,AN>*Y 
,A ,PAMPHLET 

#ahia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,TAGS 3 GOV]NM5T OR ! /ATE1 ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 COLLECTIVE =CE ( SOCIETY1 ! RI<TS & DUTIES1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 PROPRIET>Y CLASS1 SOCIAL LIFE1 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 WORD AN>*Y4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,AN>*Y BY ,MALATE/A ,AN>*Y IS A WORD ?AT COMES FROM ! ,GREEK1 & SIGNIFIES1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 0)\T GOV]NM5T03 ! /ATE ( A PEOPLE )\T ANY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY4  

,BE=E SU* AN ORGANIZATION HAD BEGUN TO BE CONSID]$ POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE BY A :OLE CLASS ( ?9K]S1 SO AS TO BE TAK5 AS ! AIM ( A MOVEM5T 7:I* HAS N[ BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTORS 9 MOD]N SOCIAL W>F>E71 ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 WAS US$ UNIV]SALLY 9 ! S5SE ( DISORD] & CONFUSION1 & IT IS /ILL ADOPT$ 9 ?AT S5SE BY ! IGNORANT & BY ADV]S>IES 9T]E/$ 9 DI/ORT+ ! TRU?4  

,WE %ALL NOT 5T] 9TO PHILOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS1 = ! QUE/ION IS NOT PHILOLOGICAL BUT HI/ORICAL4 ,! COMMON 9T]PRETATION ( ! WORD DOES NOT MISCONCEIVE ITS TRUE ETYMOLOGICAL SIGNIFICATION1 BUT IS D]IV$ FROM IT1 [+ TO ! PREJUDICE ?AT GOV]NM5T MU/ BE A NECESSITY ( ! ORGANIZATION ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & ?AT CONSEQU5TLY A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T MU/ BE GIV5 UP TO DISORD]1 & OSCILLATE BETWE5 ! UNBRIDL$ DOM9ION ( SOME & ! BL9D V5GEANCE ( O!RS4  

,! EXI/5CE ( ?IS PREJUDICE & ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! MEAN+ ?AT ! PUBLIC HAS GIV5 TO ! WORD IS EASILY EXPLA9$4  

,MAN1 LIKE ALL LIV+ BE+S1 ADAPTS HIMSELF TO ! CONDITIONS 9 :I* HE LIVES1 & TRANSMITS BY 9H]ITANCE HIS ACQUIR$ HABITS4 ,?US1 BE+ BORN & HAV+ LIV$ 9 BONDAGE1 BE+ ! DESC5DANT ( A LONG L9E ( SLAVES1 MAN1 :5 HE BEGAN TO ?9K1 BELIEV$ ?AT SLAV]Y WAS AN ESS5TIAL CONDITION ( LIFE1 & LIB]TY SEEM$ TO HIM IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 LIKE MANN]1 ! WORKMAN1 =C$ = C5TURIES TO DEP5D UPON ! GOODWILL ( HIS EMPLOY] = WORK1 ?AT IS1 = BREAD1 & ACCU/OM$ TO SEE HIS [N LIFE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ?OSE :O POSSESS ! L& & CAPITAL1 HAS 5D$ 9 BELIEV+ ?AT IT IS HIS MA/] :O GIVES HIM FOOD1 & ASKS +5U\SLY H[ IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO LIVE1 IF !RE W]E NO MA/] OV] HIM8  

,9 ! SAME WAY1 A MAN :OSE LIMBS HAD BE5 B\ND FROM BIR?1 BUT :O HAD NEV]LESS F\ND \T H[ TO HOBBLE AB\T1 MI<T ATTRIBUTE TO ! V]Y B&S ?AT B\ND HIM HIS ABILITY TO MOVE1 :ILE1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W\LD DIM9I% & P>ALYZE ! MUSCUL> 5]GY ( HIS LIMBS4  

,IF !N WE ADD TO ! NATURAL EFFECT ( HABIT ! $UCATION GIV5 TO HIM BY HIS MA/]1 ! P>SON1 ! TEA*]1 ETC41 :O >E ALL 9T]E/$ 9 TEA*+ ?AT ! EMPLOY] & ! GOV]NM5T >E NECESS>Y1 IF WE ADD ! JUDGE & ! POLICEMAN TO =CE ?OSE :O ?9K DIFF]5TLY -- & MI<T TRY TO PROPAGATE !IR OP9ION -- TO KEEP SIL5CE1 WE %ALL UND]/& H[ ! PREJUDICE AS TO ! UTILITY & NECESSITY ( MA/]S & GOV]NM5TS HAS BECOME E/ABLI%$4 ,SUPPOSE A DOCTOR BR\<T =W>D A COMPLETE !ORY1 ) A ?\S& ABLY 9V5T$ ILLU/RATIONS1 TO P]SUADE ! MAN ) B\ND LIMBS ?AT1 IF HIS LIMBS W]E FRE$1 HE C\LD NOT WALK1 OR EV5 LIVE4 ,! MAN W\LD DEF5D HIS B&S FURI\SLY & CONSID] ANYONE HIS 5EMY :O TRI$ TO TE> !M (F4  

,?US1 IF IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>Y & ?AT )\T GOV]NM5T !RE MU/ BE DISORD] & CONFUSION1 IT IS NATURAL & LOGICAL TO SUPPOSE ?AT AN>*Y1 :I* SIGNIFIES ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 MU/ ALSO MEAN ABS5CE ( ORD]4  

,NOR IS ?IS FACT )\T P>ALLEL 9 ! HI/ORY ( WORDS4 ,9 ?OSE EPO*S & C\NTRIES :]E PEOPLE HAVE CONSID]$ GOV]NM5T BY ONE MAN 7MON>*Y7 NECESS>Y1 ! WORD 0REPUBLIC0 7?AT IS1 ! GOV]NM5T ( MANY7 HAS BE5 US$ PRECISELY LIKE 0AN>*Y10 TO IMPLY DISORD] & CONFUSION4 ,TRACES ( ?IS MEAN+ ( ! WORD >E /ILL TO BE F\ND 9 ! POPUL> LANGUAGES ( ALMO/ ALL C\NTRIES4  

,:5 ?IS OP9ION IS *ANG$1 & ! PUBLIC >E CONV9C$ ?AT GOV]NM5T IS NOT NECESS>Y1 BUT EXTREMELY H>MFUL1 ! WORD 0AN>*Y10 PRECISELY BECAUSE IT SIGNIFIES 0)\T GOV]NM5T10 WILL BECOME EQUAL TO SAY+ 0NATURAL ORD]1 H>MONY ( NE$S & 9T]E/S ( ALL1 COMPLETE LIB]TY ) COMPLETE SOLID>ITY40  

,!RE=E1 ?OSE >E WRONG :O SAY ?AT AN>*I/S HAVE *OS5 !IR NAME BADLY1 BECAUSE IT IS ]RONE\SLY UND]/OOD BY ! MASSES & LEADS TO A FALSE 9T]PRETATION4 ,! ]ROR DOES NOT COME FROM ! WORD1 BUT FROM ! ?+4 ,! DIFFICULTY :I* AN>*I/S MEET 9 SPREAD+ !IR VIEWS DOES NOT DEP5D UPON ! NAME !Y HAVE GIV5 !MSELVES1 BUT UPON ! FACT ?AT !IR CONCEPTIONS /RIKE AS ALL ! 9VET]ATE PREJUDICES :I* PEOPLE HAVE AB\T ! FUNCTION ( GOV]NM5T1 OR 0! /ATE10 AS IT IS CALL$4  

