,ANTI-,BOL%EVI/ ,COMMUNISM 9 ,G]MANY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PAUL ,MATTICK 

,TEXT 3 

,S\RCE3 ,KURASJE ,>*IVE2 
,FIR/ ,PUBLI%$3 9 #aidg 9 ,RETORT1 AN AN>*I/ J\RNAL $IT$ BY ,HOLLY ,CANT9E4 ,LAT] ! SAME YE> IT WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,J4,A4 ,DAWSON 9 ,S\!RN ,ADVOCATE = ,WORK]S' ,C\NCILS1 ,NO4 #c#g1 ,AUG4-,SEPT4 #a#i#d#g1 ,MELB\RNE1 ,AU/RALIA4 ,9 #aigf IT WAS 9CLUD$ 9 ,TELOS1 NUMB] #b#f1 ,DEP>TM5T ( ,SOCIOLOGY1 ,WA%+TON ,UNIV]SITY1 ,/4 ,L\IS1 ,MISS\RI #fcac ,U,S,A4 ,?IS E-V]SION WAS MADE BY ,KURASJE2 
,TRANSCRIB$3 BY ,&Y ,BLUND51 = M>XI/S4ORG #b#c4 

,! PROCESS ( ! CONC5TRATION ( CAPITAL & POLITICAL P[] 
=CES ANY SOCIALLY IMPORTANT MOVEM5T TO ATTEMPT EI!R TO DE/ROY CAPITALISM 
OR TO S]VE IT CONSI/5TLY4 ,! OLD ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T C\LD NOT DO ! 
LATT] & WAS NEI!R WILL+ NOR ABLE TO DO ! =M]4 ,IT FUNCTION$ NEI!R 
9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS ORIG9AL IDEOLOGY NOR ) ITS REAL IMM$IATE 9T]E/S4 
,= A TIME IT S]V$ AS A CONTROL 9/RUM5T ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,FIR/ 
LOS+ ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 IT WAS SOON TO LOSE ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 

,ESS5TIALLY ! HI/ORY ( ?IS MOVEM5T IS ! HI/ORY ( ! CAPITALI/ 
M>KET APPROA*$ FROM A 'PROLET>IAN' PO9T ( VIEW4 ,! SO-CALL$ 
M>KET LAWS W]E TO BE UTILIZ$ 9 FAVOR ( ! COMMODITY LABOR P[]4 
,COLLECTIVE ACTIONS %\LD LEAD TO ! HI<E/ POSSIBLE WAGES4 ',ECONOMIC 
P[]' GA9$ 9 ?IS MANN] WAS TO BE SECUR$ BY WAY ( SOCIAL RE=M4 
,! CAPITALI/S1 TOO1 9CREAS$ ! ORGANIZ$ CONTROL OV] ! M>KET4 ,BO? 
SIDES FO/]$ ! MONOPOLI/IC REORGANIZATION ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY ?\<1 TO 
BE SURE1 BEH9D !IR CONSCI\SLY CONCEIV$ ACTIVITIES !RE WAS F9ALLY 
NO?+ BUT ! EXPANSIVE NE$ ( CAPITAL ITSELF4 ,!IR POLICIES & 
ASPIRATIONS1 H[EV] MU* BAS$ ON REAL CONSID]ATIONS ( FACTS & SPECIAL 
NE$S1 W]E /ILL DET]M9$ BY ! FETI%I/IC *>ACT] ( !IR SY/EM ( 
PRODUCTION4 

,ASIDE FROM COMMODITY-FETI%ISM1 :ATEV] MEAN+ ! M>KET LAWS MAY HAVE 
) REG>D TO SPECIAL =TUNES & LOSSES1 & H[EV] !Y MAY BE MANIPULAT$ 
BY ONE OR ANO!R 9T]E/ GR\P1 UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAN !Y BE US$ 9 
FAVOR ( ! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS NOT ! M>KET :I* CONTROLS ! 
PEOPLE & DET]M9ES ! PREVAIL+ SOCIAL RELATIONS BUT RA!R ! FACT ?AT 
A SEP>ATE GR\P 9 SOCIETY EI!R [NS OR CONTROLS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 
! 9/RUM5TS ( SUPPRESSION4 

,TO OV]COME CAPITALISM1 ACTIONS \TSIDE ! LABOR-CAPITAL-M>KET RELATIONS 
>E NECESS>Y1 ACTIONS ?AT DO AWAY ) BO? ! M>KET & ) CLASS 
RELATIONS4 ,RE/RICT$ TO ACTIONS )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( CAPITALISM1 
! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T WAS B\ND TO DE/ROY ITSELF OR BE DE/ROY$ FROM 
)\T4 ,IT WAS DE/9$ EI!R TO BE BROK5 UP 9T]NAL Y BY ITS [N 
REVOLUTION>Y OPPOSITION1 :I* W\LD GIVE RISE TO NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 OR DOOM$ 
TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! CAPITALI/IC *ANGE FROM A M>KET- TO A 
CONTROLL$-M>KET ECONOMY & ! ACCOMPANY+ POLITICAL ALT]ATIONS4 

,I4 

,! FIR/ WORLD W> REVEAL$ MORE ?AN ANY?+ ELSE ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T 
WAS P>T & P>CEL ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,! V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS 9 EV]Y 
NATION PROV$ ?AT !Y HAD NEI!R ! 9T5TION NOR ! MEANS TO FI<T 
CAPITALISM1 ?AT !Y W]E 9T]E/$ ONLY 9 SECUR+ !IR [N EXI/5CE 
)9 ! CAPITALI/ /RUCTURE4 ,9 ,G]MANY ?IS WAS ESPECIALLY OBVI\S BECAUSE 
)9 ! 9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T ! ,G]MAN ORGANIZATIONS W]E ! L>GE/ & 
MO/ UNIFI$4 ,TO HOLD ONTO :AT HAD BE5 BUILT UP S9CE ,BISM>CK'S 
ANTI-SOCIALI/ LAWS1 ! OPPOSITIONAL M9ORITY )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 
DISPLAY$ A SELF-RE/RICTION TO AN EXT5T UNKN[N 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,BUT !N1 
! EXIL$ ,RUSSIAN OPPOSITION HAD LESS TO LOSE2 IT HAD1 FUR!RMORE1 SPLIT AWAY 
FROM ! RE=MI/S & CLASS-COLLABORATIONI/S A DECADE BE=E ! \TBREAK ( 
! W>4 ,& IT IS QUITE DIFFICULT TO SEE 9 ! MEEK PACIFI/IC >GUM5TS ( 
! ,9DEP5D5T ,LABOR ,P>TY ANY REAL OPPOSITION TO ! SOCIAL PATRIOTISM ?AT 
HAD SATURAT$ ! ,BRITI% LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BUT MORE HAD BE5 EXPECT$ ( ! 
,G]MAN LEFT-W+ ?AN ( ANY O!R GR\P 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL & ITS BEHAVIOR 
AT ! \TBREAK ( ! W> WAS !RE=E P>TICUL>LY DISAPPO9T+4 ,AP>T FROM 
! PSY*OLOGICAL CONDITIONS ( 9DIVIDUALS1 ?IS BEHAVIOR WAS ! PRODUCT ( 
! ORGANIZATION-FETI%ISM PREVAIL+ 9 ! MOVEM5T4 

