,*APT] #f 
,REVOLUTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

#f4 ,REVOLUTION 

,TO PUT AN 5D TO ALL CO]CIVE HI]>*IES & OP5 SPACE = ORGANIZ+ A HORIZONTAL1 LIB]AT$ SOCIETY1 PEOPLE MU/ OV]COME ! REPRESSIVE P[]S ( ! /ATE1 ABOLI% ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( CAPITALISM1 PATRI>*Y1 & :ITE SUPREMACY1 & CREATE COMMUNITIES ?AT ORGANIZE !MSELVES )\T NEW AU?ORITIES4 

,H[ C\LD PEOPLE ORGANIZ$ HORIZONTALLY POSSIBLY OV]COME ! /ATE8 

,IF AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 VOLUNT>Y ACTION & DEC5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION1 H[ C\LD !Y EV] BE /RONG 5\< TO TOPPLE A GOV]NM5T ) A PR(ESSIONAL >MY8 ,9 FACT1 /RONG AN>*I/ & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS HAVE DEFEAT$ >MIES & GOV]NM5TS 9 A NUMB] ( REVOLUTIONS4 ,(T5 ?IS OCCURS 9 P]IODS ( ECONOMIC CRISIS1 :5 ! /ATE LACKS VITAL RES\RCES1 OR POLITICAL CRISIS1 :5 ! /ATE HAS LO/ ! ILLUSION ( LEGITIMACY4 

,! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION ( #aiag DID NOT BEG9 AS ! AU?ORIT>IAN T]ROR IT BECAME AFT] ,L59 & ,TROTSKY HIJACK$ IT4 ,IT WAS A MULTI=M REBELLION AGA9/ ! ,CZ> & AGA9/ CAPITALISM4 ,IT 9CLUD$ SU* DIV]SE ACTORS AS ,SOCIALI/ ,REVOLUTION>IES1 REPUBLICANS1 SYNDICALI/S1 AN>*I/S1 & ,BOL%EVIKS4 ,! SOVIETS !MSELVES W]E SPONTANE\S NONP>TY WORK] C\NCILS ?AT ORGANIZ$ ALONG ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN L9ES4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS GA9$ CONTROL & ULTIMATELY SUPPRESS$ ! REVOLUTION BY PLAY+ AN EFFECTIVE POLITICAL GAME ?AT 9CLUD$ CO-OPT+ OR SABOTAG+ ! SOVIETS1 TAK+ OV] ! MILIT>Y1 MANIPULAT+ & BETRAY+ ALLIES1 & NEGOTIAT+ ) IMP]IALI/ P[]S4 ,! ,BOL%EVIKS ADEPTLY E/ABLI%$ !MSELVES AS ! NEW GOV]NM5T1 & !IR ALLIES MADE ! MI/AKE ( BELIEV+ !IR REVOLUTION>Y RHETORIC4 

,ONE ( ! FIR/ ACTIONS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK GOV]NM5T WAS TO SIGN A BACK/ABB+ PEACE TREATY ) ! ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN ,EMPIRES4 ,TO PULL \T ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I & FREE UP ! >MY = DOME/IC ACTION1 ! ,L59I/S C$$ ! IMP]IALI/S A TREASURE TROVE ( MONEY & /RATEGIC RES\RCES1 & BEQUEA!D !M ! C\NTRY ( ,UKRA9E -- )\T CONSULT+ ! ,UKRA9IANS4 ,PEASANTS 9 S\!RN ,UKRA9E ROSE UP 9 REVOLT1 & IT WAS !RE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS /RONGE/ DUR+ ! ,SOVIET REVOLUTION4 ,! REBELS CALL$ !MSELVES ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY4 ,!Y W]E COMMONLY DESCRIB$ AS ,MAKHNOVI/S1 AFT] ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 !IR MO/ 9FLU5TIAL MILIT>Y /RATEGI/ & A SKILL$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]4 ,MAKHNO HAD BE5 RELEAS$ FROM PRISON AFT] ! REVOLUTION 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#a#g1 & HE RETURN$ TO HIS HOMET[N TO ORGANIZE AN AN>*I/ MILITIA TO FI<T ! OCCUPY+ ,G]MAN & ,AU/RIAN =CES4 

,AS ! 9SURRECTION>Y AN>*I/ >MY GREW1 IT DEVELOP$ A MORE =MAL /RUCTURE TO ALL[ = /RATEGIC COORD9ATION ALONG SEV]AL FRONTS1 BUT IT REMA9$ A VOLUNTE] MILITIA1 BAS$ ON PEASANT SUPPORT4 ,GUID+ QUE/IONS ( POLICY & /RATEGY W]E DECID$ 9 G5]AL MEET+S ( PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,AID$ RA!R ?AN H9D]$ BY !IR FLEXIBLE1 P>TICIPATORY /RUCTURE & /RONG SUPPORT FROM ! PEASANTS1 !Y LIB]AT$ AN >EA R\<LY #c BY #e MILES ACROSS1 CONTA9+ #g MILLION 9HABITANTS1 C5T]$ >\ND ! T[N ( ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,AT TIMES1 ! CITIES SURR\ND+ ?IS AN>*I/ ZONE -- ,ALEX&ROVSK & ,EKAT]9OSLAV 7N[ NAM$ ,ZAPORIZHYE & ,DNIPROPETROVSK1 RESPECTIVELY7 AS WELL AS ,MELITOPOL1 ,M>IUPOL & ,B]DYANSK1 W]E FRE$ FROM ! CONTROL ( ! /ATE1 ?\< !Y *ANG$ H&S SEV]AL TIMES ?R\<\T ! W>4 ,SELF-ORGANIZATION ALONG AN>*I/ L9ES WAS DEPLOY$ MORE CONSI/5TLY 9 ! RURAL >EAS 9 !SE TUMULTU\S YE>S4 ,9 ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 ! AN>*I/S SET UP ?REE SECOND>Y S*OOLS & GAVE MONEY EXPROPRIAT$ FROM BANKS TO ORPHANAGES4 ,?R\<\T ! >EA1 LIT]ACY 9CREAS$ AMONG ! PEASANTS4 

,9 ADDITION TO TAK+ ON ! ,G]MANS & ,AU/RIANS1 ! AN>*I/S ALSO F\<T (F ! =CES ( NATIONALI/S :O TRI$ TO SUBJUGATE ! NEWLY 9DEP5D5T C\NTRY UND] A HOMEGR[N ,UKRA9IAN GOV]NM5T4 ,!Y W5T ON TO HOLD ! S\!RN FRONT AGA9/ ! >MIES ( ! ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS -- ! >I/OCRATIC1 PRO-CAPITALI/ >MY FUND$ & >M$ L>GELY BY ! ,FR5* & ,AM]ICANS -- :ILE !IR SUPPOS$ ALLIES1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 )HELD GUNS & AMMUNITION & BEGAN PURG+ AN>*I/S TO /OP ! SPREAD ( AN>*ISM EMANAT+ FROM ! ,MAKHNOVI/ T]RITORY4 ,! ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS EV5TUALLY BROKE ?R\< ! />V$ S\!RN FRONT1 & RECONQU]$ ,GULYAI-,POLYE4 ,MAKHNO RETREAT$ TO ! ,WE/1 DRAW+ (F A L>GE PORTION ( ! ,:ITE >MIES1 ! REMA9D] ( :I* BEAT BACK ! ,R$ ,>MY & ADVANC$ /EADILY T[>DS ,MOSC[4 ,AT ! BATTLE ( ,P]EG5OVKA1 9 WE/]N ,UKRA9E1 ! AN>*I/S OBLIT]AT$ ! ,:ITE >MY PURSU+ !M4 ,AL?\< !Y W]E \TNUMB]$ & \TGUNN$1 !Y C>RI$ ! DAY BY EFFECTIVELY EXECUT+ A S]IES ( BRILLIANT MANEUV]S DEVELOP$ BY ,MAKHNO1 :O HAD NO MILIT>Y $UCATION OR EXP]TIZE4 ,! VOLUNTE] AN>*I/ >MY RAC$ BACK TO ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 LIB]AT+ ! C\NTRYSIDE & SEV]AL MAJOR CITIES FROM ! ,:ITES4 ,?IS SUDD5 REV]SAL CUT (F ! SUPPLY L9ES ( ! >MIES ?AT HAD ALMO/ REA*$ ,MOSC[1 =C+ !M TO RETREAT & SAV+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 

,= ANO!R YE>1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY AGA9 FL\RI%$ 9 & >\ND ,GULYAI-,POLYE1 DESPITE ! EF=TS ( ,L59 & ,TROTSKY TO REPRESS ! AN>*I/S !RE ! WAY !Y HAD REPRESS$ !M ?R\<\T ,RUSSIA & ! RE/ ( ,UKRA9E4 ,:5 ANO!R ,:ITE 9CURSION UND] ,G5]AL ,WRANGEL ?REAT5$ ! REVOLUTION1 ! ,MAKHNOVI/S AGA9 AGRE$ TO JO9 ! ,COMMUNI/S AGA9/ ! IMP]IALI/S1 DESPITE ! E>LI] BETRAYAL4 ,! AN>*I/ CONT+5T ACCEPT$ A SUICIDE MISSION TO TAKE \T 5EMY GUN POSITIONS ON ! ,P]EKOP I/HMUS ( ,CRIMEA2 !Y SUCCE$$ 9 ?IS & W5T ON TO CAPTURE ! /RATEGIC CITY ( ,SIMF]OPOL1 AGA9 PLAY+ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 DEFEAT+ ! ,:ITES4 ,AFT] ! VICTORY1 ! ,BOL%EVIKS SURR\ND$ & MASSACR$ MO/ ( ! AN>*I/ CONT+5T1 & OCCUPI$ ,GULYAI-,POLYE & EXECUT$ MANY 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZ]S & FI<T]S4 ,MAKHNO & A FEW O!RS ESCAP$ & CONF\ND$ ! MASSIVE ,R$ ,>MY ) AN EFFECTIVE CAMPAIGN ( GU]RILLA W>F>E = MANY MON?S1 EV5 CAUS+ SEV]AL MAJOR DEFECTIONS2 9 ! 5D1 H[EV]1 ! SURVIVORS DECID$ TO ESCAPE TO ! ,WE/4 ,SOME PEASANTS 9 ,UKRA9E RETA9$ !IR AN>*I/ VALUES1 & RAIS$ ! AN>*I/ BANN] AS P>T ( ! P>TIZAN RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,NAZIS & ,/AL9I/S DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 ,EV5 TODAY1 ! R$ & BLACK FLAG IS A SYMBOL ( ,UKRA9IAN 9DEP5D5CE1 ?\< FEW PEOPLE KN[ ITS ORIG9S4 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S ( S\!RN ,UKRA9E MA9TA9$ !IR AN>*I/ *>ACT] UND] EXTREMELY DIFFICULT CONDITIONS3 CON/ANT W>F>E1 BETRAYAL & REPRESSION BY SUPPOS$ ALLIES1 LE?AL PRESSURES ?AT REQUIR$ !M TO DEF5D !MSELVES ) ORGANIZ$ VIOL5CE4 ,9 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES !Y CONT9U$ TO FI<T = LIB]TY1 EV5 :5 IT WAS NOT 9 !IR MILIT>Y 9T]E/S4 ,!Y REPEAT$LY 9T]C$$ TO PREV5T POGROMS AGA9/ ,JEWI% COMMUNITIES :ILE ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S & ,BOL%EVIKS FANN$ ! FLAMES ( ANTI-,SEMITISM TO PROVIDE A SCAPEGOAT = ! PROBLEMS !Y !MSELVES W]E EXAC]BAT+4 ,MAKHNO P]SONALLY KILL$ A NEI<BOR+ W>LORD & POT5TIAL ALLY UPON LE>N+ HE HAD ORD]$ POGROMS1 EV5 AT A TIME :5 HE DESP]ATELY NE$$ ALLIES4.<#h#f.> 

,DUR+ ,OCTOB] & ,NOVEMB] .<#a#i#a#i.>1 ,MAKHNO OCCUPI$ ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,ALEKS&ROVSK = SEV]AL WEEKS1 & ?US OBTA9$ HIS FIR/ *ANCE TO APPLY ! CONCEPTS ( AN>*ISM TO CITY LIFE4 ,MAKHNO'S FIR/ ACT ON 5T]+ A L>GE T[N 7AFT] ?R[+ OP5 ! PRISONS7 WAS TO DISPEL ANY IMPRESSION ?AT HE HAD COME TO 9TRODUCE A NEW =M ( POLITICAL RULE4 ,ANN\NCEM5TS W]E PO/$ 9=M+ ! T[NSPEOPLE ?AT H5CE=? !Y W]E FREE TO ORGANIZE !IR LIVES AS !Y SAW FIT1 ?AT ! ,9SURG5T ,>MY W\LD NOT 0DICTATE TO !M OR ORD] !M TO DO ANY?+40 ,FREE SPEE*1 PRESS1 & ASSEMBLY W]E PROCLAIM$1 & 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV HALF A DOZ5 NEWSPAP]S1 REPRES5T+ A WIDE RANGE ( POLITICAL OP9ION1 SPRANG UP OV]NI<T4 ,:ILE 5C\RAG+ FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 H[EV]1 ,MAKHNO W\LD NOT C\NT5ANCE ANY POLITICAL ORGANIZATION :I* S\<T TO IMPOSE !IR AU?ORITY ON ! PEOPLE4 ,HE !RE=E DISSOLV$ ! ,BOL%EVIK 0REVOLUTION>Y COMMITTEES0 7REVKOMY7 9 ,EKAT]9OSLAV & ,ALEKS&ROVSK1 9/RUCT+ !IR MEMB]S TO 0TAKE UP SOME HONE/ TRADE40.<#h#g.> 

,! ,MAKHNOVI/S /UCK TO DEF5D+ ! REGION1 LEAV+ SOCIO-ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION TO ! 9DIVIDUAL T[NS & CITIES2 ?IS H&S-(F APPROA* TO O!RS WAS MAT*$ BY AN 9T]NAL EMPHASIS ON DIRECT DEMOCRACY4 ,(FIC]S W]E ELECT$ FROM )9 EV]Y SUB-GR\P ( FI<T]S1 & !Y C\LD BE RECALL$ BY ?AT SAME GR\P2 !Y W]E NOT SALUT$1 !Y DID NOT RECEIVE MAT]IAL PRIVILEGES1 & !Y C\LD NOT LEAD FROM BEH9D TO AVOID ! RISKS ( COMBAT4 

,9 CONTRA/1 (FIC]S 9 ! ,R$ ,>MY W]E APPO9T$ FROM ABOVE & RECEIV$ PRIVILEGES & HI<] PAY ON ! SCALE ( ! ,CZ>I/ ,>MY4 ,9 FACT ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ESS5TIALLY TAK5 OV] ! /RUCTURE & P]SONNEL ( ! ,CZ>I/ ,>MY AFT] ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,!Y RETA9$ MO/ ( ! (FIC]S BUT RE=M$ IT 9TO A 0PEOPLE'S >MY0 BY ADD+ POLITICAL (FIC]S RESPONSIBLE = ID5TIFY+ 0C\NT]-REVOLUTION>IES0 TO BE PURG$4 ,!Y ALSO ADOPT$ ! IMP]IALI/ PRACTICE ( /ATION+ SOLDI]S F> ACROSS ! CONT95T FROM !IR HOMES1 9 >EAS :]E !Y DID NOT SPEAK ! LANGUAGE1 SO !Y W\LD BE MORE LIKELY TO OBEY ORD]S TO REPRESS LOCALS & LESS LIKELY TO DES]T4 

,TO BE SURE1 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,9SURG5T ,>MY 5=C$ A /RICT DISCIPL9E1 %OOT+ SUSPECT$ SPIES & ?OSE :O ABUS$ ! PEASANTS = P]SONAL GA9 SU* AS EMBEZZL]S & RAPI/S4 ,! 9SURG5TS MU/ HAVE HELD MANY ( ! SAME P[]S OV] ! CIVILIAN POPULATION AS DOES ANY >MY4 ,AMONG !IR MANY OPPORTUNITIES TO ABUSE ?AT P[]1 SOME ( !M PROBABLY DID4 ,H[EV]1 !IR RELATION%IP ) ! PEASANTS WAS UNIQUE AMONG ! MILIT>Y P[]S4 ,! ,MAKHNOVI/S C\LD NOT SURVIVE )\T POPUL> SUPPORT1 & DUR+ !IR L5G?Y GU]RILLA W> AGA9/ ! ,R$ ,>MY MANY PEASANTS PROVID$ !M ) HORSES1 FOOD1 LODG+1 M$ICAL HELP1 & 9TELLIG5CE GA!R+4 ,9 FACT ! PEASANTS !MSELVES PROVID$ ! MAJORITY ( ! AN>*I/ FI<T]S4 

,IT IS ALSO DEBAT$ H[ DEMOCRATIC ! ,MAKHNOVI/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E4 ,SOME HI/ORIANS SAY ,MAKHNO EX]T$ SUB/ANTIAL CONTROL OV] ! 0FREE SOVIETS0 -- ! NONP>TY ASSEMBLIES :]E WORK]S & PEASANTS MADE DECISIONS & ORGANIZ$ !IR AFFAIRS4 ,EV5 SYMPA!TIC HI/ORIANS RELATE ANECDOTES ( ,MAKHNO BULLY+ DELEGATES HE SAW AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y 9 MEET+S4 ,BUT ONE MU/ WEI< !SE AGA9/ ! MANY OCCASIONS ,MAKHNO REFUS$ POSITIONS ( P[]1 OR ! FACT ?AT HE LEFT ! ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOVIET1 ! ASSEMBLY ?AT DECID$ MILIT>Y POLICY = ! PEASANT MILITIAS1 9 AN ATTEMPT TO SAVE ! MOVEM5T FROM ! ,BOL%EVIK REPRESSION.<#h#h.>4 

,ONE CRITICISM ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD ( ! ,MAKHNOVI/S WAS ?AT !IR ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOVIET1 ! CLOSE/ ?+ !Y C\LD HAVE HAD TO A DICTATORIAL ORGANIZATION1 WIELD$ NO REAL P[] -- IT WAS REALLY JU/ AN ADVISORY GR\P -- :ILE 9DIVIDUAL WORK]S' GR\PS & PEASANT COMMUNITIES RETA9$ !IR AUTONOMY4 ,MORE *>ITABLE IS ! DESCRIPTION BY ,SOVIET HI/ORIAN ,KUBAN93 0! SUPREME BODY ( ! 9SURG5T >MY WAS ITS ,MILIT>Y ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SOVIET1 ELECT$ AT A G5]AL ASSEMBLY ( ALL 9SURG5TS4 ,NEI!R ! OV]ALL COMM& ( ! >MY NOR ,MAKHNO HIMSELF TRULY RAN ! MOVEM5T2 !Y M]ELY REFLECT$ ! ASPIRATIONS ( ! MASS1 ACT+ AS ITS IDEOLOGICAL & TE*NICAL AG5TS40 ,ANO!R ,SOVIET HI/ORIAN1 ,YEFIMOV1 SAYS 0,NO DECISION WAS EV] TAK5 BY JU/ ONE 9DIVIDUAL4 ,ALL MILIT>Y MATT]S W]E DEBAT$ 9 COMMON40.<#h#i.> 

,GROSSLY \TNUMB]$ & \TGUNN$ VOLUNTE] AN>*I/ MILITIAS SUCCESSFULLY DEFEAT$ ! >MIES ( ! ,G]MANS1 ! ,AU/RIANS1 ! ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S1 & ! ,:ITE ,RUSSIANS4 ,IT TOOK A PR(ESSIONAL >MY SUPPLI$ BY ! WORLD'S GREATE/ 9DU/RIAL P[]S & SIMULTANE\S BETRAYAL BY !IR ALLIES TO /OP !M4 ,IF !Y HAD KN[N !N :AT WE KN[ N[ -- ?AT AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>IES CAN BE AS TYRANNICAL AS CAPITALI/ GOV]NM5TS -- & ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S 9 ,MOSC[ & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG HAD SUCCE$$ 9 PREV5T+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS FROM HIJACK+ ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ?+S MI<T HAVE TURN$ \T DIFF]5TLY4 

,EV5 MORE IMPRESSIVE ?AN ! EXAMPLE PROVID$ BY ! ,MAKHNOVI/S IS ! VICTORY WON BY SEV]AL 9DIG5\S NATIONS 9 #a#h#f#h4 ,9 A TWO YE> W>1 ?\S&S ( W>RIORS FROM ! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE NATIONS DEFEAT$ ! ,U,S MILIT>Y & DE/ROY$ SEV]AL >MY =TS DUR+ :AT BECAME KN[N AS ,R$ ,CL\D'S ,W>4 ,9 #a#h#f#f1 ! ,LAKOTA MET ) ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T AT ,=T ,L>AMIE BECAUSE ! LATT] WANT$ P]MISSION TO BUILD A MILIT>Y TRAIL ?R\< ! ,P[D] ,RIV] C\NTRY TO FACILITATE ! 9FLUX ( :ITE SETTL]S :O W]E SEEK+ GOLD4 ,! ,U,S MILIT>Y HAD ALREADY DEFEAT$ ! ,>APAHO 9 ITS ATTEMPT TO OP5 ! >EA = :ITE SETTL]S1 BUT !Y HAD BE5 UNABLE TO DEFEAT ! ,LAKOTA4 ,DUR+ ! NEGOTIATIONS IT BECAME APP>5T ?AT ! ,U,S GOV]NM5T HAD ALREADY />T$ ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ MILIT>Y =TS ALONG ?IS TRAIL1 )\T EV5 HAV+ SECUR$ P]MISSION = ! TRAIL ITSELF4 ,! ,OGLALA ,LAKOTA W> *IEF ,R$ ,CL\D PROMIS$ TO RESI/ ANY :ITE ATTEMPTS TO OCCUPY ! >EA4 ,NONE!LESS 9 ! SUMM] ( #ahff ! ,U,S MILIT>Y BEGAN S5D+ MORE TROOPS TO ! REGION & CON/RUCT+ NEW =TS4 ,LAKOTA1 ,*EY5NE1 & ,>APAHO W>RIORS FOLL[+ ! DIRECTION ( ,R$ ,CL\D BEGAN A CAMPAIGN ( GU]RILLA RESI/ANCE1 EFFECTIVELY CLOS+ D[N ! ,BOZEMAN TRAIL & H>ASS+ ! TROOPS /ATION$ 9 ! =TS4 ,! MILIT>Y S5T D[N ! ORD] = AN AGGRESSIVE W9T] CAMPAIGN1 & ON ,DECEMB] #b#a1 :5 !IR WOOD TRA9 WAS ATTACK$ YET AGA91 AN >MY ( AB\T ONE HUNDR$ ,U,S SOLDI]S DECID$ TO PURSUE4 ,!Y MET A DECOY P>TY 9CLUD+ ! ,OGLALA W>RIOR ,CRAZY ,HORSE & TOOK ! BAIT4 ,! 5TIRE =CE WAS DEFEAT$ & KILL$ BY A =CE ( #a1-#c1 W>RIORS ?AT WAIT$ 9 AMBU%4 ,! COMM&+ (FIC] ( ! :ITE SOLDI]S WAS KNIF$ TO DEA? 9 H& TO H& COMBAT4 ,! ,LAKOTA LEFT A Y\NG BUGLE BOY :O F\<T ) JU/ HIS BUGLE COV]$ 9 A BUFFALO ROBE AS A SIGN ( HONOR -- ) SU* ACTS ! 9DIG5\S W>RIORS DEMON/RAT$ ! POSSIBILITY ( A MU* MORE RESPECTFUL =M ( W>F>E1 9 CONTRA/ ) ! :ITE SOLDI]S & SETTL]S :O (T5 CUT \T FETUSES FROM PREGNANT WOM5 & US$ ! AMPUTAT$ G5ITALS ( UN>M$ VICTIMS AS TOBACCO P\*ES4 