,BE=E PROCE$+ FUR!R1 IT WILL BE WELL TO EXPLA9 ?IS LA/ WORD 7! 0,/ATE07 :I*1 9 \R OP9ION1 IS ! REAL CAUSE ( MU* MISUND]/&+4  

,AN>*I/S G5]ALLY MAKE USE IF ! WORD 0,/ATE0 TO MEAN ALL ! COLLECTION ( 9/ITUTIONS1 POLITICAL1 LEGISLATIVE1 JUDICIAL1 MILIT>Y1 F9ANCIAL1 ETC41 BY MEANS ( :I* MANAGEM5T ( !IR [N AFFAIRS1 ! GUIDANCE ( !IR P]SONAL CONDUCT1 & ! C>E ( 5SUR+ !IR [N SAFETY >E TAK5 FROM ! PEOPLE & CONFID$ TO C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS1 & !SE1 :E!R BY USURPATION OR DELEGATION1 >E 9VE/$ ) ! RI<T TO MAKE LAWS OV] & = ALL1 & TO CON/RA9 ! PUBLIC TO RESPECT !M1 MAK+ USE ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( ! COMMUNITY TO ?IS 5D4  

,9 ?IS CASE ! WORD 0,/ATE0 MEANS 0GOV]NM5T10 OR1 IF Y\ LIKE1 IT IS ! AB/RACT EXPRESSION ( :I* GOV]NM5T IS ! P]SONIFICATION4 ,!N SU* EXPRESSIONS AS 0,ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE10 OR 0,SOCIETY )\T ! ,/ATE10 AGREE P]FECTLY ) ! CONCEPTION :I* AN>*I/S WI% TO EXPRESS ( ! DE/RUCTION ( EV]Y POLITICAL 9/ITUTION BAS$ ON AU?ORITY1 & ( ! CON/ITUTION ( A FREE & EQUAL SOCIETY1 BAS$ UPON H>MONY ( 9T]E/S1 & ! VOLUNT>Y CONTRIBUTION ( ALL TO ! SATISFACTION ( SOCIAL NE$S4  

,H[EV]1 ! WORD 0,/ATE0 HAS MANY O!R MEAN+S1 & AMONG !SE SOME ?AT L5D !MSELVES TO MISCON/RUCTION1 P>TICUL>LY :5 US$ AMONG M5 :OSE SAD SOCIAL POSITION HAS NOT AF=D$ !M LEISURE TO BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO ! SUBTLE DI/9CTION ( SCI5TIFIC LANGUAGE1 OR1 /ILL WORSE1 :5 ADOPT$ TREA*]\SLY BY ADV]S>IES1 :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 CONF\ND+ ! S5SE1 OR DO NOT WI% TO COMPREH5D IT4 ,?US ! WORD 0,/ATE0 IS (T5 US$ TO 9DICATE ANY GIV5 SOCIETY1 OR COLLECTION ( HUMAN BE+S1 UNIT$ ON A GIV5 T]RITORY & CON/ITUT+ :AT IS CALL$ A 0SOCIAL UNIT10 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! WAY 9 :I* ! MEMB]S ( ! SAID BODY >E GR\P$1 OR ( ! RELATIONS EXI/+ BETWE5 !M4 0,/ATE0 IS US$ ALSO SIMPLY AS A SYNONYM = 0SOCIETY40 ,[N+ TO !SE MEAN+S ( ! WORD1 \R ADV]S>IES BELIEVE1 OR RA!R PR(ESS TO BELIEVE1 ?AT AN>*I/S WI% TO ABOLI% EV]Y SOCIAL RELATION & ALL COLLECTIVE WORK1 & TO R$UCE MAN TO A CONDITION ( ISOLATION1 ?AT IS1 TO A /ATE WORSE ?AN SAVAG]Y4  

,BY 0,/ATE0 AGA9 IS MEANT ONLY ! SUPREME ADM9I/RATION ( A C\NTRY1 ! C5TRAL P[]1 AS DI/9CT FROM PROV9CIAL OR COMMUNAL P[]1 & !RE=E O!RS ?9K ?AT AN>*I/S WI% M]ELY = A T]RITORIAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 LEAV+ ! PR9CIPLE ( GOV]NM5T 9TACT1 & ?US CONF\ND+ AN>*Y ) CANTONICAL OR COMMUNAL GOV]NM5T4  

,F9ALLY1 0,/ATE0 SIGNIFIES 0CONDITION1 MODE ( LIV+1 ! ORD] ( SOCIAL LIFE10 ETC41 & !RE=E WE SAY1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y TO *ANGE ! ECONOMIC /ATE ( ! WORK+ CLASSES1 OR ?AT ! AN>*ICAL ,/ATE IS ! ONLY ,/ATE F\ND$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY1 & O!R SIMIL> PHRASES4 ,SO ?AT IF WE SAY ALSO 9 ANO!R S5SE ?AT WE WI% TO ABOLI% ! ,/ATE1 WE MAY AT ONCE APPE> ABSURD OR CONTRADICTORY4  

,= !SE REASONS1 WE BELIEVE ?AT IT W\LD BE BETT] TO USE ! EXPRESSION 0ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE0 AS LITTLE AS POSSIBLE1 & TO SUB/ITUTE = IT ANO!R1 CLE>]1 & MORE CONCRETE --0ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T40  

,! LATT] WILL BE ! EXPRESSION US$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS ESSAY4  

,WE HAVE SAID ?AT AN>*Y IS SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT IS ! SUPPRESSION ( GOV]NM5T POSSIBLE1 DESIRABLE1 OR WISE8 ,LET US SEE4  

,:AT IS ! GOV]NM5T8 ,!RE IS A DISEASE ( ! HUMAN M9D1 CALL$ ! METAPHYSICAL T5D5CY1 ?AT CAUSES MAN1 AFT] HE HAS BY A LOGICAL PROCESS AB/RACT$ ! QUALITY FROM AN OBJECT1 TO BE SUBJECT TO A K9D ( HALLUC9ATION ?AT MAKES HIM TAKE ! AB/RACTION = ! REAL ?+4 ,?IS METAPHYSICAL T5D5CY1 9 SPITE ( ! BL[S ( POSITIVE SCI5CE1 HAS /ILL /RONG ROOT 9 ! M9DS ( ! MAJORITY ( \R CONTEMPOR>Y FELL[M54 ,IT HAS SU* 9FLU5CE ?AT MANY CONSID] GOV]NM5T AN ACTUAL 5TITY1 ) C]TA9 GIV5 ATTRIBUTES ( REASON1 JU/ICE1 EQUITY1 9DEP5D5T ( ! PEOPLE :O COMPOSE ! GOV]NM5T4  