,?IS FETI%ISM DEM&$ DISCIPL9E & /RICT ADH]5CE TO DEMOCRATIC 
=MULAS - ! M9ORITY MU/ SUBMIT TO ! WILL ( ! MAJORITY4 ,& 
AL?\< IT IS CLE> ?AT UND] CAPITALI/IC CONDITIONS !SE 
'DEMOCRATIC' =MULAS M]ELY HIDE FACTS TO ! CONTR>Y1 ! 
OPPOSITION FAIL$ TO P]CEIVE ?AT DEMOCRACY )9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T DID NOT 
DIFF] FROM B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY 9 G5]AL4 ,A M9ORITY [N$ & CONTROLL$ ! 
ORGANIZATIONS JU/ AS ! CAPITALI/ M9ORITY [NS & CONTROLS ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ! /ATE APP>ATUS4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! M9ORITIES BY VIRTUE ( 
?IS CONTROL DET]M9E ! BEHAVIOR ( ! MAJORITIES4 ,BUT BY =CE ( 
TRADITIONAL PROC$URES1 9 ! NAME ( DISCIPL9E & UNITY1 UNEASY & AGA9/ 
ITS BETT] KN[L$GE1 ! ANTI-W> M9ORITY SUPPORT$ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 
*AUV9ISM4 ,!RE WAS JU/ ONE MAN 9 ! ,G]MAN ,REI*/AG ( ,AUGU/ #aiad 
- ,FRITZ ,KUN]T - :O WAS NOT ABLE TO VOTE = W> CR$ITS BUT :O 
WAS ALSO NOT ABLE TO VOTE AGA9/ !M & ?US1 TO SATISFY HIS CONSCI5CE1 
AB/A9$ FROM VOT+ ALTOGE!R4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #aiae ,LIEBKNE*T & ,RUEHLE 
W]E ! FIR/ TO VOTE AGA9/ ! GRANT+ ( W> CR$ITS TO ! GOV]NM5T4 
,!Y REMA9$ ALONE = QUITE SOME TIME & F\ND NEW COMPANIONS ONLY TO ! 
DEGREE ?AT ! *ANCES = A VICTORI\S PEACE DISAPPE>$ 9 ! MILIT>Y 
/ALEMATE4 ,AFT] #aiaf ! RADICAL ANTI-W> ATTITUDE WAS SUPPORT$ & SOON 
SWALL[$ UP BY A B\RGEOIS MOVEM5T 9 SE>* ( A NEGOTIAT$ PEACE1 A 
MOVEM5T :I*1 F9ALLY1 WAS TO 9H]IT ! BANKRUPT /OCK ( ,G]MAN 
IMP]IALISM4 

,AS VIOLATORS ( DISCIPL9E ,LIEBKNE*T & ,RUEHLE W]E EXPELL$ FROM ! 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,REI*/AG FRACTION4 ,TOGE!R ) ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG1 ,FRANZ 
,MEHR+ & O!RS1 MORE OR LESS =GOTT5 BY N[1 !Y ORGANIZ$ ! GR\P1 
,9T]NATIONALE1 PUBLI%+ A MAGAZ9E ( ! SAME TITLE 9 ORD] TO 
UPHOLD ! IDEA ( 9T]NATIONALISM 9 ! W>R+ WORLD4 ,9 #aiaf !Y 
ORGANIZ$ ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND :I* COOP]AT$ ) O!R LEFT-W+ 
=MATIONS SU* AS ! ,9T]NATIONALE ,SOCIALI/5 ) ,JULIAN 
,BOR*>DT AS !IR SPOKESMAN1 & ! GR\P >\ND ,JOHANN ,KNIEF & ! RADICAL 
,BREM5 PAP]1 ,>BEIT]POLITIK4 ,9 RETROSPECT IT SEEMS ?AT ! 
LA/-NAM$ GR\P WAS ! MO/ ADVANC$1 ?AT IS1 ADVANC$ AWAY FROM 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC TRADITIONS & T[>D A NEW APPROA* TO ! PROLET>IAN CLASS 
/RUGGLE4 ,H[ MU* ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND WAS /ILL ADH]+ TO ! 
ORGANIZATION & UNITY FETI% ?AT RUL$ ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T CAME TO 
LI<T 9 !IR VACILLAT+ ATTITUDE T[>D ! FIR/ ATTEMPTS AT RE-ORI5T+ 
! 9T]NATIONAL SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,ZIMM]WALD & ,KI5?AL4 ,! 
,SP>TACI/S W]E NOT 9 FAVOR ( A CLEAN BREAK ) ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T 9 
! DIRECTION ( ! E>LI] ,BOL%EVIK EXAMPLE4 ,!Y /ILL HOP$ TO W9 ! 
P>TY OV] TO !IR [N POSITION & C>EFULLY AVOID$ IRRECONCILABLE POLICIES4 
,9 ,APRIL #aiag ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND M]G$ ) ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S :I* 
=M$ ! C5T] ( ! OLD LABOR MOVEM5T BUT WAS NO LONG] WILL+ TO COV] 
UP ! *AUV9ISM ( ! CONS]VATIVE MAJORITY-W+ ( ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 
,P>TY4 ,RELATIVELY 9DEP5D5T1 YET /ILL )9 ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/ 
,P>TY1 ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND LEFT ?IS ORGANIZATION ONLY AT ! 5D ( 
! YE> #a#i#a#h4 

,I,I4 

,)9 ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND ,LIEBKNE*T'S & ,LUXEMBURG'S 
POSITION HAD BE5 ATTACK$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS AS 9CONSI/5T4 ,& 9CONSI/5T 
IT WAS BUT = P]T95T REASONS4 ,AT FIR/ GLANCE1 ! MA9 REASON SEEM$ TO BE 
BAS$ ON ! ILLUSION ?AT ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY C\LD BE RE=M$4 ,) 
*ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES1 IT WAS HOP$1 ! MASSES W\LD CEASE TO FOLL[ !IR 
CONS]VATIVE LEAD]S & SUPPORT ! LEFT-W+ ( ! P>TY4 ,& AL?\< SU* 
ILLUSIONS DID EXI/1 FIR/ ) REG>D TO ! OLD P>TY & LAT] ) REG>D 
TO ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 !Y DO NOT ALTOGE!R EXPLA9 ! HESITANCY ON 
! P>T ( ! ,SP>TACI/ LEAD]S TO ADOPT ! WAYS ( ,BOL%EVISM4 ,ACTUALLY1 
! ,SP>TACI/S FAC$ A DILEMMA NO MATT] 9 :I* DIRECTION !Y LOOK$4 ,BY 
NOT TRY+ - AT ! RI<T TIME - TO BREAK RESOLUTELY ) 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY1 !Y =FEIT$ !IR *ANCE TO =M A /RONG ORGANIZATION 
CAPABLE ( PLAY+ A DECISIVE ROLE 9 ! EXPECT$ SOCIAL UPHEAVALS4 ,YET 9 
VIEW ( ! REAL SITUATION 9 ,G]MANY1 9 VIEW ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,G]MAN 
LABOR MOVEM5T1 IT WAS QUITE DIFFICULT TO BELIEVE 9 ! POSSIBILITY ( QUICKLY 
=M+ A C\NT]-P>TY TO ! DOM9ANT LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,( C\RSE1 IT 
MI<T HAVE BE5 POSSIBLE TO =M A P>TY 9 ! ,L59I/ MANN]1 A P>TY ( 
PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTIONI/S1 WILL+ TO USURP P[]1 IF NECESS>Y1 AGA9/ ! 
WILL ( ! MAJORITY ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,BUT ?IS WAS PRECISELY :AT ! 
PEOPLE >\ND ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG DID NOT ASPIRE TO4 ,?R\<\T ! YE>S ( !IR 
OPPOSITION TO RE=MISM & REVISIONISM1 !Y HAD NEV] N>R[$ !IR DI/ANCE 
FROM ! ,RUSSIAN 'LEFT1' FROM ,L59'S CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION 
& REVOLUTION4 ,9 %>P CONTROV]SIES1 ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG HAD PO9T$ \T ?AT 
,L59'S CONCEPTS W]E ( A ,JACOB9 NATURE & 9APPLICABLE 9 ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE :]E NOT A B\RGEOIS BUT A PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION WAS ON ! ORD] ( 
! DAY4 ,AL?\< %E1 TOO1 SPOKE ( ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT IT 
MEANT1 TO H]1 9 DI/9CTION TO ,L591 '! MANN] 9 :I* DEMOCRACY IS 
EMPLOY$1 NOT 9 ITS ABOLITION3 - IT WAS TO BE ! WORK ( ! CLASS1 & 
NOT ( A SMALL M9ORITY 9 ! NAME ( ! CLASS4' 

