71 & ! ,PETITION DES ,JUIFS ETABLIS 5 ,FRANCE ADDRESSEE A L',ASSEMBLEE NATIONALE LE #bh JANVI] #a#g#i74 

.<#a#c#g.> ,ON ! ,ALSATIAN ,JEWS BE=E & AFT] ! ,REVOLUTION1 CONSULT3 ,GREGOIRE1 ,ESSAI SUR LA ,REG5]ATION DES ,JUIFS2 ,DOHM1 ,DE LA ,RE=ME POLITIQUE DES ,JUIFS2 ,PAUL ,FAU*ILLE1 ,LA ,QUE/ION ,JUIVE 5 ,FRANCE ,S\S LE PREMI] ,EMPIRE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#d74 

.<#a#c#h.> ,HALPH51 ,RECUEIL DES LOIS ET DECRETS4 

.<#a#c#i.> ,HALPH51 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#d.> ,AT ?IS MOM5T ! ,JEWS 5T]$ SUIT AGA9/ ! CITY ( ,FRANK=T TO CONTE/ ! LEGALITY ( ! CITY'S DECISIONS4 ,?IS SUIT WAS ! OCCASION ( VIOL5T ANTI-,JEWI% POLEMICS4 

.<#a#d#a.> ,! CON/ITUTION ( ,M>* #d1 #a#h#d#i1 PROCLAIM$ ! EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW4 ,BUT AS ?IS CON/ITUTION WAS ABOLI%$ 9 #a#h#e#a1 AN ORD9ANCE ( ,JULY #b#i1 #a#h#e#c1 RE/OR$ ! OLD LEGISLATION AGA9/ ! ,JEWS4 ,SUCCESSIVE ,AM5DM5TS W]E ADD$ TO IT1 & ! ,CON/ITUTION ( #ahfg F9ALLY RE/OR$ EQUALITY BE=E ! LAW & LIB]AT$ ! ,JEWS4  
,9 ,HUNG>Y ! LAW EMANCIPAT+ ! ,JEWS WAS ALSO VOT$ 9 #ahfg BY ! ,*AMB] ( ,DEPUTIES1 ON MOTION BY ! ,GOV]NM5T4 7,CF4 ,WOLF1 ,GES*I*TE D] ,JUD5 9 ,WI51 ,VI5NA1 #a#h#g#f2 ,KAIM1 ,E9 ,JAHRHUND]T D] ,JUD5EMANCIPATION4 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#f#i47 

.<#a#d#b.> ,! ,G]MAN ,CON/ITU5T ,ASSEMBLY VOT$ ! EQUALITY ( ALL CITIZ5S BE=E ! LAW1 ON ,MAY #b1 #a#h#d#h4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T ( ,FRANK=T DID LIKEWISE1 & ! PR9CIPLE ( ?IS EQUALITY WAS 9CORPORAT$ 9 ! ,G]MAN CON/ITUTION ( #a#h#d#i4 ,AT ANY RATE MANY ,/ATES RETA9$ ! RE/RICTIONS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS TILL ! TIME ( ! ,LAW ( ! ,NOR!RN ,F$]ATION ( ,JULY #c1 #a#h#f#i1 :I* ABOLI%$ ALL ! 0RE/RICTIONS ( CIVIL & POLITICAL RI<TS ?AT /ILL EXI/$ & W]E BAS$ ON DIFF]5CE 9 RELIGION40 7,CF4 ,KAIM1 LOC4 CIT4 & ,ALLEGEME9E ,ZEITUNG DES ,JUD5?UMS = ! YE>S #a#h#c#g1 #a#h#d#i1 #a#h#e#f1 #a#h#f#g1 #a#h#f#i74 ,AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN W>1 ?IS WAY WAS =C$ UPON ?OSE ,/ATES LIKE ,BAV>IA1 E4G41 :I* HAD NOT ADOPT$ IT BE=E ! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,EMPIRE4 

.<#a#d#c.> ,DESJ>D9S1 ,LES ,JUIFS DE ,MOLDAVIE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#f#g74 - ,ISIDORE ,LOEB1 ,LA ,SITUATION DES ,ISRAELITES 5 ,TURQUIE1 5 ,S]BIE ET 5 ,R\MANIE 7,P>IS #a#h#g#g74 