,= ?OSE :O ?9K 9 ?IS WAY1 GOV]NM5T1 OR ! ,/ATE1 IS ! AB/RACT SOCIAL P[]1 & IT REPRES5TS1 ALWAYS 9 ! AB/RACT1 ! G5]AL 9T]E/4 ,IT IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! RI<TS ( ALL & IS CONSID]$ AS LIMIT$ BY ! RI<TS ( EA*4 ,?IS WAY ( UND]/&+ GOV]NM5T IS SUPPORT$ BY ?OSE 9T]E/$1 TO :OM IT IS AN URG5T NECESSITY ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY %\LD BE MA9TA9$ & %\LD ALWAYS SURVIVE ! FAULTS & ]RORS ( ! P]SONS :O EX]CISE P[]4  

,= US1 ! GOV]NM5T IS ! AGGREGATE ( ! GOV]NORS1 & ! GOV]NORS -- K+S1 PRESID5TS1 M9I/]S1 MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T1 & :AT NOT -- >E ?OSE :O HAVE ! P[] TO MAKE LAWS REGULAT+ ! RELATIONS BETWE5 M51 & TO =CE OB$I5CE TO !SE LAWS4 ,!Y >E ?OSE :O DECIDE UPON & CLAIM ! TAXES1 5=CE MILIT>Y S]VICE1 JUDGE & PUNI% TRANSGRESSORS ( ! LAWS4 ,!Y SUBJECT M5 TO REGULATIONS1 & SUP]VISE & SANCTION PRIVATE CONTRACTS4 ,!Y MONOPOLIZE C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( PRODUCTION & PUBLIC S]VICES1 OR1 IF !Y WI%1 ALL PRODUCTION & PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,!Y PROMOTE OR H9D] ! EX*ANGE ( GOODS4 ,!Y MAKE W> OR PEACE ) GOV]NM5TS ( O!R C\NTRIES4 ,!Y CONC$E OR )HOLD FREE TRADE & MANY ?+S ELSE4 ,9 %ORT1 ! GOV]NORS >E ?OSE :O HAVE ! P[]1 9 A GREAT] OR LESS] DEGREE1 TO MAKE USE ( ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( SOCIETY1 ?AT IS1 ( ! PHYSICAL1 9TELLECTUAL1 & ECONOMIC =CE ( ALL1 TO OBLIGE EA* TO !IR 7! GOV]NORS'7 WI%4 ,& ?IS P[] CON/ITUTES1 9 \R OP9ION1 ! V]Y PR9CIPLE ( GOV]NM5T & AU?ORITY4  

,BUT :AT REASON IS !RE = ! EXI/5CE ( GOV]NM5T8  

,:Y ABDICATE ONE'S [N LIB]TY1 ONE'S [N 9ITIATIVE 9 FAVOR ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS8 ,:Y GIVE !M ! P[] TO BE ! MA/]S1 ) OR AGA9/ ! WI% ( EA*1 TO DISPOSE ( ! =CES ( ALL 9 !IR [N WAY8 ,>E ! GOV]NORS SU* EXCEPTIONALLY GIFT$ M5 AS TO 5ABLE !M1 ) SOME %[ ( REASON1 TO REPRES5T ! MASSES & ACT 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL M5 BETT] ?AN ALL M5 W\LD BE ABLE TO ACT = !MSELVES8 ,>E !Y SO 9FALLIBLE & 9CORRUPTIBLE ?AT ONE CAN CONFIDE TO !M1 ) ANY SEMBLANCE ( PRUD5CE1 ! FATE ( EA* & ALL1 TRU/+ TO !IR KN[L$GE & GOODNESS8  

,& EV5 IF !RE EXI/$ M5 ( 9F9ITE GOODNESS & KN[L$GE1 EV5 IF WE ASSUME :AT HAS NEV] HAPP5$ 9 HI/ORY & :AT WE BELIEVE C\LD NEV] HAPP51 NAMELY1 ?AT ! GOV]NM5T MI<T DEVOLVE UPON ! ABLE/ & BE/1 W\LD ! POSSESSION ( GOV]NM5T P[] ADD ANY?+ TO !IR B5EFIC5T 9FLU5CE8 ,W\LD IT NOT RA!R P>ALYZE OR DE/ROY IT8 ,= ?OSE :O GOV]N F9D IT NECESS>Y TO OCCUPY !MSELVES ) ?+S :I* !Y DO NOT UND]/&1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO WA/E ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR 5]GY 9 KEEP+ !MSELVES 9 P[]1 /RIV+ TO SATISFY !IR FRI5DS1 HOLD+ ! DISCONT5T$ 9 *ECK1 & MA/]+ ! REBELLI\S4  

,AGA91 BE ! GOV]NORS GOOD OR BAD1 WISE OR IGNORANT1 H[ DO !Y GA9 P[]8 ,DO !Y IMPOSE !MSELVES BY RI<T ( W>1 CONQUE/1 OR REVOLUTION8 ,IF SO1 :AT GU>ANTEES HAVE ! PUBLIC ?AT !IR RULES HAVE ! G5]AL GOOD AT HE>T8 ,9 ?IS CASE IT IS SIMPLY A QUE/ION ( USURPATION1 & IF ! SUBJECTS >E DISCONT5T$1 NO?+ IS LEFT TO !M BUT TO ?R[ (F ! YOKE BY AN APPEAL TO >MS4 ,>E ! GOV]NORS *OS5 FROM A C]TA9 CLASS OR P>TY8 ,!N 9EVITABLY ! IDEAS & 9T]E/S ( ?AT CLASS OR P>TY WILL TRIUMPH1 & ! WI%ES & 9T]E/S ( ! O!RS WILL BE SACRIFIC$4 ,>E !Y ELECT$ BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE8 ,N[ NUMB]S >E ! SOLE CRIT]IA1 & NUMB]S >E CLE>LY NO PRO( ( REASON1 JU/ICE1 OR CAPACITY4 ,UND] UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE ! ELECT$ >E ?OSE :O KN[ BE/ H[ TO TAKE 9 ! MASSES4 ,! M9ORITY1 :I* MAY HAPP5 TO BE ! HALF M9US ONE1 IS SACRIFIC$4 ,MOREOV]1 EXP]I5CE HAS %[N IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO HIT UPON AN ELECTORAL SY/EM ?AT REALLY 5SURES ELECTION BY ! ACTUAL MAJORITY4  

,MANY & V>I\S >E ! !ORIES BY :I* M5 HAVE S\<T TO JU/IFY ! EXI/5CE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,ALL1 H[EV]1 >E F\ND$1 CONFESS$LY OR NOT1 ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALS ( A SOCIETY HAVE CONTR>Y 9T]E/S1 & ?AT AN EXT]NAL SUP]IOR P[] IS NECESS>Y TO OBLIGE SOME TO RESPECT ! 9T]E/S ( O!RS1 BY PRESCRIB+ & IMPOS+ A RULE ( CONDUCT1 ACCORD+ TO :I* EA* MAY OBTA9 ! MAXIMUM ( SATISFACTION ) ! M9IMUM ( SACRIFICE4 ,IF1 SAY ! !ORI/S ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOL1 ! 9T]E/S1 T5D5CIES1 & DESIRES ( AN 9DIVIDUAL >E 9 OPPOSITION TO ?OSE ( ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL1 OR P]HAPS ALL SOCIETY1 :O WILL HAVE ! RI<T & ! P[] TO OBLIGE ! ONE TO RESPECT ! 9T]E/S ( ! O!R OR O!RS8 ,:O WILL BE ABLE TO PREV5T ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ5 FROM (F5D+ ! G5]AL WILL8 ,! LIB]TY ( EA*1 !Y SAY1 HAS = ITS LIMIT ! LIB]TY ( O!RS3 BUT :O WILL E/ABLI% ?OSE LIMITS1 & :O WILL CAUSE !M TO BE RESPECT$8 ,! NATURAL ANTAGONISM ( 9T]E/S & PASSIONS CREATES ! NECESSITY = GOV]NM5T1 & JU/IFIES AU?ORITY4 ,AU?ORITY 9T]V5ES AS MOD]ATOR ( ! SOCIAL /RIFE & DEF9ES ! LIMITS ( ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( EA*4  

