,AN>*Y 9 ,ACTION 

#aiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION 

      #d1#d#d#b ,WORDS2 #b#h1#i#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,PREFACE 

      #a1#b#b#d ,WORDS2 #g1#g#b#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a - ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 

      #d1#c#d ,WORDS2 #b#g1#g#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b - ,! ,!ORY ( ,SPONTANE\S ,ORD] 

      #c1#i#i#b ,WORDS2 #b#d1#f#h#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c - ,! ,DISSOLUTION ( ,LEAD]%IP 

      #b1#b#a#a ,WORDS2 #a#d1#g ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d - ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 

      #c1#f#f#d ,WORDS2 #b#c1#i#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e - ,TOPLESS ,F$]ATIONS 

      #b1#c#i#a ,WORDS2 #a#e1#a#g#e ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f - ,:O ,IS ,TO ,PLAN8 

      #c1#b#i#b ,WORDS2 #b#a1#a#h#i ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g - ,WE ,H\SE1 ,Y\ ,>E ,H\S$1 ,!Y ,>E ,HOMELESS 

      #b1#h#i#d ,WORDS2 #a#h1#d#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h - ,OP5 & ,CLOS$ ,FAMILIES 

      #b1#b#d ,WORDS2 #a#b1#e#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i - ,S*OOLS ,NO ,LONG] 

      #c1#g#e#e ,WORDS2 #b#c1#f#f#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a - ,PLAY AS AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>ABLE 

      #c1#g#h ,WORDS2 #a#h1#e#i#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #aa - ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 

      #f1#b#f ,WORDS2 #c#i1#c#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ab - ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 

      #f1#g#c#d ,WORDS2 #d#c1#c#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ac - ,H[ ,DEVIANT ,D>E ,Y\ ,GET8 

      #c1#f#e#i ,WORDS2 #b#b1#i#e#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #ad - ,AN>*Y & A ,PLAUSIBLE ,FUTURE 

      #e1#c#h#d ,WORDS2 #d#a1#i#i#d ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION 
,9TRODUCTION TO ! ,SECOND ,$ITION 

  
  

,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T GR[S 9 TIMES ( POPUL> SELF-ACTIVITY1 FE$S IT & FE$S (F IT1 & DECL9ES :5 ?AT SELF-ACTIVITY DECL9ES444 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ,5GL& HAVE PAID = ! GAP BETWE5 !IR DAY-TO-DAY ACTIVITIES & !IR UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS4 ,?IS GAP CONSI/S BASICALLY ( A LACK ( /RATEGY1 A LACK ( ABILITY TO ASSESS ! G5]AL SITUATION & 9ITIATE A G5]AL PROJECT :I* IS CONSI/5T ) ! AN>*I/S UTOPIA1 & :I* IS NOT ONLY CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ TACTICS BUT 9SPIRES !M4  
  
  

,JOHN ,QUAIL1 ,! ,SL[ ,BURN+ ,FUZE3 

,! ,LO/ ,HI/ORY ( ! ,BRITI% ,AN>*I/S 7,PALAD9 #a#i#g#h7 

,AN>*ISM AS A POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY HAS TWO SEP>ATE ORIG9S4 ,IT CAN BE SE5 AS AN ULTIMATE D]IVATIVE ( LIB]ALISM OR AS A F9AL 5D = SOCIALISM4 ,9 EI!R CASE1 ! PROBLEMS ?AT FACE ! AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ >E ! SAME4 ,! IDEAS HE IS PUTT+ =W>D >E SO MU* AT V>IANCE ) ORD9>Y POLITICAL ASSUMPTIONS1 & ! SOLUTIONS HE (F]S >E SO REMOTE1 !RE IS SU* A GAP BETWE5 :AT IS1 & :AT1 ACCORD+ TO ! AN>*I/1 MI<T BE1 ?AT HIS AUDI5CE CANNOT TAKE HIM S]I\SLY4 

,ONE ELEM5T>Y PR9CIPLE ( ATTEMPT+ TO TEA* ANYONE ANY?+ IS ?AT Y\ ATTEMPT TO BUILD ON ! COMMON F\NDATION ( COMMON EXP]I5CE & COMMON KN[L$GE4 ,?AT IS ! 9T5TION ( ! PRES5T VOLUME4 

,?IS BOOK WAS COMMISSION$ BY ! PUBLI%]S ,ALL5 & ,UNW9 & ORIG9ALLY APPE>$ FROM !M 9 #a#i#g#c1 & WAS SUBSEQU5TLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,AM]ICA &1 9 TRANSLATION1 9 ,DUT*1 ,ITALIAN1 ,SPANI% & ,JAPANESE4 ,IT WAS NOT 9T5D$ = PEOPLE :O HAD SP5T A LIFE-TIME POND]+ ! PROBLEMS ( AN>*ISM1 BUT = ?OSE :O EI!R HAD NO IDEA ( :AT ! WORD IMPLI$1 OR :O KNEW EXACTLY :AT IT IMPLI$1 & HAD REJECT$ IT1 CONSID]+ ?AT IT HAD NO RELEVANCE = ! MOD]N WORLD4 

,MY ORIG9AL PREF]5CE AS A TITLE WAS ! MORE CUMB]SOME BUT MORE ACCURATE 0,AN>*ISM AS A !ORY ( ORGANIZATION01 BECAUSE AS ,I URGE 9 MY PREFACE1 ?AT IS :AT ! BOOK IS AB\T4 ,IT IS NOT AB\T /RATEGIES = REVOLUTION & IT IS NOT 9VOLV$ ) SPECULATION ON ! WAY AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD FUNCTION4 ,IT IS AB\T ! WAYS 9 :I* PEOPLE ORGANIZE  
!MSELVES 9 ANY K9D ( HUMAN SOCIETY1 :E!R WE C>E TO CATEGORIZE ?OSE SOCIETIES AS PRIMITIVE1 TRADITIONAL1 CAPITALI/ OR COMMUNI/4 

,9 ?IS S5SE ! BOOK IS SIMPLY AN EXT5D$1 UPDAT+ FOOTNOTE TO ,KROPOTK9'S ,MUTUAL ,AID4 ,S9CE IT WAS WRITT5 ,I HAVE $IT$ = A MOD]N READ]%IP TWO O!R WORKS ( HIS1 & ,I AM B\ND TO SAY ?AT ! EXP]I5CE HAS 5HANC$ MY AGREEM5T ) ,GEORGE ,ORWELL'S CONCLUSION ?AT ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 WAS 0ONE ( ! MO/ P]SUASIVE ( AN>*I/ WRIT]S0 BECAUSE ( HIS 09V5TIVE & PRAGMATIC \TLOOK04 

,9 P>TICUL>1 AS AN AMPLIFICATION ( SOME ( ! IDEAS EXPRESS$ 9 ! PRES5T VOLUME1 ,I W\LD LIKE READ]S TO BE AW>E ( ! $ITION ,I PREP>$ ( HIS ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7,LONDON3 #a#i#g#d1 REPR9T$ ) ADDITIONAL MAT]IAL BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e7 ,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] @& ,WID/R& #a#i#h74 ,ANYONE :O WANTS TO UND]/& ! REAL NATURE ( ! CRISIS ( ! ,BRITI% ECONOMY 9 ! N9ETE5-EI<TIES W\LD GA9 MORE 5LI<T5M5T FROM ,KROPOTK9'S ANALYSIS FROM ! EI<TE5- N9ETIES ?AN FROM ! CURR5T SPOKESM5 ( ANY ( ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 

,BUT IF ?IS BOOK IS JU/ A FOOTNOTE TO ,KROPOTK91 & IF IT IS OP5 TO ! SAME CRITICISM AS HIS BOOK 7?AT IT IS A SELECTIVE GA!R+ ( ANECDOTAL EVID5CE TO SUPPORT ! PO9TS ?AT ! AU?OR WANTS TO MAKE7 IT DOES ATTEMPT TO LOOK AT A V>IETY ( ASPECTS ( DAILY LIFE 9 ! LI<T ( TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ CONT5TIONS AB\T ! NATURE ( AU?ORITY & ! PROP5SITY = SELF-ORGANIZATION4 

,MANY YE>S ( ATTEMPT+ TO BE AN AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ HAVE CONV9C$ ME ?AT WE W9 OV] \R FELL[ CITIZ5 TO AN>*I/ IDEAS1 PRECISELY ?R\< DRAW+ UPON ! COMMON EXP]I5CE ( ! 9=MAL1 TRANSI5T1 SELF-ORGANIZ+ NETWORKS ( RELATION%IPS ?AT 9 FACT MAKE ! HUMAN COMMUNITY POSSIBLE1 RA!R ?AN ?R\< ! REJECTION ( EXI/+ SOCIETY AS A :OLE 9 FAVOR ( SOME FUTURE SOCIETY :]E SOME DIFF]5T K9D ( HUMANITY WILL LIVE 9 P]FECT H>MONY4 

,S9CE ?IS $ITION IS A REPRODUCTION ( ! ORIG9AL TEXT1 MY PURPOSE H]E IS TO ADD A FEW COMM5TS & FUR!R REF]5CES1 BO? TO UPDATE IT & TO TAKE NOTE ( CRITICAL COMM5TS4 

,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 

  

