,ANO!R ,WORLD 
,MI*ELLE ,KUO TALKS ) ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,GRAEB] 

,AU?OR 3 ,MI*ELLE ,KUO 

,TEXT 3 

,! ,B,I,G ,P,I,C,T,U,R,E IS ,DAVID ,GRAEB]'S PICTURE3 ,AN AN?ROPOLOGI/1 AN>*I/1 & ACTIVI/ BAS$ AT ,GOLDSMI?S1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,LONDON1 ,GRAEB] ADOPTS A BRAC+LY WIDE-ANGLE VIEW 9 \R ]A ( SPECIALIZATION4 ,HIS ACCLAIM$ #baa BOOK ,DEBT3 ,! ,FIR/ #e1 ,YE>S POSES A SWEEP+ R]EAD+ ( OBLIGATION1 EX*ANGE1 & VALUE2 HIS NUM]\S WRIT+S ON ! ALT]NATIVE POLITICAL MODELS PROVID$ BY DIRECT DEMOCRACY & DIRECT ACTION HAVE F\ND A WIDE AUDI5CE BEYOND ! SOCIAL SCI5CES4 ,HE HAS ALSO PUT HIS VOICE TO USE1 HAV+ LONG P>TICIPAT$ 9 GLOBAL PROTE/ MOVEM5TS SU* AS ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET & ITS MYRIAD NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL (F%OOTS 7= :I* HE HAS BECOME A SOME:AT RELUCTANT ICON74 ,H]E1 ,GRAEB] TALKS TO ,>T=UM $ITOR ,MI*ELLE ,KUO AB\T ! USES & ABUSES ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC !ORY 9 ! REALM ( CULTURE--& ! POSSIBILITIES !SE DISCIPL9>Y CROSS+S MAY /ILL HOLD = *ANG+ H[ WE SEE & H[ WE RELATE4 

,M,I,*,E,L,L,E ,K,U,O3 ,MANY >TI/S & CRITICS HAVE BE5 READ+ Y\R WORK ON EV]Y?+ FROM ! LONG HI/ORY ( DEBT1 TO AN>*ISM1 TO CULTURE AS 0CREATIVE REFUSAL40 ,?AT 9T]E/ SEEMS TO BE A REFLECTION ( H[ ! >T WORLD1 AT ?IS MOM5T1 SEES ITSELF 9 P>ALLEL TO POLITICS & ECONOMICS4 ,:Y DOES ! >T WORLD WANT TO CALL ON ECONOMIC !ORIES ( IMMAT]IAL LABOR1 = 9/ANCE1 OR /RATEGIES ( RESI/ANCE TI$ TO SU* !ORIES & WORLDVIEWS8 ,WE LOVE TO IMPORT T]MS FROM \TSIDE \R DISCIPL9E &1 FRANKLY1 \R COMPREH5SION4 ,! MISPRISION CAN (T5 BE PRODUCTIVE1 BUT IT CAN ALSO BE V]Y FRU/RAT+4 

,D,A,V,I,D ,G,R,A,E,B,]3 ,YES1 IT'S SIMIL> TO ! RELATION BETWE5 AN?ROPOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY--AS SE5 BY ANYONE :O ACTUALLY KN[S ANY?+ AB\T PHILOSOPHY4 

,M,K3 ,9 A REPORT ON A CONF]5CE ( SOCIAL !ORI/S AT ,TATE ,BRITA9 .<0,! ,SADNESS ( ,PO/-,WORK]ISM0 7#b#h7.>1 Y\ DEBUNK$ ! T]M IMMAT]IAL LABOR CONV9C+LY4 ,Y\ >GU$ ?AT IT'S CONF9$ TO A V]Y SMALL VIEW ( HI/ORY BECAUSE IT C>ICATURES :AT CAME BE=E1 LET'S SAY1 #aife OR #aide 9 ORD] TO >GUE ?AT EV]Y?+ IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T N[4 

,D,G3 ,IMMAT]IAL LABOR IS A V]Y R$UCTIVE CONCEPT4 ,IT'S ALSO A V]Y DECEPTIVE ONE3 ,IT COMB9ES ! PO/MOD]N LANGUAGE ( UTT] RUPTURE1 ! IDEA ?AT ! WORLD IS COMPLETELY NEW DUE TO SOME GR&IOSE BREAK 9 HI/ORY1 9 ORD] TO DISGUISE A G5U9ELY ANTIQUAT$1 #a#i#cS V]SION ( ,M>XISM :]E EV]Y?+ CAN BE CATEGORIZ$ AS EI!R 9FRA/RUCTURE OR SUP]/RUCTURE4 ,AFT] ALL1 :AT'S 0IMMAT]IAL0 H]E8 ,NOT ! LABOR4 ,! PRODUCT4 ,SO ?AT ONE =M ( LABOR ?AT PRODUCES SOME?+ ,I CONSID] MAT]IAL IS FUNDAM5TALLY DIFF]5T FROM ANO!R =M ( LABOR ?AT PRODUCES SOME?+ ,I CONSID] IMMAT]IAL4 ,BUT ! GREATE/ /R5G? ( ,M>XI/ !ORY1 9 MY VIEW1 IS ?AT IT DE/ROYS ?AT DI/9CTION4 ,>T IS JU/ ANO!R =M ( PRODUCTION &1 LIKE ALL CREATIVE PROCESSES1 NECESS>ILY IS MAT]IAL & 9VOLVES ?\<T & IDEAS4 

,M,K3 ,SO 9 A WAY1 WE'RE P>ADOXICALLY RE9=C+ OLD B9>IES4 

,D,G3 ,EXACTLY1 YES4 

,M,K3 ,:AT'S 9T]E/+1 TOO1 IS ! 5TIRE NOTION ( RUPTURE4 ,AS HI/ORIANS OR CULTURAL CRITICS1 WE'RE ALWAYS TAU<T ?AT RUPTURE IS GOOD & CONT9UITY IS BAD4 ,IT'S /ILL A REACTION AGA9/ .<,LEOPOLD VON.> ,RANKE'S N>RATIVE V]SION ( HI/ORY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 CONT9UITY IS SE5 AS A REACTION>Y WAY ( LOOK+ AT HI/ORY4 ,BUT Y\'RE OBVI\SLY 9T]E/$ 9 POS+ A MORE SWEEP+1 LONG-RANGE HI/ORY OR !ORY ( HI/ORY4 ,:Y DID Y\ *OOSE TO DO SO8 

,D,G3 ,AS AN ACTIVI/ IT /RIKES ME ?AT SOME ( ! MO/ RADICAL1 MO/ REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS TODAY BASE !MSELVES 9 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES1 :I* >E COMMUNITIES ?AT SEE !MSELVES AS TRADITIONALI/S BUT ?9K ( TRADITION ITSELF AS A POT5TIALLY RADICAL ?+4 ,SO ! DEEP] ! ROOTS Y\ HAVE1 ! MORE *ALL5G+ ?+S Y\ CAN DO ) !M4 