,?IS IS ! !ORY2 BUT TO BE S\ND ! !ORY %\LD BE BAS$ UPON AN EXPLANATION ( FACTS4 ,WE KN[ WELL H[ 9 SOCIAL ECONOMY !ORIES >E TOO (T5 9V5T$ TO JU/IFY FACTS1 ?AT IS1 TO DEF5D PRIVILEGE & CAUSE IT TO BE ACCEPT$ TRANQUILLY BY ?OSE :O >E ITS VICTIMS4 ,LET US H]E LOOK AT ! FACTS !MSELVES4  

,9 ALL ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 AS 9 ! PRES5T EPO*1 GOV]NM5T IS EI!R BRUTAL1 VIOL5T1 >BITR>Y DOM9ATION ( ! FEW OV] ! MANY1 OR IT IS AN 9/RUM5T DEVIS$ TO SECURE DOM9ATION & PRIVILEGE TO ?OSE :O1 BY =CE1 OR CUNN+1 OR 9H]ITANCE1 HAVE TAK5 TO !MSELVES ALL ! MEANS ( LIFE1 FIR/ & =EMO/ ! SOIL1 :]EBY !Y HOLD ! PEOPLE 9 S]VITUDE1 MAK+ !M WORK = !IR ADVANTAGE4  

,GOV]NM5TS OPPRESS MANK9D 9 TWO WAYS1 EI!R DIRECTLY1 BY BRUTE =CE1 ?AT IS PHYSICAL VIOL5CE1 OR 9DIRECTLY1 BY DEPRIV+ !M ( ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE & ?US R$UC+ !M TO HELPLESSNESS4 ,POLITICAL P[] ORIG9AT$ 9 ! FIR/ ME?OD2 ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE >OSE FROM ! SECOND4  ,GOV]NM5TS CAN ALSO OPPRESS MAN BY ACT+ ON HIS EMOTIONAL NATURE1 & 9 ?IS WAY CON/ITUTE RELIGI\S AU?ORITY4 ,!RE IS NO REASON = ! PROPAGATION ( RELIGI\S SUP]/ITIONS BUT ?AT !Y DEF5D & CONSOLIDATE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES4  

,9 PRIMITIVE SOCIETY1 :5 ! WORLD WAS NOT SO D5SELY POPULAT$ AS N[ & SOCIAL RELATIONS W]E LESS COMPLICAT$1 IF ANY CIRCUM/ANCE PREV5T$ ! =MATION ( HABITS & CU/OMS ( SOLID>ITY1 OR DE/ROY$ ?OSE :I* ALREADY EXI/$ & E/ABLI%$ ! DOM9ATION ( MAN OV] MAN1 ! TWO P[]S1 POLITICAL & ECONOMIC1 W]E UNIT$ 9 ! SAME H&S -- (T5 9 ?OSE ( A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?OSE :O BY =CE HAD CONQU]$ & IMPOV]I%$ ! O!RS1 CON/RA9$ !M TO BECOME !IR S]VANTS & TO P]=M ALL ?+S ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPRICE4 ,! VICTORS W]E AT ONCE PROPRIETORS1 LEGISLATORS1 K+S1 JUDGES1 & EXECUTION]S4  

,BUT ) ! 9CREASE ( POPULATION1 ) ! GR[? ( NE$S1 ) ! COMPLICATION ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS1 ! PROLONG$ CONT9UANCE ( SU* DESPOTISM BECAME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,= !IR [N SECURITY ! RUL]S1 (T5 MU* AGA9/ !IR WILL1 W]E OBLIG$ TO DEP5D UPON A PRIVILEG$ CLASS1 ?AT IS1 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( CO9T]E/$ 9DIVIDUALS1 & W]E ALSO OBLIG$ TO LET EA* ( !SE 9DIVIDUALS PROVIDE = HIS [N SU/5ANCE4 ,NEV]!LESS !Y RES]V$ TO !MSELVES ! SUPREME OR ULTIMATE CONTROL4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! RUL]S RES]V$ TO !MSELVES ! RI<T TO EXPLOIT ALL AT !IR [N CONV5I5CE1 & SO TO SATISFY !IR K+LY VANITY4 ,?US PRIVATE WEAL? WAS DEVELOP$ UND] ! %AD[ ( ! RUL+ P[]1 = ITS PROTECTION & -- (T5 UNCONSCI\SLY -- AS ITS ACCOMPLICE4 ,! CLASS ( PROPRIETORS >OSE1 &1 CONC5TRAT$ LITTLE BY LITTLE 9TO !IR H&S ALL ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 ! V]Y F\NTA9 ( LIFE -- AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 & EX*ANGE -- 5D$ BY BECOM+ A P[] 9 !MSELVES4 ,?IS P[]1 BY ! SUP]IORITY ( ITS MEANS ( ACTION & ! GREAT MASS ( 9T]E/S IT EMBRACES1 ALWAYS 5DS BY SUBJUGAT+ MORE OR LESS OP5LY ! POLITICAL P[]1 ?AT IS1 ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* IT MAKES ITS POLICEMAN4  

,?IS PH5OM5ON HAS BE5 REPEAT$ (T5 9 HI/ORY4 ,EV]Y TIME ?AT1 BY MILIT>Y 5T]PRISE1 PHYSICAL BRUTE =CE HAS TAK5 ! UPP] H& 9 SOCIETY1 ! CONQU]ORS HAVE %[N ! T5D5CY TO CONC5TRATE GOV]NM5T & PROP]TY 9 !IR [N H&S4 ,9 EV]Y CASE1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T CANNOT ATT5D TO ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL? & OV]LOOK & DIRECT EV]Y?+1 IT F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO CONCILIATE A P[]FUL CLASS1 & PRIVATE PROP]TY IS AGA9 E/ABLI%$4 ,) IT COMES ! DIVISION ( ! TWO SORTS ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT ( ! P]SONS :O CONTROL ! COLLECTIVE =CE ( SOCIETY1 & ?AT ( ! PROPRIETORS1 UPON :OM !SE GOV]NORS BECOME ESS5TIALLY DEP5D5T1 BECAUSE ! PROPRIETORS COMM& ! S\RCES ( ! SAID COLLECTIVE =CE4  