.<#a#d#d.> ,N4 DE ,GRADOVSKI1 ,LA ,SITUATION LEGALE DES ,ISRAELITES 5 ,RUSSIE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a74 - ,TIKHOMIROV1 ,LA ,RUSSIE POLITIQUE ET SOCIALE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#h74 - ,LES ,JUIFS DE ,RUSSIE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a74 - ,PR9CE ,DEMID(F-,SAN-,DONATO1 ,LA QUE/ION JUIVE 5 ,RUSSIE 7,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#h#d74 - ,ANATOLE ,L]OY-,BEAULIEU1 ,L',EMPIRE DES ,CZ>S ET LES ,RUSSES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#a-#h#b-#h#i74 .<,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 ,LONDON & ,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#i#d.>4 - ,WEB] ET ,KEMP/]1 ,LA ,SITUATION DES ,JUIFS 5 ,RUSSIE 7,RESUME ( A REPORT TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,GOV]NM5T BY ITS DELEGATES74 - ,LEO ,]R]A1 ,LES ,JUIFS RUSSES 7,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#i#c74 - ,H>OLD ,FR$]IC1 ,! ,NEW ,EXODUS 7#a#h#i#b74 

.<#a#d#e.> ,! CONDITION ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,RUSSIA1 COMP>$ ) ?AT ( ! NATIVE PEOPLE1 IS ABSOLUTELY ! SAME AS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN PEASANT & ! WORK+MAN >E PRETTY NE>LY AS WRET*$ AS ! ,JEW4 ,!Y1 TOO1 >E SUBJECT$ TO ANNOYANCES & >BITR>Y RULE1 BUT !Y >E NOT P]SECUT$1 & HAVE1 TO A C]TA9 DEGREE ! RI<T ( MIGRAT+4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,TIKHOMIROV1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#d#g.> ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,DU ,SY/EME 9DU/RIEL 7,P>IS1 #a#h#b#a74 

.<#a#d#h.> ,SA9T-,SIMON1 ,CATE*ISME DES ,9DU/RIELS1 #a] ,CAHI] 7,P>IS1 #a#h#b#c74 

.<#a#d#i.> ,! ANXIETY = ! FUTURE ROLE ( ! ,JEWS IS EXPRESS$ 9 A /RIK+ BOOK BY ,LEON ,BLOY1 ,LE ,SALUT P> LES ,JUITS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#b74 ,9 ! VOLUME ( DOCUM5TS & NOTES WRITT5 AS A SEQUEL TO ,DOM ,DES*AMPS' WORK ON ,SECRET ,SOCIETIES1 ,CLAUDIO ,JANNET EXPRESSES ! OP9ION ?AT ! ,JEWS >E UND\BT$LY DE/9$ TO LEAD ! WORLD BACK TO ,GOD4 ,?IS IS EXACTLY ! ANCI5T !OLOGICAL BELIEF4 

.<#a#e.> ,5G4 TRANSLATION4 ,A4 ,ROHL+1 ,LE ,JUIF SELON LE ,TALMUD 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#h74 ,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN4 

.<#a#e#a.> ,L\IS ,BLANC1 ,HI/OIRE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ,FRANCAISE1 VOL4 ,I,I1 P4 #g#d4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,RE*]*ES HI/ORIQUES ET POLITIQUES QUI PR\V5T L'EXI/5CE D'UNE SECTE REVOLUTIONNAIRE1 SON ANTIQUE ORIG9E1 SON ORGANIZATION1 SES MOY5S A9SI QUE SON BUT2 ET DEVOIL5T 5TI]EM5T L'UNIQUE CAUSE DE LA ,REVOLUTION ,FRANCAISE1 P> LE ,*EVALI] DE ,MALET1 ,P>IS1 ,GIDE FILS1 LIBRAIRE1 #a#h#a#g4 

.<#a#e#c.> ,B>RUEL1 ,MEMOIRES SUR LE ,JACOB9ISME 7#a#g#i#g-#a#h#a#c74 ,FA!R ,B>RUEL WAS ! FIR/ TO EXP\ND !SE IDEAS1 & ?OSE :O FOLL[$ HIM HAVE1 PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ONLY IMITAT$ OR CONT9U$ HIS WORK4 

.<#a#e#d.> ,ECK]T1 ,LA ,FRANC-,MACONN]IE DANS SA V]ITABLE SIGNIFICATION 7,LIEGE1 #a#h#e#d74 - ,LA ,FRANC-,MACONN]IE 5 ELLE-MEME 7,LIEGE1 #a#h#e#i74 

.<#a#e#e.> ,DOM ,DES*AMPS1 ,LES ,SOCIETES ,SECRETES ET LA ,SOCIETE1 ) AN 9TRODUCTION1 NOTES & DOCUM5TS BY ,CLAUDIO ,JANNET4 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#c4 

