,*APT] #b 
,DECISIONS 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

#b4 ,DECISIONS 

,AN>*Y IS ! ABS5CE ( RUL]S4 ,FREE PEOPLE DO NOT FOLL[ ORD]S2 !Y MAKE !IR [N DECISIONS & COME TO AGREEM5TS )9 !IR COMMUNITIES1 & DEVELOP %>$ MEANS = PUTT+ !SE DECISIONS 9TO PRACTICE4 

,H[ WILL DECISIONS BE MADE8 

,!RE %\LD BE NO D\BT ?AT HUMAN BE+S CAN MAKE DECISIONS 9 NON-HI]>*ICAL1 EGALIT>IAN WAYS4 ,! MAJORITY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 /ATELESS1 & MANY /ATELESS SOCIETIES HAVE NOT BE5 GOV]N$ BY ! DICTATES ( SOME 0,BIG ,MAN10 BUT BY COMMON ASSEMBLIES US+ SOME =M ( CONS5SUS4 ,NUM]\S CONS5SUS-BAS$ SOCIETIES HAVE SURVIV$ ?\S&S ( YE>S1 EV5 ?R\< ,EUROPEAN COLONIALISM 9TO ! PRES5T DAY1 9 ,AFRICA1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,ASIA1 ! ,AM]ICAS1 & ON ! P]IPH]IES ( ,EUROPE4 

,PEOPLE FROM SOCIETIES 9 :I* DECISION-MAK+ P[] HAS BE5 MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! /ATE & CORPORATIONS MAY 9ITIALLY F9D IT DIFFICULT TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 AN EGALIT>IAN WAY1 BUT IT GETS EASI] ) PRACTICE4 ,=TUNATELY1 WE ALL HAVE SOME EXP]I5CE ) HORIZONTAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,MO/ ( ! DECISIONS WE MAKE 9 DAILY LIFE1 ) FRI5DS & HOPEFULLY ) COLLEAGUES & FAMILY AS WELL1 WE MAKE ON ! BASIS ( COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN AU?ORITY4 ,FRI5D%IP IS PRECI\S BECAUSE IT IS A SPACE 9 :I* WE 9T]ACT AS EQUALS1 :]E \R OP9IONS >E VALU$ REG>DLESS ( \R SOCIAL /ATUS4 ,GR\PS ( FRI5DS TYPICALLY USE 9=MAL CONS5SUS TO DECIDE H[ TO SP5D TIME TOGE!R1 ORGANIZE ACTIVITIES1 ASSI/ ONE ANO!R1 & RESPOND TO *ALL5GES 9 !IR DAILY LIVES4 ,SO MO/ ( US ALREADY UND]/& CONS5SUS 9TUITIVELY2 IT TAKES MORE PRACTICE TO LE>N H[ TO COME TO CONS5SUS ) PEOPLE :O >E SIGNIFICANTLY DIFF]5T FROM US1 ESPECIALLY 9 L>GE GR\PS OR :5 IT IS NECESS>Y TO COORD9ATE COMPLEX ACTIVITIES1 BUT IT IS POSSIBLE4 

,CONS5SUS IS NOT ! ONLY EMP[]+ WAY TO MAKE DECISIONS4 ,9 C]TA9 CONT+5CIES1 GR\PS ?AT >E TRULY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS CAN /ILL BE EMP[]+ = !IR MEMB]S :5 !Y USE MAJORITY DECISION-MAK+4 ,OR ONE P]SON MAK+ H] [N DECISIONS & ACT+ ALONE CAN 9SPIRE DOZ5S MORE PEOPLE TO TAKE SIMIL> ACTIONS1 OR TO SUPPORT :AT %E HAS />T$1 ?US AVOID+ ! SOMETIMES /IFL+ WEI<T ( MEET+S4 ,9 CREATIVE OR 9SPIR+ CIRCUM/ANCES PEOPLE (T5 SUCCE$ 9 COORD9AT+ !MSELVES SPONTANE\SLY & *AOTICALLY1 PRODUC+ UNPREC$5T$ RESULTS4 ,! SPECIFIC DECISION-MAK+ =M IS JU/ A TOOL1 & ) CONS5SUS OR 9DIVIDUAL ACTION AS ) MAJORITY DECISION-MAK+ PEOPLE CAN TAKE AN ACTIVE P>T 9 US+ ?AT TOOL AS !Y SEE FIT4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S WON AN OPPORTUNITY TO DEMON/RATE PEOPLE'S ABILITY TO MAKE !IR [N DECISIONS 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,K,A,C,F7 WAS A HUGE ORGANIZATION AT ?AT TIME1 ) 5\< SUPPORT ?AT IT C\LD DECL>E AN AUTONOM\S ZONE 9 ! ,%9M9 PROV9CE4 ,%9M9 WAS \TSIDE ( ,KOREA1 9 ,MAN*URIA1 BUT TWO MILLION ,KOREAN IMMIGRANTS LIV$ !RE4 ,US+ ASSEMBLIES & A DEC5TRALIZ$ F$]ATIVE /RUCTURE ?AT GREW \T ( ! ,K,A,C,F1 !Y CREAT$ VILLAGE C\NCILS1 DI/RICT C\NCILS1 & >EA C\NCILS TO DEAL ) MATT]S ( COOP]ATIVE AGRICULTURE1 $UCATION1 & F9ANCE4 ,!Y ALSO =M$ AN >MY SPE>HEAD$ BY ! AN>*I/ ,KIM ,JWA-,J91 :I* US$ GU]RILLA TACTICS AGA9/ ,SOVIET & ,JAPANESE =CES4 ,K,A,C,F SECTIONS 9 ,*9A1 ,KOREA1 & ,JAPAN ORGANIZ$ 9T]NATIONAL SUPPORT EF=TS4 ,CAU<T BETWE5 ! ,/AL9I/S & ! ,JAPANESE IMP]IAL >MY1 ! AUTONOM\S PROV9CE WAS ULTIMATELY CRU%$ 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,BUT = TWO YE>S1 L>GE POPULATIONS HAD FRE$ !MSELVES FROM ! AU?ORITY ( L&LORDS & GOV]NORS & REASS]T$ !IR P[] TO COME TO COLLECTIVE DECISIONS1 TO ORGANIZE !IR DAY-TO-DAY LIFE1 PURSUE !IR DREAMS1 & DEF5D ?OSE DREAMS FROM 9VAD+ >MIES4.<#a#h.> 

,ONE ( ! MO/ WELL KN[N AN>*I/ HI/ORIES IS ?AT ( ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,9 ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ,G5]AL ,FRANCO LAUN*$ A FASCI/ C\P 9 ,SPA94 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! ELITE1 IT WAS A NECESS>Y ACT2 ! NATION'S MILIT>Y (FIC]S1 L&[N]S1 & RELIGI\S HI]>*Y W]E T]RIFI$ BY GR[+ AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS4 ,! MON>*Y HAD ALREADY BE5 ABOLI%$1 BUT ! WORK]S & PEASANTS W]E NOT CONT5T ) REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,! C\P DID NOT GO SMOO?LY4 ,:ILE 9 MANY >EAS ,SPA9'S ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T ROLL$ OV] EASILY & RESIGN$ ITSELF TO FASCISM1 ! AN>*I/ LABOR UNION 7,C,N,T7 & O!R AN>*I/S WORK+ AUTONOM\SLY =M$ MILITIAS1 SEIZ$ >S5ALS1 /ORM$ B>RACKS1 & DEFEAT$ TRA9$ TROOPS4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ESPECIALLY /RONG 9 ,CATALUNYA1 ,>AGON1 ,A/URIAS1 & MU* ( ,&ALUCIA4 ,WORK]S ALSO DEFEAT$ ! C\P 9 ,MADRID & ,VAL5CIA1 :]E ! SOCIALI/S W]E /RONG1 & 9 MU* ( ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY4 ,9 ! AN>*I/ >EAS1 ! GOV]NM5T EFFECTIVELY CEAS$ TO FUNCTION4 

,9 !SE /ATELESS >EAS ( ! ,SPANI% C\NTRYSIDE 9 #a#i#c#f1 PEASANTS ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES ACCORD+ TO PR9CIPLES ( COMMUNISM1 COLLECTIVISM1 OR MUTUALISM ACCORD+ TO !IR PREF]5CES & LOCAL CONDITIONS4 ,!Y =M$ ?\S&S ( COLLECTIVES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,>AGON1 ,CATALUNYA1 & ,VAL5CIA4 ,SOME ABOLI%$ ALL MONEY & PRIVATE PROP]TY2 SOME ORGANIZ$ QUOTA SY/EMS TO 5SURE ?AT EV]YONE'S NE$S W]E MET4 ,! DIV]SITY ( =MS !Y DEVELOP$ IS A TE/AM5T TO ! FRE$OM !Y CREAT$ !MSELVES4 ,:]E ONCE ALL !SE VILLAGES W]E MIR$ 9 ! SAME /IFL+ CONTEXT ( FEUDALISM & DEVELOP+ CAPITALISM1 )9 MON?S ( OV]?R[+ GOV]NM5T AU?ORITY & COM+ TOGE!R 9 VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES1 !Y GAVE BIR? TO HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T SY/EMS1 UNIT$ BY COMMON VALUES LIKE SOLID>ITY & SELF-ORGANIZATION4 ,& !Y DEVELOP$ !SE DIFF]5T =MS BY HOLD+ OP5 ASSEMBLIES & MAK+ DECISIONS AB\T !IR FUTURE 9 COMMON4 

,! T[N ( ,MAGDAL5A DE ,PULPIS1 = EXAMPLE1 ABOLI%$ MONEY COMPLETELY4 ,ONE 9HABITANT REPORT$1 0,EV]YONE WORKS & EV]YONE HAS ! RI<T TO :AT HE NE$S FREE ( *>GE4 ,HE SIMPLY GOES TO ! /ORE :]E PROVISIONS & ALL O!R NECESSITIES >E SUPPLI$4 ,EV]Y?+ IS DI/RIBUT$ FREE ) ONLY A NOTATION ( :AT HE TOOK40.<#a#i.> ,RECORD+ :AT EV]YONE TOOK ALL[$ ! COMMUNITY TO DI/RIBUTE RES\RCES EQUALLY 9 TIMES ( SC>CITY1 & G5]ALLY 5SUR$ ACC\NTABILITY4 