,9 ! SUMM] ( #ahfg ,U,S TROOPS ) NEW REPEAT+ RIFLES F\<T ! ,LAKOTA TO A /&/ILL 9 TWO BATTLES1 BUT !Y FAIL$ TO C>RY \T ANY SUCCESSFUL (F5SIVES4 ,9 ! 5D1 !Y ASK$ = PEACE TALKS1 :I* ,R$ ,CL\D SAID HE W\LD ONLY GRANT IF ! NEW MILIT>Y =TS W]E AB&ON$4 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T AGRE$1 & 9 ! PEACE TALKS !Y RECOGNIZ$ ! RI<TS ( ! ,LAKOTA TO ! ,BLACK ,HILLS & ,P[D] ,RIV] C\NTRY1 A HUGE >EA CURR5TLY OCCUPI$ BY ! /ATES ( ,NOR? ,DAKOTA1 ,S\? ,DAKOTA1 & ,MONTANA4 

,DUR+ ! W>1 ! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE ORGANIZ$ )\T CO]CION OR MILIT>Y DISCIPL9E4 ,BUT CONTR>Y TO ! TYPICAL DI*OTOMIES1 !IR RELATIVE LACK ( HI]>*Y DID NOT HAMP] !IR ABILITY = ORGANIZATION4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y HELD TOGE!R DUR+ A BRUTAL W> ON ! BASIS ( A COLLECTIVE1 SELF-MOTIVAT$ DISCIPL9E & V>Y+ =MS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 A ,WE/]N >MY1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT UNIT IS ! MILIT>Y POLICE OR ! (FIC] :O WALKS BEH9D ! TROOPS1 PI/OL LOAD$ & READY TO %OOT ANYONE :O TURNS & RUNS4 ,! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE HAD NO NE$ = DISCIPL9E IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE4 ,!Y W]E FI<T+ TO DEF5D !IR L& & WAY ( LIFE1 9 GR\PS B\ND BY K9%IP & AFF9ITY4 

,SOME FI<T+ GR\PS W]E /RUCTUR$ ) A *A9 ( COMM&1 :ILE O!RS OP]AT$ 9 A MORE COLLECTIVE FA%ION1 BUT ALL ( !M VOLUNT>ILY RALLI$ >\ND 9DIVIDUALS ) ! BE/ ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITIES1 SPIRITUAL P[]1 & COMBAT EXP]I5CE4 ,!SE W> *IEFS DID NOT CONTROL ?OSE :O FOLL[$ !M SO MU* AS 9SPIRE !M4 ,:5 MORALE WAS L[ OR A FI<T LOOK$ HOPELESS1 GR\PS ( W>RIORS (T5 W5T HOME1 & !Y W]E ALWAYS FREE TO DO SO4 ,IF A *IEF DECL>$ W>1 HE HAD TO GO1 BUT NO ONE ELSE DID1 SO A LEAD] :O C\LD NOT CONV9CE ANYONE TO FOLL[ HIM TO W> WAS 5GAG+ 9 AN EMB>RASS+ & EV5 SUICIDAL V5TURE4 ,9 CONTRA/1 POLITICIANS & G5]ALS 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY FREQU5TLY />T UNPOPUL> W>S1 & !Y >E NEV] ! ONES TO SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES4 

,! W>RIOR SOCIETIES PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! 9DIG5\S ORGANIZATION ( W>F>E1 BUT WOM5'S SOCIETIES W]E VITAL AS WELL4 ,!Y PLAY$ A ROLE SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! ,QU>T]MA/] 9 ,WE/]N >MIES1 PROVISION+ FOOD & MAT]IALS1 EXCEPT ?AT :]E ! ,QU>T]MA/] IS A SIMPLE COG OBEY+ ORD]S1 ! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE WOM5 W\LD REFUSE TO COOP]ATE IF !Y DISAGRE$ ) ! REASONS = A W>4 ,CONSID]+ ?AT ONE ( ,NAPOLEON'S MO/ IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS TO ,EUROPEAN W>F>E WAS ! 9SI<T ?AT 0AN >MY M>*ES ON ITS /OMA*10 IT BECOMES APP>5T ?AT ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE WOM5 EX]CIS$ MORE P[] 9 ! AFFAIRS ( !IR NATIONS ?AN ! HI/ORIES WRITT5 BY M5 & :ITE PEOPLE W\LD LEAD US TO BELIEVE4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 WOM5 :O *OSE TO C\LD FI<T ALONGSIDE ! M54 

,DESPITE BE+ IMPOSSIBLY \TNUMB]$ BY ! ,U,S MILIT>Y & :ITE SETTL] P>AMILIT>IES1 ! ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS WON4 ,AFT] ,R$ ,CL\D'S ,W>1 ! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE 5JOY$ NE>LY A DECADE ( AUTONOMY & PEACE4 ,CONTR>Y TO PACIFI/ ALLEGATIONS AB\T MILITANT RESI/ANCE1 ! VICTORS DID NOT BEG9 OPPRESS+ ONE ANO!R OR CREAT+ UNCONTROLLABLE CYCLES ( VIOL5CE JU/ BECAUSE !Y HAD VIOL5TLY F\<T (F ! :ITE 9VAD]S4 ,!Y WON !MSELVES SEV]AL YE>S ( FRE$OM & PEACE4 

,9 #a#h#g#f1 ! ,U,S MILIT>Y AGA9 9VAD$ ! ,LAKOTA T]RITORY TO ATTEMPT TO =CE !M TO LIVE ON ! RES]VATIONS1 :I* W]E BE+ TRANS=M$ 9TO CONC5TRATION CAMPS AS P>T ( ! CAMPAIGN ( G5OCIDE AGA9/ ! 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS4 ,SEV]AL ?\S& TROOPS W]E 9VOLV$1 & !Y MET ) SEV]AL E>LY DEFEATS1 ! MO/ NOTABLE ( :I* WAS ! ,BATTLE ( ,GREASY ,GRASS ,CREEK1 ALSO KN[N AS ! ,BATTLE ( ! ,LITTLE ,BI<ORN4 ,>\ND #a1 ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE W>RIORS1 DEF5D+ !MSELVES FROM AN ATTACK1 DECIMAT$ ! CAVALRY UNIT COMM&$ BY ,GEORGE ,A4 ,CU/] & KILL$ SEV]AL HUNDR$ SOLDI]S4 ,CU/] HIMSELF HAD PREVI\SLY 9VAD$ ,LAKOTA L&S TO SPREAD REPORTS ( GOLD & PROVOKE ANO!R WAVE ( :ITE SETTL]S1 :O W]E A MAJOR DRIV+ =CE = ! G5OCIDE4 ,! SETTL]S1 ASIDE FROM BE+ AN >M$ P>AMILIT>Y =CE RESPONSIBLE = A L>GE %>E ( ! 5CROA*M5TS & MURD]S1 PROVID$ A SUFFICI5T PRETEXT = BR++ 9 ! MILIT>Y4 ,! LOGIC WAS ?AT ?OSE POOR HUMBLE HOME/EAD]S1 9 ! ACT ( 9VAD+ ANO!R C\NTRY1 HAD TO BE DEF5D$ FROM 0M>AUD+ ,9DIANS40 ,! ,U,S GOV]NM5T ULTIMATELY WON ! W> AGA9/ ! ,LAKOTA1 BY ATTACK+ !IR VILLAGES1 9VAD+ !IR HUNT+ GR\NDS1 & 9/ITUT+ /RONG REPRESSION AGA9/ ! PEOPLE LIV+ ON ! RES]VATIONS4 ,ONE ( ! LA/ TO SURR5D] WAS ! ,OGLALA W>RIOR ,CRAZY ,HORSE1 :O HAD BE5 ONE ( ! MO/ EFFECTIVE LEAD]S 9 ! FI<T AGA9/ ! ,U,S MILIT>Y4 ,AFT] HIS GR\P AGRE$ TO COME 9TO ! RES]VATION1 ,CRAZY ,HORSE WAS >RE/$ & ASSASS9AT$4 

,!IR ULTIMATE DEFEAT DOES NOT 9DICATE A WEAKNESS 9 ! HORIZONTAL ORGANIZATION ( ! ,LAKOTA & ,*EY5NE SO MU* AS ! FACT ?AT ! :ITE ,AM]ICAN POPULATION TRY+ TO EXT]M9ATE !M \TNUMB]$ !SE 9DIG5\S GR\PS BY A ?\S& TO ONE1 & HAD ! ABILITY TO SPREAD DISEASE & DRUG ADDICTION ON !IR HOME TURF :ILE DE/ROY+ !IR FOOD S\RCE4 

,LAKOTA RESI/ANCE NEV] 5D$1 & !Y MAY W9 !IR W> 9 ! 5D4 ,9 ,DECEMB] #b#g1 A GR\P ( ,LAKOTA AGA9 ASS]T$ !IR 9DEP5D5CE1 9=M+ ! ,U,S ,/ATE ,DEP>TM5T ?AT !Y W]E )DRAW+ FROM ALL TREATIES1 :I* HAD ALREADY BE5 BROK5 BY ! SETTL] GOV]NM5T1 & SEC$+1 AS A NECESS>Y MEASURE 9 ! FACE ( 0COLONIAL AP>!ID CONDITIONS40.<#i.> 

,SOME ( ! MO/ UNCOMPROMIS+ /RUGGLES AGA9/ ! /ATE >E 9DIG5I/4 ,CURR5T 9DIG5I/ /RUGGLES HAVE CREAT$ SOME ( ! ONLY ZONES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA ?AT 5JOY PHYSICAL & CULTURAL AUTONOMY & HAVE SUCCESSFULLY DEF5D$ !MSELVES 9 P]IODIC CONFRONTATIONS ) ! /ATE4 ,!SE /RUGGLES TYPICALLY DO NOT ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS AN>*I/1 & P]HAPS = ?IS REASON AN>*I/S HAVE EV5 MORE TO LE>N FROM !M4 ,BUT IF LE>N+ IS NOT TO BE ANO!R COMMODITY RELATION1 AN ACT ( ACQUISITION1 IT MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ BY HORIZONTAL RELATION%IPS ( RECIPROCITY1 :I* IS TO SAY1 SOLID>ITY4 

,! ,MOHAWK NATION HAVE LONG F\<T AGA9/ COLONIZATION & 9 #aii !Y WON A MAJOR VICTORY AGA9/ ! =CES ( ! SETTL] /ATE4 ,9 ,KANEHSATAKE T]RITORY1 NE> ,MONTREAL1 :ITE PEOPLE 9 ! T[N ( ,OKA WANT$ TO EXP& A GOLF C\RSE AT ! EXP5SE ( A =E/$ >EA 9 :I* A ,MOHAWK GRAVEY>D WAS LOCAT$1 SP>K+ NATIVE PROTE/S4 ,9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#i1 ,MOHAWKS SET UP A CAMP !RE & BLOCK$ ! ROAD4 ,ON ,JULY #a#a1 #a#i#i1 ,QUEBEC POLICE ATTACK$ ! 5CAMPM5T ) TE> GAS & AUTOMATIC WEAPONS1 BUT ! ,MOHAWK DEF5D]S W]E >M$ & DUG 94 ,ONE COP WAS %OT & KILL$ & ! RE/ RAN AWAY4 ,! POLICE C>S1 :I* !Y HAD LEFT BEH9D 9 PANIC1 W]E US$ TO BUILD NEW B>RICADES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ,MOHAWK W>RIORS AT ,KAHNAWAKE BLOCK$ ,M]CI] ,BRIDGE1 HALT+ COMMUT] TRAFFIC TO ,MONTREAL4 ,POLICE BEGAN A SEIGE ( ! ,MOHAWK COMMUNITIES1 BUT MORE W>RIORS CAME1 SMUGGL+ 9 SUPPLIES4 ,! RESI/]S ORGANIZ$ FOOD1 M$ICAL C>E1 & COMMUNICATIONS S]VICES1 & ! BLOCKADES P]SI/$4 ,:ITE MOBS =M$ 9 NEI<BORH+ T[NS & RIOT$1 DEM&+ POLICE VIOL5CE TO OP5 ! BRIDGE & RE/ORE TRAFFIC4 ,LAT] 9 ,AUGU/1 !SE MOBS ATTACK$ A GR\P ( ,MOHAWKS :ILE POLICE /OOD BY4 

,ON ,AUGU/ #b1 ! BLOCKADES W]E /ILL GO+ /RONG1 & ! ,CANADIAN MILIT>Y TOOK OV] ! SIEGE FROM ! POLICE4 ,9 TOTAL #d1#e TROOPS W]E DEPLOY$1 BACK$ BY TANKS1 >MOR$ P]SONNEL C>RI]S1 HELICOPT]S1 FI<T] JETS1 >TILL]Y1 & NAVAL %IPS4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 ,CANADIAN SOLDI]S RAID$ ,TEKAK)A ,ISL&1 %OOT+ TE> GAS & BULLETS4 ,! ,MOHAWKS F\<T BACK & ! SOLDI]S HAD TO BE EVACUAT$ BY HELICOPT]4 ,ACROSS ,CANADA1 NATIVE PEOPLE PROTE/$ 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,MOHAWK1 OCCUPY+ BUILD+S1 BLOCK+ RAILROADS & HI<WAYS1 & C>RY+ \T ACTS ( SABOTAGE4 ,UNKN[N PEOPLE BURN$ D[N RAILWAY BRIDGES 9 ,BRITI% ,COLOMBIA & ,ALB]TA1 & CUT D[N FIVE HYDRO-ELECTRIC T[]S 9 ,ONT>IO4 ,ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#f1 ! REMA9+ BESIEG$ ,MOHAWK DECL>$ VICTORY & WALK$ \T1 HAV+ BURN$ !IR WEAPONS4 ,! GOLF C\RSE WAS NEV] EXP&$1 & MO/ ( ?OSE >RE/$ W]E ACQUITT$ ( WEAPONS & RIOT *>GES4 0,OKA S]V$ TO REVITALIZE ! W>RIOR SPIRIT ( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES & \R WILL TO RESI/40.<#i#a.> 

,AT ! 5D ( ! '#iS1 ! ,WORLD ,BANK ?REAT5$ NOT TO R5EW A MAJOR LOAN ON :I* ! ,BOLIVIAN GOV]NM5T DEP5D$ IF !Y DID NOT AGREE TO PRIVATIZE ALL WAT] S]VICES 9 ! CITY ( ,CO*ABAMBA4 ,! GOV]NM5T CONC$$ & SIGN$ A CONTRACT ) A CONSORTIUM HEAD$ UP BY CORPORATIONS FROM ,5GL&1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 ! ,U,S1 & ,BOLIVIA4 ,! WAT] CONSORTIUM1 LACK+ KN[L$GE ( LOCAL CONDITIONS1 IMM$IATELY RAIS$ ! RATES1 TO ! PO9T :]E MANY FAMILIES HAD TO PAY A FIF? ( !IR MON?LY E>N+S JU/ = WAT]4 ,ON TOP ( ?IS !Y 5=C$ A POLICY ( %UTT+ (F ! WAT] ( ANY H\SEHOLD ?AT DID NOT PAY4 ,9 ,JANU>Y #b1 MAJOR PROTE/S ]UPT$ AGA9/ ! WAT] PRIVATIZATION4 ,PRIM>ILY 9DIG5\S PEASANTS CONV]G$ ON ! CITY1 JO9$ BY RETIR$ WORK]S1 SWEAT%OP EMPLOYES1 /REET V5DORS1 HOMELESS Y\?1 /UD5TS1 & AN>*I/S4 ,PROTE/]S SEIZ$ ! C5TRAL PLAZA & B>RICAD$ MAJOR ROADS4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ A G5]AL /RIKE :I* P>ALYZ$ ! CITY = F\R DAYS4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #d A MAJOR PROTE/ M>* WAS ATTACK$ BY POLICE & SOLDI]S4 ,TWO HUNDR$ DEMON/RATORS W]E >RE/$1 :ILE SEV5TY PEOPLE & FIFTY-ONE COPS W]E 9JUR$4 

,9 ,APRIL PEOPLE AGA9 SEIZ$ ! C5TRAL PLAZA ( ,CO*ABAMBA1 & :5 ! GOV]NM5T BEGAN >RE/+ ORGANIZ]S1 PROTE/S SPREAD TO ! CITIES ( ,LA ,PAZ1 ,ORURO1 & ,POTOSI1 AS WELL AS MANY RURAL VILLAGES4 ,MO/ MAJOR HI<WAYS ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY W]E BLOCKAD$4 ,ON ,APRIL #h1 ! ,BOLIVIAN PRESID5T DECL>$ A #i DAY /ATE ( SIEGE1 BANN+ MEET+S ( MORE ?AN #d PEOPLE1 RE/RICT+ POLITICAL ACTIVITY1 ALL[+ >BITR>Y >RE/S1 E/ABLI%+ CURFEWS1 & PUTT+ ! RADIO /ATIONS UND] MILIT>Y CONTROL4 ,POLICE OCCASIONALLY JO9$ ! DEMON/RATORS TO DEM& HI<] PAY1 EV5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 SOME RIOTS4 ,ONCE ! GOV]NM5T RAIS$ !IR SAL>IES1 !Y RETURN$ TO WORK & CONT9U$ BEAT+ & >RE/+ !IR ]/:ILE COMRADES4 ,ACROSS ! C\NTRY PEOPLE F\<T AGA9/ ! POLICE & MILIT>Y ) /ONES & MOLOTOV COCKTAILS1 SUFF]+ MANY 9JURIES & MULTIPLE DEA?S4 ,ON ,APRIL #i1 SOLDI]S TRY+ TO REMOVE A ROADBLOCK 5C\NT]$ RESI/ANCE & %OT TWO PROTE/]S TO DEA?1 9JUR+ SEV]AL O!RS4 ,NEI<BORS ATTACK$ ! SOLDI]S1 SEIZ$ !IR WEAPONS1 & OP5$ FIRE4 ,LAT] !Y /ORM$ A HOSPITAL & SEIZ$ AN >MY CAPTA9 !Y HAD W\ND$1 & LYN*$ HIM4 

,AS VIOL5T PROTE/S ONLY %[$ SIGNS ( GR[+ DESPITE1 & (T5 BECAUSE (1 REPEAT$ KILL+S & VIOL5T REPRESSION BY ! POLICE & MILIT>Y1 ! /ATE CANCEL$ ITS CONTRACT ) ! WAT] CONSORTIUM & ON ,APRIL #aa ANNULL$ ! LAW ?AT HAD AU?ORIZ$ ! PRIVATIZATION ( WAT] 9 ,CO*ABAMBA4 ,MANAGEM5T ( ! WAT] 9FRA/RUCTURE WAS TURN$ OV] TO A COMMUNITY COORD9AT+ GR\P ?AT HAD >IS5 FROM ! PROTE/ MOVEM5T4 ,SOME P>TICIPANTS 9 ! /RUGGLE SUBSEQU5TLY TRAVEL$ TO ,WA%+TON1 ,D4,C4 TO JO9 ANTIGLOBALIZATION PROTE/]S 9 ! DEMON/RATION 9T5D$ TO %UT D[N ! ANNUAL ,WORLD ,BANK MEET+4.<#i#b.> 