,?IS IS A RE/ATEM5T ( ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( GOV]NM5T & ! /ATE1 EMPHASIZ+ ! HI/ORICAL DIVISION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM4 ,9 #a#h#d#h1 ! YE> ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,MANIFE/O1 ,PR\DHON GAVE V5T TO AN UTT]ANCE ( M>VEL\S 9VECTIVE1 :I* ,I HAD MEANT TO 9CLUDE 9 ?IS *APT]3 

0,TO BE RUL$ IS TO BE KEPT AN EYE ON1 9SPECT$1 SPI$ ON1 REGULAT$1 9DOCTR9AT$1 S]MONIZ$1 LI/$ & *ECK$-(F1 E/IMAT$1 APPRAIS$1 C5SUR$1 ORD]$ AB\T1 BY CREATURES )\T KN[L$GE & )\T VIRTUES4 ,TO BE RUL$ IS1 AT EV]Y OP]ATION1 TRANSACTION1 MOVEM5T1 TO BE NOT$1 REGI/]$1 C\NT$1 PRIC$1 ADMONI%$1 PREV5T$1 RE=M$1 R$RESS$1 CORRECT$4 ,IT IS1 ON ! PRETEXT ( PUBLIC UTILITY & 9 ! NAME ( ! COMMON GOOD1 TO BE PUT UND] CONTRIBUTION1 PRESSUR$1 MY/IFI$1 ROBB$2 !N1 AT ! LEA/ RESI/ANCE & AT ! FIR/ H9T ( COMPLA9T1 REPRESS$1 F9$1 VILIFI$1 VEX$1 HUNT$1 EXASP]AT$1 KNOCK$-D[N1 DIS>M$1 G>ROT$1 IMPRISON$1 %OT1 GRAPE-%OT1 JUDG$1 CONDEMN$1 DEPORT$1 SACRIFIC$1 SOLD1 TRICK$2 & TO F9I% (F )1 HOAX$1 CALUMNIAT$1 DI%ONOR$4 ,SU* IS GOV]NM5T6 ,& TO ?9K ?AT !RE >E DEMOCRATS AMONG US :O CLAIM !RE'S SOME GOOD 9 GOV]NM5T60 

,?AT MU/ HAVE SEEM$ A LUDICR\S OV]-/ATEM5T 9 #a#i?-C5TURY ,FRANCE4 ,BUT W\LDN'T IT BE P]FECTLY COMPREH5SIBLE TO ANY CITIZ5 :O /EPS \T ( L9E 9 ANY ( ! TOTALIT>IAN REGIMES ( ! ,RI<T OR ,LEFT ?AT TODAY GOV]N ! GREAT] P>T ( ! WORLD8 ,AMONG ! ATTRIBUTES ( GOV]NM5T :I* ,PR\DHON DID NOT 9CLUDE 9 HIS LI/ ( HORRORS1 IS SY/EMATIC TORTURE1 A UNIQUE PR]OGATIVE ( GOV]NM5TS 9 ! #b? C5TURY4 

,:5 ?IS *APT] WAS PREVI\SLY PUBLI%$ 9 A SYMPOSIUM ON ,P>TICIPATORY ,DEMOCRACY ! $ITORS MADE COMM5TS :I* ,I F\ND BO? GRATIFY+ & SUGGE/IVE ( WAYS 9 :I* ITS !SIS C\LD BE EXT5D$4 ,!Y WROTE3 

0,! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE1 :I* HAS (T5 SEEM$ SIMPLI/IC1 IS H]E PRES5T$ 9 ONE ( ITS MO/ SOPHI/ICAT$ =MS4 ,H]E ! /ATE IS CONCEIV$ ( AS ! =MALIZATION -- & RIGIDIFICATION -- ( ! UNUS$ P[] ?AT ! SOCIAL ORD] HAS ABDICAT$4 ,9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY IT TAKES ! =M ( A COALITION ( POLITICAL1 MILIT>Y1 & 9DU/RIAL ELITES1 PREEMPT+ SPACE ?AT IS SIMPLY NOT OCCUPI$ BY ! RE/ ( SOCIETY4 

0,W>D BELIEVES ?AT ! /ATE REPRES5TS A K9D ( RELATION%IP BETWE5 PEOPLE :I* BECOMES =MALIZ$ 9TO A SET ( VE/$ 9T]E/S ?AT OP]ATES CONTR>Y TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! PEOPLE -- EV5 TO ! PO9T :]E IT EVALUATES ITS MEANS 9 T]MS ( MEGADEA?S4 ,ONE C\LD TAKE ! NUMB] ( PEOPLE EMPLOY$ DIRECTLY BY ! /ATE AS A FUNCTION ( TOTAL POPULATIONS1 ! AM\NT ( /ATE SP5D+ AS A FUNCTION ( TOTAL SP5D+ 79 SOCIALI/ /ATES ?IS W\LD REQUIRE C>EFUL FUNCTIONAL DEF9ITION ( :AT CON/ITUT$ ! DOMA9 ( ! /ATE AS OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIAL ORD]7 & 9 G5]AL COMP>E ! RES\RCE USE ( ! TWO >EAS4 ,ONE C\LD !N ANALYZE ! SOCIAL ORD] 9 T]MS ( DEGREE ( P>TICIPATION1 KEY DECISIONS 9VOLV+ UTILIZATION ( SOCIAL RES\RCES & :O MAKES !M4 ,/UDIES ( ! CORRELATIONS BETWE5 /ATE P[] & SOCIAL P>TICIPATION 9 V>I\S C\NTRIES W\LD V]IFY ,W>D'S !SIS3 ?OSE C\NTRIES ?AT >E TOP-HEAVY ) /ATE P[] >E ! C\NTRIES 9 :I* SOCIAL P>TICIPATION IS WEAK4 ,A MORE DEVA/AT+ CRITIQUE ( /ATISM C\LD PROBABLY NOT BE IMAG9$40 

,! ,!ORY ( ,SPONTANE\S ,ORD] 

  
,F,I,X,M,E !RE IS NO P4 #a#d#f1 EV5 9 ! SCAN  

,?IS *APT] DREW L>GELY ON POPUL> EXP]I5CE ( REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 ACTUAL OR POT5TIAL1 BE=E A ,NEW ,ORD] HAD FILL$ ! GAP OCCUPI$ BY ! OLD ORD]4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! WORKS CIT$ ON P4 #a#d#f1 SEV]AL MORE /UDIES ( ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #aicf HAVE BECOME AVAILABLE S9CE1 NOTABLY ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,GA/ON ,LEVAL'S  
,COLLECTIVES 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS #a#i#g#e74 

,TO ! EXP]I5CE ( ,HUNG>Y 9 #aief & ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #aifh MU/ BE ADD$ ?AT ( ,POL& 9 #a#i#h4 ,H[EV] ! /ORY 5DS1 ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ,SOLID>ITY 9 =C+ CONCESSIONS1 )\T LOSS ( LIFE1 ON A RUL+ BUREAUCRACY :I* HAD NOT HESITAT$ A DECADE E>LI] TO ORD] ITS =CES TO %OOT D[N /RIK+ WORK]S1 IS A REM>KABLE TRIUMPH ( WORK+-CLASS SELF ORGANIZATION4 

,! ,DISSOLUTION ( ,LEAD]%IP 

  
,H>MONY ,?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 

  
,TOPLESS ,F$]ATIONS 

  

,!SE ?REE *APT]S1 US+ NON-AN>*I/ S\RCES1 TRY TO SET \T ?REE KEY PR9CIPLES ( AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( ORGANIZATION3 ! CONCEPT ( LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 ! NOTION ?AT A HEAL?Y SOCIETY NE$S DIV]SITY RA!R ?AN UNITY1 & ! IDEA ( F$]ALI/ ORGANIZATIONS )\T A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,A NUMB] ( MORE REC5T BOOKS RE9=CE ! EVID5CE = !SE *APT]S4 ,PR\DHON'S ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF HAS AT LA/ BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ,5GLI%4 7,TRANSLAT$ BY ,RI*>D ,V]NON1 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS #a#i#g#i7 ,! 9F]5CES DRAWN FROM ! HI/ORY ( ,SWISS F$]ALISM >E 5HANC$ BY ,JONA?AN ,/E9B]G'S ,:Y ,SWITZ]L&8 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS #a#i#g#f71 & ! AN?ROPOLOGICAL MAT]IAL ON /ATELESS SOCIETIES IS ADD$ TO 9 P>T FIVE ( ,KIRKPATRICK ,SALE'S ,HUMAN ,SCALE 7,SECK] @& ,W>BURG #a#i#h74 

,:O ,IS TO ,PLAN8 

  
,WE ,H\SE1 ,Y\ ,>E ,H\S$1 ,!Y ,>E ,HOMELESS 

  

,! >GUM5TS ( !SE TWO *APT]S >E SET \T AT MU* GREAT] L5G? 9 MY BOOKS ,T5ANTS ,TAKE ,OV] 7,>*ITECTURAL ,PRESS #a#i#g#d7 & ,TALK+ ,H\SES 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS #a#i#i7 AS WELL AS 9 ,JOHN ,TURN]'S ,H\S+ BY ,PEOPLE 7,M>ION ,BOY>S #a#i#g#f74 

,OP5 & ,CLOS$ ,FAMILIES 

  