,O!R COLLECTIVES WORK$ \T !IR [N SY/EMS ( EX*ANGE4 ,!Y ISSU$ LOCAL MONEY 9 ! =M ( V\*]S1 TOK5S1 RATION+ BOOKLETS1 C]TIFICATES1 & C\PONS :I* C>RI$ NO 9T]E/ & W]E NOT NEGOTIABLE \TSIDE ( ! ISSU+ COLLECTIVE4 ,COMMUNITIES ?AT HAD SUPPRESS$ MONEY PAID WORK]S 9 C\PONS ACCORD+ TO ! SIZE ( ! FAMILY -- A 0FAMILY WAGE0 BAS$ ON ! NE$S ( ! FAMILY RA!R ?AN ! PRODUCTIVITY ( ITS WORK+ MEMB]S4 ,ABUNDANT LOCAL GOODS LIKE BREAD1 W9E1 & OLIVE OIL W]E DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 :ILE O!R ITEMS 0C\LD BE OBTA9$ BY MEANS ( C\PONS AT ! COMMUNAL DEPOT4 ,SURPLUS GOODS W]E EX*ANG$ ) O!R AN>*I/ T[NS & VILLAGES40.<#b.> ,!RE WAS MU* EXP]IM5TATION ) NEW MONET>Y SY/EMS4 ,9 ,>AGON1 !RE W]E HUNDR$S ( DIFF]5T K9DS ( C\PON & MONEY SY/EMS1 SO ! ,>AGON ,F$]ATION ( ,PEASANT ,COLLECTIVES UNANIM\SLY DECID$ TO REPLACE LOCAL CURR5CIES ) A /&>D RATION BOOKLET -- ?\< EA* COLLECTIVE RETA9$ ! P[] TO DECIDE H[ GOODS W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ & ! AM\NT ( C\PONS WORK]S W\LD RECEIVE4 

,ALL ! COLLECTIVES1 ONCE !Y HAD TAK5 CONTROL ( !IR VILLAGES1 ORGANIZ$ OP5 MASS ASSEMBLIES TO DISCUSS PROBLEMS & PLAN H[ TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES4 ,DECISIONS W]E MADE VIA VOT+ OR CONS5SUS4 ,VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES G5]ALLY MET BETWE5 ONCE A WEEK & ONCE A MON?2 =EIGN OBS]V]S SURVEY+ !M REM>K$ ?AT P>TICIPATION WAS BROAD & 5?USIA/IC4 ,MANY ( ! COLLECTIVIZ$ VILLAGES JO9$ ) O!R COLLECTIVES 9 ORD] TO POOL RES\RCES1 AID ONE ANO!R1 & >RANGE TRADE4 ,! COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON DONAT$ HUNDR$S ( TONS ( FOOD TO ! VOLUNTE] MILITIAS :O W]E HOLD+ BACK ! FASCI/S ON ! FRONT1 & ALSO TOOK 9 L>GE NUMB]S ( REFUGEES :O HAD FL$ ! FASCI/S4 ,! T[N ( ,GRAUS1 = EXAMPLE1 ) A POPULATION ( #b1#f1 TOOK 9 & SUPPORT$ #bbd REFUGEES1 ONLY #b ( :OM C\LD WORK4 

,AT ASSEMBLIES1 COLLECTIVES DISCUSS$ PROBLEMS & PROPOSALS4 ,MANY COLLECTIVES ELECT$ ADM9I/RATIVE COMMITTEES1 G5]ALLY CONSI/+ ( HALF A DOZ5 PEOPLE1 TO MANAGE AFFAIRS UNTIL ! NEXT MEET+4 ,! OP5 ASSEMBLIES3 

ALL[$ ! 9HABITANTS TO KN[1 TO SO UND]/&1 & TO FEEL SO M5TALLY 9TEGRAT$ 9 SOCIETY1 TO SO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 9 ! RESPONSIBILITIES1 ?AT ! RECRIM9ATIONS1 ! T5SIONS :I* ALWAYS OCCUR :5 ! P[] ( DECISION IS 5TRU/$ TO A FEW 9DIVIDUALS444 DID NOT HAPP5 !RE4 ,! ASSEMBLIES W]E PUBLIC1 ! OBJECTIONS1 ! PROPOSALS PUBLICLY DISCUSS$1 EV]YBODY BE+ FREE1 AS 9 ! SYNDICAL ASSEMBLIES1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! DISCUSSIONS1 TO CRITICIZE1 PROPOSE1 ETC4 ,DEMOCRACY EXT5D$ TO ! :OLE ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,9 MO/ CASES EV5 ! 9DIVIDUALI/S .<LOCALS :O HAD NOT JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE.> C\LD TAKE P>T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS4 ,!Y W]E GIV5 ! SAME HE>+ AS ! COLLECTIVI/S4.<#b#a.> 

,IF NOT EV]Y VILLAGE 9HABITANT WAS A MEMB] ( ! COLLECTIVE1 !RE MI<T BE A MUNICIPAL C\NCIL 9 ADDITION TO ! COLLECTIVE ASSEMBLY1 SO ?AT NO ONE W\LD BE EXCLUD$ FROM DECISION-MAK+4 

,9 MANY COLLECTIVES !Y AGRE$ ?AT IF A MEMB] VIOLAT$ A COLLECTIVE RULE ONCE1 HE WAS REPRIM&$4 ,IF IT HAPP5$ A SECOND TIME1 HE WAS REF]R$ TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY4 ,ONLY ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY C\LD EXPEL A MEMB] FROM ! COLLECTIVE2 DELEGATES & ADM9I/RATORS W]E D5I$ PUNITIVE P[]4 ,! P[] ( ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY TO RESPOND TO TRANSGRESSIONS WAS ALSO US$ TO PREV5T PEOPLE :O HAD BE5 DELEGAT$ TASKS FROM BE+ IRRESPONSIBLE OR AU?ORIT>IAN2 DELEGATES OR ELECT$ ADM9I/RATORS :O FAIL$ TO ABIDE BY COLLECTIVE DECISIONS OR USURP$ AU?ORITY W]E SUSP5D$ OR REMOV$ BY A G5]AL VOTE4 ,9 SOME VILLAGES ?AT W]E SPLIT BETWE5 AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S1 ! PEASANTS =M$ TWO COLLECTIVES SIDE BY SIDE1 TO ALL[ = DIFF]5T WAYS ( MAK+ & 5=C+ DECISIONS RA!R ?AN IMPOS+ ONE ME?OD ON EV]YBODY4 

,GA/ON ,LEVAL DESCRIB$ A G5]AL ASSEMBLY 9 ! VILLAGE ( ,TAM>ITE DE ,LIT]A1 9 ,HUESCA PROV9CE1 :I* ! NON-COLLECTIVE PEASANTS W]E ALSO ALL[$ TO ATT5D4 ,ONE PROBLEM BR\<T UP AT ! MEET+ WAS ?AT SEV]AL PEASANTS :O HAD NOT JO9$ ! COLLECTIVE LEFT !IR ELD]LY P>5TS 9 ! C>E ( ! COLLECTIVE :ILE TAK+ !IR P>5TS' L& TO F>M AS !IR [N4 ,! 5TIRE GR\P DISCUSS$ ! MATT]1 & EV5TUALLY DECID$ TO ADOPT A SPECIFIC PROPOSAL3 !Y W\LD NOT KICK ! ELD]LY P>5TS \T ( ! COLLECTIVE1 BUT !Y WANT$ TO HOLD ?OSE PEASANTS ACC\NTABLE1 SO !Y DECID$ ?AT ! LATT] HAD TO TAKE C>E ( !IR P>5TS OR ELSE RECEIVE NEI!R SOLID>ITY NOR L& FROM ! COLLECTIVE4 ,9 ! 5D1 A RESOLUTION AGRE$ TO BY AN 5TIRE COMMUNITY WILL C>RY MORE LEGITIMACY1 & IS MORE LIKELY TO BE FOLL[$1 ?AN ONE H&$ D[N BY A SPECIALI/ OR A GOV]NM5T (FICIAL4 

,IMPORTANT DECISIONS ALSO TOOK PLACE AT WORK 9 ! FIELDS EV]Y DAY3 

,! WORK ( ! COLLECTIVES WAS CONDUCT$ BY TEAMS ( WORK]S1 HEAD$ BY A DELEGATE *OS5 BY EA* TEAM4 ,! L& WAS DIVID$ 9TO CULTIVAT$ ZONES4 ,TEAM DELEGATES WORK$ LIKE ! O!RS4 ,!RE W]E NO SPECIAL PRIVILEGES4 ,AFT] ! DAY'S WORK1 DELEGATES FROM ALL ! WORK TEAMS MET ON ! JOB & MADE NECESS>Y TE*NICAL >RANGEM5TS = ! NEXT DAY'S WORK444 ,! ASSEMBLY MADE F9AL DECISIONS ON ALL IMPORTANT QUE/IONS & ISSU$ 9/RUCTIONS TO BO? ! TEAM DELEGATES & ! ADM9I/RATIVE COMMISSION40.<#b#b.> 

,MANY >EAS ALSO HAD ,DI/RICT ,COMMITTEES ?AT POOL$ ! RES\RCES ( ALL ! COLLECTIVES 9 A DI/RICT1 BASICALLY ACT+ AS A CLE>+H\SE TO CIRCULATE SURPLUS FROM ! COLLECTIVES ?AT HAD IT TO O!R COLLECTIVES ?AT NE$$ IT4 ,HUNDR$S ( COLLECTIVES JO9$ F$]ATIONS ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ! ,C,N,T OR ,U,G,T 7! SOCIALI/ LABOR UNION74 ,! F$]ATIONS PROVID$ ECONOMIC COORD9ATION1 POOL+ RES\RCES TO ALL[ PEASANTS TO BUILD !IR [N FRUIT & VEGETABLE CANN]IES1 GA!R+ 9=MATION AB\T :I* ITEMS W]E 9 ABUNDANCE & :I* W]E 9 %ORT SUPPLY1 & ORGANIZ+ UNI=M EX*ANGE SY/EMS4 ,?IS COLLECTIVE =M ( DECISION-MAK+ PROV$ EFFECTIVE = ! APPROXIMATELY SEV5 TO EI<T MILLION PEASANTS 9VOLV$ 9 ?IS MOVEM5T4 ,HALF ! L& 9 ANTI-FASCI/ ,SPA9 -- ?REE-QU>T]S ( ! L& 9 ,>AGON -- WAS COLLECTIVIZ$ & SELF-ORGANIZ$4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#c#g1 JU/ OV] A YE> AFT] AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ PEASANTS />T$ =M+ COLLECTIVES1 ! ,REPUBLICAN GOV]NM5T1 UND] CONTROL ( ! ,/AL9I/S1 HAD CONSOLIDAT$ 5\< TO MOVE AGA9/ ! LAWLESS ZONES ( ,>AGON4 ,! ,K>L ,M>X ,BRIGADE1 UNITS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,BRIGADES1 & O!R UNITS DIS>M$ & DISSOLV$ ! COLLECTIVES 9 ,>AGON1 CRU%+ ANY RESI/ANCE & SPIRIT+ (F NUM]\S AN>*I/S & LIB]T>IAN SOCIALI/S TO ! PRISONS & TORTURE *AMB]S ! ,/AL9I/S HAD SET UP TO USE AGA9/ !IR REVOLUTION>Y ALLIES4 