,5?USIA/ICALLY AS ! ,SP>TACI/S GREET$ ! OV]?R[ ( ,CZ>ISM1 !Y 
DID NOT LOSE !IR CRITICAL CAPACITIES1 NOR DID !Y =GET ! *>ACT] ( 
! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY1 NOR ! HI/ORICAL LIMITATIONS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 
,BUT REG>DLESS ( ! IMM$IATE REALITIES & ! F9AL \TCOME ( ?IS 
REVOLUTION1 IT HAD TO BE SUPPORT$ AS A FIR/ BREAK 9 ! IMP]IALI/ PHALANX 
& AS ! =]UNN] ( ! EXPECT$ ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 ,( ! LATT] MANY 
SIGNS HAD APPE>$ 9 /RIKES1 HUNG] RIOTS1 MUT9IES & ALL K9DS ( PASSIVE 
RESI/ANCES4 ,BUT ! GR[+ OPPOSITION TO ! W> & TO ,LUD5DORFF'S 
DICTATOR%IP DID NOT F9D ORGANIZATIONAL EXPRESSION TO ANY SIGNIFICANT EXT5T4 
,RA!R ?AN GO+ TO ! LEFT1 ! MASSES FOLL[$ !IR OLD ORGANIZATIONS1 
:I* L9$ UP ) ! LIB]AL B\RGEOISIE4 ,! UPHEAVALS 9 ! ,G]MAN ,NAVY 
& F9ALLY ! ,NOVEMB] REBELLION W]E C>RI$ ON 9 ! SPIRIT ( 
SOCIAL-DEMOCRACY1 ?AT IS1 9 ! SPIRIT ( ! DEFEAT$ ,G]MAN B\RGEOISIE4 

,! ,G]MAN ,REVOLUTION APPE>$ TO BE MORE SIGNIFICANT ?AN IT REALLY WAS4 
,! SPONTANE\S 5?USIASM ( ! WORK] WAS MORE = 5D+ ! W> ?AN = 
*ANG+ EXI/+ SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,!IR DEM&S1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< 
WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS1 DID NOT TRANSC5D ! 
POSSIBILITIES ( B\RGEOIS SOCIETY4 ,EV5 ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY1 & H]E 
P>TICUL>LY ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND1 FAIL$ TO DEVELOP A CONSI/5T REVOLUTION>Y 
PROGRAM4 ,ITS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEM&S W]E ( A TWO-FOLD NATURE3 !Y 
W]E CON/RUCT$ TO S]VE AS DEM&S TO BE AGRE$ UPON BY ! B\RGEOISIE & 
ITS ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC ALLIES1 & AS SLOGANS ( A REVOLUTION :I* WAS TO DO 
AWAY ) BO? B\RGEOIS SOCIETY & ITS SUPPORT]S4 

,( C\RSE1 )9 ! OCEAN ( POLITICAL M$IOCRITY ?AT WAS ! ,G]MAN 
REVOLUTION !RE W]E REVOLUTION>Y /REAMS :I* W>M$ ! HE>TS ( ! 
RADICALS & 9DUC$ !M TO UND]TAKE ACTIONS HI/ORICALLY QUITE \T ( PLACE4 
,P>TIAL SUCCESSES1 DUE TO ! TEMPOR>Y /UNN+ ( ! RUL+ CLASS & ! 
G5]AL PASSIVITY ( ! BROAD MASSES - EXHAU/$ AS !Y W]E BY F\R 
YE>S ( HUNG] & W> - N\RI%$ ! HOPE ?AT ! REVOLUTION MI<T 
5D 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,ONLY NO ONE REALLY KNEW :AT A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY 
W\LD BE LIKE1 :AT /EPS \<T TO BE TAK5 TO U%] IT 9TO EXI/5CE4 0,ALL 
P[] TO ! WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' C\NCILS10 H[EV] ATTRACTIVE 
AS A SLOGAN1 /ILL LEFT ALL ESS5TIAL QUE/IONS OP54 ,! REVOLUTION>Y 
/RUGGLES ?AT FOLL[$ ,NOVEMB] #aiah W]E ?US NOT DET]M9$ BY ! 
CONSCI\SLY CONCOCT$ PLANS ( ! REVOLUTION>Y M9ORITY BUT W]E ?RU/ UPON 
IT BY ! SL[LY DEVELOP+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION :I* WAS BACK$ BY A MAJORITY 
( ! PEOPLE4 ,! FACT WAS ?AT ! BROAD ,G]MAN MASSES 9SIDE & \TSIDE ! 
LABOR MOVEM5T DID NOT LOOK =W>D TO ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW SOCIETY1 BUT 
BACKW>DS TO ! RE/ORATION ( LIB]AL CAPITALISM )\T ITS BAD ASPECTS1 ITS 
POLITICAL 9EQUALITIES1 ITS MILIT>ISM & IMP]IALISM4 ,!Y M]ELY DESIR$ ! 
COMPLETION ( ! RE=MS />T$ BE=E ! W> :I* W]E DESIGN$ TO LEAD 
9TO A B5EVOL5T CAPITALI/IC SY/EM4 

,! AMBIGUITY :I* *>ACT]IZ$ ! POLICY ( ! ,SP>TAKUSBUND 
WAS L>GELY ! RESULT ( ! CONS]VATISM ( ! MASSES4 ,! ,SP>TACI/ 
LEAD]S W]E READY1 ON ! ONE H&1 TO FOLL[ ! CLE> REVOLUTION>Y C\RSE 
DESIR$ BY ! SO-CALL$ 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ON ! O!R H& !Y 
FELT SURE ?AT SU* A POLICY C\LD NOT BE SUCCESSFUL 9 VIEW ( ! PREVAIL+ 
MASS ATTITUDE & ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 

,! EFFECT ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION UPON ,G]MANY HAD H>DLY BE5 
NOTICEABLE4 ,NOR WAS !RE ANY REASON TO EXPECT ?AT A RADICAL TURN 9 ,G]MANY 
W\LD HAVE ANY GREAT] REP]CUSSIONS 9 ,FRANCE1 ,5GL& & ,AM]ICA4 ,IF IT HAD 
BE5 DIFFICULT = ! ,ALLIES TO 9T]F]E DECISIVELY 9 ,RUSSIA1 !Y W\LD 
FACE LESS] DIFFICULTIES 9 CRU%+ A ,G]MAN COMMUNI/ UPRIS+4 ,EM]G+ FROM 
! W> VICTORI\S1 ! CAPITALISM ( !SE NATIONS HAD BE5 5ORM\SLY 
/R5G!N$2 !RE WAS NO REAL 9DICATION ?AT !IR PATRIOTIC MASSES W\LD 
REFUSE TO FI<T AGA9/ A WEAK] REVOLUTION>Y ,G]MANY4 ,AT ANY RATE1 ASIDE FROM 
SU* CONSID]ATIONS !RE WAS LITTLE REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ! ,G]MAN MASSES1 
5GAG$ 9 GETT+ RID ( !IR >MS1 W\LD RESUME A W> AGA9/ =EIGN 
CAPITALISM 9 ORD] TO GET RID ( !IR [N4 ,! POLICY :I* WAS APP>5TLY 
! MO/ 'REALI/IC' = DEAL+ ) ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION 
& :I* WAS SOON TO BE PROPOS$ BY ,WOLFFHEIM & ,LAUF5B]G UND] ! NAME ( 
,NATIONAL-,BOL%EVISM WAS /ILL UNREALI/IC 9 VIEW ( ! REAL P[] RELATIONS 
AFT] ! W>4 