,M,K3 ,BUT ?AT'S MOD]NISM1 TOO1 9 A WAY--,T4 ,S4 ,ELIOT'S 0,TRADITION & ! ,9DIVIDUAL ,TAL5T40 

,D,G3 ,WELL1 TO A L>GE DEGREE1 :AT WE CALL PO/MOD]NISM IS MOD]NI/4 ,:AT WE CALL PO//RUCTURALISM IS /RUCTURALISM4 ,IT'S BECAUSE Y\ HAVE ?AT /ATIC NOTION ( /RUCTURE ?AT Y\ HAVE TO HAVE RUPTURE4 

,M,K3 ,:I* ALSO /ILL L>GELY DET]M9ES CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIOLOGY & ITS F\NDATION1 H[EV] BURI$1 9 /RUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM4 ,9 ! >T WORLD1 WE /ILL SEEM HEAVILY 9DEBT$ TO .<,FR$RIC.> ,JAMESON LOOK+ AT ! LONG-RANGE ECONOMIC !ORIES ( .<,]NE/.> ,M&EL & !IR RELATION TO CULTURAL %IFTS4 

,D,G3 ,:I* IS1 AGA91 9FRA/RUCTURE & SUP]/RUCTURE 444 ,:AT'S SO FASC9AT+ TO ME IS ?AT ,JAMESON FIR/ PROPOSES ?AT PO/MOD]NISM IS GO+ TO BE ! CULTURAL SUP]/RUCTURE ( ?IS NEW TE*NOLOGICAL 9FRA/RUCTURE ?AT ,M&EL IS PR$ICT+1 :I* WE =GET N[4 ,IT WAS GO+ TO BE BAS$ ON ROBOT FACTORIES & NEW =MS ( 5]GY1 & ! MA*9ES W\LD BE DO+ ALL ! WORK--HUMAN WORK WAS SUPPOS$ TO DISAPPE>4 ,?IS IS :AT EV]YBODY WAS ANTICIPAT+ 9 ! LATE '#fS4 ,WORK+-CLASS POLITICS WILL DISAPPE> :5 !RE >E NO MORE WORK]S1 & WE'RE GO+ TO HAVE TO ?9K ( SOME?+ ELSE ON :I* TO BASE 9EQUALITY4 ,& ,JAMESON WAS DESCRIB+ ! TIMELESS1 SUP]FICIAL CULTURE ?AT'S GO+ TO EM]GE :5 WE HAVE FLY+ C>S & NANOROBOTS PRODUCE EV]Y?+4 

,Y\ C\LD JU/ IMAG9E ?+S1 & !Y W\LD APPE>4 ,( C\RSE1 ?OSE TE*NOLOGIES NEV] DID APPE>4 ,9/EAD1 9DU/RIALI/S PRODUC$ A SIMIL> EFFECT BY \TS\RC+ ! FACTORIES--BUT ?AT WAS ! TIMELESS1 SUP]FICIAL ILLUSION4 ,Y\R SNEAK]S LOOK MORE HI<-TE* TODAY BUT W]E CREAT$ US+ EV5 MORE L[-TE* PROCESSES ?AN BE=E4 ,SO 9 ,JAMESON !RE IS ?IS FASC9AT+ PLAY ( 9FRA/RUCTURE & SUP]/RUCTURE2 ! PLAY ( IMAGES BECOMES A WAY ( DISGUIS+ ! FACT ?AT ! 9FRA/RUCTURE HAS B>ELY *ANG$ AT ALL4 

,M,K3 ,9 G5]AL1 !ORIES ( LABOR & CULTURE T5D TO REV]T TO P]IODIZATION1 TO IMPOSE A DET]M9I/IC RELATION%IP BETWE5 ECONOMIC %IFTS & CULTURAL ONES4 ,:AT DO Y\ ?9K ( ! IMPETUS TO F9D MOM5TS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 = EXAMPLE1 & !N CORRELATES 9 ! CULTURAL SPH]E8 

,D,G3 ,WELL1 ,I'M GUILTY ( ?AT MYSELF1 ON OCCASION4 ,TAKE ! NOTION ( FLAME\T4 ,:5 ,I FIR/ PROPOS$ IT1 ,I WAS DRAW+ ON ,IMMANUEL ,WALL]/E9'S NOTION ?AT AT LEA/ S9CE #a#g#h#i1 ALL REAL REVOLUTIONS HAVE BE5 WORLD REVOLUTIONS & ?AT ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ?+ !Y ACCOMPLI%$ WAS TO *ANGE POLITICAL COMMON S5SE1 :I* IS :AT ,I LIKE TO ?9K IS ALSO HAPP5+ RI<T N[4 ,WALL]/E9 HIMSELF IS ALREADY TALK+ AB\T ! WORLD REVOLUTION ( #b#a#a4 

,IT HAPP5S TWICE--IT HAPP5S 9 ! >TI/IC FIELD ) ! EXPLOSION ( ,DADA RI<T >\ND ! WORLD REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & !N IT HAPP5S 9 ! '#gS 9 ,CONT95TAL PHILOSOPHY1 9 ! WAKE ( :AT ,WALL]/E9 CALLS ! WORLD REVOLUTION ( #a#i#f#h4 ,9 EA* CASE Y\ HAVE A MOM5T :]E A P>TICUL> GR& TRADITION1 :E!R ! >TI/IC OR ! 9TELLECTUAL AVANT-G>DE1 9 A MATT] ( JU/ A FEW YE>S RUNS ?R\< ALMO/ EV]Y LOGICAL P]MUTATION ( EV]Y RADICAL GE/URE Y\ C\LD POSSIBLY MAKE )9 ! T]MS ( ?AT TRADITION4 ,& !N SUDD5LY EV]YBODY SAYS1 0,OH NO1 :AT DO WE DO N[80 

,AS A POLITICAL RADICAL MYSELF1 COM+ ( AGE 9TELLECTUALLY 9 ! WAKE ( SU* A MOM5T1 !RE WAS A PR(\ND S5SE ( FRU/RATION ?AT IT WAS AS IF WE'D REV]T$ TO ?IS ALMO/ CLASSICAL NOTION ( A DREAM TIME1 :]E !RE'S NO?+ = US TO DO BUT TO REPEAT ! SAME F\ND+ GE/URES OV] & OV] AGA94 ,WE CAN RETURN TO ?IS K9D ( CREATION 9 AN IMAG9>Y WAY1 BUT ! TIME ( CREATION ITSELF IS =EV] LO/4 