,NEV] HAS ?IS /ATE ( AFFAIRS BE5 SO ACC5TUAT$ AS 9 MOD]N TIMES4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( PRODUCTION1 ! IMM5SE EXT5SION ( COMM]CE1 ! EXT5SIVE P[] ?AT MONEY HAS ACQUIR$1 & ALL ! ECONOMIC RESULTS FL[+ FROM ! DISCOV]Y ( ,AM]ICA1 ! 9V5TION ( MA*9]Y1 ETC41 HAVE SECUR$ ! SUPREMACY TO ! CAPITALI/ CLASS ?AT IT IS NO LONG] CONT5T TO TRU/ TO ! SUPPORT ( ! GOV]NM5T & HAS COME TO WI% ?AT ! GOV]NM5T COMPOS$ ( MEMB]S FROM ITS [N CLASS1 CONT9UALLY UND] ITS CONTROL & SPECIALLY ORGANIZ$ TO DEF5D IT AGA9/ ! POSSIBLE REV5GE ( ! DIS9H]IT$4 ,H5CE ! ORIG9 ( ! MOD]N P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM4  

,TODAY ! GOV]NM5T IS COMPOS$ ( PROPRIETORS1 OR PEOPLE ( !IR CLASS SO 5TIRELY UND] !IR 9FLU5CE ?AT ! RI*E/ DO NOT F9D IT NECESS>Y TO TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T !MSELVES4 ,RO?S*ILD1 = 9/ANCE1 DOES NOT NE$ TO BE EI!R ,M4,P4 OR M9I/]1 IT IS 5\< = HIM TO KEEP ,M4,P4'S & M9I/]S DEP5D5T UPON HIM4  

,9 MANY C\NTRIES1 ! PROLET>IAT P>TICIPATES NOM9ALLY 9 ! ELECTION ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS A CONCESSION :I* ! B\RGEOIS 7I4E41 PROPRIET>Y7 CLASS HAVE MADE1 EI!R TO AVAIL !MSELVES ( POPUL> SUPPORT 9 ! /RIFE AGA9/ ROYAL OR >I/OCRATIC P[]1 OR TO DIV]T ! ATT5TION ( ! PEOPLE FROM !IR [N EMANCIPATION BY GIV+ !M AN APP>5T %>E 9 POLITICAL P[]4 ,H[EV]1 :E!R ! B\RGEOISIE =ESAW IT OR NOT1 :5 FIR/ !Y CONC$$ TO ! PEOPLE ! RI<T TO VOTE1 ! FACT IS ?AT ! RI<T HAS PROV$ 9 REALITY A MOCK]Y1 S]V+ ONLY TO CONSOLIDATE ! P[] ( ! B\RGEOISIE1 :ILE GIV+ TO ! MO/ 5]GETIC ONLY ( ! PROLET>IAT ! ILLUSORY HOPE ( >RIV+ AT P[]4  

,SO ALSO ) UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE -- WE MI<T SAY1 ESPECIALLY ) UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE -- ! GOV]NM5T HAS REMA9$ ! S]VANT & POLICE ( ! B\RGEOIS CLASS4 ,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,IF ! GOV]NM5T %\LD REA* ! PO9T ( BECOM+ HO/ILE1 IF ! HOPE ( DEMOCRACY %\LD EV] BE MORE ?AN A DELUSION DECEIV+ ! PEOPLE1 ! PROPRIET>Y CLASS1 M5AC$ 9 ITS 9T]E/S W\LD AT ONCE REBEL & W\LD USE ALL ! =CE & 9FLU5CE ?AT COME FROM ! POSSESSION ( WEAL?1 TO R$UCE ! GOV]NM5T TO ! SIMPLE FUNCTION ( ACT+ AS POLICEMAN4  

,9 ALL TIMES & 9 ALL PLACES1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! NAME ( ?AT ! GOV]NM5T TAKES1 :ATEV] HAS BE5 ITS ORIG91 OR ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS ESS5TIAL FUNCTION IS ALWAYS ?AT ( OPPRESS+ & EXPLOIT+ ! MASSES1 & ( DEF5D+ ! OPPRESSORS & EXPLOIT]S4 ,ITS PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/IC & 9DISP5SABLE 9/RUM5TS >E ! POLICEMAN & ! TAX COLLECTOR1 ! SOLDI] & ! PRISON4 ,& TO !SE >E NECESS>ILY ADD$ ! TIME S]V+ PRIE/ OR TEA*]1 AS ! CASE MAY BE1 SUPPORT$ & PROTECT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 TO R5D] ! SPIRIT ( ! PEOPLE S]VILE & MAKE !M DOCILE UND] ! YOKE4  

,C]TA9LY1 9 ADDITION TO ?IS PRIM>Y BUS9ESS1 TO ?IS ESS5TIAL DEP>TM5T ( GOV]NM5TAL ACTION O!R DEP>TM5TS HAVE BE5 ADD$ 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME4 ,WE EV5 ADMIT ?AT NEV]1 OR H>DLY EV]1 HAS A GOV]NM5T BE5 ABLE TO EXI/ 9 A C\NTRY ?AT WAS CIVILIZ$ )\T ADD+ TO ITS OPPRESS+ & EXPLOIT+ FUNCTIONS O!RS USEFUL & 9DISP5SABLE TO SOCIAL LIFE4 ,BUT ?IS FACT MAKES IT NONE!LESS TRUE ?AT GOV]NM5T IS 9 ITS NATURE A MEANS ( EXPLOITATION1 & ?AT ITS POSITION DOOM IT TO BE ! DEF5SE ( A DOM9ANT CLASS1 ?US CONFIRM+ & 9CREAS+ ! EVILS ( DOM9ATION4  

,! GOV]NM5T ASSUMES ! BUS9ESS ( PROTECT+1 MORE OR LESS VIGILANTLY1 ! LIFE ( CITIZ5S AGA9/ DIRECT OR BRUTAL ATTACKS2 ACKN[L$GES & LEGALIZES A C]TA9 NUMB] ( RI<TS & PRIMITIVE USAGES & CU/OMS1 )\T :I* IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO LIVE 9 SOCIETY4 ,IT ORGANIZES & DIRECTS C]TA9 PUBLIC S]VICES1 SU* AS ! PO/1 PRES]VATION ( ! PUBLIC HEAL?1 B5EVOL5T 9/ITUTIONS1 WORKH\SES1 ETC41 & POSES AS ! PROTECTOR & B5EFACTOR ( ! POOR & WEAK4 ,BUT TO PROVE \R PO9T IT IS SUFFICI5T TO NOTICE H[ & :Y IT FULFILLS !SE FUNCTIONS4 ,! FACT IS ?AT EV]Y?+ ! GOV]NM5T UND]TAKES IS ALWAYS 9SPIR$ ) ! SPIRIT ( DOM9ATION & 9T5D$ TO DEF5D1 5L>GE1 & P]PETUATE ! PRIVILEGES ( PROP]TY & ( ?OSE CLASSES ( :I* ! GOV]NM5T IS REPRES5TATIVE & DEF5D]4  

