,ANCI5T UTOPIA & PEASANT REVOLTS 9 ,*9A 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 

,TEXT 3 

,AB\T ! ,AU?OR 

,NGO ,VAN ,XUYET 7,BORN 9 ,TAN ,LO1 #a#i#a#c2 DI$ 9 ,P>IS1 #b#e7 

,?IS ESSAY1 ,ANCI5T ,UTOPIA & ,PEASANT ,REVOLTS 9 ,*9A1 IS ,VAN'S LA/ BOOK2 %ORTLY AFT] F9I%+ IT HE DI$ 9 ,P>IS 9 ,JANU>Y #b#e4 ,HIS LIFE HAS BE5 EXT+UI%$1 BUT HIS KN[L$GE & HIS SPIRIT ( REBELLION /ILL T\* US4 ,VAN WAS = US NOT JU/ A ,VIETNAMESE MILITANT :O F\<T AGA9/ ! COLONIALI/ & ,/AL9I/ OPPRESSION ( HIS C\NTRY & ! AU?OR ( AN 9DISP5SABLE WORK ON ! HI/ORY ( ,VIETNAM FROM ! #a#i#bS TO ! PRES5T1 BUT A FRI5D ) :OM WE %>$ IDEAS & EMOTIONS4 

,HIS RELATIONS ) ,B>CELONA W]E FEW BUT 9T5SE4 ,9 ,B>CELONA1 ,VAN FELT AT HOME3 HE KNEW ?AT H]E1 9 #aicf & #a#i#c#g1 A /RUGGLE WAS WAG$ ON TWO FRONTS1 AGA9/ FASCISM & AGA9/ ,/AL9ISM1 JU/ LIKE ! ONE HE WAG$ 9 HIS HOME C\NTRY AGA9/ ,FR5* COLONIALISM & ,/AL9ISM2 HE KNEW ?AT H]E1 ! REVOLUTION>IES DID NOT ALL[ !IR /RUGGLE TO BE SWALL[$ BY ANTI-FASCISM1 ANY MORE ?AN ,VAN & HIS COMRADES ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE SWALL[$ BY ANTI-COLONIALISM 9 ,VIETNAM4 

,NGO ,VAN WAS BORN 9 #aiac 9 ,TAN ,LO1 A VILLAGE 9 ! ,MEKONG ,DELTA1 ! Y\NGE/ SON 9 A L>GE FAMILY ( POOR PEASANTS4 ,9 #aibf HE W5T TO ,SAIGON TO WORK4 ,HE SOON CONFRONT$ ! SOCIAL & COLONIAL OPPRESSION ?AT AFFECT$ ,CO*9 ,*9A DUR+ ?OSE YE>S1 & HE JO9$ ! ,TROTSKYI/ ,LEFT ,COMMUNI/ ,OPPOSITION4 ,HE WAS >RE/$ SEV]AL TIMES & TORTUR$ BY ! ,FR5* COLONIAL POLICE1 & HE WAS ALSO P]SECUT$ BY ! P>TY ( ,HO ,*I ,M9H1 BECAUSE HE OPPOS$ ! ,MOSC[ L9E4 ,9 #aicg HE PUBLI%$ A PAMPHLET ON ! #aicf ,MOSC[ ,TRIALS4 ,9 #a#i#d#h1 HE MANAG$ TO ESCAPE FROM ,VIETNAM & MADE HIS WAY TO ,FRANCE4 ,MO/ ( HIS COMRADES 9 ,VIETNAM W]E EXECUT$ BY ,HO ,*I ,M9H'S P>TY4 

,9 ,FRANCE1 HE WORK$ AS AN ELECTRICIAN AT ,JEUMONT-,S*NEID]1 :]E HE 5C\NT]$ O!R WORK]S :O HAD >RIV$ FROM V>I\S FRONTS1 9CLUD+ ,PACO ,GOMEZ1 A =M] MEMB] ( ! ,P,\,M DUR+ ! ,SPANI% CIVIL W> & REVOLUTION4 ,HE WAS ACTIVE 9 V>I\S ANTI-,/AL9I/ COMMUNI/ GR\PS4 ,HE JO9$ ! 0,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,UNION01 A GR\P ?AT SPLIT FROM ! ,TROTSKYI/ 0,9T]NATIONALI/ ,P>TY01 TOGE!R ) ,$G>D ,PETS*E1 ,SANIA ,GONTANB]T1 ,LAMB]T ,DORNI]1 ,SOPHIE ,MO51 ,B5JAM9 ,PE]T1 ,AGU/9 ,RODRIGUEZ1 ,JAIME ,F]N&EZ1 ,PACO ,GOMEZ1 ,MUNIS1 ,LU ,SANH ,HANH1 & ,PHUC4 ,HE KNEW ,SOPHIE ,MO51 ) :OM HE W\LD LIVE UNTIL ! 5D ( HIS LIFE4 ,HE KNEW ,RUBEL1 & %>$ A LONG & 9T5SE FRI5D%IP ) HIM3 UPON ,RUBEL'S DEA?1 ,VAN COMMEMORAT$ HIS LIFE ) A BOOK1 ,MAXIMILI5 ,RUBEL3 ,A ,FRI5D%IP1 A ,/RUGGLE4 #a#i#e#d-#a#i#i#f4 ,9 #aieh HE HELP$ F\ND ! 0,C\NCIL ,COMMUNI/ ,GR\P01 :I* COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,I,C,O 70,9=MATION ET CORRESPOND5CE \VRI]E071 ! GR\P F\ND$ BY ,H5RI ,SIMON AFT] HE LEFT 0,SOCIALISME \ ,B>B>IE04 

,VAN1 BETWE5 WORK & MILITANCY1 F\ND TIME = /UDY & RESE>* ON ,*9A1 & 9 #aigf HE PUBLI%$ ,DIV9ATION1 MAGIE ET POLITIQUE 5 ,*9E ANCI5NE1 AN UN(FICIAL HI/ORY ( ! ESOT]IC >TS--?OSE PRACTIC$ UND] ! RUBRIC ( F5G-%UI BY NON-CON=MI/S :O REJECT$ ! PUBLIC FUNCTION--& !IR IMPLICATIONS = P[]4 ,HAV+ RETIR$ FROM HIS JOB 9 #a#i#g#h1 ,VAN BEGAN WORK ON :AT W\LD BE AN 9DISP5SABLE BOOK = UND]/&+ ! HI/ORY ( ,VIETNAM BETWE5 ! #a#i#bS & #a#i#d#e1 ,VIETNAM #a#i#b-#a#i#d#e1 REVOLUTION ET CONTRA-REVOLUTION S\S LA DOM9ATION COLONIALLE1 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ BY ,L',9SOMNIAQUE 9 #a#i#i#e4 ,HE RE-WROTE ! BOOK 9 ,VIETNAMESE SO ?AT IT C\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ 9 ,VIETNAM4 ,9 #b1 ! SAME PUBLI%] RELEAS$ HIS MEMOIRES FROM ?AT SAME P]IOD1 UNTIL HIS >RIVAL 9 ,FRANCE1 ,AU ,PAYS DE LA ,CLO*E ,FELEE1 TRIBULATIONS D'UN CO*9*9OIS A L'EPOQUE COLONIALE4 ,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>1 HIS BOOK1 ,CONTES D'AUTREFOIS DU ,VIET-NAM1 :I* HE CO-WROTE ) ,HEL5E ,FLEURY1 WAS PUBLI%$4 ,BO? BOOKS HAVE BE5 TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,SPANI%3 ,MEMORIA ESCUETA4 ,DE ,CO*9*9A A ,VIETNAM1 & ,CU5TOS POPUL>ES DEL ,VIETNAM 7,OCTA$RO1 #b#d74 ,BE=E HIS DEA? HE WAS ABLE TO F9I% ! SECOND P>T ( HIS HI/ORIC PANORAMA ( ,VIETNAM1 ,LE ,J\] DE FLUTE ET L'ONCLE ,HO1 & HE ALSO WROTE ,ANCI5T ,UTOPIA & ,PEASANT ,REVOLTS 9 ,*9A1 :I* IS PRES5T$ BEL[4 

,ANCI5T ,UTOPIA & ,PEASANT ,REVOLTS 9 ,*9A 

,JU/ LIKE ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE 9 HIS ,L'HUMANISPH]E3 ,UTOPIE AN>*IQUE 7#a#h#e#g71 WE UND]/& UTOPIA AS A DREAM ?AT HAS NOT BE5 REALIZ$1 RA!R ?AN ONE ?AT IS UNREALIZABLE4 ,UTOPIA1 :I* HAS ALL TOO (T5 BE5 CONCEIV$ & ANALYZ$ AS A PH5OM5ON RE/RICT$ TO ! ,WE/1 IS DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,*9A4 ,! SAME DREAMS & ASPIRATIONS APPE>1 ! SAME UPRIS+S FULL ( ! POETIC F]VOR TO REA* HEAV54 ,! ,*9ESE UTOPIA1 DI/+UI%$ BY BO? MY/ICISM & ! SUP]SESSION ( MY/ICISM 9 ! PRACTICE ( LIFE & E>?LY COMBAT1 IS ! SAME UTOPIA ?AT WE 5C\NT] 9 ! PEASANT REVOLTS ?AT %OOK ! WE/]N WORLD1 :E!R ?AT ( ,?OMAS ,MUNZ] 9 ,G]MANY OR ?AT ( ! DIGG]S & ! LEVEL]S 9 ,5GL&1 TO M5TION ONLY ! MO/ EMBLEMATIC4 ,IT IS AS IF ALL !SE REVOLTS1 )\T EV] MEET+1 SPREAD ?R\<\T SPACE & TIME1 FE$+ ! FLAMES ( SUBV]SION & HOPE = ! :OLE PLANET4 