,! COMPLA9TS ( ! PROTE/]S MOV$ F> BEYOND WAT] PRIVATIZATION 9 ONE CITY4 ,! RESI/ANCE HAD G5]ALIZ$ TO A SOCIAL REBELLION ?AT 9CLUD$ SOCIALI/ REJECTIONS ( NEOLIB]ALISM1 AN>*I/ REJECTIONS ( CAPITALISM1 F>M]S' REJECTIONS ( !IR DEBTS1 POOR PEOPLE'S DEM&S = L[] FUEL PRICES & ! 5D ( MULT9ATIONAL [N]%IP ( ,BOLIVIA'S GAS1 & 9DIG5\S DEM&S = SOV]EIGNTY4 ,SIMIL>LY FI]CE RESI/ANCE 9 SUBSEQU5T YE>S DEFEAT$ ,BOLIVIA'S POLITICAL ELITE ON A NUMB] ( OCCASIONS4 ,F>M]S & AN>*I/S >M$ ) DYNAMITE TOOK OV] BANKS TO W9 ! =GIV5ESS ( !IR DEBTS4 ,UND] 9T5SE POPUL> PRESSURE1 ! GOV]NM5T NATIONALIZ$ ! EXTRACTION ( GAS1 & A P[]FUL UNION ( 9DIG5\S F>M]S DEFEAT$ ! ,U,S-BACK$ PROGRAM ( COCA ]ADICATION4 ,! COCA F>M]S EV5 GOT !IR LEAD]1 ,EVO ,MORALES1 ELECT$ PRESID5T1 GIV+ ,BOLIVIA ITS FIR/ 9DIG5\S HEAD ( /ATE4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS1 ,BOLIVIA IS CURR5TLY FAC+ A POLITICAL CRISIS ! GOV]NM5T MAY BE 9CAPABLE ( RESOLV+1 AS ! TRADITIONAL ELITE1 LOCAT$ 9 ! :ITE1 EA/]N >EAS ( ! C\NTRY1 REFUSE TO SUBMIT TO ! PROGRESSIVE POLICIES ( ! ,MORALES GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ! RURAL >EAS1 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES US$ MORE DIRECT MEANS TO PRES]VE !IR AUTONOMY4 ,!Y CONT9U$ BLOCKAD+ HI<WAYS1 & SABOTAG$ ATTEMPTS ( GOV]NM5T CONTROL ( !IR VILLAGES ?R\< DAILY ACTS ( RESI/ANCE4 ,ON NO FEW] ?AN A DOZ5 OCCASIONS :5 A P>TICUL> MAYOR OR O!R GOV]NM5T (FICIAL PROV$ ESPECIALLY 9TRUSIVE OR ABUSIVE1 HE W\LD BE LYN*$ BY ! VILLAG]S4 

,DEC5TRALIZ$ RESI/ANCE CAN DEFEAT ! GOV]NM5T 9 AN >M$ /&(F -- IT CAN ALSO OV]?R[ GOV]NM5TS4 ,9 #a#i#i#g1 GOV]NM5T CORRUPTION & AN ECONOMIC COLLAPSE SP>K$ A MASSIVE 9SURRECTION 9 ,ALBANIA4 ,9 A MATT] ( MON?S1 PEOPLE >M$ !MSELVES & =C$ ! GOV]NM5T & SECRET POLICE TO FLEE ! C\NTRY4 ,!Y DID NOT SET UP A NEW GOV]NM5T OR UNITE UND] A POLITICAL P>TY4 ,RA!R1 !Y PU%$ \T ! /ATE TO CREATE AUTONOM\S >EAS :]E !Y C\LD ORGANIZE !IR [N LIVES4 ,! REBELLION SPREAD SPONTANE\SLY2 )\T C5TRAL LEAD]%IP OR EV5 COORD9ATION4 ,PEOPLE ACROSS ! C\NTRY ID5TIFI$ ! /ATE AS !IR OPPRESSOR & ATTACK$4 ,PRISONS W]E OP5$ & POLICE /ATIONS & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S BURN$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,PEOPLE S\<T TO MEET !IR NE$S AT ! LOCAL LEVEL )9 PREEXI/+ SOCIAL NETWORKS4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 !Y LACK$ A CONSCI\SLY AN>*I/ OR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5T4 ,REJECT+ POLITICAL SOLUTIONS 9TUITIVELY BUT NOT EXPLICITLY1 !Y LACK$ AN ANALYSIS ?AT C\LD ID5TIFY ALL POLITICAL P>TIES AS 5EMIES BY !IR NATURE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY ! OPPOSITION ,SOCIALI/ P>TY WAS ABLE TO 9/ALL ITSELF 9 P[]1 ?\< IT TOOK AN OCCUPATION BY ?\S&S ( ,EUROPEAN ,UNION TROOPS TO PACIFY ,ALBANIA COMPLETELY4 

,EV5 9 ! WEAL?IE/ C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 AN>*I/S & O!R REBELS CAN DEFEAT ! /ATE )9 A LIMIT$ >EA1 CREAT+ AN AUTONOM\S ZONE 9 :I* NEW SOCIAL RELATIONS CAN FL\RI%4 ,9 #a#i#h-#h#a1 ! ,G]MAN CONS]VATIVE P>TY LO/ P[] 9 ,B]L9 AFT] TRY+ TO =CEFULLY CRU% ! SQUATT]S' MOVEM5T4 ,! SQUATT]S OCCUPI$ AB&ON$ BUILD+S AS A /RUGGLE AGA9/ G5TRIFICATION & URBAN DECAY1 OR SIMPLY TO PROVIDE !MSELVES ) FREE H\S+4 ,MANY SQUATT]S1 KN[N AS AUTONOM51 ID5TIFI$ ) AN ANTI-CAPITALI/1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5T ?AT SAW !SE SQUATS AS BUBBLES ( FRE$OM 9 :I* TO CREATE ! BEG9N+S ( A NEW SOCIETY4 ,9 ,B]L91 ! /RUGGLE WAS FI]CE/ 9 ! ,KREUZB]G NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 SOME >EAS1 ! MAJORITY ( ! RESID5TS W]E AUTONOM51 DROP\TS1 & IMMIGRANTS -- IT WAS 9 MANY ASPECTS AN AUTONOM\S ZONE4 ,US+ ! FULL MI<T ( ! POLICE1 ! CITY ATTEMPT$ TO EVICT ! SQUATS & CRU% ! MOVEM5T1 BUT ! AUTONOM5 F\<T BACK4 ,!Y DEF5D$ !IR NEI<BORHOOD ) B>RICADES1 ROCKS1 & MOLOTOV COCKTAILS & \TMANEUV]$ ! POLICE 9 /REET FI<T+4 ,!Y C\NT]ATTACK$ BY WREAK+ HAVOC 9 ! F9ANCIAL & COMM]CIAL DI/RICTS ( ! CITY4 ,! RUL+ P>TY GAVE UP 9 DISGRACE & ! ,SOCIALI/S TOOK P[]2 ! LATT] EMPLOY$ A LEGALIZATION /RATEGY 9 AN ATTEMPT TO UND]M9E ! MOVEM5T'S AUTONOMY1 S9CE !Y W]E UNABLE TO =CIBLY EVICT !M4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! AUTONOM5 9 ,KREUZB]G TOOK MEASURES TO PROTECT ! NEI<BORHOOD FROM DRUG PU%]S1 ) A 0FI/S AGA9/ NE$LES0 CAMPAIGN4 ,!Y ALSO F\<T AGA9/ G5TRIFICATION1 SMA%+ UP B\RGEOIS RE/AURANTS & B>S4 

,9 ,HAMBURG1 9 #aihf & #a#i#h#g1 ! POLICE W]E /OPP$ BY ! B>RICADES ( ! AUTONOM5 :5 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO EVICT ! SQUATS ( ,HAF5/RASSE4 ,AFT] LOS+ SEV]AL MAJOR /REET BATTLES & SUFF]+ C\NT]ATTACKS1 SU* AS A COORD9AT$ >SON ATTACK AGA9/ ?IRTE5 DEP>TM5T /ORES CAUS+ @s#a MILLION 9 DAMAGE1 ! MAYOR LEGALIZ$ ! SQUATS1 :I* /ILL /& & CONT9UE TO BE C5T]S ( CULTURAL & POLITICAL RESI/ANCE AS ( ?IS WRIT+4 

,9 ,COP5HAG51 ,D5M>K1 ! AUTONOM\S Y\? MOVEM5T W5T ON ! ATTACK 9 #a#i#h#f4 ,AT A TIME ( MILITANT SQUATT+ ACTIONS & SABOTAGE ATTACKS ON ,%ELL ,OIL /ATIONS & O!R T>GETS ( ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLE1 SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEOPLE R]\T$ !IR PROTE/ M>* BY SURPRISE & OCCUPI$ ,RYESGADE1 A /REET 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,O/]BRO4 ,!Y BUILT B>RICADES1 & WON NEI<BORHOOD SUPPORT & BR\<T GROC]IES TO ELD]LY NEI<BORS BLOCK$ 9 BY ! B>RICADES4 ,= N9E DAYS1 ! AUTONOM5 HELD ! /REETS1 DEFEAT+ ! POLICE 9 SEV]AL MAJOR BATTLES4 ,FREE RADIO /ATIONS ?R\<\T ,D5M>K HELP$ MOBILIZE SUPPORT1 9CLUD+ FOOD & SUPPLIES4 ,F9ALLY1 ! GOV]NM5T ANN\NC$ IT W\LD BR+ 9 ! MILIT>Y TO CLE> ! B>RICADES4 ,! Y\? AT ! B>RICADES ANN\NC$ A PRESS CONF]5CE1 BUT :5 ! APPO9T$ MORN+ CAME1 !Y HAD ALL DISAPPE>$4 ,TWO CITY NEGOTIATORS WOND]$3 

,:]E DID ! ,B,Z]S .<,OCCUPATION ,BRIGAD]S.> GO :5 !Y LEFT8 ,:AT DID ! T[N HALL LE>N8 ,IT SEEMS ! ACT CAN />T ALL OV] AGA91 ANY:]E1 AT ANY TIME4 ,EV5 BIGG]4 ,) ! SAME P>TICIPANTS4.<#i#c.> 

,9 #b#b1 ,B>CELONA POLICE ATTEMPT$ TO EVICT ,CAN ,MASDEU1 A L>GE SQUATT$ SOCIAL C5T] ON A M\NTA9SIDE JU/ \TSIDE ! CITY4 ,CAN ,MASDEU WAS CONNECT$ TO ! SQUATT]S' MOVEM5T1 ! 5VIRONM5TAL MOVEM5T1 & ! LOCAL TRADITION ( RESI/ANCE4 ,! SURR\ND+ HILLSIDE WAS COV]$ 9 G>D5S1 MANY ( !M US$ BY OLD] NEI<BORS :O REMEMB]$ ! DICTATOR%IP & ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ IT1 & UND]/OOD ?AT ?IS /RUGGLE /ILL CONT9U$ 9 ! PRES5T DAY DESPITE ! V5E] ( DEMOCRACY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! C5T] RECEIV$ SUPPORT FROM MANY CORN]S ( SOCIETY4 ,:5 ! POLICE CAME1 ! RESID5TS B>RICAD$ & LOCK$ D[N1 & = DAYS ELEV5 PEOPLE HUNG 9 H>NESSES ON ! \TSIDE ( ! BUILD+1 DANGL+ OV] ! HILLSIDE1 HI< ABOVE ! GR\ND4 ,SUPPORT]S /REAM$ 9 & *ALL5G$ ! POLICE2 O!RS TOOK ACTION ?R\<\T ! CITY1 BLOCK+ TRAFFIC & ATTACK+ BANKS1 REAL E/ATE (FICES1 A ,MC,DONALDS1 & O!R /ORES4 ,POLICE TRI$ TO />VE \T ! ONES HANG+ FROM ! BUILD+ & US$ PSY*OLOGICAL TORTURE TACTICS AGA9/ !M1 BUT ULTIMATELY FAIL$4 ,! RESI/ANCE DEFEAT$ ! EVICTION ATTEMPT & ! AUTONOM\S ZONE SURVIVES TO ?IS DAY1 ) ACTIVE COMMUNITY G>D5S & A SOCIAL C5T]4 

,ON ,DECEMB] #f1 #b#h1 ,GREEK POLICE %OT TO DEA? ! FIFTE5-YE>-OLD AN>*I/ ,ALEXIS ,GRIGOROP\LOS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ,EX>*IA1 ! AN>*I/ & AUTONOM\S /RON<OLD 9 D[NT[N ,A!NS4 ,)9 M9UTES1 AN>*I/ AFF9ITY GR\PS COMMUNICAT+ BY 9T]NET & CELL PHONE SPRANG 9TO ACTION ACROSS ! C\NTRY4 ,!SE AFF9ITY GR\PS1 9 !IR HUNDR$S1 HAD DEVELOP$ RELATION%IPS ( TRU/ & SECURITY & ! CAPACITY = TAK+ (F5SIVE ACTION OV] ! PREVI\S YE>S AS !Y ORGANIZ$ & C>RI$ \T NUM]\S SMALL-SCALE ATTACKS ON /ATE & CAPITAL4 ,!SE ATTACKS 9CLUD$ SIMPLE GRAFFITI ACTIONS1 POPUL> EXPROPRIATIONS FROM SUP]M>KETS1 MOLOTOV ATTACKS ON POLICE1 POLICE C>S1 & COMMISS>IES1 & BOMB ATTACKS AGA9/ ! VEHICLES & (FICES ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 9/ITUTIONS1 & CORPORATIONS ?AT HAD L$ ! REACTION AGA9/ SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 IMMIGRANTS1 WORK]S1 PRISON]S1 & O!RS4 ,! CONT9UITY ( ACTIONS CREAT$ A BACKGR\ND ( FI]CE RESI/ANCE ?AT C\LD COME TO ! =E :5 ,GREEK SOCIETY WAS READY4 

,!IR RAGE OV] ! MURD] ( ,ALEXIS PROVID$ A RALLY+ PO9T = ! AN>*I/S1 & !Y BEGAN ATTACK+ POLICE ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 BE=E ! POLICE 9 MANY CITIES EV5 KNEW :AT WAS HAPP5+4 ,! =CE ( ! ATTACK BROKE ! ILLUSION ( SOCIAL PEACE1 & 9 SUBSEQU5T DAYS HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( O!R PEOPLE CAME \T 9TO ! /REETS TO V5T ! RAGE !Y TOO H>BOR$ AGA9/ ! SY/EM4 ,IMMIGRANTS1 /UD5TS1 HI< S*OOL KIDS1 WORK]S1 REVOLUTION>IES FROM ! PREVI\S G5]ATION1 OLD FOLKS -- ALL ( ,GREEK SOCIETY CAME \T & P>TICIPAT$ 9 A DIV]SITY ( ACTIONS4 ,!Y F\<T AGA9/ ! POLICE & WON1 W9N+ ! P[] TO TRANS=M !IR CITIES4 ,LUXURY %OPS & GOV]NM5T BUILD+S W]E SMA%$ & BURN$ TO ! GR\ND4 ,S*OOLS1 RADIO /ATIONS1 !AT]S1 & O!R BUILD+S W]E OCCUPI$4 ,!IR M\RN+ TURN$ 9TO CELEBRATION AS PEOPLE SET FIRES & COMMEMORAT$ ! BURN+ AWAY ( ! OLD WORLD ) P>TIES 9 ! /REETS4 ,! POLICE RESPOND$ 9 =CE1 9JUR+ & >RE/+ HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE & FILL+ ! AIR ) TE> GAS4 ,! PEOPLE DEF5D$ !MSELVES ) MORE FIRES1 BURN+ D[N EV]Y?+ !Y HAT$ & PRODUC+ ?ICK CL\DS ( BLACK SMOKE ?AT NEUTRALIZ$ ! TE> GAS4 

,ON ! DAYS :5 PEOPLE />T$ TO GO HOME1 P]HAPS TO RETURN TO NORMALITY1 ! AN>*I/S KEPT ! RIOTS GO+1 SO ?AT !RE C\LD BE NO D\BT ?AT ! /REETS BELONG$ TO ! PEOPLE & A NEW WORLD WAS )9 !IR REA*4 ,AMID ALL ! GRAFFITI ?AT APPE>$ ON ! WALLS WAS ! PROMISE3 0,WE >E AN IMAGE FROM ! FUTURE40 ,! RIOTS W5T ON = TWO WEEKS /RAI<T4 ,! POLICE HAD LONG LO/ ALL SEMBLANCE ( CONTROL1 & HAD RUN \T ( TE> GAS4 ,9 ! 5D PEOPLE W5T HOME \T ( %E] PHYSICAL EXHAU/ION1 BUT !Y DID NOT /OP4 ,ATTACKS CONT9U$1 & HUGE P>TS ( ,GREEK SOCIETY BEGAN P>TICIPAT+ 9 CREATIVE ACTIONS AS WELL4 ,GREEK SOCIETY HAD BE5 TRANS=M$4 ,ALL ! SYMBOLS ( CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T W]E PROV5 TO PROVOKE ! SCORN ( ! MASSES4 ,! /ATE HAD LO/ ITS LEGITIMACY & ! M$IA WAS R$UC$ TO REPEAT+ ! TRANSP>5T LIE1 !SE RIOT]S SIMPLY DON'T KN[ :AT !Y WANT4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WON RESPECT ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY1 & 9SPIR$ ! NEW G5]ATION4 ,! RIOTS SUBSID$1 BUT ! ACTIONS CONT9U$4 ,AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 PEOPLE ?R\<\T ,GREECE CONT9UE OCCUPY+ BUILD+S1 />T+ SOCIAL C5T]S1 PROTE/+1 ATTACK+1 EVALUAT+ !IR /RATEGIES1 & HOLD+ MASSIVE ASSEMBLIES TO DET]M9E ! DIRECTION ( !IR /RUGGLE4 

,DEMOCRATIC /ATES /ILL 5T]TA9 ! OPTION ( CALL+ 9 ! MILIT>Y :5 !IR POLICE =CES CANNOT MA9TA9 ORD]1 & OCCASIONALLY DO SO 9 EV5 ! MO/ PROGRESSIVE C\NTRIES4 ,BUT ?IS *OICE OP5S DANG]\S POSSIBILITIES1 AS WELL4 ,! DISSID5TS MAY ALSO TAKE UP >MS2 IF ! /RUGGLE CONT9UES TO GA9 POPUL>ITY1 MORE & MORE PEOPLE WILL SEE ! GOV]NM5T AS AN OCCUPY+ =CE2 9 AN EXTREME CASE1 ! MILIT>Y MAY MUT9Y & ! /RUGGLE SPREAD4 ,9 ,GREECE1 SOLDI]S W]E CIRCULAT+ LETT]S PROMIS+ ?AT IF !Y W]E CALL$ 9 TO CRU% ! REVOLT1 !Y W\LD GIVE !IR >MS TO ! PEOPLE & OP5 FIRE ON ! COPS4 ,MILIT>Y 9T]V5TION IS AN UNAVOIDABLE /AGE ( ANY /RUGGLE TO OV]?R[ ! /ATE2 BUT IF SOCIAL MOVEM5TS CAN DEMON/RATE ! C\RAGE & ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY TO DEFEAT ! POLICE1 !Y MAY BE ABLE TO DEFEAT ! MILIT>Y OR W9 !M OV]4 ,?ANKS TO ! RHETORIC ( DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS1 SOLDI]S TODAY >E MU* LESS PREP>$ PSY*OLOGICALLY TO REPRESS LOCAL UPRIS+S AS BRUTALLY AS !Y W\LD 9 A =EIGN C\NTRY4 

,BECAUSE ( ! GLOBALLY 9TEGRAT$ NATURE ( ! SY/EM1 /ATES & O!R 9/ITUTIONS ( P[] >E MUTUALLY RE9=C+1 & ?US /RONG] UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 ,BUT BEYOND ?AT PO9T1 !Y >E ALL WEAK]1 & VULN]ABLE TO COLLAPSE ON A GLOBAL SCALE LIKE NEV] BE=E 9 HI/ORY4 ,POLITICAL CRISIS 9 ,*9A C\LD DE/ROY ! ,U,S ECONOMY1 & S5D O!R DOM9OES FALL+ AS WELL4 ,WE HAVE NOT YET REA*$ ! PO9T AT :I* WE CAN OV]?R[ ! GLOBAL P[] /RUCTURE1 BUT IT IS SIGNIFICANT ?AT 9 SPECIFIC CONTE/S ! /ATE IS (T5 UNABLE TO CRU% US1 & BUBBLES ( AUTONOMY EXI/ ALONGSIDE ! SY/EM ?AT PURPORTS TO BE UNIV]SAL & )\T ALT]NATIVES4 ,GOV]NM5TS >E OV]?R[N EV]Y YE>4 ,! SY/EM HAS /ILL NOT BE5 ABOLI%$ BECAUSE ! VICTORS ( SU* /RUGGLES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 CO-OPT$ & RE9CORPORAT$ 9TO GLOBAL CAPITALISM4 ,BUT IF EXPLICITLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS CAN TAKE ! 9ITIATIVE 9 POPUL> RESI/ANCE1 ?IS IS A HOPEFUL SIGN = ! FUTURE4 

,H[ DO WE KN[ REVOLUTION>IES WON'T BECOME NEW AU?ORITIES8 

,IT IS NOT 9EVITABLE = REVOLUTION>IES TO BECOME ! NEW DICTATORS1 ESPECIALLY IF !IR PRIM>Y GOAL IS ! ABOLITION ( ALL CO]CIVE AU?ORITY4 ,REVOLUTIONS ?R\<\T ! #b? C5TURY CREAT$ NEW TOTALIT>IAN SY/EMS1 BUT ALL ( !SE W]E L$ OR HIJACK$ BY POLITICAL P>TIES1 NONE ( :I* D5\NC$ AU?ORIT>IANISM2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 A GREAT MANY ( !M PROMIS$ TO CREATE A 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 OR A NATIONALI/ GOV]NM5T4 

,POLITICAL P>TIES1 AFT] ALL1 >E 9H]5TLY AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,EV5 9 ! R>E CASE ?AT !Y LEGITIMATELY COME FROM DISEMP[]$ CON/ITU5CIES & BUILD 9T]NALLY DEMOCRATIC /RUCTURES1 !Y /ILL MU/ NEGOTIATE ) EXI/+ AU?ORITIES TO GA9 9FLU5CE1 & !IR ULTIMATE OBJECTIVE IS TO GA9 CONTROL OV] A C5TRALIZ$ P[] /RUCTURE4 ,= POLITICAL P>TIES TO GA9 P[] ?R\< ! P>LIAM5T>Y PROCESS1 !Y MU/ SET ASIDE :ATEV] EGALIT>IAN PR9CIPLES & REVOLUTION>Y GOALS !Y MI<T HAVE HAD & COOP]ATE ) PREEXI/+ >RANGEM5TS ( P[] -- ! NE$S ( CAPITALI/S1 IMP]IALI/ W>S1 & SO ON4 ,?IS SAD PROCESS WAS DEMON/RAT$ BY SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TIES >\ND ! WORLD FROM ,LABOR 9 ! ,U,K TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,ITALY1 & MORE REC5TLY BY ! ,GRE5 ,P>TY 9 ,G]MANY OR ! ,WORK]S' ,P>TY 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 POLITICAL P>TIES -- SU* AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS1 ! ,KHM] ,R\GE1 & ! ,CUBAN COMMUNI/S -- SEEK TO IMPOSE *ANGE BY TAK+ CONTROL 9 A C\P D'ETAT OR CIVIL W>1 !IR AU?ORIT>IANISM IS EV5 MORE IMM$IATELY VISIBLE4 