,A GOV]NM5T CANNOT RULE = ANY L5G? ( TIME )\T HID+ ITS TRUE NATURE BEH9D ! PRET5SE ( G5]AL UTILITY4 ,IT CANNOT RESPECT ! LIVES ( ! PRIVILEG$ )\T ASSUM+ ! AIR ( WI%+ TO RESPECT ! LIVES ( ALL4 ,IT CANNOT CAUSE ! PRIVILEGES ( SOME TO BE TOL]AT$ )\T APPE>+ AS ! CU/ODIAN ( ! RI<TS ( EV]YONE4 0,! LAW0 7&1 ( C\RSE1 ?OSE :O HAVE MADE ! LAW1 I4E41 ! GOV]NM5T7 0HAS UTILIZ$10 SAYS ,KROPOTK91 0! SOCIAL S5TIM5TS ( MAN1 WORK+ 9TO !M ?OSE PRECEPTS ( MORALITY1 :I* MAN HAS ACCEPT$1 TOGE!R ) >RANGEM5TS USEFUL TO ! M9ORITY -- ! EXPLOIT]S -- & OPPOS$ TO ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O MI<T HAVE REBELL$1 HAD IT NOT BE5 = ?IS %[ ( A MORAL GR\ND40  

,A GOV]NM5T CANNOT WI% ! DE/RUCTION ( ! COMMUNITY1 = !N IT & ! DOM9ANT CLASS C\LD NOT CLAIM !IR WEAL? FROM EXPLOITATION2 NOR C\LD ! GOV]NM5T LEAVE ! COMMUNITY TO MANAGE ITS [N AFFAIRS1 = !N ! PEOPLE W\LD SOON DISCOV] ?AT IT 7! GOV]NM5T7 WAS NECESS>Y = NO O!R 5D ?AN TO DEF5D ! PROPRIET>Y CLASS :O IMPOV]I% !M1 & W\LD HA/5 TO RID !MSELVES ( BO? GOV]NM5T & PROPRIET>Y CLASS4  

,TODAY1 9 ! FACE ( ! P]SI/5T & M5AC+ DEM&S ( ! PROLET>IAT1 GOV]NM5TS %[ A T5D5CY TO 9T]F]E 9 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 EMPLOY]S & WORK PEOPLE4 ,?US !Y TRY TO >RE/ ! LABOR MOVEM5T & TO IMP$E ) DELUSIVE RE=MS ! ATTEMPTS ( ! POOR TO TAKE TO !MSELVES :AT IS DUE TO !M1 NAMELY1 AN EQUAL %>E ( ! GOOD ?+S ( LIFE ?AT O!RS 5JOY4  

,WE MU/ ALSO REMEMB] ?AT ON ONE H& ! B\RGEOISIE1 ?AT IS1 ! PROPRIET>Y CLASS1 MAKE W> AMONG !MSELVES & DE/ROY ONE ANO!R CONT9UALLY1 & ?AT1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! GOV]NM5T1 AL?\< COMPOS$ ( ! B\RGEOISIE &1 ACT+ AS !IR S]VANTS & PROTECTOR1 IS /ILL1 LIKE EV]Y S]VANT OR PROTECTOR1 CONT9UALLY /RIV+ TO EMANCIPATE ITSELF & TO DOM9E] OV] ITS *>GE4 ,?US1 ?IS SEESAW GAME1 ?IS SWAY+ BETWE5 CONC$+ & )DRAW+1 ?IS SEEK+ ALLIES AMONG ! PEOPLE & AGA9/ ! CLASSES1 & AMONG CLASSES AGA9/ ! MASSES1 =MS ! SCI5CE ( ! GOV]NORS & BL9DS ! +5U\S & PHLEGMATIC1 :O >E ALWAYS EXPECT+ ?AT SALVATION IS COM+ TO !M FROM ON HI<4  

,) ALL ?IS1 ! GOV]NM5T DOES NOT *ANGE ITS NATURE4 ,IF IT ACTS AS REGULATOR OR GU>ANTOR ( ! RI<TS & DUTIES ( EA*1 IT P]V]TS ! S5TIM5TS ( JU/ICE4 ,IT JU/IFIES WRONG & PUNI%ES EV]Y ACT ?AT (F5DS OR M5ACES ! PRIVILEGES ( ! GOV]NORS & PROPRIETORS4 ,IT DECL>ES JU/ & LEGAL ! MO/ ATROCI\S EXPLOITATION ( ! MIS]ABLE1 :I* MEANS A SL[ & CONT9U\S MAT]IAL & MORAL MURD]1 P]PETRAT$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE ON ?OSE :O HAVE NOT4 ,AGA91 IF IT ADM9I/]S PUBLIC S]VICES1 IT ALWAYS CONSID]S ! 9T]E/S ( ! GOV]NORS & PROPRIETORS1 NOT OCCUPY+ ITSELF ) ! 9T]E/S ( ! WORK+ MASSES1 EXCEPT 9S(> AS IS NECESS>Y TO MAKE ! MASSES WILL+ TO 5DURE !IR %>E ( TAXATION4 ,IF IT 9/RUCTS1 IT FETT]S & CURTAILS ! TRU?1 & T5DS TO PREP>E ! M9DS & HE>TS ( ! Y\NG TO BECOME EI!R IMPLACABLE TYRANTS OR DOCILE SLAVES1 ACCORD+ TO ! CLASS TO :I* !Y BELONG4 ,9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T EV]Y?+ BECOMES A MEANS ( EXPLOITATION1 EV]Y?+ S]VES AS A POLICE MEASURE1 USEFUL TO HOLD ! PEOPLE 9 *ECK4 ,& IT MU/ BE ?US4 ,IF ! LIFE ( MANK9D CONSI/S 9 /RIFE BETWE5 MAN & MAN1 NATURALLY !RE MU/ BE CONQU]ORS & CONQU]$1 & ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS ! MEANS ( SECUR+ TO ! VICTORS ! RESULTS ( !IR VICTORY & P]PETUAT+ ?OSE RESULTS1 WILL C]TA9LY NEV] FALL TO ?OSE :O HAVE LO/1 :E!R ! BATTLE BE ON ! GR\NDS ( PHYSICAL OR 9TELLECTUAL /R5G?1 OR 9 ! FIELD ( ECONOMICS4 ,& ?OSE :O HAVE F\<T TO SECURE TO !MSELVES BETT] CONDITIONS ?AN O!RS CAN HAVE1 TO W9 PRIVILEGE & ADD DOM9ATION TO P[]1 & HAVE ATTA9$ ! VICTORY1 WILL C]TA9LY NOT USE IT TO DEF5D ! RI<TS ( ! VANQUI%$1 & TO PLACE LIMITS TO !IR [N P[] & TO ?AT ( !IR FRI5DS & P>TISANS4  