,H]E IS A TEXT FROM ,LIEH ,TZU1 ONE ( ! MA/]S ( ! ,TAOI/ S*OOL1 ?AT IS A TYPICAL EVOCATION ( ! ANCI5T UTOPIA3 

,NEI!R ,K+ NOR ,SUBJECTS 

0,YU 7! LEG5D>Y K+ ( ! ,XIA71 WAS WALK+ & >RANG+ ! LAY ( ! L& & ! FL[ ( ! WAT]S1 :5 HE LO/ HIS WAY4 ,HE CAME TO A C\NTRY CALL$ ,*ONG ,PEI 70,EXTREME ,NOR?071 TO ! NOR? ( ! BOREAL SEA1 :O KN[S H[ MANY MILES FROM ! DI/RICTS ( ,TS'I4 ,! EXT5T ( ?IS C\NTRY IS UNKN[N4 ,!RE1 IT NEI!R RA9S NOR DOES ! W9D BL[4 ,!RE IS NEI!R ICE NOR SN[4 ,NOR >E !RE BIRDS1 OR QUADRUP$S1 OR 9SECTS1 OR FI%1 OR VEGETATION4 ,IT IS SURR\ND$ BY A G5TLY UNDULAT+ PLA94 ,9 ! C5T] ( ?IS T]RITORY !RE IS A M\NTA9 %AP$ LIKE A PIT*]1 CALL$ ,HUL+4 ,ON ITS PEAK1 FROM AN ORIFICE %AP$ LIKE A R+1 CALL$ ,TSEHIUE 70,DELICI\S ,PIT071 A LIQUID CALL$ ,*5F5 70,DIV9E ,SPR+07 P\RS1 ) A SC5T MORE P[]FUL ?AN OR*IDS OR PEPP]1 & ( A FLAVOR ?AT SURPASSES ?AT ( ! LIQUORS LAO & LI4 ,! SPR+ DIVIDES 9TO F\R /REAMS ?AT FL[ D[N ! M\NTA9 & IRRIGATE ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,! M5 ( ?IS C\NTRY1 ( A FRI5DLY *>ACT]1 DO NOT KN[ RIVALRY OR DISPUTE4 ,!IR S\LS >E GOOD1 !IR BODIES >E SUPPLE1 & >ROGANCE & 5VY >E UNKN[N TO !M4 ,Y\NG & OLD LIVE TOGE!R1 !RE IS NO K+ & !RE >E NO SUBJECTS4 ,M5 & WOM5 COHABIT FREELY )\T 9T]F]5CE OR PETITIONS ( MATRIMONY4 ,!Y LIVE ON ! BANKS ( ! RIV]1 & NEI!R DO !Y S[ NOR DO !Y REAP4 ,! AIR IS W>M & AGREEABLE2 !Y NEI!R WEAVE NOR DO !Y WE> CLO?+4 ,!Y LIVE TO BE ONE HUNDR$ YE>S OLD4 ,!RE IS NEI!R PREMATURE DEA? NOR ILLNESS4 ,! POPULATION MULTIPLIES CEASELESSLY4 ,ALL LIVE HAPPILY1 !Y EXP]I5CE NEI!R ! DEG5]ATION ( OLD AGE NOR ! AFFLICTION ( SORR[4 ,!Y >E LOV]S ( MUSIC &1 :ILE HOLD+ H&S1 !Y TAKE TURNS S++ UNTIL ! DAY'S 5D4 ,:5 !Y BECOME TIR$ !Y SATIATE !IR ?IR/ 9 ! ,DIV9E ,SPR+ & RE/ORE ! BALANCE ( !IR PHYSICAL & SPIRITUAL P[]S4 ,:5 !Y DR9K TOO MU*1 9EBRIAT$1 !Y SLEEP = T5 DAYS4 ,:5 !Y BA! 9 ?IS ,DIV9E ,SPR+ !IR SK9 BECOMES OILY & ! SC5T ( ! SPR+ DOES NOT DISSIPATE = T5 DAYS40 

,?IS TEXT BY ,LIEH ,TZU DESCRIBES AN IMAG9>Y COMMUNITY ?AT HE>K5S BACK TO ! >*AIC PRIMITIVE PEASANT COMMUNITY1 D]IV$ FROM ! LEG5D>Y ORIG9S ( ! ORGANIZATION ( PRIMITIVE ,*9A4 ,IT EXPRESSES ! COMMON DREAM ( ! OPPRESS$ PEASANT-S]FS3 ! ABSOLUTE ABS5CE ( ANY P[] ABOVE !IR HEADS1 ! DESIRE TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM LABOR1 ! ASPIRATION = A LONG & HAPPY LIFE1 ! DESIRE = FREE UNIONS BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 &1 F9ALLY1 !IR DESIRE TO ESCAPE ! P]PETUAL ?REAT ( MASSACRE UND] ! AU?ORITY ( ! FEUDAL W>LORDS ( ?AT ]A4 

,! AU?OR1 ,LIEH ,TZU1 ONE ( ! MA/]S ( ! S*OOL ( ,TAO1 OR ,DAO 7,DAOKIA1 ,TAOISM71 :O WAS BORN >\ND #de ,B4,C4 7! ]A ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES71 L$ AN 9CONSPICU\S LIFE AMONG ! COMMON PEOPLE & SUBSI/$ ?ANKS TO ! SUPPORT ( HIS DISCIPLES4 

,TAOI/ ?\<T1 ROOT$ 9 ! PEASANT SOIL1 W\LD BE EMBODI$1 DUR+ ! SECOND C5TURY ,A4,D41 9 ! =MIDABLE PEASANT REVOLT ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FALL ( ! EMPIRE ( ! ,SECOND ,HAN 7#b#e-#b#b ,A4,D474 

,! ,PEASANT ,PLEBEIANS 9 ,>*AIC ,FEUDAL ,SOCIETY 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ MILL5NIUM ,B4,C41 >*AIC FEUDAL SOCIETY WAS DIVID$1 G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 9TO TWO MAJOR CLASSES3 ON TOP1 ! >I/OCRACY2 ON ! BOTTOM1 ! PEASANT PLEBEIANS4 ,NOBLES & PATRICIANS1 POSSESSORS ( P[] & MA/]S ( ! L&1 RUL$ & EXPLOIT$ ! PEASANTS4 ,RELIGI\S RITES REGULAT$ RELATIONS AMONG ! NOBLES2 ! LIFE ( ! PEASANTS WAS RUL$ BY CU/OM4 

,! PEASANTS WORK$ AS S]FS1 %>ECROPP]S OR AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 & ! FRUITS ( !IR LABOR FILL$ ! GRAN>IES ( ! NOBLES4 ,O!RS1 L&LESS & 5SLAV$ BECAUSE ( 9DEBT$NESS1 WORK$ 9 ! M9ES1 /EEL F\NDRIES1 SALT WORKS & WORK%OPS ?AT BELONG$ TO ! FEUDAL LORDS OR TO RI* M]*ANTS4 

,DUR+ TIMES ( PEACE1 9 ORD] TO SUPPORT ! 0SUP]IOR M50 7JUNZI1 LORD'S SON71 ! 0SIMPLE PEOPLE0 7XIAOR57 WORK$ & />V$ TO DEA?1 & WOVE CLO? BUT HAD NO?+ ) :I* TO CLO! !MSELVES4 0,! PR9CE EATS HIS TAXES1 ! HI< (FICIALS EAT !IR FEES1 ! PATRICIANS EAT !IR PLANTATIONS1 ! PLEBEIANS EAT !IR LABOR P[]1 ! >TISANS & ! M]*ANTS EAT ! PRICES FIX$ BY ! ,/ATE1 ! FUNCTION>IES EAT !IR FUNCTIONS1 ! ADM9I/RATORS EAT !IR PATRIMONIES2 ! GOV]NM5T IS ORD]LY1 ! PEOPLE LIVE 9 PEACE444401 ACCORD+ TO ! ,DISC\RSES ( ,K+DOMS 7,KUO ,YU1 ,*APT] ,I74 

,DUR+ ! BITT] W>S F\<T BETWE5 FEUDAL LORDS = ! CONQUE/ ( T]RITORIES & = HEGEMONY1 ! PLEBEIANS =M$ ! 9FANTRY & DI$ 5 MASSE4 

,9 ! MID/ ( ! DISORD] & SOCIAL DI/URBANCES ( ! ]A ( ! ,W>R+ ,/ATES 7#e-#b#b#b ,B4,C471 ! 0,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,S*OOLS ( ,?\<T0 APPE>$ AMONG ! LE>N$1 ?9K]S 9 SE>* ( ! 0ROAD ?AT LEADS TO ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( PEACE UND] HEAV504 ,BUT ! DISMEMB]M5T ( ! ,ROYAL ,C\RTS1 ! FALL ( ! ,H\SES ( ! ,PR9CES & ( ! ,H\SES ( ! ,FEUDAL ,LORDS L$ TO ! DISP]SAL ( !SE S*OOLS AMONG ! PEOPLE4 ,AMONG !SE LE>N$ M5 :O HAD BE5 PLUNG$ 9TO POV]TY1 SOME SURVIV$ BY TEA*+1 O!RS ATTEMPT$ TO SECURE EMPLOYM5T ) ! REMA9+ FEUDAL LORDS AS POLITICAL ADVIS]S1 SPECIALI/S 9 V>I\S SKILLS & TE*NIQUES OR PRACTITION]S ( ! ESOT]IC >TS4 

,CONFUCIUS HIMSELF1 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 BECAME AN ADVIS] TO V>I\S ,C\RTS4 ,LAO ,TZU1 HIS OPPON5T1 & ! 9SPIRATION ( ! ,TAOI/S1 WAS ! >*IVI/ = ! ,C\RT ( ,ZH\4 