.<#a#e#f.> ,CRET9EAU ,JOLY1 ,L',EGLISE ROMA9E AVANT LA ,REVOLUTION4 ,P>IS #a#h#f#c4 

.<#a#e#g.> ,ON ! ,HEBREW TRADITIONS 9 ,FREE-,MASONRY1 & ON ! PO9TS ( SIMIL>ITY BETWE5 ! ,FREE-,MASONS & ! ANCI5T ,ESS5IANS1 CF4 ,CLAVEL1 ,HI/OIRE PITTORESQUE DE LA ,FRANC-,MACONN]IE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#d#c72 ,KAUFFMANN ET ,*]P91 ,HI/OIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE DE LA ,FRANC-,MACONN]IE 7,LYONS1 #a#h#e#f7 & AN >TITLE BY ,MOISE ,S*WAB ON ! ,JEWS & ! ,FREE-,MASONS1 PUBLI%$ 9 ! ,ANNUAIRE DES ,>*IVES ISRAELITES P\R L'AN #efe 7#a#h#h#i-#a#h#i74 ,CONSULT ALSO ! V>I\S WORKS ( ,J4 ,M4 ,RAGON ON ,FREE-,MASONRY 7,P>IS1 ,D5TU74 

.<#a#e#h.> ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAUX1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#a#e#i.> ,RUP]T1 ,L',EGLISE ET LA ,SYNAGOGUE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#e#i74 

.<#a#f.> ,DE ,SA9T-,&RE1 ,FRANCS-,MACONS ET ,JUIFS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h74 

.<#a#f#a.> ,A ,*ABEAUTY1 ,LES ,JUIFS NOS ,MAITRES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#c74 

.<#a#f#b.> ,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT 9 HIS ,FRANCE ,JUIVE 7,I MEAN 9 ITS FIR/ *APT]S7 ,DRUMONT DOES NOT QUOTE ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAU OR ,B>RUEL EV5 ONCE2 HE QUOTES1 9 PASS+1 ,DOM ,DES*AMPS ?REE TIMES & ,CRET9EAU DE ,JOLY'S ,V5DEE ,MILITAIRE ONCE1 & YET HE LAID !SE WRIT]S UND] HEAVY CONTRIBUTION4 ,UNLESS HIS 0HI/ORICAL DOCUM5TS0 HAD BE5 FURNI%$ TO HIM BY ! DISCIPLES ( ?OSE ,I HAVE JU/ M5TION$ - ?AT IS QUITE POSSIBLE4 ,LET IT BE UND]/OOD H]E1 ?AT ?IS REF]S TO ,DRUMONT AS HI/ORIAN & NOT AS POLEMI/4 

.<#a#f#c.> ,F\RI]1 ,LE ,N\VEAU ,MONDE 9DU/RIAL ET SOCIETAIRE 7,P>IS1 LIBRAIRE SOCIETAIRE1 #a#h#d#h74 

.<#a#f#d.> ,9 ,K>L ,M>X 7,ANNALES FRANCO-ALLEM&ES1 #a#h#d#d1 P4 #b#a#a7 & 9 ,LASSALLE1 ! SAME E/IMATES ( ! P>ASITE ,JEW MAY BE F\ND AS 9 ,F\RI] & ,PR\DHON 4 

.<#a#f#e.> ,T\SS5EL1 ,LES ,JUITS ROIS DE L',EPOQUE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#d#g74 ,T\SS5EL FOLL[$ UP ?IS BOOK ) A VIOL5T CAMPAIGN 9 ! NEWSPAP]1 ,LA ,DEMOCRATIE PACIFIQUE4 ,H[EV]1 ! ANTISEMITIC MOVEM5T WAS QUITE VIOL5T1 UND] ! ,JULY MON>*Y1 & NUM]\S PAMPHLETS W]E PUBLI%$ AGA9/ ! ,JEWI% F9ANCI]S4 

.<#a#f#f.> ,CAPEFIGUE1 ,HI/OIRE DES GR&ES OP]ATIONS F9ANCI]ES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#e#e74 

.<#a#f#g.> ,OTTO ,GLAGAU1 ,D] ,BO]S5 UND ,GRUND]GES*W9DEL 9 ,B]L9 7,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#g#f74 ,LES BESO9S DE L',EMPIRE ET LE N\VEAU ,KULTURKAMPF 7,OSNABRUCK1 #a#h#g#i74 

.<#a#f#h.> ,DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE ,R5AN HAD GIV5 UP HIS !ORY ( RACES1 !IR 9EQUALITY & !IR MUTUAL SUP]IORITY OR 9F]IORITY4 ,!SE !ORIES WILL BE F\ND SET =? QUITE CLE>LY & LUCIDLY 9 ,GOB9EAU'S 9 MANY WAYS REM>KABLE BOOK1 ,L'9EGALITE DES RACES 7,P>IS1 ,FIRM9 ,DIDOT1 #a#h#h#d74 