,! PLAN TO RESUME ! W> ) ,RUSSIA'S HELP AGA9/ ,ALLI$ 
CAPITALISM FAIL$ TO CONSID] ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NEI!R READY NOR ABLE 
TO P>TICIPATE 9 SU* A V5TURE4 ,( C\RSE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E NOT ADV]SE TO 
,G]MANY OR ANY O!R NATION MAK+ DIFFICULTIES = ! VICTORI\S 
IMP]IALI/S1 YET !Y DID NOT 5C\RAGE ! IDEA ( A NEW-SCALE W> TO C>RY 
ON ! 'WORLD REVOLUTION4' ,!Y DESIR$ SUPPORT = !IR [N 
REGIME1 :OSE P]MAN5CY WAS /ILL QUE/ION$ BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES1 BUT 
!Y W]E NOT 9T]E/$ 9 SUPPORT+ REVOLUTIONS 9 O!R C\NTRIES BY 
MILIT>Y MEANS4 ,BO? TO FOLL[ A NATIONALI/IC C\RSE1 9DEP5D5T ( ! 
QUE/ION ( ALLIANCES1 & TO UNITE ,G]MANY ONCE MORE = A W> ( 
'LIB]ATION' FROM =EIGN OPPRESSION WAS \T ( ! QUE/ION = 
! ADDITIONAL REASON ?AT ?OSE SOCIAL LAY]S :I* ! 'NATIONAL 
REVOLUTIONI/S' W\LD HAVE TO W9 OV] TO !IR CAUSE W]E PRECISELY ! 
PEOPLE :O 5D$ ! W> BE=E ! COMPLETE DEFEAT ( ! ,G]MAN >MIES 9 
ORD] TO PREV5T A FUR!R SPREAD+ ( ',BOL%EVISM4' ,UNABLE TO 
BECOME ! MA/]S ( 9T]NATIONAL CAPITALISM1 !Y HAD PREF]R$ TO MA9TA9 
!MSELVES AS ITS BE/ S]VANTS4 ,YET1 !RE WAS NO WAY ( DEAL+ ) 
9T]NATIONAL ,G]MAN QUE/IONS :I* DID NOT 9VOLVE A DEF9ITE =EIGN POLICY4 
,! RADICAL ,G]MAN REVOLUTION WAS ?US DEFEAT$ EV5 BE=E IT C\LD >ISE BO? 
BY ITS [N & BY WORLD CAPITALISM4 

,! NE$ TO CONSID] S]I\SLY 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS NEV] >OSE1 H[EV]1 
= ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT4 ,P]HAPS ?IS WAS ! CLE>E/ 9DICATION ( ITS 
9SIGNIFICANCE4 ,NEI!R WAS ! QUE/ION AS TO :AT TO DO ) POLITICAL P[]1 
ONCE IT WAS CAPTUR$1 RAIS$ CONCRETELY4 ,NO ONE SEEM$ TO BELIEVE ?AT !SE 
QUE/IONS W\LD HAVE TO BE ANSW]$4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG FELT SURE ?AT A 
LONG P]IOD ( CLASS /RUGGLE WAS FAC+ ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT ) NO SIGN ( 
AN E>LY VICTORY4 ,!Y WANT$ TO MAKE ! BE/ ( IT1 SUGGE/+ A RETURN TO 
P>LIAM5T & TO TRADE-UNION WORK4 ,H[EV]1 9 !IR PREVI\S ACTIVITIES !Y 
HAD ALREADY OV]/EPP$ ! B\ND>IES ( B\RGEOIS POLITICS2 !Y C\LD NOT 
RETURN TO ! PRISONS ( TRADITION4 ,!Y HAD RALLI$ >\ND !MSELVES ! MO/ 
RADICAL ELEM5T ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT :I* WAS N[ DET]M9$ TO CONSID] 
ANY FI<T ! F9AL /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,!SE WORK]S 9T]PRET$ ! 
,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N NE$S & !IR [N M5TALITY2 
!Y C>$ LESS AB\T DIFFICULTIES LURK+ 9 ! FUTURE ?AN AB\T DE/ROY+ 
AS MU* AS POSSIBLE ! =CES ( ! PA/4 ,!RE W]E ONLY TWO WAYS OP5 = 
! REVOLUTIONI/S3 EI!R TO GO D[N ) ! =CES :OSE CAUSE WAS LO/ 9 
ADVANCE1 OR TO RETURN TO ! FOLD ( B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY & P]=M SOCIAL 
WORK = ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,= ! REAL REVOLUTIONI/ !RE WAS1 ( C\RSE1 
ONLY ONE WAY3 TO GO D[N ) ! FI<T+ WORK]S4 ,?IS IS :Y ,EUG5 ,LEV9E 
SPOKE ( ! REVOLUTIONI/ AS A 0DEAD P]SON ON FURL\<10 & :Y ,ROSA 
,LUXEMBURG & ,K>L ,LIEBKNE*T W5T TO !IR DEA? ALMO/ 
SOMNAMBULI/ICALLY4 

,I,I,I4 

,! FACT ?AT ! 9T]NATIONAL B\RGEOISIE C\LD CONCLUDE ITS 
W> ) NO MORE ?AN ! TEMPOR>Y LOSS ( ! ,RUSSIAN BUS9ESS DET]M9$ ! 
:OLE PO/W> HI/ORY D[N TO ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ! 
/RUGGLE ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT FROM #aiab TO #aibc APPE>$ AS M9OR 
FRICTIONS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! CAPITALI/IC RE-ORGANIZATION PROCESS :I* 
FOLL[$ ! W>-CRISIS4 ,BUT !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A T5D5CY TO CONSID] ! 
BYPRODUCTS ( VIOL5T *ANGES 9 ! CAPITALI/IC /RUCTURE AS EXPRESSIONS ( 
! REVOLUTION>Y WILL ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,! RADICAL OPTIMI/S1 H[EV]1 W]E 
M]ELY :I/L+ 9 ! D>K4 ,! D>KNESS WAS REAL1 TO BE SURE1 & ! NOISE 
WAS 5C\RAG+1 YET AT ?IS LATE H\R !RE IS NO NE$ TO TAKE IT S]I\SLY4 
,AS EXCIT+ AS IT IS TO RECALL ! DAYS ( PROLET>IAN ACTIONS 9 ,G]MANY 
- ! MASS MEET+S1 DEMON/RATIONS1 /RIKES1 /REET FI<TS1 ! HEAT$ 
DISCUSSIONS1 ! HOPES1 FE>S1 & DISAPPO9TM5TS1 ! BITT]NESS ( DEFEAT 
& ! PA9 ( PRISON & DEA? - YET NO LESSONS BUT NEGATIVE ONES CAN 
N[ BE DRAWN FROM ALL !SE UND]TAK+S4 ,ALL ! 5]GY & ALL ! 5?USIASM 
W]E NOT 5\< TO BR+ AB\T A SOCIAL *ANGE OR TO ALT] ! CONTEMPOR>Y 
M9D4 ,! LESSON LE>N$ WAS H[ NOT TO PROCE$4 ,H[ TO REALIZE ! 
REVOLUTION>Y NE$S ( ! PROLET>IAT WAS NOT DISCOV]$4 

,! EMOTIONAL UPHEAVALS PROVID$ A NEV]-5D+ 9C5TIVE = RESE>*4 
,REVOLUTION1 :I* = SO LONG HAD BE5 A M]E !ORY & A VAGUE HOPE1 HAD 
APPE>$ = A MOM5T AS A PRACTICAL POSSIBILITY4 ,! *ANCE HAD BE5 MISS$1 
NO D\BT1 BUT IT W\LD RETURN TO BE BETT] UTILIZ$ NEXT TIME4 ,IF NOT ! 
PEOPLE1 AT LEA/ ! 'TIMES' W]E REVOLUTION>Y & ! PREVAIL+ 
CRISIS CONDITIONS W\LD SOON] OR LAT] REVOLUTIONIZE ! M9DS ( ! WORK]S4 
,IF ACTIONS HAD BE5 BR\<T TO AN 5D BY ! FIR+-SQUADS ( ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 
POLICE1 IF ! WORK]S' 9ITIATIVE WAS ONCE MORE DE/ROY$ ?R\< ! 
EMASCULATION ( !IR C\NCILS BY WAY ( LEGISLATION1 IF !IR LEAD]S W]E 
AGA9 ACT+ NOT ) ! CLASS BUT '9 BEHALF ( ! CLASS' 9 ! 
V>I\S CAPITALI/IC 9/ITUTIONS - NEV]!LESS ! W> HAD REVEAL$ 
?AT ! FUNDAM5TAL CAPITALI/IC CONTRADICTIONS C\LD NOT BE SOLV$ & ?AT 
CRISIS CONDITIONS W]E N[ ! 'NORMAL' CONDITIONS ( CAPITALISM4 
,NEW REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS W]E PROBABLE & W\LD F9D ! REVOLUTIONI/S 
BETT] PREP>$4 