,M,K3 ,?AT'S REM9ISC5T ( >TI/S :O BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 = EXAMPLE--TALK+ TO SOME ( !M1 IT WAS CLE> ?AT !Y W]E SE>*+ = SOME?+4 ,& 9 A WAY IT SEEM$ LIKE A QU9TESS5TIALLY MOD]NI/ SE>* = AN ANTIDOTE TO ALI5ATION4 

,D,G3 ,! IDEA ?AT ALI5ATION IS A BAD ?+ IS A MOD]NI/ PROBLEM4 ,MO/ PHILOSOPHICAL MOVEM5TS--&1 BY EXT5SION1 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS--ACTUALLY EMBRACE ALI5ATION4 ,Y\'RE TRY+ TO A*IEVE A /ATE ( ALI5ATION4 ,?AT'S ! IDEAL IF Y\'RE A ,BUDDHI/ OR AN E>LY ,*RI/IAN1 = EXAMPLE2 ALI5ATION IS A SIGN ?AT Y\ UND]/& SOME?+ AB\T ! REALITY ( ! WORLD4 

,SO P]HAPS :AT'S NEW ) MOD]NITY IS ?AT PEOPLE FEEL !Y %\LDN'T BE ALI5AT$4 ,COL9 ,CAMPBELL WROTE A BOOK CALL$ ,! ,ROMANTIC ,E?IC & ! ,SPIRIT ( ,MOD]N ,CONSUM]ISM .<#a#i#h#g.>1 9 :I* HE >GU$ ?AT MOD]NITY HAS 9TRODUC$ A G5U9ELY NEW =M ( H$ONISM4 ,H$ONISM IS NO LONG] JU/ GETT+ ! SEX1 DRUGS1 & ROCK 'N' ROLL OR :ATEV] BUT IT'S BECOME A MATT] ( SELL+ NEW FANTASIES SO ?AT Y\'RE ALWAYS IMAG9+ ! ?+ Y\ WANT4 ,! OBJECT ( DESIRE IS JU/ AN EXCUSE1 A PRETEXT1 & ?AT'S :Y Y\'RE ALWAYS DISAPPO9T$ :5 Y\ GET IT4 

,CAMPBELL'S >GUM5T MAKES TOTAL S5SE :5 Y\ FIR/ READ IT4 ,BUT 9 FACT1 AGA91 IT'S BACKW>D4 ,IF Y\ LOOK AT HI/ORY--AT1 SAY1 M$IEVAL !ORIES ( DESIRE--IT'S UTT]LY ASSUM$ ?AT :AT Y\ DESIRE IS-- 

,M,K3 ,GOD4 

,D,G3 ,OR C\RTLY LOVE1 YES4 ,BUT :ATEV] IT ULTIMATELY IS1 ! IDEA ?AT BY SEIZ+ ! OBJECT ( Y\R DESIRE Y\ W\LD RESOLVE ! ISSUE WAS ACTUALLY CONSID]$ A SYMPTOM ( MELAN*OLIA4 ,! FANTASIES !MSELVES >E ! REALIZATION ( DESIRE4 ,SO BY ?AT LOGIC1 :AT ,CAMPBELL DESCRIBES IS NOT A NEW IDEA4 ,:AT'S ACTUALLY NEW IS ! NOTION ?AT Y\ %\LD BE ABLE TO RESOLVE DESIRE BY ATTA9+ ! OBJECT4 ,P]HAPS :AT'S NEW IS ! FACT ?AT WE ?9K !RE'S SOME?+ WRONG ) ALI5ATION1 NOT ?AT WE EXP]I5CE IT4 ,BY MO/ M$IEVAL P]SPECTIVES1 \R 5TIRE CIVILIZATION IS ?US REALLY A =M ( CL9ICAL DEPRESSION4 .<LAU<T].> 

,M,K3 ,I'M NOT SURE ALL M$IEVALI/S W\LD AGREE ) Y\1 BUT ! P>ALLEL IS 9T]E/+3 ,IT GOES BACK TO ?IS C>ICATURE ( A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM4 ,WE LIVE UND] :AT WE ASSUME IS A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM ( CAPITAL TODAY1 & YET ! M$IEVAL *UR* WAS A HEGEMONY ?AT WAS 9 FACT F> MORE TOTALIZ+4 

,D,G3 ,9DE$4 

,M,K3 ,NEV]!LESS1 TREM5D\S CULTURAL ACTIVITY & ?\<T OCCURR$ )9 ?OSE P>AMET]S4 ,SO = US ! QUE/ION BECOMES1 ,9 :AT WAYS CAN WE OP]ATE UND] HEGEMONY & /ILL CONCEIVE ( O!R POSSIBLE WORLDS--WORLDS ?AT1 Y\'VE >GU$1 >E ALREADY PRES5T8 

,D,G3 ,?AT'S ONE ( ! ?+S ,I TRY TO DRIVE HOME 9 ALL MY WORK--?AT ! V]Y NOTION ?AT WE EXI/ 9 A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM IS ITSELF ! CORE IDEOLOGICAL IDEA WE NE$ TO OV]COME4 ,BECAUSE ?AT IDEA MAKES US WILLFULLY BL9D TO AT LEA/ HALF ( \R [N ACTIVITY1 :I* C\LD JU/ AS EASILY BE DESCRIB$ AS BE+ COMMUNI/IC OR AN>*I/IC4 ,!SE >E ! O!R WORLDS ALREADY PRES5T 9 \R DAILY LIFE4 ,BUT WE DON'T ACKN[L$GE !M4 ,WE DON'T CALL ACTS ( %>+1 OR ! /ATE-SUPPORT$ 9DU/RIES ALL >\ND US1 COMMUNI/1 EV5 ?\< KEY ASPECTS ( !M CLE>LY >E4 

,M,K3 ,:AT'S 9T]E/+ = ! PRACTICE ( >T IS ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 ! V]Y NOTION ( CRITIQUE IS PREMIS$ TO A C]TA9 DEGREE ON A TOTALIZ+ SY/EM4 ,!RE HAS TO BE SOME?+ TO DISRUPT1 COMBAT1 R]\TE4 ,H[ DO Y\ UND]/& CRITIQUE MORE SPECIFICALLY8 

,D,G3 ,I ?9K AB\T ?IS ALL ! TIME4 ,I MEAN1 ,I AM SUSPICI\S ( .<,BRUNO.> ,LAT\R'S VOLLEY 9 0,:Y ,HAS ,CRITIQUE ,RUN ,\T ( ,/EAM80 .<#b#d.>1 :I* ESS5TIALLY SAID--,I'M P>APHRAS+--0,LET US CRITIQUE ! IDEA ( CRITIQUE4 ,WE MU/ CONTE/ :AT'S BECOME ( RELATIVISM ) A R5EW$ TYPE ( EMPIRICISM40 