,H[EV]1 EXPRESSLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION>IES HAVE A HI/ORY ( DE/ROY+ P[] RA!R ?AN TAK+ IT4 ,NONE ( !IR UPRIS+S HAVE BE5 P]FECT1 BUT !Y DO PROVIDE HOPE = ! FUTURE & LESSONS ON H[ AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION C\LD BE A*IEV$4 ,:ILE AU?ORIT>IANISM IS ALWAYS A DANG]1 IT IS NOT AN 9EVITABLE \TCOME ( /RUGGLE4 

,9 #b#a1 FOLL[+ YE>S ( DISCRIM9ATION & BRUTALITY1 ! ,AMAZI< 7,B]B]7 9HABITANTS ( ,KABYLIA1 A REGION ( ,ALG]IA1 ROSE UP AGA9/ ! PR$OM9ANTLY ,>AB GOV]NM5T4 ,! TRIGG] TO ! UPRIS+ CAME ON ! #a#h? ( ,APRIL :5 ! G5D>M]IE KILL$ A LOCAL Y\? & LAT] SUBJECT$ A NUMB] ( /UD5TS TO >BITR>Y >RE/1 ?\< ! RESULT+ MOVEM5T CLE>LY DEMON/RAT$ ITSELF TO BE MU* BROAD] ?AN A REACTION AGA9/ POLICE BRUTALITY4 ,/>T+ ,APRIL #b#a1 PEOPLE F\<T ) ! G5D>M]IE1 BURN$ D[N POLICE /ATIONS1 GOV]NM5T BUILD+S1 & (FICES ( OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,NOT+ ?AT ! (FICES ( GOV]NM5T SOCIAL S]VICES W]E NOT SP>$1 DOME/IC 9TELLECTUALS & J\RNALI/S AS WELL AS LEFTI/S 9 ,FRANCE PAT]NALI/ICALLY ADMONI%$ ?AT ! MISGUID$ RIOT]S W]E DE/ROY+ !IR [N NEI<BORHOODS -- OMITT+ \T ( HYPOCRISY OR IGNORANCE ! FACT ?AT SOCIAL S]VICES 9 POOR REGIONS S]VE ! SAME FUNCTION AS ! POLICE1 ONLY ?AT !Y P]=M ! S(T] P>T ( ! JOB4 

,! RIOTS G5]ALIZ$ 9TO 9SURRECTION1 & ! PEOPLE ( ,KABYLIA SOON A*IEV$ ONE ( !IR MA9 DEM&S -- ! REMOVAL ( ! G5D>M]IE FROM ! REGION4 ,MANY POLICE /ATIONS ?AT W]E NOT BURNT D[N \TRI<T W]E BESIEG$ & HAD !IR SUPPLY L9ES CUT (F SO ?AT ! G5D>M]IE HAD TO GO \T 9 =CE ON RAID+ MISSIONS JU/ TO SUPPLY !MSELVES4 ,9 ! FIR/ MON?S1 POLICE KILL$ OV] A HUNDR$ PEOPLE1 & W\ND$ ?\S&S1 BUT ! 9SURG5TS DID NOT BACK D[N4 ,DUE TO ! FI]C5ESS ( ! RESI/ANCE RA!R ?AN ! G5]OSITY ( ! GOV]NM5T1 ,KABYLIA WAS /ILL (F LIMITS TO ! G5D>M]IE AS ( #b#f4 

,! MOVEM5T WAS SOON ORGANIZ+ ! LIB]AT$ REGION ALONG TRADITIONAL & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN L9ES4 ,! COMMUNITIES RESURRECT$ ! ,AMAZI< TRADITION ( ! A>* 7OR A>U* 9 PLURAL71 A POPUL> ASSEMBLY = SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,KABYLIA B5EFIT$ FROM A DEEP-ROOT$ ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURE4 ,DUR+ ! ,FR5* COLONIZATION1 ! REGION WAS ! HOME TO FREQU5T UPRIS+S1 & DAILY RESI/ANCE TO GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION4 

,9 #a#i#d#h1 A VILLAGE ASSEMBLY1 = EXAMPLE1 =MALLY PROHIBIT$ COMMUNICATION ) ! GOV]NM5T AB\T COMMUNITY AFFAIRS3 0,PASS+ 9=MATION TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BE IT AB\T ! MORALITY ( ANO!R CITIZ51 BE IT AB\T TAX FIGURES1 WILL BE SANCTION$ ) A F9E ( T5 ?\S& FRANCS4 ,IT IS ! MO/ GRAVE TYPE ( F9E ?AT EXI/S4 ,! MAYOR & ! RURAL GU>D >E NOT EXCLUD$0 .<444.> ,& :5 ! CURR5T MOVEM5T BEGAN TO ORGANIZE COMMITTEES ( NEI<BORHOODS & VILLAGES1 ONE DELEGATE 7FROM ! A>* ( ,AIT ,DJ5NAD7 DECL>$1 TO DEMON/RATE ?AT AT LEA/ ! MEMORY ( ?IS TRADITION HAD NOT BE5 LO/3 0,BE=E1 :5 ! TAJMAT TOOK *>GE ( ! RESOLUTION ( A CONFLICT BETWE5 PEOPLE1 !Y PUNI%$ ! ?IEF OR ! FRAUD/]1 IT WASN'T NECESS>Y TO GO TO ! TRIBUNAL4 ,9 FACT IT WAS %AMEFUL40.<#i#d.> 

,/>T+ FROM ,APRIL #b1 DELEGATES FROM #dc CITIES 9 ! SUBPREFECTURE ( ,B5I ,DUALA1 9 ,KABYLIA1 W]E COORD9AT+ ! CALL = A G5]AL /RIKE1 AS PEOPLE 9 MANY VILLAGES & NEI<BORHOODS ORGANIZ$ ASSEMBLIES & COORD9ATIONS4 ,ON ! #a? ( ,MAY1 DELEGATES FROM ! DIFF]5T ASSEMBLIES & COORD9ATIONS ?R\<\T ,B5I ,DUALA MET TO =MULATE DEM&S & ORGANIZE ! MOVEM5T4 ,! PRESS1 DEMON/RAT+ ! ROLE !Y W\LD PLAY ?R\<\T ! 9SURRECTION1 PUBLI%$ A FALSE ANN\NCEM5T SAY+ ! MEET+ WAS CANCEL$1 BUT /ILL A L>GE NUMB] ( DELEGATES CAME TOGE!R1 PR$OM9ANTLY FROM ! WILAYA1 OR DI/RICT1 ( ,TIZI ,UZU4 ,!Y KICK$ \T A MAYOR :O TRI$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MEET+S4 0,H]E WE DON'T NE$ A MAYOR OR ANY O!R REPRES5TATIVE ( ! /ATE10 SAID ONE DELEGATE4 

,DELEGATES FROM ! A>U* KEPT MEET+ & CREAT$ AN 9T]WILAYA COORD9ATION4 ,ON ! #a#a? ( ,JUNE !Y MET 9 ,EL ,KSEUR3 

,WE1 REPRES5TATIVES ( ! WILAYAS ( ,SETIS1 ,BORDJ-,BU-,>R]IDJ1 ,BUIRA1 ,BUM]DES1 ,BEJAIA1 ,TIZI ,UZU1 ,ALGI]S1 AS WELL AS ! ,COLLECTIVE ,COMMITTEE ( ,UNIV]SITIES ( ,ALGI]S1 MEET+ TODAY ,MONDAY ! #a#a? ( ,JUNE #b#a1 9 ! ,Y\? ,H\SE 0,M\L\D ,F]A\N0 9 ,EL ,KSEUR 7,BEJAIA71 HAVE ADOPT$ ! FOLL[+ TABLE ( DEM&S3 

,= ! ,/ATE TO URG5TLY TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ALL ! 9JUR$ VICTIMS & ! FAMILIES ( ! M>TYRS ( ! REPRESSION DUR+ !SE EV5TS4 

,= ! TRIAL BY CIVIL TRIBUNAL ( ! ! AU?ORS1 9/IGATORS & ACCOMPLICES ( !SE CRIMES & !IR EXPULSION FROM ! SECURITY =CES & FROM PUBLIC (FICE4 

,= A M>TYR /ATUS = EV]Y DIGNIFI$ VICTIM DUR+ !SE EV5TS & ! PROTECTION ( ALL WITNESSES TO ! DRAMA4 

,= ! IMM$IATE )DRAWAL ( ! BRIGADES ( ! G5D>M]IE & ! RE9=CEM5TS FROM ! ,U,R,S4 

,= ! ANNULM5T ( JUDICIAL PROCESSES AGA9/ ALL ! PROTE/]S AS WELL ! LIB]ATION ( ?OSE :O HAVE ALREADY BE5 S5T5C$ DUR+ !SE EV5TS4 

,IMM$IATE AB&ONM5T ( ! PUNITIVE EXP$ITIONS1 ! 9TIMIDATIONS1 & ! PROVOCATIONS AGA9/ ! POPULATION4 

,DISSOLUTION ( ! 9VE/IGATION COMMISSIONS 9ITIAT$ BY ! P[]4 

,SATISFACTION ( ! ,AMAZI< CLAIMS1 9 ALL !IR DIM5SIONS 7( ID5TITY1 CIVILIZATION1 LANGUAGE1 & CULTURE7 )\T REF]5DUM & )\T CONDITIONS1 & ! DECL>ATION ( ,TAMAZI<T AS A NATIONAL & (FICIAL LANGUAGE4 

,= A /ATE ?AT GU>ANTEES ALL SOCIO-ECONOMIC RI<TS & ALL DEMOCRATIC LIB]TIES4 

,AGA9/ ! POLICIES ( UND]DEVELOPM5T1 PAUP]IZATION1 & MIS]ABLIZATION ( ! ,ALG]IAN PEOPLE4 

,PLAC+ ALL ! EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE 9CLUD+ ! SECURITY =CES UND] ! EFFECTIVE AU?ORITY ( DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ BODIES4 

,= AN URG5T SOCIO-ECONOMIC PLAN = ALL ( ,KABYLIA4 

,AGA9/ ! ,TAMHEQRANIT .<R\<LY1 ! >BITR>9ESS ( P[].> & ALL =MS ( 9JU/ICE & EXCLUSION4 

,= A CASE BY CASE RECONSID]ATION ( ! REGIONAL EXAMS = ALL /UD5TS :O DID NOT PASS !M4 

,9/ALLM5T ( UNEMPLOYM5T B5EFITS = EV]YONE :O MAKES LESS ?AN #e.0 ( ! M9IMUM WAGE4 

,WE DEM& AN (FICIAL1 URG5T1 & PUBLIC REPLY TO ?IS TABLE ( DEM&S4 

,ULAC ,SMAH ,ULAC .<! /RUGGLE CONT9UES.>.<#i#e.> 

,ON ,JUNE #a#d1 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S W5T TO M>* ON ,ALGI]S TO PRES5T !SE DEM&S BUT !Y W]E PREEMPTIVELY WAYLAID & DISP]S$ ?R\< HEAVY POLICE ACTION4 ,AL?\< ! MOVEM5T WAS ALWAYS /RONGE/ 9 ,KABYLIA1 IT NEV] LIMIT$ ITSELF TO NATIONAL_/CULTURAL B\ND>IES & 5JOY$ SUPPORT ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY2 NONE!LESS OPPOSITION POLITICAL P>TIES TRI$ TO WAT] D[N ! MOVEM5T BY R$UC+ IT TO SIMPLE DEM&S = MEASURES AGA9/ POLICE BRUTALITY & ! (FICIAL RECOGNITION ( ! ,B]B] LANGUAGE4 ,BUT ! DEFEAT ( ! M>* 9 ,ALGI]S DID EFFECTIVELY DEMON/RATE ! MOVEM5T'S WEAKNESS \TSIDE ( ,KABYLIA4 ,SAID ONE RESID5T ( ,ALGI]S1 REG>D+ ! DIFFICULTY ( RESI/ANCE 9 ! CAPITAL 9 CONTRA/ TO ! ,B]B] REGIONS3 0,!Y'RE LUCKY4 ,9 ,KABYLIA !Y'RE NEV] ALONE4 ,!Y HAVE ALL !IR CULTURE1 !IR /RUCTURES4 ,WE LIVE 9 BETWE5 SNIT*ES & ,RAMBO PO/]S40 

,9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/1 ! MOVEM5T SET ITSELF ! TASK ( REFLECT+ /RATEGICALLY ON !IR /RUCTURE3 !Y ADOPT$ A SY/EM ( COORD9ATION BETWE5 ! A>U*1 DAIRAS & COMMUNES )9 A WILAYA1 & ! ELECTION ( DELEGATES )9 T[NS & NEI<BORHOODS2 !SE DELEGATES W\LD =M A MUNICIPAL COORD9ATION ?AT 5JOY$ FULL AUTONOMY ( ACTION4 ,A COORD9ATION = ! :OLE WILAYA W\LD BE COMPOS$ ( TWO DELEGATES FROM EA* ( ! MUNICIPAL COORD9ATIONS4 ,9 A TYPICAL CASE 9 ,BEJAIA1 ! COORD9ATION KICK$ \T ! TRADE UNIONI/S & LEFTI/S ?AT HAD 9FILTRAT$ IT1 & LAUN*$ A G5]AL /RIKE ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE4 ,AT ! CULM9ATION ( ?IS PROCESS ( REFLECTION1 ! MOVEM5T ID5TIFI$ AS ONE ( ITS MAJOR WEAKNESSES ! RELATIVE LACK ( P>TICIPATION BY WOM5 )9 ! COORD9ATIONS 7AL?\< WOM5 PLAY$ A L>GE ROLE 9 ! 9SURRECTION & O!R P>TS ( ! MOVEM5T74 ,! DELEGATES RESOLV$ TO 5C\RAGE MORE P>TICIPATION BY WOM54 

,?R\<\T ?IS PROCESS SOME DELEGATES KEPT SECRETLY TRY+ TO DIALOGUE ) ! GOV]NM5T :ILE ! PRESS %IFT$ BETWE5 DEMONIZ+ ! MOVEM5T & SUGGE/+ ?AT !IR MORE CIVIC DEM&S C\LD BE ADOPT$ BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :ILE IGNOR+ !IR MORE RADICAL DEM&S4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #b1 ! MOVEM5T DEMON/RAT$ ITS P[] )9 ,KABYLIA ) A MAJOR PROTE/ M>*1 FOLL[$ BY A R\ND ( 9T]WILAYA MEET+S4 ,! C\NTRY'S ELITE HOP$ ?AT !SE MEET+S W\LD DEMON/RATE ! 0MATURITY0 ( ! MOVEM5T & RESULT 9 DIALOGUE BUT ! COORD9ATIONS CONT9U$ TO REJECT SECRET NEGOTIATIONS & REAFFIRM$ ! AGREEM5TS ( ,EL ,KSEUR4 ,COMM5TATORS REM>K$ ?AT IF ! MOVEM5T CONT9U$ TO REJECT DIALOGUE :ILE PU%+ = !IR DEM&S & SUCCESSFULLY DEF5D+ !IR AUTONOMY1 !Y EFFECTIVELY MADE GOV]NM5T IMPOSSIBLE & ! RESULT C\LD BE ! COLLAPSE ( /ATE P[]1 AT LEA/ )9 ,KABYLIA4 

,ON ,OCTOB] #a1 #b#b1 AFT] HAV+ SURVIV$ OV] A YE> ( VIOL5CE & PRESSURE TO PLAY POLITICS1 ! MOVEM5T LAUN*$ A BOYCOTT ( ! ELECTIONS4 ,MU* TO ! FRU/RATION ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! ELECTIONS W]E BLOCK$ 9 ,KABYLIA1 & 9 ! RE/ ( ,ALG]IA P>TICIPATION WAS REM>KABLY L[4 

,FROM ! V]Y BEG9N+1 ! POLITICAL P>TIES W]E ?REAT5$ BY ! SELF-ORGANIZATION ( ! UPRIS+1 & TRI$ !IR H>DE/ TO BR+ ! MOVEM5T )9 ! POLITICAL SY/EM4 ,IT WAS NOT SO EASY1 H[EV]4 ,E>LY ON ! MOVEM5T ADOPT$ A CODE ( HONOR ?AT ALL ! COORD9ATION DELEGATES HAD TO SWE> TO4 ,! CODE /AT$3 

,! DELEGATES ( ! MOVEM5T PROMISE TO 

,RESPECT ! T]MS 5UNCIAT$ 9 ! *APT] ( ,DIRECT+ ,PR9CIPLES ( ! COORD9ATIONS ( A>U*1 DAIRAS1 & COMMUNES4 

,HONOR ! BLOOD ( ! M>TYRS FOLL[+ ! /RUGGLE UNTIL ! COMPLETION ( ITS OBJECTIVES & NOT US+ !IR MEMORY = LUCRATIVE OR P>TIZAN 5DS4 

,RESPECT ! RESOLUTELY PEACEFUL SPIRIT ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,NOT TAKE ANY ACTION LEAD+ TO E/ABLI%+ DIRECT OR 9DIRECT CONNECTIONS ) P[]4 

,NOT USE ! MOVEM5T = P>TIZAN 5DS OR DRAG IT 9TO ELECTORAL COMPETITIONS OR ATTEMPTS TO TAKE P[]4 

,PUBLICLY RESIGN FROM ! MOVEM5T BE=E SEEK+ ANY ELECT$ (FICE4 

,NOT ACCEPT ANY POLITICAL (FICE 7NOM9ATION BY DECREE7 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]4 

,%[ CIVIC-M9D$NESS & RESPECT TO O!RS4 

,GIVE ! MOVEM5T A NATIONAL DIM5SION4 

,NOT CIRCUMV5T ! APPROPRIATE /RUCTURE 9 MATT]S ( COMMUNICATION4 

,GIVE EFFECTIVE SOLID>ITY TO ANY P]SON :O HAS SUFF]$ ANY 9JURY DUE TO ACTIVITY AS A DELEGATE ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,NOTE3 ,ANY DELEGATE :O VIOLATES ?IS ,CODE ( ,HONOR WILL BE PUBLICLY D5\NC$4.<#i#f.> 

,& 9 FACT1 DELEGATES :O BROKE ?IS PL$GE W]E O/RACIZ$ & EV5 ATTACK$4 

,! PRESSURE ( RECUP]ATION CONT9U$4 ,ANONYM\S COMMITTEES & C\NCILS BEGAN ISSU+ PRESS RELEASES D5\NC+ ! 0SPIRAL ( VIOL5CE0 ( ! Y\? & ! 0POOR POLITICAL CALCULATIONS0 ( 0?OSE :O CONT9UE L\DLY P>ASITIZ+ ! PUBLIC DEBATE0 & SIL5C+ ! 0GOOD CITIZ5S40 ,LAT] ?IS P>TICUL> C\NCIL CL>IFI$ ?AT !SE GOOD CITIZ5S W]E 0ALL ! SCI5TIFIC & POLITICAL P]SONAGES ( ! MUNICIPALITY CAPABLE ( GIV+ S5SE & CONSI/5CY TO ! MOVEM5T40.<#i#g.> 

,9 ! FOLL[+ YE>S1 ! WEAK5+ ( ! MOVEM5T'S ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] HAS DEMON/RAT$ A MAJOR OB/ACLE TO LIB]T>IAN 9SURRECTIONS ?AT W9 A BUBBLE ( AUTONOMY3 NOT AN 9EVITABLE1 CREEP+ AU?ORIT>IANISM1 BUT CON/ANT 9T]NATIONAL PRESSURE ON ! MOVEM5T TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE4 ,9 ,KABYLIA1 MU* ( ?AT PRESSURE CAME FROM ,EUROPEAN ,N,G,OS & 9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES :O CLAIM$ TO WORK = PEACE4 ,!Y DEM&$ ?AT ! A>* COORD9ATIONS ADOPT PEACEFUL TACTICS1 GIVE UP !IR BOYCOTT ( POLITICS1 & FIELD C&IDATES = ELECTION4 ,S9CE !N1 ! MOVEM5T HAS SPLIT4 ,MANY A>* DELEGATES & ELD]S :O APPO9T$ !MSELVES LEAD]S HAVE 5T]$ ! POLITICAL >5A1 :]E !IR MA9 OBJECTIVE IS TO REWRITE ! ,ALG]IAN CON/ITUTION TO 9/ITUTE DEMOCRATIC RE=MS & 5D ! PRES5T DICTATOR%IP4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,MOVEM5T = ,AUTONOMY 9 ,KABYLIA 7,M,A,K7 HAS CONT9U$ TO 9SI/ ?AT P[] %\LD BE DEC5TRALIZ$ & ! REGION %\LD W9 9DEP5D5CE4 

,KABYLIA DID NOT RECEIVE SIGNIFICANT SUPPORT & SOLID>ITY FROM ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MOVEM5TS ACROSS ! GLOBE1 :I* MI<T HAVE HELP$ (FSET ! PRESSURE TO 9/ITUTIONALIZE4 ,P>T ( ?IS IS DUE TO ! ISOLATION & EUROC5TRISM ( MANY ( !SE MOVEM5TS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! MOVEM5T ITSELF RE/RICT$ ITS SCOPE TO ,/ATE B\ND>IES & LACK$ AN EXPLICITLY REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY4 ,TAK5 ON ITS [N1 ! CIVIC-M9D$NESS & EMPHASIS ( AUTONOMY F\ND )9 ,AMAZI< CULTURE IS CLE>LY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 BUT 9 A CONTE/ ) ! ,/ATE IT GIVES RISE TO A NUMB] ( AMBIGUITIES4 ,! MOVEM5T DEM&S1 IF FULLY REALIZ$1 W\LD HAVE MADE GOV]NM5T IMPRACTICAL & ?US !Y W]E REVOLUTION>Y2 H[EV] !Y DID NOT EXPLICITLY CALL = ! DE/RUCTION ( 0! P[]10 & ?US LEFT PL5TY ( ROOM = ! /ATE TO RE9S]T ITSELF 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,EV5 ?\< ! ,CODE ( ,HONOR EXHAU/IVELY PROHIBIT$ COLLABORATION ) POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! MOVEM5T'S CIVIC IDEOLOGY MADE SU* COLLABORATION 9EVITABLE BY DEM&+ GOOD GOV]NM5T1 :I* IS ( C\RSE IMPOSSIBLE1 A CODE WORD = SELF-DECEPTION & BETRAYAL4 