,AL?\< ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA & ,HUNG>Y HAD FAIL$1 !RE 
WAS /ILL ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO REM9D ! WORLD ( ! REALITY ( ! 
PROLET>IAN CLAIMS4 ,ALL DISCUSSIONS CIRCL$ >\ND ?IS REVOLUTION1 & RI<TLY 
SO1 = ?IS REVOLUTION WAS TO DET]M9E ! FUTURE C\RSE ( ! ,G]MAN 
,LEFT4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #aiai ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ( ,G]MANY WAS =M$4 
,AFT] ! MURD] ( ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG IT WAS L$ BY ,PAUL ,LEVI & ,K>L 
,RADEK4 ,?IS NEW LEAD]%IP WAS AT ONCE ATTACK$ BY A LEFT OPPOSITION BECAUSE ( 
ITS T5D5CY TO ADVOCATE A RETURN TO P>LIAM5T>Y ACTIVITIES4 ,AT ! 
F\NDATION ( ! P>TY ITS RADICAL ELEM5TS HAD SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ IT AN 
ANTIP>LIAM5T>IAN *>ACT] & A WIDE DEMOCRATIC CONTROL 9 DI/9CTION TO 
! ,L59I/ TYPE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,AN ANTI-TRADE UNION POLICY HAD ALSO BE5 
ADOPT$4 ,LIEBKNE*T & ,LUXEMBURG SUBORD9AT$ !IR [N DIV]G5T VIEWS TO 
?OSE ( ! RADICAL MAJORITY4 ,NOT SO ,LEVI & ,RADEK4 ,ALREADY 9 ! SUMM] ( 
#aiai !Y MADE IT CLE> ?AT !Y W\LD SPLIT ! P>TY 9 ORD] TO P>TICIPATE 
9 P>LIAM5T>Y ELECTIONS4 ,SIMULTANE\SLY !Y BEGAN TO PROPAG&IZE = A 
RETURN TO TRADE-UNION WORK DESPITE ! FACT ?AT ! P>TY WAS ALREADY 5GAG$ 
9 ! =MATION ( NEW ORGANIZATIONS NO LONG] BAS$ ON TRADES OR EV5 
9DU/RIES1 BUT ON FACTORIES4 ,!SE FACTORY ORGANIZATIONS W]E COMB9$ 9TO 
ONE CLASS ORGANIZATION1 ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION4 ,AT ! ,HEIDELB]G CONV5TION 
9 ,OCTOB] #aiai ALL DELEGATES :O DISAGRE$ ) ! NEW C5TRAL COMMITTEE & 
MA9TA9$ ! POSITION TAK5 AT ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W]E 
EXPELL$4 ,! FOLL[+ ,FEBRU>Y ! C5TRAL COMMITTEE DECID$ TO GET RID ( 
ALL DI/RICTS CONTROLL$ BY ! LEFT OPPOSITION4 ,! OPPOSITION HAD ! 
,AM/]DAM BUREAU ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL ON ITS SIDE1 :I* L$ TO ! 
DISSOLUTION ( ?AT BUREAU BY ! ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! 
,LEVI-,RADEK COMB9ATION4 ,& F9ALLY 9 ,APRIL #aib ! LEFT W+ F\ND$ ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY4 

,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,K,A,P,D7 DID NOT AS YET REALIZE ?AT ITS /RUGGLE 
AGA9/ ! GR\PS >\ND ,LEVI & ,RADEK WAS ! RESUMPTION ( ! OLD FI<T ( 
! ,G]MAN ,LEFT AGA9/ ,BOL%EVISM1 & 9 A L>G] S5SE AGA9/ ! NEW 
/RUCTURE ( WORLD CAPITALISM :I* WAS SL[LY TAK+ %APE4 ,IT DECID$ TO 
5T] ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,IT SEEM$ MORE ,BOL%EVIK ?AN ! 
,BOL%EVIKS4 ,BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL DID NOT NE$ TO DECIDE ANEW AGA9/ 
! 'ULTRA-LEFT'2 ITS LEAD]S HAD MADE !IR DECISION TW5TY YE>S 
BE=E4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 
/ILL TRI$ TO KEEP 9 CONTACT ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY NOT ONLY 
BECAUSE IT /ILL CONTA9$ ! MAJORITY ( ! OLD ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 BUT ALSO 
BECAUSE BO? ,LEVI & ,RADEK1 AL?\< DO+ ! WORK ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 
,G]MANY1 HAD BE5 ! CLOSE/ DISCIPLES NOT ( ,L59 BUT ( ,ROSA ,LUXEMBURG4 

,AT ! SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ( ! ,?IRD ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #aib ! ,RUSSIAN 
,BOL%EVIKS W]E ALREADY 9 A POSITION TO DICTATE ! POLICY ( ! 
,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY'S REACTIONS W]E SUMM$ UP 9 
,H]MAN ,GORT]'S ',OP5 ,LETT] TO ,L591' :I* ANSW]$ 
,L59'S ',LEFT-,W+ ,COMMUNISM - ,AN ,9FANTILE ,DISORD]4' 
,! ACTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AGA9/ ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' W]E ! 
FIR/ ATTEMPTS TO 9T]F]E ) & CONTROL ALL ! V>I\S NATIONAL SECTIONS4 
,! PRESSURE UPON ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY TO RETURN TO P>LIAM5T>IANISM 
& TRADE UNIONISM WAS CON/ANTLY 9CREAS$1 BUT ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY 
)DREW FROM ! ,9T]NATIONAL AFT] ITS ?IRD CONGRESS4 

,I,V4 

,AT ! SECOND WORLD CONGRESS ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]S1 9 ORD] TO SECURE 
CONTROL OV] ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 PROPOS$ TW5TY-ONE CONDITIONS ( ADMISSION TO 
! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,S9CE !Y CONTROLL$ ! CONGRESS !Y HAD NO 
DIFFICULTY GETT+ !SE CONDITIONS ADOPT$4 ,!REUPON ! /RUGGLE ON 
QUE/IONS ( ORGANIZATION :I*1 TW5TY YE>S PREVI\SLY1 HAD CAUS$ ! 
CONTROV]SIES BETWE5 ,LUXEMBURG & ,L59 W]E OP5LY RESUM$4 ,BEH9D ! 
DEBAT$ ORGANIZATIONAL QUE/IONS W]E1 ( C\RSE1 ! FUNDAM5TAL DIFF]5CES 
BETWE5 ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION & ! ,WE/]N WORK]S4 

,!SE TW5TY-ONE CONDITIONS 5D[$ ! EXECUTIVE ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 ?AT 
IS1 ! LEAD]S ( ! ,RUSSIAN P>TY1 ) COMPLETE CONTROL & AU?ORITY OV] 
ALL NATIONAL SECTIONS4 ,9 ,L59'S OP9ION1 IT WAS NOT POSSIBLE TO REALIZE 
DICTATOR%IP ON AN 9T]NATIONAL SCALE 0)\T A /RICTLY C5TRALIZ$1 
DISCIPL9$ P>TY1 CAPABLE ( LEAD+ & MANAG+ EV]Y BRAN*1 EV]Y SPH]E1 
EV]Y V>IETY ( POLITICAL & CULTURAL WORK40 ,?IS ATTITUDE - :I* 
9SI/$ ON APPLY+ ! ,RUSSIAN EXP]I5CE TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE :]E 5TIRELY 
DIFF]5T CONDITIONS PREVAIL$ - APPE>$ TO ! LEFT OPPOSITION AS AN 
]ROR1 A POLITICAL MI/AKE1 A LACK ( UND]/&+ ( ! PECULI>ITIES ( 
,WE/]N CAPITALISM & ! RESULT ( ,L59'S FANATICAL PREOCCUPATION ) 
,RUSSIAN PROBLEMS4 ,L59'S POLICY SEEM$ TO BE DET]M9$ BY ! 
BACKW>DNESS ( ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/IC DEVELOPM5T1 & ?\< IT HAD TO BE 
F\<T 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE S9CE IT T5D$ TO SUPPORT ! CAPITALI/ RE/ORATION1 
IT C\LD NOT BE CALL$ AN \TRI<T C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE4 ,?IS B5EVOL5T 
VIEW T[>DS ! ,BOL%EVIK REVOLUTION WAS SOON TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! FUR!R 
ACTIVITIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS !MSELVES4 