,M,K3 ,RI<T1 AL?\< IT ALSO WAS A VALUABLE 9T]V5TION TO HAVE MADE4 

,D,G3 ,YES--IF Y\ APPLY ! LOGIC ( CRITIQUE TOO CONSI/5TLY1 Y\ CREATE ?IS ALMO/ GNO/IC NOTION ( REALITY1 ?AT ! ONE ?+ WE CAN DO IS TO BE ! P]SON :O REALIZES ! WORLD IS WRONG4 

,IT MAY BE 9CR$IBLY REW>D+ 9TELLECTUALLY1 BUT IT'S ALSO A T]RIBLE TRAP4 ,I ALWAYS GO BACK TO ,M>X'S FAM\S PHRASE FROM #a#h#d#c1 0,T[>D A ,RU?LESS ,CRITIQUE ( ,EV]Y?+ ,?AT ,EXI/S40 ,IT WAS SOME?+ HE WROTE :5 HE WAS TW5TY-FIVE1 :I* IS APPROPRIATE = ?AT AGE4 ,:5 ,I WAS Y\NG]1 ,I FELT ?AT WAY1 TOO4 ,N[ ,I FEEL ?AT SU* RU?LESSNESS HAS ITS PRICE4 

,BUT IT /RIKES ME ?AT RADICAL !ORY HAS ALWAYS BE5 CAU<T BETWE5 ?AT MOM5T & ! ,M>XIAN MOM5T 9 :I* Y\ TRY TO UND]/& ! RULE1 ALL ! HIDD5 /RUCTURES ( P[] & ! WAY 9 :I* EV]Y 9/ITUTION ?AT MI<T SEEM 9NOCU\S CONTRIBUTES TO REPRODUC+ SOME L>G] TOTALITY1 :I* IS ONE ( DOM9ATION & OPPRESSION4 ,& SO1 IF Y\ TAKE IT TOO S]I\SLY1 CRITIQUE RA!R LOSES ITS PO9T BECAUSE IT BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE TO IMAG9E ANY?+ \TSIDE4 ,?AT'S :5 Y\ 5D UP NE$+1 RELY+ ON1 ! LOGIC ( TOTAL RUPTURE4 ,SOME?+ WILL HAPP51 ,I DON'T KN[1 A REALLY BIG RIOT1 & !N DUR+ ! EFF]VESC5CE A NEW WORLD WILL JU/ COME 9TO BE+4 ,!RE >E 9SURRECTIONI/S :O SAY ?AT \TRI<T4 

,9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9 FACT1 !RE WAS A MOVEM5T BACK & =? BETWE5 ! EMPHASIS ON RUPTURE & ITS OPPOSITE4 ,DUR+ ! GLOBAL-JU/ICE MOVEM5T1 ! BIG WORD WAS PREFIGURATION--! NOTION ( BUILD+ ! 9/ITUTIONS ( A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! %ELL ( OLD4 ,!N CAME ! FRU/RATION AFT] #i_/#a#a4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE TURN$ BACK TO 9SURRECTIONISM1 :I* WAS POS$ AS ?IS RADICAL NEW !ORY4 ,( C\RSE IT WAS REALLY GO+ BACK TO ONE MODEL ( AN>*ISM FROM ! #a#h#iS1 :I* 9CORPORAT$ ! ,M>XI/ LOGIC ( FUNDAM5TAL RUPTURE4 ,!Y COMB9$ IT ) ,FR5* !ORY FROM ! #a#i#gS & ?\<T !Y HAD SOME?+ NEW4 ,IT'S A MOM5T ( DESPAIR4 

,M,K3 ,AN EXQUISITE CORPSE4 

,D,G3 ,YES1 & BECAUSE ( ?AT MODEL1 !Y CAN'T UND]/& ?AT COMMUNISM HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T1 :I* IS :AT ,I W\LD >GUE1 ?AT IT'S ! BASIS ( ANY SOCIAL RELATIONS1 ANY ONTOLOGICAL GR\ND ( SOCIALITY4 ,9/EAD !Y SEE IT AS SOME?+ NEW 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT !Y'VE SUDD5LY DISCOV]$ IMMAT]IAL LABOR-- 

,M,K3 ,OR BIOPOLITICS1 AS Y\'VE PO9T$ \T4 

,D,G3 ,9DE$1 BIOPOLITICS IS NO?+ NEW4 ,! NOTION ?AT ! HEAL? & PROSP]ITY ( ! POPULATION >E B\ND UP 9 SOV]EIGNTY IS ACTUALLY ! F\ND+ NOTION ( SOV]EIGNTY4 

,M,K3 ,! QUE/ION !N BECOMES1 ,:AT DO !SE EV]YDAY MOM5TS ( COMMUNISM MEAN = A !ORY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,H[ DO !Y RELATE TO 9DIVIDUALITY8 

,D,G3 ,I DEVELOP$ ?AT RELATION 9 ! ,DEBT BOOK1 & IT'S BE5 SOME:AT MISUND]/OOD4 ,ONE ( ! IDEAS ,I WAS TRY+ TO PURSUE WAS H[ ONE COMES UP ) SOME?+ LIKE ! VALUE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL )\T HAV+ TO FRAME IT )9 ! RA!R MY/ICAL NOTION ?AT Y\ HAVE A UNIQUE CRY/ALL9E CORE1 :I* IS ! BASIS ( Y\R VALUE1 IRRESPECTIVE ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,BECAUSE IT /RUCK ME1 IF Y\ LOOK AT MATT]S LIKE COMP5SATION = WRONGFUL DEA? & ! WAYS TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES RESOLVE FEUDS1 !RE IS V]Y CLE>LY AN ASSUMPTION ( ! UNIQUE VALUE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,BUT ! UNIQU5ESS IS PR$ICAT$ ON ! FACT ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL IS A UNIQUE NEXUS ( SOCIAL RELATIONS4 

,& ,I ?9K ?AT'S :AT WE'VE LO/--! NOTION ?AT WE'RE S$IM5T$ BE+S CREAT$ BY 5DLESS CONFIGURATIONS ( RELATIONS ) O!RS4 ,I ?9K 9DIVIDUALITY IS SOME?+ WE CON/ANTLY CREATE ?R\< RELATIONS ) O!RS1 & ?AT1 9 A WAY1 ?IS V]Y FACT RESOLVES .<,EMILE.> ,DURKHEIM'S FAVORITE PROBLEM1 :I* IS3 ,H[ DO ,I REW>D SOCIETY = HAV+ ALL[$ ME TO BECOME AN 9DIVIDUAL8 ,DURKHEIM HAD ?IS IDEA ?AT WE >E ALL BURD5$ BY AN 9F9ITE SOCIAL DEBT1 :I* HE 9H]IT$ FROM ,AUGU/E ,COMTE--! IDEA ?AT Y\ [E SOCIETY = ALL[+ Y\ TO BE AN 9DIVIDUAL1 ?AT 9DIVIDUALITY IS A K9D ( COSMIC DEBT TO SOCIETY OR TO NATURE4 ,I WANT$ TO DECON/RUCT ! 5TIRE NOTION ?AT ONE'S EXI/5CE CAN BE CONCEIV$ AS ANY?+ LIKE DEBT4 ,S9CE1 AFT] ALL1 A DEBT IS A RELATION ( JURAL EQUALITY4 ,IT'S PREMIS$ ON ! NOTION ?AT !RE IS A CONTRACTUAL RELATION BETWE5 TWO EQUAL P>TIES4 ,BUT H[ CAN ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY CONCEIVABLY BE POS$ AS EQUAL P>TN]S TO A BUS9ESS DEAL8 ,IT'S ABSURD4 

