,*APT] #a 
,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,GELD]LOOS 

,TEXT 3 

#a4 ,HUMAN ,NATURE 

,AN>*ISM *ALL5GES ! TYPICAL ,WE/]N CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE BY 5VISION+ SOCIETIES BUILT ON COOP]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & SOLID>ITY BETWE5 PEOPLE1 RA!R ?AN COMPETITION & SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/4 

,>5'T PEOPLE NATURALLY SELFI%8 

,EV]YBODY HAS A S5SE ( SELF-9T]E/1 & ! CAPABILITY TO ACT 9 A SELFI% WAY AT O!R PEOPLE'S EXP5SE4 ,BUT EV]YONE ALSO HAS A S5SE ( ! NE$S ( ?OSE >\ND !M1 & WE >E ALL CAPABLE ( G5]\S & SELFLESS ACTIONS4 ,HUMAN SURVIVAL DEP5DS ON G5]OSITY4 ,! NEXT TIME SOMEONE TELLS Y\ A COMMUNAL1 AN>*I/IC SOCIETY C\LD NOT WORK BECAUSE PEOPLE >E NATURALLY SELFI%1 TELL HIM HE %\LD )HOLD FOOD FROM HIS *ILDR5 P5D+ PAYM5T1 DO NO?+ TO HELP HIS P>5TS HAVE A DIGNIFI$ RETIREM5T1 NEV] DONATE TO *>ITIES1 & NEV] HELP HIS NEI<BORS OR BE K9D TO /RANG]S UNLESS HE RECEIVES COMP5SATION4 ,W\LD HE BE ABLE TO LEAD A FULFILL+ EXI/5CE1 TAK+ ! CAPITALI/ PHILOSOPHY TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS8 ,( C\RSE NOT4 ,EV5 AFT] HUNDR$S ( YE>S ( BE+ SUPPRESS$1 %>+ & G5]OSITY REMA9 VITAL TO HUMAN EXI/5CE4 ,Y\ DON'T HAVE TO LOOK TO RADICAL SOCIAL MOVEM5TS TO F9D EXAMPLES ( ?IS4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES MAY BE1 ON A /RUCTURAL LEVEL1 ! MO/ SELFI% NATION 9 ! WORLD -- IT IS ! RI*E/ ( 0DEVELOP$0 C\NTRIES1 BUT HAS AMONG ! L[E/ LIFE EXPECTANCIES BECAUSE ! POLITICAL CULTURE W\LD SOON] LET POOR PEOPLE DIE ?AN GIVE !M HEAL?C>E & WELF>E4 ,BUT EV5 9 ! ,U,S IT'S EASY TO F9D 9/ITUTIONAL EXAMPLES ( %>+ ?AT =M AN IMPORTANT P>T ( ! SOCIETY4 ,LIBR>IES (F] AN 9T]CONNECT$ NETWORK ( MILLIONS ( FREE BOOKS4 ,P,T,A POTLUCKS & NEI<BORHOOD B>BECUES BR+ PEOPLE TOGE!R TO %>E FOOD & 5JOY EA* O!R'S COMPANY4 ,:AT EXAMPLES ( %>+ MI<T DEVELOP \TSIDE ! RE/RICTIVE B\NDS ( /ATE & CAPITAL8 

,CURR5CY-BAS$ ECONOMIES HAVE ONLY EXI/$ A FEW ?\S& YE>S1 & CAPITALISM HAS ONLY BE5 >\ND A FEW HUNDR$ YE>S4 ,! LATT] HAS PROV5 TO WORK QUITE MIS]ABLY1 LEAD+ TO ! GREATE/ 9EQUALITIES ( WEAL?1 ! L>GE/ MASS />VATIONS1 & ! WOR/ DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS 9 WORLD HI/ORY -- ?\< HATS (F1 IT'S PRODUC$ A LOT ( WOND]FUL GADGETS4 ,IT MI<T SURPRISE PEOPLE TO LE>N H[ COMMON O!R TYPES ( ECONOMIES HAVE BE5 9 E>LI] TIMES1 & H[ MU* !Y DIFF]$ FROM CAPITALISM4 

,ONE ECONOMY DEVELOP$ OV] & OV] BY HUMANS ON EV]Y CONT95T HAS BE5 ! GIFT ECONOMY4 ,9 ?IS SY/EM1 IF PEOPLE HAVE MORE ?AN !Y NE$ ( ANY?+1 !Y GIVE IT AWAY4 ,!Y DON'T ASSIGN VALUE1 !Y DON'T C\NT DEBTS4 ,EV]Y?+ Y\ DON'T USE P]SONALLY CAN BE GIV5 AS A GIFT TO SOMEONE ELSE1 & BY GIV+ MORE GIFTS Y\ 9SPIRE MORE G5]OSITY & /R5G!N ! FRI5D%IPS ?AT KEEP Y\ SWIMM+ 9 GIFTS TOO4 ,MANY GIFT ECONOMIES LA/$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S1 & PROV$ MU* MORE EFFECTIVE AT 5ABL+ ALL ( ! P>TICIPANTS TO MEET !IR NE$S4 ,CAPITALISM MAY HAVE DRA/ICALLY 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY1 BUT TO :AT 5D8 ,ON ONE SIDE ( Y\R TYPICAL CAPITALI/ CITY SOMEONE IS />V+ TO DEA? :ILE ON ! O!R SIDE SOMEONE IS EAT+ CAVI>4 

,WE/]N ECONOMI/S & POLITICAL SCI5TI/S 9ITIALLY ASSUM$ ?AT MANY ( !SE GIFT ECONOMIES W]E ACTUALLY B>T] ECONOMIES3 PROTO-CAPITALI/ EX*ANGE SY/EMS LACK+ AN EFFICI5T CURR5CY3 0,I'LL GIVE Y\ ONE %EEP = TW5TY LOAVES ( BREAD40 ,9 G5]AL1 ?IS IS NOT H[ !SE SOCIETIES DESCRIB$ !MSELVES4 ,LAT]1 AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O W5T TO LIVE 9 SU* SOCIETIES & W]E ABLE TO %$ !IR CULTURAL BIASES %[$ PEOPLE 9 ,EUROPE ?AT MANY ( !SE W]E 9DE$ GIFT ECONOMIES1 9 :I* PEOPLE 9T5TIONALLY KEPT NO TALLY ( :O [$ :AT TO :OM SO AS TO FO/] A SOCIETY ( G5]OSITY & %>+4 

,:AT !SE AN?ROPOLOGI/S MAY NOT HAVE KN[N IS ?AT GIFT ECONOMIES HAVE NEV] BE5 TOTALLY SUPPRESS$ 9 ! ,WE/2 9 FACT !Y SURFAC$ FREQU5TLY )9 REBELLI\S MOVEM5TS4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ! ,U,S TODAY ALSO EXEMPLIFY ! DESIRE = RELATION%IPS BAS$ ON G5]OSITY & ! GU>ANTEE ?AT EV]YONE'S NE$S WILL BE MET4 ,9 A NUMB] ( T[NS & CITIES1 AN>*I/S HOLD ,REALLY ,REALLY ,FREE ,M>KETS -- ESS5TIALLY1 FLEA M>KETS )\T PRICES4 ,PEOPLE BR+ GOODS !Y HAVE MADE OR ?+S !Y DON'T NE$ ANYMORE & GIVE !M AWAY = FREE TO PASS]SBY OR O!R P>TICIPANTS4 ,OR1 !Y %>E USEFUL SKILLS ) ONE ANO!R4 ,9 ONE FREE M>KET 9 ,NOR? ,C>OL9A1 EV]Y MON?3 

TWO HUNDR$ OR MORE PEOPLE FROM ALL WALKS ( LIFE GA!R AT ! COMMONS 9 ! C5T] ( \R T[N4 ,!Y BR+ EV]Y?+ FROM JEWELRY TO FIREWOOD TO GIVE AWAY1 & TAKE :ATEV] !Y WANT4 ,!RE >E BOO?S (F]+ BICYCLE REPAIR1 HAIR/YL+1 EV5 T>OT READ+S4 ,PEOPLE LEAVE ) FULL-SIZE B$ FRAMES & OLD COMPUT]S2 IF !Y DON'T HAVE A VEHICLE TO TRANSPORT !M1 VOLUNTE] DRIV]S >E AVAILABLE4 ,NO MONEY *ANGES H&S1 NO ONE HAGGLES OV] ! COMP>ATIVE WOR? ( ITEMS OR S]VICES1 NOBODY IS A%AM$ AB\T BE+ 9 NE$4 ,CONTR>Y TO GOV]NM5T ORD9ANCES1 NO FEE IS PAID = ! USE ( ?IS PUBLIC SPACE1 NOR IS ANYONE 09 *>GE40 ,SOMETIMES A M>*+ B& APPE>S2 SOMETIMES A PUPPETRY TR\PE P]=MS1 OR PEOPLE L9E UP TO TAKE A SW+ AT A P9ATA4 ,GAMES & CONV]SATIONS TAKE PLACE >\ND ! P]IPH]Y1 & EV]YONE HAS A PLATE ( W>M FOOD & A BAG ( FREE GROC]IES4 ,BANN]S HANG FROM BRAN*ES & RAFT]S PROCLAIM+ 0,= ,! ,C,O,M,M,O,N,S1 ,N,O,T ,L,&,L,O,R,D,S ,O,R ,B,U,R,E,A,U,C,R,A,C,Y0 & 0,N,I ,J,E,F,E,S1 ,N,I ,F,R,O,N,T,],A,S0 & A K+-SIZE BLANKET IS SPREAD ) RADICAL READ+ MAT]IAL1 BUT !SE >5'T ESS5TIAL TO ! EV5T -- ?IS IS A SOCIAL 9/ITUTION1 NOT A DEMON/RATION4 

,?ANKS TO \R MON?LY ',FREE ,M>KETS1 EV]YONE 9 \R T[N HAS A WORK+ REF]5CE PO9T = AN>*I/ ECONOMICS4 ,LIFE IS A LITTLE EASI] = ?OSE ( US ) L[ OR NO 9COME1 & RELATION%IPS DEVELOP 9 A SPACE 9 :I* SOCIAL CLASS & F9ANCIAL MEANS >E AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY IRRELEVANT4.<#b.> 

,! TRADITIONAL SOCIETY ( ! ,SEMAI1 9 ,MALAYA1 IS BAS$ ON GIFT-GIV+ RA!R ?AN B>T]+4 ,WE C\LD NOT F9D ANY ACC\NTS ( !IR SOCIETY RECORD$ BY ! ,SEMAI !MSELVES1 BUT !Y EXPLA9$ H[ IT WORK$ TO ,ROB]T ,D5TAN1 A ,WE/]N AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O LIV$ ) !M = A TIME4 ,D5TAN WRITES ?AT ! 0SY/EM BY :I* ! ,SEMAI DI/RIBUTE FOOD & S]VICES IS ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT WAYS 9 :I* MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY >E KNIT TOGE!R444 ,SEMAI ECONOMIC EX*ANGES >E MORE LIKE ,*RI/MAS EX*ANGES ?AN LIKE COMM]CIAL EX*ANGES40.<#c.> ,IT WAS CONSID]$ 0PUNAN10 OR TABOO1 = MEMB]S ( ,SEMAI SOCIETY TO CALCULATE ! VALUE ( GIFTS GIV5 OR RECEIV$4 ,O!R COMMONLY HELD RULES ( ETIQUETTE 9CLUD$ ! DUTY TO %>E :ATEV] !Y HAD ?AT !Y DID NOT IMM$IATELY NE$1 & ! DUTY TO %>E ) GUE/S & ANYONE :O ASK$4 ,IT WAS PUNAN NOT TO %>E OR TO REFUSE A REQUE/1 BUT ALSO TO ASK = MORE ?AN SOMEONE C\LD GIVE4 

,MANY O!R SOCIETIES HAVE ALSO DI/RIBUT$ & EX*ANG$ SURPLUSES AS GIFTS4 ,ASIDE FROM ! SOCIAL COHESION & JOY ?AT IS GA9$ FROM %>+ ) Y\R COMMUNITY )\T GRE$ILY KEEP+ ACC\NTS1 A GIFT ECONOMY CAN ALSO BE JU/IFI$ 9 T]MS ( P]SONAL 9T]E/S4 ,(T51 A P]SON CANNOT CONSUME :AT !Y PRODUCE ALL BY !MSELVES4 ,! MEAT FROM A DAY'S HUNT WILL GO BAD BE=E Y\ CAN EAT IT ALL4 ,A TOOL1 LIKE A SAW1 WILL LAY UNUS$ MO/ ( ! TIME IF IT IS ! PROP]TY ( A S+LE P]SON4 ,IT MAKES MORE S5SE TO GIVE AWAY MO/ ( ! MEAT OR %>E Y\R SAW ) Y\R NEI<BORS1 BECAUSE Y\ >E 5SUR+ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE !Y WILL GIVE EXTRA FOOD TO Y\ & %>E !IR TOOLS ) Y\ -- ?US 5SUR+ ?AT Y\ HAVE ACCESS TO MORE FOOD & A WID] RANGE ( TOOLS1 & Y\ & Y\R NEI<BORS BECOME RI*] )\T HAV+ TO EXPLOIT ANYBODY4 

,FROM :AT WE KN[1 H[EV]1 MEMB]S ( GIFT ECONOMIES W\LD PROBABLY NOT JU/IFY !IR ACTIONS ) >GUM5TS ( CALCULAT$ SELF-9T]E/1 BUT ) MORAL REASON+1 EXPLA9+ %>+ AS ! RI<T ?+ TO DO4 ,AFT] ALL1 AN ECONOMIC SURPLUS IS ! RESULT ( A C]TA9 WAY ( LOOK+ AT ! WORLD3 IT IS A SOCIAL *OICE & NOT A MAT]IAL C]TA9TY4 ,SOCIETIES MU/ *OOSE1 OV] TIME1 TO WORK MORE ?AN !Y NE$ TO1 TO QUANTIFY VALUE1 OR TO ONLY CONSUME ! M9IMUM REQUIR$ = !IR SURVIVAL & TO SURR5D] ALL ! RE/ ( !IR PRODUCE TO A COMMON /OREH\SE CONTROLL$ BY A CLASS ( LEAD]S4 ,EV5 IF A HUNT+ P>TY OR A GR\P ( GA!R]S GETS LUCKY & BR+S HOME A HUGE AM\NT ( FOOD1 !RE IS NO SURPLUS IF !Y CONSID] IT NORMAL TO %>E IT ) EV]YONE ELSE1 GLUT !MSELVES ) A BIG FEA/1 OR 9VITE A NEI<BOR+ COMMUNITY TO P>TY UNTIL ALL ! FOOD IS EAT54 ,IT'S C]TA9LY MORE FUN ?AT WAY ?AN MEASUR+ \T P\NDS ( FOOD & CALCULAT+ :AT P]C5TAGE WE E>N$4 