,! ,BOL%EVIKS W5T FROM SMALL 'MI/AKES' TO ALWAYS GREAT] 
'MI/AKES4' ,AL?\< ! ,G]MAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY :I* WAS 
AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,?IRD 9T]NATIONAL GREW /EADILY1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ITS 
UNIFICATION ) ! ,9DEP5D5T ,SOCIALI/S1 ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 ALREADY ON 
! DEF5SIVE1 LO/ ONE POSITION AFT] ANO!R TO ! =CES ( CAPITALI/ 
REACTION4 ,COMPET+ ) ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* REPRES5T$ P>TS 
( ! MIDDLE CLASS & ! SO-CALL$ TRADE-UNIONI/ LABOR >I/OCRACY1 ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY C\LD NOT HELP GR[+ AS !SE LAY]S BECAME PAUP]IZ$ 9 ! 
P]MAN5T DEPRESSION 9 :I* ,G]MAN CAPITALISM F\ND ITSELF4 ,) ! /EADY 
GR[? ( UNEMPLOYM5T1 DISSATISFACTION ) ! /ATUS QUO & ITS /AUN*E/ 
SUPPORT]S1 ! ,G]MAN ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS1 ALSO 9CREAS$4 

,ONLY ! H]OIC SIDE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION WAS POPUL>IZ$2 ! REAL 
EV]YDAY *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME WAS HIDD5 BY BO? ITS FRI5DS & 
FOES4 ,=1 AT ?IS TIME1 ! /ATE CAPITALISM ?AT WAS UNFOLD+ 9 ,RUSSIA WAS 
/ILL AS =EIGN TO ! B\RGEOISIE1 9DOCTR9AT$ ) LAISSEZ FAIRE IDEOLOGY1 
AS WAS SOCIALISM PROP]4 ,& SOCIALISM WAS CONCEIV$ BY MO/ SOCIALI/S AS A 
K9D ( /ATE CONTROL ( 9DU/RY & NATURAL RES\RCES4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION 
BECAME A P[]FUL & SKILLFULLY FO/]$ MY?1 ACCEPT$ BY ! IMPOV]I%$ 
SECTIONS ( ! ,G]MAN PROLET>IAT TO COMP5SATE = !IR 9CREAS+ MIS]Y4 
,! MY? WAS BOL/]$ BY ! REACTION>IES TO 9CREASE !IR FOLL[]S' 
HATR$ = ! ,G]MAN WORK]S & = ALL REVOLUTION>Y T5D5CIES 
G5]ALLY4 

,AGA9/ ! MY?1 AGA9/ ! P[]FUL PROPAG&A APP>ATUS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,9T]NATIONAL ?AT BUILT UP ! MY?1 :I* WAS ACCOMPANI$ & SUPPORT$ BY A 
G5]AL ONSLAU<T ( CAPITAL AGA9/ LABOR ALL OV] ! WORLD - AGA9/ 
ALL ?IS1 REASON C\LD NOT PREVAIL4 ,ALL RADICAL GR\PS TO ! LEFT ( ! 
,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY W5T FROM /AGNATION TO DIS9TEGRATION4 ,IT DID NOT HELP ?AT 
!SE GR\PS HAD ! 'RI<T' POLICY & ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ! 
'WRONG' ONE1 = NO QUE/IONS ( REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY W]E H]E 
9VOLV$4 ,:AT WAS TAK+ PLACE WAS ?AT WORLD CAPITALISM WAS GO+ ?R\< A 
/ABILIZATION PROCESS & RIDD+ ITSELF ( ! DI/URB+ PROLET>IAN ELEM5TS 
:I* UND] ! CRISIS CONDITIONS ( W> & MILIT>Y COLLAPSE HAD TRI$ TO 
ASS]T !MSELVES4 

,RUSSIA1 :I* ( ALL NATIONS WAS MO/ 9 NE$ ( /ABILIZATION1 WAS ! 
FIR/ C\NTRY TO DE/ROY ITS LABOR MOVEM5T BY WAY ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY 
DICTATOR%IP4 ,UND] CONDITIONS ( IMP]IALISM1 H[EV]1 9T]NAL /ABILIZATION 
IS POSSIBLE ONLY BY EXT]NAL P[] POLITICS4 ,! *>ACT] ( ,RUSSIA'S 
=EIGN POLICY UND] ! ,BOL%EVIKS WAS DET]M9$ BY ! PECULI>ITIES ( ! 
,EUROPEAN PO/W> SITUATION4 ,MOD]N IMP]IALISM IS NO LONG] CONT5T ) M]ELY 
ASS]T+ ITSELF BY MEANS ( MILIT>Y PRESSURE & ACTUAL W>F>E2 ! 
'FIF? COLUMN' IS ! RECOGNIZ$ WEAPON ( ALL NATIONS4 ,YET ! 
IMP]IALI/IC VIRTUE ( TODAY WAS /ILL A %E] NECESSITY = ! ,BOL%EVIKS 
:O W]E TRY+ TO HOLD !IR [N 9 A WORLD ( IMP]IALI/ COMPETITION4 ,!RE 
WAS NO?+ CONTRADICTORY 9 ! ,BOL%EVIK POLICY ( TAK+ ALL P[] FROM ! 
,RUSSIAN WORK]S1 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ATTEMPT+ TO BUILD UP /RONG LABOR 
ORGANIZATIONS 9 O!R NATIONS4 

,( C\RSE1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS DID NOT REG>D ! V>I\S SECTIONS ( !IR 
,9T]NATIONAL AS M]E =EIGN LEGIONS 9 ! S]VICE ( ! 
'WORK]S' FA!RL&2' !Y BELIEV$ ?AT :AT HELP$ ,RUSSIA 
WAS ALSO S]V+ PROGRESS ELSE:]E4 ,!Y BELIEV$1 & RI<TLY SO1 ?AT ! 
,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION HAD 9ITIAT$ A G5]AL & WORLD-WIDE MOVEM5T FROM 
MONOPOLY CAPITALISM TO /ATE CAPITALISM1 & !Y HELD ?AT ?IS NEW /ATE ( 
AFFAIRS WAS A /EP 9 ! DIRECTION ( SOCIALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF NOT 9 
!IR TACTICS1 !N 9 !IR !ORY !Y W]E /ILL ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS & FROM 
!IR PO9T ( VIEW ! ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC LEAD]S W]E REALLY TRAITORS TO !IR 
[N CAUSE :5 !Y HELP$ PRES]VE ! LAISSEZ FAIRE CAPITALISM ( YE/]DAY4 
,AGA9/ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY !Y FELT !MSELVES TO BE TRUE REVOLUTIONI/S2 
AGA9/ ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' !Y FELT !Y W]E REALI/S1 ! TRUE 
REPRES5TATIVES ( 'SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM4' 

,BUT :AT !Y ?\<T ( !MSELVES & :AT !Y REALLY W]E >E DIFF]5T 
?+S4 ,9S(> AS !Y CONT9U$ TO MISUND]/& !IR HI/ORICAL MISSION1 
!Y W]E CONT9U\SLY DEFEAT+ !IR [N CAUSE2 9S(> AS !Y W]E =C$ 
TO LIVE UP TO ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( !IR REVOLUTION1 !Y BECAME ! GREATE/ 
C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y =CE ( MOD]N CAPITALISM4 ,BY FI<T+ AS TRUE 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS = PR$OM9ANCE 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ! WORLD1 BY 
ID5TIFY+ ! N>R[ NATIONALI/IC 9T]E/S ( /ATE-CAPITALI/IC ,RUSSIA 
) ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORLD PROLET>IAT1 & BY ATTEMPT+ TO MA9TA9 AT 
ALL CO/S ! P[] POSITION !Y HAD WON 9 #a#i#a#g1 !Y W]E M]ELY PREP>+ 
!IR [N D[NFALL1 :I* WAS DRAMATIZ$ 9 NUM]\S FACTIONAL /RUGGLES1 
REA*$ ITS CLIMAX 9 ! ,MOSC[ TRIALS1 & 5D$ 9 ! ,/AL9I/ ,RUSSIA ( 
TODAY - ONE IMP]IALI/ NATION AMONG O!RS4 