.<#a#f#i.> ,H4 VON ,TREITS*KE1 ,E9 ,WORT UB] UNS] ,JUD5?UM 7,A ,WORD AB\T ,\R ,JEWS74 ,B]L91 #a#h#h#h4 

.<#a#g.> ,DRUMONT IS ! TYPE ( ! ASSIMILATOR ANTISEMITE :O HAS FL\RI%$ 9 ,FRANCE !SE LA/ YE>S1 & :O HAS OV]RUN ,G]MANY4 ,A TAL5T$ POLEMI/1 VIGOR\S J\RNALI/ & SPRI<TLY SATIRI/1 ,DRUMONT IS A HI/ORIAN ( POOR DOCUM5T>Y EVID5CE1 A M$IOCRE SOCIOLOGI/ & ESPECIALLY PHILOSOPH]1 & CAN UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES BE COMP>$ ) M5 ( ,H4 VON ,TREITS*KE'S1 ,ADOLPH ,WAGN]'S & ,EUG5 ,DUHR+'S /&+4 ,YET1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ANTISEMITISM 9 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY EV5 HE HAS PLAY$ A CONSID]ABLE ROLE1 & HE HAS EX]CIS$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE AS A PROPAG&I/4 

.<#a#g#a.> ,W4 ,M>R1 ,D] ,SIEG DES ,JUD5?UMS UB] DAS ,G]MAN?UM 7,B]NE1 #a#h#g#i74 ,9 ! ,J\RNAL DES ,DEBATS ( ,NOV4 #e1 #a#h#g#i1 ,B\RDEAU DEVOT$ AN ESSAY TO ?IS PAMPHLET4 

.<#a#g#b.> 0,A ,GOD LIKE ?AT ,JEHOVAH10 SAYS ,S*OP5HAU]1 0:O1 AS ANIMI CAUSA1 = ITS [N PLEASURE & FROM ! JOY ( HE>T PRODUCES ?IS WORLD ( MIS]Y & LAM5TATIONS1 & :O EV5 GLORIES 9 IT - ?IS IS TOO MU*4 ,LET US !N1 AT ?IS PO9T1 CONSID] ! RELIGION ( ! ,JEWS AS ! LA/ AMONG ! RELIGI\S DOCTR9ES ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 & ?IS WILL BE 9 P]FECT ACCORD ) ! FACT ?AT IT IS ! ONLY ONE ?AT HAS ABSOLUTELY NOT A TRACE ( IMMORTALITY40 7,P>]GA UND ,P>ALIPOM5A1 V4 ,I,I1 *4 ,X,I,I1 P4 #c#a#b1 ,LEIPZIG #a#h#g#d74 

.<#a#g#c.> ,WE %ALL RETURN TO ?IS QUE/ION 9 \R ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS1 :5 SPEAK+ ( ! ROLE ( ! ,JEWS 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 - ,CF4 ,HEGEL1 ,PHILOSOPHIE DES ,RE*TS2 ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 ,ZWEI ,JAHRE 9 ,P>IS2 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ,DIE ,JUD5FRAGE2 ,L4 ,FEU]BA*1 ,DAS ,WES5 DES ,*RI/5?UMS4 

.<#a#g#d.> ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM4 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#h#b1 PP4 #b#b1 #b#e1 #c#a1 #f#i4 

.<#a#g#e.> ,P>TICUL>LY 9 ,! ,P>TIES & ! ,JEWI% ,QUE/ION1 ,DIE ,JUD5FRAGE ALS ,FRAGE D] ,RAC5S*A$LI*KEIT4 

.<#a#g#f.> ,FRI]I* ,NIETZ*E1 ,HUMAN1 ALL TOO ,HUMAN 7#a#h#g#i71 ,BEYOND ,GOOD & ,EVIL2 ,! ,G5EAOLOGY ( ,MORALITY 7#a#h#h#g74 

.<#a#g#g.> ,GU/AVE ,TRIDON1 ,DU ,MOLO*ISME JUIF1 7,BRUXELLES1 #a#h#h#d74 

.<#a#g#h.> ,A4 ,REGN>D1 ,>Y5S ET ,SEMITES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i74 

.<#a#g#i.> ,ULOTRI*I & ,LEIOTRI*I4 

.<#a#h.> ,BRA*YCEPHALS & ,DOLI*OCEPHALS4 

.<#a#h#a.> ,L4 ,GUMPL[ICZ1 ,LA ,LUTTE DES RACES 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c74 