,AN IDEOLOGY OR ANALYSIS ?AT WAS REVOLUTION>Y AS WELL AS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MI<T HAVE PREV5T$ RECUP]ATION & FACILITAT$ SOLID>ITY ) MOVEM5TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MOVEM5TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES MI<T HAVE BE5 POSITION$ TO GIVE SOLID>ITY HAD !Y DEVELOP$ A BROAD] UND]/&+ ( /RUGGLE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 DUE TO A HO/ ( HI/ORICAL & CULTURAL REASONS IT IS NOT AT ALL LIKELY ?AT ! 9SURRECTION 9 ,ALG]IA W\LD EV] HAVE ID5TIFI$ ITSELF AS 0AN>*I/10 YET IT WAS ONE ( ! MO/ 9SPIR+ EXAMPLES ( AN>*Y TO APPE> 9 ?OSE YE>S4 ,MO/ SELF-ID5TIFI$ AN>*I/S W]E PREV5T$ FROM REALIZ+ ?IS & 9ITIAT+ RELATION%IPS ( SOLID>ITY DUE TO A CULTURAL BIAS AGA9/ /RUGGLES ?AT DO NOT ADOPT ! ES!TICS & CULTURAL 9H]ITANCE PREVAL5T AMONG ,EURO_/,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>IES4 

,! HI/ORIC EXP]IM5TS 9 COLLECTIVIZATION & AN>*I/ COMMUNISM ?AT TOOK PLACE 9 ,SPA9 9 #aicf & #aicg C\LD ONLY HAPP5 BECAUSE AN>*I/S HAD BE5 PREP>+ !MSELVES TO DEFEAT ! MILIT>Y 9 AN >M$ 9SURRECTION1 & :5 ! FASCI/S LAUN*$ !IR C\P !Y W]E ABLE TO DEFEAT !M MILIT>ILY ?R\<\T MU* ( ! C\NTRY4 ,TO PROTECT ! NEW WORLD !Y W]E BUILD+1 !Y ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES TO HOLD BACK ! BETT] EQUIPP$ FASCI/S ) TR5* W>F>E1 DECL>+ 0,NO PAS>AN60 ,!Y %ALL NOT PASS6 

,?\< !Y HAD PL5TY TO KEEP !M BUSY ON ! HOMEFRONT1 SETT+ UP S*OOLS1 COLLECTIVIZ+ L& & FACTORIES1 REORGANIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE1 ! AN>*I/S RAIS$ & TRA9$ VOLUNTE] MILITIAS TO FI<T ON ! FRONT4 ,E>LY 9 ! W>1 ! AN>*I/ ,DURRUTI ,COLUMN PU%$ BACK ! FASCI/S ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & 9 ,NOVEMB] IT PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 DEFEAT+ ! FASCI/ (F5SIVE ON ,MADRID4 ,!RE W]E MANY CRITICISMS ( ! VOLUNTE] MILITIAS1 MO/LY FROM B\RGEOIS J\RNALI/S & ! ,/AL9I/S :O WANT$ TO CRU% ! MILITIAS 9 FAVOR ( A PR(ESSIONAL MILIT>Y FULLY UND] !IR CONTROL4 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 :O F\<T 9 A ,TROTSKYI/ MILITIA1 SETS ! RECORD /RAI<T3 

,EV]YONE FROM G5]AL TO PRIVATE DREW ! SAME PAY1 ATE ! SAME FOOD1 WORE ! SAME CLO!S1 & M+L$ ON T]MS ( COMPLETE EQUALITY4 ,IF Y\ WANT$ TO SLAP ! G5]AL COMM&+ ! DIVISION ON ! BACK & ASK HIM = A CIG>ETTE1 Y\ C\LD DO SO1 & NO ONE ?\<T IT CURI\S4 ,9 !ORY AT ANY RATE EA* MILITIA WAS A DEMOCRACY & NOT A HI]>*Y444 ,!Y HAD ATTEMPT$ TO PRODUCE )9 ! MILITIAS A SORT ( TEMPOR>Y WORK+ MODEL ( ! CLASSLESS SOCIETY4 ,( C\RSE !RE WAS NOT P]FECT EQUALITY1 BUT !RE WAS A NE>] APPROA* TO IT ?AN ,I HAD EV] SE5 OR ?AN ,I W\LD HAVE ?\<T CONCEIVABLE 9 TIME ( W>444 

444,LAT] IT BECAME ! FA%ION TO DECRY ! MILITIAS1 & !RE=E TO PRET5D ?AT ! FAULTS :I* W]E DUE TO LACK ( TRA9+ & WEAPONS W]E ! RESULT ( ! EQUALIT>IAN SY/EM4 ,ACTUALLY1 A NEWLY RAIS$ DRAFT ( MILITIA WAS AN UNDISCIPL9$ MOB NOT BECAUSE ! (FIC]S CALL$ ! PRIVATES ',COMRADE' BUT BECAUSE RAW TROOPS >E ALWAYS AN UNDISCIPL9$ MOB444 ,! J\RNALI/S :O SNE]$ AT ! MILITIA-SY/EM SELDOM REMEMB]$ ?AT ! MILITIAS HAD TO HOLD ! L9E :ILE ! ,POPUL> ,>MY WAS TRA9+ 9 ! RE>4 ,& IT IS A TRIBUTE TO ! /R5G? ( 'REVOLUTION>Y' DISCIPL9E ?AT ! MILITIAS /AY$ 9 ! FIELD AT ALL4 ,= UNTIL AB\T ,JUNE #aicg !RE WAS NO?+ TO KEEP !M !RE1 EXCEPT CLASS LOYALTY444 ,A CONSCRIPT >MY 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES -- ) ITS BATTLE-POLICE REMOV$ -- W\LD HAVE MELT$ AWAY444 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ! APP>5T *AOS1 ! G5]AL LACK ( TRA9+1 ! FACT ?AT Y\ (T5 HAD TO >GUE = FIVE M9UTES BE=E Y\ C\LD GET AN ORD] OBEY$1 APPALL$ & 9FURIAT$ ME4 ,I HAD ,BRITI% ,>MY IDEAS1 & C]TA9LY ! ,SPANI% MILITIAS W]E V]Y UNLIKE ! ,BRITI% ,>MY4 ,BUT CONSID]+ ! CIRCUM/ANCES !Y W]E BETT] TROOPS ?AN ONE HAD ANY RI<T TO EXPECT4.<#i#h.> 

,ORWELL REVEAL$ ?AT ! MILITIAS W]E BE+ DELIB]ATELY />V$ ( ! WEAPONRY !Y NE$$ = VICTORY BY A POLITICAL APP>ATUS DET]M9$ TO CRU% !M4 ,NOT)/&+1 9 ,OCTOB]1 #a#i#c#f1 ! AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ MILITIAS PU%$ ! FASCI/S BACK ON ! ,>AGON FRONT1 & = ! NEXT EI<T MON?S !Y HELD ! L9E1 UNTIL !Y W]E =CEFULLY REPLAC$ BY ! GOV]NM5T >MY4 

,! CONFLICT WAS LONG & BLOODY1 FULL ( GRAVE DANG]S1 UNPREC$5T$ OPPORTUNITIES1 & DIFFICULT *OICES4 ,?R\<\T IT ! AN>*I/S HAD TO PROVE ! FEASIBILITY ( !IR IDEAL ( A TRULY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,!Y EXP]I5C$ A NUMB] ( SUCCESSES & FAILURES1 :I*1 TAK5 TOGE!R1 %[ :AT IS POSSIBLE & :AT DANG]S REVOLUTION>IES MU/ AVOID TO RESI/ BECOM+ NEW AU?ORITIES4 

,BEH9D ! L9ES1 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO PUT !IR IDEALS 9 PRACTICE4 ,9 ! ,SPANI% C\NTRYSIDE1 PEASANTS EXPROPRIAT$ L& & ABOLI%$ CAPITALI/ RELATIONS4 ,!RE WAS NO UNI=M POLICY GOV]N+ H[ ! PEASANTS E/ABLI%$ AN>*I/ COMMUNISM2 !Y EMPLOY$ A RANGE ( ME?ODS = OV]?R[+ !IR MA/]S & CREAT+ A NEW SOCIETY4 ,9 SOME PLACES1 ! PEASANTS KILL$ CL]GY & L&LORDS1 ?\< ?IS WAS (T5 9 DIRECT RETALIATION AGA9/ ?OSE :O HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ! FASCI/S OR ! E>LI] REGIME BY GIV+ NAMES ( RADICALS TO BE >RE/$ & EXECUT$4 ,9 SEV]AL UPRIS+S 9 ,SPA9 BETWE5 #aicb & #a#i#c#d1 REVOLUTION>IES HAD %[N LITTLE PR$ISPOSITION TO ASSASS9ATE !IR POLITICAL 5EMIES4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 PEASANTS 9 ! ,&ALUCIAN VILLAGE ( ,CASAS ,VIEJAS HAD UNFURL$ ! R$ & BLACK FLAG1 !IR ONLY VIOL5CE WAS DIRECT$ AGA9/ L& TITLES1 :I* !Y BURN$4 ,NEI!R POLITICAL BOSSES NOR L&LORDS W]E ATTACK$2 !Y W]E SIMPLY 9=M$ ?AT !Y NO LONG] HELD P[] OR PROP]TY4 ,! FACT ?AT !SE PEACEFUL PEASANTS W]E SUBSEQU5TLY MASSACR$ BY ! MILIT>Y1 AT ! BEHE/ ( ?OSE BOSSES & L&LORDS1 MAY HELP EXPLA9 !IR MORE AGGRESSIVE CONDUCT 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,& ! ,*UR* 9 ,SPA9 WAS V]Y MU* A PRO-FASCI/ 9/ITUTION4 ,! PRIE/S HAD LONG BE5 ! PURVEYORS ( ABUSIVE =MS ( $UCATION & ! DEF5D]S ( PATRIOTISM1 PATRI>*Y1 & ! DIV9E RI<TS ( ! L&LORDS4 ,:5 ,FRANCO LAUN*$ HIS C\P1 MANY PRIE/S ACT$ AS FASCI/ P>AMILIT>IES4 

,!RE HAD BE5 A LONG-RUNN+ DEBATE 9 AN>*I/ CIRCLES AB\T :E!R FI<T+ CAPITALISM AS A SY/EM NECESSITAT$ ATTACK+ SPECIFIC 9DIVIDUALS 9 P[]1 AP>T FROM SITUATIONS ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,! FACT ?AT ?OSE 9 P[]1 :5 %[N M]CY1 TURN$ RI<T >\ND & GAVE NAMES TO ! FIR+ SQUADS TO PUNI% ! REBELS & DISC\RAGE FUTURE UPRIS+S UND]SCOR$ ! >GUM5T ?AT ELITES >E NOT JU/ 9NOC5TLY PLAY+ A ROLE )9 AN IMP]SONAL SY/EM1 BUT ?AT !Y SPECIFICALLY 9VOLVE !MSELVES 9 WAG+ W> AGA9/ ! OPPRESS$4 ,?US1 ! KILL+S C>RI$ \T BY ! ,SPANI% AN>*I/S & PEASANTS W]E NOT SIGNS ( AN AU?ORIT>IANISM 9H]5T 9 REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE SO MU* AS AN 9T5TIONAL /RATEGY )9 A DANG]\S CONFLICT4 ,! CONTEMPORANE\S BEHAVIOR ( ! ,/AL9I/S1 :O E/ABLI%$ A SECRET POLICE =CE TO TORTURE & EXECUTE !IR ]/:ILE COMRADES1 DEMON/RATES H[ L[ PEOPLE CAN S9K :5 !Y ?9K !Y'RE FI<T+ = A JU/ CAUSE2 BUT ! CONTRA/+ EXAMPLE (F]$ BY AN>*I/S & O!R SOCIALI/S PROVES ?AT SU* BEHAVIOR IS NOT 9EVITABLE4 

,A DEMON/RATION ( ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM AMONG ! AN>*I/S CAN BE SE5 9 ! FACT ?AT ?OSE SAME PEASANTS :O LIB]AT$ !MSELVES VIOL5TLY DID NOT =CE 9DIVIDUALI/IC PEASANTS TO COLLECTIVIZE !IR L&S ALONG ) ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 MO/ ( ! VILLAGES SURVEY$ 9 AN>*I/ >EAS1 COLLECTIVES & 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+S EXI/$ SIDE BY SIDE4 ,9 ! WOR/ SC5>IO1 :]E AN ANTI-COLLECTIVE PEASANT HELD T]RITORY DIVID+ PEASANTS :O DID WANT TO JO9 !IR L&S1 ! MAJORITY SOMETIMES ASK$ ! 9DIVIDUALI/ PEASANT TO TRADE HIS L& = L& ELSE:]E1 SO ! O!R PEASANTS C\LD POOL !IR EF=TS TO =M A COLLECTIVE4 ,9 ONE DOCUM5T$ EXAMPLE1 ! COLLECTIVIZ+ PEASANTS (F]$ ! 9DIVIDUAL L&HOLD] L& ( BETT] QUALITY 9 ORD] TO 5SURE A CONS5SUAL RESOLUTION4 

,9 ! CITIES & )9 ! /RUCTURES ( ! ,C,N,T1 ! AN>*I/ LABOR UNION ) OV] A MILLION MEMB]S1 ! SITUATION WAS MORE COMPLICAT$4 ,AFT] DEF5SE GR\PS PREP>$ BY ! ,C,N,T & ,F,A,I 7! ,IB]IAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION7 DEFEAT$ ! FASCI/ UPRIS+ 9 ,CATALUNYA & SEIZ$ WEAPONS FROM ! >MORY1 ! ,C,N,T RANK & FILE SPONTANE\SLY ORGANIZ$ FACTORY C\NCILS1 NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 & O!R ORGANIZATIONS CAPABLE ( COORD9AT+ ECONOMIC LIFE2 :AT'S MORE1 !Y DID SO 9 A NONP>TISAN WAY1 WORK+ ) O!R WORK]S ( ALL POLITICAL P]SUASIONS4 ,EV5 ?\< ! AN>*I/S W]E ! /RONGE/ =CE 9 ,CATALUNYA1 !Y DEMON/RAT$ LITTLE DESIRE TO REPRESS O!R GR\PS -- 9 />K CONTRA/ TO ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ! ,TROTSKYI/S1 & ! ,CATALAN NATIONALI/S4 ,! PROBLEM CAME FROM ! ,C,N,T DELEGATES4 ,! UNION HAD FAIL$ TO /RUCTURE ITSELF 9 A WAY ?AT PREV5T$ ITS BECOM+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$4 ,DELEGATES TO ! ,REGIONAL & ,NATIONAL ,COMMITTEES C\LD NOT BE RECALL$ IF !Y FAIL$ TO P]=M AS DESIR$1 !RE WAS NO CU/OM TO PREV5T ! SAME PEOPLE FROM MA9TA9+ CON/ANT POSITIONS ON !SE HI<] COMMITTEES1 & NEGOTIATIONS OR DECISIONS MADE BY HI<] COMMITTEES DID NOT ALWAYS HAVE TO BE RATIFI$ BY ! 5TIRE MEMB]%IP4 ,FUR!RMORE1 PR9CIPL$ AN>*I/ MILITANTS CONSI/5TLY REFUS$ ! TOP POSITIONS 9 ! ,CONF$]ATION1 :ILE 9TELLECTUALS FOCUS$ ON AB/RACT !ORIES & ECONOMIC PLANN+ GRAVITAT$ TO !SE C5TRAL COMMITTEES4 ,?US1 AT ! TIME ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,JULY1 #a#i#c#f1 ! ,C,N,T HAD AN E/ABLI%$ LEAD]%IP1 & ?IS LEAD]%IP WAS ISOLAT$ FROM ! ACTUAL MOVEM5T4 

,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,/U>T ,*RI/IE & VET]ANS ( ! LIB]T>IAN Y\? GR\P ?AT W5T ON TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GU]RILLA /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! FASCI/S DUR+ ! FOLL[+ DECADES HAVE >GU$ ?AT !SE DYNAMICS SEP>AT$ ! DE FACTO LEAD]%IP ( ! ,C,N,T FROM ! RANK & FILE1 & BR\<T !M CLOS] TO ! PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 ,?US1 9 ,CATALUNYA1 :5 !Y W]E 9VIT$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 AN ANTIFASCI/ ,POPUL> ,FRONT ALONG ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/ & REPUBLICAN P>TIES1 !Y OBLIG$4 ,TO !M1 ?IS WAS A GE/URE ( PLURALISM & SOLID>ITY1 AS WELL AS A MEANS ( SELF-DEF5SE AGA9/ ! ?REAT POS$ BY FASCISM4 

,!IR E/RANGEM5T FROM ! BASE PREV5T$ !M FROM REALIZ+ ?AT ! P[] WAS NO LONG] 9 ! GOV]NM5T BUILD+S2 IT WAS ALREADY 9 ! /REET & :]EV] WORK]S W]E SPONTANE\SLY TAK+ OV] !IR FACTORIES4 ,IGNORANT ( ?IS1 !Y ACTUALLY IMP$$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 DISC\RAG+ ! >M$ MASSES FROM PURSU+ ! FULL REALIZATION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM = FE> ( UPSETT+ !IR NEW ALLIES4.<#i#i.> ,9 ANY CASE1 AN>*I/S 9 ?IS P]IOD FAC$ EXTREMELY DIFFICULT DECISIONS4 ,! REPRES5TATIVES W]E CAU<T BETWE5 ADVANC+ FASCISM & TREA*]\S ALLIES1 :ILE ?OSE 9 ! /REETS HAD TO *OOSE BETWE5 ACCEPT+ ! DUBI\S DECISIONS ( A SELF-APPO9T$ LEAD]%IP OR SPLITT+ ! MOVEM5T BY BE+ OV]LY CRITICAL4 

,BUT DESPITE ! SUDD5 P[] GA9$ BY ! ,C,N,T -- !Y W]E ! DOM9ANT ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL =CE 9 ,CATALUNYA & A MAJOR =CE 9 O!R PROV9CES -- BO? ! LEAD]%IP & ! BASE ACT$ 9 A COOP]ATIVE RA!R ?AN A P[]-HUNGRY MANN]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! ANTIFASCI/ COMMITTEES PROPOS$ BY ! ,CATALAN GOV]NM5T1 !Y ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE PUT ON AN EQUAL FOOT+ ) ! COMP>ATIVELY WEAK SOCIALI/ LABOR UNION & ! ,CATALAN NATIONALI/ P>TY4 ,ONE ( ! *IEF REASONS ! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP GAVE = COLLABORAT+ ) ! AU?ORIT>IAN P>TIES WAS ?AT ABOLI%+ ! GOV]NM5T 9 ,CATALUNYA W\LD BE TANTAM\NT TO IMPOS+ AN AN>*I/ DICTATOR%IP4 ,BUT !IR ASSUMPTION ?AT GETT+ RID ( ! GOV]NM5T -- OR1 MORE ACCURATELY1 ALL[+ A SPONTANE\S POPUL> MOVEM5T TO DO SO -- MEANT REPLAC+ IT ) ! ,C,N,T %[$ !IR [N BL9D+ SELF-IMPORTANCE4 ,!Y FAIL$ TO GRASP ?AT ! WORK+ CLASS WAS DEVELOP+ NEW ORGANIZATIONAL =MS1 SU* AS FACTORY C\NCILS1 ?AT MI<T FL\RI% BE/ BY TRANSC5D+ PREEXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS -- :E!R ! ,C,N,T OR ! GOV]NM5T -- RA!R ?AN BE+ ABSORB$ 9TO !M4 ,! ,C,N,T LEAD]%IP 0FAIL$ TO REALIZE H[ P[]FUL ! POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS & ?AT !IR ROLE AS UNION SPOKESM5 WAS N[ 9IMICAL TO ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION40.<#a.> 

,RA!R ?AN PA9T+ A ROSY PICTURE ( HI/ORY1 WE %\LD RECOGNIZE ?AT !SE EXAMPLES %[ ?AT NAVIGAT+ ! T5SION BETWE5 EFFECTIV5ESS & AU?ORIT>IANISM IS NOT EASY1 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE4 

,H[ WILL COMMUNITIES DECIDE TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES AT FIR/8 

,ALL PEOPLE >E CAPABLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION1 :E!R OR NOT !Y >E EXP]I5C$ 9 POLITICAL WORK4 ,( C\RSE1 TAK+ CONTROL ( \R LIVES WON'T BE EASY AT FIR/1 BUT IT IS IMM95TLY POSSIBLE4 ,9 MO/ CASES1 PEOPLE TAKE ! OBVI\S APPROA*1 SPONTANE\SLY HOLD+ L>GE1 OP5 MEET+S ) !IR NEI<BORS1 C[ORK]S1 OR COMRADES ON ! B>RICADES TO FIGURE \T :AT NE$S TO BE DONE4 ,9 SOME CASES1 SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ ?R\< PREEXI/+ REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS4 

,! #ba POPUL> REBELLION 9 ,>G5T9A SAW PEOPLE TAKE AN UNPREC$5T$ LEVEL ( CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES4 ,!Y =M$ NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 TOOK OV] FACTORIES & AB&ON$ L&1 CREAT$ B>T] NETWORKS1 BLOCKAD$ HI<WAYS TO COMPEL ! GOV]NM5T TO GRANT RELIEF TO ! UNEMPLOY$1 HELD ! /REETS AGA9/ LE?AL POLICE REPRESSION1 & =C$ F\R PRESID5TS & MULTIPLE VICE PRESID5TS & ECONOMIC M9I/]S TO RESIGN 9 QUICK SUCCESSION4 ,?R\< IT ALL1 !Y DID NOT APPO9T LEAD]%IP1 & MO/ ( ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES REJECT$ POLITICAL P>TIES & TRADE UNIONS TRY+ TO CO-OPT !SE SPONTANE\S 9/ITUTIONS4 ,)9 ! ASSEMBLIES1 FACTORY OCCUPATIONS1 & O!R ORGANIZATIONS1 !Y PRACTIC$ CONS5SUS & 5C\RAG$ HORIZONTAL ORGANIZ+4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ONE ACTIVI/ 9VOLV$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ALT]NATIVE SOCIAL /RUCTURES 9 HIS NEI<BORHOOD1 :]E UNEMPLOYM5T REA*$ #h.03 0,WE >E BUILD+ P[]1 NOT TAK+ IT40.<#a#a.> 