,9 VIEW ( ?IS DEVELOPM5T1 :AT WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN CRITICISM ( ! 
ACTUAL POLICIES ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS 9 ,G]MANY & ! WORLD AT L>GE WAS ! 
RECOGNITION ( ! REAL HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE ( ! ,BOL%EVI/ MOVEM5T1 ?AT 
IS1 ( MILITANT ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY4 ,:AT A CONS]VATIVE ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATIC 
MOVEM5T WAS CAPABLE ( DO+ & NOT DO+1 ! P>TIES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 
& ,5GL& HAVE REVEAL$ ONLY TOO CLE>LY4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS %[$ :AT !Y 
W\LD HAVE DONE HAD !Y /ILL BE5 A SUBV]SIVE MOVEM5T4 ,!Y W\LD HAVE 
ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE UNORGANIZ$ CAPITALISM & TO REPLACE 9DIVIDUAL 
5TREPR5EURS BY BUREAUCRATS4 ,!Y HAD NO O!R PLANS & EV5 !SE W]E ONLY 
EXT5SIONS ( ! PROCESS ( C>TELLIZATION1 TRU/IFICATION & C5TRALIZATION 
:I* WAS GO+ ON ALL OV] ! CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ! 
SOCIALI/ P>TIES C\LD NO LONG] ACT BOL%EVI/ICALLY1 = !IR B\RGEOISIE 
WAS ALREADY 9/ITUT+ ?IS K9D ( 'SOCIALIZATION4' ,ALL ?AT ! 
SOCIALI/S C\LD DO WAS TO L5D !M A H&2 ?AT IS1 TO 'GR[ 
SL[LY' 9TO ! EM]G+ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4' 

,! MEAN+ ( ,BOL%EVISM WAS COMPLETELY REVEAL$ ONLY ) ! EM]G5CE ( 
FASCISM4 ,& 9 ! LI<T ( ! PRES5T1 ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS 
9 ,G]MANY & ,HOLL& MU/ BE CONSID]$ ! FIR/ ANTI-FASCI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 
ANTICIPAT+ 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/ P>TIES ! FUTURE NE$ ( 
! WORK+ CLASS TO FI<T ! FASCI/ =M ( CAPITALISM4 ,! FIR/ !ORI/S 
( ANTI-FASCISM >E TO BE F\ND AMONG ! SPOKESM5 ( ! RADICAL SECTS3 
,GORT] & ,PANNEKOEK 9 ,HOLL&2 ,RUEHLE1 ,PFEMF]T1 ,BROH & ,FRA5KEL 9 
,G]MANY2 & !Y CAN BE CONSID]$ AS SU* BY REASON ( !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ 
! CONCEPT ( P>TY-RULE & /ATE CONTROL1 BY !IR ATTEMPTS TO ACTUALIZE ! 
CONCEPTS ( ! C\NCIL MOVEM5T T[>DS ! DIRECT DET]M9ATION ( ITS 
DE/9Y1 & BY !IR UPHOLD+ ! /RUGGLE ( ! ,G]MAN ,LEFT AGA9/ BO? 
,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRACY & ITS ,L59I/IC BRAN*4 

,VL4 

,! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS & ! ,G]MAN WORK]S' & SOLDI]S' 
C\NCILS REPRES5T$ ! PROLET>IAN ELEM5T 9 BO? ! ,RUSSIAN & ! ,G]MAN 
REVOLUTION4 ,9 BO? NATIONS !SE MOVEM5TS W]E SOON SUPPRESS$ BY MILIT>Y 
& JUDICIAL MEANS4 ,:AT REMA9$ ( ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS AFT] ! FIRM 
5TR5*M5T ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TY DICTATOR%IP WAS M]ELY ! ,RUSSIAN V]SION 
( ! LAT] ,NAZI LABOR-FRONT4 ,! LEGALIZ$ ,G]MAN C\NCIL MOVEM5T TURN$ 
9TO AN APP5DAGE ( TRADE-UNIONISM & SOON 9TO A CAPITALI/IC =M ( 
CONTROL4 ,EV5 ! SPONTANE\SLY =M$ C\NCILS ( #aiah W]E - ! 
MAJORITY ( !M - F> FROM REVOLUTION>Y4 ,!IR =M ( ORGANIZATION1 
BAS$ ON CLASS NE$S & NOT ON ! V>I\S SPECIAL 9T]E/S RESULT+ FROM 
! CAPITALI/IC DIVISION ( LABOR1 WAS ALL ?AT WAS RADICAL AB\T !M4 ,BUT 
:ATEV] !IR %ORTCOM+S1 IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT !RE WAS NO?+ ELSE ON 
:I* TO BASE REVOLUTION>Y HOPES4 ,AL?\< !Y FREQU5TLY TURN$ AGA9/ ! 
,LEFT1 /ILL IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT ! OBJECTIVE NE$S ( ?IS MOVEM5T 
W\LD BR+ IT 9EVITABLY 9TO CONFLICT ) ! TRADITIONAL P[]S4 ,?IS =M 
( ORGANIZATION WAS TO BE PRES]V$ 9 ITS ORIG9AL *>ACT] & BUILT UP 9 
PREP>ATION = COM+ /RUGGLES4 

,?9K+ 9 T]MS ( A CONT9U$ ,G]MAN REVOLUTION1 ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' WAS COMMITT$ TO A FI<T TO ! F9I% AGA9/ 
TRADE-UNIONS & AGA9/ ! EXI/+ P>LIAM5T>Y P>TIES2 9 BRIEF1 AGA9/ 
ALL =MS ( OPPORTUNISM & COMPROMISE4 ,?9K+ 9 T]MS ( ! PROBABILITY 
( A SIDE-BY-SIDE EXI/5CE ) ! OLD CAPITALI/ P[]S1 ! ,RUSSIAN 
,BOL%EVIKS C\LD NOT CONCEIVE A POLICY )\T COMPROMISE4 ,L59'S 
>GUM5TS 9 DEF5SE ( ! ,BOL%EVIK POSITION 9 RELATION TO TRADE-UNIONS1 
P>LIAM5T>IANISM & OPPORTUNISM 9 G5]AL ELEVAT$ ! P>TICUL> NE$S ( 
,BOL%EVISM 9TO FALSE REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,YET IT W\LD NOT DO TO %[ ! 
ILLOGICAL *>ACT] ( ! ,BOL%EVIK >GUM5TS1 = AS ILLOGICAL AS ! 
>GUM5TS W]E FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PO9T ( VIEW1 !Y EMANAT$ LOGICALLY FROM 
! PECULI> ROLE ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS )9 ! ,RUSSIAN CAPITALI/IC 
EMANCIPATION & FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK 9T]NATIONAL POLICY :I* SUPPORT$ 
,RUSSIA'S NATIONAL 9T]E/S4 

,ONE P>T ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T W5T ONE /EP BEYOND ! 
ANTI-,BOL%EVISM ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY & ITS ADH]5TS 9 ! ,G5]AL 
,LABOR ,UNION 7,A,A,U74 ,IT ?\<T ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES 
& ! PRACTICES ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES PROV$ SUFFICI5TLY ?AT IT WAS 
FUTILE TO ATTEMPT TO REPLACE REACTION>Y P>TIES = ! REASON ?AT ! P>TY 
=M ( ORGANIZATION ITSELF HAD BECOME USELESS & EV5 DANG]\S4 ,! MOVEM5T 
SPLIT3 ONE SECTION DISC>D$ ! P>TY =M ALTOGE!R1 ! O!R REMA9$ AS 
! 'ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION' ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY4 ,! 
=M] LEAN$ T[>D ! SYNDICALI/ & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS )\T1 H[EV]1 
GIV+ UP ITS ,M>XIAN ,WELTANS*AUUNG4 ,! O!R CONSID]$ ITSELF ! 
HEIR TO ALL ?AT HAD BE5 REVOLUTION>Y 9 ! ,M>XIAN MOVEM5T ( ! PA/4 ,IT 
ATTEMPT$ TO BR+ AB\T A ,F\R? ,9T]NATIONAL BUT SUCCE$$ ONLY 9 EFFECT+ 
A CLOS] COOP]ATION ) SIMIL> GR\PS 9 A FEW ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES4 

,HI/ORY BYPASS$ BO? GR\PS2 !Y >GU$ 9 A VACUUM4 ,NEI!R ! ,COMMUNI/ 
,WORK]S ,P>TY NOR ! ANTI-P>TY SECTION ( ! ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION OV]CAME 
!IR /ATUS ( BE+ 'ULTRA-LEFT' SECTS4 ,!IR 9T]NAL PROBLEMS 
BECAME QUITE >TIFICIAL =1 AS REG>DS ACTIVITIES1 !RE WAS ACTUALLY NO 
DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M4 