,AS = LOAF]S1 EV5 IF PEOPLE DO NOT CALCULATE ! VALUE ( GIFTS & KEEP A BALANCE %EET1 !Y WILL NOTICE IF SOMEONE CONSI/5TLY REFUSES TO %>E OR CONTRIBUTE TO ! GR\P1 VIOLAT+ ! CU/OMS ( ! SOCIETY & ! S5SE ( MUTUAL AID4 ,GRADUALLY1 SU* PEOPLE WILL DAMAGE !IR RELATION%IPS1 & MISS \T ON SOME ( ! NIC] B5EFITS ( LIV+ 9 A SOCIETY4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT 9 ALL KN[N GIFT ECONOMIES1 EV5 ! LAZIE/ ( PEOPLE W]E NEV] REFUS$ FOOD -- 9 />K CONTRA/ TO CAPITALISM -- BUT FE$+ A FEW LOAF]S IS AN 9SIGNIFICANT DRA9 ON A SOCIETY'S RES\RCES1 ESPECIALLY :5 COMP>$ TO PAMP]+ ! VORACI\S ELITE ( \R SOCIETY4 ,& LOS+ ?IS T9Y AM\NT ( RES\RCES IS F> PREF]ABLE TO LOS+ \R COMPASSION & LETT+ PEOPLE />VE TO DEA?4 ,9 MORE EXTREME CASES1 IF MEMB]S ( SU* A SOCIETY W]E MORE AGGRESSIVELY P>ASITIC1 ATTEMPT+ TO MONOPOLIZE RES\RCES OR =CE O!R PEOPLE TO WORK = !M -- 9 O!R WORDS1 ACT+ LIKE CAPITALI/S -- !Y C\LD BE O/RACIZ$ & EV5 EXPELL$ FROM ! SOCIETY4 

,SOME /ATELESS SOCIETIES HAVE *IEFS :O PLAY RITUAL ROLES1 (T5 RELAT$ TO GIV+ GIFTS & SPREAD+ RES\RCES4 ,9 FACT1 ! T]M 0*IEF0 CAN BE DECEPTIVE BECAUSE !RE HAVE BE5 SO MANY DIFF]5T HUMAN SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE HAD :AT ! ,WE/ CLASSIFIES AS 0*IEFS10 & 9 EA* SOCIETY ! ROLE 5TAIL$ SOME?+ A LITTLE DIFF]5T4 ,9 MANY SOCIETIES *IEFS HELD NO CO]CIVE P[]3 !IR RESPONSIBILITY WAS TO M$IATE DISPUTES OR CONDUCT RITUALS1 & !Y W]E EXPECT$ TO BE MORE G5]\S ?AN ANYONE ELSE4 ,ULTIMATELY !Y WORK$ H>D] & HAD LESS P]SONAL WEAL? ?AN O!RS4 ,ONE /UDY F\ND ?AT A COMMON REASON = ! PEOPLE TO DEPOSE OR EXPEL A *IEF WAS IF ! *IEF WAS NOT CONSID]$ G5]\S 5\<4.<#d.> 

,>5'T PEOPLE NATURALLY COMPETITIVE8 

,9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY1 COMPETITION IS SO NORMALIZ$ IT'S NO WOND] WE CONSID] IT ! NATURAL MODE ( HUMAN RELATIONS4 ,FROM Y\?1 WE'RE TAU<T ?AT WE HAVE TO BE BETT] ?AN EV]YONE ELSE TO BE WOR? ANY?+ \RSELVES4 ,CORPORATIONS JU/IFY FIR+ WORK]S1 DEPRIV+ !M ( SU/5ANCE & HEAL?C>E1 SO ! COMPANY CAN 0/AY COMPETITIVE40 ,=TUNATELY1 IT DOES NOT HAVE TO BE ?IS WAY4 ,9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM IS ONLY ONE ( ?\S&S ( =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION HUMANS HAVE DEVELOP$1 & ) ANY LUCK IT WON'T BE ! LA/4 ,OBVI\SLY1 HUMANS >E CAPABLE ( COMPETITIVE BEHAVIOR1 BUT IT'S NOT H>D TO SEE H[ MU* \R SOCIETY 5C\RAGES ?IS & SUPPRESSES COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIOR4 ,C\NTLESS SOCIETIES ?R\<\T ! WORLD HAVE DEVELOP$ COOP]ATIVE =MS ( LIV+ ?AT CONTRA/ GREATLY ) ! NORMS AT WORK UND] CAPITALISM4 ,BY N[1 NE>LY ALL ( !SE SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM ?R\< COLONIALISM1 SLAV]Y1 W>F>E1 OR HABITAT DE/RUCTION1 BUT A NUMB] ( ACC\NTS REMA9 TO DOCUM5T ! GREAT DIV]SITY ( SOCIETIES ?AT HAVE EXI/$4 

,! ,MBUTI HUNT]-GA!R]S ( ! ,ITURI ,=E/ 9 C5TRAL ,AFRICA HAVE TRADITIONALLY LIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,ACC\NTS BY ANCI5T HI/ORIANS SUGGE/ ! =E/-DWELL]S HAVE LIV$ AS /ATELESS HUNT]-GA!R]S DUR+ ! TIME ( ! ,EGYPTIAN PH>OAHS1 & ACCORD+ TO ! ,MBUTI !MSELVES !Y HAVE ALWAYS LIV$ ?AT WAY4 ,CONTR>Y TO COMMON PORTRAYALS BY \TSID]S1 GR\PS LIKE ! ,MBUTI >E NOT ISOLAT$ OR PRIMORDIAL4 ,9 FACT !Y HAVE FREQU5T 9T]ACTIONS ) ! S$5T>Y ,BANTU PEOPLES SURR\ND+ ! =E/1 & !Y HAVE HAD PL5TY ( OPPORTUNITIES TO SEE :AT SUPPOS$LY ADVANC$ SOCIETIES >E LIKE4 ,GO+ BACK AT LEA/ HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 ,MBUTI HAVE DEVELOP$ RELATION%IPS ( EX*ANGE & GIFT-GIV+ ) NEI<BOR+ F>M]S1 :ILE RETA9+ !IR ID5TITY AS 0! *ILDR5 ( ! =E/40 

,TODAY SEV]AL ?\S& ,MBUTI /ILL LIVE 9 ! ,ITURI ,=E/ & NEGOTIATE DYNAMIC RELATION%IPS ) ! *ANG+ WORLD ( ! VILLAG]S1 :ILE FI<T+ TO PRES]VE !IR TRADITIONAL WAY ( LIFE4 ,MANY O!R ,MBUTI LIVE 9 SETTLEM5TS ALONG ! NEW ROADS4 ,COLTAN M9+ = CELL PHONES IS A *IEF F9ANCIAL 9C5TIVE = ! CIVIL W> & ! HABITAT DE/RUCTION ?AT IS RAVAG+ ! REGION & KILL+ HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( 9HABITANTS4 ,! GOV]NM5TS ( ,CONGO1 ,RW&A1 & ,UG&A ALL WANT TO CONTROL ?IS BILLION DOLL> 9DU/RY1 ?AT PRODUCES PRIM>ILY = ! ,U,S & ,EUROPE1 :ILE M9]S SEEK+ EMPLOYM5T COME FROM ALL OV] ,AFRICA TO SET UP CAMP 9 ! REGION4 ,! DE=E/ATION1 POPULATION BOOM1 & 9CREASE 9 HUNT+ TO PROVIDE BU% MEAT = ! SOLDI]S & M9]S HAVE DEPLET$ LOCAL WILDLIFE4 ,LACK+ FOOD & COMPET+ = T]RITORIAL CONTROL1 SOLDI]S & M9]S HAVE TAK5 TO C>RY+ \T ATROCITIES1 9CLUD+ CANNIBALISM1 AGA9/ ! ,MBUTI4 ,SOME ,MBUTI >E CURR5TLY DEM&+ AN 9T]NATIONAL TRIBUNAL AGA9/ CANNIBALISM & O!R VIOLATIONS4 

,EUROPEANS TRAVEL+ ?R\< C5TRAL ,AFRICA DUR+ !IR COLONIZATION ( ?AT CONT95T IMPOS$ !IR [N MORAL FRAMEWORK ON ! ,MBUTI4 ,BECAUSE !Y ONLY 5C\NT]$ ! ,MBUTI 9 ! VILLAGES ( ! ,BANTU F>M]S SURR\ND+ ! ,ITURI =E/1 !Y ASSUM$ ! ,MBUTI W]E A PRIMITIVE S]VANT CLASS4 ,9 ! #a#i#eS1 ! ,MBUTI 9VIT$ ,WE/]N AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,COL9 ,TURNBULL TO LIVE ) !M 9 ! =E/4 ,!Y TOL]AT$ HIS RUDE & IGNORANT QUE/IONS1 & TOOK ! TIME TO TEA* HIM AB\T !IR CULTURE4 ,! /ORIES HE REC\NTS DESCRIBE A SOCIETY F> \TSIDE ( :AT A ,WE/]N WORLDVIEW CONSID]S POSSIBLE4 ,>\ND ! TIME ?AT AN?ROPOLOGI/S1 & SUBSEQU5TLY1 ,WE/]N AN>*I/S1 BEGAN TO >GUE AB\T :AT ! ,MBUTI 0MEANT0 = !IR RESPECTIVE !ORIES1 GLOBAL ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS W]E ELABORAT+ A PROCESS ( G5OCIDE ?AT ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY ! ,MBUTI AS A PEOPLE4 ,NOT)/&+1 V>I\S ,WE/]N WRIT]S HAVE ALREADY IDEALIZ$ OR DEGRAD$ ! ,MBUTI TO PRODUCE >GUM5TS = OR AGA9/ PRIMITIVISM1 VEGANISM1 FEM9ISM1 & O!R POLITICAL AG5DAS4 

,!RE=E1 P]HAPS ! MO/ IMPORTANT LESSON TO TAKE FROM ! /ORY ( ! ,MBUTI IS NOT ?AT AN>*Y -- A COOP]ATIVE1 FREE1 & RELATIVELY HEAL?Y SOCIETY -- IS POSSIBLE1 BUT ?AT FREE SOCIETIES >E NOT POSSIBLE SO LONG AS GOV]NM5TS TRY TO CRU% ANY POCKET ( 9DEP5D5CE1 CORPORATIONS FUND G5OCIDE 9 ORD] TO MANUFACTURE CELL PHONES1 & SUPPOS$LY SYMPA!TIC PEOPLE >E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 WRIT+ E?NOGRAPHIES ?AN FI<T+ BACK4 

,9 ,TURNBULL'S P]SPECTIVE1 ! ,MBUTI W]E RESOLUTELY EGALIT>IAN1 & MANY ( ! WAYS !Y ORGANIZ$ !IR SOCIETY R$UC$ COMPETITION & PROMOT$ COOP]ATION BETWE5 MEMB]S4 ,GA!R+ FOOD WAS A COMMUNITY AFFAIR1 & :5 !Y HUNT$ (T5 ! :OLE B& TURN$ \T4 ,ONE HALF W\LD BEAT ! BU% 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! O!R HALF1 :O WAIT$ ) NETS TO SN>E ANY ANIMALS ?AT HAD BE5 FLU%$ \T4 ,A SUCCESSFUL HUNT WAS ! RESULT ( EV]YONE WORK+ TOGE!R EFFECTIVELY1 & ! :OLE COMMUNITY %>$ 9 ! CAT*4 

,MBUTI *ILDR5 W]E GIV5 A HI< DEGREE ( AUTONOMY1 & SP5T MU* ( !IR DAYS 9 A W+ ( ! CAMP ?AT WAS (F-LIMITS TO ADULTS4 ,ONE GAME !Y FREQU5TLY PLAY$ 9VOLV$ A GR\P ( SMALL *ILDR5 CLIMB+ UP A Y\NG TREE UNTIL !IR COMB9$ WEI<T B5T ! TREE T[>DS ! E>?4 ,IDEALLY1 ! *ILDR5 W\LD LET GO ALL AT ONCE1 & ! SUPPLE TREE W\LD %OOT UPRI<T4 ,BUT IF ONE *ILD WAS NOT 9 SYNC & LET GO TOO LATE1 ! *ILD W\LD BE LAUN*$ ?R\< ! TREES & GIV5 A GOOD SC>E4 ,SU* GAMES TEA* GR\P H>MONY OV] 9DIVIDUAL P]=MANCE1 & PROVIDE AN E>LY =M ( SOCIALIZATION 9TO A CULTURE ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION4 ,! W> GAMES & 9DIVIDUALIZ$ COMPETITION ?AT *>ACT]IZE PLAY 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY PROVIDE A NOTABLY DIFF]5T =M ( SOCIALIZATION4 

,! ,MBUTI ALSO DISC\RAG$ COMPETITION OR EV5 EXCESSIVE DI/9CTION BETWE5 G5D]S4 ,!Y DID NOT USE G5D]$ PRON\NS OR FAMILIAL WORDS -- E4G41 9/EAD ( 0SON0 !Y SAY 0*ILD10 0SIBL+0 9/EAD ( 0SI/]0 -- EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( P>5TS1 9 :I* !RE IS A FUNCTIONAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ONE :O GIVES BIR? OR PROVIDES MILK & ONE :O PROVIDES O!R =MS ( C>E4 ,AN IMPORTANT RITUAL GAME PLAY$ BY ADULT ,MBUTI WORK$ TO UND]M9E G5D] COMPETITION4 ,AS ,TURNBULL DESCRIBES IT1 ! GAME BEGAN LIKE A TUG-(-W> MAT*1 ) ! WOM5 PULL+ ONE 5D ( A LONG ROPE OR V9E & ! M5 PULL+ ! O!R4 ,BUT AS SOON AS ONE SIDE />T$ TO W91 SOMEONE FROM ?AT TEAM W\LD RUN TO ! O!R SIDE1 ALSO SYMBOLICALLY *ANG+ !IR G5D] & BECOM+ A MEMB] ( ! O!R GR\P4 ,BY ! 5D1 ! P>TICIPANTS COLLAPS$ 9 A HEAP LAU<+1 ALL HAV+ *ANG$ !IR G5D]S MULTIPLE TIMES4 ,NEI!R SIDE 0WON10 BUT ?AT SEEM$ TO BE ! PO9T4 ,GR\P H>MONY WAS RE/OR$4 