,PEOPLE =M$ OV] #b NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES 9 ,BU5OS ,AIRES ALONE1 9VOLV+ ?\S&S ( PEOPLE2 ACCORD+ TO ONE POLL1 ONE 9 ?REE RESID5TS ( ! CAPITAL HAD ATT5D$ AN ASSEMBLY4 ,PEOPLE BEGAN BY MEET+ 9 !IR NEI<BORHOODS1 (T5 OV] A COMMON MEAL1 OR OLLA POPUL>4 ,NEXT !Y W\LD OCCUPY A SPACE TO S]VE AS A SOCIAL C5T] -- 9 MANY CASES1 AN AB&ON$ BANK4 ,SOON ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLY W\LD BE HOLD+ WEEKLY MEET+S 0ON COMMUNITY ISSUES BUT ALSO ON TOPICS SU* AS ! EXT]NAL DEBT1 W>1 & FREE TRADE0 AS WELL AS 0H[ !Y C\LD WORK TOGE!R & H[ !Y SAW ! FUTURE40 ,MANY SOCIAL C5T]S W\LD EV5TUALLY (F]3 

AN 9FO SPACE & P]HAPS COMPUT]S1 BOOKS1 & V>I\S WORK%OPS ON YOGA1 SELF DEF5SE1 LANGUAGES1 & BASIC SKILLS4 ,MANY ALSO HAVE COMMUNITY G>D5S1 RUN AFT] S*OOL KIDS' CLUBS & ADULT $UCATION CLASSES1 PUT ON SOCIAL & CULTURAL EV5TS1 COOK FOOD COLLECTIVELY1 & MOBILIZE POLITICALLY = !MSELVES & 9 SUPPORT ( ! PIQUET]OS & RECLAIM$ FACTORIES4.<#a#b.> 

,! ASSEMBLIES SET UP WORK+ GR\PS1 SU* AS HEAL?C>E & ALT]NATIVE M$IA COMMITTEES1 ?AT HELD ADDITIONAL MEET+S 9VOLV+ ! PEOPLE MO/ 9T]E/$ 9 ?OSE PROJECTS4 ,ACCORD+ TO VISIT+ 9DEP5D5T J\RNALI/S3 

,SOME ASSEMBLIES HAVE AS MANY AS #b PEOPLE P>TICIPAT+1 O!RS >E MU* SMALL]4 ,ONE ( ! ASSEMBLIES WE ATT5D$ HAD AB\T #d PEOPLE PRES5T1 RANG+ FROM TWO MO!RS SITT+ ON ! SIDEWALK :ILE BREA/ FE$+1 TO A LAWY] 9 A SUIT1 TO A SK9NY HIPPIE 9 BATIK FL>ES1 TO AN ELD]LY TAXI DRIV]1 TO A DREADLOCK$ BIKE MESS5G]1 TO A NURS+ /UD5T4 ,IT WAS A :OLE SLICE ( ,>G5T9EAN SOCIETY /&+ 9 A CIRCLE ON A /REET CORN] UND] ! ORANGE GL[ ( SODIUM LI<TS1 PASS+ >\ND A BR& NEW MEGAPHONE & DISCUSS+ H[ TO TAKE BACK CONTROL ( !IR LIVES4 ,EV]Y N[ & !N A C> W\LD PASS BY & BEEP ITS HORN 9 SUPPORT1 & ?IS WAS ALL HAPP5+ BETWE5 #h PM & MIDNI<T ON A ,W$NESDAY EV5+6.<#a#c.> 

,SOON ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES W]E COORD9AT+ AT A CITY-WIDE LEVEL4 ,ONCE A WEEK ! ASSEMBLIES S5T SPOKESPEOPLE TO ! 9T]B>RIO PL5>Y1 :I* BR\<T TOGE!R ?\S&S ( PEOPLE FROM ACROSS ! CITY TO PROPOSE JO9T PROJECTS & PROTE/ PLANS4 ,AT ! 9T]B>RIO1 DECISIONS W]E MADE ) A MAJORITY VOTE1 BUT ! /RUCTURE WAS NON-CO]CIVE SO ! DECISIONS W]E NOT B9D+ -- !Y W]E ONLY C>RI$ \T IF PEOPLE HAD ! 5?USIASM TO C>RY !M \T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 IF A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE AT ! 9T]B>RIO VOT$ TO AB/A9 ON A SPECIFIC PROPOSAL1 ! PROPOSAL WAS REWORK$ SO IT W\LD RECEIVE MORE SUPPORT4 

,! ASAMBLEA /RUCTURE QUICKLY EXP&$ TO ! PROV9CIAL & NATIONAL LEVELS4 ,)9 TWO MON?S ( ! BEG9N+ ( ! UPRIS+1 ! NATIONAL 0,ASSEMBLY ( ,ASSEMBLIES0 WAS CALL+ = ! GOV]NM5T TO BE REPLAC$ BY ! ASSEMBLIES4 ,?AT DID NOT OCCUR1 BUT 9 ! 5D ! GOV]NM5T ( ,>G5T9A WAS =C$ TO MAKE POPUL> CONCESSIONS -- IT ANN\NC$ IT W\LD DEFAULT ON ITS 9T]NATIONAL DEBT1 AN UNPREC$5T$ OCCURR5CE4 ,! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND WAS SO SC>$ BY ! POPUL> REBELLION & ITS WORLDWIDE SUPPORT 9 ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 & SO EMB>RASS$ BY ! COLLAPSE ( ITS PO/] *ILD1 ?AT IT HAD TO ACCEPT ?IS /UNN+ LOSS4 ,! MOVEM5T 9 ,>G5T9A PLAY$ A PIVOTAL ROLE 9 ACCOMPLI%+ ONE ( ! MAJOR GOALS ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS ! DEFEAT ( ! ,I,M,F & ,WORLD ,BANK4 ,AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 !SE 9/ITUTIONS >E DISCR$IT$ & FAC+ BANKRUPTCY4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ,>G5T9E ECONOMY HAS /ABILIZ$ & MU* ( ! POPUL> \TRAGE HAS SUBSID$4 ,/ILL1 SOME ( ! ASSEMBLIES ?AT MADE A VITAL NI*E 9 ! UPRIS+ CONT9UE TO OP]ATE SEV5 YE>S LAT]4 ,! NEXT TIME ! CONFLICT COMES TO ! SURFACE1 !SE ASSEMBLIES WILL REMA9 9 ! COLLECTIVE MEMORY AS ! SE$S ( A FUTURE SOCIETY4 

,! CITY ( ,GWANGJU 7OR ,KWANGJU71 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 LIB]AT$ ITSELF = SIX DAYS 9 ,MAY1 #a#i#h1 AFT] /UD5T & WORK] PROTE/S AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ESCALAT$ 9 RESPONSE TO DECL>ATIONS ( M>TIAL LAW4 ,PROTE/]S BURN$ D[N ! GOV]NM5T TELEVISION /ATION & SEIZ$ WEAPONS1 QUICKLY ORGANIZ+ A 0,CITIZ5 ,>MY0 ?AT =C$ \T ! POLICE & MILIT>Y4 ,AS 9 O!R URBAN REBELLIONS1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 ,P>IS 9 #ahdh & #a#i#f#h1 9 ,BUDAPE/ 9 #a#i#a#i1 & 9 ,BEIJ+ 9 #a#i#h#i1 /UD5TS & WORK]S 9 ,GWANGJU QUICKLY =M$ OP5 ASSEMBLIES TO ORGANIZE LIFE 9 ! CITY & COMMUNICATE ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 ! UPRIS+ TELL ( A COMPLEX ORGANIZATIONAL SY/EM DEVELOP$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 A %ORT P]IOD ( TIME -- & )\T ! LEAD]S ( ! MA9 /UD5T GR\PS & PROTE/ ORGANIZATIONS1 :O HAD ALREADY BE5 >RE/$4 ,!IR SY/EM 9CLUD$ A ,CITIZ5'S ,>MY1 A ,SITUATION ,C5T]1 A ,CITIZ5-,/UD5T ,COMMITTEE1 A ,PLANN+ ,BO>D1 & DEP>TM5TS = LOCAL DEF5SE1 9VE/IGATION1 9=MATION1 PUBLIC S]VICES1 BURIAL ( ! DEAD1 & O!R S]VICES4.<#a#d.> ,IT TOOK A FULL-SCALE 9VASION BY SPECIAL UNITS ( ! ,KOREAN MILIT>Y ) ,U,S SUPPORT TO CRU% ! REBELLION & PREV5T IT FROM SPREAD+4 ,SEV]AL HUNDR$ PEOPLE W]E KILL$ 9 ! PROCESS4 ,EV5 ITS 5EMIES DESCRIB$ ! >M$ RESI/ANCE AS 0FI]CE & WELL-ORGANIZ$40 ,! COMB9ATION ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION1 OP5 ASSEMBLIES1 & COMMITTEES ) A SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONAL FOCUS LEFT A DEEP IMPRESSION1 %[+ H[ QUICKLY A SOCIETY CAN *ANGE ITSELF ONCE IT BREAKS ) ! HABIT ( OB$I5CE TO ! GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 /ATE P[] COLLAPS$ AFT] MASSES ( /UD5T PROTE/]S >M$ !MSELVES2 MU* ( ! C\NTRY FELL 9TO ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE1 :O HAD TO REORGANIZE ! ECONOMY & QUICKLY =M MILITIAS TO REPEL ,SOVIET 9VASION4 ,9ITIALLY1 EA* CITY ORGANIZ$ ITSELF SPONTANE\SLY1 BUT ! =MS ( ORGANIZATION ?AT >OSE W]E V]Y SIMIL>1 P]HAPS BECAUSE !Y DEVELOP$ 9 ! SAME CULTURAL & POLITICAL CONTEXT4 ,HUNG>IAN AN>*I/S W]E 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! NEW ,REVOLUTION>Y ,C\NCILS1 :I* F$]AT$ TO COORD9ATE DEF5SE1 & !Y TOOK P>T 9 ! WORK]S' C\NCILS ?AT TOOK OV] ! FACTORIES & M9ES4 ,9 ,BUDAPE/ OLD POLITICIANS =M$ A NEW GOV]NM5T & TRI$ TO H>NESS !SE AUTONOM\S C\NCILS 9TO A MULTIP>TY DEMOCRACY1 BUT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! GOV]NM5T DID NOT EXT5D BEYOND ! CAPITAL CITY 9 ! DAYS BE=E ! SECOND ,SOVIET 9VASION SUCCE$$ 9 CRU%+ ! UPRIS+4 ,HUNG>Y DID NOT HAVE A L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AT ! TIME1 BUT ! POPUL>ITY ( ! V>I\S C\NCILS %[S H[ CONTAGI\S AN>*I/IC IDEAS >E ONCE PEOPLE DECIDE TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,& !IR ABILITY TO KEEP ! C\NTRY RUNN+ & DEFEAT ! FIR/ 9VASION ( ! ,R$ ,>MY %[S ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( !SE ORGANIZATIONAL =MS4 ,!RE WAS NO NE$ = A COMPLEX 9/ITUTIONAL BLUEPR9T TO BE 9 PLACE BE=E PEOPLE LEFT !IR AU?ORIT>IAN GOV]NM5T BEH9D4 ,ALL !Y NE$$ WAS ! DET]M9ATION TO COME TOGE!R 9 OP5 MEET+S TO DECIDE !IR FUTURES1 & ! TRU/ 9 !MSELVES ?AT !Y C\LD MAKE IT WORK1 EV5 IF AT FIR/ IT WAS UNCLE> H[4 

,H[ WILL REP>ATIONS = PA/ OPPRESSIONS BE WORK$ \T8 

,IF GOV]NM5T & CAPITALISM DISAPPE>$ OV]NI<T1 PEOPLE W\LD /ILL BE DIVID$4 ,LEGACIES ( OPPRESSION G5]ALLY DET]M9E :]E WE LIVE2 \R ACCESS TO L&1 WAT]1 A CLEAN 5VIRONM5T1 & NECESS>Y 9FRA/RUCTURE2 & ! LEVEL ( VIOL5CE & TRAUMA 9 \R COMMUNITIES4 ,PEOPLE >E ACCORD$ VA/LY DIFF]+ DEGREES ( SOCIAL PRIVILEGE ACCORD+ TO SK9 COLOR1 G5D]1 CITIZ5%IP1 ECONOMIC CLASS1 & O!R FACTORS4 ,ONCE ! EXPLOIT$ ( ! E>? RISE UP TO SEIZE ! WEAL? ( \R SOCIETY1 :AT EXACTLY WILL !Y 9H]IT8 ,HEAL?Y L&1 CLEAN WAT]1 & HOSPITALS1 OR DEPLET$ SOIL1 G>BAGE DUMPS1 & LEAD PIPES8 ,IT DEP5DS L>GELY ON !IR SK9 COLOR & NATIONALITY4 

,AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION IS GLOBAL SOLID>ITY4 ,SOLID>ITY IS ! POL> OPPOSITE ( *>ITY4 ,IT DOES NOT DEP5D ON AN 9EQUALITY BETWE5 GIV] & RECEIV]4 ,LIKE ALL GOOD ?+S 9 LIFE1 SOLID>ITY IS %>$1 ?US IT DE/ROYS ! CATEGORIES ( GIV] & RECEIV] & NEI!R IGNORES NOR VALIDATES :ATEV] UNEQUAL P[] DYNAMICS MAY EXI/ BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,!RE CAN BE NO TRUE SOLID>ITY BETWE5 A REVOLUTION>Y 9 ,ILL9OIS & A REVOLUTION>Y 9 ,MATO ,GROSSO IF !Y MU/ IGNORE ?AT ! ONE'S H\SE IS BUILT ) WOOD /OL5 FROM ! L&S ( ! O!R1 RU9+ ! SOIL & LEAV+ HIM & HIS 5TIRE COMMUNITY ) FEW] POSSIBILITIES = ! FUTURE4 

,AN>*Y MU/ MAKE ITSELF :OLLY 9COMPATIBLE ) COLONIALISM1 EI!R A COLONIALISM ?AT CONT9UES TO ! PRES5T DAY 9 NEW =MS1 OR A HI/ORICAL LEGACY :I* WE TRY TO IGNORE4 ,?US AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION MU/ ALSO BASE ITSELF 9 ! /RUGGLES AGA9/ COLONIALISM4 ,!SE 9CLUDE PEOPLE 9 ! ,GLOBAL ,S\? :O >E TRY+ TO REV]SE NEOLIB]ALISM1 9DIG5\S NATIONS /RUGGL+ TO REGA9 !IR L&1 & BLACK COMMUNITIES /ILL FI<T+ TO SURVIVE ! LEGACIES ( SLAV]Y4 ,?OSE :O HAVE BE5 PRIVILEG$ BY COLONIALISM -- :ITE PEOPLE & EV]YONE LIV+ 9 ,EUROPE OR A ,EUROPEAN SETTL] /ATE 7! ,U,S1 ,CANADA1 ,AU/RALIA7 -- %\LD SUPPORT !SE O!R /RUGGLES POLITICALLY1 CULTURALLY1 & MAT]IALLY4 ,BECAUSE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN REBELLIONS HAVE BE5 LIMIT$ 9 SCOPE ?US F>1 & MEAN+FUL REP>ATIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE GLOBAL 9 SCALE BECAUSE ( ! GLOBALIZATION ( OPPRESSION1 !RE >E NO EXAMPLES ?AT FULLY DEMON/RATE :AT REP>ATIONS W\LD LOOK LIKE4 ,H[EV]1 SOME SMALL-SCALE EXAMPLES %[ ?AT ! WILL+NESS TO MAKE REP>ATIONS EXI/S1 & ?AT ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( MUTUAL AID & DIRECT ACTION CAN ACCOMPLI% REP>ATIONS MORE EFFECTIVELY ?AN DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5TS -- ) !IR REFUSAL TO ACKN[L$GE ! EXT5T ( PA/ CRIMES & !IR EMB>RASS+ HALF MEASURES4 ,! SAME GOES = REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5TS1 :I* TYPICALLY 9H]IT & COV] UP OPPRESSION )9 ! /ATES !Y TAKE OV] -- AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY H[ CALL\SLY ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! ,U,S,S,R & ,*9A TOOK !IR PLACES AT ! HEADS ( RACIAL EMPIRES :ILE CLAIM+ TO BE ANTI-IMP]IALI/4 

,9 ! /ATE ( ,*IAPAS1 9 S\!RN ,MEXICO1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS ROSE UP 9 #aiid & WON AUTONOMY = DOZ5S ( 9DIG5\S COMMUNITIES4 ,NAM$ AFT] ,MEXICAN PEASANT REVOLUTION>Y ,ZAPATA & ESP\S+ A MIX ( 9DIG5\S1 ,M>XI/1 & AN>*I/ IDEAS1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS =M$ AN >MY GUID$ BY POPUL> 05CU5TROS10 OR GA!R+S1 TO FI<T BACK AGA9/ NEOLIB]AL CAPITALISM & ! CONT9U+ =MS ( EXPLOITATION & G5OCIDE 9FLICT$ BY ! ,MEXICAN /ATE4 ,TO LIFT !SE COMMUNITIES UP \T ( POV]TY FOLL[+ G5]ATIONS ( COLONIALISM1 & TO HELP C\NT] ! EFFECTS ( MILIT>Y BLOCKADES & H>ASSM5T1 ! ,ZAPATI/AS CALL$ = SUPPORT4 ,?\S&S ( VOLUNTE]S & PEOPLE ) TE*NICAL EXP]I5CE CAME FROM >\ND ! WORLD TO HELP ,ZAPATI/A COMMUNITIES BUILD UP !IR 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & ?\S&S ( O!RS CONT9UE TO SUPPORT ! ,ZAPATI/AS BY S5D+ DONATIONS ( MONEY & EQUIPM5T OR BUY+ FAIR-TRADE GOODS.<#a#e.> PRODUC$ 9 ! AUTONOM\S T]RITORY4 ,?IS ASSI/ANCE IS GIV5 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY2 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 IT IS ON ! ,ZAPATI/A'S [N T]MS4 ,?IS CONTRA/S />KLY ) ! MODEL ( ,*RI/IAN *>ITY1 9 :I* ! GOALS ( ! PRIVILEG$ GIV] >E IMPOS$ ON ! IMPOV]I%$ RECEIV]1 :O IS EXPECT$ TO BE GRATEFUL4 

,PEASANTS 9 ,SPA9 HAD BE5 OPPRESS$ ?R\<\T C5TURIES ( FEUDALISM4 ,! P>TIAL REVOLUTION 9 #aicf 5ABL$ !M TO RECLAIM ! PRIVILEGE & WEAL? !IR OPPRESSORS HAD D]IV$ FROM !IR LABORS4 ,PEASANT ASSEMBLIES 9 LIB]AT$ VILLAGES MET TO DECIDE H[ TO R$I/RIBUTE T]RITORY SEIZ$ FROM L>GE L&[N]S1 SO ?OSE :O HAD LABOR$ AS VIRTUAL S]FS C\LD F9ALLY HAVE ACCESS TO L&4 ,UNLIKE ! F>CICAL ,RECONCILIATION ,COMMISSIONS >RANG$ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,GUATEMALA1 & ELSE:]E1 :I* PROTECT OPPRESSORS FROM ANY REAL CONSEQU5CES & ABOVE ALL PRES]VE ! UNEQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( P[] & PRIVILEGE ?AT IS ! DIRECT RESULT ( PA/ OPPRESSIONS1 !SE ASSEMBLIES EMP[]$ ! ,SPANI% PEASANTS TO DECIDE = !MSELVES H[ TO RECOV] !IR DIGNITY & EQUALITY4 ,ASIDE FROM R$I/RIBUT+ L&1 !Y ALSO TOOK OV] PRO-FASCI/ *UR*ES & LUXURY VILLAS TO BE US$ AS COMMUNITY C5T]S1 /OREH\SES1 S*OOLS1 & CL9ICS4 ,9 FIVE YE>S ( /ATE-9/ITUT$ AGR>IAN RE=M1 ,SPA9'S ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T R$I/RIBUT$ ONLY #h#g#f1#c#b#g HECT>ES ( L&2 9 JU/ A FEW WEEKS ( REVOLUTION1 ! PEASANTS SEIZ$ #e1#f#i#b1#b#b HECT>ES ( L& = !MSELVES4.<#a#f.> ,?IS FIGURE IS EV5 MORE SIGNIFICANT CONSID]+ ?AT ?IS R$I/RIBUTION WAS OPPOS$ BY ,REPUBLICANS & ,SOCIALI/S1 & C\LD ONLY TAKE PLACE 9 ! P>T ( ! C\NTRY NOT CONTROLL$ BY ! FASCI/S4 

,H[ WILL A COMMON1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 ECOLOGICAL E?OS COME AB\T8 

,9 ! LONG RUN1 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY WILL WORK BE/ IF IT DEVELOPS A CULTURE ?AT VALUES COOP]ATION1 AUTONOMY1 & 5VIRONM5TALLY SU/A9ABLE BEHAVIORS4 ,! WAY A SOCIETY IS /RUCTUR$ CAN 5C\RAGE OR H9D] SU* AN E?OS1 JU/ AS \R CURR5T SOCIETY REW>DS COMPETITIVE1 OPPRESSIVE1 & POLLUT+ BEHAVIORS & DISC\RAGES ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN ONES4 ,9 A NON-CO]CIVE SOCIETY1 SOCIAL /RUCTURES CANNOT =CE PEOPLE TO LIVE 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN>*I/ VALUES3 PEOPLE HAVE TO WANT TO DO SO1 & P]SONALLY ID5TIFY ) SU* VALUES !MSELVES4 ,=TUNATELY1 ! ACT ( REBELL+ AGA9/ AN AU?ORIT>IAN1 CAPITALI/ CULTURE CAN ITSELF POPUL>IZE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN VALUES4 