,ONE REVIEW] CRITICIZ$ ?IS *APT] = ITS CLAIM ?AT ! REVOLUTION 9 SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 9 \R [N DAY IS AN ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE 9 HIS VIEW IT WAS SIMPLY A RESULT ( A *EMICO-TE*NICAL BREAK?R\<1 ! CONTRACEPTIVE PILL4 ,MY [N ,DUT* TRANSLATOR FELT ?AT IT WAS M>R$ BY AN ABS5CE ( APPRECIATION ( ! FEM9I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,I DON'T ?9K SO MYSELF1 BUT ,I DO ?9K ?AT ?IS *APT] JU/ SKATES OV] ! SURFACE ( ! DILEMMAS ( P]SONAL FRE$OM & P>5TAL RESPONSIBILITY4 ,AS ,%EILA ,R[BO?AM WROTE REC5TLY1 0,A CAMPAIGN = *ILD C>E :I* DEM&S ! LIB]ATION ( WOM5 & ! LIB]ATION ( *ILDR5 NOT ONLY REVEALS ! IMM$IATE T5SIONS BETWE5 ! TWO2 IT ALSO REQUIRES A SOCIETY BAS$ ON COOP]ATION & FREE ASSOCIATION40 

,S*OOLS ,NO ,LONG] 

  

,?IS *APT] NE$S NO UPDAT+1 BUT IS EXT5D$ TO SOME DEGREE BY A LECTURE ( M9E CALL$ 0,T[>DS A ,POOR ,S*OOL01 PUBLI%$ 9 ,TALK+ ,S*OOLS1 7,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e7 AS WELL AS BY ,*APT] #af ( MY BOOK ,! ,*ILD 9 ! ,CITY4 ,( ! V>I\S OCCUPATIONS 9 :I* ,I WORK$ = =TY YE>S1 TEA*+ IS ! ONLY ONE :I* ,I HAVE A GOV]NM5T LIC5SE TO P]=M4 ,I AM ! AU?OR ( SEV]AL S*OOL BOOKS1 & ! =M] DIRECTOR ( A ,S*OOLS ,C\NCIL PROJECT4 ,I AM EV5 A =M] BRAN* SECRET>Y ( ONE ( ! TEA*+ UNIONS4 ,YET ON EV]Y SIGNIFICANT ISSUE ,I HAVE F\ND MYSELF TOTALLY OPPOS$ TO ! VIEWS ( ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION4 ,IT S\<T1 & WON1 ! RAIS+ ( ! M9IMUM AGE LIMIT = COMPULSORY S*OOL+4 ,I FAVOR$ ITS ABOLITION4 ,IT WANTS TO ELIM9ATE ! 0PRIVATE SECTOR0 9 $UCATION1 :ILE ,I SEE IT AS ! ONE GU>ANTEE ?AT G5U9E RADICAL EXP]IM5T CAN HAPP54 ,IT OPPOSES ! AB&ONM5T ( ! LEGAL RI<T TO HIT *ILDR54 

,I AM WELL AW>E ?AT ! ORGANIZ$ OP9ION ( ! PR(ESSION IS NOT ! SAME AS ?AT ( 9DIVIDUAL TEA*]S4 ,I REV]E $UCATION4 ,I JU/ CAN'T /OMA* ! DREADFUL PRET5SIONS ( ! $UCATION 9DU/RY1 ESPECIALLY :5 COMP>$ ) ! RESULTS4 ,& ,I KN[ ?AT MY MISGIV+S AB\T $UCATION >E P>ALLEL$ BY A CONSID]ATION ( ANY O!R ASPECT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,WE/-,EUROPEAN CORPORATE /ATE1 LIKE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! HEAL? S]VICE OR ! PUBLIC PROVISION ( H\S+4 

,NONE ( MY [N WRIT+S1 ALAS1 CAN BE SAID TO PROP\ND AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( $UCATION1 BUT !Y DO RAISE SOME ( ! IRONIES & P>ADOXES ( ATTEMPTS TO A*IEVE ECONOMIC EQUALITY OR SOCIAL *ANGE ?R\< ! MANIPULATION ( ! $UCATION SY/EM4 ,A BRAVE EF=T TO DRAW TOGE!R ! V>I\S /REAMS ( AN>*I/ IDEAS ON $UCATION IS MADE 9 ,JOEL ,H4 ,SPR+'S ,A ,PRIM] ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,$UCATION 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,FREE ,LIFE ,$ITIONS1 #a#i#g#e74 

,PLAY AS AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>ABLE 

  

,PLAY IS A P>ABLE ( AN>*Y1 S9CE IT IS AN >EA ( HUMAN ACTIVITY :I* IS SELF-*OS5 & SELF-DIRECT$1 BUT ?IS V]Y FACT LEADS TO A COMP>ISON ) WORK4  
 ,WORK IS   ,LEISURE IS   ,HAT$   ,5JOY$   ,LONG   ,BRIEF   ,= SOMEONE ELSE   ,= Y\RSELF   ,ESS5TIAL = LIVELIHOOD   ,9ESS5TIAL = LIVELIHOOD   ,CONC5TRAT$   ,AT Y\R [N PACE   ,= FIX$ H\RS   ,9 Y\R [N TIME   

,I QUOTE ?IS POL>IZATION FROM MY S*OOL BOOK ON ,WORK 7,P5GU9 ,$UCATION #a#i#g#b71 BECAUSE ANY DISCUSSION ( PLAY & ( LEISURE 7,BRITA9'S FA/E/-GR[+ 9DU/RY'7 LEADS TO A CONSID]ATION ( :AT IS WRONG ) PEOPLE'S WORK+ LIVES4 

,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 

  

,?IS IS ! *APT] :I* IS MO/ 9 NE$ ( BR++ UP TO DATE1 BUT :I* HAS AN 5ORM\SLY RELEVANT TITLE4 ,READ]S DO NE$ REM9D+ ?AT = SEV]AL DECADES1 UNTIL ! #a#i#fS1 ! AN>*I/S 7AP>T FROM A FEW FAI?FUL /ALW>TS ( ! PRODUC] COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T7 W]E VIRTUALLY ! ONLY PEOPLE PUBLI%+ PROPAG&A = WORK] SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 9DU/RY4 ,S9CE ?IS BOOK WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ !RE HAVE BE5 A V>IETY ( NEW EXP]I5CES & NEW V5TURES1 & AN ABSOLUTE M\NTA9 ( NEW LIT]ATURE4 

,9 LEFT-W+ POLITICAL CIRCLES 9 ,BRITA91 = SIXTY YE>S1 ! DEM& = WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T WAS REG>D$ AS A M>G9AL & DIV]SION>Y ISSUE COMP>$ ) ! DEM& = NATIONALIZATION1 ! UNIV]SAL CURE-ALL4 ,! ATMOSPH]E *ANG$ ONLY 9 ! #a#i#gS1 :51 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO QUIET EXT9CTION1 WORK]S 9 A NUMB] ( 5T]PRISES ?REAT5$ BY CLOSURE1 S\<T1 ?R\< PROTRACT$ 0SIT-9S0 TO DEM& ?AT !Y %\LD BE HELP$ TO KEEP ! PLANT OP5 UND] WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,READ]S WILL REMEMB] ! P>TICUL> LOCAL EPICS AT ,UPP] ,CLYDE ,%IPBUILD]S AT ,GOVAN1 AT ! =M] ,FI%]-,B5DIX FACTORY \TSIDE ,LIV]POOL1 AT ! ,SCOTTI% ,DAILY ,EXPRESS1 AT ,FAK5HAM ,5T]PRISES 9 ,NORFOLK & AT ! ,M]ID5 MOTORCYCLE PLANT AT ,COV5TRY4 

,:5 ,AN?ONY ,W$GWOOD ,B5N P]SUAD$ HIS FELL[ MEMB]S ( ! ,LABOR GOV]NM5T TO BACK !SE ASPIRATIONS ) PUBLIC MONEY 7A POLICY :I* W\LD HAVE BE5 FOLL[$ AUTOMATICALLY :5 ORD9>Y CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY WAS CONC]N$71 IT REPRES5T$ A COMPLETE TURN>\ND 9 HIS 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIALISM AS APPLI$ TO 9DU/RY4 ,= IT WAS ,MR ,B5N :O1 9 ! #aifd ,LABOR GOV]NM5T1 HAD BE5 ! MA/]M9D1 ?R\< HIS ,9DU/RIAL ,REORGANIZATION ,CORPORATION1 ( ! TAKEOV] ( HALF ! MOTOR 9DU/RY BY ,LEYL&S 7A =M]LY SUCCESSFUL BUS & LORRY FIRM FROM ,LANCA%IRE7 & MO/ ( ! ELECTRICAL 9DU/RY BY ,G,E,C1 9 ! HOPE ( 5ABL+ ,BRITI% 9DU/RY TO COMPLETE ON EQUAL T]MS = ! CONT95TAL M>KET ) ! ,EUROPEAN GIANTS4 