.<#a#h#b.> ,?IS !ORY1 :I* HAS ! IMM5SE ADVANTAGE ( NOT RE/+ ON ANY F\NDATION1 SPRANG UP 9 ,G]MANY & PASS$ FROM !RE 9TO ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM4 ,DE ,BIEZ & ,$MOND ,PIC>D HAVE 9 TURN UPHELD IT1 BUT !Y DID NOT BR+ ANY EV5 ILLUSORY PRO( 9 SUPPORT ( !IR ASS]TIONS4 7,CF4 ,ANTISEMIT5 - ,SPIEGEL1 PP4 #a#c#b1 ET SEQ1 ,DANZIG1 #a#h#i#b74 

.<#a#h#c.> ,SA9T-,PRI\X1 ,HI/OIRE DE ,BRA9E4 

.<#a#h#d.> ,! ,JEWS ( ,TORTOSA CONV]T$ 9 ?\S&S AFT] ! CONF]5CE OP5$ AT ! 9/IGATION ( ,J]OME DE ,SANTA ,FE4 

.<#a#h#e.> ,C5T9ELA CONTRA ,JUDIOS4 

.<#a#h#f.> ,FRANCISCO ,M5DOZA Y ,BOVADILLA1 ,EL ,TIZON DE LA ,NOBLEZA ,ESPANOLA1 O MACULAS Y SAMB5ITOS DE SUS ,L9AJES 7,B>CELONA1 #a#h#h2 ,BIBLIO!CA DE OBRAS R>AS74 - ,CF4 ALSO ,LLOR5TE1 ,HI/OIRE DE L',9QUISITION 7,P>IS1 #a#h#a#g74 

.<#a#h#g.> ,]NE/ ,R5AN1 ,HI/OIRE DU PEUPLE D'LSRAEL1 V4 ,I4 

.<#a#h#h.> ,MAIMONIDES1 ,YAD ,HAZAKA 7! P[]FUL H&71 ,P>T ,I1 *AP4 #a1 8#d4 

.<#a#h#i.> ,MAT?4 XXIII4 

.<#a#i.> ,TALMUD ,BABLI1 ,PESA*IM1 F4 #h#g4 

.<#a#i#a.> ,HORACE1 ,SAT4 ,I,V1 #a#d#c4 - ,JOSEPHUS1 ,BELL4 ,JUD41 VII1 ,I,I,I41 #c4 - ,DIO ,CASSIUS1 XXXVII1 XVII1 ETC41 ETC4 

.<#a#i#b.> ,CF4 *4 ,I,I2 *4 ,I,I,I & *4 ,I,V4 

.<#a#i#c.> ,BIELSKI1 ,*RONICON R]UM ,POLONIC>UM4 

.<#a#i#d.> ,VIVI5 DE ,SA9T-,M>T91 ,LES ,KHAZ>S 7,P>IS1 #a#h#e#a74 - ,C4 ,C4 D',OHSSON1 ,LES ,PEUPLES DU ,CAUCASE1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#b#h4 - ,REVUE DES ,ETUDES JUIVES1 V4 ,X,X1 P4 #a#d#d4 

.<#a#i#e.> ,BASNAGE1 ,HI/OIRE DES ,JUIFS1 V4 ,I,X1 P4 #b#d#f2 & ,WAG5SEIL1 ,EX]CITATIONES4 

.<#a#i#f.> ,AMONG ! ,*E*5S 9HABIT+ ! ,EA/ & ,NOR?WE/ ( ! ,CAUCASUS1 AS WELL AS AMONG ! ,&IS ( ,DA<E/AN1 ! ,JEWI% TYPE IS V]Y WIDESPREAD4 ,! ,TATS ( ! ,CASPIAN ,SEA >E CONSID]$ TO BE ,JEWS1 & !RE >E MANY ,JEWS AMONG ! ,TAT> TRIBES1 AS ! ,KUMIKS1 = 9/ANCE4 7,CF4 ,ECK]T1 ,D] ,KAUKASUS UND SE9E ,VOLK]1 ,LEIPZIG1 #a#h#h#g74 

.<#a#i#g.> ,= ! DOLI*OCEPHAL\S ,JEWS ( ,AFRICA & ,ITALY1 CF4 ! WORKS ( ,PRUN]-,BEY 7,MEMOIRE DE LA ,SOCIETE D'AN?ROPOLOGIE1 ,I,I1 P4 #dcb & ,I,I,I1 P4 #h#b7 & ,LOMBROSO4 - ,= ! BRA*YCEPHAL\S ,JEWS CF4 ,COP]NICKI & ,MAY]1 ,PHYSICAL ,*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ,POPULATION ( ,GALICIA1 ,CRAC[1 #ahgf 79 ,POLI%74 