,! ,MBUTI TRADITIONALLY VIEW$ CONFLICT OR 0NOISE0 AS A COMMON PROBLEM & A ?REAT TO ! H>MONY ( ! GR\P4 ,IF ! DISPUTANTS C\LD NOT RESOLVE ?+S ON !IR [N OR ) ! HELP ( FRI5DS1 ! 5TIRE B& W\LD HOLD AN IMPORTANT RITUAL ?AT (T5 LA/$ ALL NI<T LONG4 ,EV]YONE GA!R$ TOGE!R TO DISCUSS1 & IF ! PROBLEM /ILL C\LD NOT BE SOLV$1 ! Y\?1 :O (T5 PLAY$ ! ROLE ( JU/ICE-SEEK]S )9 !IR SOCIETY1 W\LD SNEAK 9TO ! NI<T & BEG9 RAMPAG+ >\ND ! CAMP1 BL[+ A HORN ?AT MADE A S\ND LIKE AN ELEPHANT1 SYMBOLIZ+ H[ ! PROBLEM ?REAT5$ ! EXI/5CE ( ! :OLE B&4 ,= A P>TICUL>LY S]I\S DISPUTE ?AT HAD DISRUPT$ ! GR\P'S H>MONY1 ! Y\? MI<T GIVE EXTRA EXPRESSION TO !IR FRU/RATION BY CRA%+ ?R\< CAMP ITSELF1 KICK+ \T FIRES & KNOCK+ D[N H\SES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 ! ADULTS W\LD S+ A TWO-P>T H>MONY1 BUILD+ UP A S5SE ( COOP]ATION & TOGE!RNESS4 

,! ,MBUTI ALSO UND]W5T A SORT ( FISSION & FUSION ?R\<\T ! YE>4 ,(T5 MOTIVAT$ BY 9T]P]SONAL CONFLICTS1 ! B& W\LD BREAK UP 9TO SMALL]1 MORE 9TIMATE GR\PS4 ,PEOPLE HAD ! OPTION TO TAKE SPACE FROM ONE ANO!R RA!R ?AN BE+ =C$ BY ! L>G] COMMUNITY TO SUPPRESS !IR PROBLEMS4 ,AFT] TRAVEL+ & LIV+ SEP>ATELY = A TIME1 ! SMALL] GR\PS JO9$ TOGE!R AGA91 ONCE !RE HAD BE5 TIME = CONFLICTS TO COOL D[N4 ,EV5TUALLY ! :OLE B& WAS REUNIT$1 & ! PROCESS />T$ OV]4 ,IT SEEMS ! ,MBUTI SYN*RONIZ$ ?IS SOCIAL FLUCTUATION ) !IR ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES1 SO !IR P]IOD ( LIV+ TOGE!R AS AN 5TIRE B& CO9CID$ ) ! SEASON 9 :I* ! SPECIFIC =MS ( GA!R+ & HUNT+ REQUIRE ! COOP]ATION ( A L>G] GR\P4 ,! P]IOD ( SMALL1 DISP>ATE GR\PS CO9CID$ ) ! TIME ( ! YE> :5 ! FOODS W]E 9 SEASON ?AT W]E BE/ H>VE/$ BY SMALL GR\PS SPREAD ?R\<\T ! :OLE =E/1 & ! P]IOD :5 ! :OLE B& CAME TOGE!R CORRESPOND$ ) ! SEASON 9 :I* HUNT+ & GA!R+ ACTIVITIES W]E BETT] ACCOMPLI%$ BY BIG GR\PS WORK+ TOGE!R4 

,UN=TUNATELY = US1 NEI!R ! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 OR SOCIAL /RUCTURES ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY >E CONDUCIVE TO COOP]ATION4 ,:5 \R JOBS & SOCIAL /ATUS DEP5D ON \TP]=M+ \R PE]S1 ) ! 0LOS]S0 BE+ FIR$ OR O/RACIZ$ )\T REG>D TO H[ IT HURTS !IR DIGNITY OR !IR ABILITY TO FE$ !MSELVES1 IT'S NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT COMPETITIVE BEHAVIORS COME TO \TNUMB] COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIORS4 ,BUT ! ABILITY TO LIVE COOP]ATIVELY IS NOT LO/ TO PEOPLE :O LIVE UND] ! DE/RUCTIVE 9FLU5CES ( /ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,SOCIAL COOP]ATION IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO SOCIETIES LIKE ! ,MBUTI :O 9HABIT ONE ( ! FEW REMA9+ POCKETS ( AUTONOMY 9 ! WORLD4 ,LIV+ COOP]ATIVELY IS A POSSIBILITY = ALL ( US RI<T N[4 

,E>LI] ?IS DECADE1 9 ONE ( ! MO/ 9DIVIDUALI/IC & COMPETITIVE SOCIETIES 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 /ATE AU?ORITY COLLAPS$ = A TIME 9 ONE CITY4 ,YET 9 ?IS P]IOD ( CATA/ROPHE1 ) HUNDR$S ( PEOPLE DY+ & RES\RCES NECESS>Y = SURVIVAL SORELY LIMIT$1 /RANG]S CAME TOGE!R TO ASSI/ ONE ANO!R 9 A SPIRIT ( MUTUAL AID4 ,! CITY 9 QUE/ION IS ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 AFT] ,HURRICANE ,KATR9A /RUCK 9 #b#e4 ,9ITIALLY1 ! CORPORATE M$IA SPREAD RACI/ /ORIES ( SAVAG]Y COMMITT$ BY ! MO/LY BLACK SURVIVORS1 & POLICE & NATIONAL GU>D TROOPS P]=M+ H]OIC RESCUES :ILE FI<T+ (F ROV+ B&S ( LOOT]S4 ,IT WAS LAT] ADMITT$ ?AT !SE /ORIES W]E FALSE4 ,9 FACT1 ! VA/ MAJORITY ( RESCUES W]E C>RI$ \T NOT BY POLICE & PR(ESSIONALS1 BUT BY COMMON ,NEW ,ORLEANS RESID5TS1 (T5 9 DEFIANCE ( ! ORD]S ( AU?ORITIES4.<#e.> ,! POLICE1 MEAN:ILE1 W]E MURD]+ PEOPLE :O W]E SALVAG+ DR9K+ WAT]1 DIAP]S1 & O!R LIV+ SUPPLIES FROM AB&ON$ GROC]Y /ORES1 SUPPLIES ?AT W\LD O!RWISE HAVE BE5 ULTIMATELY ?R[N AWAY BECAUSE CONTAM9ATION FROM FLOODWAT]S HAD MADE !M UNSALABLE4 

,NEW ,ORLEANS IS NOT ATYPICAL3 EV]YONE CAN LE>N COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIORS :5 !Y HAVE ! NE$ OR DESIRE TO DO SO4 ,SOCIOLOGICAL /UDIES HAVE F\ND ?AT 9 NE>LY ALL NATURAL DISA/]S1 COOP]ATION & SOLID>ITY AMONG PEOPLE 9CREASE1 & IT IS COMMON PEOPLE1 NOT GOV]NM5TS1 :O VOLUNT>ILY DO MO/ ( ! WORK C>RY+ \T RESCUES & PROTECT+ ONE ANO!R ?R\<\T ! CRISIS4.<#f.> 

,HAV5'T HUMANS ALWAYS BE5 PATRI>*AL8 

,ONE ( ! MO/ ANCI5T =MS ( OPPRESSION & HI]>*Y IS PATRI>*Y3 ! DIVISION ( HUMANS 9TO TWO RIGID G5D] ROLES & ! DOM9ATION ( M5 OV] WOM54 ,BUT PATRI>*Y IS NOT NATURAL OR UNIV]SAL4 ,MANY SOCIETIES HAVE HAD MORE ?AN TWO G5D] CATEGORIES1 & HAVE ALL[$ !IR MEMB]S TO *ANGE G5D]4 ,SOME EV5 CREAT$ RESPECT$ SPIRITUAL ROLES = ?OSE :O DID NOT FIT 9TO EI!R ( ! PRIM>Y G5D]S4 ,! MAJORITY ( PREHI/ORIC >T DEPICTS PEOPLE :O >E EI!R ( NO DET]M9ATE G5D] OR PEOPLE ) AMBIGU\S1 EXAGG]AT$ COMB9ATIONS ( MASCUL9E & FEM99E TRAITS4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES1 G5D] WAS FLUID4 ,IT WAS SOME?+ ( A HI/ORIC C\P TO 5=CE ! NOTION ( TWO FIX$1 IDEALIZ$ G5D]S ?AT WE N[ CONSID] NATURAL4 ,SPEAK+ 9 /RICTLY PHYSICAL T]MS1 MANY P]FECTLY HEAL?Y PEOPLE >E BORN 9T]SEX$1 ) MALE & FEMALE PHYSIOLOGICAL *>ACT]I/ICS1 %[+ ?AT !SE CATEGORIES EXI/ ON A FLUID CONT9UUM4 ,IT MAKES NO S5SE TO MAKE PEOPLE :O DO NOT FIT EASILY 9TO ONE CATEGORY FEEL AS ?\< !Y >E UNNATURAL4 

,EV5 9 \R PATRI>*AL SOCIETY1 9 :I* EV]YONE IS CONDITION$ TO BELIEVE ?AT PATRI>*Y IS NATURAL1 !RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 RESI/ANCE4 ,MU* CURR5T RESI/ANCE BY QUE] PEOPLE & TRANSG5D] PEOPLE TAKES A HORIZONTAL =M4 ,ONE ORGANIZATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK ,CITY1 CALL$ ,F,I,],C,E61 9CLUDES A WIDE SPECTRUM ( PEOPLE EXCLUD$ & OPPRESS$ BY PATRI>*Y3 TRANSG5D]1 LESBIAN1 GAY1 BISEXUAL1 TWO-SPIRIT 7AN HONOR$ CATEGORY 9 MANY ,NATIVE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETIES = PEOPLE :O >E NOT ID5TIFI$ AS /RICTLY M5 OR WOM571 QUE]1 & QUE/ION+ 7PEOPLE :O HAVE NOT MADE UP !IR M9DS AB\T !IR SEXUALITY OR G5D] ID5TITY1 OR :O DO NOT FEEL COM=TABLE 9 ANY CATEGORY74 ,F,I,],C,E6 WAS F\ND$ 9 #b1 MO/LY BY Y\? ( COLOR1 & ) AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION4 ,!Y UPHOLD A HORIZONTAL E?IC ( 0ORGANIZ+ BY US1 = US10 & !Y ACTIVELY L9K RESI/ANCE TO PATRI>*Y1 TRANSPHOBIA1 & HOMOPHOBIA ) RESI/ANCE TO CAPITALISM & RACISM4 ,!IR ACTIONS HAVE 9CLUD$ PROTE/+ POLICE BRUTALITY AGA9/ TRANSG5D] & QUE] Y\?2 $UCATION ?R\< DOCUM5T>Y FILMS1 Z9ES1 & ! 9T]NET2 & ORGANIZ+ = FAIR HEAL?C>E & AGA9/ G5TRIFICATION1 P>TICUL>LY :]E ! LATT] ?REAT5S TO DE/ROY IMPORTANT CULTURAL & SOCIAL SPACES = QUE] Y\?4 

,AT ! TIME ( ?IS WRIT+ !Y >E P>TICUL>LY ACTIVE 9 A CAMPAIGN TO /OP ! G5TRIFICATION ( ! ,*RI/OPH] ,/REET ,PI]1 :I* HAS BE5 ONE ( ! ONLY SAFE PUBLIC SPACES = HOMELESS & L[-9COME QUE] Y\? ( COLOR TO MEET & BUILD COMMUNITY4 ,S9CE #b#a1 ! CITY HAS BE5 TRY+ TO DEVELOP ! ,PI]1 & POLICE H>ASSM5T & >RE/S HAVE MULTIPLI$4 ,! ,F,I,],C,E6 CAMPAIGN HAS HELP$ PROVIDE A RALLY+ PO9T = ?OSE :O WANT TO SAVE ! SPACE1 & *ANG$ ! PUBLIC DEBATE SO ?AT O!R VOICES >E HE>D BESIDES ?OSE ( ! GOV]NM5T & BUS9ESS [N]S4 ,\R SOCIETY'S ATTITUDES AB\T G5D] & SEXUALITY HAVE *ANG$ RADICALLY 9 ! PA/ C5TURIES1 L>GELY BECAUSE ( GR\PS LIKE ?IS TAK+ DIRECT ACTION TO CREATE :AT IS SAID TO BE IMPOSSIBLE4 

,RESI/ANCE TO PATRI>*Y GOES BACK AS F> AS WE C>E TO LOOK4 ,9 ! 0GOOD OLD DAYS0 :5 !SE G5D] ROLES W]E SUPPOS$LY UN*ALL5G$ & ACCEPT$ AS NATURAL1 WE CAN F9D /ORIES ( UTOPIA1 ?AT UPSET ! ASSUMPTION ?AT PATRI>*Y IS NATURAL1 & ! NOTION ?AT CIVILIZ$ PROGRESS IS BR++ US /EADILY FROM \R BRUTAL ORIG9S T[>DS MORE 5LI<T5$ S5SIBILITIES4 ,9 FACT ! IDEA ( TOTAL FRE$OM HAS ALWAYS PLAY$ A ROLE 9 HUMAN HI/ORY4 

,9 ! #a#fS1 ,EUROPEANS W]E /REAM+ TO ,NOR? ,AM]ICA = A V>IETY ( REASONS1 BUILD+ NEW COLONIES ?AT EXHIBIT$ A WIDE RANGE ( *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,!Y 9CLUD$ PLANTATION ECONOMIES BAS$ ON SLAVE LABOR1 P5AL COLONIES1 TRAD+ NETWORKS ?AT S\<T TO COMPEL ! 9DIG5\S 9HABITANTS TO PRODUCE L>GE QUANTITIES ( ANIMAL SK9S1 & FUNDAM5TALI/ RELIGI\S UTOPIAS BAS$ ON ! TOTAL G5OCIDE ( ! NATIVE POPULATION4 ,BUT JU/ AS ! PLANTATION COLONIES HAD !IR SLAVE REBELLIONS1 ! RELIGI\S COLONIES HAD !IR H]ETICS4 ,ONE NOTEWOR?Y H]ETIC WAS ,ANNE ,HUT*9SON4 ,AN ANABAPTI/ :O CAME TO ,NEW ,5GL& TO ESCAPE RELIGI\S P]SECUTION 9 ! OLD WORLD1 %E BEGAN TO HOLD WOM5'S MEET+S 9 H] H\SE1 DISCUSSION GR\PS BAS$ ON FREE 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,BIBLE4 ,AS ! POPUL>ITY ( !SE MEET+S SPREAD1 M5 BEGAN TO P>TICIPATE AS WELL4 ,ANNE WON POPUL> SUPPORT = H] WELL >GU$ IDEAS1 :I* OPPOS$ ! SLAV]Y ( ,AFRICANS & ,NATIVE ,AM]ICANS1 CRITICIZ$ ! *UR*1 & 9SI/$ ?AT BE+ BORN A WOMAN WAS A BLESS+ & NOT A CURSE4 