,!SE W]E VA9 HOPES1 & ONE ( ! GLUMLY HIL>I\S SPECTACLES ( ! #a#i#hS HAS BE5 TO SEE A ,CONS]VATIVE GOV]NM5T1 COMMITT$ TO LAISSEZ-FAIRE LIB]ALISM1 CONT9UALLY BAIL+ \T ,BRITI% ,LEYL& FROM TAX REV5UE4 ,! ,B5N-SPONSOR$ CO-OPS HAVE MO/LY COLLAPS$1 OR HAVE HAD TO RELY SO COMPLETELY ON CAPITALI/ 9VE/M5T ?AT !IR COOP]ATIVE /RUCTURE HAS BE5 SUBM]G$4 ,IT WAS ONLY BECAUSE !SE FIRMS W]E DY+ ?AT ! WORK]S' ASPIRATIONS W]E GIV5 AN AIR+1 & !RE >E EV5 PEOPLE ) A CONSPIRATORIAL VIEW ( HI/ORY :O SEE ! :OLE EPISODE AS HAV+ BE5 9V5T$ TO DISCR$IT ! COOP]ATIVE IDEAL4 

,BUT AS UNEMPLOYM5T CONT9UALLY 9CREASES 9 ,BRITA91 PEOPLE :O HAVE LO/ CONFID5CE 9 ! USUAL POLITICAL PANACEAS1 HAVE %[N AN 9CREAS+ 9T]E/ 9 COOP]ATIVE V5TURES4 ,! ,BRITI% DISCOV]$ ! ,MONDRAGON COOP]ATIVES 9 ! ,BASQUE C\NTRY1 ) PILGRIMAGES ( TRADE UNION (FIC]S & LOCAL C\NCILORS GO+ TO ,SPA9 TO DISCOV] ! SECRET ( ,MONDRAGON'S SUCCESS4 ,! SIGNIFICANT REC5T BOOKS >E ,WORK]-,[N]S3 ,! ,MONDRAGON ,A*IEVEMNT 7,ANGLO-,G]MAN ,F\NDATION #a#i#g#g71 ,ROB]T ,OAKE%OTT'S ,! ,CASE = ,WORK]S' ,CO-OPS 7,R\TL$GE @& ,KEGAN ,PAUL #a#i#g#h71 ,WORK]S' ,COOP]ATIVES3 ,A ,H&BOOK 7,AB]DE5 ,PEOPLE'S ,PRESS #a#i#h7 & ,J5NY ,?OMLEY3 ,WORK]S' ,COOP]ATIVES3 ,JOBS & ,DREAMS 7,HE9EMANN #a#i#h#a74 

,! MAJORITY ( REC5T COOP]ATIVE V5TURES CANNOT BE REG>D$ AS SUCCESS /ORIES3 !Y HAVE FAIL$4 ,NOR >E ! APP>5T PRE-CONDITIONS = SUCCESS P>TICUL>LY ACCEPTABLE TO AN>*I/S4 ,ROB]T ,OAKE%OTT1 = EXAMPLE1 CONCLUDES ?AT !RE >E AT LEA/ F\R SU* CONDITIONS3 0FIR/1 ! MA9 ?RU/ TO GET ! 5T]PRISES (F ! GR\ND MU/ COME FROM ! POT5TIAL WORK=CE ITSELF2 SECOND1 ! COMMITM5T ( ! WORK=CE NE$S TO BE FUR!R SECUR$ BY ! REQUIREM5T ( A MEAN+FUL CAPITAL /AKE2 ?IRD1 ! PROSPECTIVE 5T]PRISE MU/ BE EQUIPP$ ) A MANAG] OR A MANAGEM5T TEAM :I* IS AT LEA/ NOT 9F]IOR TO ?AT :I* A CONV5TIONAL 5T]PRISE W\LD 5JOY2 F\R?1 !SE 5T]PRISES MU/ WORK TOGE!R 9 MAT]IALLY SUPPORTIVE GR\P+S1 = 9 ISOLATION !Y >E HOPELESSLY VULN]ABLE40 

,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 

  

,?IS *APT] DOES HAVE ! M]IT ( RAIS+ ISSUES :I* >E UNFA%IONABLE BO? AMONG ! DEF5D]S ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y ,BRITI% WELF>E /ATE & AMONG ITS CRITICS4 ,S9CE IT WAS WRITT5 WE HAVE MOV$ 9TO ! ]A ( CUTS 9 WELF>E EXP5DITURE1 IMPOS$ BY BO? ,LABOR & ,CONS]VATIVE GOV]NM5TS4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL EASY TO TAKE P>T 9 ! >GUM5TS SURR\ND+ ! CUTS FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 ,ON ! ONE H& WE HAVE ! POLITICAL LEFT :I* REG>DS ! PROVISION ( WELF>E1 SUBSIDIZ$ H\S+ OR SUBSIDIZ$ TRANSPORT AS A 0SOCIAL WAGE0 :I* MITIGATES ! EXPLOITATION :I* IT ASSOCIATES ) ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,ON ! O!R H& IS ! POLITICAL RI<T :I* CLAIMS ?AT ! PEOPLE :O D]IVE MO/ FROM ! PUBLIC S]VICES >E PEOPLE :O C\LD P]FECTLY WELL AF=D TO MEET !IR TRUE CO/4 7,& 9 FACT IT IS P]FECTLY TRUE ?AT ! POOR D]IVE ! LEA/ FROM WELF>E PROVISION74 ,! :OLE >GUM5T IS COMPLICAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT WE HAVE N[ 5T]$ ! P]IOD ( MASS UNEMPLOYM5T4 

,WELF>E IS ADM9I/]$ BY A TOP-HEAVY GOV]NM5TAL MA*9E :I* 5SURES ?AT :5 ECONOMIES 9 PUBLIC EXP5DITURE >E IMPOS$ BY ITS POLITICAL MA/]S1 !Y >E MADE BY R$UC+ ! S]VICE TO ! PUBLIC1 NOT BY R$UC+ ! CO/ ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,?US1 AS ,LESLIE ,*APMAN REM>K$ 9 HIS BOOK ,Y\R ,DISOB$I5T ,S]VANT1 9 ?IS WAY 0! WICK$ 9JU/ICE ( ! CUTS1 ! DESIRABILITY ( REPLAC+ !M AS QUICKLY AS POSSIBLE1 ! UNWISDOM ( ?OSE :O IMPOS$ !M & ! LONG SUFF]+ PATI5CE ( ?OSE :O RECEIV$ !M W]E ALL DEMON/RAT$ 9 ONE CONV5I5T PACKAGE40 ,?IS WAS SUBSEQU5TLY DEMON/RAT$ DUR+ BO? ,LABOR & ,CONS]VATIVE GOV]NM5TS4 ,WRIT+ 9 #a#i#g#g1 ,A4 ,H4 ,HALSEY OBS]V$ ?AT 0WE LIVE TODAY UND] S5T5CE ( DEA? BY A ?\S& CUTS1 ?AT IS1 ( ALL ?+S EXCEPT ! BODY ( BUREAUCRACY04 ,& ,PET] ,T[NS5D NOT$ TWO YE>S LAT] COMM5T+ ON 0,SOCIAL ,POLICY 9 ,CONDITIONS ( ,SC>CITY0 ?AT 0S]VICES TO CONSUM]S OR CLI5TS W]E MU* MORE VULN]ABLE ?AN /AFF E/ABLI%M5TS40 

,?IS WAS NO:]E BETT] DEMON/RAT$ ?AN 9 ! EVOLUTION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE4 ,9 ! T5 YE>S BE=E ITS REORGANIZATION1 HEAL? S]VICE /AFF G5]ALLY 9CREAS$ BY #fe P] C5T4 ,H[EV]1 DUR+ ?AT P]IOD M$ICAL & NURS+ /AFF 9CREAS$ BY ONLY #ba P] C5T & DOME/IC /AFF BY #b P] C5T4 ,! RE/ WAS ADM9I/RATION4 ,! GOV]NM5T HIR$ A FIRM ( CONSULTANTS1 ,MC,K9SEY'S1 TO ADVISE ON REORGANIZATION4 ,! MEMB]S ( ,MC,K9SEY'S /AFF :O PRODUC$ ! NEW /RUCTURE >E N[ CONV9C$ ?AT !Y GAVE ! WRONG ADVICE4 ,SIMIL>LY ! =M] *IEF >*ITECT TO ! ,D,H,S,S IS N[ CONV9C$ ?AT ! ADVICE HE GAVE = T5 YE>S ON HOSPITAL DESIGN WAS 9 FACT MISGUID$4 

,WE HAVE FAIL$ TO COME TO T]MS ) ! FACT ?AT \R PUBLICLY-PROVID$ S]VICES1 JU/ LIKE \R CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIES1 ALSO PROPP$ UP BY TAXATION1 >E DE>LY B\<T4 ,?IS WAS LESS APP>5T 9 ! PA/ :5 PUBLIC S]VICES W]E FEW & *EAP4 ,OLD PEOPLE :O RECALL ! M>VEL\S S]VICE !Y US$ TO GET FROM ! PO/ (FICE OR ! RAILWAYS1 NEV] M5TION ?AT !SE US$ TO BE L[ WAGE 9DU/RIES :I*1 9 RETURN = RELATIVE SECURITY1 W]E RUN ) A MILIT>Y-/YLE DISCIPL9E1 TO :I* NOT EV5 ! >MY1 LET ALONE Y\ OR ,I1 W\LD SUBMIT TODAY4 