,SO ,I WANT$ TO MOVE 9/EAD TO A NOTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL AS A NEXUS ( RELATIONS4 ,BUT 9 ORD] TO DO ?AT Y\ HAVE TO REIMAG9E A LOT ( ?+S1 9CLUD+1 ,I SUSPECT1 \R V]Y NOTIONS ( M9D4 ,A LOT ( ! ?+S WE ?9K ( AS ! ULTIMATE PRODUCTS ( 9DIVIDUALITY >E 9 FACT PRODUCTS ( RELATION%IPS1 ( DYADIC OR TRIADIC RELATIONS ( ONE K9D OR ANO!R4 

,M,K3 ,IT'S ONE WAY \T ( ! /RUCTURE-V]SUS-AG5CY PROBLEM4 

,D,G3 ,PRECISELY1 YES4 

,M,K3 ,& YET ! LEGACY ( CRITIQUE )9 ! >T WORLD SEEMS TO BE ALL AB\T /RUCTURE & NOT AB\T AG5CY4 ,IT'S AS IF !RE IS NO AG5CY4 ,& SO MANY CRITICS & >TI/S >RIVE AT ?IS IMPASSE BECAUSE !Y'RE ESS5TIALLY /UCK 9 ?OSE TWO CATEGORIES4 

,D,G3 ,AS IS ALL SOCIAL !ORY4 ,EV5 ?\< SOCIOLOGI/S D5Y IT4 

,M,K3 ,EV5 ! MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ ,B\RDEV9 P]SPECTIVES4 

,BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ! O!R DIM5SION 9 QUE/ION IS TIME4 ,DO Y\ ?9K ?AT AN?ROPOLOGY & >T CAN /ILL HELP EA* O!R 9 SOME WAY TO GET A BETT] PICTURE ( ! LONGUE DUREE8 

,D,G3 ,DEF9ITELY4 ,?AT WAS ONE ( ! PO9TS ( MY BOOK4 ,I FIR/ WAS PUTT+ IT TOGE!R 9 A PIECE = ,MUTE 9 ! IMM$IATE WAKE ( #b#h1 & ,I BEGAN BY SAY+ ?AT :5 Y\'RE 9 A CRISIS1 ! FIR/ ?+ Y\ HAVE TO DO IS TO ASK1 ,:AT IS ! L>G] RHY?MIC OR TEMPORAL /RUCTURE 9 :I* !SE EV5TS >E TAK+ PLACE8 

,SO ,I DECID$ TO CA/ MY NET AS WIDELY AS POSSIBLE1 TO SAY1 ,:AT IF ?IS IS P>T ( A G5U9ELY WORLD-HI/ORIC BREAK+ PO9T1 ! SORT ( ?+ ?AT ONLY HAPP5S EV]Y FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S OR SO--MY IDEA ( A LONG OSCILLATION BETWE5 P]IODS ( CR$IT--&1 SURPRIS+LY1 IT WORK$4 ,?AT'S ONE REASON ,I 5D$ UP WRIT+ ! BOOK4 ,IT MI<T ALL SEEM CONTRADICTORY1 S9CE ,I AM >GU+ AGA9/ ! NOTION ( RUPTURE1 BUT ,I ALSO 9SI/ ?AT ?IS BREAK+ PO9T CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD BY LOOK+ AT CONT9UITIES 9 ! LONGE/ POSSIBLE DUREE4 

,M,K3 ,9 ! SAME WAY1 P]HAPS ONE CAN ONLY LOOK AT %IFTS 9 CULTURE RI<T N[ 9 T]MS ( A MU* BROAD] TIME L9E4 ,BUT ?OSE %IFTS1 H[EV] WE CONCEIVE ( !M1 CAN'T REALLY BE R$UC$ TO WAVES OR CYCLES1 JU/ AS1 ,I ?9K1 VIRTUALLY NO CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMI/ TAKES ,KONDRATIEFF WAVES S]I\SLY1 OR O!R COMP>ABLE LONG-WAVE !ORIES ( ! WORLD ECONOMY4 ,YET NO ONE SEEMS TO BE POS+ AN ALT]NATIVE4 

,D,G3 ,I ?9K !RE IS A REASON = ?AT1 :I* IS ?AT IT HAS BECOME ! ALMO/ OBSESSIVE PRIORITY ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM TO MAKE SURE ?AT NO ONE IS4 ,OV] ! C\RSE ( TWELVE YE>S ( ACTIVISM1 ,I'VE COME TO REALIZE ?AT :OEV] IS RUNN+ ?IS SY/EM IS OBSESS$ ) W9N+ ! CONCEPTUAL W>--MU* MORE SO1 9 FACT1 ?AN ) ACTUAL ECONOMIC VIABILITY4 ,GIV5 ! *OICE BETWE5 AN OPTION ?AT MAKES CAPITALISM SEEM LIKE ! ONLY POSSIBLE SY/EM & AN OPTION ?AT ACTUALLY MAKES CAPITALISM A MORE VIABLE LONG-T]M SY/EM1 !Y ALWAYS *OOSE ! =M]4 

,ODDLY 5\<1 ,I FIR/ PICK$ UP ON ?IS 9 AN ACTIVI/ CONTEXT4 ,IT WAS #b#b1 & WE W5T TO ! ,I,M,F MEET+S .<9 ,WA%+TON.>4 ,& WE W]E SC>$1 BECAUSE IT WAS RI<T AFT] #i_/#a#a4 ,SURE 5\<1 !Y OV]:ELM$ US ) POLICE & 5DLESS SECURITY4 ,CONSID]+ \R NUMB]S1 IT WAS %OCK+ ?AT !Y W\LD DEVOTE ALL ( !SE RES\RCES TO CONTA9+ US4 ,& WE ALL W5T HOME FEEL+ PRETTY DEPRESS$4 ,IT WAS ONLY LAT] ?AT ,I LE>N$ H[ PR(\NDLY WE'D DISRUPT$ ?+S4 ,! ,I,M,F ACTUALLY HELD SOME ( !IR MEET+S VIA TELECONF]5CE BECAUSE ( ! SECURITY RISK WE O/5SIBLY POS$4 ,ALL ! P>TIES W]E CANCEL$4 ,BASICALLY1 ! POLICE %UT D[N ! MEET+S = US4 ,I REALIZ$ ?AT ! FACT ?AT ?REE HUNDR$ AN>*I/S GO HOME DEPRESS$ SEEMS MU* MORE IMPORTANT TO !M ?AN :E!R ! ,I,M,F MEET+S ACTUALLY HAPP5$4 ,?AT WAS A REVELATION4 ,AS ! :OLE ?+ FALLS AP>T 9 FRONT ( US1 ! ONE BATTLE !Y'VE WON IS OV] ! IMAG9ATION4 