,BRAZIL TODAY BE>S A SIMIL>ITY ) ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#f1 9 ?AT A T9Y P]C5TAGE ( ! POPULATION [NS NE>LY HALF ( ALL ! L& :ILE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE >E )\T L& OR SU/5ANCE4 ,A MAJOR SOCIAL MOVEM5T HAS SPRUNG UP 9 RESPONSE4 ,! ,MOVIM5TO DOS ,TRABALHADORES ,RURAIS ,SEM ,T]RA 7,M,/71 OR ,L&LESS ,WORK]S' ,MOVEM5T1 IS MADE UP ( #a4#e MILLION IMPOV]I%$ LABOR]S :O OCCUPY UNUS$ L& TO SET UP F>M+ COLLECTIVES4 ,S9CE ITS F\ND+ 9 #a#i#h#d1 ! ,M,/ HAS WON L& TITLES = #c#e1 FAMILIES LIV+ 9 #b1 DIFF]5T SETTLEM5TS4 ,! BASIC UNIT ( ORGANIZATION CONSI/S ( A GR\P ( FAMILIES LIV+ TOGE!R 9 A SETTLEM5T ON OCCUPI$ L&4 ,!SE GR\PS RETA9 AUTONOMY & SELF-ORGANIZE MATT]S ( DAY-TO-DAY LIV+4 ,TO P>TICIPATE 9 REGIONAL MEET+S !Y APPO9T TWO OR ?REE REPRES5TATIVES1 :I* 9 PR9CIPLE 9CLUDE A MAN & A WOMAN ?\< 9 PRACTICE ?IS IS NOT ALWAYS ! CASE4 ,! ,M,/ HAS A F$]ATIVE /RUCTURE2 !RE >E ALSO ,/ATE & ,NATIONAL ,COORD9AT+ ,BODIES4 ,:ILE MO/ ( ! DECISION-MAK+ TAKES PLACE AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL ) L& OCCUPATIONS1 F>M+1 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SETTLEM5TS1 ! ,M,/ ALSO ORGANIZES AT HI<] LEVELS TO COORD9ATE MASSIVE PROTE/S & HI<WAY BLOCKADES TO PRESSURE ! GOV]NM5T TO GIVE L& TITLES TO ! SETTLEM5TS4 ,! ,M,/ HAS %[N A GREAT DEAL ( 9NOVATION & /R5G?1 ORGANIZ+ S*OOLS & PROTECT+ !MSELVES AGA9/ FREQU5T POLICE REPRESSION4 ,!Y HAVE DEVELOP$ PRACTICES ( SU/A9ABLE AGRICULTURE1 9CLUD+ SETT+ UP SE$ BANKS = NATIVE SE$S1 & !Y HAVE 9VAD$ & DE/ROY$ 5VIRONM5TALLY H>MFUL EUCALYPTUS =E/RY PLANTATIONS & TE/ GR\NDS = G5ETICALLY MODIFI$ CROPS4 

,)9 ! LOGIC ( DEMOCRACY1 #a4#e MILLION PEOPLE IS CONSID]$ SIMPLY TOO L>GE A GR\P = EV]YONE TO BE ALL[$ TO P>TICIPATE DIRECTLY 9 DECISION-MAK+2 ! MAJORITY %\LD 5TRU/ ?AT P[] TO POLITICIANS4 ,BUT ! ,M,/ HOLDS AN IDEAL 9 :I* ALL POSSIBLE DECISION-MAK+ REMA9S ON ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,9 PRACTICE1 H[EV]1 !Y (T5 DO NOT MEET ?IS IDEAL4 ,AS A MASSIVE ORGANIZATION ?AT DOES NOT SEEK TO ABOLI% CAPITALISM OR OV]?R[ ! /ATE BUT RA!R TO PRESSURE IT1 ! ,M,/ HAS BE5 BR\<T 9TO ! GAME ( POLITICS1 9 :I* ALL PR9CIPLES >E = SALE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 A HUGE PORTION ( !IR MEMB]S COME FROM EXTREMELY POOR & OPPRESS$ COMMUNITIES ?AT = G5]ATIONS HAD BE5 CONTROLL$ BY A COMB9ATION ( RELIGION1 PATRIOTISM1 CRIME1 DRUG ADDICTION1 & PATRI>*Y4 ,!SE DYNAMICS DO NOT DISAPPE> :5 PEOPLE 5T] 9TO ! MOVEM5T1 & !Y CAUSE SIGNIFICANT PROBLEMS )9 ! ,M,/4 

,?R\<\T ! #hS & ! #iS1 NEW ,M,/ SETTLEM5TS W]E CREAT$ BY ACTIVI/S FROM ! ORGANIZATION :O W\LD SEEK L&LESS PEOPLE 9 RURAL >EAS OR ESPECIALLY 9 ! FAVELAS1 ! URBAN SLUMS1 :O WANT$ TO =M A GR\P & OCCUPY L&4 ,!Y W\LD GO ?R\< A BASE-BUILD+ P]IOD ( TWO MON?S1 9 :I* !Y W\LD HOLD MEET+S & DEBATES TO TRY TO BUILD A S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 AFF9ITY1 & POLITICAL COMMON GR\ND4 ,!N !Y W\LD OCCUPY A PIECE ( UNUS$ L& [N$ BY A MAJOR L&LORD1 *OOSE REPRES5TATIVES TO F$]ATE ) ! L>G] ORGANIZATION1 & BEG9 F>M+4 ,ACTIVI/S WORK+ ) ! ,M,/ LOCAL W\LD PASS ?R\< P]IODICALLY TO SEE IF ! SETTLEM5T NE$$ HELP ACQUIR+ TOOLS & MAT]IALS1 RESOLV+ 9T]NAL DISPUTES1 OR PROTECT+ !MSELVES FROM POLICE1 P>AMILIT>IES1 OR MAJOR L&LORDS1 ALL ( :OM FREQU5TLY CONSPIR$ TO ?REAT5 & ASSASS9ATE ,M,/ MEMB]S4 

,9 P>T DUE TO ! AUTONOMY ( EA* SETTLEM5T1 !Y HAVE MET ) A V>IETY ( \TCOMES4 ,LEFTI/S FROM O!R C\NTRIES TYPICALLY ROMANTICIZE ! ,M,/ :ILE ! ,BRAZILIAN CAPITALI/ M$IA PORTRAY !M ALL AS VIOL5T ?UGS :O /EAL L& & !N SELL IT4 ,9 FACT1 ! CAPITALI/ M$IA PORTRAYAL IS ACCURATE 9 SOME CASES1 ?\< BY NO MEANS 9 A MAJORITY ( CASES4 ,IT IS NOT UNHE>D ( = PEOPLE 9 A NEW SETTLEM5T TO DIVIDE UP ! L& & LAT] FI<T OV] ! ALLOTM5TS4 ,SOME MI<T SELL !IR ALLOTM5T TO A LOCAL L&LORD1 OR OP5 A LIQUOR /ORE ON !IR ALLOTM5T & FUEL ALCOHOLISM1 OR 5CROA* ON !IR NEI<BOR'S ALLOTM5T1 & SU* B\ND>Y DISPUTES >E SOMETIMES RESOLV$ ) VIOL5CE4 ,! MAJORITY ( SETTLEM5TS DIVIDE 9TO COMPLETELY 9DIVIDUALIZ$1 SEP>ATE HOME/EADS RA!R ?AN WORK+ ! L& COLLECTIVELY OR COMMUNALLY4 ,ANO!R COMMON WEAKNESS REFLECTS ! SOCIETY FROM :I* !SE L&LESS WORK]S COME -- MANY ( ! SETTLEM5TS >E DOM9AT$ BY A ,*RI/IAN1 PATRIOTIC1 & PATRI>*AL CULTURE4 

,?\< ITS WEAKNESSES NE$ TO BE ADDRESS$1 ! ,M,/ HAS A*IEV$ A LONG LI/ ( VICTORIES4 ,! MOVEM5T HAS WON L& & SELF-SUFFICI5CY = A HUGE NUMB] ( EXTREMELY POOR PEOPLE4 ,MANY ( ! SETTLEM5TS !Y CREATE 5JOY A MU* HI<] /&>D ( LIV+ ?AN ! SLUMS !Y LEFT BEH9D1 & >E B\ND BY A S5SE ( SOLID>ITY & COMMUNITY4 ,BY ANY MEASURE !IR ACCOMPLI%M5T IS A TRIUMPH = DIRECT ACTION3 BY DISREG>D+ LEGALITY OR PETITION+ ! P[]FUL = *ANGE1 OV] A MILLION PEOPLE HAVE WON !MSELVES L& & CONTROL OV] !IR LIVES BY GO+ \T & DO+ IT !MSELVES4 ,BRAZILIAN SOCIETY HAS NOT COLLAPS$ DUE TO ?IS WAVE ( AN>*Y2 ON ! CONTR>Y IT HAS BECOME HEAL?I]1 AL?\< MANY PROBLEMS REMA91 9 ! SOCIETY AT L>GE & 9 ! SETTLEM5TS4 ,IT L>GELY COMES D[N TO CIRCUM/ANCE :E!R A P>TICUL> SETTLEM5T IS EMP[]+ & LIB]AT$ OR COMPETITIVE & OPPRESSIVE4 

,ACCORD+ TO AN ,M,/ MEMB] :O WORK$ = SEV]AL YE>S 9 ONE ( ! MO/ DANG]\S REGIONS ( ,BRAZIL1 TWO MON?S WAS SIMPLY NOT 5\< TIME 9 MO/ CASES TO OV]COME PEOPLE'S ANTI-SOCIAL TRA9+ & CREATE A REAL S5SE ( COMMUNITY1 BUT IT WAS MU* BETT] ?AN ! PREVAL5T PATT]N 9 ! SUBSEQU5T P]IOD4 ,AS ! ORGANIZATION EXP]I5C$ A RU% TO GR[1 MANY ACTIVI/S BEGAN SLAPP+ TOGE!R SETTLEM5TS BY RECRUIT+ GR\PS ( /RANG]S1 PROMIS+ !M L&1 & S5D+ !M (F 9TO ! REGIONS ) ! POORE/ SOIL OR MO/ VIOL5T L&LORDS1 (T5 CONTRIBUT+ TO DE=E/ATION 9 ! PROCESS4 ,NATURALLY1 ?IS EMPHASIS ON QUANTITATIVE RESULTS AMPLIFI$ ! WOR/ *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! ORGANIZATION & 9 MANY WAYS WEAK5$ IT1 EV5 AS ITS POLITICAL P[] 9CREAS$4.<#b#c.> 