,ANY PUBLIC S]VICE N[ADAYS HAS TO PAY ! GO+ RATE1 & !RE IS EV]Y REASON :Y ?IS %\LD BE SO4 ,! QUE/ION AT ISSUE IS :E!R GOV]NM5T PROVISION IS ! BE/ WAY ( MEET+ SOCIAL NE$S4 ,WE >E ALWAYS (F]+ SUP]IOR ADVICE TO ?OSE ?IRD WORLD C\NTRIES :]E 0AID0 IS DISSIPAT$ 9 ! CO/ ( ADM9I/]+ IT1 BUT WE >E 9 JU/ ! SAME SITUATION \RSELVES4 0,ADD$ TO ! TRADITIONAL BURD5S ( ! POOR10 REM>K ! AU?ORS ( ,! ,W9CR(T ,Y\? ,PROJECT1 0!RE IS N[ ! WEI<T ( A BUREAUCRACY ?AT1 IRONICALLY1 IS EMPLOY$ TO S]VE !M40 

,H[ ,DEVIANT ,D>E ,Y\ ,GET8 

  

,?IS *APT] DEALS1 H[EV] 9ADEQUATELY1 ) ! OBJECTION MO/ PEOPLE RAISE TO AN>*I/ IDEAS3 ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ! LAW1 ! LEGAL SY/EM & ! AG5CIES ( LAW-5=CEM5T4 ,S9CE ?IS BOOK WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ !RE HAVE BE5 ?REE NEW CONTRIBUTIONS TO ?IS DEBATE4 ,ONE1 :I*1 SADLY1 FAILS TO LIVE UP TO ! PROMISE ( ITS TITLE IS ,L>RY ,TIFFT & ,D5NIS ,SULLIVAN3 ,! ,/RUGGLE TO BE ,HUMAN3 ,CRIME1 ,CRIM9OLOGY & ,AN>*ISM 7,CI5FUEGOS ,PRESS #a#i#h74 ,ANO!R IS ,ALAN ,RITT]'S ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,!ORETICAL ,ANALYSIS 7,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS #a#i#h7 :OSE AU?OR CONCLUDES ON ?IS ISSUE ?AT 0,EV5 UND] AN>*Y !RE REMA9S SOME DANG] ( MISCONDUCT1 :I* AU?ORITY SANCTION$ BY REBUKE PREV5TS4 ,?\< AN>*I/S DO NOT CALL ?IS REBUKE PUNI%M5T1 IT IS EASY TO %[ ?AT !Y %\LD40 ,! ?IRD1 & MO/ SUGGE/IVE IS ! *APT] ON 0,A ,POLICY = ,CRIME ,CONTROL0 9 ,/U>T ,H5RY'S ,! ,HIDD5 ,ECONOMY 7,M>T9 ,ROB]TSON #a#i#g#h74 ,H5RY >GUES = :AT HE CALLS NORMATIVE CONTROL ( CRIME1 BY :I* HE MEANS 0GR\P OR COMMUNITY CONTROL04 ,HE REM>KS ?AT1 0,IT MAY BE TOO E>LY TO PR$ICT1 BUT IT W\LD SEEM ?AT ! ADM9I/RATION ( CRIM9AL JU/ICE = SOME TYPES ( (F5SE MAY BE AB\T TO COMPLETE A FULL CIRCLE4 ,BEG9N+ ) COMMUNITY CONTROL 9 AN UND]DEVELOP$ SOCIETY1 WE HAVE PROGRESS$ ?R\< V>I\S /AGES ( =MAL1 PR(ESSIONAL1 BUREAUCRATIC JU/ICE AS 9DU/RIALIZATION HAS GA!R$ MOM5TUM4 ,H[EV]1 REC5T YE>S HAVE WITNESS$ A NEW WAVE ( DISSATISFACTION ) C5TRALIZ$1 BUREAUCRATIC /RUCTURES ?R\< :I* MO/ ASPECTS ( \R LIFE >E MANAG$4 ,9 >EAS AS DIV]SE AS GOV]NM5T1 9DU/RY1 HEAL? & WELF>E1 ! EM]G+ TR5D IS T[>D DEVOLUTION1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 DEMOCRATIZATION & POPUL> P>TICIPATION4 ,A P>T ( ?IS TR5D IS ! DE-C5TRALIZATION ( CRIM9AL JU/ICE TO A =M ( COMMUNITY CONTROL :I* WAS ONCE COMMONPLACE444 ,MANY COMM5TATORS >E RAPIDLY REA*+ ! CONCLUSION ?AT ONLY PEOPLE 9VOLV$ 9 & AW>E ( ! COMMUNITY CAN ACT AS EFFECTIVE =CES 9 CRIME PREV5TION & ?AT SIMPLY 9CREAS+ POLICE & C\RT CAPACITY WILL NEI!R SOLVE ! PROBLEMS PRES5TLY PLAGU+ CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EMS1 NOR EQUIP !SE SY/EMS TO COPE ) *ANG+ TR5DS 9 CRIME4 ,IT IS FELT ?AT ! ONLY WAY \T ( ! PRES5T SITUATION IS = CRIM9AL JU/ICE & ! COMMUNITY TO BE BR\<T CLOS] TOGE!R1 SO ?AT ?OSE :O JUDGE & ?OSE :O >E JUDG$ >E P>T ( ! SAME SOCIETY444 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ONLY ) ?IS DEGREE ( 9VOLVEM5T & UND]/&+ CAN WE EV] HOPE TO LIB]ATE \RSELVES FROM ! HYPOCRISY ( \R ATTITUDE TO 0CRIME01 & ONLY !N WILL WE BE CAPABLE ( CONTROLL+ IT40 

,AN>*Y & A ,PLAUSIBLE ,FUTURE 

  

,! MUT$ & T5TATIVE CONCLUSIONS ( ?IS *APT] /ILL SEEM TO ME TO BE VALID4 ,IF ,I W]E WRIT+ IT TODAY ,I W\LD C]TA9LY HAVE HAD MORE TO SAY AB\T ! COLLAPSE ( EMPLOYM5T4 ,:5 ?IS BOOK WAS WRITT5 ,BRITA9 HAD #h1 WORK]S REGI/]+ AS UNEMPLOY$4 ,?IS WAS ?\<T AT ! TIME TO BE A SC&AL\S & TOTALLY UNACCEPTABLE FIGURE4 ,EI<T YE>S LAT] ! FIGURE HAS RIS5 TO #c MILLION 7,OCTOB] #a#i#h#a74 ,BELAT$LY WE >E GROP+ AFT] ALT]NATIVE =MS ( WORK TO EMPLOYM5T4 ,NOBODY REALLY BELIEVES ?AT MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY IS GO+ TO RECOV] LO/ M>KETS4 ,NOBODY REALLY BELIEVES ?AT ROBOTS OR MICROPROCESSORS >E GO+ TO CREATE MORE ?AN A SMALL PROPORTION ( ! JOBS !Y DISPLACE4 ,F9ALLY WE HAVE EV5 LO/ FAI? 9 ! IDEA ?AT ! S]VICE ECONOMY IS GO+ TO EXP& TO FILL ! JOBS LO/ 9 ! PRODUCTION ECONOMY4 ,JONA?AN ,G]%UNY %[S 9 HIS BOOK ,AFT] ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIETY 7,MACMILLAN #a#i#g#i7 ?AT S]VICE 9DU/RIES !MSELVES >E ALREADY DECL9+ & ?AT :AT IS MORE LIKELY TO EM]GE IS A SELF-S]VICE ECONOMY4 

,IT IS ! 9EXORABLE :ITTL+ AWAY ( EMPLOYM5T ?AT IS LEAD+ TO SPECULATION AB\T ! POT5TIAL ( O!R WAYS ( ORGANIZ+ WORK1 A !ME ( SEV]AL *APT]S 9 ?IS BOOK4 ,! PRE-9DU/RIAL ECONOMY WAS A DOME/IC ECONOMY1 7,ELLIOT ,JACQUES REM9DS US ?AT ! WORD 0EMPLOYM5T0 HAS ONLY BE5 US$ 9 ITS PRES5T S5SE S9CE ! #a#h#dS71 & P]HAPS A DOME/IC ECONOMY ( 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE SELF-EMPLOYM5T IS ! PATT]N = ! FUTURE ( WORK4 ,H5CE ! GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 :AT IS V>I\SLY T]M$ ! IRREGUL> ECONOMY1 ! 9=MAL ECONOMY1 OR ! BLACK ECONOMY4 ,G]%UNY & ,RAY ,PAHL 9VITE US TO CONSID] A FUTURE 9 :I* MORE & MORE PEOPLE MOVE \T ( 0EMPLOYM5T0 9TO WORK+ = !MSELVES4 0,IS IT SAPP+ ! MORAL FIB] ( ! NATION OR IS IT /R5G!N+ K9 L9KS & NEI<BORLY RELATIONS MORE ?AN >MIES ( SOCIAL WORK]S & PRIE/S HAVE EV] BE5 ABLE TO DO8 ,:AT1 9 A PHRASE1 WILL IT BE LIKE TO LIVE 9 A WORLD DOM9AT$ MORE & MORE BY H\SEHOLD & HIDD5 ECONOMIES & LESS BY ! =MAL ECONOMY80 