,! GOV]NM5T -- OR ! ,/ATE1 IF Y\ WILL -- AS JUDGE1 MOD]ATOR ( SOCIAL /RIFE1 IMP>TIAL ADM9I/RATOR ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/S1 IS A LIE1 AN ILLUSION1 A ,UTOPIA1 NEV] REALIZ$ & NEV] REALIZABLE4 ,IF1 9 FACT1 ! 9T]E/S ( M5 MU/ ALWAYS BE CONTR>Y TO ONE ANO!R1 IF1 9DE$1 ! /RIFE BETWE5 MANK9D HAS MADE LAWS NECESS>Y TO HUMAN SOCIETY1 & ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE LIMIT$ BY ! LIB]TY ( O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 !N EA* ONE W\LD ALWAYS SEEK TO MAKE HIS 9T]E/S TRIUMPH OV] ?OSE ( O!RS4 ,EA* W\LD /RIVE TO 5L>GE HIS [N LIB]TY AT ! CO/ ( ! LIB]TY ( O!RS1 & !RE W\LD BE GOV]NM5T4 ,NOT SIMPLY BECAUSE IT WAS MORE OR LESS USEFUL TO ! TOTALITY ( ! MEMB]S ( SOCIETY TO HAVE A GOV]NM5T1 BUT BECAUSE ! CONQU]ORS W\LD WI% TO SECURE !MSELVES ! FRUITS ( VICTORY4  ,!Y W\LD WI% EFFECTUALLY TO SUBJECT ! VANQUI%$ & RELIEVE !MSELVES ( ! TR\BLE ( BE+ ALWAYS ON ! DEF5SIVE1 & !Y W\LD APPO9T M51 SPECIALLY ADAPT$ TO ! BUS9ESS1 TO ACT AS POLICE4 ,W]E ?IS 9DE$ ACTUALLY ! CASE1 !N HUMANITY W\LD BE DE/9$ TO P]I% AMID P]IODICAL CONTE/S BETWE5 ! TYRANNY ( ! DOM9ATORS & ! REBELLION ( ! CONQU]$4  

,BUT =TUNATELY ! FUTURE ( HUMANITY IS A HAPPI] ONE1 BECAUSE ! LAW ?AT GOV]NS IT IS MILD]4  

,?US1 9 ! CONTE/ ( C5TURIES BETWE5 LIB]TY & AU?ORITY1 OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 BETWE5 SOCIAL EQUALITY & SOCIAL CA/ES1 ! QUE/ION AT ISSUE HAS NOT REALLY BE5 ! RELATIONS BETWE5 SOCIETY & ! 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ! 9CREASE ( 9DIVIDUAL 9DEP5D5CE AT ! CO/ ( SOCIAL CONTROL1 OR VISE V]SA4 ,RA!R IT HAS HAD TO DO ) PREV5T+ ANY ONE 9DIVIDUAL FROM OPPRESS+ ! O!RS2 ) GIV+ TO EV]YONE ! SAME RI<TS & ! SAME MEANS ( ACTION4 ,IT HAS HAD TO DO ) SUB/ITUT+ ! 9ITIATIVE ( ALL1 :I* MU/ NATURALLY RESULT 9 ! ADVANTAGE ( ALL1 = ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! FEW1 :I* NECESS>ILY RESULTS 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( ALL ! O!RS4 ,IT IS ALWAYS1 9 %ORT1 ! QUE/ION ( PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION ( MAN BY MAN 9 SU* A WAY ?AT ALL >E 9T]E/$ 9 ! COMMON WELF>E1 & ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL =CE ( EA*1 9/EAD ( OPPRESS+1 COMBAT+1 OR SUPPRESS+ O!RS1 WILL F9D ! POSSIBILITY ( COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T1 & EV]YONE WILL SEEK TO ASSOCIATE ) O!RS = ! GREAT] ADVANTAGE ( ALL4  

,FROM :AT WE HAVE SAID1 IT FOLL[S ?AT ! EXI/5CE ( A GOV]NM5T1 EV5 UPON ! HYPO!SIS ?AT ! IDEAL GOV]NM5T ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S W]E POSSIBLE1 F> FROM PRODUC+ AN 9CREASE ( PRODUCTIVE =CE1 W\LD IMM5SELY DIM9I% IT1 BECAUSE ! GOV]NM5T W\LD RE/RICT 9ITIATIVE TO ! FEW4 ,IT W\LD GIVE !SE FEW ! RI<T TO DO ALL ?+S1 )\T BE+ ABLE1 ( C\RSE1 TO 5D[ !M ) ! KN[L$GE OR UND]/&+ ( ALL ?+S4  

,9 FACT1 IF Y\ DIVE/ LEGISLATION & ALL ! OP]ATIONS ( GOV]NM5T ( :AT IS 9T5D$ TO PROTECT ! PRIVILEG$1 & :AT REPRES5TS ! WI%ES ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES ALONE1 NO?+ REMA9S BUT ! AGGREGATE ( 9DIVIDUAL GOV]NORS4 0,! ,/ATE10 SAYS ,SISMONDI1 0IS ALWAYS A CONS]VATIVE P[] :I* AU?ORIZES1 REGULATES1 & ORGANIZES ! CONQUE/S ( PROGRESS 7& HI/ORY TE/IFIES ?AT IT APPLIES !M TO ! PR(IT ( ITS [N & ! O!R PRIVILEG$ CLASSES7 BUT NEV] DOES IT 9AUGURATE !M4  ,NEW IDEAS ALWAYS ORIG9ATE FROM B5EA?1 >E CONCEIV$ 9 ! F\NDATIONS ( SOCIETY1 & !N1 :5 DIVULG$1 !Y BECOME OP9ION & GR[4 ,BUT !Y MU/ ALWAYS MEET ON !IR PA?1 & COMBAT ! CON/ITUT$ P[]S ( TRADITION1 CU/OM1 PRIVILEGE & ]ROR40  

,9 ORD] TO UND]/& H[ SOCIETY C\LD EXI/ )\T A GOV]NM5T1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO TURN \R ATT5TION = A %ORT SPACE TO :AT ACTUALLY GOES ON 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY4 ,WE %ALL SEE ?AT 9 REALITY ! MO/ IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS >E FULFILL$ EV5 N[ADAYS \TSIDE ! 9T]V5TION ( GOV]NM5T4 ,ALSO ?AT GOV]NM5T ONLY 9T]F]ES TO EXPLOIT ! MASSES1 OR DEF5D ! PRIVILEG$1 OR1 LA/LY1 TO SANCTION1 MO/ UNNECESS>ILY1 ALL ?AT HAS BE5 DONE )\T ITS AID1 (T5 9 SPITE ( & OPPOSITION TO IT4 ,M5 WORK1 EX*ANGE1 /UDY1 TRAVEL1 FOLL[ AS !Y *OOSE ! CURR5T RULES ( MORALITY OR HYGI5E2 !Y PR(IT BY ! PROGRESS ( SCI5CE & >T1 HAVE NUMB]LESS MUTUAL 9T]E/S )\T EV] FEEL+ ! NE$ ( ANT ONE TO DIRECT !M H[ TO CONDUCT !MSELVES 9 REG>D TO !SE MATT]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS JU/ ?OSE ?+S 9 :I* NO GOV]NM5TAL 9T]F]5CE ?AT PROSP] BE/ & GIVE RISE TO ! LEA/ CONT5TION1 BE+ UNCONSCI\SLY ADAPT$ TO ! WI% ( ALL 9 ! WAY F\ND MO/ USEFUL & AGREEABLE4  