.<#a#i#h.> ,M>DO*EE ,ABY ,S]\R1 ,LES ,DAGGAT\NS1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h4 

.<#a#i#i.> ,ON ! ,FELLAHS CF4 ,ABBADIE1 ,N\VELLES ANNALES DES ,VOYAGES1 #a#h#d#e1 ,I,I,I1 P4 #h#d1 & ,PH4 ,LUZZATO1 ,>*IVES ISRAELITES1 #a#h#e#a-#a#h#e#d4 

.<#b.> ,ELIE ,S*W>TZ1 ,GOD'S ,NATION 9 ,*9A1 ,/RASSBURG1 #a#h#h4 - ,ABBE ,SIONNET1 ,ESSAI SUR LES ,JUIFS DE LA ,*9E1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#c#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,A4 ,FRANCK1 LECTURE ON 0,RELIGION & ,SCI5CE 9 ,JUDAISM10 9 ,ANNUAIRE DC LA ,SOCIETE DES ,ETUDES ,JUIVES1 #bND YE>4 

.<#b#b.> ,*APT4 ,V,I,I4 

.<#b#c.> ,CF4 ,MUNK1 ,DE LA ,POESIE HEBRAIQUE APRES LA ,BIBLE1 9 0,LE ,TEMPS0 ( ,JAN4 #a#i1 #a#h#c#e1 & ! WORKS ( ,ZUNZ1 ,RAPPOPORT & ,ABRAHAM ,GEIG]4 ,CF4 ALSO ,AMADOR DE LOS ,RIOS1 ,HI/OIRE DES ,JUIFS D',ESPAGNE 7#a#h#g#e74 

.<#b#d.> ,I LEAVE AP>T ! ,POLI% ,JEWS ( ,G]MANY4 

.<#b#e.> ,LAVELEYE1 ,LE ,G\V]NEM5T DANS LA ,DEMOCRATIE1 V4 ,I1 P4 #ec 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a7 

.<#b#f.> ,J4 ,NOVIC[1 ,LES LUTTES 5TRE SOCIETES HUMA9ES1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c4 

.<#b#g.> ,*4 IX4 

.<#b#h.> ,LEVITICUS1 XIX1 XXV2 

.<#b#i.> ,EXODUS1 XXII2 ,NUMB]S1 XXV4 

.<#b#a.> ,LEVIT41 XIX1 #c#f4 

.<#b#a#a.> ,LEVIT41 XIX1 #a#e4 

.<#b#a#b.> ,AMOS1 V1 #b#d4 

.<#b#a#c.> ,J]EMIAH1 IX1 #b#d4 

.<#b#a#d.> ,J]EMIAH1 XXII1 #a#e-#a#f4 

.<#b#a#e.> ,AMOS1 VIII1 #d4 

.<#b#a#f.> ,PSALMS1 XXVI1 #a2 LXXXII1 #b-#c2 LVIII1 #b2 XXII2 XLVIII2 LXIX2 CII1 #a1 #b2 CVII1 ETC4 

.<#b#a#g.> ,MAT?41 V1 #f4 

.<#b#a#h.> ,M>K1 X1 #b#e4 

.<#b#a#i.> ,SP9OZA1 ,LETT]S1 XXXIV4 

.<#b#b.> ,M5DELSSOHN1 ,J]USALEM4 

.<#b#b#a.> ,MUNK1 ,PALE/9E4 

.<#b#b#b.> ,LEVIT41 XXV1 #e#e4 

.<#b#b#c.> ,ISAIAH1 III2 X4 

.<#b#b#d.> ,PSALMS1 XCIV4 

.<#b#b#e.> ,PSALMS1 XXXVII1 #c#e-#c#f4 

.<#b#b#f.> ,S4 ,MUNK1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#b#b#g.> ,CF4 ! POETIC ACC\NT ( ! ,DESC5T ( ,/4 ,PAUL 9TO ,HELL1 CIT$ BY ,]NE/ ,R5AN 9 HIS ,AV]ROES ET L',AV]ROISME1 P4 #b#h#d4 

.<#b#b#h.> ,E4 ,R5AN1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#b#b#i.> ,JAMES ,D>ME/ET]1 ,C\P D'OEIL SUR L'HI/OIRE DU PEUPLE JUIF1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#h#a4 