,ONE ( ! POSSIBILITIES !Y SEE IS ( A DUAL LABOR M>KET3 A HI<-PAY1 HI< TE*NOLOGY1 >I/OCRACY ( LABOR & A L[-WAGE1 L[-SKILL SECTOR1 & BEYOND BO? ! MAFIOSI ( BIG BOSSES & LITTLE CROOKS4 ,ANO!R IS ( A POLICE /ATE DOM9AT$ BY A VA/ BUREAUCRACY ( LAW 5=CEM5T1 :]E 0PEOPLE W\LD FEEL MU* LIKE ?OSE CAU<T 9 ! 0SOCIALISM0 ( ,POL& OR ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA40 

,!IR ?IRD1 & MORE HOPEFUL1 ALT]NATIVE DEP5DS ON 0A DEEP] UND]/&+ ( ! SOCIALLY DESIRABLE ASPECTS ( ! 9=MAL ECONOMY & BY SYMPA!TIC 5C\RAGEM5T ( !M40 ,BUT :O IS GO+ TO GIVE SYMPA!TIC 5C\RAGEM5T TO ! DISMANTL+ ( 9DU/RIALISM1 ONE ( ! BULW>KS ( SOCIAL CONTROL8 ,NOT ! CAPTA9S ( 9DU/RY4 ,NOT ! MANIPULATORS ( ! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T4 

,SUPPOSE \R FUTURE 9 FACT LIES1 NOT ) A H&FUL ( TE*NOCRATS PU%+ BUTTONS TO SUPPORT ! RE/ ( US1 BUT ) A MULTITUDE ( SMALL ACTIVITIES1 :E!R BY 9DIVIDUALS OR GR\PS1 DO+ !IR [N ?+8 ,SUPPOSE ! ONLY PLAUSIBLE ECONOMIC RECOV]Y CONSI/S 9 PEOPLE PICK+ !MSELVES UP (F ! 9DU/RIAL SCRAPHEAP1 OR REJECT+ !IR SLOT 9 ! MICRO-TE*NOLOGY SY/EM1 & MAK+ !IR [N NI*E 9 ! WORLD ( ORD9>Y NE$S & !IR SATISFACTION4 ,W\LDN'T ?AT BE SOME?+ TO DO ) AN>*ISM8  
  

,C4 ,W4  

O ,PREFACE 
,PREFACE 

  
  

0,NO?+ TO DECL>E80 0,NO?+40 ,V]Y WELL4 ,!N POLITICAL QUE/IONS4 ,HE ASKS3 0,>E Y\ AN AN>*I/80 ,I ANSW]4 0444 ,FIR/1 :AT DO WE UND]/& UND] ',AN>*ISM'8 ,AN>*ISM PRACTICAL1 METAPHYSICAL1 !ORETICAL1 MY/ICAL1 AB/RACTIONAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 SOCIAL8 ,:5 ,I WAS Y\NG01 ,I SAY1 0ALL !SE HAD = ME SIGNIFICATION40 ,SO WE HAD A V]Y 9T]E/+ DISCUSSION1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* ,I PASS$ TWO :OLE WEEKS ON ,ELLIS ,ISL&4  
  
  

,VLADIMIR ,NABOKOV1 ,PN9 

,H[ W\LD Y\ FEEL IF Y\ DISCOV]$ ?AT ! SOCIETY 9 :I* Y\ W\LD REALLY LIKE TO LIVE WAS ALREADY H]E1 AP>T FROM A FEW LITTLE1 LOCAL DIFFICULTIES LIKE EXPLOITATION1 W>1 DICTATOR%IP & />VATION8 ,! >GUM5T ( ?IS BOOK IS ?AT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 A SOCIETY :I* ORGANIZES ITSELF )\T AU?ORITY1 IS ALWAYS 9 EXI/5CE1 LIKE A SE$ B5EA? ! SN[1 BURI$ UND] ! WEI<T & ITS 9JU/ICES1 NATIONALISM & ITS SUICIDAL LOYALTIES1 RELIGI\S DIFF]5CES & !IR SUP]/ITI\S SEP>ATISM4 

,( ! MANY POSSIBLE 9T]PRETATIONS ( AN>*ISM ! ONE PRES5T$ H]E SUGGE/S ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ A SPECULATIVE VISION ( A FUTURE SOCIETY1 IT IS A DESCRIPTION ( A MODE ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION1 ROOT$ 9 ! EXP]I5CE ( EV]YDAY LIFE1 :I* OP]ATES SIDE BY SIDE )1 AN 9 SPITE (1 ! DOM9ANT AU?ORIT>IAN TR5DS ( \R SOCIETY4 ,?IS IS NOT A NEW V]SION ( AN>*ISM4 ,GU/AV ,L&AU] SAW IT1 NOT AS ! F\ND+ ( SOME?+ NEW1 0BUT AS ! ACTUALIZATION & RECON/RUCTION ( SOME?+ ?AT HAS ALWAYS BE5 PRES5T1 :I* EXI/S ALONGSIDE ! /ATE1 ALBEIT BURI$ & LAID WA/E04 ,& A MOD]N AN>*I/1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 D$>$ ?AT3 0,A FREE SOCIETY CANNOT BE ! SUB/ITUTION ( A 'NEW ORD]' = ! OLD ORD]2 IT IS ! EXT5SION ( SPH]ES ( FREE ACTION UNTIL !Y MAKE UP MO/ ( SOCIAL LIFE40 

,Y\ MAY ?9K ?AT 9 DESCRIB+ AN>*Y AS ORGANIZATION1 ,I AM BE+ DELIB]ATELY P>ADOXICAL4 ,AN>*Y Y\ MAY CONSID] TO BE1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! OPPOSITE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,BUT ! WORD REALLY MEANS SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T2 IT MEANS ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 GOV]NM5TS :I* MAKE & 5=CE ! LAWS ?AT 5ABLE ! 0HAVES0 TO RETA9 CONTROL ( SOCIAL ASSETS TO ! EXCLUSION ( ! 0HAVE-NOTS04 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :I* 5SURES ?AT PEOPLE WILL WORK = SOMEONE ELSE = ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR LIVES1 NOT BECAUSE !Y 5JOY IT OR HAVE ANY CONTROL OV] !IR WORK1 BUT BECAUSE TO DO SO IS !IR ONLY MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 GOV]NM5TS :I* PREP>E = & WAGE W>1 EV5 ?\< Y\ >E OBLIG$ TO SUFF] ! CONSEQU5CES ( !IR GO+ TO W>4 

,BUT IS IT ONLY GOV]NM5TS8 ,! P[] ( A GOV]NM5T1 EV5 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE DICTATOR%IP1 DEP5DS ON ! AGREEM5T ( ! GOV]N$4 ,:Y DO PEOPLE CONS5T TO BE RUL$8 ,IT ISN'T ONLY FE>2 :AT HAVE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO FE> FROM A SMALL GR\P ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS & !IR PAID /RONG->M M58 ,IT IS BECAUSE !Y SUBSCRIBE TO ! SAME VALUES AS !IR GOV]NORS4 ,RUL]S & RUL$ ALIKE BELIEVE 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ( HI]>*Y1 ( P[]4 ,!Y EV5 FEEL !MSELVES PRIVILEG$ :51 AS HAPP5S 9 A SMALL P>T ( ! GLOBE1 !Y CAN *OOSE BETWE5 ALT]NATIVE LABELS ON ! RUL+ ELITES4 ,& YET1 9 !IR ORD9>Y LIVES !Y KEEP SOCIETY GO+ BY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION & MUTUAL AID4 

,AN>*I/S >E PEOPLE :O MAKE A SOCIAL & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY \T ( ! NATURAL & SPONTANE\S T5D5CY ( HUMANS TO ASSOCIATE TOGE!R = !IR MUTUAL B5EFIT4 ,AN>*ISM IS 9 FACT ! NAME GIV5 TO ! IDEA ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE & DESIRABLE = SOCIETY TO ORGANIZE ITSELF )\T GOV]NM5T4 ,! WORD COMES FROM ! ,GREEK1 MEAN+ )\T AU?ORITY1 & EV] S9CE ! TIME ( ! ,GREEKS !RE HAVE BE5 ADVOCATES ( AN>*Y UND] ONE NAME OR ANO!R4 ,! FIR/ P]SON 9 MOD]N TIMES TO EVOLVE A SY/EMATIC !ORY ( AN>*ISM WAS ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 SOON AFT] ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION4 ,A ,FR5*MAN1 ,PR\DHON1 9 ! MID-N9ETE5? C5TURY DEVELOP$ AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ( SMALL UNITS F$]AT$ TOGE!R BUT ) NO C5TRAL P[]4 ,HE WAS FOLL[$ BY ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION>Y1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ! CONTEMPOR>Y & ADV]S>Y ( ,K>L ,M>X4 ,M>X REPRES5T$ ONE W+ ( ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 CONC5TRAT$ ON SEIZ+ ! P[] ( ! /ATE1 ,BAKUN9 REPRES5T$ ! O!R1 SEEK+ ! DE/RUCTION ( /ATE P[]4 