,! CONTEXT = ?IS WAT]%$ 9 ! ,M,/ WAS ! ELECTION ( ,PRESID5T ,LULA ( ! ,WORK]S ,P>TY 7,P,T7 9 #b#c4 ,PREVI\SLY1 ! ,M,/ HAD BE5 AUTONOM\S3 !Y DID NOT COOP]ATE ) POLITICAL P>TIES OR ALL[ POLITICIANS 9TO ! ORGANIZATION1 AL?\< MANY ORGANIZ]S US$ ! ,M,/ TO LAUN* POLITICAL C>E]S4 ,BUT ) ! UNPREC$5T$ VICTORY ( ! PROGRESSIVE1 SOCIALI/ ,WORK]S ,P>TY1 ! LEAD]%IP ( ! ,M,/ TRI$ TO =BID ANYONE 9 ! ORGANIZATION FROM PUBLICLY SPEAK+ \T AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T'S NEW AGR>IAN POLICY4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,M,/ BEGAN RECEIV+ HUGE AM\NTS ( MONEY FROM ! GOV]NM5T4 ,LULA HAD PROMIS$ TO GIVE L& TO A C]TA9 NUMB] ( FAMILIES & ! ,M,/ LEAD]%IP RU%$ TO FILL ?IS QUOTA & 5GORGE !IR [N ORGANIZATION1 AB&ON+ !IR BASE & !IR PR9CIPLES4 ,MANY 9FLU5TIAL ,M,/ ORGANIZ]S & LEAD]S1 BACK$ BY ! MORE RADICAL SETTLEM5TS1 CRITICIZ$ ?IS COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T & PU%$ = A MORE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /ANCE1 & 9 FACT BY #b#e1 :5 ! ,P,T'S AGR>IAN PROGRAM PROV$ TO BE A DISAPPO9TM5T1 ! ,M,/ BEGAN FI]CELY *ALL5G+ ! GOV]NM5T AGA94 

,9 ! EYES ( ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS ! ORGANIZATION HAD LO/ ITS CR$IBILITY & PROV5 ONCE AGA9 ! PR$ICTABLE RESULTS ( COLLABORATION ) ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT )9 ! MOVEM5T !RE >E /ILL MANY CAUSES = 9SPIRATION4 ,MANY ( ! SETTLEM5TS CONT9UE TO DEMON/RATE ! ABILITY ( PEOPLE TO OV]COME !IR CAPITALI/ & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALIZATION1 IF !Y TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES TO DO SO4 ,P]HAPS ! BE/ EXAMPLE >E ! ,COMUNAS DA ,T]RA1 A NETWORK ( SETTLEM5TS ?AT MAKE UP A M9ORITY )9 ! ,M,/1 ?AT F>M ! L& COMMUNALLY1 NURTURE A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY1 *ALL5GE SEXISM & CAPITALI/ M9DSETS 9T]NALLY1 & CREATE WORK+ EXAMPLES ( AN>*Y4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! PEOPLE 9 ! ,COMUNAS DA ,T]RA 5JOY A HI<] /&>D ( LIFE ?AN ?OSE :O LIVE 9 ! 9DIVIDUALIZ$ SETTLEM5TS4 

,!RE >E CONTEMPOR>Y EXAMPLES ( NON-HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZ+ 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA AS WELL4 ,?R\<\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TODAY1 !RE EXI/ DOZ5S ( AN>*I/ PROJECTS ?AT >E RUN ON A CONS5SUS BASIS4 ,CONS5SUS DECISION-MAK+ MAY BE US$ ON AN AD HOC BASIS TO PLAN AN EV5T OR CAMPAIGN1 OR MORE P]MAN5TLY TO RUN AN 9FO%OP3 AN AN>*I/ SOCIAL C5T] ?AT CAN S]VE AS A RADICAL BOOK%OP1 LIBR>Y1 CAFE1 MEET+ SPACE1 CONC]T HALL1 OR FREE /ORE4 ,A TYPICAL MEET+ MI<T BEG9 ) VOLUNTE]S FILL+ ! POSITIONS ( FACILITATOR & NOTE-TAK]4 ,MANY GR\PS ALSO USE A 0VIBES-WAT*]10 SOMEONE :O VOLUNTE]S TO PAY SPECIAL ATT5TION TO EMOTIONS & 9T]ACTIONS )9 ! GR\P1 RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! P]SONAL IS POLITICAL & ?AT ! TRADITION ( SUPPRESS+ EMOTIONS 9 POLITICAL SPACES D]IVES FROM ! SEP>ATION ( PUBLIC & PRIVATE1 A SEP>ATION ON :I* PATRI>*Y & ! /ATE >E BAS$4 

,NEXT1 ! P>TICIPANTS CREATE AN AG5DA 9 :I* !Y LI/ ALL ! TOPICS !Y WANT TO TALK AB\T4 ,= EA* TOPIC1 !Y />T BY %>+ 9=MATION4 ,IF A DECISION NE$S TO BE MADE1 !Y TALK IT OV] UNTIL !Y F9D A PO9T :]E EV]YONE'S NE$S & DESIRES CONV]GE4 ,SOMEONE /ATES A PROPOSAL ?AT SYN!SIZES EV]YONE'S 9PUT1 & !Y VOTE ON IT3 APPROVE1 AB/A91 OR BLOCK4 ,IF ONE P]SON IS OPPOS$1 ! GR\P LOOKS = ANO!R SOLUTION4,! DECISIONS MAY NOT ALWAYS BE EV]YONE'S FIR/ *OICE1 BUT EV]YONE MU/ FEEL COM=TABLE ) EV]Y DECISION ! GR\P ADOPTS4 ,?R\<\T ?IS PROCESS1 ! FACILITATOR 5C\RAGES FULL P>TICIPATION FROM EV]YONE & MAKES SURE NO ONE IS SIL5C$4 

,SOMETIMES1 ! GR\P IS UNABLE TO SOLVE A P>TICUL> PROBLEM1 BUT ! OPTION ( NOT COM+ TO ANY DECISION DEMON/RATES ?AT )9 CONS5SUS1 ! HEAL? ( ! GR\P IS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN EFFICI5CY4 ,SU* GR\PS =M ON ! PR9CIPLE ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION -- ANYONE IS FREE TO LEAVE IF %E WI%ES1 9 CONTRA/ TO AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES ?AT MAY D5Y PEOPLE ! RI<T TO LEAVE OR EXEMPT !MSELVES FROM AN >RANGEM5T !Y DO NOT AGREE TO4 ,ACCORD+ TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 IT IS BETT] TO RESPECT ! DIFF]+ VIEWS ( ! MEMB]S ( A GR\P ?AN TO 5=CE A DECISION ?AT LEAVES SOME PEOPLE EXCLUD$ OR SIL5C$4 ,?IS MI<T SEEM IMPRACTICAL TO ?OSE :O HAVE NOT P>TICIPAT$ 9 SU* A PROCESS1 BUT CONS5SUS HAS S]V$ MANY 9FO%OPS & SIMIL> PROJECTS 9 ! ,U,S = YE>S4 ,US+ CONS5SUS1 !SE GR\PS HAVE MADE ! DECISIONS NECESS>Y TO ORGANIZE SPACES & EV5TS1 REA* \T TO ! SURR\ND+ COMMUNITIES1 BR+ 9 NEW P>TICIPANTS1 RAISE MONEY1 & RESI/ ATTEMPTS BY LOCAL GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESS LEAD]S TO %UT !M D[N4 ,:AT'S MORE1 IT SEEMS LIKE ! NUMB] ( PROJECTS US+ CONS5SUS 9 ! ,U,S IS ONLY GR[+4 ,GRANT$1 CONS5SUS WORKS BE/ = PEOPLE :O KN[ ONE ANO!R & HAVE A COMMON 9T]E/ 9 WORK+ TOGE!R1 :E!R !Y >E VOLUNTE]S :O WANT TO RUN AN 9FO%OP1 NEI<BORS :O WANT TO RESI/ G5TRIFICATION1 OR MEMB]S ( AN AFF9ITY GR\P PLANN+ ATTACKS AGA9/ ! SY/EM -- BUT IT DOES WORK4 

,A COMMON COMPLA9T IS ?AT CONS5SUS MEET+S TAKE LONG]1 BUT >E !Y REALLY LESS EFFICI5T8 ,AU?ORIT>IAN MODELS ( DECISION-MAK+1 9CLUD+ MAJORITY VOT+ 9 :I* ! M9ORITY IS =C$ TO CON=M TO ! DECISION ( ! MAJORITY1 HIDE OR EXT]NALIZE !IR TRUE CO/S4 ,COMMUNITIES ?AT USE AU?ORIT>IAN MEANS TO MAKE !IR DECISIONS CANNOT EXI/ )\T POLICE OR SOME O!R /RUCTURE TO 5=CE !SE DECISIONS4 ,CONS5SUS PRECLUDES ! NE$ = 5=CEM5T & PUNI%M5T BY MAK+ SURE ?AT EV]YONE IS SATISFI$ BE=EH&4 ,:5 WE TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ALL ! WORK H\RS A COMMUNITY LOSES MA9TA9+ A POLICE =CE1 :I* IS A HUGE DRA9 ON RES\RCES1 ! H\RS SP5T 9 CONS5SUS MEET+S SEEM LIKE A GOOD USAGE ( TIME AFT] ALL4 

,! REBELLION 9 ! S\!RN ,MEXICAN /ATE ( ,OAXACA (F] ANO!R EXAMPLE ( POPUL> DECISION-MAK+4 ,9 #b#f1 PEOPLE TOOK OV] ,OAXACA ,CITY & MU* ( ! /ATE4 ,! POPULATION ( ,OAXACA IS OV] HALF 9DIG5\S1 & ! /RUGGLES !RE AGA9/ COLONIALISM & CAPITALISM GO BACK FIVE HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,9 ,JUNE #b#f1 #g1 /RIK+ TEA*]S GA!R$ 9 ,OAXACA DE ,JU>EZ1 ! CAPITAL1 TO PRESS !IR DEM&S = A LIV+ WAGE & BETT] FACILITIES = ! /UD5TS4 ,ON ,JUNE #a#d1 ! POLICE ATTACK$ ! TEA*]'S 5CAMPM5T1 BUT ! TEA*]S F\<T BACK1 =C+ ! POLICE \T ( ! C5T] ( ! CITY1 TAK+ OV] GOV]NM5T BUILD+S & EVICT+ POLITICIANS1 & SETT+ UP B>RICADES TO KEEP !M \T4 ,OAXACA ,CITY WAS SELF-ORGANIZ$ & AUTONOM\S = FIVE MON?S1 UNTIL F$]AL TROOPS W]E S5T 94 