,! RELIGI\S LEAD]S ( ! ,MASSA*USETTS ,BAY ,COLONY PUT H] ON TRIAL = BLASPHEMY1 BUT AT TRIAL %E /OOD BY H] IDEAS4 ,%E WAS HECKL$ & CALL$ AN 9/RUM5T ( ! DEVIL1 & ONE M9I/] SAID1 0,Y\ HAVE /EPP$ \T ( Y\R PLACE1 Y\ HAVE RA!R BE5 A HUSB& ?AN A WIFE1 A PREA*] ?AN A HE>]1 & A MAGI/RATE ?AN A SUBJECT40 ,UPON H] EXPULSION ,ANNE ,HUT*9SON ORGANIZ$ A GR\P1 9 #a#f#c#g1 TO =M A SETTLEM5T NAM$ ,POCASSET4 ,!Y 9T5TIONALLY SETTL$ NE> TO :]E ,ROG] ,WILLIAMS1 A PROGRESSIVE !OLOGIAN1 HAD F\ND$ ,PROVID5CE ,PLANTATIONS1 A SETTLEM5T BAS$ ON ! IDEA ( TOTAL EQUALITY & FRE$OM ( CONSCI5CE = ALL 9HABITANTS1 & FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) ! 9DIG5\S NEI<BORS4 ,!SE SETTLEM5TS W]E TO BECOME1 RESPECTIVELY1 ,PORTSM\? & ,PROVID5CE1 ,RHODE ,ISL&4 ,E>LY ON !Y JO9$ TO =M ! ,RHODE ,ISL& ,COLONY4 ,BO? SETTLEM5TS ALLEG$LY MA9TA9$ FRI5DLY RELATIONS ) ! NEI<BOR+ 9DIG5\S NATION1 ! ,N>RAGANSETT2 ,ROG] ,WILLIAMS' SETTLEM5T WAS GIFT$ ! L& !Y BUILT ON1 :]EAS ,HUT*9SON'S GR\P NEGOTIAT$ AN EX*ANGE TO BUY L&4 

,9ITIALLY1 ,POCASSET WAS ORGANIZ$ ?R\< ELECT$ C\NCILS & ! PEOPLE REFUS$ TO HAVE A GOV]NOR4 ,! SETTLEM5T RECOGNIZ$ EQUALITY BETWE5 ! SEXES & TRIAL BY JURY2 ABOLI%$ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 WIT*TRIALS1 IMPRISONM5T = DEBT1 & SLAV]Y2 & GRANT$ TOTAL RELIGI\S FRE$OM4 ,! SECOND SYNAGOGUE 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA WAS BUILT 9 ! ,RHODE ,ISL& COLONY4 ,9 #afea ONE MEMB] ( ,HUT*9SON'S GR\P SEIZ$ P[] & GOT ! GOV]NM5T ( ,5GL& TO BE/[ HIM GOV]NOR%IP OV] ! COLONY1 BUT AFT] TWO YE>S ! O!R PEOPLE 9 ! SETTLEM5T KICK$ HIM \T 9 A M9I-REVOLUTION4 ,AFT] ?IS 9CID5T1 ,ANNE ,HUT*9SON REALIZ$ ?AT H] RELIGI\S BELIEFS OPPOS$ 0MAGI/RACY10 OR GOV]NM5TAL AU?ORITY1 & 9 H] LAT] YE>S %E WAS SAID TO HAVE DEVELOP$ A POLITICAL-RELIGI\S PHILOSOPHY V]Y SIMIL> TO 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,ONE MI<T SAY ?AT ,HUT*9SON & H] COLLEAGUES W]E AHEAD ( !IR TIMES1 BUT 9 EV]Y P]IOD ( HI/ORY !RE HAVE BE5 /ORIES ( PEOPLE CREAT+ UTOPIAS1 WOM5 ASS]T+ !IR EQUALITY1 LAYPEOPLE NEGAT+ ! RELIGI\S LEAD]S' MONOPOLY ON TRU?4 

,\TSIDE ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION WE CAN F9D MANY EXAMPLES ( NON-PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES4 ,SOME /ATELESS SOCIETIES 9T5TIONALLY PRES]VE G5D] FLUIDITY1 LIKE ! ,MBUTI DESCRIB$ PREVI\SLY4 ,MANY SOCIETIES ACCEPT FIX$ G5D]S & DIVISION ( ROLES BETWE5 M5 & WOM51 BUT SEEK TO PRES]VE EQUALITY BETWE5 !SE ROLES4 ,SEV]AL ( !SE SOCIETIES ALL[ TRANSG5D] EXPRESSIONS -- 9DIVIDUALS *ANG+ !IR G5D] OR ADOPT+ A UNIQUE G5D] ID5TITY4 ,9 HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES 0A %>P & H>D DIVISION ( LABOR BETWE5 ! SEXES IS NOT UNIV]SAL444 .<& 9 ! CASE ( ONE P>TICUL> SOCIETY.> VIRTUALLY EV]Y SUBSI/5CE ACTIVITY CAN BE1 & (T5 IS1 P]=M$ BY EI!R M5 OR WOM504.<#g.> 

,! ,IGBO ( WE/]N ,AFRICA HAD SEP>ATE SPH]ES ( ACTIVITY = M5 & WOM54 ,WOM5 W]E RESPONSIBLE = C]TA9 ECONOMIC TASKS & M5 = O!RS1 & EA* GR\P HELD P[] AUTONOM\SLY OV] !IR SPH]E4 ,!SE SPH]ES DESIGNAT$ :O PRODUC$ :I* GOODS1 DOME/ICAT$ :I* ANIMALS1 & TOOK :I* RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! G>D5 & M>KET4 ,IF A MAN 9T]F]$ 9 ! WOM5'S SPH]E ( ACTIVITY OR ABUS$ HIS WIFE1 ! WOM5 HAD A RITUAL ( COLLECTIVE SOLID>ITY ?AT PRES]V$ ! BALANCE & PUNI%$ ! (F5D]1 CALL$ 0SITT+ ON A MAN40 ,ALL ! WOM5 W\LD ASSEMBLE \TSIDE ! MAN'S H\SE1 YELL+ AT HIM & 9SULT+ HIM 9 ORD] TO CAUSE HIM %AME4 ,IF HE DID NOT COME \T TO APOLOGIZE ! MOB ( WOM5 MI<T DE/ROY ! F5CE >\ND HIS H\SE & HIS \TLY+ /ORAGE BUILD+S4 ,IF HIS (F5SE W]E GRIEV\S 5\<1 ! WOM5 MI<T EV5 /ORM 9TO HIS H\SE1 DRAG HIM \T1 & BEAT HIM UP4 ,:5 ! ,BRITI% COLONIZ$ ! ,IGBO1 !Y RECOGNIZ$ M5'S 9/ITUTIONS & ECONOMIC ROLES1 BUT IGNOR$ OR W]E BL9D TO ! CORRESPOND+ WOM5'S SPH]E ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,:5 ,IGBO WOM5 RESPOND$ TO ,BRITI% 9DEC5CY ) ! TRADITIONAL PRACTICE ( 0SITT+ ON A MAN10 ! ,BRITI%1 POSSIBLY MI/AK+ IT = A WOM5'S 9SURRECTION1 OP5$ FIRE1 PUTT+ AN 5D TO ! G5D]-BALANC+ RITUAL & CEM5T+ ! 9/ITUTION ( PATRI>*Y 9 ! SOCIETY !Y HAD COLONIZ$4.<#h.> 

,! ,HAUD5NOSAUNNE1 CALL$ ! ,IROQUOIS BY ,EUROPEANS1 >E A MATRIL9EAL EGALIT>IAN SOCIETY ( EA/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA4 ,!Y TRADITIONALLY USE SEV]AL MEANS TO BALANCE G5D] RELATIONS4 ,:]EAS ,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION UTILIZES G5D] DIVISION TO SOCIALIZE PEOPLE 9TO RIGID ROLES & TO OPPRESS WOM51 QUE]1 & TRANSG5D] PEOPLE1 ! G5D]$ DIVISION ( LABOR & SOCIAL ROLES AMONG ! ,HAUD5NOSAUNNE FUNCTIONS TO PRES]VE A BALANCE1 ASSIGN+ EA* GR\P AUTONOM\S NI*ES & P[]S1 & ALL[+ A GREAT] DEGREE ( MOVEM5T BETWE5 G5D]S ?AN IS CONSID]$ POSSIBLE 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY4 ,= HUNDR$S ( YE>S ! ,HAUD5NOSAUNNE HAVE COORD9AT$ BETWE5 MULTIPLE NATIONS US+ A F$]ATIVE /RUCTURE1 & AT EA* LEVEL ( ORGANIZATION !RE W]E WOM5'S C\NCILS & M5'S C\NCILS4 ,AT :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! NATIONAL LEVEL1 :I* CONC]N$ ITSELF ) MATT]S ( W> & PEACE1 ! M5'S C\NCIL MADE ! DECISIONS1 ?\< ! WOM5 HELD A VETO P[]4 ,AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 WOM5 HELD MORE 9FLU5CE4 ,! BASIC SOCIO-ECONOMIC UNIT1 ! LON<\SE1 WAS CONSID]$ TO BELONG TO ! WOM51 & M5 HAD NO C\NCIL AT ?IS LEVEL4 ,:5 A MAN M>RI$ A WOMAN1 HE MOV$ 9TO H] H\SE4 ,ANY MAN :O DID NOT BEHAVE C\LD ULTIMATELY BE KICK$ \T ( ! LON<\SE BY ! WOM54 

,WE/]N SOCIETY TYPICALLY SEES ! 0HI<]0 LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION AS BE+ MORE IMPORTANT & P[]FUL -- EV5 ! LANGUAGE WE USE REFLECTS ?IS2 BUT BECAUSE ! ,HAUD5NOSAUNNE W]E EGALIT>IAN & DEC5TRALIZ$1 ! L[] OR LOCAL LEVELS ( ORGANIZATION :]E ! WOM5 HAD MORE 9FLU5CE W]E MORE IMPORTANT TO DAILY LIFE4 ,9 FACT :5 !RE WAS NO FEUD BETWE5 ! DIFF]5T NATIONS ! HI<E/ C\NCIL MI<T GO A LONG TIME )\T MEET+ AT ALL4 ,H[EV]1 !IR'S WAS NOT A 0MATRI>*AL0 SOCIETY3 M5 W]E NOT EXPLOIT$ OR DEVALU$ ! WAY WOM5 >E 9 PATRI>*AL SOCIETIES4 ,RA!R1 EA* GR\P HAD A MEASURE ( AUTONOMY & MEANS = PRES]V+ A BALANCE4 ,DESPITE C5TURIES ( COLONIZATION BY A PATRI>*AL CULTURE1 MANY GR\PS ( ,HAUD5NOSAUNNE RETA9 !IR TRADITIONAL G5D] RELATIONS & /ILL /& \T 9 %>P CONTRA/ TO ! G5D]-OPPRESSIVE CULTURE ( ,CANADA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,>5'T PEOPLE NATURALLY W>LIKE8 

,POLITICAL PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,?OMAS ,HOBBES & PSY*OLOGI/S LIKE ,SIGMUND ,FREUD ASSUM$ ?AT CIVILIZATION & GOV]NM5T HAVE A MOD]AT+ EFFECT ON :AT !Y SAW AS PEOPLE'S W>LIKE & BRUTAL 9/9CTS4 ,POP-CULTURE REPRES5TATIONS ( HUMAN ORIG9S1 LIKE ! FIR/ SC5ES ( ! FILM #b#a3 ,A ,SPACE ,ODYSSEY OR ! ILLU/RATIONS 9 *ILDR5'S BOOKS ( HYP]-MASCUL9E CAVEM5 BATTL+ MAMMO?S & SAB]TOO? TIG]S1 PROVIDE A PICTURE ?AT CAN BE AS CONV9C+ AS MEMORY3 E>LY HUMANS HAD TO FI<T ONE ANO!R & EV5 BATTLE NATURE TO SURVIVE4 ,BUT IF E>LY HUMAN LIFE HAD BE5 AS BLOODY & W>LIKE AS \R MY?OLOGY HAS DEPICT$ IT1 HUMANS W\LD SIMPLY HAVE DI$ \T4 ,ANY SPECIES ) A REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE ( #a#e-#b YE>S ?AT USUALLY ONLY PRODUCE ONE (FSPR+ AT A TIME SIMPLY CANNOT SURVIVE IF !IR *ANCE = DY+ 9 ANY GIV5 YE> IS MORE ?AN A C\PLE P]C5T4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 MA!MATICALLY IMPOSSIBLE = ,HOMO SAPI5S TO HAVE SURVIV$ ?AT IMAG9>Y BATTLE AGA9/ NATURE & AGA9/ ONE ANO!R4 

,AN>*I/S HAVE LONG ALLEG$ ?AT W> IS A PRODUCT ( ! /ATE4 ,SOME AN?ROPOLOGICAL RESE>* HAS PRODUC$ ACC\NTS ( PEACEFUL /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 & ( W>F>E AMONG O!R /ATELESS SOCIETIES ?AT WAS LITTLE MORE ?AN A R\< SPORT ) FEW CASUALTIES.<#i.>4 ,NATURALLY1 ! /ATE HAS F\ND ITS DEF5D]S1 :O HAVE SET \T TO PROVE ?AT W> IS 9DE$ 9EVITABLE & ?US NOT ! FAULT ( SPECIFIC OPPRESSIVE SOCIAL /RUCTURES4 ,9 ONE MONUM5TAL /UDY1 ,W> ,BE=E ,CIVILIZATION1 ,LAWR5CE ,KEELEY %[$ ?AT ( AN EXT5SIVE SAMPLE ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES1 A L>GE NUMB] HAD 5GAG$ 9 AGGRESSIVE W>F>E1 & A GREAT MAJORITY HAD 5GAG$ AT ! V]Y LEA/ 9 DEF5SIVE W>F>E4 ,ONLY A T9Y M9ORITY HAD NEV] 5C\NT]$ W>1 & A FEW FL$ !IR HOMEL&S TO AVOID W>4 ,KEELEY WAS 5DEAVOR+ TO %[ ?AT PEOPLE >E W>LIKE1 EV5 ?\< HIS RESULTS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT PEOPLE C\LD *OOSE FROM A WIDE RANGE ( BEHAVIORS 9CLUD+ BE+ W>LIKE1 AVOID+ W> BUT /ILL DEF5D+ AGA9/ AGGRESSION1 NOT KN[+ W> AT ALL1 & DISLIK+ W> SO MU* !Y W\LD FLEE !IR HOMEL& RA!R ?AN FI<T4 ,CONTR>Y TO HIS TITLE1 ,KEELEY WAS DOCUM5T+ W> AFT] CIVILIZATION1 NOT 0BE=E40 ,A MAJOR P>T ( HIS DATA ON NON-,WE/]N SOCIETIES CAME FROM ! EXPLOR]S1 MISSION>IES1 SOLDI]S1 TRAD]S1 & AN?ROPOLOGI/S :O RODE ! WAVES ( COLONIZATION >\ND ! WORLD1 BR++ L& CONFLICTS & E?NIC RIVALRIES TO PREVI\SLY UNIMAG9ABLE SCALES ?R\< MASS 5SLAVEM5T1 G5OCIDE1 9VASION1 EVANGELISM1 & ! 9TRODUCTION ( NEW WEAPONS1 DISEASES1 & ADDICTIVE SUB/ANCES4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! CIVILIZ+ 9FLU5CE ( ! COLONIZ]S G5]AT$ W>F>E AT ! M>G9S4 