,AMONG !SE S*OOLS1 ! ,TAOI/ S*OOL REFLECT$ ! ?\<T ( ! PEASANT PLEBEIANS4 

,! ,S*OOL ( ,TAO ( ,LAO ,TZU 

,! S*OOL ( ,TAO WAS OPPOS$ TO ! TRADITIONALI/ S*OOL ( ,CONFUCIUS1 :I* WAS ! IDEOLOGICAL F\NDATION ( ! RUL+ FEUDAL CLASSES 7OR ( ! IDEAL FEUDAL ORD]1 RUL$ BY ! RELIGI\S RITES74 ,! ,CONFUCIAN S*OOL TAU<T ! RULES ( PROP] LIV+ 9 ! BASIC RELATIONS BETWE5 K+ & SUBJECT1 FA!R & SON1 HUSB& & WIFE1 BRO!R & SI/]1 FOLL[+ ! FIVE C>D9AL VIRTUES3 FILIAL LOYALTY & PIETY1 EQUITY1 C\RTESY1 COMMON S5SE & RELIABILITY1 TO :I* WAS ADD$ ! /RICT SEP>ATION BETWE5 ! SEXES1 AS WELL AS CONDUCT ?AT WAS APPROPRIATE = ! SOCIAL LEVEL TO :I* ONE BELONG$4 

,! ,TAOI/S1 DISDA9FUL ( A WORLD 9 DECL9E1 LIV$ AS H]MITS OR S\<T RECRUITS AMONG ! PEASANT MASSES4 ,!IR IDEAL WAS ! RETURN TO NATURE1 PRIMITIVE SIMPLICITY1 ! NATURAL1 SPONTANE\S1 FREE & HAPPY LIFE1 /RIPP$ ( ALL CONV5TION1 )\T LAW OR MORALITY4 ,?IS ,TAOI/ PHILOSOPHY WAS DESC5D$ FROM ANCI5T MAGICAL-RELIGI\S PRACTICES1 9H]IT$ FROM ! %AMANS ( ! MO/ REMOTE ANTIQUITY1 :I* W]E DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 ! PEASANT SOIL4 ,! WORD ,TAO1 OR ,DAO1 CURR5TLY MEANS ! RELIGION1 OR ! ,WAY2 ,DAO ,LAO1 ! RELIGION ( ,LAO ,TZU1 & ,DAO LAM NGUA1 ! WAY TO BECOME A MAN4 ,! ,TAO AS ! IMMAN5T PR9CIPLE ( NATURE & COSMIC MOVEM5T SUGGE/S ! IDEA ( A DYNAMIC P[]1 ( ! 9CESSANT BECOM+ ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,ITS DISCIPLES PREA*$ NON-ACTION 7WU-WEI71 ! NON9T]V5TION ( MAN 9 ! NATURAL & HUMAN UNIV]SE1 ! RETURN TO SPONTANEITY & PRIMITIVE SIMPLICITY1 TO LIFE 9 SMALL AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES1 :]E3 

0,IF %IPS OR C>RIAGES EXI/1 ! PEOPLE DO NOT 5T] !M2 IF %IELDS & LANCES EXI/1 !Y DO NOT PICK !M UP4 ,! PEOPLE EAT :AT TA/ES GOOD1 !Y DRESS ) ELEGANCE1 !Y FEEL COM=TABLE 9 !IR HOMES1 & !Y 5JOY !IR SIMPLE CU/OMS4 ,! NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITIES SEE ONE ANO!R FROM AF>2 !Y HE> ! ROO/] CR[1 !Y HE> ! DOG B>K1 BUT !Y DO NOT TRAVEL TO ! NEI<BOR+ T[NS4 ,& !Y LIVE ?IS WAY UNTIL !Y DIE40 7,TAO ,TE ,*+7 

,UNLIKE ! ,CONFUCIAN PHILOSOPH]S1 :O AB&ON$ !MSELVES TO ! DE/9Y DICTAT$ BY ,HEAV5 7,TI5 ,M+71 ! ,TAOI/S L$ !IR LIVES BY FOLL[+ ! MOTTO1 0,MY DE/9Y DEP5DS ON ME & NOT ON ,HEAV50 70,WO M+ TSAI WOP U TSAI T'I501 ,PAO P'U-TZU74 0,! FAULT1 DE> ,BRUTUS1 IS NOT 9 \R />S1_/,BUT 9 \RSELVES1 ?AT WE >E UND]L+S10 AS ,%AKESPE>E WROTE 9 ,JULIUS ,CES>4 

,FROM ?IS ANTI-FEUDAL & ANTI-TRADITIONALI/ CURR5T WE POSSESS ?REE SELECTIONS ( SAY+S3 ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 ATTRIBUT$ TO ,LAO ,TZU 7#e#g-#d#i ,B4,C471 ! ,LIEH ,TZU 7#d#e ,B4,C471 QUOT$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS ESSAY1 & ! ,*UANG ,TZU1 WRITT5 BY ,*UANG ,TZU 7#c#g-#c ,B4,C474 ,!SE ?9K]S LIV$ )\T P>TICIPAT+ 9 ANY PUBLIC FUNCTIONS1 9 OBSCURITY & POV]TY4 ,LIV+ 9 SECLUSION & AVOID+ SOCIAL & MAT]IAL CONDITION+1 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO ESCAPE ILLNESS1 OLD AGE & DEA?4 ,!Y CULTIVAT$ ! >T ( LONG LIFE1 9 ORD] TO 0N\RI% ! VITAL PR9CIPLE01 FOLL[+ BREA?+1 NUTRITIONAL & AL*EMICAL DISCIPL9ES1 PRACTIC+ 0! >T ( ! B$ROOM0 & 5GAG+ 9 PHYSICAL EX]CISES ?AT IMITAT$ ! PLAYFUL CAP]S & DANCES ( ! ANIMALS4 ,!Y ALSO ACCU/OM$ !MSELVES TO SEP>ATION FROM ! WORLD 9 ORD] TO FREELY 9DULGE 9 EC/ATIC J\RNEYS4 

,F9ALLY1 ! ,TAOI/S W]E ALSO OPPOS$ TO ! ,S*OOL ( ! ,LAWS 7,LEGALISM1 ,FA ,JIA71 :I* WAS PREEM95T DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE 7#b#b#a-#b#g ,B4,C474 ,! ,LEGALI/S CONDEMN$ ! FEUDAL TRADITIONS & ! OLD WAYS ( GOV]NM5T1 & PROCLAIM$ ! NE$ = A DRACONIAN LAW ?AT WAS EQUAL = ALL1 )\T DI/+UI%+ BETWE5 NATIVES OR =EIGN]S1 NOBLES OR T5ANT F>M]S1 AS WELL AS ! IMP>TIAL APPLICATION ( PUNI%M5TS & REW>DS1 UND] ! AU?ORITY ( A ,SAGE-,K+1 ! ABSOLUTE RUL] ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! FEUDAL LORD ( ,*'9 OV]RAN ! SIX K+DOMS & TOGE!R ) ! REMA9+ FEUDAL LORDS1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,LEGALI/S1 F\ND$ ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE & PROCLAIM$ ,Q9 ,%I ,HUANG ! FIR/ EMP]OR 9 #bba ,B4,C4 ,! C5TRALIZ$ EMPIRE FUNCTION$ ON ! BASIS ( A COMPLICAT$ BUREAUCRACY1 & CONSI/$ ( #cf PROV9CES1 EA* ( :I* WAS RUL$ BY A CIVIL ADM9I/RATOR & A MILIT>Y GOV]NOR4 ,TOTALIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS 7COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY = & OBLIGATORY 9=M+ ON CRIM9ALS )9 FAMILY GR\PS7 REPLAC$ ! RITES & MORAL CODES ( ! PA/4 ,! LE>N$ ,CONFUCIANS :O CONT9U$ TO TEA* !IR DOCTR9E W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,! CLASSICAL BOOKS1 ! WORKS ( ! 0,ONE ,HUNDR$ ,S*OOLS0 7EXCEPT = BOOKS ON M$IC9E1 AGRICULTURE & DIV9ATION7 W]E BURN$1 & ?OSE :O TRI$ TO CONCEAL PROSCRIB$ BOOKS W]E S5T5C$ TO =C$ LABOR4 

,UND] ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE1 ! PEASANT PLEBEIANS1 :O W]E =M]LY ATTA*$ TO ! FIEFS ( ! DEFEAT$ FEUDAL LORDS1 W]E GRANT$ ! L&S !Y CULTIVAT$ CONDITIONAL ON ! PAYM5T ( A TAX ON P>T ( !IR H>VE/S1 A %>E ( ! /RAW & HAY PRODUC$1 & A POLL TAX4 ,CORVEE LABOR ON HUGE CON/RUCTION PROJECTS 7! EMP]OR'S PALACES1 ROADS & CANALS ALL ACROSS ! ,EMPIRE1 ! ,GREAT ,WALL & ! EMP]OR'S MAUSOLEUM4447 & CONSCRIPTION = (F5SIVE MILIT>Y OP]ATIONS 9 DI/ANT L&S L$ TO AN EXTREME AGGRAVATION ( ! CONDITION ( ! PEASANTRY4 

,PEASANT ,REVOLTS3 #a ,B4,C4 TO #c ,A4,D4 

,AFT] ! DEA? ( ! TYRANT1 ! UPRIS+ ( ! =M] FEUDAL LORDS TOGE!R ) G5]ALIZ$ PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS BETWE5 #bi & #bg ,B4,C4 PUT AN 5D TO ! ,FIR/ ,EMPIRE4 

,A =M] POLICEMAN ( ! ,*'91 ,LIU ,BANG1 :O L$ ! PEASANT >MIES1 EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ?AT CONFUS$ S]IES ( MASSACRES1 PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF EMP]OR1 & F\ND$ ! ,FIR/ ,HAN ,DYNA/Y 7#b#f ,B4,C4 TO #h ,A4,D474 ,! MEMB]S ( ! IMP]IAL FAMILY RECEIV$ H]$IT>Y PATRIMONIES1 :I* LAT] BECAME K+DOMS & PR9CIPALITIES4 ,! NEW ,EMPIRE BASICALLY PRES]V$ ! POLITICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE ( ! ,EMPIRE ?AT IT REPLAC$4 ,AS ALWAYS1 PEASANT LABOR CON/ITUT$ ! S\RCE ( ! LIVELIHOOD ( ! FEUDAL LORDS1 ! L&[N+ >I/OCRACY & ! M]*ANTS4 ,! LABOR ( ! PEASANTS ALSO SUPPORT$ ! LE>N$ (FICIALS & ! SOLDI]S4 

,DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( ! ,FIR/ ,HAN ,DYNA/Y1 :5 FLOODS & DR\<TS CAUS$ SU* GREAT DEVA/ATION1 ! PEASANTS1 CRU%$ B5EA? ! 9TOL]ABLE EXPLOITATION ( ! L&LORDS & ON ! V]GE ( />VATION1 TOOK TO M>AUD+ & SURVIV$ BY LOOT+ & PILLAG+4 ,CANNIBALISM WAS NOT UNKN[N4 ,9 #ah ,A4,D41 ! REVOLT ( ! ,R$ ,EYEBR[S 7,*IMEI7 L$ TO A G5]ALIZ$ REVOLT ( ! PEASANTS :O FIELD$ ?\S&S ( >M$ GANGS4 ,!Y CONFRONT$ ! ,HAN IMP]IAL TROOPS AS WELL AS ! =CES ( ADV5TUR]S EAG] = P[]4 

,LIU ,XIU1 A M]*ANT & A MAJOR L&LORD1 EM]G$ VICTORI\S FROM ! AN>*Y & PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF EMP]OR ( ! ,SECOND ,HAN ,DYNA/Y 7#b#e-#b#b ,A4,D474 ,?IS DYNA/Y W\LD COLLAPSE UND] ! PRESSURE ( ! UPSURGE ( PEASANT REVOLTS PROVOK$ BY A V]Y S]I\S AGR>IAN CRISIS4 

,LIB]T>IAN ,UTOPIA & ,PEASANT ,MOVEM5TS DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,HAN ,DYNA/Y 7#b#e-#b#b ,A4,D47 

,! PEASANT REVOLTS1 :I* W]E L$ DUR+ ?AT P]IOD BY TWO MESSIANIC ORGANIZATIONS ( ,TAOI/ 9SPIRATION1 ! ,TAIP+ ,DAO 70,! ,RELIGI\S ,COMMUNITY ( ! ,GREAT ,PEACE07 & ! ,WUD\ ,MI ,DAO 70,! ,RELIGI\S ,COMMUNITY ( ! ,FIVE ,PECKS ( ,RICE071 CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DIS9TEGRATION ( ! ,EMPIRE ( ! ,SECOND ,HAN ,DYNA/Y DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY ,A4,D4 

,DUR+ ! #a#gS1 AFT] ! ,YELL[ ,RIV] FLOODS1 ! PEASANTS1 SUBM]G$ 9 ! MO/ EXTREME MIS]Y1 =M$ IT9]ANT B&S & TOOK TO ROBB]Y & PILLAGE4 ,9 ! SIX PROV9CES LOCAT$ 9 ! >EA ( ,%&ONG & ,H5AN1 ! MOVEM5T ( ! ,TAIP+ ,DAO EM]G$1 :OSE LEAD]1 ,ZHANG ,JIAO1 WAS A DEVOTEE ( ! CULT ( ,HUANG ,LAO1 A SYN!SIS ( ! MY?ICAL K+ ,HUANGDI & A DIV9IZ$ ,LAO ,TZU4 ,HIS TEA*+ WAS BAS$ ON ! SACR$ TEXTS ( ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 ! 0,CANON ( ! ,WAY & ,VIRTUE01 & ! ,TAIP+ ,J+1 ! 0,CANON ( ! ,GREAT ,PEACE01 A TEXT REVEAL$ TO ! ,TAOI/ MA/] ,YU ,JI DUR+ ! E>LY ,SECOND ,C5TURY4 

,! LATT] WORK1 LIKE ! ,TAO ,TE ,*+1 IS BAS$ ON ! COSMOGONY ( ,Y9 & ,YANG & ! ,FIVE ,ELEM5TS1 ACCOMPANI$ BY H>% CRITIQUES ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY1 ! P>ASITISM ( ! P[]FUL & DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ WOM54 

0,IT IS NATURAL ?AT ALL ! WEAL? & ALL ! PRODUCTS ( NATURE BELONG TO ,HEAV51 TO ! ,E>? & TO ! WORLD1 & %\LD FE$ MAN4444 ,MAN HAS ! DUTY ( CLO?+ & FE$+ HIMSELF BY HIS [N EF=TS4444 ,! RI* MAN1 :O SEP>ATES HIMSELF FROM ! POOR BY LETT+ !M DIE ( HUNG] & COLD1 ACTS CONTR>Y TO ! PR9CIPLE ( ! ,TAO & IS A GREAT 5EMY ( MANK9D4 ,HIS CRIME CANNOT BE ABSOLV$40 7,TAIP+ ,J+7 

,!SE NEW IDEAS /OK$ ! FIRES ( ! MILL5>IAN DREAM ( ! PEASANTS TO E/ABLI% A HUMANITY )\T RI* OR POOR1 )\T NOBLES OR S]FS1 UND] HEAV54 ,! COMMUNITY1 ORGANIZ$ MILIT>ILY1 CONSI/$1 AFT] A DECADE ( GR[?1 ( >\ND #c1 ADEPTS4 

,SOME GR\PS W\LD HAVE FREQU5T MEET+S ?AT LA/$ SEV]AL DAYS :]E !Y W\LD HOLD C]EMONIES1 CELEBRATE FE/IVALS OR UND]GO PURIFICATORY FA/S4 ,DUR+ ! C\RSE ( !SE ASSEMBLIES1 ! ADEPTS 5T]$ 9TO COLLECTIVE TRANCES TO ! RHY?M ( ! MUSIC1 & EXP]I5C$ SC5ES ( JOY :]E M5 & WOM5 0BREA!D TOGE!R01 ?US REALIZ+ ! UNITY ( ,Y9 & ,YANG & RE9=C+ !IR VITAL SPIRITS4 ,BECAUSE ILLNESSES W]E CONSID]$ TO BE ! RESULT ( S9S1 ! SICK HAD TO CONFESS & W]E ISOLAT$ 9 M$ITATION ROOMS1 & W]E CUR$ BY BE+ SME>$ ) ! A%ES ( BURN$ HORNBEAM4 

,W> AMULETS W]E DI/RIBUT$ TO ! FOLL[]S AT ! TIME ( ! ,SPR+ & ,FALL EQU9OXES4 ,EV]Y:]E1 AT ! DOORS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE BUILD+S ( ! GREAT WALL$ CITIES1 ! PROV9CIAL CAPITALS & ! COMP\NDS ( ! IMP]IAL DUKES1 !RE APPE>$1 WRITT5 9 LETT]S ( *ALK1 AN APPEAL TO SUBV]SION1 ! JIAZI *>ACT]S1 M>K+ ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW ]A1 9 ! YE> #a#h#d1 & ANN\NC+ ! DEA? ( ! OLD ,BLUE ,HEAV5 & ! >RIVAL ( ! ,YELL[ ,HEAV5 & ! TRIUMPH ( GREAT HAPP9ESS4 

,! MEMB]S ( ! ,TAOI/ CULTS1 :I* ! P[]FUL CONSID]$ TO BE 0,DEMON ,RELIGIONS0 7GUIDAO7 ?AT W]E OPPOS$ TO ! (FICIAL OR?ODOX CULTS1 W]E CONDEMN$ TO DEA?4 ,! TORTURE ( A RELIGI\S TEA*] & ! EXECUTION ( MORE ?AN ONE ?\S& ADEPTS ( ! ,TAIP+ ,DAO 9 ,LUOYANG1 ! CAPITAL1 L$ TO AN 9SURRECTION DUR+ ! SECOND MON? ( #a#h#d4 ,! 9SURG5TS WORE1 AS A SYMBOL ( !IR MEMB]%IP 9 ! CULT1 A YELL[ TURBAN1 ! COLOR ( ! ,YELL[ ,HEAV51 = :I* REASON !Y W]E CALL$ ,YELL[ ,TURBANS1 OR ,ANT-,REBELS BECAUSE ( !IR VA/ NUMB]S4 

,!Y SEIZ$ SEV]AL CITIES1 IMPORTANT URBAN C5T]S 9 ,%&ONG & ,H5AN PROV9CES1 DESPITE ! RESI/ANCE ( ! IMP]IAL TROOPS ( ,LUOYANG4 ,! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS FL$ OR W]E KILL$4 ,GOV]NM5T BUILD+S W]E BURN$4 ,AFT] !Y SEIZ$ ! CITIES ( ,%&ONG & ,H5AN1 !Y OCCUPI$ ! M\NTA9\S REGION ( ,TAI%AN 7BETWE5 ,%ANXI & ,%&ONG7 9 #ahe ,A4,D42 9 #a#h#f1 !Y TOOK ,%ANXI1 ,HUBEI & ,LEAOTONG2 & 9 #a#h#h1 ,%AANXI4 ,! PATRI>* ,ZHANG ,JIAO & HIS TWO BRO!RS ,ZHANG ,BAO & ,ZHANG ,LIANG DI$ E>LY 9 ! FI<T+ & IMP]IAL REPRESSION CAUS$ T]RIBLE DEVA/ATION & ?\S&S ( 9SURG5TS W]E KILL$4 ,?IS DID NOT PREV5T ! ,YELL[ ,TURBANS FROM RAIS+ AN >MY ( SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 9 V>I\S PROV9CES4 ,DESPITE !IR DEFEAT1 !IR 9FLU5CE P]SI/$4 