,NOR IS GOV]NM5T MORE NECESS>Y = L>GE UND]TAK+S1 OR = ?OSE PUBLIC S]VICES :I* REQUIRE ! CON/ANT COOP]ATION ( MANY PEOPLE ( DIFF]5T CONDITIONS & C\NTRIES4 ,?\S&S ( !SE UND]TAK+S >E EV5 N[ ! WORK ( VOLUNT>ILY =M$ ASSOCIATIONS4 ,& !SE >E1 BY ! ACKN[L$GM5T ( EV]YONE1 ! UND]TAK+S ?AT SUCCE$ ! BE/4 ,WE DO NOT REF] TO ! ASSOCIATIONS ( CAPITALI/S1 ORGANIZ$ BY MEANS ( EXPLOITATION1 AL?\< EV5 !Y %[ CAPABILITIES & P[]S ( FREE ASSOCIATION1 :I* MAY EXT5D$ UNTIL IT EMBRACES ALL ! PEOPLE ( ALL L&S & 9CLUDES ! WIDE/ & MO/ V>Y+ 9T]E/S4 ,WE SPEAK RA!R ( ?OSE ASSOCIATIONS 9SPIR$ BY ! LOVE ( HUMANITY1 OR BY ! PASSION = KN[L$GE1 OR EV5 SIMPLY BY ! DESIRE = AMUSEM5T & LOVE ( APPLAUSE1 AS !SE REPRES5T BETT] SU* GR\P+S AS WILL EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY :]E1 PRIVATE PROP]TY & 9T]NAL /RIFE BETWE5 M5 BE+ ABOLI%$1 EA* WILL F9D HIS 9T]E/S COMPATIBLE ) ! 9T]E/ ( EV]YONE ELSE & HIS GREATE/ SATISFACTION 9 DO+ GOOD & PLEAS+ O!RS4 ,SCI5TIFIC SOCIETIES & CONGRESSES1 9T]NATIONAL LIFEBOAT & ,R$ ,CROSS ASSOCIATIONS1 LABOR]S' UNIONS1 PEACE SOCIETIES1 VOLUNTE]S :O HA/5 TO ! RESCUE AT TIMES ( GREAT PUBLIC CALAMITY1 >E ALL EXAMPLES1 AMONG ?\S&S1 ( ?AT P[] ( ! SPIRIT ( ASSOCIATION :I* ALWAYS %[S ITSELF :5 A NE$ >ISES OR AN 5?USIASM TAKES HOLD1 & ! MEANS DO NOT FAIL4 ,?AT VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS DO NOT COV] ! WORLD & DO NOT EMBRACE EV]Y BRAN* ( MAT]IAL & MORAL ACTIVITY IS ! FAULT ( ! OB/ACLES PLAC$ 9 !IR WAY BY GOV]NM5TS1 ( ! ANTAGONISMS CREATE BY ! POSSESSION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ( ! IMPOT5CE & DEGRADATION TO :I* ! MONOPOLIZ+ ( WEAL? ON ! P>T ( ! FEW R$UCES ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D4  

,! GOV]NM5T TAKES *>GE1 = 9/ANCE1 ( ! PO/AL & TELEGRAPH S]VICES4 ,BUT 9 :AT WAY DOES IT REALLY ASSI/ !M8 ,:5 ! PEOPLE >E 9 SU* A CONDITION AS TO BE ABLE TO 5JOY & FEEL ! NE$ ( SU* S]VICES !Y WILL ?9K AB\T ORGANIZ+ !M1 & ! MAN ) ! NECESS>Y TE*NICAL KN[L$GE WILL NOT REQUIRE A C]TIFICATE FROM A GOV]NM5T TO 5ABLE HIM TO SET TO WORK4 ,! MORE G5]AL & URG5T ! NE$1 ! MORE VOLUNTE]S WILL (F] TO SATISFY IT4 ,W\LD ! PEOPLE HAVE ! ABILITY NECESS>Y TO PROVIDE & DI/RIBUTE PROVISIONS8 ,NEV] FE>1 !Y WILL NOT DIE ( HUNG] WAIT+ = GOV]NM5T TO PASS A LAW ON ! SUBJECT4 ,:]EV] A GOV]NM5T EXI/S1 IT MU/ WAIT UNTIL ! PEOPLE HAVE FIR/ ORGANIZ$ EV]Y?+1 & !N COME ) ITS LAWS TO SANCTION & EXPLOIT :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 DONE4 ,IT IS EVID5T ?AT PRIVATE 9T]E/ IS ! GREAT MOTIVE = ALL ACTIVITY4 ,?AT BE+ SO1 :5 ! 9T]E/ ( EV]Y ONE BECOMES ! 9T]E/ ( EA* 7& IT NECESS>ILY WILL BECOME SO AS SOON AS PRIVATE PROP]TY IS ABOLI%$71 !N ALL WILL BE ACTIVE4  ,IF !Y WORK N[ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( ! FEW1 SO MU* MORE & SO MU* BETT] WILL !Y WORK TO SATISFY ! 9T]E/S ( ALL4 ,IT IS H>D TO UND]/& H[ ANYONE CAN BELIEVE ?AT PUBLIC S]VICES 9DISP5SABLE TO SOCIAL LIFE CAN BE BETT] SECUR$ BY ORD] ( A GOV]NM5T ?AN ?R\< ! WORK]S !MSELVES :O BY !IR [N *OICE OR BY AGREEM5T ) O!RS C>RY !M \T UND] ! IMM$IATE CONTROL ( ALL ?OSE 9T]E/$4  

,C]TA9LY 9 EV]Y COLLECTIVE UND]TAK+ ON A L>GE SCALE !RE IS NE$ = DIVISION ( LABOR1 = TE*NICAL DIRECTION1 ADM9I/RATION1 ETC4 ,BUT ! AU?ORIT>IANS >E M]ELY PLAY+ ) WORDS1 :5 !Y D$UCE A REASON = ! EXI/5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 FROM ! V]Y REAL NECESSITY = ORGANIZATION ( LABOR4 ,! GOV]NM5T1 WE MU/ REPEAT1 IS ! AGGREGATE ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE RECEIV$ OR HAVE TAK5 ! RI<T OR ! MEAN TO MAKE LAWS1 & =CE ! PEOPLE TO OBEY !M4 ,! ADM9I/RATORS1 5G9E]S1 ETC41 ON ! O!R H&1 >E M5 :O RECEIVE OR ASSUME ! *>GE ( DO+ A C]TA9 WORK4 ,GOV]NM5T SIGNIFIES DELEGATION ( P[]1 ?AT IS1 ABDICATION ( ! 9ITIATIVE & SOV]EIGNTY ( EV]YONE 9TO ! H& ( ! FEW4 ,ADM9I/RATION SIGNIFIES DELEGATION ( WORK1 ?AT IS1 ! FREE EX*ANGE ( S]VICES F\ND$ ON FREE AGREEM5T4  

7,S\RCE3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS #a#i#g#d1 #a#i#i#d4 ,I,S,B,N  #i*d #gd #c4 
,L',AN>*IA WAS WRITT5 9 #a#h#i#a1 APPE>$ 9 ,5GLI% TRANSLATION 9 ! MON?LY J\RNAL ,FRE$OM 7,SEPTEMB] #a#h#i#a--,JUNE #a#h#i#b7 & WAS REPR9T$ AS A PAMPHLET BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 9 #a#h#i#b4  ,NOTE3 ,?IS IS A NEW #a#i#g#c1 #aiid TRANSLATION FROM ! ,ITALIAN ORIG9AL BY ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! TRANSLATOR1 0MAKES NO 'CUTS' 9 ! ORIG9AL TEXT & SEEKS TO R5D] ,MALATE/A'S ?\<T & WAY ( EXPRESS+ HIMSELF AS LIT]ALLY AS POSSIBLE407 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahi 3 ,AN>*Y -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,AN>*Y -- ,UPDAT$4 

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