,M,K3 ,BUT H[ DO Y\ VIEW ATTEMPTS )9 OR ON BEHALF ( >T TO 5GAGE 9 ?IS 0BATTLE OV] ! IMAG9ATION08 

,D,G3 ,ACTUALLY1 :5 ,I WAS ?9K+ AB\T :AT ,I W\LD SAY AB\T ! RELATION BETWE5 ! >T WORLD & ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 ,I WAS /RUCK BY A REM>KABLE PATT]N4 ,I />T$ ?9K+ ( ALL ! CONV]SATIONS AB\T ! >T WORLD ,I'VE HAD 9 ! PROCESS ( ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET1 :I* WAS SURPRIS+ TO ME BECAUSE ,I DON'T KN[ ?AT MU* AB\T ! >T WORLD4 ,I ?\<T1 ,:O >E ! PEOPLE :O REALLY L$ ME TO ! EV5TS ( ,AUGU/8 ,I WAS BAS$ 9 ,5GL& ! YE> BE=E1 & ! GR\P ,I WAS 9VOLV$ ) WAS ,>TS ,AGA9/ ,CUTS4 ,& ! P]SON ,I WORK$ ) MO/ CLOSELY WAS ,SOPHIE ,C>APETIAN1 A SCULPTOR4 ,!N :5 ,I GOT H]E TO ,NEW ,YORK1 ! P]SON :O BR\<T ME TO #af ,BEAV] ,/REET1 :]E ,I F\ND \T AB\T ! ,OCCUPY ,WALL ,/REET PLANN+1 WAS ANO!R >TI/1 ,COLLE5 ,ASP]4 ,& !RE ,I MET ! >TI/ ,GEORGIA ,SAGRI1 ) :OM ,I WAS 9T5SELY 9VOLV$ )9 ! =MATION ( ! ,G5]AL ,ASSEMBLY4 ,& !N ! FIR/ P]SON ,I GOT 9VOLV$1 :O 5D$ UP PLAY+ A CRITICAL ROLE1 WAS ,M>ISA ,HOLMES1 :O US$ TO BE A P]=MANCE >TI/ & IS N[ A FILMMAK]4 ,:AT DO ALL !SE PEOPLE HAVE 9 COMMON8 ,!Y'RE ALL Y\NG WOM5 >TI/S1 EV]Y ONE ( !M4 

,& ALMO/ ALL ( !M HAD EXP]I5C$ EXACTLY ?AT T5SION BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL AU?OR%IP & P>TICIPATION 9 L>G] ACTIVI/ PROJECTS4 ,ANO!R >TI/ ,I KN[1 = EXAMPLE1 MADE A SCULPTURE ( A GIANT C>ROT US$ DUR+ A PROTE/ AT ,MILLBANK2 ,I ?9K IT WAS ACTUALLY ?R[N ?R\< ! W9D[ ( ,TORY HEADQU>T]S & SET ON FIRE4 ,%E FEELS IT WAS H] BE/ WORK1 BUT H] COLLECTIVE1 :I* IS MO/LY WOM51 9SI/$ ON COLLECTIVE AU?OR%IP1 & %E FEELS UNABLE TO ATTA* H] NAME TO ! WORK4 ,& IT JU/ BR+S HOME ! T5SION A LOT ( WOM5 >TI/S1 9 P>TICUL>1 FEEL1 ?AT !Y'RE MU* MORE LIKELY TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 !SE COLLECTIVE PROJECTS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 SU* COLLECTIVES AIM TO TRANSC5D EGOISM1 BUT TO :AT DEGREE >E !Y JU/ REPRODUC+ ! SAME /RUCTURAL SUPPRESSION WOM5 >TI/S REGUL>LY EXP]I5CE1 BECAUSE H]E TOO A WOMAN IS NOT ALL[$ TO CLAIM AU?OR%IP ( H] BE/ WORK8 

,H[ DO Y\ RESOLVE ! DILEMMA8 ,YES1 IT IS ! COLLECTIVE ?AT MAKES Y\ AN 9DIVIDUAL1 BUT ?AT DOESN'T MEAN Y\ %\LDN'T BECOME AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,IT'S A REALLY 9T]E/+ QUE/ION4 ,BUT ,I ?\<T ,I W\LD ?R[ IT \T !RE BECAUSE ,I DON'T KN[ ! ANSW] EI!R4 

,M,K3 ,?AT LEADS US TO ! MODEL ( CONS5SUS1 :I* IS 9T]E/+ TO ME BECAUSE ,I P>TICIPAT$ 9 CONS5SUS 9 A V]Y DILETTANTI% WAY1 9 COLLEGE4 ,& ,I'VE ALWAYS WOND]$ :E!R OR NOT CONS5SUS ACTUALLY PROMOTES OR RISKS A LAPSE 9TO /ASIS RA!R ?AN 5G5D]+ ACTION OR EV5 ACTIVE ?\<T4 

,D,G3 ,CONS5SUS IS A DEFAULT MODE TO ME4 ,!RE IS A CONS5SUS PROCESS ) A P>TICUL> =M ?AT HAS EM]G$ ?R\< FEM9ISM1 AN>*ISM1 DIFF]5T SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,BUT :AT ,I ALWAYS EMPHASIZE IS ?AT IF Y\ CAN'T =CE PEOPLE TO DO ?+S !Y DON'T WANT TO DO1 Y\'RE />T+ ) CONS5SUS ONE WAY OR ANO!R4 ,! TE*NIQUES Y\ REA* TO GET TO CONS5SUS >E SECOND>Y4 

,SO :5 PEOPLE TALK AB\T AN>*I/ =MS ( ORGANIZATION & HAVE ASSUM$ ?AT EI!R WE >E ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL OR WE'RE ONLY = V]Y LIMIT$ =MS ( COLLECTIVE1 ,I ALWAYS SAY1 0,WELL1 NO40 ,AN>*ISM BELIEVES 9 ANY =M ( ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD NOT REQUIRE ! EXI/5CE ( >M$ GUYS :OM Y\ C\LD CALL UP IF ?+S REALLY W5T WRONG4 ,?AT C\LD 9CLUDE ALL SORTS ( SOCIAL =MS4 ,& ON ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL1 ?AT'S ALL CONS5SUS REALLY MEANS4 