,AN>*I/ AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,DAVID ,GRAEB] WRITES ( ! ,TSIMIHETY 9 ,MADAGASC>1 :O REBELL$ & REMOV$ !MSELVES FROM ! ,M>OANSETRA DYNA/Y4 ,EV5 OV] A C5TURY AFT] ?IS REBELLION1 ! ,TSIMIHETY 0>E M>K$ BY RESOLUTELY EGALIT>IAN SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & PRACTICES10 TO SU* AN EXT5T ?AT IT DEF9ES !IR V]Y ID5TITY4.<#a#g.> ,! NEW NAME ! TRIBE *OSE = !MSELVES1 ,TSIMIHETY1 MEANS 0?OSE :O DO NOT CUT !IR HAIR10 9 REF]5CE TO ! CU/OM ( SUBJECTS ( ! ,M>OANSETRA TO CUT !IR HAIR AS A SIGN ( SUBMISSION4 

,DUR+ ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> 9 #a#i#c#f1 A NUMB] ( CULTURAL *ANGES TOOK PLACE4 ,9 ! C\NTRYSIDE1 POLITICALLY ACTIVE Y\? PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 *ALL5G+ CONS]VATIVE CU/OMS & PU%+ !IR VILLAGES TO ADOPT AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ CULTURE4 ,! POSITION ( WOM5 9 P>TICUL> BEGAN TO *ANGE RAPIDLY4 ,WOM5 ORGANIZ$ ! AN>*A-FEM9I/ GR\P ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES TO HELP ACCOMPLI% ! GOALS ( ! REVOLUTION & 5SURE ?AT WOM5 5JOY$ A PLACE AT ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE4 ,WOM5 F\<T ON ! FRONT1 LIT]ALLY1 JO9+ ! AN>*I/ MILITIAS TO HOLD ! L9E AGA9/ ! FASCI/S4 ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES ORGANIZ$ FIRE>MS C\RSES1 S*OOLS1 *ILDC>E PROGRAMS1 & WOM5-ONLY SOCIAL GR\PS TO HELP WOM5 GA9 ! SKILLS !Y NE$$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! /RUGGLE AS EQUALS4 ,MEMB]S ( ,MUJ]ES ,LIBRES >GU$ ) !IR MALE COMRADES1 EMPHASIZ+ ! IMPORTANCE ( WOM5'S LIB]ATION AS A NECESS>Y P>T ( ANY REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE4 ,IT WAS NOT A M9OR CONC]N TO BE DEALT ) AFT] ! DEFEAT ( FASCISM4 

,9 ! CITIES ( ,CATALUNYA1 SOCIAL RE/RICTIONS ON WOM5 LESS5$ CONSID]ABLY4 ,= ! FIR/ TIME 9 ,SPA91 WOM5 C\LD WALK ALONE ON ! /REETS )\T A *AP]ON -- NOT TO M5TION ?AT MANY W]E WALK+ D[N ! /REETS WE>+ MILITIA UNI=MS & C>RY+ GUNS4 ,AN>*I/ WOM5 LIKE ,LUCIA ,SAN*EZ ,SAORNIL WROTE AB\T H[ EMP[]+ IT WAS = !M TO *ANGE ! CULTURE ?AT HAD OPPRESS$ !M4 ,MALE OBS]V]S FROM ,GEORGE ,ORWELL TO ,FRANZ ,BORK5AU REM>K$ ON ! *ANG$ CONDITIONS ( WOM5 9 ,SPA94 

,9 ! UPRIS+ SPURR$ BY ,>G5T9A'S ECONOMIC COLLAPSE 9 #b#a1 P>TICIPATION 9 ! POPUL> ASSEMBLIES HELP$ =M]LY APOLITICAL PEOPLE BUILD AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURE4 ,ANO!R =M ( POPUL> RESI/ANCE1 ! PIQUET]O MOVEM5T1 EX]T$ A GREAT 9FLU5CE ON ! LIVES & CULTURE ( MANY ( ! UNEMPLOY$4 ,! PIQUET]OS W]E UNEMPLOY$ PEOPLE :O MASK$ !IR FACES & SET UP PICKETS1 %UTT+ D[N ! HI<WAYS TO CUT (F TRADE & GA9 LEV]AGE = DEM&S SU* AS FOOD FROM SUP]M>KETS OR UNEMPLOYM5T SUBSIDIES4 ,ASIDE FROM !SE ACTIVITIES1 ! PIQUET]OS ALSO SELF-ORGANIZ$ AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ ECONOMY1 9CLUD+ S*OOLS1 M$IA GR\PS1 CLO?+ GIVE-AWAY %OPS1 BAK]IES1 CL9ICS1 & GR\PS TO FIX UP PEOPLE'S H\SES & BUILD 9FRA/RUCTURE SU* AS SEWAGE SY/EMS4 ,MANY ( ! PIQUET]O GR\PS W]E AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,UNEMPLOY$ ,WORK]S 7,M,T,D74 ,!IR MOVEM5T HAD ALREADY DEVELOP$ CONSID]ABLY BE=E ! ,DECEMB] #ba RUN ON ! BANKS BY ! MIDDLE CLASS1 & 9 MANY WAYS !Y W]E AT ! =EFRONT ( ! /RUGGLE 9 ,>G5T9A4 

,TWO ,9DYM$IA VOLUNTE]S :O TRAVEL$ TO ,>G5T9A FROM ! ,U,S & ,BRITA9 TO DOCUM5T ! REBELLION = ,5GLI%-SPEAK+ C\NTRIES SP5T TIME ) A GR\P 9 ! ,ADMIRALTE ,BR[N NEI<BORHOOD S\? ( ,BU5OS ,AIRES4.<#a#h.> ,! MEMB]S ( ?IS P>TICUL> GR\P1 SIMIL> TO MANY ( ! PIQUET]OS 9 ! ,M,T,D1 HAD BE5 DRIV5 TO ACTIVISM ONLY REC5TLY1 BY UNEMPLOYM5T4 ,BUT !IR MOTIVATIONS W]E NOT PURELY MAT]IAL2 = EXAMPLE1 !Y FREQU5TLY HELD CULTURAL & $UCATIONAL EV5TS4 ,! TWO ,9DYM$IA ACTIVI/S REC\NT$ A WORK%OP HELD 9 AN ,M,T,D BAK]Y1 9 :I* ! COLLECTIVE MEMB]S DISCUSS$ ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 A CAPITALI/ BAK]Y & AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ ONE4 0,WE PRODUCE = \R NEI<BORS444 & TO TEA* \RSELVES TO DO NEW ?+S1 TO LE>N TO PRODUCE = \RSELVES10 EXPLA9$ A WOMAN 9 H] FIFTIES4 ,A Y\NG MAN 9 AN ,IRON ,MAID5 SWEAT%IRT ADD$1 0,WE PRODUCE SO ?AT EV]YONE CAN LIVE BETT]40.<#a#i.> ,! SAME GR\P OP]AT$ A ,ROP]O1 A CLO?+ %OP1 & MANY O!R PROJECTS AS WELL4 ,IT WAS RUN BY VOLUNTE]S & DEP5D$ ON DONATIONS1 EV5 ?\< EV]YONE 9 ! >EA WAS POOR4 ,DESPITE !SE *ALL5GES1 IT OP5$ TWICE A MON? TO GIVE \T FREE CLO!S TO PEOPLE :O C\LD NOT AF=D !M4 ,! RE/ ( ! TIME1 ! VOLUNTE]S M5D$ OLD CLO!S ?AT W]E DROPP$ (F4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ! MOTIVES ?AT DRIVE ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM1 ! PEOPLE !RE CLE>LY TOOK PRIDE 9 !IR WORK1 %[+ (F TO VISITORS H[ WELL RE/OR$ ! CLO!S W]E DESPITE ! SC>CITY ( MAT]IALS4 

,! %>$ IDEAL AMONG ! PIQUET]OS 9CLUD$ A FIRM COMMITM5T TO NON-HI]>*ICAL =MS ( ORGANIZATION & P>TICIPATION BY ALL MEMB]S1 Y\NG & OLD1 9 !IR DISCUSSIONS & ACTIVITIES4 ,WOM5 W]E (T5 ! FIR/ TO GO TO ! PICKET L9ES1 & CAME TO HOLD CONSID]ABLE P[] )9 ! PIQUET]O MOVEM5T4 ,)9 !SE AUTONOM\S ORGANIZATIONS1 MANY WOM5 GA9$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO P>TICIPATE 9 L>GE-SCALE DECISION-MAK+ OR TAKE ON O!R MALE-DOM9AT$ ROLES = ! FIR/ TIME 9 !IR LIVES4 ,AT ! P>TICUL> BAK]Y HOLD+ ! WORK%OP DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 A Y\NG WOMAN WAS 9 *>GE ( SECURITY1 ANO!R TRADITIONALLY MALE ROLE4 

,?R\<\T ! #bf REBELLION 9 ,OAXACA1 AS WELL AS BE=E & AFT]1 9DIG5\S CULTURE WAS A WELLSPR+ ( RESI/ANCE4 ,H[EV] MU* !Y EXEMPLIFI$ COOP]ATIVE1 ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN1 & ECOLOGICALLY SU/A9ABLE BEHAVIORS BE=E COLONIALISM1 9DIG5\S PEOPLES 9 ! ,OAXACAN RESI/ANCE CAME TO *]I% & EMPHASIZE ! P>TS ( !IR CULTURE ?AT CONTRA/$ ) ! SY/EM ?AT VALUES PROP]TY OV] LIFE1 5C\RAGES COMPETITION & DOM9ATION1 & EXPLOITS ! 5VIRONM5T 9TO EXT9CTION4 ,!IR ABILITY TO PRACTICE AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN & ECOLOGICAL CULTURE -- WORK+ TOGE!R 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & N\RI%+ !MSELVES ON ! SMALL AM\NT ( L& !Y HAD -- 9CREAS$ ! POT5CY ( !IR RESI/ANCE1 & ?US !IR V]Y *ANCES = SURVIVAL4 ,?US1 RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM & ! /ATE IS BO? A MEANS ( PROTECT+ 9DIG5\S CULTURES & A CRUCIBLE ?AT =GES A /RONG] ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?OS4 ,MANY ( ! PEOPLE :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! REBELLION W]E NOT !MSELVES 9DIG5\S1 BUT !Y W]E 9FLU5C$ & 9SPIR$ BY 9DIG5\S CULTURE4 ,?US1 ! ACT ( REBELLION ITSELF ALL[$ PEOPLE TO *OOSE SOCIAL VALUES & %APE !IR [N ID5TITIES4 

,BE=E ! REBELLION1 ! IMPOV]I%$ /ATE ( ,OAXACA SOLD ITS 9DIG5\S CULTURE AS A COMMODITY TO 5TICE T\RI/S & BR+ 9 BUS9ESS4 ,! ,GUELAGUETZA1 AN IMPORTANT GA!R+ 9 NATIVE CULTURES1 HAD BECOME A /ATE-SPONSOR$ T\RI/ ATTRACTION4 ,BUT DUR+ ! REBELLION 9 #b#f1 ! /ATE & T\RISM W]E PU%$ TO ! M>G9S1 & 9 ,JULY ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ORGANIZ$ A ,PEOPLE'S ,GUELAGUETZA -- NOT TO SELL TO ! T\RI/S1 BUT TO 5JOY = !MSELVES4 ,AFT] SUCCESSFULLY BLOCK+ ! COMM]CIAL EV5T SET UP = ! T\RI/S1 HUNDR$S ( /UD5TS FROM ,OAXACA ,CITY & PEOPLE FROM VILLAGES ACROSS ! /ATE BEGAN ORGANIZ+ !IR [N EV5T4 ,!Y MADE CO/UMES & PRACTIC$ DANCES & SONGS FROM ALL SEV5 REGIONS ( ,OAXACA4 ,9 ! 5D ! ,PEOPLE'S ,GUELAGUETZA WAS A HUGE SUCCESS4 ,EV]YONE ATT5D$ = FREE & ! V5UE WAS PACK$4 ,!RE W]E MORE TRADITIONAL DANCES ?AN !RE HAD EV] BE5 9 ! COMM]ICAL ,GUELAGUETZAS4 ,:ILE ! EV5T HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 P]=M$ = MONEY1 MO/ ( :I* WAS POCKET$ BY ! SPONSORS & GOV]NM5T1 IT BECAME A DAY ( %>+1 AS IT HAD BE5 TRADITIONALLY4 ,AT ! HE>T ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/1 L>GELY 9DIG5\S MOVEM5T WAS A FE/IVAL1 A CELEBRATION ( ! VALUES ?AT HOLD ! MOVEM5T TOGE!R1 & A REVIVAL ( 9DIG5\S CULTURES ?AT W]E BE+ WIP$ \T OR P>$ D[N TO A M>KETABLE EXOTICISM4 

,:ILE ! ,GUELAGUETZA WAS RECLAIM$ AS A P>T ( 9DIG5\S CULTURE 9 SUPPORT ( AN ANTI-CAPITALI/ REBELLION & ! LIB]ATORY SOCIETY IT S\<T TO CREATE1 ANO!R TRADITIONAL CELEBRATION WAS MODIFI$ TO S]VE ! MOVEM5T4 ,9 #bf ! ,DAY ( ! ,DEAD1 A ,MEXICAN HOLIDAY ?AT SYNCRETIZES 9DIG5\S SPIRITUALITY ) ,CA?OLIC 9FLU5CES1 CO9CID$ ) A VIOL5T GOV]NM5T ASSAULT UPON ! MOVEM5T4 ,JU/ BE=E ! #a/ ( ,NOVEMB]1 POLICE =CES & P>AMILIT>IES KILL$ AB\T A DOZ5 PEOPLE1 SO ! DEAD W]E FRE% 9 EV]YBODY'S M9DS4 ,GRAFFITI >TI/S HAD LONG PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! MOVEM5T 9 ,OAXACA1 COV]+ ! WALLS ) MESSAGES WELL BE=E ! PEOPLE HAD SEIZ$ RADIO /ATIONS TO GIVE !MSELVES A VOICE4 ,:5 ! ,DAY ( ! ,DEAD & ! HEAVY GOV]NM5T REPRESSION CO9CID$ 9 ,NOVEMB]1 !SE >TI/S TOOK ! LEAD 9 ADAPT+ ! HOLIDAY TO COMMEMORATE ! DEAD & HONOR ! /RUGGLE4 ,!Y COV]$ ! /REETS ) ! TRADITIONAL TAPETES -- COLORFUL MURALS MADE FROM S&1 *ALK1 & FL[]S -- BUT ?IS TIME ! TAPETES CONTA9$ MESSAGES ( RESI/ANCE & HOPE1 OR PORTRAY$ ! NAMES & FACES ( ALL ! PEOPLE KILL$4 ,PEOPLE ALSO MADE SKELETON SCULPTURES & ALT>S = EA* P]SON MURD]$ BY POLICE & P>AMILIT>IES4 ,ONE GRAFFITI >TI/1 ,YESCKA1 DESCRIB$ IT3 

,?IS YE> ON ,DAY ( ! ,DEAD1 ! TRADITIONAL FE/IVITIES TOOK ON NEW MEAN+4 ,! 9TIMIDAT+ PRES5CE ( ! ,F$]AL ,POLICE TROOPS FILL$ ! AIR -- AN ATMOSPH]E ( SADNESS & *AOS HUNG OV] ! CITY4 ,BUT WE MANAG$ TO OV]COME \R FE> & \R LOSS4 ,PEOPLE WANT$ TO C>RY ON ) ! TRADITIONS1 NOT ONLY = !IR ANCE/ORS1 BUT ALSO = ALL ?OSE FALL5 9 ! MOVEM5T 9 REC5T MON?S4 

,AL?\< IT S\NDS A BIT CONTRADICTORY1 ,DAY ( ! ,DEAD IS :5 !RE IS ! MO/ LIFE 9 ,OAXACA4 ,!RE >E C>NIVALS1 & PEOPLE DRESS UP 9 DIFF]5T CO/UMES1 SU* AS DEVILS OR SKELETONS FULL ( COLORFUL FEA!RS4 ,!Y P>ADE ?R\< ! /REETS DANC+ OR CREAT+ !ATRICAL P]=MANCES ( COMICAL DAILY HAPP5+S -- ?IS YE> ) A SOCIO-POLITICAL TWI/4 

,WE DIDN'T LET ! ,F$]AL ,POLICE =CES /&+ GU>D /OP \R CELEBRAT+ OR \R M\RN+4 ,! :OLE T\RI/ PA?WAY 9 ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 ,MAC$ONIO ,ALCALA1 WAS FULL ( LIFE4 ,PROTE/ MUSIC WAS PLAY+ & PEOPLE DANC$ & WAT*$ ! CREATION ( \R FAM\S S& MURALS1 CALL$ TAPETES4 

,WE D$ICAT$ !M TO ALL ! PEOPLE KILL$ 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,ANYONE :O WANT$ TO C\LD JO9 9 TO ADD TO ! MOSAICS4 ,! MIX$ COLORS EXPRESS$ \R MIX$ FEEL+S ( REPRESSION & FRE$OM2 JOY & SADNESS2 HATR$ & LOVE4 ,! >TWORK & ! *ANTS P]MEAT+ ! /REET CREAT$ AN UN=GETTABLE SC5E ?AT ULTIMATELY TRANS=M$ \R SADNESS 9TO JOY4.<#a#a.> 

,:ILE >TWORK & TRADITIONAL FE/IVALS PLAY$ A ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( A LIB]AT+ CULTURE1 ! /RUGGLE ITSELF1 SPECIFICALLY ! B>RICADES1 PROVID$ A MEET+ PO9T :]E ALI5ATION WAS %$ & NEI<BORS BUILT NEW RELATION%IPS4 ,ONE WOMAN DESCRIB$ H] EXP]I5CE3 

,Y\ F\ND ALL K9DS ( PEOPLE AT ! B>RICADES4 ,A LOT ( PEOPLE TELL US !Y MET AT ! B>RICADES4 ,EV5 ?\< !Y W]E NEI<BORS1 !Y DIDN'T KN[ EA* O!R BE=E4 ,!Y'LL EV5 SAY1 0,I DIDN'T EV] TALK TO MY NEI<BOR BE=E BECAUSE ,I DIDN'T ?9K ,I LIK$ HIM1 BUT N[ ?AT WE'RE AT ! B>RICADE TOGE!R1 HE'S A COMPAN]O40 ,SO ! B>RICADES W]5'T JU/ TRAFFIC B>RI]S1 BUT BECAME SPACES :]E NEI<BORS C\LD *AT & COMMUNITIES C\LD MEET4 ,B>RICADES BECAME A WAY ?AT COMMUNITIES EMP[]$ !MSELVES4.<#a#a#a.> 

,?R\<\T ,EUROPE1 DOZ5S ( AUTONOM\S VILLAGES HAVE BUILT A LIFE \TSIDE CAPITALISM4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 ,ITALY1 ,FRANCE1 & ,SPA91 !SE VILLAGES EXI/ \TSIDE REGUL> /ATE CONTROL & ) LITTLE 9FLU5CE FROM ! LOGIC ( ! M>KET4 ,SOMETIMES BUY+ *EAP L&1 (T5 SQUATT+ AB&ON$ VILLAGES1 !SE NEW AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES CREATE ! 9FRA/RUCTURE = A LIB]T>IAN1 COMMUNAL LIFE & ! CULTURE ?AT GOES ) IT4 ,!SE NEW CULTURES REPLACE ! NUCLE> FAMILY ) A MU* BROAD]1 MORE 9CLUSIVE & FLEXIBLE FAMILY UNIT$ BY AFF9ITY & CONS5SUAL LOVE RA!R ?AN BLOODL9ES & PROPRIET>Y LOVE2 !Y DE/ROY ! DIVISION ( LABOR BY G5D]1 WEAK5 AGE SEGREGATION & HI]>*Y1 & CREATE COMMUNAL & ECOLOGICAL VALUES & RELATION%IPS4 

,A P>TICUL>LY REM>KABLE NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S VILLAGES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! M\NTA9S >\ND ,ITOIZ1 9 ,NAV>RA1 P>T ( ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,! OLDE/ ( !SE1 ,LAKABE1 HAS BE5 OCCUPI$ = TW5TY-EI<T YE>S AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 & IS HOME TO AB\T ?IRTY PEOPLE4 ,A PROJECT ( LOVE1 ,LAKABE *ALL5GES & *ANGES ! TRADITIONAL ES!TIC ( RURAL POV]TY4 ,! FLOORS & WALKWAYS >E BEAUTIFUL MOSAICS ( /ONE & TILE1 & ! NEWE/ H\SE TO BE BUILT !RE C\LD PASS = ! LUXURY RETREAT ( A MILLIONAIRE -- EXCEPT ?AT IT WAS BUILT BY ! PEOPLE :O LIVE !RE1 & DESIGN$ 9 H>MONY ) ! 5VIRONM5T1 TO CAT* ! SUN & KEEP \T ! COLD4 ,LAKABE H\SES A COMMUNAL BAK]Y & A COMMUNAL D9+ ROOM1 :I* ON A NORMAL DAY HO/S DELICI\S FEA/S ?AT ! :OLE VILLAGE EATS TOGE!R4 