,ANO!R ,RUSSIAN1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 S\<T TO GIVE A SCI5TIFIC F\NDATION TO AN>*I/ IDEAS BY DEMON/RAT+ ?AT MUTUAL AID -- VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION -- IS JU/ AS /RONG A T5D5CY 9 HUMAN LIFE AS AGGRESSION & ! URGE TO DOM9ATE4 ,!SE FAM\S NAMES ( AN>*ISM RECUR 9 ?IS BOOK1 SIMPLY BECAUSE :AT !Y WROTE SPEAKS1 AS ! ,QUAK]S SAY1 TO \R CONDITION4 ,BUT !RE W]E ?\S&S ( O!R OBSCURE REVOLUTION>IES1 PROPAG&I/S & TEA*]S :O NEV] WROTE BOOKS = ME TO QUOTE BUT :O TRI$ TO SPREAD ! IDEA ( SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T 9 ALMO/ EV]Y C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 & ESPECIALLY 9 ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,MEXICO1 ,RUSSIA & ,SPA94 ,EV]Y:]E !Y W]E DEFEAT$1 & ! HI/ORIANS WROTE ?AT AN>*ISM F9ALLY DI$ :5 ,FRANCO'S TROOPS 5T]$ ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#c#i4 

,BUT 9 ,P>IS 9 #aifh AN>*I/ FLAGS FLEW OV] ! ,SORBONNE1 & 9 ! SAME YE> !Y W]E SE5 9 ,BRUSSELS1 ,ROME1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,NEW ,YORK1 & EV5 9 ,CANT]BURY4 ,ALL ( A SUDD5 PEOPLE W]E TALK+ AB\T ! NE$ = ! K9D ( POLITICS 9 :I* ORD9>Y M51 WOM5 & *ILDR5 DECIDE !IR [N FATE & MAKE !IR [N FUTURE1 AB\T ! NE$ = SOCIAL & POLITICAL DEC5TRALIZATION1 AB\T WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY1 AB\T PUPIL P[] 9 S*OOL1 AB\T COMMUNITY CONTROL ( ! SOCIAL S]VICES4 ,AN>*ISM1 9/EAD ( BE+ A ROMANTIC HI/ORICAL BY-WAY1 BECOMES AN ATTITUDE TO HUMAN ORGANIZATION :I* IS MORE RELEVANT TODAY ?AN IT EV] SEEM$ 9 ! PA/4 

,ORGANIZATION & ITS PROBLEMS HAVE DEVELOP$ A VA/ & EXP&+ LIT]ATURE BECAUSE ( ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SUBJECT = ! HI]>*Y ( GOV]NM5T ADM9I/RATION & 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T4 ,V]Y LITTLE ( ?IS VA/ LIT]ATURE PROVIDES ANY?+ ( VALUE = ! AN>*I/ EXCEPT 9 HIS ROLE AS DE/RUCTIVE CRITIC OR SABOTEUR ( ! ORGANIZATIONS ?AT DOM9ATE \R LIVES4 ,! FACT IS ?AT :ILE !RE >E ?\S&S ( /UD5TS & TEA*]S ( GOV]NM5T1 !RE >E H>DLY ANY ( NON-GOV]NM5T4 ,!RE IS AN IMM5SE AM\NT ( RESE>* 9TO ME?ODS ( ADM9I/RATION1 BUT H>DLY ANY 9TO SELF-REGULATION4 ,!RE >E :OLE LIBR>IES ON1 & EXP5SIVE C\RSES 91 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T1 & V]Y L>GE FEES = CONSULTANTS 9 MANAGEM5T1 BUT !RE IS SC>CELY ANY LIT]ATURE1 NO C\RSE ( /UDY & C]TA9LY NO FEES = ?OSE :O WANT TO DO AWAY ) MANAGEM5T & SUB/ITUTE WORK]S' AUTONOMY4 ,! BRA9S >E SOLD TO ! BIG BATTALIONS1 & WE HAVE TO BUILD UP A !ORY ( NON-GOV]NM5T1 ( NON-MANAGEM5T1 FROM ! K9D ( HI/ORY & EXP]I5CE :I* HAS H>DLY BE5 WRITT5 AB\T BECAUSE NOBODY ?\<T IT ALL ?AT IMPORTANT4 

0,HI/ORY01 SAID ,W4 ,R4 ,LE?ABY1 0IS WRITT5 BY ?OSE :O SURVIVE1 PHILOSOPHY BY ! WELL-TO-DO2 ?OSE :O GO UND] HAVE ! EXP]I5CE40 ,BUT ONCE Y\ BEG9 TO LOOK AT HUMAN SOCIETY FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW Y\ DISCOV] ?AT ! ALT]NATIVES >E ALREADY !RE1 9 ! 9T]/ICES ( ! DOM9ANT P[] /RUCTURE4 ,IF Y\ WANT TO BUILD A FREE SOCIETY1 ! P>TS >E ALL AT H&4 

O ,*APT] #a - ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 
,*APT] ,I4 ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 

  
  

,AS LONG AS TODAY'S PROBLEMS >E /AT$ 9 T]MS ( MASS POLITICS & 'MASS ORGANIZATION'1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY ,/ATES & MASS P>TIES CAN DEAL ) !M4 ,BUT IF ! SOLUTIONS ?AT CAN BE (F]$ BY ! EXI/+ ,/ATES & P>TIES >E ACKN[L$G$ TO BE EI!R FUTILE OR WICK$1 OR BO?1 !N WE MU/ LOOK NOT ONLY = DIFF]5T 'SOLUTIONS' BUT ESPECIALLY = A DIFF]5T WAY ( /AT+ ! PROBLEMS !MSELVES4  
  
  

,&REA ,CAFFI 

,IF Y\ LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM1 REFLECT+ ON ! MELAN*OLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROMISE & P]=MANCE1 BO? 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE TRIUMPH$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]1 & 9 ?OSE :]E !Y HAVE NEV] ATTA9$ IT1 Y\ >E B\ND TO ASK Y\RSELF :AT W5T WRONG1 :5 & :Y4 ,SOME W\LD SEE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( #aiag AS ! FATAL TURN+ PO9T 9 SOCIALI/ HI/ORY4 ,O!RS W\LD LOOK AS F> BACK AS ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh 9 ,P>IS AS 0! />T+ PO9T ( ! TWO-FOLD DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 AN>*I/IC & ,M>XI/01.<#a.> :ILE MANY W\LD LOCATE ! CRITICAL PO9T ( DIV]G5CE AS ! CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b1 :5 ! EXCLUSION ( ,BAKUN9 & ! AN>*I/S SIGNIFI$ ! VICTORY ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ONE ( HIS PROPHETIC CRITICISMS ( ,M>X ?AT YE> ,BAKUN9 PREVISAG$ ! :OLE SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ( ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY3  
  

,M>X IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ COMMUNI/4 ,HE WANTS :AT WE WANT1 ! COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 BUT HE WANTS IT 9 ! ,/ATE & ?R\< ! ,/ATE P[]1 ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( A V]Y /RONG &1 SO TO SAY1 DESPOTIC PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS BY ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 ,HIS ECONOMIC IDEAL IS ! ,/ATE AS SOLE [N] ( ! L& & ( ALL K9DS ( CAPITAL1 CULTIVAT+ ! L& UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ,/ATE 5G9E]S1 & CONTROLL+ ALL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ASSOCIATIONS ) ,/ATE CAPITAL4 ,WE WANT ! SAME TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ( ALL ?AT PASSES BY ! NAME ( LAW 7:I*1 9 \R VIEW1 IS ! P]MAN5T NEGATION ( HUMAN RI<TS74 ,WE WANT ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY & ! UNIFICATION ( MANK9D TO BE A*IEV$1 NOT FROM ABOVE D[NW>D BY ANY SORT ( AU?ORITY1 NOR BY SOCIALI/ (FICIALS1 5G9E]S1 & O!R ACCR$IT$ M5 ( LE>N+ -- BUT FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 BY ! FREE F$]ATION ( ALL K9DS ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS LIB]AT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,/ATE4.<#b.>  
  

,! HOMEGR[N ,5GLI% V>IETY ( SOCIALISM REA*$ ! PO9T ( DIV]G5CE LAT]4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE = ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,FABIAN ,TRACTS TO DECL>E 9 #ahhf ?AT 0,5GLI% ,SOCIALISM IS NOT YET ,AN>*I/ OR ,COLLECTIVI/1 NOT YET DEF9$ 5\< 9 PO9T ( POLICY TO BE CLASSIFI$4 ,!RE IS A MASS ( ,SOCIALI/IC FEEL+ NOT YET CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT :5 ! UNCONSCI\S ,SOCIALI/S ( ,5GL& DISCOV] !IR POSITION1 !Y ALSO WILL PROBABLY FALL 9TO TWO P>TIES3 A ,COLLECTIVI/ P>TY SUPPORT+ A /RONG C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION & A C\NT]BALANC+ ,AN>*I/ P>TY DEF5D+ 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE AGA9/ ?AT ADM9I/RATION40.<#c.> ,! ,FABIANS RAPIDLY F\ND :I* SIDE ( ! WAT]%$ WAS !IRS & :5 A ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS F\ND$ !Y EX]CIS$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ITS POLICIES4 ,AT ITS ANNUAL CONF]5CE 9 #aiah ! ,LABOR ,P>TY F9ALLY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ?AT 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIALISM :I* ID5TIFI$ IT ) ! UNLIMIT$ 9CREASE ( ! ,/ATE'S P[] & ACTIVITY ?R\< ITS *OS5 =M3 ! GIANT MANAG]IALLY-CONTROLL$ PUBLIC CORPORATION4 