.<#b#c.> P4 #e#h#b4 

.<#b#c#a.> ,SEE ,*AP4 VII4 - ,WOLF1 ,BIBL4 ,HEBR41 VOL4 IV1 P4 #f#c#i4 

.<#b#c#b.> ,I HOPE TO E/ABLI% ! PO9T /ILL MORE COMPLETELY 9 MY ,ECONOMIC ,HI/ORY ( ! ,JEWS1 ( :I* ,! ,ROLE ( ,JEW 9 ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION =MS BUT A P>T4 

.<#b#c#c.> ,G\G5OT DES ,M\SSEAUX1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#b#c#d.> ,M4 ,MATT]1 ,SA9T ,M>T9 ET LE PHILOSOPHE 9CONNU4 

.<#b#c#e.> ,! /ATEM5T IS (T5 MADE ?AT ,CAGLIO/RO WAS A ,JEW1 BUT ! ASS]TION IS BAS$ ON NO REAL EVID5CE4 

.<#b#c#f.> ,SEE ,EMILE ,CAMP>DON1 ,LE ,TRIBUNAL REVOLUTIONNAIRE DE ,P>IS1 ,P>IS #a#h#f#f4 - ,PROCES 9/RUIT ET JUGE AU TRIBUNAL REVOLUTIONNAIRE CONTRE ,HEB]T ET SES CONSORTS 7#a-#d ,G]M9AL71 ,P>IS1 ,AN4 ,I,I4 - ,LEON ,KAHN1 ,LES ,JUIFS A ,P>IS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#h#i74 

.<#b#c#g.> ,CAPEFIGUE1 ,HI/OIRE DES GR&ES OP]ATIONS F9ANCI]ES4 - ,T\SS5EL1 ,LES ,JUIFS ROIS DE L'EPOQUE4 

.<#b#c#h.> ,CRET9EAU-,JOLY1 ,HI/OIRE DU ,SOND]BUND1 P4 #aie 7,P>IS1 #a#h#e74 

.<#b#c#i.> ,BESIDES ,M>X & ,COH51 M5TION MI<T BE MADE ( ,NEUMAY]1 SECRET>Y ( ! BUREAU ( CORRESPOND5CE 9 ,AU/RIA2 ,FRIBORG1 :O WAS ONE ( ! DIRECTORS ( ! ,P>ISIAN ,F$]ATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL TO :I* BELONG$ ,LOEB1 ,HALTMAY]1 ,LAZ>E & ,>M& ,LEVI2 ,LEON ,FRANKEL1 DIRECTOR ( ! ,G]MAN SECTION AT ,P>IS2 ,COH5 :O ACT$ AS DELEGATE FROM ! ,CIG> ,MAK]S' ,UNION ( ,LONDON TO ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL HELD AT ,BRUSSELS 9 #a#h#f#h2 ,PH4 ,CO55 :O1 AT ! SAME ,CONGRESS1 REPRES5T$ ! ,ANTW]P SECTION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ETC4 ,SEE ,O4 ,TE/UT3 ,L'LNT]NATIONALE1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#g#a2 & ,L',9T]NATIONALE AU BAN DE L',EUROPE 7,P>IS1 #a#h#g#a-#g#b72 ,FRIBORG1 ,L',ASSOCIATION 9T]NATIONALE DES TRAVAILLEURS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i#a74 

.<#b#d.> ,AMONG ! O!RS ,FRIBORG & ,LEON ,FRANKEL4 

.<#b#d#a.> ,!RE >E AT PRES5T F\R ,JEWI% SOCIAL-DEMOCRATS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG1 & AMONG ! Y\NG] ELEM5T 9 ! RANKS ( ! SOCIALI/S1 COLLECTIVI/S & COMMUNI/IC AN>*I/S1 ! NUMB] ( ! ,JEWS IS V]Y L>GE4 ,( ! RE=M P>T 9 ,G]MANY WE MAY M5TION ,DOCTOR ,H]TZKA1 ! F\ND] ( ! ,FREIL& COLONY1 AN ATTEMPT AT REALIZ+ ! IDEAL SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 7,SEE ,E9E ,REISE NA* ,FREIL&1 VON ,!ODOR ,H]TZKA47 