,KEELEY'S /UDY *>ACT]IZES AS W>LIKE SOCIETIES ?AT HAD BE5 PEACEFUL = A HUNDR$ YE>S BUT W]E *AS$ (F !IR L& &1 GIV5 ! OPTIONS ( />V+ TO DEA? OR 9VAD+ !IR NEI<BORS' T]RITORY = SPACE TO LIVE1 *OSE ! LATT]4 ,! FACT ?AT UND] !SE CONDITIONS ( GLOBAL COLONIALISM1 G5OCIDE1 & 5SLAVEM5T ANY SOCIETIES REMA9$ PEACEFUL AT ALL PROVES ?AT IF PEOPLE REALLY WANT TO1 !Y CAN BE PEACEFUL EV5 9 ! WOR/ ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,NOT TO SAY ?AT 9 SU* CIRCUM/ANCES !RE IS ANY?+ WRONG ) FI<T+ BACK AGA9/ AGGRESSION6 

,W> MAY BE ! RESULT ( NATURAL HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 BUT SO IS PEACE4 ,VIOL5CE C]TA9LY EXI/$ BE=E ! /ATE1 BUT ! /ATE DEVELOP$ W>F>E & DOM9ATION TO UNPREC$5T$ LEVELS4 ,AS ONE ( ITS GREAT PROPON5TS PO9T$ \T1 0W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE40 ,IT IS NO MI/AKE ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS ( P[] 9 \R CIVILIZATION -- M$IA1 ACADEMIA1 GOV]NM5T1 RELIGIONS -- HAVE EXAGG]AT$ ! PREVAL5CE ( W> & UND]/AT$ ! POSSIBILITY = PEACE4 ,!SE 9/ITUTIONS >E 9VE/$ 9 ONGO+ W>S & OCCUPATIONS2 !Y PR(IT FROM !M1 & ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A MORE PEACEFUL SOCIETY ?REAT5 !IR EXI/5CE4 

,ONE SU* ATTEMPT IS ! ,FASLANE ,PEACE ,CAMP1 A L& OCCUPATION \TSIDE ,SCOTL&'S ,FASLANE ,NAVAL ,BASE1 :I* H\SES ,TRID5T NUCLE> MISSILES4 ,! ,PEACE ,CAMP IS A POPUL> EXPRESSION ( ! DESIRE = A PEACEFUL SOCIETY1 ORGANIZ$ ON AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ L9ES4 ,FASLANE ,PEACE ,CAMP HAS BE5 CONT9U\SLY OCCUPI$ S9CE ,JUNE #aihb & IS N[ WELL E/ABLI%$1 ) HOT WAT] & BA?ROOM FACILITIES1 A COMMUNAL KIT*5 & LIV+ ROOM1 & #ab C>AVANS H\S+ P]MAN5T RESID5TS & SPACE = VISITORS4 ,! ,PEACE ,CAMP S]VES AS A BASE >EA = PROTE/S 9 :I* PEOPLE BLOCK ! ROADS1 %UT D[N ! GATES1 & EV5 P5ETRATE ! BASE ITSELF TO C>RY \T SABOTAGE4 ,GALVANIZ$ BY ! ,PEACE ,CAMP1 !RE IS WIDESPREAD POPUL> OPPOSITION TO ! NAVAL BASE1 & SOME ( ,SCOTL&'S POLITICAL P>TIES HAVE CALL$ = ! BASE TO BE CLOS$ D[N4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#h#a1 A GR\P ( ,WEL% WOM5 =M$ A SIMIL> CAMP1 ! ,GRE5HAM ,COMMON ,WOM5'S ,PEACE ,CAMP1 \TSIDE AN ,R,A,F BASE H\S+ CRUISE MISSILES 9 ,B]K%IRE1 ,5GL&4 ,! WOM5 W]E =CIBLY EVICT$ 9 #aihd BUT IMM$IATELY REOCCUPI$ ! SITE1 & 9 #aiia ! LA/ MISSILES W]E REMOV$4 ,! CAMP REMA9$ UNTIL #b1 :5 ! WOM5 WON P]MISSION TO SET UP A COMMEMORATIVE MEMORIAL4 

,!SE PEACE CAMPS BE> SOME SIMIL>ITY TO ! ,LIFE & ,LABOR ,COMMUNE1 ! L>GE/ ( ! ,TOL/OYAN COMMUNES4 ,IT WAS AN AGRICULTURAL COMMUNE E/ABLI%$ NE> ,MOSC[ 9 #aiba BY PEOPLE FOLL[+ ! PACIFI/ & AN>*I/ TEA*+S ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY4 ,ITS MEMB]S1 NE>LY ONE ?\S& AT !IR PEAK1 W]E AT ODDS ) ! ,SOVIET GOV]NM5T ON ACC\NT ( REFUS+ TO P]=M MILIT>Y S]VICE4 ,= ?IS REASON1 ! COMMUNE WAS F9ALLY %UT D[N BY ! AU?ORITIES 9 #a#i#c2 BUT DUR+ ITS EXI/5CE1 ! P>TICIPANTS CREAT$ A L>GE SELF-ORGANIZ$ COMMUNITY 9 PEACE & RESI/ANCE4 

,! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] MOVEM5T BEGAN 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 9 #aicc AS A RESPONSE TO ! ,GREAT ,DEPRESSION1 BUT TODAY MANY ( ! #ahe ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] COMMUNITIES ?R\<\T ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & ,EUROPE FOCUS ON OPPOS+ ! MILIT>ISM ( ! GOV]NM5T & CREAT+ ! F\NDATIONS ( A PEACEFUL SOCIETY4 ,9SEP>ABLE FROM !IR OPPOSITION TO W> IS !IR COMMITM5T TO SOCIAL JU/ICE1 :I* MANIFE/S 9 ! S\P KIT*5S1 %ELT]S1 & O!R S]VICE PROJECTS TO HELP ! POOR ?AT =M A P>T ( EV]Y ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] H\SE4 ,AL?\< ,*RI/IAN1 ! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK]S G5]ALLY CRITICIZE *UR* HI]>*Y & PROMOTE TOL]ANCE ( O!R RELIGIONS4 ,!Y >E ALSO ANTI-CAPITALI/1 PREA*+ VOLUNT>Y POV]TY & 0DI/RIBUTI/ COMMUNIT>IANISM2 SELF-SUFFICI5.<CY.> ?R\< F>M+1 CRAFT+1 & APPROPRIATE TE*NOLOGY2 A RADICALLY NEW SOCIETY :]E PEOPLE WILL RELY ON ! FRUITS ( !IR [N TOIL & LABOR2 ASSOCIATIONS ( MUTUALITY1 & A S5SE ( FAIRNESS TO RESOLVE CONFLICTS40.<#a.> ,SOME ,CA?OLIC ,WORK]S EV5 CALL !MSELVES ,*RI/IAN ,AN>*I/S4 ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] COMMUNITIES1 :I* FUNCTION AS COMMUNES OR AID C5T]S = ! POOR1 (T5 PROVIDE A BASE = PROTE/S & DIRECT ACTIONS AGA9/ ! MILIT>Y4 ,CA?OLIC ,WORK]S HAVE 5T]$ MILIT>Y BASES TO SABOTAGE WEAPONRY1 ?\< !Y WAIT$ = ! POLICE AFT]W>DS1 9T5TIONALLY GO+ TO JAIL AS A FUR!R ACT ( PROTE/4 ,SOME ( !IR COMMUNITIES ALSO %ELT] VICTIMS ( W>1 SU* AS TORTURE SURVIVORS FLEE+ ! RESULTS ( ,U,S IMP]IALISM 9 O!R C\NTRIES4 

,H[ PEACEFUL A SOCIETY C\LD WE CREATE IF WE OV]CAME ! BELLIG]5CE ( GOV]NM5TS & FO/]$ NEW NORMS 9 \R CULTURE8 ,! ,SEMAI1 AGRICULTURALI/S 9 ,MALAYA1 (F] ONE 9DICATION4 ,!IR MURD] RATE IS ONLY 4#e#f_/#a1 P] YE>1 COMP>$ ) 4#h#f 9 ,NORWAY1 #f4#b#f 9 ! ,U,S1 & #b4#b 9 ,RUSSIA4.<#a#a.> ,?IS MAY BE RELAT$ TO !IR *ILDRE>+ /RATEGY3 TRADITIONALLY ! ,SEMAI DO NOT HIT !IR *ILDR51 & RESPECT = !IR *ILDR5'S AUTONOMY IS A NORMALIZ$ VALUE 9 !IR SOCIETY4 ,ONE ( ! FEW OCCASIONS 9 :I* ,SEMAI ADULTS WILL TYPICALLY 9T]V5E IS :5 *ILDR5 LOSE !IR TEMP]S OR FI<T ONE ANO!R1 9 :I* CASE NE>BY ADULTS WILL SNAT* UP ! *ILDR5 & TAKE !M TO !IR RESPECTIVE H\SES4 ,! MAJOR =CES ?AT UPHOLD ,SEMAI PEACEFULNESS SEEM TO BE AN EMPHASIS ON LE>N+ SELF-CONTROL & ! GREAT IMPORTANCE ACCORD$ TO PUBLIC OP9ION 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,ROB]T ,D5TAN1 A ,WE/]N AN?ROPOLOGI/ :O LIV$ ) !M1 0LITTLE VIOL5CE OCCURS )9 ,SEMAI SOCIETY4 ,VIOL5CE1 9 FACT1 SEEMS TO T]RIFY ! ,SEMAI4 ,A ,SEMAI DOES NOT MEET =CE ) =CE1 BUT ) PASSIVITY OR FLI<T4 ,YET1 HE HAS NO 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ WAY ( PREV5T+ VIOL5CE -- NO SOCIAL CONTROLS1 NO POLICE OR C\RTS4 ,SOMEH[ A ,SEMAI LE>NS AUTOMATICALLY ALWAYS TO KEEP TI<T RE9 OV] HIS AGGRESSIVE IMPULSES40.<#a#b.> ,! FIR/ TIME ! ,SEMAI P>TICIPAT$ 9 A W> WAS :5 ! ,BRITI% CONSCRIPT$ !M TO FI<T AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/ 9SURG5CY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#eS4 ,CLE>LY1 W>F>E IS NOT AN 9EVITABILITY & C]TA9LY NOT A HUMAN NE$3 RA!R1 IT IS A CONSEQU5CE ( POLITICAL1 SOCIAL1 & ECONOMIC >RANGEM5TS1 & !SE >RANGEM5TS >E \RS TO %APE4 

,>5'T DOM9ATION & AU?ORITY NATURAL8 

,N[ADAYS1 IT IS H>D] TO MAKE IDEOLOGICAL JU/IFICATIONS = ! /ATE4 ,A MASSIVE BODY ( RESE>* DEMON/RATES ?AT MANY HUMAN SOCIETIES HAVE BE5 /AUN*LY EGALIT>IAN1 & ?AT EV5 )9 CAPITALISM MANY PEOPLE CONT9UE TO =M EGALIT>IAN NETWORKS & COMMUNITIES4 ,9 ORD] TO RECONCILE ?IS ) !IR VIEW ?AT EVOLUTION IS A MATT] ( FI]CE COMPETITION1 SOME SCI5TI/S HAVE PO/ULAT$ A 0HUMAN EGALIT>IAN SYNDROME10 !ORIZ+ ?AT HUMANS EVOLV$ TO LIVE 9 CLOSE-KNIT1 HOMOG5\S GR\PS1 9 :I* ! PASS+ ON ( MEMB]S' G5ES WAS NOT ASSUR$ BY ! SURVIVAL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT BY ! SURVIVAL ( ! GR\P4 

,ACCORD+ TO ?IS !ORY1 COOP]ATION & EGALIT>IANISM PREVAIL$ )9 !SE GR\PS BECAUSE IT WAS 9 EV]YONE'S G5ETIC SELF-9T]E/ ?AT ! GR\P SURVIV$4 ,G5ETIC COMPETITION OCCURR$ BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS1 & ! GR\PS ?AT DID ! BE/ JOB ( TAK+ C>E ( !IR MEMB]S W]E ! ONES TO PASS ON !IR G5ES4 ,DIRECT G5ETIC COMPETITION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS WAS SUP]S$$ BY COMPETITION BETWE5 DIFF]5T GR\PS EMPLOY+ DIFF]5T SOCIAL /RATEGIES1 & HUMANS EVOLV$ A :OLE HO/ ( SOCIAL SKILLS ?AT ALL[$ = GREAT] COOP]ATION4 ,?IS W\LD EXPLA9 :Y1 = MO/ ( HUMAN EXI/5CE1 WE HAVE LIV$ 9 SOCIETIES ) LITTLE OR NO HI]>*Y1 UNTIL C]TA9 TE*NOLOGICAL DEVELOPM5TS ALL[$ SOME SOCIETIES TO /RATIFY & DOM9ATE !IR NEI<BORS4 

,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT DOM9ATION & AU?ORITY W]E UNNATURAL1 & ?AT TE*NOLOGY WAS A =BIDD5 FRUIT ?AT CORRUPT$ AN O!RWISE 9NOC5T HUMANITY4 ,9 FACT1 SOME HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES W]E SO PATRI>*AL !Y US$ GANG RAPE AS A =M ( PUNI%M5T AGA9/ WOM51 & SOME SOCIETIES ) AGRICULTURE & METAL TOOLS HAVE BE5 FI]CELY EGALIT>IAN4 ,SOME ( ! PEOPLES 9 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA'S ,PACIFIC ,NOR?WE/ W]E S$5T>Y HUNT]-GA!R]S & !Y HAD A HEAVILY /RATIFI$ SOCIETY ) A SLAVE CLASS4 ,& AT ! F> 5D ( ! TE*NOLOGICAL SPECTRUM1 NOMADIC HUNT]-GA!R] GR\PS 9 ,AU/RALIA W]E DOM9AT$ BY MALE ELD]S4 ,OLD] M5 C\LD HAVE MULTIPLE WIVES1 Y\NG] M5 HAD NONE1 & WOM5 W]E EVID5TLY DOL$ \T LIKE SOCIAL PROP]TY4.<#a#c.> 

,HUMANS >E CAPABLE ( BO? AU?ORIT>IAN & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN BEHAVIOR4 ,HORIZONTAL SOCIETIES ?AT W]E NOT 9T5TIONALLY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN C\LD EASILY HAVE DEVELOP$ CO]CIVE HI]>*IES :5 NEW TE*NOLOGIES MADE ?AT POSSIBLE1 & EV5 )\T A LOT ( TE*NOLOGY !Y C\LD MAKE LIFE HELL = GR\PS CONSID]$ 9F]IOR4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ! MO/ COMMON =MS ( 9EQUALITY AMONG O!RWISE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES W]E G5D] & AGE DISCRIM9ATION1 :I* C\LD ACCU/OM A SOCIETY TO 9EQUALITY & CREATE ! PROTOTYPE = A P[] /RUCTURE -- RULE BY MALE ELD]S4 ,?IS /RUCTURE C\LD BECOME MORE P[]FUL OV] TIME ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( METAL TOOLS & WEAPONS1 SURPLUSES1 CITIES1 & ! LIKE4 