,! ,FIR/ ,!OCRATIC ,/ATE 

,DUR+ ?IS SAME P]IOD1 ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY ( ! ,FIVE ,PECKS ( ,RICE 7,WUD\ ,MI ,DAO7 WAS F\ND$ BY ,ZHANG ,DAOL+ 9 ! ,HAN ,RIV] VALLEY1 :O /UDI$ ! ,TAO AT ,M\NT ,BEIMANG4 ,HIS FOLL[]S1 9 ORD] TO RECEIVE HIS TEA*+1 HAD TO PAY FIVE PECKS ( RICE4 ,!Y W]E GIV5 ! NAME ( ! ,RICE-,REBELS 7MITSEI74 ,ZHANG ,LU1 ! GR&SON ( ,ZHANG ,DAOL+1 C>RI$ ON ! WORK ( HIS GR&FA!R4 

,! ,EMPIRE1 :I* WAS BE+ RAVAG$ BY ! ,YELL[ ,TURBANS1 S\<T TO W9 ! SUPPORT ( ,ZHANG ,LU1 BUT ! LATT] KILL$ ! (FIC] ( ! IMP]IAL =CES S5T TO NEGOTIATE ) HIM & KEPT HIS TROOPS4 ,HE CONQU]$ ! REGION & ORGANIZ$ A !OCRATIC /ATE 9 ,SI*UAN & ! S\!RN P>T ( ,GANSU1 )\T GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 )\T JAILS & )\T 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 

,CONC]N+ ?IS COMMUNITY1 ! ,*RONICLES ( ! ,?REE ,K+DOMS PROVIDES ! FOLL[+ ACC\NT3 

0,! NOVICES W]E CALL$ ,DEMON-,SOLDI]S 7GUIZU74 ,?OSE :O W]E 9ITIAT$ TO ! ,TAO & HAD BECOME FOLL[]S ( ! FAI? W]E CALL$ ! ,BE>]S ( ! ,LIBATIONS 7JIJIU74 ,EA* 9DIVIDUAL L$ AN ORGANIZ$ GR\P4 ,ALL TAU<T ?AT ONE HAD TO BE ( GOOD FAI?1 RELIABLE & HONE/4 ,! ,BE>]S ( ! ,LIBATIONS W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! ',9NS ( ,EQUITY1' :]E ! RICE WAS /OR$ & ! MEAT ( EQUITY WAS CUR$4 ,WAYF>]S C\LD EAT UNTIL !Y HAD !IR FILL4 ,IF !Y ABUS$ ?IS PRIVILEGE1 ! ,SPIRITS ( ! ,TAO CAUS$ !M TO BECOME ILL4 ,!RE W]E NO PRISONS2 ?OSE :O HAD COMMITT$ M9OR CRIMES W]E MADE TO REFLECT UPON !IR MISDE$S :ILE WALK+ ! ONE HUNDR$ /EPS & !IR CRIME WAS ?US ABSOLV$4 ,?OSE :O HAD COMMITT$ S]I\S CRIMES1 AFT] !IR ?IRD SU* (F5SE1 W]E EXECUT$4 ,!RE W]E NO MORE GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 & ! 5TIRE 'ADM9I/RATION' WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! ,BE>]S ( ! ,LIBATIONS4 ,! PEOPLE 7! ,*9ESE7 & ! ABORIG9ES W]E V]Y SATISFI$ ) ! REGIME40 

,ANO!R BOOK1 ! ,TI5 ,LO1 PO9TS \T ?AT ! ,BE>]S ( ! ,LIBATIONS W]E RESPONSIBLE NOT JU/ = ! ADM9I/RATION ( ! ,9NS ( ,EQUITY & ! MAT]IAL WELL BE+ ( ! PEOPLE1 BUT ALSO ASSI/$ ! ADEPTS 9 !IR /UDY ( ! CANONICAL BOOK ( ! FIVE ?\S& WORDS1 ! ,LAO ,TZU 7,TAO ,TE ,*+74 

,! !OCRATIC /ATE F\ND$ 9 #ai BY ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY ( ! ,FIVE ,PECKS ( ,RICE 7,WUD\ ,MI ,DAO7 W\LD LA/ ?IRTY YE>S4 ,IT WAS TO DISAPPE> 9 ! TURMOIL ( ! YE>S ( GU]RILLA AN>*Y ?AT M>K$ ! 5D ( ! ,SECOND ,HAN ,DYNA/Y 9 #bb & ! =MATION ( ! ,?REE ,K+DOMS 7#b#b-#b#h74 

,! SPIRIT ( REVOLT ( ! ,FIVE ,PECKS ( ,RICE LIV$ ON4 ,9 ! YE> #c#i#i1 ,SUN ,51 A MEMB] ( ! RELIGI\S COMMUNITY :O HAD 9H]IT$ HIS POSITION AS A PATRI>* FROM HIS PAT]NAL UNCLE1 RECRUIT$ HIS FOLL[]S FROM AMONG ! SAILORS1 FI%]M5 & PIRATES ( ! COA/S ( ,ZHEJIANG1 & =M$ 0DEMON >MIES04 ,HIS 9SURRECTION1 :I* BEGAN 9 #d1 SPREAD ALONG ! COA/S & ?REAT5$ ,NANK+4 ,DEFEAT$ 9 #d#b1 NUM]\S 9SURG5TS COMMITT$ COLLECTIVE SUICIDE RA!R ?AN SURR5D]4 

,9 ! ,?IRD ,C5TURY ,A4,D41 ,KO ,HUNG 7#b#e#c-#c#c#c71 ! ,TAOI/ MA/] AL*EMI/1 DISCUSS$ 9 HIS WORK1 ,PAO ,P'U ,TZU1 ! VIEWS ( A C]TA9 ,PAO ,*+ ,Y51 :O ?\<T ?AT 9 ! DI/ANT PA/1 :5 !RE WAS NO K+1 ! WORLD WAS BETT] ?AN IT IS N[4 ,?IS FIR/ LIB]T>IAN AN>*I/1 A DEVOT$ READ] ( ! ,LAO ,TZU & ! ,*UANG ,TZU1 EVOK$ ! GOLD5 AGE ( ! PRIMITIVE COMMUNITIES1 & IMM$IATELY AFT]W>DS DISCUSS$ ! T]RA9 ( POLITICS & ! CONCRETE ME?OD ( /RUGGLE AGA9/ DESPOTIC ABSOLUTISM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! LE>N$ ,CONFUCIANS1 ,HEAV51 :5 IT GAVE BIR? TO ! PEOPLE1 ALSO E/ABLI%$ ! ,K+S4 ,& JU/ H[ DID ,HEAV5 EXPRESS ITS WILL ) REG>D TO ?IS MATT]8 ,! P[]FUL OPPRESS ! WEAK & ! WEAK SUBMIT4 ,! CUNN+ DECEIVE ! NAIVE & ! LATT] PLACE !MSELVES AT ! S]VICE ( ! =M]4 ,! ,K+-,SUBJECT RELATION >OSE BECAUSE !RE WAS SUBMISSION & BECAUSE !RE WAS S]VITUDE1 ! IMPOT5T PEOPLE W]E RUL$4444 ,! ,BLUE ,HEAV5 HAD NO?+ TO DO ) ?IS4444 

0,TO COMPEL ! PEOPLE TO WORK & TO FE$ ! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS IS TO EXPLOIT ! PEOPLE SO ?AT ! (FICIALS CAN 5JOY L>GE SAL>IES4444 

0,9 ! DI/ANT PA/ !RE WAS NEI!R K+ NOR SUBJECT4 ,IF SOMEONE WANT$ TO DR9K1 !Y DUG A WELL2 IF !Y WANT$ TO EAT1 !Y CULTIVAT$ ! FIELDS4 ,M5 BECAME ACTIVE :5 ! SUN ROSE &1 :5 ! SUN SET1 !Y RE/$4444 ,)\T WORRIES1 !Y W]E FREE2 G5]\S1 !Y W]E HAPPY4 ,!RE WAS NEI!R W>1 NOR DISPUTES1 NOR HONOR NOR V5GEANCE4 ,9 ! M\NTA9S !RE W]E NO PA?S1 ON ! RIV]S !RE W]E NO BOATS OR BRIDGES1 !RE WAS NO COMMUNICATION BETWE5 RIV]S OR BETWE5 VALLEYS4 ,NO ONE TOOK :AT WAS ANO!R'S4 ,!RE W]E NEI!R GU>DS NOR SOLDI]S1 S9CE NO ONE ?REAT5$ TO ATTACK4 ,NEI!R P[] NOR PR(IT G]M9AT$1 & DISORD] & CALAMITIES DID NOT OCCUR4 ,NO ONE US$ EI!R %IELDS OR LANCES1 & =TRESSES & WALLS W]E NOT BUILT4 ,! T5 ?\S& BE+S LIV$ TOGE!R 9 TRANSC5D5T EQUALITY & W]E ONE ) ! ,TAO 7! ,WAY74 ,ILLNESSES W]E NOT CONTAGI\S & ! PEOPLE 5D$ !IR LONG LIVES ) NATURAL DEA?S4 ,M5 HAD PURE & 9NOC5T HE>TS1 & CUNN+ ATTITUDES DID NOT >ISE4 ,HAV+ :AT !Y NE$$ TO EAT1 !Y W]E CONT5T1 !Y PATT$ !IR /OMA*S & W5T = A WALK4 ,!IR WORDS W]E PLA9 & UNADORN$1 !IR ACTS DIRECT & )\T ORNAM5T4 ,H[ C\LD TAXES HAVE BE5 9V5T$8 ,H[ C\LD WALLS & MAN-TRAPS1 & SEV]E PUNI%M5TS1 HAVE BE5 9V5T$8 