,M,K3 ,IT HELPS TO EXPLA9 :Y ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM )9 ! VISUAL >TS 5COMPASSES SOME V]Y UNLIKELY SUSPECTS FROM V]Y DIFF]5T MILIEUS1 LIKE ,SEURAT1 ,SIGNAC1 ,F5EON1 ,B>NETT ,NEWMAN1 ,JOHN ,CAGE1 :O W]E ALL DI/9CT FROM HI/ORIES ( DISS5SUS OR ( ANTAGONISM4 

,D,G3 ,IT'S NOT MY >EA1 BUT ,I C\LD READ UP ON IT4 .<LAU<T].> 

,M,K3 ,IT SEEMS ?AT SOME ( ! >TI/S :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ,OCCUPY W]E LOOK+ = ! POSSIBILITIES ?AT CONS5SUS POS$ ) RESPECT TO WAYS ( RELAT+ SOCIALLY OR WAYS ( =G+ SOCIAL BONDS ?AT W]E DIFF]5T4 

,D,G3 ,PRECISELY4 

,M,K3 ,BUT JU/ AS AT ANY O!R MOM5T 9 TIME ?AT WE'VE DISCUSS$1 >TI/S MAY DIP 9TO ?IS K9D ( SPH]E 9 ORD] TO FEEL P]SONALLY 9VIGORAT$ OR EMOTIONALLY VALIDAT$ 9 SOME WAY & !N GO BACK TO !IR DAILY LIVES4 ,NO?+ REALLY *ANGES4 

,D,G3 ,& ,I /ILL HAVE PUBLI%]S4 ,I ?9K IT'S ALL AB\T ! CREATION ( FIREWALLS BETWE5 V]TICAL ORGANIZATIONS & HORIZONTAL ORGANIZATIONS1 9DIVIDUAL CELEBRITY & COLLECTIVE DECISION MAK+2 IT'S ALL AB\T H[ TO CREATE MEMBRANES BETWE5 DIFF]5T BUT SIMULTANE\S WORLDS4 

,M,K3 ,?AT S\NDS SUSPICI\SLY LIKE CAPITALI/ S*IZOPHR5IA4 

,D,G3 ,YEAH1 ,I REALIZ$ ,I WAS MOV+ 9 A C]TA9 DIRECTION !RE4 ,BUT IT'S SIGNIFICANT ?AT ,GUATT>I CAME UP ) ! NOTION ( ! MA*9E :5 HE WAS TRY+ TO ?9K ( A NONVANGU>DI/ =M ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,& :ILE ,I'M SKEPTICAL ( :AT PEOPLE HAVE DONE ) ?AT LEGACY1 ,GUATT>I'S ORIG9AL =MULATION REMA9S IMPORTANT4 

,M,K3 ,BUT TO ?9K ( ALT]NATE WORLDS OR1 TO A LESS] EXT5T1 MANY ( ! PROPOSITIONS CONC]N+ CULTURE & ! POLITICAL--IT'S ALL /ILL A V]SION ( DEFAMILI>IZATION1 9 A WAY4 

,D,G3 ,IT'S /ILL =MALI/4 

,M,K3 ,MAYBE AT ITS BE/4 

,D,G3 ,NOT EV5 ?AT GOOD4 ,O,K4 

,M,K3 ,:I* IS TO SAY ?AT ! ,RUSSIAN ,=MALI/S CAME UP ) A !ORY ( REVOLUTION--?AT A REVOLUTION 9 P]CEPTION W\LD 9/IGATE A REVOLUTION 9 SOCIETY--?AT'S AS POT5T AS ANY TO FOLL[4 ,BUT :E!R Y\ WANT TO 9TRODUCE FRISSON OR COGS 9 ! MA*9E1 OR Y\ WANT TO SL[ ?+S D[N OR CREATE FRICTION OR DIV]T ! FL[S ( CAPITAL OR R$I/RIBUTE ! S5SIBLE1 !SE ALL SEEM LIKE WAYS ( TALK+ AB\T DEFAMILI>IZATION1 A K9D ( REVELATORY PRACTICE ( *ANG+ ONE'S P]SPECTIVE OR S5SATION1 OR UNDO+ ! PROGRAMM$ GAZE1 OR PULL+ BACK ! CURTA9 & DEMY/IFY+ SOME L>G] S*EME4 

,I ?9K WE'VE TURN$ TO !SE NOTIONS AS A WAY ( SEEK+ TO >TICULATE ! K9DS ( POLITICAL P[] >T MI<T ACTUALLY WIELD--IT HAS TO DO ) DEBATES 9 ! >T WORLD N[ ?AT EV9CE V]Y CONFLICT$ FEEL+S AB\T :E!R OR NOT \R DISC\RSE ASCRIBES COMPLETELY FANTA/ICAL P[]S TO A WORK ( >T1 SAY+ ?AT A WORK SOMEH[ CONTE/S NEOLIB]ALISM BECAUSE ( ,X1 ,Y1 & ,Z OR :ATEV]4 ,& ! S9K+ FEEL+ ?AT ALT]+ P]CEPTION OR S5SATION OR FL[S ( 9=MATION IS M]ELY TO REPEAT :AT ALREADY HAPP5S 9 CONSUM] ECONOMIES4 ,BUT AS WE GRAPPLE ) !SE QUE/IONS1 ,I WOND] IF WE >E CONDEMN$ TO REHE>SE ?IS V]Y OLD PROBLEM1 & :E!R WE NE$ TO ?9K ( ANO!R APPROA*4 

,D,G3 ,IT TAKES Y\ BACK TO ! NOTION ( CRITIQUE4 ,IT RELATES TO ! ,M>XIAN NOTION 9 :I* Y\ HAVE ! RU?LESS CRITIQUE ( EV]Y?+ ?AT EXI/S1 :]E EV]Y?+ CAN BE SE5 FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ITS ROLE 9 REPRODUC+ SOME L>G] SY/EM ( ALI5ATION OR 9EQUALITY OR HI]>*Y1 :ATEV] IT MAY BE4 