,! PO9T1 ?\<1 IS ?AT !SE =MS ( 9EQUALITY W]E NOT 9EVITABLE4 ,SOCIETIES ?AT FR[N$ ON AU?ORIT>IAN BEHAVIORS CONSCI\SLY AVOID$ ! RISE ( HI]>*Y4 ,9 FACT1 MANY SOCIETIES HAVE GIV5 UP C5TRALIZ$ ORGANIZATION OR TE*NOLOGIES ?AT ALL[ = DOM9ATION4 ,?IS %[S ?AT HI/ORY IS NOT A ONE-WAY TRACK4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,MOROCCAN ,IMAZI<51 OR ,B]B]S1 DID NOT =M C5TRALIZ$ POLITICAL SY/EMS OV] ! PA/ SEV]AL C5TURIES1 EV5 :ILE O!R SOCIETIES >\ND !M DID4 0,E/ABLI%+ A DYNA/Y IS NEXT TO IMPOSSIBLE10 WROTE ONE COMM5TATOR1 0DUE TO ! FACT ?AT ! *IEF IS FAC$ ) CON/ANT REVOLT :I* ULTIMATELY BECOMES SUCCESSFUL & RETURNS ! SY/EM TO ! OLD DEC5TRALIZ$ AN>*IC ORD]40.<#a#d.> 

,:AT IS ! FACTOR ?AT ALL[S SOCIETIES TO AVOID DOM9ATION & CO]CIVE AU?ORITY8 ,A /UDY BY ,*RI/OPH] ,BOEHM1 SURVEY+ DOZ5S ( EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES ON ALL CONT95TS1 9CLUD+ PEOPLES :O LIV$ AS =AG]S1 HORTICULTURALI/S1 AGRICULTURALI/S1 & PA/ORALI/S1 F\ND ?AT ! COMMON FACTOR IS A CONSCI\S DESIRE TO REMA9 EGALIT>IAN3 AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURE4 0,! PRIM>Y & MO/ IMM$IATE CAUSE ( EGALIT>IAN BEHAVIOR IS A MORALI/IC DET]M9ATION ON ! P>T ( A LOCAL GR\P'S MA9 POLITICAL ACTORS ?AT NO ONE ( ITS MEMB]S %\LD BE ALL[$ TO DOM9ATE ! O!RS40.<#a#e.> ,RA!R ?AN CULTURE BE+ DET]M9$ BY MAT]IAL CONDITIONS1 IT SEEMS ?AT CULTURE %APES ! SOCIAL /RUCTURES ?AT REPRODUCE A PEOPLE'S MAT]IAL CONDITIONS4 

,9 C]TA9 SITUATIONS SOME =M ( LEAD]%IP IS 9EVITABLE1 AS SOME PEOPLE HAVE MORE SKILLS OR A MORE *>ISMATIC P]SONALITY4 ,CONSCI\SLY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES RESPOND TO !SE SITUATIONS BY NOT 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! POSITION ( LEAD]1 BY NOT AF=D+ A LEAD] ANY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES1 OR BY FO/]+ A CULTURE ?AT MAKES IT %AMEFUL = ?AT P]SON TO FLAUNT HIS OR H] LEAD]%IP OR TRY TO GA9 P[] OV] O!RS4 ,FUR!RMORE1 LEAD]%IP POSITIONS *ANGE FROM ONE SITUATION TO ANO!R1 DEP5D+ ON ! SKILLS NE$$ = ! TASK AT H&4 ,! LEAD]S DUR+ A HUNT >E DIFF]5T FROM ! LEAD]S DUR+ H\SE-BUILD+ OR C]EMONIES4 ,IF A P]SON 9 A LEAD]%IP ROLE TRIES TO GA9 MORE P[] OR DOM9ATE HIS OR H] PE]S1 ! RE/ ( ! GR\P EMPLOYS 09T5TIONAL LEVEL+ ME*ANISMS03 BEHAVIORS 9T5D$ TO BR+ ! LEAD] BACK D[N TO E>?4 ,= EXAMPLE1 AMONG MANY ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN HUNT]-GA!R] SOCIETIES1 ! MO/ SKILLFUL HUNT] 9 A B& FACES CRITICISM & RIDICULE IF HE IS SE5 TO BRAG & USE HIS TAL5TS TO BOO/ HIS EGO RA!R ?AN = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE GR\P4 

,IF !SE SOCIAL PRESSURES DO NOT WORK1 ! SANCTIONS ESCALATE1 & 9 MANY EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES 9 ! F9AL 9/ANCE !Y WILL KICK \T OR KILL A LEAD] :O IS 9CURABLY AU?ORIT>IAN1 LONG BE=E ?AT LEAD] IS ABLE TO ASSUME CO]CIVE P[]S4 ,!SE 0REV]SE DOM9ANCE HI]>*IES10 9 :I* ! LEAD]S MU/ OBEY POPUL> WILL BECAUSE !Y >E P[]LESS TO MA9TA9 !IR POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP )\T SUPPORT1 HAVE APPE>$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T SOCIETIES & FUNCTION$ OV] LONG P]IODS ( TIME4 ,SOME ( ! EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES DOCUM5T$ 9 ,BOEHM'S SURVEY HAVE A *IEF OR A %AMAN :O PLAYS A RITUAL ROLE OR ACTS AS AN IMP>TIAL M$IATOR 9 DISPUTES2 O!RS APPO9T A LEAD] 9 TIMES ( TR\BLE1 OR HAVE A PEACE *IEF & A W> *IEF4 ,BUT !SE POSITIONS ( LEAD]%IP >E NOT CO]CIVE1 & OV] HUNDR$S ( YE>S HAVE NOT DEVELOP$ 9TO AU?ORIT>IAN ROLES4 ,(T5 ! PEOPLE :O FILL !SE ROLES SEE !M AS A TEMPOR>Y SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 :I* !Y WI% TO H& (F SWIFTLY BECAUSE ( ! HI<] LEVEL ( CRITICISM & RESPONSIBILITY !Y FACE :ILE OCCUPY+ !M4 

,EUROPEAN CIVILIZATION HAS HI/ORICALLY DEMON/RAT$ A MU* HI<] TOL]ANCE = AU?ORIT>IANISM ?AN ! EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES DESCRIB$ 9 ! SURVEY4 ,YET AS ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC SY/EMS ?AT W\LD BECOME ! MOD]N /ATE & CAPITALISM W]E DEVELOP+ 9 ,EUROPE1 !RE W]E A NUMB] ( REBELLIONS ?AT DEMON/RATE ?AT EV5 H]E AU?ORITY WAS AN IMPOSITION4 ,ONE ( ! GREATE/ ( !SE REBELLIONS WAS ! ,PEASANTS ,W>4 ,9 #aebd & #a#e#b#e1 AS MANY AS #c1 PEASANT 9SURG5TS1 JO9$ BY T[NSFOLK & SOME LESS] NOBILITY1 ROSE UP AGA9/ ! PROP]TY [N]S & *UR* HI]>*Y 9 A W> ?AT LEFT AB\T #a1 PEOPLE DEAD ?R\<\T ,BAV>IA1 ,SAXONY1 ,?UR+51 ,S*WAB51 ,ALSACE1 AS WELL AS P>TS ( :AT >E N[ ,SWITZ]L& & ,AU/RIA4 ,! PR9CES & CL]GY ( ! ,HOLY ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE HAD BE5 /EADILY 9CREAS+ TAXES TO PAY = RIS+ ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>Y CO/S1 AS GOV]NM5T BECAME MORE TOP-HEAVY4 ,! >TESANS & WORK]S ( ! T[NS W]E AFFECT$ BY !SE TAXES1 BUT ! PEASANTS RECEIV$ ! HEAVIE/ BURD54 ,TO 9CREASE !IR P[] & !IR REV5UE1 PR9CES =C$ FREE PEASANTS 9TO S]FDOM1 & RESURRECT$ ,ROMAN ,CIVIL LAW1 :I* 9/ITUT$ PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&1 SOME?+ ( A /EP BACKW>DS FROM ! FEUDAL SY/EM 9 :I* ! L& WAS A TRU/ BETWE5 PEASANT & LORD ?AT 9VOLV$ RI<TS & OBLIGATIONS4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ELEM5TS ( ! OLD FEUDAL HI]>*Y1 SU* AS ! KNI<?OOD & ! CL]GY1 W]E BECOM+ OBSOLETE1 & CONFLICT$ ) O!R ELEM5TS ( ! RUL+ CLASS4 ,! NEW BUR<] M]CANTILE CLASS1 AS WELL AS MANY PROGRESSIVE PR9CES1 OPPOS$ ! PRIVILEGES ( ! CL]GY & ! CONS]VATIVE /RUCTURE ( ! ,CA?OLIC *UR*4 ,A NEW1 LESS C5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE ?AT C\LD BASE P[] 9 C\NCILS 9 ! T[NS & CITIES1 SU* AS ! SY/EM PROPOS$ BY ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 W\LD ALL[ ! NEW POLITICAL CLASS TO ASC5D4 

,9 ! YE>S IMM$IATELY PRIOR TO ! ,W>1 A NUMB] ( ,ANABAPTI/ PROPHETS BEGAN TRAVEL+ >\ND ! REGION ESP\S+ REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS AGA9/ POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 *UR* DOCTR9E1 & EV5 AGA9/ ! RE=MS ( ,M>T9 ,LU!R4 ,!SE PEOPLE 9CLUD$ ,?OMAS ,DRES*EL1 ,NICOLAS ,/OR*1 ,M>K ,?OMAS ,/UBN]1 & MO/ FAM\SLY1 ,?OMAS ,MUNTZ]4 ,SOME ( !M >GU$ = TOTAL RELIGI\S FRE$OM1 ! 5D ( NON-VOLUNT>Y BAPTISM1 & ! ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T ON E>?4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY !Y W]E P]SECUT$ BY ,CA?OLIC AU?ORITIES & BY SUPPORT]S ( ,LU!R & BANN$ FROM MANY CITIES1 BUT !Y CONT9U$ TO TRAVEL >\ND ,BOHEMIA1 ,BAV>IA1 & ,SWITZ]L&1 W9N+ SUPPORT]S & /OK+ PEASANT REBELLI\SNESS4 

,9 #a#e#b#d1 PEASANTS & URBAN WORK]S MET 9 ! ,S*W>ZWALD REGION ( ,G]MANY & DRAFT$ ! #ab ,>TICLES ( ! ,BLACK ,=E/1 & ! MOVEM5T !Y CREAT$ QUICKLY SPREAD4 ,! >TICLES1 ) ,BIBLICAL REF]5CES US$ AS JU/IFICATION1 CALL$ = ! ABOLITION ( S]FDOM & ! FRE$OM ( ALL PEOPLE2 ! MUNICIPAL P[] = PEOPLE TO ELECT & REMOVE PREA*]S2 ! ABOLITION ( TAXES ON CATTLE & 9H]ITANCE2 A PROHIBITION ON ! PRIVILEGE ( ! NOBILITY TO >BITR>ILY RAISE TAXES2 FREE ACCESS TO WAT]1 HUNT+1 FI%+1 & ! =E/S2 & ! RE/ORATION ( COMMUNAL L&S EXPROPRIAT$ BY ! NOBILITY4 ,ANO!R TEXT PR9T$ & CIRCULAT$ 9 MASSIVE QUANTITY BY ! 9SURG5TS WAS ! ,BUNDESORDNUNG1 ! F$]AL ORD]1 :I* EXP\ND$ A MODEL SOCIAL ORD] BAS$ ON F$]AT$ MUNICIPALITIES4 ,LESS LIT]ATE ELEM5TS ( ! MOVEM5T W]E EV5 MORE RADICAL1 AS JUDG$ BY !IR ACTIONS & ! FOLKLORE !Y LEFT BEH9D2 !IR GOAL WAS TO WIPE ! NOBILITY (F ! FACE ( ! E>? & 9/ITUTE A MY/ICI/ UTOPIA !N & !RE4 

,SOCIAL T5SION 9CREAS$ ?R\<\T ! YE>1 AS AU?ORITIES TRI$ TO PREV5T \TRI<T REBELLION BY SUPPRESS+ RURAL GA!R+S SU* AS POPUL> FE/IVALS & W$D+S4 ,9 ,AUGU/ #a#e#b#d1 ! SITUATION F9ALLY ]RUPT$ AT ,/UHL+5 9 ! ,BLACK ,=E/ REGION4 ,A C\NTESS DEM&$ ?AT ! PEASANTS R5D] H] A SPECIAL H>VE/ ON A *UR* HOLIDAY4 ,9/EAD ! PEASANTS REFUS$ TO PAY ALL TAXES & =M$ AN >MY ( #ab PEOPLE1 UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( A =M] M]C5>Y1 ,HANS ,MULL]4 ,!Y M>*$ TO ! T[N ( ,WALD%UT & W]E JO9$ BY ! T[NSPEOPLE1 & !N M>*$ ON ! CA/LE AT ,/UHL+5 & BESIEG$ IT4 ,REALIZ+ !Y NE$$ SOME K9D ( MILIT>Y /RUCTURE1 !Y DECID$ TO ELECT !IR [N CAPTA9S1 S]GEANTS1 & CORPORALS4 ,9 ,SEPTEMB] !Y DEF5D$ !MSELVES FROM A ,HAPSBURG >MY 9 AN 9DECISIVE BATTLE1 & SUBSEQU5TLY REFUS$ TO LAY D[N !IR >MS & BEG P>DON :5 5TREAT$ TO DO SO4 ,?AT AUTUMN PEASANT /RIKES1 REFUSALS TO PAY TI!S1 & REBELLIONS BROKE \T ?R\<\T ! REGION1 AS PEASANTS EXT5D$ !IR POLITICS FROM 9DIVIDUAL COMPLA9TS TO A UNIFI$ REJECTION ( ! FEUDAL SY/EM AS A :OLE4 