,!SE ORGANIZATIONS - REMNANTS ( ! PROLET>IAN ATTEMPT TO PLAY A 
ROLE 9 ! UPHEAVALS ( #aiah - ATTEMPT$ TO APPLY !IR EXP]I5CES 
)9 A DEVELOPM5T :I* WAS CONSI/5TLY MOV+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION 
FROM ?AT 9 :I* !SE EXP]I5CES ORIG9AT$4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ALONE1 BY 
VIRTUE ( ,RUSSIAN CONTROL1 C\LD REALLY GR[ )9 ! TR5D T[>D FASCISM4 
,BUT BY REPRES5T+ ,RUSSIAN1 NOT ,G]MAN FASCISM1 IT1 TOO1 HAD TO SUCCUMB TO ! 
EM]G+ ,NAZI-MOVEM5T :I*1 RECOGNIZ+ & ACCEPT+ PREVAIL+ CAPITALI/ 
T5D5CIES1 F9ALLY 9H]IT$ ! OLD ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ITS 
5TIRETY4 

,AFT] #aibc ! ,G]MAN 'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T CEAS$ TO BE A 
S]I\S POLITICAL FACTOR 9 ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,ITS LA/ ATTEMPT TO 
=CE ! TR5D ( DEVELOPM5T 9 ITS DIRECTION WAS DISSIPAT$ 9 ! 
%ORT-LIV$ ACTIVITY 9 ,M>* #aiba UND] ! POPUL> LEAD]%IP ( ,MAX ,HOELZ4 
,ITS MILITANT MEMB]S1 BE+ =C$ 9TO ILLEGALITY1 9TRODUC$ ME?ODS ( 
CONSPIRACY & EXPROPRIATION 9TO ! MOVEM5T1 !REBY HA/5+ ITS 
DIS9TEGRATION4 ,AL?\< ORGANIZATIONALLY ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' GR\PS 
CONT9U$ TO EXI/ UP TO ! BEG9N+ ( ,HITL]'S DICTATOR%IP1 !IR 
FUNCTIONS W]E RE/RICT$ TO ?AT ( DISCUSSION CLUBS TRY+ TO UND]/& 
!IR [N FAILURES & ?AT ( ! ,G]MAN REVOLUTION4 

,V,I4 

,! DECL9E ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' MOVEM5T1 ! *ANGES 9 ,RUSSIA 
& 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ! ,BOL%EVIK P>TIES1 ! RISE ( FASCISM 9 ,ITALY 
& ,G]MANY RE/OR$ ! OLD RELATION%IP BETWE5 ECONOMICS & POLITICS ?AT 
HAD BE5 DI/URB$ DUR+ & AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>4 ,ALL OV] ! WORLD 
CAPITALISM WAS N[ SUFFICI5TLY /ABILIZ$ TO DET]M9E ! MA9 POLITICAL 
TR5D4 ,FASCISM & ,BOL%EVISM1 PRODUCTS ( CRISIS CONDITIONS1 W]E - LIKE 
! CRISIS ITSELF - ALSO M$IUMS = A NEW PROSP]ITY1 A NEW EXPANSION ( 
CAPITAL & ! RESUMPTION ( ! IMP]IALI/ COMPETITIVE /RUGGLES4 ,BUT JU/ 
AS ANY MAJOR CRISIS APPE>S AS ! 'F9AL' CRISIS TO ?OSE :O 
SUFF] MO/1 SO ! ACCOMPANY+ POLITICAL *ANGES APPE>$ AS EXPRESSIONS ( 
! BREAKD[N ( CAPITALISM4 ,BUT ! WIDE GAP BETWE5 APPE>ANCE & REALITY 
SOON] OR LAT] *ANGES AN EXAGG]AT$ OPTIMISM 9TO EXAGG]AT$ PESSIMISM ) 
REG>D TO REVOLUTION>Y POSSIBILITIES4 ,TWO WAYS1 !N1 REMA9 OP5 = ! 
REVOLUTIONI/3 HE CAN CAPITULATE TO ! DOM9ANT POLITICAL PROCESSES1 OR HE CAN 
RETIRE 9TO A LIFE ( CONTEMPLATION & WAIT = ! TURN ( EV5TS4 

,UNTIL ! F9AL COLLAPSE ( ! ,G]MAN LABOR MOVEM5T1 ! RETREAT ( ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' APPE>$ TO BE A RETURN TO !ORETICAL WORK4 ,! 
ORGANIZATIONS EXI/$ 9 ! =M ( WEEKLY & MON?LY PUBLICATIONS1 PAMPHLETS 
& BOOKS4 ,! PUBLICATIONS SECUR$ ! ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS ! 
PUBLICATIONS4 ,:ILE MASS-ORGANIZATIONS S]V$ SMALL CAPITALI/IC M9ORITIES1 
! MASS ( ! WORK]S W]E REPRES5T$ BY 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! CONTRADICTION 
BETWE5 ! !ORIES ( ! 'ULTRA-LEFT' & ! PREVAIL+ 
CONDITIONS BECAME UNBE>ABLE4 ,! MORE ONE ?\<T 9 COLLECTIVE T]MS ! MORE 
ISOLAT$ ONE BECAME4 ,CAPITALISM1 9 ITS FASCI/IC =M1 APPE>$ AS ! ONLY 
REAL COLLECTIVISM1 & ANTI-FASCISM AS A RETURN TO AN E>LY B\RGEOIS 
9DIVIDUALISM4 ,! M$IOCRITY ( CAPITALI/ MAN1 & !RE=E ( ! 
REVOLUTIONI/ UND] CAPITALI/ CONDITIONS1 BECAME PA9FULLY OBVI\S )9 ! 
SMALL /AGNAT+ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,MORE PEOPLE1 />T+ FROM ! PREMISE ?AT ! 
'OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS' W]E RIPE = REVOLUTION1 EXPLA9$ ITS 
ABS5CE ) SU* 'SUBJECTIVE FACTORS' AS LACK ( CLASS 
CONSCI\SNESS & LACK ( UND]/&+ & *>ACT] ON ! P>T ( ! 
WORK]S4 ,!SE LACKS !MSELVES HAD AGA9 TO BE EXPLA9$ BY 'OBJECTIVE 
CONDITIONS1' = ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! PROLET>IAT UND\BT$LY RESULT$ 
FROM !IR SPECIAL POSITION )9 ! SOCIAL RELATIONS ( CAPITALISM4 ,! 
NECESSITY ( RE/RICT+ ACTIVITY TO $UCATIONAL WORK BECAME A VIRTUE3 
DEVELOP+ ! CLASS CONSCI\SNESS ( ! WORK]S WAS REG>D$ AS ! MO/ 
ESS5TIAL ( ALL REVOLUTION>Y TASKS4 ,BUT ! OLD SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC BELIEF ?AT 
'KN[L$GE IS P[]' WAS NO LONG] CONV9C+ = !RE IS NO 
DIRECT CONNECTION BETWE5 KN[L$GE & ITS APPLICATION4 

,! TRIUMPH ( ,G]MAN FASCISM 5D$ ! LONG P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y 
DISC\RAGEM5T1 DISILLUSIONM5T & DESPAIR4 ,EV]Y?+ BECAME ONCE MORE 
EXTREMELY CLE>2 ! IMM$IATE FUTURE WAS \TL9$ 9 ALL ITS BRUTALITY4 ,! 
LABOR MOVEM5T PROV$ = ! LA/ TIME ?AT ! CRITICISM DIRECT$ AGA9/ IT 
BY ! REVOLUTIONI/S WAS MORE ?AN JU/IFI$4 ,! FI<T ( ! 
'ULTRA-LEFT' AGA9/ ! (FICIAL LABOR MOVEM5T PROV$ TO HAVE 
BE5 ! ONLY CONSI/5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM ?AT HAD ?US F> BE5 
WAG$4 

,FROM 3 ,M>XI/S4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,M>* #b1 #bba 3 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVI/ ,COMMUNISM 9 ,G]MANY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bbb 3 ,ANTI-,BOL%EVI/ ,COMMUNISM 9 ,G]MANY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/