,!N Y\ CAN ALSO >GUE ?AT EV]Y HUMAN POSSIBILITY IS SIMULTANE\SLY PRES5T4 .<,M>CEL.> ,MAUSS ?\<T COMMUNISM & 9DIVIDUALISM W]E TWO SIDES ( ! SAME CO94 ,BUT DEMOCRACY1 MON>*Y1 M>KETS--EV]Y?+ IS ALWAYS PRES5T4 ,SO 9 ?AT CASE IT'S NOT SO MU* A QUE/ION ( *>ACT]IZ+ A SY/EM AS ( LOOK+ AT :I* =MS ( RELATIONS >E CURR5TLY DOM9ANT & :I* ONES HAVE MANAG$ TO PRES5T !MSELVES AS 9NATE1 GIV51 ! ESS5CE ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,?IS IS :AT ,I F9D MO/ USEFUL4 ,IF Y\ TAKE ?AT AS A />T+ PO9T1 :AT CRITIQUE IS IS NOT REVEAL+ ! TOTALITY ( ! SY/EM4 ,!RE IS NO OV]ALL TOTALITY4 ,IF !RE'S AN IDEOLOGICAL ILLUSION1 IT'S ! V]Y IDEA ?AT !RE C\LD BE--?AT WE LIVE 9 0CAPITALISM10 = 9/ANCE1 A TOTAL SY/EM ?AT P]VADES EV]Y?+1 RA!R ?AN ONE DOM9AT$ BY CAPITAL4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 ,I ?9K IT'S DEEPLY UTOPIAN TO IMAG9E A WORLD ( UTT] PLURALITY )\T ANY CONCEPTUAL TOTALITIES AT ALL4 ,:AT WE NE$ IS ONE ?\S& TOTALITIES1 JU/ AS WE NE$ ONE ?\S& UTOPIAS4 ,!RE IS NO?+ WRONG ) A UTOPIA UNLESS Y\ HAVE JU/ ONE4 

,M,K3 ,SOME?+ ?AT HAS P]PLEX$ ME AS WELL1 NOT ONLY AB\T CRITIQUE )9 ! REALM ( >TI/IC PRACTICE BUT ALSO MORE G5]ALLY AB\T C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ,OCCUPY1 IS ! RELIANCE ON 9/RUM5TAL RATIONALITY OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 /ATI/ICS4 ,EV5 ! 0#i#i ,P]C5T0 SLOGAN--:AT'S /RANGE IS ?AT1 ( C\RSE1 AT A C]TA9 PO9T 9 TIME ?OSE K9DS ( FACTS & FIGURES W\LD 9 FACT !MSELVES HAVE BE5 SE5 AS SUSPECT4 ,POSITIVISM OR RATIONALITY ITSELF WAS =M]LY UND] SCRUT9Y4 ,& !Y DON'T SEEM TO BE N[ 9 ! SAME WAY4 ,Y\ MAY NOT BUY ,LAT\R'S BID TO REVISIT EMPIRICISM1 BUT IT SEEMS LIKE PROTE/ MOVEM5TS TODAY RETA9 A FUNDAM5TAL ASSUMPTION ( QUITE TRADITIONAL ECONOMIC METRICS & LAWS1 :5 PREVI\SLY !Y W\LD BE ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ATTEMPT TO OV]?R[ SU* BASIC ASSUMPTIONS4 

,D,G3 ,9 T]MS ( RATIONALITY1 ?AT'S 9T]E/+1 BECAUSE ,I ?9K ?AT ! RATIONALITY DEBATE IS L>GELY MISPLAC$4 ,IF Y\ ?9K AB\T :AT RATIONALITY IS1 IT'S A REM>KABLY M9IMAL CONCEPT4 ,I MEAN1 IF Y\ SAY SOMEONE IS RATIONAL1 ALL Y\'RE SAY+ IS !Y'RE NOT 9SANE4 ,!Y CAN MAKE BASIC LOGICAL CONNECTIONS4 

,IT DOESN'T TAKE MU* TO BE RATIONAL4 ,I ?9K ?AT ! =MS ( DEMOCRATIC PROCESS WE'RE DEVELOP+1 !IR /R5G? LIES 9 ! FACT ?AT !Y'RE GO+ BEYOND RATIONALITY1 BECAUSE ANY !ORY ( SOCIETY OR HUMAN ACTION ?AT BEG9S FROM RATIONALITY ULTIMATELY 5DS UP ) SOME?+ LIKE ,HUME1 :]E REASON IS A SLAVE ( ! PASSIONS1 & PASSIONS >E SOME?+ ?AT >E UTT]LY UNASSIMILABLE TO RATIONAL 9QUIRY1 PRIOR 9 SOME WAY4 

,:I* IS :AT HAPP5S 9 ECONOMICS :5 Y\ SAY PEOPLE >E RATIONAL ACTORS TRY+ TO MAXIMIZE SOME UTILITY4 ,IF Y\ ASK1 0,:AT AB\T PEOPLE :O SACRIFICE !MSELVES = A CAUSE80 ,WELL1 !Y'RE TRY+ TO MAXIMIZE ! GOOD FEEL+ !Y GET FROM SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES = A CAUSE4 ,:Y DO !Y GET A GOOD FEEL+ FROM SACRIFIC+8 ,?AT'S PSY*OLOGY4 ,!Y PU% ALL ! MEAN+FUL QUE/IONS SOME:]E ELSE4 

,M,K3 ,BUT ECONOMICS ITSELF IS 9CORPORAT+ ?AT N[4 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ECONOMICS HAS ABSORB$ ! NONRATIONAL ACTOR 9TO ITS MODELS4 

,D,G3 ,BUT ALL ECONOMIC ACTORS >E IRRATIONAL--!Y HAVE TO BE1 BECAUSE !Y HAVE NO REASON TO WANT :AT !Y WANT4 ,TAKE ! V]Y NOTION ( SELF-9T]E/1 :I* ,I DESCRIBE 9 ! BOOK4 ,:Y >E WE US+ ! WORD 9T]E/8 ,! WORD COMES DIRECTLY FROM ! IDEA ( 9T]E/ PAYM5TS4 ,IT'S ! TRANS=MATION ( :AT ,SA9T ,AUGU/9E CALL$ SELF-LOVE1 & !Y DECID$ TO MAKE IT A LITTLE LESS !OLOGICAL SO !Y CALL$ IT 9T]E/4 ,9T]E/ IS ?AT :I* 5DLESSLY ACCRUES & GR[S1 SO ?AT ,AUGU/9IAN NOTION ( ! 9F9ITE PASSIONS & DESIRES IS /ILL !RE--BUT 9 A F9ANCIALIZ$1 RATIONALIZ$ =M4 

,RATIONALITY IS ALWAYS ! TOOL ( SOME?+4 ,AN>*ISM1 = ME1 MOVES BEYOND M]E RATIONALITY TO SOME?+ ELSE4 ,I CALL IT REASONABL5ESS4 ,& REASONABL5ESS IS A MU* MORE COMPLICAT$ NOTION ?AN RATIONALITY1 BUT 9CLUDES IT4 ,REASONABL5ESS = ME IS ! ABILITY TO MAKE COMPROMISES BETWE5 =MALLY 9COMM5SURABLE VALUES1 :I* IS EXACTLY ?AT :I* ESCAPES CLASSIC MODELS ( RATIONALITY4 ,& IT'S :AT MO/ ( :AT LIFE IS ACTUALLY AB\T4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bba 3 ,ANO!R ,WORLD -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ANO!R ,WORLD -- ,UPDAT$4 

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