,AFT] !Y =C$ ! POLICE \T ( ! CAPITAL CITY1 ! /RIK+ TEA*]S W]E JO9$ BY /UD5TS & O!R WORK]S1 & TOGE!R !Y =M$ ! ,ASAMBLEA ,POPUL> DE LOS ,PUEBLOS DE ,OAXACA 7,POPUL> ,ASSEMBLY ( ! ,PEOPLES ( ,OAXACA74 ,! ,A,P,P,O BECAME A COORD9AT+ BODY = ! SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ,OAXACA1 EFFECTIVELY ORGANIZ+ SOCIAL LIFE & POPUL> RESI/ANCE = SEV]AL MON?S 9 ! VACUUM CREAT$ BY ! COLLAPSE ( /ATE CONTROL4 ,IT BR\<T TOGE!R DELEGATES FROM UNIONS1 NON-GOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS1 SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 & COOP]ATIVES ACROSS ! /ATE1 SEEK+ TO MAKE DECISIONS 9 ! SPIRIT ( 9DIG5\S PRACTICES ( CONS5SUS -- AL?\< MO/ ASSEMBLIES MADE DECISIONS ) A MAJORITY VOTE4 ,A,P,P,O F\ND]S REJECT$ ELECTORAL POLITICS & CALL$ = PEOPLE ?R\<\T ! /ATE TO ORGANIZE !IR [N ASSEMBLIES AT EV]Y LEVEL4.<#b#d.> ,RECOGNIZ+ ! ROLE ( POLITICAL P>TIES 9 CO-OPT+ POPUL> MOVEM5TS1 ! ,A,P,P,O BANN$ !M FROM P>TICIPAT+4 

,ACCORD+ TO ONE ACTIVI/ :O HELP$ TO F\ND ! ,A,P,P,O3 

,SO ! ,A,P,P,O WAS =M$ TO ADDRESS ! ABUSES & CREATE AN ALT]NATIVE4 ,IT WAS TO BE A SPACE = DISCUSSION1 REFLECTION1 ANALYSIS1 & ACTION4 ,WE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT IT %\LDN'T BE JU/ ONE ORGANIZATION1 BUT RA!R A BLANKET COORD9AT+ BODY = MANY DIFF]5T GR\PS4 ,?AT IS1 NOT ONE IDEOLOGY W\LD PREVAIL2 WE W\LD FOCUS ON F9D+ ! COMMON GR\ND AMONG DIV]SE SOCIAL ACTORS4 ,/UD5TS1 TEA*]S1 AN>*I/S1 ,M>XI/S1 *UR*GO]S -- EV]YONE WAS 9VIT$4 

,! ,A,P,P,O WAS BORN )\T A =MAL /RUCTURE1 BUT SOON DEVELOP$ IMPRESSIVE ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY4 ,DECISIONS 9 ! ,A,P,P,O >E MADE BY CONS5SUS )9 ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY1 :I* WAS PRIVILEG$ AS A DECISION-MAK+ BODY4 ,9 ! FIR/ FEW WEEKS ( \R EXI/5CE WE CREAT$ ! ,A,P,P,O ,/ATE ,C\NCIL4 ,! C\NCIL WAS ORIG9ALLY COMPOS$ ( #bf PEOPLE -- APPROXIMATELY T5 REPRES5TATIVES FROM EA* ( ,OAXACA'S SEV5 REGIONS & REPRES5TATIVES FROM ,OAXACA'S URBAN NEI<BORHOODS & MUNICIPALITIES4 

,! ,PROVISIONAL ,COORD9ATION WAS CREAT$ TO FACILITATE ! OP]ATION ( ! ,A,P,P,O ?R\< DIFF]5T COMMISSIONS4 ,A V>IETY ( COMMISSIONS W]E E/ABLI%$3 JUDICIAL1 F9ANCE1 COMMUNICATIONS1 HUMAN RI<TS1 G5D] EQUITY1 DEF5SE ( NATURAL RES\RCES1 & MANY MORE4 ,PROPOSALS >E G5]AT$ 9 SMALL] ASSEMBLIES ( EA* SECTOR ( ! ,A,P,P,O & !N BR\<T TO ! G5]AL ASSEMBLY :]E !Y >E DEBAT$ FUR!R OR RATIFI$4.<#b#e.> 

,TIME & AGA91 SPONTANE\S POPUL> ASSEMBLIES SU* AS ! ONE CREAT$ 9 ,OAXACA HAVE PROV$ CAPABLE ( MAK+ S\ND DECISIONS & COORD9AT+ ! ACTIVITIES ( AN 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,NATURALLY1 !Y ALSO ATTRACT PEOPLE :O WANT TO TAKE OV] SOCIAL MOVEM5TS & PEOPLE :O CONSID] !MSELVES NATURAL LEAD]S4 ,9 MANY REVOLUTIONS1 :AT BEG9S AS A HORIZONTAL1 LIB]T>IAN REBELLION BECOMES AU?ORIT>IAN AS POLITICAL P>TIES OR SELF-APPO9T$ LEAD]S CO-OPT & %UT D[N POPUL> DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES4 ,HI<LY VISIBLE P>TICIPANTS 9 POPUL> ASSEMBLIES CAN ALSO BE PU%$ T[>DS CONS]VATISM BY GOV]NM5T REPRESSION1 S9CE !Y >E ! MO/ VISIBLE T>GETS4 

,?IS IS ONE WAY TO 9T]PRET DYNAMICS ?AT DEVELOP$ 9 ! ,A,P,P,O AFT] ! F$]AL 9VASION ( ,OAXACA 9 LATE ,OCTOB]1 #b#f4 ,AS ! REPRESSION 9T5SIFI$1 SOME ( ! MORE VOCAL P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ASSEMBLY BEGAN CALL+ = MOD]ATION1 TO ! DISMAY ( ! SEGM5TS ( ! MOVEM5T ?AT W]E /ILL 9 ! /REETS4 ,MANY ,A,P,P,O MEMB]S & MOVEM5T P>TICIPANTS COMPLA9 ?AT ! GR\P WAS TAK5 OV] BY ,/AL9I/S & O!R P>ASITES :O USE POPUL> MOVEM5TS AS TOOLS = !IR POLITICAL AMBITIONS4 ,& ?\< ! ,A,P,P,O HAD ALWAYS TAK5 A /& AGA9/ POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! SELF-APPO9T$ LEAD]%IP TOOK ADVANTAGE ( ! DIFFICULT SITUATION TO CALL = P>TICIPATION 9 ! UPCOM+ ELECTIONS AS ! ONLY PRAGMATIC C\RSE ( ACTION4 

,MANY PEOPLE FELT BETRAY$4 ,SUPPORT = COLLABORATION WAS F> FROM UNIV]SAL )9 ,A,P,P,O2 IT WAS CONTROV]SIAL EV5 )9 ! ,A,P,P,O ,C\NCIL1 ! PROVISIONAL DECISION-MAK+ GR\P ?AT WAS EM]G+ AS A LEAD]%IP BODY4 ,SOME PEOPLE )9 ! ,A,P,P,O CREAT$ O!R =MATIONS TO DISSEM9ATE AN>*I/1 9DIG5I/1 OR O!R ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN P]SPECTIVES1 & MANY JU/ W5T ON ) !IR WORK & IGNOR$ ! CALLS TO FLOCK TO ! VOT+ BOO?S4 ,9 ! 5D1 ! ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN E?IC ?AT CON/ITUT$ ! BACKBONE ( ! MOVEM5T & ! BASIS ( ITS =MAL /RUCTURES PROV$ /RONG]4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( ,OAXACANS BOYCOTT$ ! ELECTIONS1 & ! ,P,R,I1 ! CONS]VATIVE P>TY ?AT ALREADY HELD P[]1 DOM9AT$ AMONG ! FEW PEOPLE :O CAME \T TO CA/ BALLOTS4 ,! ATTEMPT TO TRANS=M ! P[]FUL1 LIB]ATORY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ( ,OAXACA 9TO A BID = POLITICAL P[] WAS AN ABSOLUTE FAILURE4 

,A SMALL] ,OAXACAN CITY1 ,ZAA*ILA 7POP4 #b#e171 CAN PROVIDE A CLOS] LOOK AT HORIZONTAL DECISION-MAK+4 ,= YE>S1 GR\PS HAD BE5 WORK+ TOGE!R AGA9/ LOCAL =MS ( EXPLOITATION2 AMONG O!R EF=TS1 !Y HAD MANAG$ TO DEFEAT ! PLAN TO CON/RUCT A ,COCA ,COLA PLANT :I* W\LD HAVE CONSUM$ MU* ( ! AVAILABLE DR9K+ WAT]4 ,:5 ! REBELLION ]UPT$ 9 ,OAXACA ,CITY1 A MAJORITY ( ! RESID5TS DECID$ TO TAKE ACTION4 ,!Y CONVOK$ ,ZAA*ILA'S FIR/ POPUL> ASSEMBLY ) ! R++ ( ! BELLS1 CALL+ EV]YONE TOGE!R1 TO %>E ! NEWS ( ! POLICE ATTACK 9 ,OAXACA ,CITY & TO DECIDE :AT TO DO 9 !IR [N T[N4 ,MORE MEET+S & ACTIONS FOLL[$3 

,M51 WOM51 *ILDR51 & CITY C\NCIL MEMB]S JO9$ TOGE!R TO TAKE OV] ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+4 ,A LOT ( ! BUILD+ WAS LOCK$ & WE ONLY US$ ! HALLWAYS & ! (FICES ?AT W]E OP54 ,WE /AY$ 9 ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+ NI<T & DAY1 TAK+ C>E ( EV]Y?+4 ,& ?AT'S H[ ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES W]E BORN4 ,WE'D SAY1 0,IT'S ! NEI<BORHOOD ( ,LA ,SOL$AD'S TURN & TOMORR[ IT'S UP TO ,SAN ,JAC9TO40 ,?AT'S H[ ! NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES W]E FIR/ US$1 & !N LAT] !Y TURN$ 9TO DECISION-MAK+ BODIES1 :I* IS :]E WE >E N[4 

,! SEIZ+ ( ! MUNICIPAL BUILD+ WAS TOTALLY SPONTANE\S4 ,! ACTIVI/S FROM BE=E PLAY$ A ROLE & 9ITIALLY DIRECT$ ?+S1 BUT ! POPUL> ASSEMBLY /RUCTURE WAS DEVELOP$ LITTLE BY LITTLE444 

,NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES1 COMPRIS$ ( A ROTAT+ BODY ( FIVE PEOPLE1 W]E ALSO =M$ 9 EA* SECTION ( T[N & TOGE!R !Y W\LD =M ! P]MAN5T POPUL> ASSEMBLY1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,C\NCIL ( ,ZAA*ILA4 ,! PEOPLE FROM NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES MAY NOT BE ACTIVI/S AT ALL1 BUT LITTLE BY LITTLE1 AS !Y FOLL[ !IR OBLIGATION TO BR+ 9=MATION BACK & =? FROM ! ,C\NCIL1 !Y DEVELOP !IR CAPACITY = LEAD]%IP4 ,ALL ! AGREEM5TS MADE 9 ! ,C\NCIL >E /UDI$ BY !SE FIVE PEOPLE & !N BR\<T BACK TO ! NEI<BORHOODS = REVIEW4 ,!SE ASSEMBLIES >E COMPLETELY OP52 ANYONE CAN ATT5D & HAVE !IR VOICE HE>D4 ,DECISIONS ALWAYS GO TO A G5]AL VOTE1 & ALL ! ADULTS PRES5T CAN VOTE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IF SOME PEOPLE ?9K A BRIDGE NE$S TO BE BUILT1 & O!RS ?9K WE NE$ TO FOCUS ON IMPROV+ ELECTRICITY1 WE VOTE ON :AT ! PRIORITY %\LD BE4 ,! SIMPLE MAJORITY W9S1 FIFTY-P]C5T PLUS ONE4.<#b#f.> 