0,BUT :5 CUNN+ WAS EMPLOY$ & >TIFICE WAS BORN1 BECAUSE ! ,WAY & ,VIRTUE W]E 9 DECL9E1 HI]>*Y WAS E/ABLI%$4 ,! RITES ( ASC5T & DESC5T1 ( DIM9UTION & 9CREASE1 MULTIPLI$2 PEOPLE DRESS$ 9 F9E CO/UMES = ! SACRIFICES1 & BR\<T F9E CLO?+ AS (F]+S TO ! ,BLUE ,HEAV5 & ! ,YELL[ ,E>?4 ,BUILD+S ( /ONE & WOOD ROSE TO ! CL\DS1 & !IR BEAMS & CROSS-BEAMS W]E PA9T$ R$ & GRE54 ,CLIFFS W]E EXCAVAT$ 9 SE>* ( PRECI\S /ONES1 & M9ES W]E DUG 9 SE>* ( GEMS4 ,EV5 ?\< JADE WAS AS COMMON AS TREES 9 A =E/1 !RE WAS NOT 5\< TO SATISFY ! :IMS ( M52 & AL?\< M\NTA9S ( GOLD HAD BE5 ACCUMULAT$1 !RE WAS NOT 5\< = !IR TA/E4 ,!Y AB&ON$ !MSELVES TO P]V]SION & DEP>T$ FROM ! PRIMAL ORIG91 FROM ! ESS5CE ( ! ,GREAT ,BEG9N+4444 ,!Y TURN$ !IR BACKS MORE & MORE (T5 ON ! ORIG9AL SIMPLICITY4 ,!Y MANUFACTUR$ %>P1 PO9T$ WEAPONS1 & ! CALAMITIES ( USURPATIONS & 9VASIONS BECAME CON/ANT4 ,!IR ONLY CONC]N WAS TO MAKE SURE ?AT !IR B[S W]E /RONG 5\<1 !IR %IELDS H>D 5\<1 !IR LANCES %>P 5\<1 & !IR DEF5SES SOLID 5\<4 

0,DUR+ ! TIMES :5 !RE WAS NEI!R OPPRESSION NOR VIOL5CE1 H[EV]1 !SE CONC]NS W]E UNKN[N4444 

0,:Y IS IT ?AT TYRANTS LIKE ,Q9 & ,*U W]E ABLE TO BURN M51 MASSACRE !IR ADVIS]S & C5SORS1 CUT \T !IR HE>TS & GR9D !IR BONES1 & EXHAU/ ALL ! POSSIBILITIES ( EVIL44448 ,:Y IS IT ?AT !Y W]E ABLE TO FLAUNT !IR CRUELTY1 GIVE FREE RE9 TO !IR P]V]SITY & SLICE UP ! ,EMPIRE LIKE BUT*]S8 ,?IS WAS DUE TO !IR ROYAL /ATUS ?AT AU?ORIZ$ !M TO DO AS !Y PLEAS$4 ,ONCE ! K+-SUBJECT RELATION WAS E/ABLI%$1 ! /UBBORNNESS ( ! MULTITUDES 9CREAS$ DAILY4 ,?AT IS :5 ! PEOPLE REBELL$ AGA9/ !IR S]VITUDE1 !Y COMPLA9$ AB\T HAV+ TO LIVE 9 ! MUD & ! DU/1 & ! ,SOV]EIGN TREMBL$ ON HIS ROYAL ?RONE 9 HIS ANCE/RAL TEMPLE & CRU%$ ! PEOPLE 9 !IR MIS]Y4 ,HE S\<T TO IMPRISON !M )9 ! RITES & ! RULES1 & CORRECT !M ) PUNI%M5TS & P5ALTIES4 ,AS IF IT W]E POSSIBLE TO SUMMON =? TEMPE/U\S SEAS & T]RIBLE FLOODS1 & !N TO PACIFY !M ) A CLUMP ( SOIL & TO CONTA9 !M ) A M]E WAVE ( ! H&40 

,! ,TAOI/ ?9K]S QUE/ION$ ! 9EQUALITY AMONG M5 UND] ! HEAV5 ( ,*9A1 :ILE AMONG ! PEASANTS ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT GREW DUR+ ! ]A ( ! AGR>IAN CRISIS4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 ! SEP>ATION BETWE5 RI* & POOR EXAC]BAT$ ! SOCIAL T5SIONS1 & PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS W]E 5DEMIC DUR+ ?IS 5TIRE P]IOD4 ,DUR+ C]TA9 ]AS 7DUR+ ! ,TANG ,DYAN/Y1 ( ! #g? TO #h? C5TURIES1 & ! ,SONG ,DYNA/Y1 DUR+ ! #a#b? C5TURY7 ! IMP]IAL P[] WAS COMPELL$ TO IMPLEM5T AGR>IAN RE=MS 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A C]TA9 DEGREE ( SOCIAL PEACE4 

,! GREAT ,SI*UAN PEASANT 9SURRECTION ( #i#i#c1 L$ BY ! MY/ICS ,WANG ,XIAOBO & ,LI ,%UN1 WAS LAUN*$ UND] ! SLOGAN1 0LEVEL ! RI* & POOR0 7,KIUN P'9 F\74 

,9 #a#a#b1 9 ,ZHEJIANG1 ! SPECIAL TAXES LEVI$ TO PAY = ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,IMP]IAL ,PALACE AT ,KAIF5G PROVOK$ A BRIEF UPRIS+ L$ BY A ,BUDDHI/ SECRET SOCIETY 9FLU5C$ BY ! SPIRIT ( SUBV]SIVE ,TAOISM4 ,! REBELS1 POORLY >M$1 /RICT VEGET>IANS :O WOR%IP$ DEMONS1 MASSACR$ ! RI*1 GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & DIGNIT>IES4 ,:5 ITS LEAD] ,FANG ,LA WAS CAPTUR$ AFT] A YE> ( FI<T+1 ! REBELS ESCAP$ ! REPRESSION ?AT WAS 9 /ORE = !M BY MEANS ( COLLECTIVE SUICIDE4 

,T5 YE>S LAT]1 9 #a#a#c1 ANO!R PEASANT 9SURRECTION BROKE \T--?IS ONE 9 ! ,TAOI/ TRADITION ( ! ,FIVE ,PECKS ( ,RICE--9 ! REGION ( ,LAKE ,DONGT+1 9 S\!RN ,HUNAN4 ,! SPECIAL LEVIES EXACT$ BY GOV]NM5T (FICIALS & ! LOOT+ C>RI$ \T BY AN >MY ?AT WAS HALF PRIVATE & HALF (FICIAL HAD EXASP]AT$ ! PEASANTS1 MO/ ( :OM BELONG$ TO ! ,TAOI/ SECT 9SPIR$ BY ,ZHONG ,XIANG4 ,?IS PATRI>*1 :O WAS ALSO A MAGICIAN & A GU]RILLA LEAD]1 DECL>$ ?AT1 0! LAWS ( ! ,SONG .<! REIGN+ DYNA/Y.> >E P]V]SE0 & PROCLAIM$ ! FAM\S SLOGAN1 0LEVEL ! NOBLES & ! S]FS2 MAKE ! RI* & ! POOR EQUAL04 ,! REBELS REJECT$ ALL SYMBOLS ( ! OLD ORD]1 & 0BURN$ ADM9I/RATIVE BUILD+S1 =TIFI$ T[NS & M>KETPLACES1 PAGODAS & TEMPLES1 ! HOMES ( P[]FUL B&ITS1 & MASSACR$ GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 )\T =GETT+ ! LE>N$ JU 7,CONFUCIANS71 MONKS1 QUACK DOCTORS1 DIV9]S444401 ?AT IS1 ALL ?OSE :O LIV$ )\T WORK+ & )\T DO+ ANY?+ TO E>N !IR RICE4 ,ZHONG ,XIANG FELL ?IRTY-FIVE DAYS AFT] ! 9SURRECTION BEGAN4 ,HIS DISCIPLES C>RI$ ON ! /RUGGLE ) MORE ?AN #d1 FOLL[]S & SWEPT ACROSS N9ETE5 DI/RICTS UNTIL #a#a#c#d1 :5 !Y W]E ALL MASSACR$4 

,9 APPROXIMATELY #a#c1 ! H>% EXPLOITATION IMPOS$ BY ! ,MONGOL P[] PROVOK$ AN 9CREAS+ DEGREE ( HO/ILITY ON ! P>T ( ! ,*9ESE MASSES1 :O W]E PREP>$ TO RISE & FI<T AGA9/ ! OCCUPY+ =CES4 

,OPPOSITION TO ! ,MONGOLS CRY/ALLIZ$ 9 ! BANN$ & P]SECUT$ SECRET SOCIETIES4 ,! ADEPTS ( ! ,BUDDHI/ SECT ( ! ,:ITE ,LOTUS 7,PAI-LI5 *IAO71 MO/ ( :OM W]E POOR PEASANTS1 REFUS$ TO PAY !IR TAXES OR TO P]=M !IR QUOTA ( =C$ LABOR4 ,! SAME ?+ HAPP5$ ) ! MEMB]S ( ! SECT ( ! ,:ITE ,CL\D 7,PAI-YI9 *IAO-HUI7 ON ! S\!RN REA*ES ( ! ,YANGTZE ,RIV]4 ,O!R MILL5>IAN MOVEM5TS1 EXPECT+ ! >RIVAL ( ,BUDDHA-,MESSIAHS1 >OSE 9 ,H5AN 9 #a#c#c#e1 9 ,HUNAN 9 #accg & 9 ,GUANGDONG & ,SI*UAN DUR+ ! FOLL[+ YE>S4 

,9 #a#c#e#a1 AFT] ! GREAT FLOODS1 ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,R$ ,>MY 7,HONGJUN71 SO CALL$ BECAUSE ( ! *>ACT]I/IC R$ TURBANS WORN BY ITS SOLDI]S1 9AUGURAT$ ! GREAT 9SURRECTIONS ( ! L[] ,YELL[ ,RIV]1 & !SE MOVEM5TS SPREAD DUR+ ! FOLL[+ YE>S TO ! PROV9CE ( ,ANHUI4 