.<#b#d#b.> ,9 ,APRIL ! MEMB]S ( ! ,JEWI% REVOLUTION>Y P>TY 9 ,LONDON1 CELEBRAT$ ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! F\ND+ ( HEIR CLUB 9 ,B]N]S ,/REET4 ,9 REVIEW+ ! HI/ORY ( ! SOCIAL MOVEM5T AMONG ! ,JEWS1 ! ORATOR ( ! OCCASION DECL>$ ?AT 0DUR+ ! LA/ SEV5 YE>S1 ! ,JEW HAS MADE HIS 5TRANCE AS A REVOLUTION>Y2 & N[ :]EV] !RE >E ,JEWS - 9 ,LONDON1 9 ,AM]ICA1 9 ,AU/RIA1 9 ,POL&1 & 9 ,RUSSIA - !RE >E ,JEWI% REVOLUTIONI/S & AN>*I/S40 ,BY SEV5 YE>S1 ! SPEAK] WAS REF]R+ TO ! DATE :5 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS AMONG ! ,JEWS FIR/ DECL>$ !IR ADHESION TO ! REVOLUTION>Y PROPAG&A4 

.<#b#d#c.> ,*AP4 II4 

.<#b#d#d.> ,*AP4 V4 

.<#b#d#e.> ,*AP4 V4 

.<#b#d#f.> ,OTTO ,GLAGAU1 LOC4 CIT4 

.<#b#d#g.> ,E4 ,R5AN E/IMATES ! NUMB] ( ,JEWS 9 ,ROME AT ! TIME ( ,N]O AT FROM TW5TY TO ?IRTY ?\S& 7,L',ANTE*RI/1 P4 #g1 NOTE #b74 

.<#b#d#h.> ,HI/4 V4 #e4 

.<#b#d#i.> ,PRO ,FLACCO1 XXVIII4 

.<#b#e.> ,!SE SYNODS FREQU5TLY MET AFT] ! TWELF? C5TURY1 & CON/ITUT$ ! FIR/ G5]AL ASSEMBLIES ( ! ,RABBIS S9CE ! CLOS+ ( ! ,TALMUD4 ,JACOB ,TAM 7,RABB5U ,TAM71 ! F\ND] ( ! S*OOL ( ,TOSSAFI/S1 WAS ! FIR/ TO BR+ AB\T ! REUNION ( SU* ASSEMBLIES1 = ! PURPOSE1 UND\BT$LY1 ( CONSID]+ MEANS ( COMMON RESI/ANCE TO P]SECUTION4 

.<#b#e#a.> ,JO/1 ,GES*I*TE D] ,JUD51 ,B]L91 #a#h#b1 ,VOL4 #b4 

.<#b#e#b.> ,! ,ALLIANCE ,ISRAELITE ,UNIV]SELLE1 F\ND$ 9 #ahf BY ,ADOLPHE ,CREMIEUX1 & NUMB]+ AT PRES5T MORE ?AN ?IRTY ?\S& MEMB]S1 HAS S]V$ ONLY TO FO/] ! FRAT]NAL SPIRIT AMONG ! ,JEWS4 ,! AIMS ( ! ,ALLIANCE >E TO AMELIORATE ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CONDITIONS ( ! ,JEWS 9 ! ,ORI5T BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( S*OOLS1 TO TAKE MEASURES = !IR RELIEF FROM OPPRESSION1 & TO BR+ AB\T !IR COMPLETE EMANCIPATION 4 

.<#b#e#c.> ,I AM NOT SPEAK+1 ( C\RSE1 ( ,MASONIC LODGES1 BUT USE ! WORD ,FREE ,MASONRY 9 ! BROAD MEAN+ ( ! T]M4 

.<#b#e#d.> ,*AP4 X4 

.<#b#e#e.> ,I AM SPEAK+ ( ! ,JEWS :O HAVE REMA9$ TRUE TO !IR FAI?4 

.<#b#e#f.> ,I MU/ REPEAT ONCE MORE ?AT ,I AM SPEAK+ N[ ONLY ( ! ,JEWS ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 :O HAVE BE5 ADMITT$ TO ! RI<TS ( CITIZ5%IP 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E !Y LIVE1 & NOT ( ! ,JEWS ( ! ,EA/1 :O >E /ILL SUBJECT TO DISCRIM9AT+ LAWS1 AS 9 ,ROMANIA1 9 ,RUSSIA1 9 ,MOROCCO1 & 9 ,P]SIA4 

.<#b#e#g.> ,H5RY ,GEORGE1 ,PROGRESS & ,POV]TY4 

.<#b#e#h.> ,M4 ,GUYAU1 ,L'LRRELIGION DE L'AV5IR1 ,P>IS1 #a#h#i#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahic 3 ,ANTISEMITISM3 ,ITS ,HI/ORY & ,CAUSES -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #a#h1 #bb 3 ,ANTISEMITISM3 ,ITS ,HI/ORY & ,CAUSES -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,ANTISEMITISM3 ,ITS ,HI/ORY & ,CAUSES -- ,UPDAT$4 

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