,! T[NSFOLK KICK$ \T ! MAYOR :ILE MA9TA9+ PUBLIC S]VICES1 & ALSO E/ABLI%$ A COMMUNITY RADIO /ATION4 ,! CITY S]V$ AS A MODEL = DOZ5S ( O!R MUNICIPALITIES ?R\<\T ! /ATE ?AT SOON PROCLAIM$ !IR AUTONOMY4 

,YE>S BE=E !SE EV5TS 9 ,ZAA*ILA1 ANO!R GR\P WAS ORGANIZ+ AUTONOM\S VILLAGES 9 ! /ATE ( ,OAXACA4 ,AS MANY AS TW5TY-SIX RURAL COMMUNITIES AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,C,I,P,O-,R,F,M 7,C\NCIL ( ,9DIG5\S ,PEOPLES ( ,OAXACA -- ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON71 AN ORGANIZATION ?AT ID5TIFIES ) S\!RN ,MEXICO'S TRADITION ( 9DIG5\S & AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE2 ! NAME REF]5CES AN 9DIG5\S AN>*I/ 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,9S(> AS !Y CAN1 LIV+ UND] AN OPPRESSIVE REGIME1 ! ,C,I,P,O COMMUNITIES ASS]T !IR AUTONOMY & HELP ONE ANO!R TO MEET !IR NE$S1 5D+ PRIVATE PROP]TY & WORK+ ! L& COMMUNALLY4 ,TYPICALLY1 :5 A VILLAGE EXPRESS$ 9T]E/ 9 JO9+ ! GR\P1 SOMEONE FROM ! ,C,I,P,O W\LD COME & EXPLA9 H[ !Y WORK$1 & LET ! VILLAG]S DECIDE :E!R OR NOT !Y WANT$ TO JO94 ,! GOV]NM5T FREQU5TLY D5I$ RES\RCES TO ,C,I,P,O VILLAGES1 HOP+ TO />VE !M \T1 BUT IT IS NO SURPRISE ?AT MANY PEOPLE ?\<T !Y C\LD LIVE MORE RI*LY AS MA/]S ( !IR [N LIVES1 EV5 IF IT MEANT GREAT] MAT]IAL POV]TY4 

,H[ WILL DECISIONS BE 5=C$8 

,! /ATE HAS SO ?OR\<LY OBSCUR$ ! FACT ?AT PEOPLE >E CAPABLE ( IMPLEM5T+ !IR [N DECISIONS ?AT ?OSE RAIS$ 9 ?IS SOCIETY >E H>D-PRESS$ TO IMAG9E H[ ?IS C\LD BE DONE )\T GIV+ A SMALL M9ORITY ! AU?ORITY TO CO]CE PEOPLE 9TO FOLL[+ ORD]S4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! P[] TO 5=CE DECISIONS %\LD BE EV]Y BIT AS UNIV]SAL & DEC5TRALIZ$ AS ! P[] TO MAKE ?OSE DECISIONS4 ,!RE HAVE BE5 /ATELESS SOCIETIES ON EV]Y CONT95T ?AT US$ DIFFUSE SANCTIONS RA!R ?AN SPECIALIZ$ 5=C]S4 ,ONLY ?R\< A LONG & VIOL5T PROCESS DO /ATES /EAL ?IS ABILITY FROM PEOPLE & MONOPOLIZE IT AS !IR [N4 

,?IS IS H[ DIFFUSE SANCTIONS WORK3 9 AN ONGO+ PROCESS1 A SOCIETY DECIDES H[ IT WANTS TO ORGANIZE & :AT BEHAVIORS IT CONSID]S UNACCEPTABLE4 ,?IS MAY OCCUR OV] TIME OR 9 =MAL1 IMM$IATE SETT+S4 ,! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YBODY 9 MAK+ !SE DECISIONS IS COMPLEM5T$ BY ! P>TICIPATION ( EV]YBODY 9 UPHOLD+ !M4 ,IF SOMEBODY BREAKS !SE COMMON /&>DS1 EV]YONE IS ACCU/OM$ TO REACT+4 ,!Y DON'T CALL ! POLICE1 FILE A GRIEVANCE1 OR WAIT = SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOME?+2 !Y APPROA* ! P]SON !Y ?9K IS 9 ! WRONG & TELL HIM1 OR TAKE ANO!R APPROPRIATE ACTION4 

,= EXAMPLE1 ! PEOPLE 9 A NEI<BORHOOD MAY DECIDE ?AT EA* DIFF]5T H\SEHOLD WILL TAKE TURNS CLEAN+ ! /REET4 ,IF ONE H\SEHOLD FAILS TO UPHOLD ?IS DECISION1 EV]YBODY ELSE ON ! BLOCK HAS ! ABILITY TO ASK !M TO FULFILL !IR RESPONSIBILITY4 ,DEP5D+ ON H[ S]I\S ! TRANSGRESSION IS1 O!R PEOPLE 9 ! NEI<BORHOOD MI<T REACT ) CRITICISM1 RIDICULE1 OR O/RACISM4 ,IF ! H\SEHOLD HAS A GOOD EXCUSE = BE+ SLACK1 P]HAPS SOMEONE LIV+ !RE IS V]Y SICK & ! O!RS >E BUSY TAK+ C>E ( H]1 ! NEI<BORS CAN *OOSE TO HAVE SYMPA?Y & =GIVE ! LAPSE4 ,?IS FLEXIBILITY & S5SITIVITY >E TYPICALLY LACK+ 9 A LAW-BAS$ SY/EM4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF ! NEGLIG5T H\SEHOLD HAS NO EXCUSE1 & NOT ONLY DO !Y NEV] CLEAN ! /REETS1 !Y ?R[ !IR TRA% 9 IT1 !IR NEI<BORS MI<T HOLD A G5]AL MEET+ DEM&+ A *ANGE 9 !IR BEHAVIOR1 OR !Y MI<T TAKE SOME ACTION LIKE PIL+ ALL ! TRA% 9 FRONT ( !IR DOOR4 ,MEAN:ILE1 9 !IR DAY-TO-DAY 9T]ACTIONS 9DIVIDUAL NEI<BORS MI<T %>E !IR CRITICISMS ) MEMB]S ( ! (F5D+ H\SEHOLD1 OR RIDICULE !M1 NOT 9VITE !M TO JO9T ACTIVITIES1 OR GL>E AT !M 9 ! /REETS4 ,IF SOMEONE IS 9CORRIGIBLY ANTISOCIAL1 ALWAYS BLOCK+ OR CONTRADICT+ ! DESIRES ( ! RE/ ( ! GR\P & REFUS+ TO RESPOND TO PEOPLE'S CONC]NS1 ! ULTIMATE RESPONSE IS TO KICK ?AT P]SON \T ( ! GR\P4 

,?IS ME?OD IS MU* MORE FLEXIBLE1 & MORE LIB]AT+1 ?AN LEGALIT>IAN1 CO]CIVE APPROA*ES4 ,RA!R ?AN BE+ B\ND TO ! BL9D LETT] ( ! LAW1 :I* CANNOT TAKE 9TO ACC\NT SPECIFIC CIRCUM/ANCES OR PEOPLE'S NE$S1 & DEP5D+ ON A P[]FUL M9ORITY = 5=CEM5T1 ! ME?OD ( DIFFUSE SANCTIONS ALL[S EV]YONE TO WEI< = H]SELF H[ S]I\S ! TRANSGRESSION IS4 ,IT ALSO ALL[S TRANSGRESSORS ! OPPORTUNITY TO CONV9CE O!RS ?AT !IR ACTIONS W]E JU/IFI$1 ?US PROVID+ CON/ANT *ALL5GES TO ! DOM9ANT MORALITY4 ,BY CONTRA/1 9 A /ATI/ SY/EM1 ! AU?ORITIES DON'T HAVE TO %[ ?AT SOME?+ IS RI<T OR WRONG BE=E CONDEMN+ SOMEONE'S HOME OR CONFISCAT+ A DRUG DEEM$ ILLEGAL4 ,ALL !Y HAVE TO DO IS CITE A /ATUTE 9 A LAW BOOK ?AT !IR VICTIMS HAD NO H& 9 WRIT+4 

,9 A HORIZONTAL SOCIETY1 PEOPLE 5=CE DECISIONS ACCORD+ TO H[ 5?USIA/IC !Y >E AB\T ?OSE DECISIONS4 ,IF ALMO/ EV]YBODY /RONGLY SUPPORTS A DECISION1 IT WILL BE UPHELD VIGOR\SLY1 :]EAS IF A DECISION LEAVES MO/ PEOPLE FEEL+ NEUTRAL OR UN5?USIA/IC1 IT WILL ONLY BE P>TIALLY 5=C$1 LEAV+ OP5 MORE ROOM = CREATIVE TRANSGRESSION & EXPLOR+ O!R SOLUTIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H& A LACK ( 5?USIASM 9 IMPLEM5T+ DECISIONS MI<T MEAN ?AT 9 PRACTICE ORGANIZATION FALLS ON ! %\LD]S ( 9=MAL P[]HOLD]S -- PEOPLE :O >E DELEGAT$ AN UN(FICIAL POSITION ( LEAD]%IP BY ! RE/ ( ! GR\P1 :E!R !Y WANT IT OR NOT4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT MEMB]S ( HORIZONTAL GR\PS1 FROM COLLECTIVE H\SES TO 5TIRE SOCIETIES1 MU/ CONFRONT ! PROBLEM ( SELF-DISCIPL9E4 ,!Y MU/ HOLD !MSELVES ACC\NTABLE TO ! /&>DS !Y HAVE AGRE$ UPON & ! CRITICISM ( !IR PE]S1 & RISK BE+ UNPOPUL> OR CONFRONT+ CONFLICT BY CRITICIZ+ ?OSE :O DO NOT UPHOLD COMMON /&>DS -- CALL+ \T ! H\SEMATE :O DOES NOT DO DI%ES OR ! COMMUNITY ?AT DOES NOT CONTRIBUTE TO ROAD MA9T5ANCE4 ,IT'S A DIFFICULT PROCESS1 (T5 LACK+ 9 MANY CURR5T AN>*I/ PROJECTS1 BUT )\T IT GR\P DECISION-MAK+ IS A FACADE & RESPONSIBILITY IS VAGUE & UNEQUALLY %>$4 ,GO+ ?R\< ?IS PROCESS1 PEOPLE BECOME MORE EMP[]$ & MORE CONNECT$ ) ?OSE >\ND !M4 