,ANO!R ( ! VILLAGES >\ND ,ITOIZ1 ,>ITZKUR51 EXEMPLIFIES A C]TA9 ES!TIC ?AT REPRES5TS ANO!R IDEA ( HI/ORY4 ,?IRTE5 YE>S AGO1 A H&FUL ( PEOPLE OCCUPI$ ! VILLAGE1 :I* HAD BE5 AB&ON$ = OV] FIFTY YE>S BE=E ?AT4 ,S9CE !N1 !Y HAVE CON/RUCT$ ALL !IR DWELL+S )9 ! RU9S ( ! OLD HAMLET4 ,HALF ( ,>ITZKUR5 IS /ILL RU9S1 SL[LY DECOMPOS+ 9TO =E/ ON A M\NTA9SIDE AN H\R'S DRIVE FROM ! NE>E/ PAV$ ROAD4 ,! RU9S >E A REM9D] ( ! ORIG9 & F\NDATION ( ! LIV+ P>TS ( ! VILLAGE1 & !Y S]VE AS /ORAGE SPACES = BUILD+ MAT]IALS ?AT WILL BE US$ TO R5OVATE ! RE/ ( IT4 ,! NEW S5SE ( HI/ORY ?AT LIVES AMID !SE PIL$ /ONES IS NEI!R L9E> NOR AMNESIAC1 BUT ORGANIC -- 9 ?AT ! PA/ IS ! %ELL ( ! PRES5T & COMPO/ ( ! FUTURE4 ,IT IS ALSO PO/-CAPITALI/1 SUGGE/+ A RETURN TO ! L& & ! CREATION ( A NEW SOCIETY 9 ! RU9S ( ! OLD4 

,ULI1 ANO!R ( ! AB&ON$ & REOCCUPI$ VILLAGES1 DISB&$ AFT] MORE ?AN A DECADE ( AUTONOM\S EXI/5CE2 BUT ! SUCCESS RATE ( ALL ! VILLAGES TOGE!R IS 5C\RAG+1 ) FIVE \T ( SIX /ILL GO+ /RONG4 ,! 0FAILURE0 ( ,ULI DEMON/RATES ANO!R ADVANTAGE ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZ+3 A COLLECTIVE CAN DISSOLVE ITSELF RA!R ?AN REMA9+ /UCK 9 A MI/AKE =EV] OR SUPPRESS+ 9DIVIDUAL NE$S TO P]PETUATE AN >TIFICIAL COLLECTIVITY4 ,!SE VILLAGES 9 !IR PRIOR 9C>NATIONS1 A C5TURY E>LI]1 W]E ONLY DISSOLV$ BY ! ECONOMIC CATA/ROPHE ( 9DU/RIALIZ+ CAPITALISM4 ,O!RWISE1 !IR MEMB]S W]E HELD FA/ BY A CONS]VATIVE K9%IP SY/EM RIGIDLY 5=C$ BY ! *UR*4 

,AT ,>ITZKUR5 AS AT O!R AUTONOM\S VILLAGES ?R\<\T ! WORLD1 LIFE IS BO? LABORI\S & RELAX$4 ,! RESID5TS MU/ BUILD ALL !IR 9FRA/RUCTURE !MSELVES & CREATE MO/ ( ! ?+S !Y NE$ ) !IR [N H&S1 SO !RE IS PL5TY ( WORK TO DO4 ,PEOPLE GET UP 9 ! MORN+ & WORK ON !IR [N PROJECTS1 OR ELSE EV]YONE COMES TOGE!R = A COLLECTIVE EF=T DECID$ ON AT A PREVI\S MEET+4 ,FOLL[+ A HUGE LUN* :I* ONE P]SON COOKS = EV]YONE ON A ROTAT+ BASIS1 PEOPLE HAVE ! :OLE AFT]NOON TO RELAX1 READ1 GO 9TO T[N1 WORK 9 ! G>D51 OR FIX UP A BUILD+4 ,SOME DAYS1 NOBODY WORKS AT ALL2 IF ONE P]SON DECIDES TO SKIP A DAY1 !RE >E NO RECRIM9ATIONS1 BECAUSE !RE >E MEET+S AT :I* TO MAKE SURE RESPONSIBILITIES >E EV5LY DI/RIBUT$4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A CLOSE CONNECTION TO NATURE1 9VIOLABLE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM MIX$ ) A COLLECTIVE SOCIAL LIFE1 & ! BLURR+ ( WORK & PLEASURE1 ! PEOPLE ( ,>ITZKUR5 HAVE CREAT$ NOT ONLY A NEW LIFE/YLE1 BUT AN E?OS COMPATIBLE ) LIV+ 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 

,! S*OOL !Y >E BUILD+ AT ,>ITZKUR5 IS A P[]FUL SYMBOL ( ?IS4 ,A NUMB] ( *ILDR5 LIVE AT ,>ITZKUR5 & ! O!R VILLAGES4 ,!IR 5VIRONM5T ALREADY PROVIDES A WEAL? ( LE>N+ OPPORTUNITIES1 BUT !RE IS MU* DESIRE = A =MAL $UCATIONAL SETT+ & A *ANCE TO EMPLOY ALT]NATIVE TEA*+ ME?ODS 9 A PROJECT ?AT CAN BE ACCESSIBLE TO *ILDR5 FROM ! 5TIRE REGION4 

,AS ! S*OOL 9DICATES1 ! AUTONOM\S VILLAGES VIOLATE ! /]EOTYPE ( ! HIPPIE COMMUNE AS AN ESCAPI/ ATTEMPT TO CREATE A UTOPIA 9 MICROCOSM RA!R ?AN *ANGE ! EXI/+ WORLD4 ,DESPITE !IR PHYSICAL ISOLATION1 !SE VILLAGES >E V]Y MU* 9VOLV$ 9 ! \TSIDE WORLD & 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS /RUGGL+ TO *ANGE IT4 ,! RESID5TS %>E !IR EXP]I5CES 9 CREAT+ SU/A9ABLE COLLECTIVES ) O!R AN>*I/ & AUTONOM\S COLLECTIVES ?R\<\T ! C\NTRY4 ,MANY PEOPLE DIVIDE EA* YE> BETWE5 ! VILLAGE & ! CITY1 BALANC+ A MORE UTOPIAN EXI/5CE ) P>TICIPATION 9 ONGO+ /RUGGLES4 ,! VILLAGES ALSO S]VE AS A REFUGE = ACTIVI/S TAK+ A BREAK FROM /RESSFUL CITY LIFE4 ,MANY ( ! VILLAGES C>RY ON PROJECTS ?AT KEEP !M 9VOLV$ 9 SOCIAL /RUGGLES2 = EXAMPLE1 ONE AUTONOM\S VILLAGE 9 ,ITALY PROVIDES A PEACEFUL SETT+ = A GR\P ?AT TRANSLATES RADICAL TEXTS4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! VILLAGES >\ND ,ITOIZ HAVE BE5 A MAJOR P>T ( ! TW5TY-YE>-RUNN+ RESI/ANCE TO ! HYDROELECTRIC DAM !RE4 

,= AB\T T5 YE>S1 />T+ ) ! OCCUPATION ( ,RALA1 NE> ,>ITZKUR51 ! AUTONOM\S VILLAGES >\ND ,ITOIZ HAVE CREAT$ A NETWORK1 %>+ TOOLS1 MAT]IALS1 EXP]TIZE1 FOOD1 SE$S1 & O!R RES\RCES4 ,!Y MEET P]IODICALLY TO DISCUSS MUTUAL AID & COMMON PROJECTS2 RESID5TS ( ONE VILLAGE WILL DROP BY ANO!R TO EAT LUN*1 TALK1 &1 P]HAPS1 DELIV] A DOZ5 EXTRA RASPB]RY PLANTS4 ,!Y ALSO P>TICIPATE 9 ANNUAL GA!R+S ?AT BR+ TOGE!R AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES FROM ALL OV] ,SPA9 TO DISCUSS ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ SU/A9ABLE COLLECTIVES4 ,AT !SE1 EA* GR\P PRES5TS A PROBLEM IT HAS BE5 UNABLE TO RESOLVE1 SU* AS %>+ RESPONSIBILITIES OR PUTT+ CONS5SUS DECISIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 ,!N !Y EA* (F] TO M$IATE :ILE ANO!R COLLECTIVE DISCUSSES !IR PROBLEM -- PREF]ABLY A PROBLEM ! M$IAT+ GR\P HAS EXP]I5CE RESOLV+4 

,! ,ITOIZ VILLAGES >E REM>KABLE1 BUT NOT UNIQUE4 ,TO ! EA/1 9 ! ,PYR5EES ( ,>AGON1 ! M\NTA9S ( ,LA ,SOLANA CONTA9 NE>LY TW5TY AB&ON$ VILLAGES4 ,AS ( ?IS WRIT+1 SEV5 ( !SE VILLAGES HAVE BE5 REOCCUPI$4 ,! NETWORK BETWE5 !M IS /ILL 9 AN 9=MAL /AGE1 & MANY ( ! VILLAGES >E ONLY 9HABIT$ BY A FEW PEOPLE AT AN E>LY PO9T 9 ! PROCESS ( R5OVAT+ !M2 BUT MORE PEOPLE >E MOV+ !RE EV]Y YE>1 & BE=E LONG IT C\LD BE A L>G] CON/ELLATION ( RURAL OCCUPATIONS ?AN ,ITOIZ4 ,MANY 9 !SE VILLAGES MA9TA9 /RONG CONNECTIONS TO ! SQUATT]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,B>CELONA1 & !RE IS AN OP5 9VITATION = PEOPLE TO VISIT1 HELP \T1 OR EV5 MOVE !RE4 

,UND] C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 A COMMUNITY CAN ALSO GA9 ! AUTONOMY IT NE$S TO BUILD A NEW =M ( LIV+ BY BUY+ L&1 RA!R ?AN OCCUPY+ IT2 H[EV] ?\< IT MAY BE MORE SECURE ?IS ME?OD CREATES ADD$ PRESSURES TO PRODUCE & MAKE MONEY 9 ORD] TO SURVIVE1 BUT !SE PRESSURES >E NOT FATAL4 ,LONGO ,MAI IS A NETWORK ( COOP]ATIVES & AUTONOM\S VILLAGES ?AT />T$ 9 ,BASEL1 ,SWITZ]L&1 9 #a#i#g#b4 ,! NAME IS ,PROV5CAL = 0LONG MAY IT LA/10 & SO F> !Y HAVE LIV$ UP TO !IR EPONYM4 ,! FIR/ ,LONGO ,MAI COOP]ATIVE >E ! F>MS ,LE ,PIGEONNI]1 ,GRANGE NEUVE1 & ,/4 ,HIPPOLYTE1 LOCAT$ NE> ! VILLAGE ,LIMANS 9 ,PROV5CE4 ,H]E #h ADULTS & MANY *ILDR5 LIVE ON #c HECT>ES ( L&1 :]E !Y PRACTICE AGRICULTURE1 G>D5+1 & %EPH]D+4 ,!Y KEEP #d %EEP1 P\LTRY1 RABBITS1 BEES1 & DRAFT HORSES2 !Y RUN A G>AGE1 A METAL WORK%OP1 A C>P5TRY WORK%OP1 & A TEXTILE /UDIO4 ,! ALT]NATIVE /ATION ,RADIO ,Z9Z9E HAS BE5 BROADCA/+ FROM ! COOP]ATIVE = #be YE>S1 AS ( #b#g4 ,HUNDR$S ( Y\? PASS ?R\< & HELP \T AT ! COOP]ATIVE1 LE>N+ NEW SKILLS & (T5 GA9+ !IR FIR/ CONTACT ) COMMUNAL LIV+ OR NON-9DU/RIAL AGRICULTURE & CRAFT+4 

,S9CE #aigf ,LONGO ,MAI HAS BE5 RUNN+ A COOP]ATIVE SP9N+-MILL AT ,*ANTEM]LE1 9 ! ,FR5* ,ALPS4 ,US+ NATURAL DYES & ! WOOL FROM #a1 %EEP1 MO/LY LOCAL1 !Y MAKE SWEAT]S1 %IRTS1 %EETS1 & CLO? = DIRECT SALE4 ,! COOP]ATIVE E/ABLI%$ ! UNION ,A,T,E,L,I,]1 A NETWORK ( /OCK-BRE$]S & WOOL-WORK]S4 ,! MILL PRODUCES ITS [N ELECTRICITY ) SMALLSCALE HYDROP[]4 

,ALSO 9 ,FRANCE1 NE> ,>LES1 ! COOP]ATIVE ,MAS DE ,GRANI] SITS ON #b HECT>ES ( L&4 ,!Y GR[ FIELDS ( HAY & OLIVE TREES1 ON GOOD YE>S PRODUC+ 5\< OLIVE OIL TO PROVIDE = O!R ,LONGO ,MAI COOP]ATIVES AS WELL AS !MSELVES4 ,?REE HECT>ES >E DEVOT$ TO ORGANIC VEGETABLES1 DELIV]$ WEEKLY TO SUBSCRIB]S 9 ! BROAD] COMMUNITY4 ,SOME ( ! VEGETABLES >E CANN$ AS PRES]VES 9 ! COOP]ATIVE'S [N FACTORY4 ,!Y ALSO GR[ GRA9 = BREAD1 PA/A1 & ANIMAL FE$4 

,9 ! ,TRANSK>PATY REGION ( ,UKRA9E1 ,ZEL5IY ,HAI1 A SMALL ,LONGO ,MAI GR\P1 />T$ UP AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,H]E !Y HAVE CREAT$ A LANGUAGE S*OOL1 A C>P5TRY WORK%OP1 A CATTLE RAN*1 & A DAIRY FACTORY4 ,!Y ALSO HAVE A TRADITIONAL MUSIC GR\P4 ,! ,LONGO ,MAI NETWORK US$ !IR RES\RCES TO HELP =M A COOP]ATIVE 9 ,CO/A ,RICA 9 #ai< ?AT PROVID$ L& TO #d L&LESS PEASANTS FLEE+ ! CIVIL W> 9 ,NIC>AGUA1 ALL[+ !M TO CREATE A NEW COMMUNITY & PROVIDE = !MSELVES4 ,!RE >E ALSO ,LONGO ,MAI COOP]ATIVES 9 ,G]MANY1 ,AU/RIA1 & ,SWITZ]L&1 PRODUC+ W9E1 BUILD+ BUILD+S ) LOCAL1 ECOLOGICAL MAT]IALS1 RUNN+ S*OOLS1 & MORE4 ,9 ! CITY ( ,BASEL !Y MA9TA9 AN (FICE BUILD+ ?AT S]VES AS A COORD9AT+ PO9T1 AN 9=MATION HUB1 & A VISITORS' C5T]4 

,! CALL-\T = ! COOP]ATIVE NETWORK1 DRAFT$ 9 ,BASEL 9 #a#i#g#b1 READS 9 P>T3 

,:AT DO Y\ EXPECT FROM US8 ,?AT WE1 9 ORD] NOT TO BE EXCLUD$1 SUBMIT TO ! 9JU/ICE & ! 9SANE COMPULSIONS ( ?IS WORLD1 )\T HOPE OR EXPECTATIONS8 

,WE REFUSE TO CONT9UE ?IS UNW9NABLE BATTLE4 ,WE REFUSE TO PLAY A GAME ?AT HAS ALREADY BE5 LO/1 A GAME :OSE ONLY \TCOME IS \R CRIM9ALIZATION4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY GOES D\BTLESSLY TO ITS [N D[NFALL & WE DON'T WANT TO P>TICIPATE4 

,WE PREF] TO SEEK A WAY TO BUILD \R [N LIVES1 TO CREATE \R [N SPACES1 SOME?+ = :I* !RE IS NO PLACE )9 ?IS CYNICAL1 CAPITALI/ WORLD4 ,WE CAN F9D 5\< SPACE 9 ! ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY DEPRESS$ >EAS1 :]E ! Y\? DEP>T 9 GR[+ NUMB]S1 & ONLY ?OSE /AY BEH9D :O HAVE NO O!R *OICE4 .<#a#a#b.> 

,AS CAPITALI/ AGRICULTURE BECOMES 9CREAS+LY 9CAPABLE ( FE$+ ! WORLD 9 ! WAKE ( CATA/ROPHES RELAT$ TO CLIMATE & POLLUTION1 IT SEEMS ALMO/ 9EVITABLE ?AT A L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE MU/ MOVE BACK TO ! L& TO CREATE SU/A9ABLE & LOCALIZ$ =MS ( AGRICULTURE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 CITY DWELL]S NE$ TO CULTIVATE CONSCI\SNESS ( :]E !IR FOOD & WAT] COME FROM1 & ONE WAY !Y CAN DO ?IS IS BY VISIT+ & HELP+ \T 9 ! VILLAGES4 

,A REVOLUTION ?AT IS MANY REVOLUTIONS 

,MANY PEOPLE ?9K ?AT REVOLUTIONS ALWAYS FOLL[ A TRAGIC C\RSE FROM HOPE TO BETRAYAL4 ,! ULTIMATE RESULT ( REVOLUTIONS 9 ,RUSSIA1 ,*9A1 ,ALG]IA1 ,CUBA1 ,VIETNAM1 & ELSE:]E WAS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( NEW AU?ORIT>IAN REGIMES -- SOME WORSE ?AN !IR PR$ECESSORS1 O!RS H>DLY DIFF]5T4 ,BUT ! MAJOR REVOLUTIONS ( ! #b? C5TURY W]E C>RI$ \T BY AU?ORIT>IANS :O 9T5D$ TO CREATE NEW GOV]NM5TS1 NOT ABOLI% !M4 ,IT IS N[ OBVI\S1 IF IT WASN'T BE=E1 ?AT GOV]NM5TS ALWAYS UPHOLD OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL ORD]S4 

,BUT HI/ORY IS FULL ( EVID5CE ?AT PEOPLE CAN OV]?R[ !IR OPPRESSORS )\T REPLAC+ !M4 ,TO DO SO1 !Y NE$ REF]5CE TO AN EGALIT>IAN CULTURE1 OR EXPLICITLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN AIMS1 /RUCTURES1 & MEANS1 & AN EGALIT>IAN E?OS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T MU/ REJECT ALL POSSIBLE GOV]NM5TS & RE=MS1 SO AS NOT TO BE RECUP]AT$ LIKE MANY ( ! REBELS 9 ,KABYLIA & ,ALBANIA4 ,IT MU/ ORGANIZE 9 FLEXIBLE & HORIZONTAL WAYS1 5SUR+ ?AT P[] IS NOT P]MAN5TLY DELEGAT$ TO LEAD]S OR AN*OR$ D[N 9 A =MAL ORGANIZATION1 AS HAPP5$ ) ! ,C,N,T 9 ,SPA94 ,F9ALLY1 IT MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ?AT ALL 9SURRECTIONS 9VOLVE DIV]SE /RATEGIES & P>TICIPANTS4 ,?IS MULTITUDE WILL B5EFIT FROM COMMUNICATION & COORD9ATION1 BUT IT %\LD NOT BE HOMOG5IZ$ OR CONTROLL$ FROM A C5TRAL PO9T4 ,SU* /&>DIZATION & C5TRALIZATION >E NEI!R DESIRABLE NOR NECESS>Y2 DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUGGLES SU* AS ?OSE WAG$ BY ! ,LAKOTA OR ! SQUATT]S 9 ,B]L9 & ,HAMBURG HAVE PROV5 CAPABLE ( DEFEAT+ ! SL[]-MOV+ =CES ( ! /ATE4 

,A NEW E?OS CAN COME AB\T 9 ! PROCESS ( RESI/+1 AS WE F9D COMMON CAUSE ) /RANG]S & DISCOV] \R [N P[]S4 ,IT CAN ALSO BE N\RI%$ BY ! 5VIRONM5TS WE BUILD = \RSELVES4 ,A TRULY LIB]AT+ E?OS IS NOT JU/ A NEW SET ( VALUES1 BUT A NEW APPROA* TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & H] CULTURE2 IT REQUIRES ?AT PEOPLE %IFT FROM BE+ PASSIVE RECIPI5TS ( CULTURE TO P>TICIPANTS 9 ITS CREATION & RE9T]PRETATION4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! REVOLUTION>Y /RUGGLE AGA9/ HI]>*Y NEV] 5DS1 BUT CONT9UES FROM ONE G5]ATION TO ! NEXT4 

,TO BE SUCCESSFUL1 REVOLUTION MU/ OCCUR ON MANY FRONTS AT ONCE4 ,IT WON'T WORK TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM :ILE LEAV+ ! /ATE OR PATRI>*Y UNT\*$4 ,A SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION MU/ BE COMPOS$ ( MANY REVOLUTIONS1 ACCOMPLI%$ BY DIFF]5T PEOPLE US+ DIFF]5T /RATEGIES1 RESPECT+ EA* ANO!R'S AUTONOMY & BUILD+ SOLID>ITY4 ,?IS WILL NOT HAPP5 OV]NI<T1 BUT 9 ! C\RSE ( A S]IES ( CONFLICTS ?AT BUILD ON EA* O!R4 

,UNSUCCESSFUL REVOLUTIONS >E NOT FAILURES UNLESS PEOPLE GIVE UP HOPE4 ,9 !IR BOOK ON ! POPUL> REBELLION 9 ,>G5T9A1 TWO ,U,K ACTIVI/S CLOSE ) ! WORDS ( A PIQUET]O FROM ,SOLANO3 

,I DON'T ?9K ,DECEMB] #ba WAS A LO/ OPPORTUNITY = REVOLUTION NOR WAS IT A FAIL$ REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS & IS P>T ( ! ONGO+ REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS H]E4 ,WE HAVE LE>N$ MANY LESSONS AB\T COLLECTIVE ORGANIZ+ & /R5G?1 & ! B>RI]S TO SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,= MANY PEOPLE IT OP5$ !IR EYES TO :AT WE CAN DO TOGE!R1 & ?AT TAK+ CONTROL ( \R LIVES & ACT+ COLLECTIVELY :E!R IT'S AS P>T ( A PIQUETE1 A COMMUNAL BAK]Y OR AN AFT]S*OOL CLUB DRAMATICALLY IMPROVES ! QUALITY ( \R LIVES4 ,IF ! /RUGGLE /AYS AUTONOM\S & ) ! PEOPLE ! NEXT UPRIS+ WILL HAVE /RONG F\NDATIONS TO BUILD UPON444.<#a#a#c.> 

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,A4,G4 ,S*W>Z1 ,TASOS ,SAGRIS1 & ,VOID ,NETWORK1 $S4 ,WE ,>E AN ,IMAGE FROM ! ,FUTURE3 ,! ,GREEK ,REVOLTS ( ,DECEMB] #b#h4 ,OAKL&3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #b#a4 

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