,) ! SPR+ ?AW ( #a#e#b#e1 FI<T+ RESUM$ ) A F]OCITY4 ,! PEASANT >MIES SEIZ$ CITIES & EXECUT$ L>GE NUMB]S ( CL]GY & NOBILITY4 ,BUT 9 ,FEBRU>Y ! ,S*WABIAN ,LEAGUE1 AN ALLIANCE ( NOBILITY & CL]GY 9 ! REGION1 A*IEV$ A VICTORY 9 ,ITALY1 :]E !Y HAD BE5 FI<T+ ON BEHALF ( ,*>LES ,V1 & W]E ABLE TO BR+ !IR TROOPS HOME & DEVOTE !M TO CRU%+ ! PEASANTS4 ,MEAN:ILE ,M>T9 ,LU!R1 ! BUR<]S1 & ! PROGRESSIVE PR9CES )DREW ALL !IR SUPPORT & CALL$ = ! ANNIHILATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PEASANTS2 !Y WANT$ TO RE=M ! SY/EM1 NOT TO DE/ROY IT1 & ! UPRIS+ HAD ALREADY SUFFICI5TLY DE/ABILIZ$ ! P[] /RUCTURE4 ,F9ALLY ON ,MAY #a#e1 #a#e#b#e1 ! MA9 PEASANT >MY WAS DECISIVELY DEFEAT$ AT ,FRANK5HAUS52 ,MUNTZ] & O!R 9FLU5TIAL LEAD]S W]E SEIZ$ & EXECUT$1 & ! REBELLION WAS PUT D[N4 ,H[EV]1 OV] ! FOLL[+ YE>S ! ,ANABAPTI/ MOVEM5T SPREAD ?R\<\T ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & ! ,NE!RL&S1 & PEASANT REVOLTS CONT9U$ TO BREAK \T1 9 ! HOPES ?AT ONE DAY ! *UR* & ! /ATE W\LD BE DE/ROY$ = GOOD4 

,CAPITALISM & MOD]N DEMOCRATIC /ATES SUCCE$$ 9 E/ABLI%+ !MSELVES OV] ! FOLL[+ C5TURIES1 BUT !Y HAVE BE5 =EV] HAUNT$ BY ! SPECT] ( REBELLION FROM BEL[4 ,)9 /ATI/ SOCIETIES1 ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE )\T HI]>*IES /ILL EXI/S TODAY1 & ! POSSIBILITY REMA9S TO CREATE ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURES ?AT CAN BR+ ANY W\LD-BE LEAD]S BACK D[N TO E>?4 ,APPROPRIATELY1 MU* ( ! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ GLOBAL AU?ORITY IS ORGANIZ$ HORIZONTALLY4 ,! WORLDWIDE ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T >OSE L>GELY FROM ! RESI/ANCE ( ! ,ZAPATI/AS 9 ,MEXICO1 AUTONOMI/S & AN>*I/S 9 ,EUROPE1 F>M]S & WORK]S 9 ,KOREA1 & POPUL> REBELLIONS AGA9/ F9ANCIAL 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! ,I,M,F1 OCCURR+ ACROSS ! WORLD FROM ,S\? ,AFRICA TO ,9DIA4 ,! ,ZAPATI/AS & AUTONOMI/S ESPECIALLY >E M>K$ BY !IR ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN CULTURES1 A M>K$ BREAK FROM ! HI]>*Y ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/S :O HAD DOM9AT$ 9T]NATIONAL /RUGGLES 9 PREVI\S G5]ATIONS4 

,! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T PROV$ ITSELF TO BE A GLOBAL =CE 9 ,JUNE1 #a#i#i#i1 :5 HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE 9 CITIES FROM ,LONDON1 ,5GL& TO ,PORT ,H>C\RT1 ,NIG]IA TOOK ! /REETS = ! ,J#a#h ,C>NIVAL ,AGA9/ ,CAPITALISM2 9 ,NOVEMB] LAT] ?AT YE>1 P>TICIPANTS 9 ! SAME MOVEM5T %OCK$ ! WORLD BY %UTT+ D[N ! SUMMIT ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION 9 ,SEATTLE4 

,! MO/ REM>KABLE ?+ AB\T ?IS GLOBAL RESI/ANCE IS ?AT IT WAS CREAT$ HORIZONTALLY1 BY DIV]SE ORGANIZATIONS & AFF9ITY GR\PS PIONE]+ NEW =MS ( CONS5SUS4 ,?IS MOVEM5T HAD NO LEAD]S & FOM5T$ CON/ANT OPPOSITION TO ALL =MS ( AU?ORITY ?AT DEVELOP$ )9 ITS RANKS4 ,?OSE :O ATTEMPT$ TO PUT !MSELVES P]MAN5TLY 9 ! ROLE ( *IEF OR SPOKESP]SON W]E O/RACIZ$ -- OR EV5 TREAT$ TO A PIE 9 ! FACE1 AS HI< PR(ILE ORGANIZ] ,M$EA ,B5JAM9 WAS AT ! ,U,S ,SOCIAL ,=UM 9 #b#g4 

,LACK+ LEAD]%IP1 %ORT ON =MAL ORGANIZATION1 & CON/ANTLY CRITIQU+ 9T]NAL P[] DYNAMICS & /UDY+ MORE EGALIT>IAN WAYS ( ORGANIZ+1 ANTI-GLOBALIZATION ACTIVI/S W5T ON TO A*IEVE FUR!R TACTICAL VICTORIES4 ,9 ,PRAGUE 9 ,SEPTEMB] #b1 #a#e1 PROTE/]S OV]CAME ! MASSIVE POLICE PRES5CE & BROKE UP ! LA/ DAY ( ! SUMMIT ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,MONET>Y ,FUND4 ,9 ,QUEBEC ,CITY 9 ,APRIL1 #b#a1 PROTE/]S BREA*$ ! SECURITY F5CE >\ND A SUMMIT PLANN+ ! ,FREE ,TRADE ,>EA ( ! ,AM]ICAS2 POLICE RESPOND$ BY FILL+ ! CITY ) SO MU* TE>GAS ?AT IT EV5 5T]$ ! BUILD+ :]E ! TALKS W]E TAK+ PLACE4 ,CONSEQU5TLY MANY CITY RESID5TS CAME TO FAVOR ! PROTE/]S4 ,POLICE HAD TO /EP UP REPRESSION TO CONTA9 ! GR[+ ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T2 !Y >RE/$ #f PROTE/]S & 9JUR$ ?REE ) GUNFIRE AT ! ,EUROPEAN ,UNION SUMMIT 9 ,SW$5 9 #b#a1 & A MON? LAT] !Y MURD]$ AN>*I/ ,C>LO ,GIULIANI AT ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,G5OA1 :]E #a#e1 PEOPLE HAD GA!R$ TO PROTE/ ! CONF]5CE ( ! EI<T MO/ P[]FUL WORLD GOV]NM5TS4 

,! ,DISS5T6 ,NETWORK >OSE \T ( ! ,EUROPEAN ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T TO ORGANIZE MAJOR PROTE/S AGA9/ ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,SCOTL& 9 #b#e4 ,! ,NETWORK ALSO ORGANIZ$ MAJOR PROTE/ CAMPS & BLOCKADE ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,G]MANY 9 #b#g1 & HELP$ ) ! MOBILIZATIONS AGA9/ ! ,G#h SUMMIT 9 ,JAPAN 9 #b#h4 ,)\T A C5TRAL LEAD]%IP OR HI]>*Y1 ! NETWORK FACILITAT$ COMMUNICATION BETWE5 GR\PS LOCAT$ 9 DIFF]5T CITIES & C\NTRIES1 & ORGANIZ$ MAJOR MEET+S TO DISCUSS & DECIDE ON /RATEGIES = UPCOM+ ACTIONS AGA9/ ! ,G#h4 ,! /RATEGIES W]E 9T5D$ TO 5ABLE DIV]SE APPROA*ES1 SO MANY AFF9ITY GR\PS C\LD ORGANIZE MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE ACTIONS )9 A COMMON FRAMEWORK RA!R ?AN C>RY+ \T ! ORD]S ( A C5TRAL ORGANIZATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A BLOCKADE PLAN MI<T DESIGNATE ONE ROAD LEAD+ TO ! SUMMIT SITE AS A ZONE = PEOPLE :O PREF] PEACEFUL OR !ATRICAL TACTICS1 :ILE ANO!R 5TRANCE MI<T BE DESIGNAT$ = PEOPLE :O WI% TO CON/RUCT B>RICADES & >E WILL+ TO DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ ! POLICE4 ,!SE /RATEGY MEET+S DREW PEOPLE FROM A DOZ5 C\NTRIES & 9CLUD$ TRANSLATIONS 9 MULTIPLE LANGUAGES4 ,AFT]W>DS1 FLI]S1 ANN\NCEM5TS1 POSITION PAP]S1 & CRITIQUES W]E TRANSLAT$ & UPLOAD$ TO A WEBSITE4 ,! AN>*I/ =MS ( COORD9ATION US$ BY ! PROTE/]S REPEAT$LY PROV$ EFFECTIVE AT C\NT]+ & SOMETIMES EV5 \TMANEUV]+ ! POLICE & CORPORATE M$IA1 :I* 5JOY$ TEAMS ( ?\S&S ( PAID PR(ESSIONALS1 ADVANC$ COMMUNICATIONS & SURVEILLANCE 9FRA/RUCTURE1 & RES\RCES F> BEYOND :AT WAS AVAILABLE TO ! MOVEM5T4 

,! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T CAN BE CONTRA/$ ) ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T ?AT >OSE 9 RESPONSE TO ! SO-CALL$ ,W> ON ,T]ROR4 ,AFT] ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 #b#a1 WORLD LEAD]S S\<T TO UND]CUT ! GR[+ ANTI-CAPITALI/ MOVEM5T BY ID5TIFY+ T]RORISM AS 5EMY NUMB] ONE1 ?US REFRAM+ ! N>RATIVE ( GLOBAL CONFLICT4 ,FOLL[+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,BLOC & ! 5D ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 !Y NE$$ A NEW W> & A NEW OPPOSITION4 ,PEOPLE HAD TO VIEW !IR OPTIONS AS A *OICE BETWE5 HI]>*ICAL P[]S -- /ATI/ DEMOCRACY OR FUNDAM5TALI/ T]RORI/S -- RA!R ?AN BETWE5 DOM9ATION & FRE$OM4 ,9 ! CONS]VATIVE 5VIRONM5T ?AT FOLL[$ ,SEPTEMB] #a#a1 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T QUICKLY CAME TO BE DOM9AT$ BY RE=MI/ & HI]>*ICALLY-ORGANIZ$ GR\PS4 ,AL?\< ! MOVEM5T KICK$ (F ) ! MO/ WIDELY ATT5D$ DAY ( PROTE/ 9 HUMAN HI/ORY ON ,FEBRU>Y #a#e1 #b#c1 ! ORGANIZ]S DELIB]ATELY *ANNEL$ ! 5]GY ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9TO RIGIDLY CONTROLL$ RITUALS ?AT DID NOT *ALL5GE ! W> MA*9E4 ,)9 TWO YE>S1 ! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T HAD COMPLETELY SQU&]$ ! MOM5TUM BUILT UP DUR+ ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION ]A4 

,! ANTI-W> MOVEM5T C\LD NOT /OP ! OCCUPATION ( ,IRAQ1 OR EV5 SU/A9 ITSELF1 BECAUSE PEOPLE >E NEI!R EMP[]$ NOR FULFILL$ BY PASSIVELY P>TICIPAT+ 9 SYMBOLIC SPECTACLES4 ,9 CONTRA/1 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORKS CAN BE SE5 9 ! MANY VICTORIES ( ! ANTI-GLOBALIZATION MOVEM5T3 ! SUMMITS %UT D[N1 ! COLLAPSE ( ! ,W,T,O & ,F,T,A,A1 ! DRAMATIC SCAL+ BACK ( ! ,I,M,F & ,WORLD ,BANK4.<#a#f.> ,?IS NON-HI]>*ICAL MOVEM5T DEMON/RAT$ ?AT PEOPLE DESIRE TO FREE !MSELVES FROM DOM9ATION1 & ?AT !Y HAVE ! ABILITY TO COOP]ATE 9 AN ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN MANN] EV5 9 L>GE GR\PS ( /RANG]S FROM DIFF]5T NATIONS & CULTURES4 

,SO FROM SCI5TIFIC /UDIES ( HUMAN HI/ORY TO PROTE/]S MAK+ HI/ORY TODAY1 ! EVID5CE OV]:ELM+LY CONTRADICTS ! /ATI/ ACC\NT ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,RA!R ?AN COM+ FROM A BRUTALLY AU?ORIT>IAN ANCE/RY & LAT] SUBSUM+ !SE 9/9CTS 9TO A COMPETITIVE SY/EM BAS$ ON OB$I5CE TO AU?ORITY1 HUMANK9D HAS NOT HAD ONE S+LE TRAJECTORY4 ,\R BEG9N+S SEEM TO HAVE BE5 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A RANGE BETWE5 /RICT EGALIT>IANISM & SMALL-SCALE HI]>*Y ) A RELATIVELY EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4 ,:5 CO]CIVE HI]>*IES DID APPE>1 !Y DID NOT SPREAD EV]Y:]E IMM$IATELY1 & (T5 PROVOK$ SIGNIFICANT RESI/ANCE4 ,EV5 :]E SOCIETIES >E RUL$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES1 RESI/ANCE IS EV]Y MU* A P>T ( ! SOCIAL REALITY AS DOM9ATION & OB$I5CE4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! /ATE & AU?ORIT>IAN CIVILIZATION >E NOT ! LA/ /OPS ON ! L9E4 ,EV5 ?\< A GLOBAL REVOLUTION HAS YET TO SUCCE$1 WE HAVE MANY EXAMPLES ( PO/-/ATE SOCIETIES1 9 :I* WE CAN MAKE \T H9TS ( A /ATELESS FUTURE4 

,HALF A C5TURY AGO1 AN?ROPOLOGI/ ,PI]RE ,CLA/RES CONCLUD$ ?AT ! /ATELESS & ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES HE /UDI$ 9 ,S\? ,AM]ICA W]E NOT HOLD\TS FROM A PRIMORDIAL ]A1 AS O!R ,WE/]N]S HAD ASSUM$4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y W]E WELL AW>E ( ! POSSIBLE EM]G5CE ( ! /ATE1 & !Y W]E ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES TO PREV5T ?IS4 ,IT TURNS \T ?AT MANY ( !M W]E 9 FACT PO/-/ATE SOCIETIES F\ND$ BY REFUGEES & REBELS :O HAD FL$ FROM OR OV]?R[N E>LI] /ATES4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AN>*I/ ,PET] ,LAMBORN ,WILSON HYPO!SIZ$ ?AT ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES 9 EA/]N ,NOR? ,AM]ICA =M$ 9 RESI/ANCE TO ! HI]>*ICAL ,HOPEWELL M\ND-BUILD+ SOCIETIES1 & REC5T RESE>* SEEMS TO BE CONFIRM+ ?IS4 ,:AT O!RS HAD 9T]PRET$ AS AHI/ORICAL E?NICITIES W]E ! 5D RESULTS ( POLITICAL MOVEM5TS4 