,GR\PS ALWAYS CONTA9 ! POSSIBILITY = CON=MITY & CONFLICT4 ,AU?ORIT>IAN GR\PS TYPICALLY AVOID CONFLICT BY 5=C+ GREAT] LEVELS ( CON=MITY4 ,PRESSURES TO CON=M ALSO EXI/ 9 AN>*I/ GR\PS1 BUT )\T RE/RICTIONS ON HUMAN MOVEM5T1 IT IS EASI] = PEOPLE TO LEAVE & JO9 O!R GR\PS OR TO ACT OR LIVE ON !IR [N4 ,?US1 PEOPLE CAN *OOSE ! LEVELS ( CON=MITY & CONFLICT !Y WANT TO TOL]ATE1 & 9 ! PROCESS ( F9D+ & LEAV+ GR\PS1 PEOPLE *ANGE & *ALL5GE SOCIAL NORMS4 

,9 ! NEWLY CREAT$ /ATE ( ,ISRAEL1 ,JEWS :O HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,EUROPE TOOK ! OPPORTUNITY TO CREATE HUNDR$S ( KIBBUTZIM1 UTOPIAN COMMUNAL F>MS4 ,9 !SE F>MS1 ! MEMB]S CREAT$ A /RONG EXAMPLE ( COMMUNAL LIV+ & DECISION-MAK+4 ,AT A TYPICAL KIBBUTZ1 MO/ DECISIONS W]E MADE AT A G5]AL T[N MEET+1 HELD TWICE WEEKLY4 ,! FREQU5CY & L5G? ( MEET+S /EMM$ FROM ! FACT ?AT SO MANY ASPECTS ( SOCIAL LIFE W]E OP5 TO DEBATE1 & ! COMMON BELIEF ?AT PROP] DECISIONS 0CAN ONLY BE MADE AFT] 9T5SIVE GR\P DISCUSSION40.<#b#g.> ,!RE W]E AB\T A DOZ5 ELECT$ POSITIONS 9 ! KIBBUTZ1 RELAT$ TO MANAG+ ! COMMUNE'S F9ANCIAL AFFAIRS & COORD9AT+ PRODUCTION & TRADE1 BUT ! G5]AL POLICY HAD TO BE DECID$ 9 G5]AL MEET+S4 ,(FICIAL POSITIONS W]E LIMIT$ TO T]MS ( A FEW YE>S1 & ! MEMB]S 5C\RAG$ A CULTURE ( 0(FICE-HAT+10 A RELUCTANCE TO TAKE (FICE & A DISDA9 = ?OSE :O APPE>$ TO BE P[] HUNGRY4 

,NO ONE 9 ! KIBBUTZ HAD CO]CIVE AU?ORITY4 ,NEI!R W]E !RE POLICE 9 ! KIBBUTZ1 ?\< IT WAS COMMON = EV]YONE TO LEAVE !IR DOORS UNLOCK$4 ,PUBLIC OP9ION WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT FACTOR 5SUR+ SOCIAL COHESION4 ,IF !RE WAS A PROBLEM ) A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNE1 IT WAS DISCUSS$ AT ! G5]AL MEET+1 BUT MO/ ( ! TIME EV5 ! ?REAT ( IT BE+ BR\<T UP AT ! G5]AL MEET+ MOTIVAT$ PEOPLE TO WORK \T !IR DIFF]5CES4 ,9 ! WOR/ CASE SC5>IO1 IF A MEMB] REFUS$ TO ACCEPT GR\P DECISIONS1 ! RE/ ( ! COLLECTIVE C\LD VOTE TO KICK H] \T4 ,BUT ?IS ULTIMATE SANCTION DIFF]S FROM ! CO]CIVE TACTICS US$ BY ! /ATE 9 A KEY RESPECT3 VOLUNT>Y GR\PS ONLY EXI/ BECAUSE EV]YONE 9VOLV$ WANTS TO WORK ) EV]YONE ELSE4 ,A P]SON :O IS EXCLUD$ IS NOT DEPRIV$ ( ! ABILITY TO SURVIVE OR MA9TA9 RELATION%IPS1 AS !RE >E MANY O!R GR\PS %E CAN JO94 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 %E IS NOT =C$ TO ABIDE BY COLLECTIVE DECISIONS4 ,9 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 PEOPLE W\LD 5JOY A SOCIAL MOBILITY ?AT IS D5I$ TO PEOPLE 9 /ATI/ CONTEXTS1 9 :I* LAWS >E 5=C$ UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL :E!R %E APPROVES ( !M OR NOT4 ,9 ANY CASE1 EXPULSION WAS NOT COMMON 9 ! KIBBUTZIM1 BECAUSE PUBLIC OP9ION & GR\P DISCUSSION W]E SUFFICI5T TO SOLVE MO/ CONFLICTS4 

,BUT ! KIBBUTZIM HAD O!R PROBLEMS1 :I* CAN TEA* US IMPORTANT LESSONS AB\T CREAT+ COLLECTIVES4 ,AFT] AB\T A DECADE1 ! KIBBUTZIM BEGAN TO SUCCUMB TO ! PRESSURES ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD ?AT SURR\ND$ !M4 ,AL?\< 9T]NALLY ! KIBBUTZIM W]E /RIK+LY COMMUNAL1 !Y W]E NEV] PROP]LY ANTI-CAPITALI/2 FROM ! BEG9N+1 !Y ATTEMPT$ TO EXI/ AS COMPETITIVE PRODUC]S )9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,! NE$ TO COMPETE 9 ! ECONOMY1 & ?US TO 9DU/RIALIZE1 5C\RAG$ A GREAT] RELIANCE ON EXP]TS1 :ILE 9FLU5CE FROM ! RE/ ( SOCIETY FO/]$ CONSUM]ISM4 

,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE WAS A NEGATIVE REACTION TO ! LACK ( PRIVACY 9T5TIONALLY /RUCTUR$ 9TO ! KIBBUTZ -- COMMON %[]S1 = EXAMPLE4 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS LACK ( PRIVACY WAS TO 5G9E] A MORE COMMUNAL SPIRIT4 ,BUT BECAUSE ! DESIGN]S ( ! KIBBUTZ DID NOT REALIZE ?AT PRIVACY IS AS IMPORTANT TO PEOPLE'S WELL-BE+ AS SOCIAL CONNECT$NESS1 KIBBUTZ MEMB]S BEGAN TO FEEL /IFL$ OV] TIME1 & )DREW FROM ! PUBLIC LIFE ( ! KIBBUTZ1 9CLUD+ !IR P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION-MAK+4 

,ANO!R VITAL LESSON ( ! KIBBUTZIM IS ?AT BUILD+ UTOPIAN COLLECTIVES MU/ 9VOLVE TIRELESS /RUGGLE AGA9/ CONTEMPOR>Y AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES1 OR !Y WILL BECOME P>T ( ?OSE /RUCTURES4 ,! KIBBUTZIM W]E F\ND$ ON L& SEIZ$ BY ! ,ISRAELI /ATE FROM ,PALE/9IANS1 AGA9/ :OM G5OCIDAL POLICIES >E /ILL CONT9U+ TODAY4 ,! RACISM ( ! ,EUROPEAN F\ND]S ALL[$ !M TO IGNORE ! ABUSE 9FLICT$ ON ! PREVI\S 9HABITANTS ( :AT !Y SAW AS A PROMIS$ L&1 MU* ! SAME WAY RELIGI\S PILGRIMS 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA PLUND]$ ! 9DIG5\S TO CON/RUCT !IR NEW SOCIETY4 ,! ,ISRAELI /ATE GA9$ 9CR$IBLY FROM ! FACT ?AT NE>LY ALL !IR POT5TIAL DISSID5TS -- 9CLUD+ SOCIALI/S & VET]ANS ( >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,NAZISM & COLONIALISM -- VOLUNT>ILY SEQUE/]$ !MSELVES 9 ESCAPI/ COMMUNES ?AT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! CAPITALI/ ECONOMY4 ,IF !SE UTOPIANS HAD US$ ! KIBBUTZ AS A BASE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM & COLONIALISM 9 SOLID>ITY ) ! ,PALE/9IANS :ILE CON/RUCT+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A COMMUNAL SOCIETY1 HI/ORY 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ MI<T HAVE TURN$ \T DIFF]5TLY4 

,:O WILL SETTLE DISPUTES8 

,AN>*I/ ME?ODS ( SETTL+ DISPUTES OP5 UP A MU* HEAL?I] RANGE ( OPTIONS ?AN >E AVAILABLE )9 A CAPITALI/ & /ATI/ SY/EM4 ,/ATELESS SOCIETIES ?R\<\T HI/ORY HAVE COME UP ) NUM]\S ME?ODS = SETTL+ DISPUTES ?AT SEEK COMPROMISE1 ALL[ = RECONCILIATION1 & KEEP P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! DISPUTANTS & !IR COMMUNITY4 

,! ,NUBIANS >E A SOCIETY ( S$5T>Y F>M]S 9 ,EGYPT4 ,!Y W]E TRADITIONALLY /ATELESS1 & EV5 ACCORD+ TO REC5T ACC\NTS !Y CONSID] IT HI<LY IMMORAL TO BR+ 9 ! GOV]NM5T TO SOLVE DISPUTES4 ,9 CONTRA/ TO ! 9DIVIDUALI/IC & LEGALI/IC WAYS ( VIEW+ DISPUTES 9 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 ! NORM 9 ,NUBIAN CULTURE IS TO CONSID] ONE P]SON'S PROBLEM EV]YONE'S PROBLEM2 :5 !RE IS A DISPUTE1 /RANG]S1 FRI5DS1 RELATIVES1 OR O!R ?IRD P>TIES 9T]C$E TO HELP ! DISPUTANTS F9D A MUTUALLY SATISFY+ RESOLUTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,ROB]T ,F]NEA1 ,NUBIAN CULTURE REG>DS QU>RELS BETWE5 MEMB]S ( A K9%IP GR\P AS DANG]\S1 9 ?AT !Y ?REAT5 ! SUPPORTIVE SOCIAL NET ON :I* ALL DEP5D4 

,?IS CULTURE ( COOP]ATION & MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY IS BACK$ UP BY ECONOMIC & SOCIAL /RUCTURES AS WELL4 ,AMONG ! ,NUBIANS1 PROP]TY SU* AS WAT]:EELS1 CATTLE1 & PALM TREES HAVE TRADITIONALLY BE5 COMMUNALLY [N$1 SO 9 ! DAILY WORK ( FE$+ !MSELVES PEOPLE >E IMM]S$ 9 COOP]ATIVE SOCIAL BONDS ?AT TEA* SOLID>ITY & ! IMPORTANCE ( GETT+ ALONG4 ,ADDITIONALLY1 ! K9%IP GR\PS :I* COMPRISE ,NUBIAN SOCIETY1 CALL$ 0NOGS10 >E 9T]WOV51 NOT ATOMIZ$ LIKE ! ISOLAT$ NUCLE> FAMILIES ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY3 0,?IS MEANS ?AT A P]SON'S NOGS >E OV]LAPP+ & 9VOLVE DIV]SE1 DISP]S$ MEMB]%IP4 ,?IS FEATURE IS V]Y IMPORTANT1 = ! ,NUBIAN COMMUNITY DOES NOT EASILY SPLIT 9TO OPPOS+ FACTIONS40.<#b#h.> ,MO/ DISPUTES >E RESOLV$ QUICKLY BY A ?IRD RELATIVE4 ,L>G] DISPUTES ?AT EMBROIL MORE PEOPLE >E SOLV$ 9 A FAMILY C\NCIL ) ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! NOG1 9CLUD+ WOM5 & *ILDR54 ,! C\NCIL IS PRESID$ OV] BY AN ELD] K9SMAN1 BUT ! GOAL IS TO REA* CONS5SUS & GET ! DISPUTANTS TO RECONCILE4 