,! PEASANT REVOLTS L$ TO ! FALL ( DYNA/IES OR TO ! CREATION ( NEW ONES4 ,9 #a#c#e#b1 A #b#d-YE> OLD MONK1 ,ZHU ,YUANZHANG1 L$ A B& ( REBELS & SEIZ$ A SMALL CITY 9 ! NOR?WE/ P>T ( ,ANHUI4 ,AFT] CONCLUD+ AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,R$ ,>MY HE SUCCESSFULLY ELIM9AT$ HIS RIVALS & F9ALLY TOOK ,PEK+4 ,9 #acfh HE PUT AN 5D TO ! ,MONGOL ,YUAN DYNA/Y & F\ND$ ! ,M+ ,DYNA/Y4 

,! SOCIAL TURMOIL ( ! #a#e? & #a#f? C5TURIES HAD ! SAME CAUSES AS ?AT ( ! PREVI\S C5TURIES4 ,BEG9N+ 9 ! #a? C5TURY1 A CLASS ( T5ANT F>M]S & AGRICULTURAL WORK]S EM]G$1 & ! NUMB] ( L&LESS PEASANTS1 HOMELESS & )\T ANY RES\RCES1 9CREAS$4 ,A LABOR =CE :OSE WORK+ CONDITIONS V]G$ ON SLAV]Y WORK$ 9 ! M9ES1 F\NDRIES1 C]AMIC & PAP] FACTORIES1 & ! PR9T+ & SALT 9DU/RIES4 ,DUR+ ! GREAT REBELLION L$ BY ,D5G ,MAOQI 9 #a#d#d#h-#a#d#d#i 9 ! REGION ( ,ZHEJIANG & ,FUJIAN1 ! REBEL PEASANTS CONCLUD$ AN ALLIANCE ) ! WORK]S 9 ! SILV] M9ES L$ BY ,YE ,ZONGLIU4 ,!SE =CES CONQU]$ T[NS & CITIES1 :]E !Y LOOT$ ! >MORIES1 & ! UPRIS+ BECAME A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! SUBSEQU5T REPRESSION L$ TO ! DEA?S OR EXILE ( A MILLION PEOPLE4 ,9 #adgf ! SAME PH5OM5ON WAS REPEAT$1 & 9 #aefe ! 9SURRECTIONS ( ! WILDCAT M9]S BROKE \T 9 ! M\NTA9\S REGIONS BETWE5 ,ZHEJIANG1 ,ANHUI & ,JIANGXI4 

,9 ! #a#g? C5TURY1 DUR+ ! LA/ YE>S ( ! ,M+ ,DYNA/Y1 AN OLD SOLDI]1 ,ZHANG ,XIANZHONG1 ASSUM$ LEAD]%IP ( ! PLEBEIANS1 & !N PROCE$$ TO MASSACRE ! RI* L&[N]S1 ! DIGNIT>IES & ! ,EMPIRE'S GOV]NM5T (FICIALS1 FREE ALL ! SLAVES & PROCLAIM HIMSELF ,K+ 9 ,*5GDU1 ! CAPITAL ( ,SI*UAN4 ,HE FELL 9 COMBAT 9 #a#f#d#f1 AFT] HAV+ OCCUPI$ ! ,M9 ,RIV] ,VALLEY & ,SI*UAN = TWO YE>S4 

,UND] ! LAT] REIGN ( ! ,MAN*US1 GREAT 9SURRECTIONS ( ! POOR1 ORGANIZ$ BY ! SECRET SOCIETY ( ! ,:ITE ,LOTUS1 BROKE \T 9 ! #a#g#hS & DID NOT 5D UNTIL #a#h#c4 

,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,*9A /ILL HAD A M$IEVAL ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUCTURE4 ,! 9VASION ( ! WE/]N IMP]IALI/ P[]S R$UC$ ! ,EMPIRE TO A SEMI-COLONIAL CONDITION4 ,! ,MAN*U ,DYNA/Y1 ALREADY 9 DECL9E BECAUSE ( A S]IES ( TREATIES IMPOS$ AT GUNPO9T 7! ,OPIUM ,W>S ( #ahdb & #a#h#e#g71 OP5$ ITS DOORS1 FIR/ TO ! ,FR5*-,BRITI% P[]S & !N TO ! O!RS1 EXEMPT+ !M FROM CU/OMS DUTIES & GRANT+ !M CONCESSIONS 9 V>I\S CITIES1 5CLAVES ON ,*9ESE SOIL ?AT W]E REMOV$ FROM ! AU?ORITY ( ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,PEK+4 ,! OPIUM TRADE WAS LEGALIZ$4 ,! VICTORS IMPOS$ 5ORM\S W> 9DEMNITIES ON ,*9A4 ,=EIGN %IPS W]E ALL[$ TO CIRCULATE FREELY ON ! C\NTRY'S RIV]S4 ,! ,PEK+ GOV]NM5T WAS COMPLETELY SUBJUGAT$ AFT] #a#h#f1 :5 ! CELEBRAT$ ,SUMM] ,PALACE WAS SACK$ & BURN$ BY AN EXP$ITION>Y =CE ( ,FR5* & ,BRITI% SOLDI]S AFT] !Y 5T]$ ! CAPITAL CITY4 

,) ! >RIVAL ( ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 A NEW CLASS WAS BORN1 ! G]M ( ! ,*9ESE B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT ( ! PUR*AS+ AG5TS 7COMPRADORS7 :O HELP$ =EIGN CAPITAL EXPLOIT ! MASSES4 ,! DESP]ATION ( ! PEASANTS EXPLOD$ 9 PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS1 UPRIS+S & REVOLTS1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( :I* WAS ?AT ( ! ,TAIP+4 

,! ,CELE/IAL ,K+DOM ( ! ,TAIP+ 7,TAIP+ TI5-QUO1 #a#h#e#a-#a#h#f#d7 

,9 ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 A PEASANT REVOLT BROKE \T 9 NOR!RN ,*9A1 L$ BY ! ,BUDDHI/ SECTS ( ! ,:ITE ,LOTUS & ! ,CELE/IAL ,ORD]4 ,PIRATES PLUND]$ ! COA/S ( ,GUANGDONG1 ,FUJIAN & ,ZHEJIANG4 ,! S\? ( ,*9A WAS ! SC5E ( SPORADIC UPRIS+S ( PEASANTS 9FLU5C$ BY CL&E/9E ORGANIZATIONS AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,TRIAD 7,SANHOHUI71 ANO!R NAME = ! ,SOCIETY ( ,HEAV5 & ,E>? 7,TI&IHUI74 

,9 C5TRAL ,*9A1 DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 9 ! PROV9CES ( ,JIANGXI & ,GUANGDONG1 9 ! MIDDLE & L[] ,YANGTZE ,RIV] ,VALLEY1 ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,WOR%IP]S ( ,GOD 7,BAI ,%ANGDI ,HUI7 >OSE AMONG ?\S&S ( PEASANTS CRU%$ UND] ! YOKE ( ! L&LORDS1 ! RAPACITY ( ! USUR]S & ! EXACTIONS ( ! ,M&>9S4 ,9 !IR PR(\ND DESP]ATION ! PEASANTS LOOK$ T[>DS HEAV54 ,! 0,WOR%IP]S ( ,GOD01 9SPIR$ BY ,*RI/IANITY1 ASSUM$ ! NAME ( ,TAIP+ 70,GREAT ,PEACE071 FOLL[+ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ! ,TAOI/ COMMUNITY ( ! ,YELL[ ,TURBANS ( ! ,SECOND ,C5TURY ,A4,D4 ,!SE TWO MOVEM5TS1 AL?\< BORN 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL CONTEXTS1 PURSU$ ! SAME GOAL1 TO REALIZE ! UTOPIA ( ! ,GREAT ,PEACE1 A SOCIETY 0)\T RI* OR POOR01 ! RETURN ( ! ]A ( HAPP9ESS1 ! MY?ICAL GOLD5 AGE ( YORE4 

,AT ! HEAD ( ! ,TAIP+ WE F9D ,HONG ,XIUQUAN 7#a#h#a#c-#a#h#f#d71 A VISION>Y MEMB] ( ! M9ORITY ,*9ESE E?NIC GR\P ( ! ,HAKKA1 :O CONV]T$ TO ,*RI/IANITY UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ,PROTE/ANT MISSION>IES4 ,HE BELIEV$ HE WAS ! Y\NG] BRO!R ( ,JESUS ,*RI/ & ?AT HE WAS ! MESSIAH :OSE MISSION WAS TO SAVE ! WORLD4 ,! ECONOMIC DEPRESSION & FAM9E ( #ahdi CAUS$ ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,WOR%IP]S ( ,GOD TO GR[ RAPIDLY4 ,)9 TWO OR ?REE YE>S IT HAD #c1 MEMB]S4 ,AMONG ITS ADEPTS1 MO/ W]E POOR PEASANTS1 BUT IT ALSO 9CLUD$ #c1 COAL M9]S1 & A L>GE NUMB] ( ! UNEMPLOY$ TRANSPORT WORK]S ( ! ROAD ?AT L$ FROM ,CANTON TO ! ,XIANG ,VALLEY 9 ,HUNAN1 ?\S&S ( DES]T]S FROM ! IMP]IAL >MY1 ABORIG9ES & FUGITIVES FROM ! PROV9CES ( ,GUANGDONG & ,GUANGXI4 ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS1 MEMB]S ( ! PETTY L&LESS NOBILITY1 ALSO JO9$ ! RANKS ( ! ,SOCIETY4 ,! ,WOR%IP]S ( ,GOD JO9$ =CES ) ! O!R SECRET SOCIETIES OPPOS$ TO ! ,MAN*U ,DYNA/Y4 

,! 9SURRECTION BROKE \T 9 #ahe 9 EA/]N ,GUANGXI1 9 ! T[N ( ,K9T'I5TS'U51 9 ! REGION ( ,KIK'+T*AN1 NE> ! ,?I/LE ,M\NTA91 :]E ! HEADQU>T]S ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,WOR%IP]S ( ,GOD WAS LOCAT$4 ,! PR$OM9ANTLY PEASANT MOVEM5T S\<T TO ELIM9ATE ! L&LORDS & ! M&>9S :O REPRES5T$ ! IMP]IAL P[] ( ! ,MAN*US1 G5]ALLY HAT$ BY ! ,*9ESE PEOPLE4 