,! ,COSSACKS :O 9HABIT$ ! ,RUSSIAN FRONTI]S PROVIDE ANO!R EXAMPLE ( ?IS PH5OM5ON4 ,!IR SOCIETIES W]E F\ND$ BY PEOPLE FLEE+ S]FDOM & O!R 9CONV5I5CES ( GOV]NM5T OPPRESSION4 ,!Y LE>N$ HORSEMAN%IP & DEVELOP$ IMPRESSIVE M>TIAL SKILLS TO SURVIVE 9 ! FRONTI] 5VIRONM5T & DEF5D !MSELVES AGA9/ NEI<BOR+ /ATES4 ,EV5TUALLY1 !Y CAME TO BE VIEW$ AS A DI/9CT E?NICITY ) A PRIVILEG$ AUTONOMY1 & ! CZ> :OM !IR ANCE/ORS R5\NC$ S\<T !M \T AS MILIT>Y ALLIES4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,YALE POLITICAL SCI5TI/ ,JAMES ,C4 ,SCOTT1 EV]Y?+ AB\T SU* SOCIETIES -- FROM ! CROPS !Y GR[ TO !IR K9%IP SY/EMS -- CAN BE READ AS ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIAL /RATEGIES4 ,SCOTT DOCUM5TS ! ,HILL ,PEOPLE ( ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 AN AGGLOM]ATION ( SOCIETIES EXI/+ 9 RUGG$ T]RA9 :]E FRAGILE /ATE /RUCTURES FACE A SEV]E DISADVANTAGE4 ,= HUNDR$S ( YE>S1 !SE PEOPLE HAVE RESI/$ /ATE DOM9ATION1 9CLUD+ FREQU5T W>S ( CONQUE/ OR EXT]M9ATION BY ! ,*9ESE EMPIRE & P]IODS ( CONT9U\S ATTACKS BY SLAV]S4 ,CULTURAL & L+UI/IC DIV]SITY IS EXPON5TIALLY GREAT] 9 ! HILLS ?AN 9 ! /ATE-CONTROLL$ RICE PADDIES ( ! VALLEYS1 :]E A MONOCULTURE HOLDS SWAY4 ,HILL ,PEOPLE FREQU5TLY SPEAK MULTIPLE LANGUAGES & BELONG TO MULTIPLE E?NICITIES4 ,!IR SOCIAL ORGANIZATION IS SUIT$ = QUICK & EASY DISP]SAL & REUNIFICATION1 ALL[+ !M TO ESCAPE ASSAULTS & WAGE GU]RILLA W>F>E4 ,!IR K9%IP SY/EMS >E BAS$ ON OV]LAPP+ & R$UNDANT RELATION%IPS ?AT CREATE A /RONG SOCIAL NETWORK & LIMIT ! =MALIZATION ( P[]4 ,!IR ORAL CULTURES >E MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ & FLEXIBLE ?AN NE>BY LIT]ATE CULTURES1 9 :I* RELIANCE ON ! WRITT5 WORD 5C\RAGES OR?ODOXY & GIVES EXTRA P[] TO ?OSE ) ! RES\RCES TO KEEP RECORDS4 

,! ,HILL ,PEOPLE HAVE AN 9T]E/+ RELATION%IP ) ! SURR\ND+ /ATES4 ,! PEOPLE ( ! VALLEYS VIEW !M AS 0LIV+ ANCE/ORS10 EV5 ?\< !Y HAVE =M$ AS A RESPONSE TO ! VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS4 ,!Y >E PO/-/ATE1 NOT PRE-/ATE1 BUT ! IDEOLOGY ( ! /ATE REFUSES TO RECOGNIZE SU* A CATEGORY AS 0PO/-/ATE0 BECAUSE ! /ATE SUPPOSES ITSELF TO BE ! P9NACLE ( PROGRESS4 ,SUBJECTS ( ! VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS FREQU5TLY 0HEAD$ = ! HILLS0 TO LIVE MORE FREELY2 H[EV] ! N>RATIVES & MY?OLOGIES ( ! ,*9ESE1 ,VIETNAMESE1 ,BURMESE1 & O!R AU?ORIT>IAN CIVILIZATIONS 9 ! C5TURIES LEAD+ UP TO ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I SEEM$ TO BE DESIGN$ TO PREV5T !IR MEMB]S FROM 0GO+ BACK0 TO ?OSE !Y P]CEIV$ AS B>B>IANS4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME S*OL>S1 ! ,GREAT ,WALL ( ,*9A WAS BUILT AS MU* TO KEEP ! ,*9ESE 9 AS ! B>B>IANS \T2 YET 9 ! VALLEY CIVILIZATIONS ( ,*9A & ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 MY?S1 LANGUAGE1 & RITUALS ?AT MI<T EXPLA9 SU* CULTURAL DEFECTIONS W]E SUSPICI\SLY LACK+4 ,CULTURE WAS US$ AS ANO!R ,GREAT ,WALL TO HOLD !SE FRAGILE CIVILIZATIONS TOGE!R4 ,NO WOND] ! 0B>B>IANS0 GAVE UP WRITT5 LANGUAGE 9 FAVOR ( A MORE DEC5TRALIZ$ ORAL CULTURE3 )\T WRITT5 RECORDS & A SPECIALIZ$ CLASS ( SCRIBES1 HI/ORY BECAME COMMON PROP]TY1 RA!R ?AN A TOOL = 9DOCTR9ATION4 

,F> FROM BE+ A NECESS>Y SOCIAL ADVANCEM5T ?AT PEOPLE READILY ACCEPT1 ! /ATE IS AN IMPOSITION ?AT MANY PEOPLE TRY TO FLEE4 ,A PROV]B FROM ! ,BURMESE 5CAPSULATES ?IS3 0,IT IS EASY = A SUBJECT TO F9D A LORD1 BUT H>D = A LORD TO F9D A SUBJECT40 ,9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA1 UNTIL REC5TLY1 ! PRIM>Y GOAL ( W>F>E WAS NOT TO CAPTURE T]RITORY BUT TO CAPTURE SUBJECTS1 AS PEOPLE FREQU5TLY RAN = ! HILLS TO CREATE EGALIT>IAN SOCIETIES4.<#a#g.> ,IT IS IRONIC ?AT SO MANY ( US >E CONV9C$ WE HAVE AN ESS5TIAL NE$ = ! /ATE1 :5 9 FACT IT IS ! /ATE ?AT NE$S US4 

,A BROAD] S5SE ( SELF 

,A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ! ,RUSSIAN GEOGRAPH] & AN>*I/ !ORI/1 PUBLI%$ HIS REVOLUTION>Y BOOK1 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 :I* >GUES ?AT ! T5D5CY ( PEOPLE TO HELP ONE ANO!R RECIPROCALLY1 9 A SPIRIT ( SOLID>ITY1 WAS A GREAT] FACTOR 9 HUMAN EVOLUTION ?AN COMPETITION4 ,WE CAN SEE COOP]ATIVE BEHAVIORS SIMIL>LY PLAY+ A ROLE 9 ! SURVIVAL ( MANY SPECIES ( MAMMALS1 BIRDS1 FI%1 & 9SECTS4 ,/ILL1 ! BELIEF P]SI/S ?AT HUMANS >E NATURALLY SELFI%1 COMPETITIVE1 W>LIKE1 & MALE-DOM9AT$4 ,?IS BELIEF IS F\ND$ UPON A MISREPRES5TATION ( SO-CALL$ PRIMITIVE PEOPLES AS BRUTAL1 & ( ! /ATE AS A NECESS>Y1 PACIFY+ =CE4 

,WE/]N]S :O SEE !MSELVES AS ! P9NACLE ( HUMAN EVOLUTION TYPICALLY VIEW HUNT]-GA!R]S & O!R /ATELESS PEOPLES AS RELICS ( ! PA/1 EV5 IF !Y >E ALIVE 9 ! PRES5T4 ,9 DO+ SO1 !Y >E PRESUM+ ?AT HI/ORY IS AN 9EVITABLE PROGRESSION FROM LESS TO MORE COMPLEX1 & ?AT ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION IS MORE COMPLEX ?AN O!R CULTURES4 ,IF HI/ORY IS ORGANIZ$ 9TO ! ,/ONE ,AGE1 ,BRONZE ,AGE1 ,IRON ,AGE1 ,9DU/RIAL ,AGE1 ,9=MATION ,AGE1 & SO ON1 SOMEONE :O DOES NOT USE METAL TOOLS MU/ /ILL BE LIV+ 9 ! ,/ONE ,AGE1 RI<T8 ,BUT IT IS EUROC5TRIC1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 TO ASSUME ?AT A HUNT]-GA!R] :O KN[S ! USES ( A ?\S& DIFF]5T PLANTS IS LESS SOPHI/ICAT$ ?AN AN OP]ATOR AT A NUCLE> P[] PLANT :O KN[S H[ TO PU% A ?\S& DIFF]5T BUTTONS BUT DOESN'T KN[ :]E HIS FOOD COMES FROM4 

,CAPITALISM MAY BE CAPABLE ( FEATS ( PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ?AT HAVE NEV] BE5 POSSIBLE BE=E1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME ?IS SOCIETY IS TRAGICALLY UNABLE TO KEEP EV]YONE F$ & HEAL?Y1 & HAS NEV] EXI/$ )\T GROSS 9EQUALITIES1 OPPRESSION1 & 5VIRONM5TAL DEVA/ATION4 ,ONE MI<T >GUE ?AT MEMB]S ( \R SOCIETY >E SOCIALLY /UNT$1 IF NOT \TRI<T PRIMITIVE1 :5 IT COMES TO BE+ ABLE TO COOP]ATE & ORGANIZE \RSELVES )\T AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL4 

,A NUANC$ VIEW ( /ATELESS SOCIETIES %[S !M TO HAVE !IR [N DEVELOP$ =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION & !IR [N COMPLEX HI/ORIES1 BO? ( :I* CONTRADICT ,WE/]N NOTIONS AB\T 0NATURAL0 HUMAN *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,! GREAT DIV]SITY ( HUMAN BEHAVIORS ?AT >E CONSID]$ NORMAL 9 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ! V]Y IDEA ( HUMAN NATURE4 

,\R UND]/&+ ( HUMAN NATURE DIRECTLY 9FLU5CES :AT WE EXPECT ( PEOPLE4 ,IF HUMANS >E NATURALLY SELFI% & COMPETITIVE1 WE CANNOT EXPECT TO LIVE 9 A COOP]ATIVE SOCIETY4 ,:5 WE SEE H[ DIFF]5TLY O!R CULTURES HAVE *>ACT]IZ$ HUMAN NATURE1 WE CAN RECOGNIZE HUMAN NATURE AS A CULTURAL VALUE1 AN IDEALIZ$ & NORMATIVE MY?OLOGY ?AT JU/IFIES ! WAY A SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$4 ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION DEVOTES AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( RES\RCES TO SOCIAL CONTROL1 POLIC+1 & CULTURAL PRODUCTION RE9=C+ CAPITALI/ VALUES4 ,! ,WE/]N IDEA ( HUMAN NATURE FUNCTIONS AS A P>T ( ?IS SOCIAL CONTROL1 DISC\RAG+ REBELLION AGA9/ AU?ORITY4 ,WE >E TAU<T FROM *ILDHOOD ?AT )\T AU?ORITY HUMAN LIFE W\LD DESC5D 9TO *AOS4 

,?IS VIEW ( HUMAN NATURE WAS ADVANC$ BY ,HOBBES & O!R ,EUROPEAN PHILOSOPH]S TO EXPLA9 ! ORIG9S & PURPOSE ( ! ,/ATE2 ?IS M>K$ A %IFT TO SCI5TIFIC >GUM5TS AT A TIME :5 DIV9E >GUM5TS NO LONG] SUFFIC$4 ,HOBBES & HIS CONTEMPOR>IES LACK$ ! PSY*OLOGICAL1 HI/ORICAL1 >*AEOLOGICAL1 & E?NOGRAPHIC DATA ?AT WE HAVE TODAY1 & !IR ?9K+ WAS /ILL HEAVILY 9FLU5C$ BY A LEGACY ( ,*RI/IAN TEA*+S4 ,EV5 N[ ?AT WE HAVE ACCESS TO AN ABUNDANCE ( 9=MATION CONTRADICT+ ,*RI/IAN COSMOLOGY & /ATI/ POLITICAL SCI5CE1 ! POPUL> CONCEPTION ( HUMAN NATURE HAS NOT *ANG$ DRAMATICALLY4 ,:Y >E WE /ILL SO MIS$UCAT$8 ,A SECOND QUE/ION ANSW]S ! FIR/3 :O CONTROLS $UCATION 9 \R SOCIETY8 ,NONE!LESS1 ANYONE :O C\NT]S ! AU?ORIT>IAN DOGMA FACES AN UPHILL BATTLE AGA9/ ! *>GE ( 0ROMANTICISM40 

,BUT IF HUMAN NATURE IS NOT FIX$1 IF IT CAN 5COMPASS A WIDE RANGE ( POSSIBILITIES1 C\LDN'T WE USE A ROMANTIC DOSE ( IMAG9ATION 9 5VISION+ NEW POSSIBILITIES8 ,! ACTS ( REBELLION OCCURR+ )9 \R SOCIETY RI<T N[1 FROM ! ,FASLANE ,PEACE ,CAMP TO ! ,REALLY ,REALLY ,FREE ,M>KETS1 CONTA9 ! SE$S ( A PEACEFUL & OP5H&$ SOCIETY4 ,POPUL> RESPONSES TO NATURAL DISA/]S SU* AS ,HURRICANE ,KATR9A 9 ,NEW ,ORLEANS %[ ?AT EV]YONE HAS ! POT5TIAL TO COOP]ATE :5 ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL ORD] IS DISRUPT$4 ,!SE EXAMPLES PO9T ! WAY TO A BROAD] S5SE ( SELF -- AN UND]/&+ ( HUMAN BE+S AS CREATURES CAPABLE ( A WIDE RANGE ( BEHAVIORS4 

,ONE MI<T SAY SELFI%NESS IS NATURAL1 9 ?AT PEOPLE 9EVITABLY LIVE ACCORD+ TO !IR [N DESIRES & EXP]I5CES4 ,BUT EGOISM NE$ NOT BE COMPETITIVE OR DISMISSIVE ( O!RS4 ,\R RELATION%IPS EXT5D F> BEYOND \R BODIES & \R M9DS -- WE LIVE 9 COMMUNITIES1 DEP5D ON ECOSY/EMS = FOOD & WAT]1 & NE$ FRI5DS1 FAMILIES1 & LOV]S = \R EMOTIONAL HEAL?4 ,)\T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ COMPETITION & EXPLOITATION1 A P]SON'S SELF-9T]E/ OV]LAPS ) ! 9T]E/S ( H] COMMUNITY & H] 5VIRONM5T4 ,SEE+ \R RELATION%IPS ) \R FRI5DS & NATURE AS FUNDAM5TAL P>TS ( \RSELVES EXP&S \R S5SE ( CONNECTION ) ! WORLD & \R RESPONSIBILITY = IT4 ,IT IS NOT 9 \R SELF-9T]E/ TO BE DOM9AT$ BY AU?ORITIES1 OR TO DOM9ATE O!RS2 9 DEVELOP+ A BROAD] S5SE ( SELF1 WE CAN /RUCTURE \R LIVES & COMMUNITIES ACCORD+LY4 

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