,! ,HOPI ( S\?WE/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA US$ TO BE MORE W>LIKE ?AN 9 REC5T TIMES4 ,FACTIONS /ILL EXI/ )9 ,HOPI VILLAGES1 BUT !Y OV]COME CONFLICT ?R\< COOP]ATION 9 RITUALS1 & !Y USE %AME & LEVEL+ ME*ANISMS ) PEOPLE :O >E BOA/FUL OR DOM9E]+4 ,:5 DISPUTES GET \T ( H&1 !Y USE RITUAL CL[N SKITS AT KA*9A DANCES TO MOCK ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,! ,HOPI (F] AN EXAMPLE ( A SOCIETY ?AT GAVE UP FEUD+ & DEVELOP$ RITUALS TO CULTIVATE A MORE PEACEFUL DISPOSITION4.<#b#i.> ,! IMAGE ( CL[NS & DANCES BE+ US$ TO SOLVE DISPUTES GIVES A TANTALIZ+ GLIMPSE ( HUMOR & >T AS MEANS = RESPOND+ TO COMMON PROBLEMS4 ,!RE IS A WORLD ( POSSIBILITIES MORE 9T]E/+ ?AN G5]AL ASSEMBLIES OR M$IATION PROCESSES6 ,>TI/IC CONFLICT RESOLUTION 5C\RAGES NEW WAYS ( LOOK+ AT PROBLEMS1 & SUBV]TS ! POSSIBILITY ( P]MAN5T M$IATORS OR MEET+ FACILITATORS GA9+ P[] BY MONOPOLIZ+ ! ROLE ( >BIT]4 

,MEET+ 9 ! /REETS 

,POLITICIANS & TE*NOCRATS >E CLE>LY NOT CAPABLE ( MAK+ RESPONSIBLE DECISIONS = MILLIONS ( PEOPLE4 ,!Y HAVE LE>N$ 5\< FROM !IR MANY PA/ MI/AKES ?AT GOV]NM5TS USUALLY DO NOT COLLAPSE UND] ! WEI<T ( !IR [N 9COMPET5CE1 BUT !Y HAVE H>DLY CREAT$ ! BE/ ( ALL POSSIBLE WORLDS4 ,IF !Y CAN MANAGE TO KEEP !IR ABSURD BUREAUCRACIES FUNCTION+1 IT'S NOT A WILD JUMP ( LOGIC TO ?9K ?AT WE C\LD ORGANIZE \R COMMUNITIES AT LEA/ AS WELL \RSELVES4 ,! HYPO!SIS ( AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 ?AT A L>GE1 DIV]SE POPULATION NE$S SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTIONS TO CONTROL DECISION-MAK+1 CAN BE DISPROV5 MANY TIMES OV]4 ,! ,M,/ ( ,BRAZIL %[S ?AT 9 A HUGE GR\P ( PEOPLE1 MO/ DECISION-MAK+ P[] CAN RESIDE AT ! GRASSROOTS LEVEL1 ) 9DIVIDUAL COMMUNITIES ?AT TAKE C>E ( !IR [N NE$S4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,OAXACA %[$ ?AT AN 5TIRE MOD]N SOCIETY CAN ORGANIZE ITSELF & COORD9ATE RESI/ANCE AGA9/ CON/ANT ASSAULT BY POLICE & P>AMILIT>IES1 ) OP5 ASSEMBLIES4 ,AN>*I/ 9FO%OPS & ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZIM %[ ?AT GR\PS RUNN+ COMPLEX OP]ATIONS ?AT HAVE TO PAY R5T OR MEET PRODUCTION S*$ULES :ILE ACCOMPLI%+ SOCIAL & CULTURAL OBJECTIVES CAPITALI/ 5T]PRISES NEV] EV5 ATTEMPT1 CAN MAKE DECISIONS 9 A TIMELY FA%ION & UPHOLD !SE DECISIONS )\T A CLASS ( 5=C]S4 ,! ,NU] %[ ?AT HORIZONTAL DECISION-MAK+ CAN ?RIVE = G5]ATIONS1 EV5 AFT] COLONIZATION1 & ?AT ) A %>$ CULTURE ( RE/ORATIVE CONFLICT RESOLUTION !RE IS NO NE$ = A SPECIALIZ$ 9/ITUTION TO SOLVE DISPUTES4 

,= MO/ ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 \R SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 EGALIT>IAN & SELF-ORGANIZ+1 & WE HAVE NOT LO/ ! CAPABILITY TO MAKE & UPHOLD ! DECISIONS ?AT AFFECT \R LIVES1 OR TO IMAG9E NEW & BETT] =MS ( ORGANIZ+4 ,:5EV] PEOPLE OV]COME ALI5ATION & COME TOGE!R ) !IR NEI<BORS1 !Y DEVELOP EXCIT+ NEW WAYS ( COORD9AT+ & MAK+ DECISIONS4 ,ONCE !Y LIB]AT$ !MSELVES FROM L&LORDS1 PRIE/S1 & MAYORS1 ! UN$UCAT$ & D[NTRODD5 PEASANTS ( ,>AGON PROV$ !MSELVES EQUAL TO ! TASK ( MAK+ NOT JU/ A :OLE NEW WORLD1 BUT HUNDR$S ( !M4 

,NEW DECISION-MAK+ ME?ODS >E USUALLY 9FLU5C$ BY PREEXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS & CULTURAL VALUES4 ,:5 PEOPLE RECAPTURE DECISION-MAK+ AU?ORITY OV] SOME ASPECT ( !IR LIVES1 !Y %\LD ASK !MSELVES :AT REF]5CE PO9TS & PREC$5TS ALREADY EXI/ 9 !IR CULTURE1 & :AT +RA9$ DISADVANTAGES !Y WILL HAVE TO OV]COME4 ,= EXAMPLE1 !RE MI<T BE A TRADITION ( T[N MEET+S ?AT CAN BE EXP&$ FROM SYMBOLIC W9D[ DRESS+ TO REAL SELF-ORGANIZATION2 ON ! O!R H&1 PEOPLE MI<T BE />T+ FROM A MA*O CULTURE1 9 :I* CASE !Y WILL HAVE TO LE>N H[ TO LI/51 COMPROMISE1 & ASK QUE/IONS4 ,ALT]NATELY1 IF A GR\P DEVELOPS A DECISION-MAK+ ME?OD ?AT IS TOTALLY ORIG9AL & ALI5 TO !IR SOCIETY1 !Y MAY FACE *ALL5GES 9CLUD+ NEWCOM]S & EXPLA9+ !IR ME?OD TO \TSID]S -- ?IS IS SOMETIMES A WEAKNESS ( 9FO%OPS 9 ! ,U,S1 :I* EMPLOY A WELL ?\<T-\T1 IDEALIZ$ =M ( DECISION-MAK+ COMPLEX 5\< TO SEEM =EIGN EV5 TO MANY P>TICIPANTS4 

,AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN GR\P MAY USE SOME =M ( CONS5SUS1 OR ( MAJORIT>IAN VOT+4 ,L>GE GR\PS MAY F9D VOT+ QUICK] & MORE EFFICI5T1 BUT IT CAN ALSO SIL5CE A M9ORITY4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT P>T ( ! PROCESS IS ! DISCUSSION ?AT HAPP5S BE=E ! DECISION2 VOT+ DOES NOT DIM9I% ! IMPORTANCE ( ME?ODS ?AT ALL[ EV]YONE TO COMMUNICATE & >RIVE AT GOOD COMPROMISES4 ,MANY AUTONOM\S VILLAGES 9 ,OAXACA ULTIMATELY US$ VOT+ TO MAKE DECISIONS1 & !Y PROVID$ AN 9SPIR+ EXAMPLE ( SELF-ORGANIZATION TO RADICALS :O O!RWISE ABHOR VOT+4 ,?\< A GR\P'S /RUCTURE D\BTLESSLY 9FLU5CES ITS CULTURE & \TCOMES1 ! =MALITY ( VOT+ MAY BE AN ACCEPTABLE EXP$I5T IF ALL ! DISCUSSION ?AT TAKES PLACE BE=E IT IS /EEP$ 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY & COOP]ATION4 

,9 A SELF-ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY1 NOT EV]YONE WILL P>TICIPATE EQUALLY 9 MEET+S OR O!R =MAL SPACES4 ,A DECISION-MAK+ BODY CAN EV5TUALLY BECOME DOM9AT$ BY C]TA9 PEOPLE1 & ! ASSEMBLY ITSELF CAN BECOME A BUREAUCRATIC 9/ITUTION ) CO]CIVE P[]S4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IT MAY BE NECESS>Y TO DEVELOP DEC5TRALIZ$ & OV]LAPP+ =MS ( ORGANIZATION & DECISION-MAK+1 & TO PRES]VE SPACE = SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION TO OCCUR \TSIDE ( ALL PREEXI/+ /RUCTURES4 ,IF !RE IS ONLY ONE /RUCTURE 9 :I* ALL DECISIONS >E MADE1 AN 9T]NAL CULTURE CAN DEVELOP ?AT IS NOT 9CLUSIVE TO EV]YONE 9 ! SOCIETY2 !N EXP]I5C$ 9SID]S CAN RISE TO POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP1 & HUMAN ACTIVITY EXT]NAL TO ! /RUCTURE CAN BE DELEGITIMIZ$4 ,SOON 5\<1 Y\ HAVE A GOV]NM5T4 ,! KIBBUTZIM & ,A,P,P,O BO? EVID5CE ! CREEP+ DEVELOPM5T ( BUREAUCRACY & SPECIALIZATION4 

,BUT IF !RE >E MULTIPLE DECISION-MAK+ /RUCTURES = DIFF]5T SPH]ES ( LIFE1 & IF !Y CAN >ISE OR FADE \T ACCORD+ TO NE$1 NONE ( !M CAN MONOPOLIZE AU?ORITY4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 P[] NE$S TO /AY 9 ! /REETS1 9 ! HOMES1 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE :O EX]CISE IT1 9 ! MEET+ ( PEOPLE :O COME TOGE!R TO SOLVE PROBLEMS4 

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