,9 #a#h#e#a1 ,HONG ,XIUQUAN PROCLAIM$ HIMSELF ,HEAV5LY ,K+ 7,TIANWANG7 & F\ND] ( ! ,HEAV5LY ,K+DOM ( ! ,GREAT ,PEACE4 ,HE CONF]R$ UPON HIS M9I/]S & MILIT>Y COMM&]S ! TITLES ( ,SECOND ,K+1 ,K+ ( ! ,EA/1 ,K+ ( ! ,WE/1 ,K+ ( ! ,NOR? & ,K+ ( ! ,S\?1 AMONG :OM WE F9D ,YANG ,XIUQ+1 AN ORGANIZ] & /RATEGI/ ( GREAT G5IUS1 & ,%I ,DAKAI1 A V]Y TAL5T$ G5]AL4 

,9 #a#h#e#b1 ! ,TAIP+ OCCUPI$ ! NOR!A/ P>T ( ,GUANGXI1 ! S\?WE/ P>T ( ,HUNAN1 & !N ADVANC$ T[>DS ,*ANG%A1 & REA*$ ! REGIONS TO ! S\!A/ ( ,NANK+4 ,!Y TOOK ,NANK+ 9 #ahec AFT] SIXTE5 MON?S ( BLOODY BATTLES AGA9/ ! IMP]IAL =CES ( ! ,MAN*US4 ,NANK+1 R5AM$ ,HEAV5LY ,CAPITAL 7,TIANJ+7 W\LD BE ! POLITICAL C5T] ( ! ,HEAV5LY ,K+DOM UNTIL ITS FALL 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,! ,TAIP+ >MY1 SEEK+ TO 5L>GE ! K+DOM1 UND]TOOK ! CONQUE/ ( ! ,L[] ,YANGTZE1 S5T AN EXP$ITION NOR?B\ND T[>DS ! REGION ( ,T'I5TS91 & ?REAT5$ ,PEK+4 ,=C$ TO )DRAW DUE TO ! COLD WEA!R & LACK ( SUPPLIES1 !Y W]E DEFEAT$ 9 ! REGION ( ,%&ONG 9 #a#h#e#e4 

,! FIR/ REBELLI\S ACT ( ! ,TAIP+ WAS TO ABOLI% ! BRAID$ HAIR/YLE KN[N AS ! QUEU1 :I* !Y CONSID]$ TO BE A SYMBOL ( S]VITUDE IMPOS$ BY ! REIGN+ ,MAN*US4 ,! ,TAIP+ WORE !IR HAIR LONG1 :I* IS :Y !IR 5EMIES CALL$ !M 0LONG-HAIR$ B&ITS0 7*ANGMAO74 ,AFT] E/ABLI%+ !IR !OCRATIC /ATE1 ! ,TAIP+ PROCE$$ TO CONFISCATE L& & R$I/RIBUTE IT TO ?OSE :O W]E OLD 5\< TO CULTIVATE IT1 GRANT+ !M A RI<T ( USUFRUCT TO ! L& ?AT WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! ANCI5T SY/EM ( RECTANGUL> FIELDS DIVID$ 9TO N9E EQUAL PORTIONS1 >RANG$ LIKE ! BRU% /ROKES ( ! *>ACT] _? :I* IS ! SYMBOL = A WAT] WELL 7TS+T'I571 C>RY+ \T AN 0EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( ! L&01 A COLLECTIVE DI/RIBUTION4 

,WOM5 RECEIV$ %>ES ( L& EQUAL TO ?OSE RECEIV$ BY M54 ,! AGR>IAN LAW ( ! ,TAIP+ REFLECT$ ! PRIMITIVE AGR>IAN COLLECTIVISM ( TIMES PA/3 0,IF !RE IS L& WE %ALL WORK IT TOGE!R4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE DO NOT POSSESS ANY?+ ( !IR [N1 EV]Y?+ IS AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! SUPREME SOV]EIGN :O DI/RIBUTES ! OBJECTS & ! PRODUCTS EQUALLY AMONG ALL ! 9HABITANTS ( ! ,CELE/IAL ,EMPIRE1 9 SU* A WAY ?AT EA* ONE EATS UNTIL HE IS FULL & DOES NOT SUFF] FROM ! COLD44440 

,ONCE PRIVATE [N]%IP ( ! L& & PRIVATE TRADE HAD BE5 SUPPRESS$1 ! COLLECTIVITY ASSUR$ TO EA* P]SON ! SATISFACTION ( HIS 9DISP5SABLE BASIC NE$S4 ,! ,TAIP+ S\<T TO E/ABLI% ! ABSOLUTE EQUALITY ( ! SEXES1 CONDEMN$ ADULT]Y & PRO/ITUTION1 & PROHIBIT$ ! B9D+ ( ! FEET ( GIRLS 7A PRACTICE ?AT SPREAD AFT] ! ,SONG ,DYNA/Y74 ,WOM5 5JOY$ CIVIL RI<TS EQUAL TO ?OSE 5JOY$ BY M5 & W]E 5ROLL$ 9 EXCLUSIVELY FEMALE >MIES4 

,! ,HEAV5LY ,K+1 UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( HIS PRIME M9I/]1 ,HONG ,R5GAN 7#a#h#b#b-#a#h#f#d71 LAUN*$ A MOD]NIZATION PROGRAM 7CON/RUCTION ( RAILROADS1 DEVELOPM5T ( SCI5CE & TE*NOLOGY444474 

,! ,TAIP+ TRI$ TO REA* AN AGREEM5T ) ! =EIGN]S ) REG>D TO FREE TRADE 9 COMMODITIES & ! SUPPRESSION ( ! OPIUM TRADE4 ,! ,HEAV5LY ,K+ MODEL$ HIS MON>*Y ON ?OSE ( ! PA/ & E/ABLI%$ A ,C\RT 9 ,NANK+4 ,9 ORD] TO RECRUIT (FICIALS1 ! CLASSIC KN[L$GE ( ,CONFUCIUS WAS REPLAC$ 9 ! EXAM9ATIONS ) ,BIBLICAL KN[L$GE4 ,AN >I/OCRACY RAPIDLY DEVELOP$ ?AT S\<T TO MAKE ITS PRIVILEGES P]MAN5T4 ,! MOD]NIZATION PROGRAM REMA9$ A DEAD LETT]4 ,P[] CORRUPTS4 

,9 #a#h#f1 ! ,C\RT ( ! ,MAN*US 9ITIAT$ A CAMPAIGN TO RECONQU] ! T]RITORIES SEIZ$ BY ! ,TAIP+ BY 5LI/+ ! SUPPORT ( TWO ,*9ESE /ATESM51 ,Z5G ,GU(AN1 :O REPRES5T$ ! 9T]E/S ( ! ,*9ESE L&LORDS1 & ,LI ,HONGZHANG1 LEAD] ! B\RGEOIS ,*9ESE PUR*AS+ AG5TS 7COMPRADORS74 ,!SE TWO ASSASS9S ORGANIZ$ & L$ ! W> AGA9/ ! ,TAIP+ ) CONSID]ABLE HELP FROM M]C5>IES & MAT]IEL PROVID$ BY ! WE/]N P[]S4 ,! IMP]IAL >MIES 5C\NT]$ BLOODY RESI/ANCE ON ! P>T ( ! ,TAIP+4 ,9 #a#h#f#d1 ,NANK+ FELL4 ,HONG ,XIUQUAN1 ! ,HEAV5LY ,K+1 COMMITT$ SUICIDE4 ,A MILLION PEOPLE DI$ DUR+ ! SUBSEQU5T REPRESSION4 ,! ,TAIP+ >MIES CONT9U$ TO FI<T = TWO MORE YE>S 9 ,FUJIAN1 & SOME ESCAP$ TO ,=MOSA1 :ILE O!RS MADE IT TO ,TONK9 7NOR!RN ,VIETNAM71 :]E1 UND] ! NAME ( ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,>MY1 !Y F\<T A VALIANT /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! 9VAD+ ,FR5* COLONIAL TROOPS4 

,! ,TAIP+1 :OSE MOVEM5T HAD 5COMPASS$ ! MO/ POPUL\S PROV9CES ( S\!RN & C5TRAL ,*9A1 DEFEAT$ ! IMP]IAL >MIES = ?IRTE5 YE>S1 FROM #ahea TO #a#h#f#d4 

,!IR PROJECT TO E/ABLI% A MY/ICAL & EGALIT>IAN COMMUNITY IS CONSONANT ) ! UTOPIA ?AT N\RI%$ ! PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS & REVOLTS FROM ! ,*9ESE ,MIDDLE ,AGES RI<T UP UNTIL MOD]N TIMES4 ,! MOVEM5T ( ,TAIP+ APPE>$ AS ! PROLOGUE TO ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#b#e-#a#i#b#g4 

,BUT AFT] ! TRAGIC DEFEAT ( ! #aibe ,REVOLUTION1 ! LA/ PEASANT REVOLT1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP & AU?ORITY ( ! ,MAOI/ P>TY1 PUT ! EMP]OR ,MAO ,TSE ,TUNG 9 P[]4 

,9 ,*9A1 AS 9 ! ,WE/1 UTOPIA1 SO DEEPLY ROOT$ AMONG ! DISPOSSESS$1 PROCE$S FROM A POPUL> UND]/&+ ( EMANCIPATION :OSE MEMORY MU/ BE PRES]V$1 BE=E IT DISAPPE>S 9 ! TORTU\S & BRUTAL ADAPTATIONS TO ECONOMIC MOD]NITY ?AT P]PETUATE ! BURD5 ( ! CO]CIONS ( ! PA/4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,ANCI5T UTOPIA & PEASANT REVOLTS 9 ,*9A -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,ANCI5T UTOPIA & PEASANT REVOLTS 9 ,*9A -- ,UPDAT$4 

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