,& :5 SOCIALISM HAS A*IEV$ P[] :AT HAS IT CREAT$8 ,MONOPOLY CAPITALISM ) A V5E] ( SOCIAL WELF>E AS A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,! L>GE HOPES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAVE NOT BE5 FULFILL$2 ONLY ! GLOOMY PROPHECIES HAVE COME TRUE4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! /ATE & ( ! /RUCTURE ( ITS P[] & AU?ORITY MADE BY ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAS 9CREAS$ 9 VALIDITY & URG5CY 9 ! C5TURY ( TOTAL W> & ! TOTAL /ATE1 :ILE ! FAI? ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[] W\LD BR+ ! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY :]E SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE WON A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY1 OR HAVE RIDD5 TO P[] ON ! WAVE ( A POPUL> REVOLUTION1 OR HAVE BE5 9/ALL$ BY ,SOVIET TANKS4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS EXACTLY :AT ! AN>*I/ ,PR\DHON1 OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 SAID W\LD HAPP54 ,ALL ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ IS 0A COMPACT DEMOCRACY HAV+ ! APPE>ANCE ( BE+ F\ND$ ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES1 BUT 9 :I* ! MASSES HAVE NO MORE P[] ?AN IS NECESS>Y TO 5SURE A G5]AL S]FDOM 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FOLL[+ PRECEPTS & PR9CIPLES BORR[$ FROM ! OLD ABSOLUTISM3 9DIVISIBILITY ( PUBLIC P[]1 ALL-CONSUM+ C5TRALIZATION1 SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATIVE & REGIONAL ?\<T 7REG>D$ AS DISRUPTIVE71 9QUISITORIAL POLICE40.<#d.> 

,KROPOTK91 TOO1 W>N$ US ?AT 0,! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION1 HAV+ BE5 ! =CE TO :I* ! M9ORITIES RESORT$ = E/ABLI%+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR P[] OV] ! MASSES1 CANNOT BE ! =CE :I* WILL S]VE TO DE/ROY !SE PRIVILEGES10 & HE DECL>$ ?AT 0! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIB]ATION ( MAN WILL HAVE TO CREATE NEW =MS = ITS EXPRESSION 9 LIFE1 9/EAD ( ?OSE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,/ATE40.<#e.> ,HE ?\<T IT SELF-EVID5T ?AT 0?IS NEW =M WILL HAVE TO BE MORE POPUL>1 MORE DEC5TRALIZ$1 & NE>] TO ! FOLK-MOTE SELF-GOV]NM5T ?AN REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CAN EV] BE10 REIT]AT+ ?AT WE WILL BE COMPELL$ TO F9D NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?AT 0AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE1 NO?+ WILL BE DONE04.<#f.> 

,:5 WE LOOK AT ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SMALL FACE-TO-FACE GR\P 9 ! WORLD TODAY & ASK \RSELVES :Y !Y >E P[]LESS1 WE HAVE TO ANSW] NOT M]ELY ?AT !Y >E WEAK BECAUSE ( ! VA/ C5TRAL AGGLOM]ATIONS ( P[] 9 ! MOD]N1 MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL /ATE1 BUT ?AT !Y >E WEAK BECAUSE !Y HAVE SURR5D]$ !IR P[] TO ! /ATE4 ,IT IS AS ?\< EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL POSSESS$ A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( P[]1 BUT ?AT BY DEFAULT1 NEGLIG5CE1 OR ?\<TLESS & UNIMAG9ATIVE HABIT OR CONDITION+1 HE HAS ALL[$ SOMEONE ELSE TO PICK IT UP1 RA!R ?AN USE IT HIMSELF = HIS [N PURPOSES4 70,ACCORD+ TO ,K5NE? ,B\LD+1 !RE IS ONLY SO MU* HUMAN 5]GY >\ND4 ,:5 L>GE ORGANIZATIONS UTILIZE !SE 5]GY RES\RCES1 !Y >E DRA9$ AWAY FROM ! O!R SPH]ES407.<#g.> 

,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/1 MADE A PR(\ND & SIMPLE CONTRIBUTION TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! /ATE & SOCIETY 9 ONE S5T5CE3 0,! /ATE IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R RELATION%IPS1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY40 ,IT IS WE & NOT AN AB/RACT \TSIDE ID5TITY1 ,L&AU] IMPLIES1 :O BEHAVE 9 ONE WAY OR ! O!R1 POLITICALLY OR SOCIALLY4 ,L&AU]'S FRI5D & EXECUTOR1 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 BEG9S HIS ESSAY  
,SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE ) AN OBS]VATION ( ! SOCIOLOGI/1 ,ROB]T ,MAC,IV]1 ?AT 0TO ID5TIFY ! SOCIAL ) ! POLITICAL IS TO BE GUILTY ( ! GROSSE/ ( ALL CONFUSIONS1 :I* COMPLETELY B>S ANY UND]/&+ ( EI!R SOCIETY OR ! /ATE40 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 = ,BUB]1 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY P[]1 AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y1 DOM9ION4 ,HE SEES ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE :]EV] M5 L9K !MSELVES 9 AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON A COMMON NE$ OR COMMON 9T]E/4 

,:AT IS IT1 ,BUB] ASKS1 ?AT GIVES ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IT ASC5DANCY8 ,& HE ANSW]S1 0! FACT ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE FEEL ITSELF ?REAT5$ BY ! O!RS GIVES ! /ATE ITS DEF9ITE UNIFY+ P[]2 IT DEP5DS UPON ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF2 ! LAT5T EXT]NAL CRISIS 5ABLES IT TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 9T]NAL CRISES 444 ,ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T HAVE ?IS 9 COMMON3 EA* POSSESSES MORE P[] ?AN IS REQUIR$ BY ! GIV5 CONDITIONS2 9 FACT1 ?IS EXCESS 9 ! CAPACITY = MAK+ DISPOSITIONS IS ACTUALLY :AT WE UND]/& BY POLITICAL P[]4 ,! MEASURE ( ?IS EXCESS :I* CANNOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE COMPUT$ PRECISELY1 REPRES5TS ! EXACT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ADM9I/RATION & GOV]NM5T40 ,HE CALLS ?IS EXCESS ! 0POLITICAL SURPLUS0 & OBS]VES ?AT 0ITS JU/IFICATION D]IVES FROM ! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL 9/ABILITY1 FROM ! LAT5T /ATE ( CRISIS BETWE5 NATIONS & )9 EV]Y NATION4 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IS ALWAYS /RONG] 9 RELATION TO ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE ?AN ! GIV5 CONDITIONS REQUIRE4 ,! RESULT IS A CONT9U\S DIM9UTION 9 SOCIAL SPONTANEITY40.<#h.> 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO PR9CIPLES IS A P]MAN5T ASPECT ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,OR AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT3 0,?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( \R CIVILIZATION1 TWO TRADITIONS1 TWO OPPOS$ T5D5CIES1 HAVE BE5 9 CONFLICT3 ! ,ROMAN TRADITION & ! POPUL> TRADITION1 ! IMP]IAL TRADITION & ! F$]ALI/ TRADITION1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN TRADITION & ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION40 ,!RE IS AN 9V]SE CORRELATION BETWE5 ! TWO3 ! /R5G? ( ONE IS ! WEAKNESS ( ! O!R4 ,IF WE WANT TO /R5G!N SOCIETY WE MU/ WEAK5 ! /ATE4 ,TOTALIT>IANS ( ALL K9DS REALIZE ?IS1 :I* IS :Y !Y 9V>IABLY SEEK TO DE/ROY ?OSE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* !Y CANNOT DOM9ATE4 ,SO DO ! DOM9ANT 9T]E/ GR\PS 9 ! /ATE1 LIKE ! ALLIANCE ( BIG BUS9ESS & ! MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T = ! 0P]MAN5T W> ECONOMY0 SUGGE/$ BY ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE ,*>LES ,E4 ,WILSON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HAS S9CE BECOME SO DOM9ANT ?AT EV5 ,EIS5H[]1 9 HIS LA/ ADDRESS AS ,PRESID5T1 FELT OBLIG$ TO W>N US ( ITS M5ACE4.<#i.> 

,%ORN ( ! METAPHYSICS ) :I* POLITICIANS & PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 5VELOP$ IT1 ! /ATE CAN BE DEF9$ AS A POLITICAL ME*ANISM US+ =CE1 & TO ! SOCIOLOGI/ IT IS ONE AMONG MANY =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS H[EV]1 0DI/+UI%$ FROM ALL O!R ASSOCIATIONS BY ITS EXCLUSIVE 9VE/M5T ) ! F9AL P[] ( CO]CION04.<#a.> ,& AGA9/ :OM IS ?IS F9AL P[] DIRECT$8 ,IT IS DIRECT$ AT ! 5EMY )\T1 BUT IT IS AIM$ AT ! SUBJECT SOCIETY )94 

,?IS IS :Y ,BUB] DECL>$ ?AT IT IS ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! LAT5T EXT]NAL CRISIS ?AT 5ABLES ! /ATE TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 9T]NAL CRISES4 ,IS ?IS A CONSCI\S PROC$URE8 ,IS IT SIMPLY ?AT 0WICK$0 M5 CONTROL ! /ATE1 SO ?AT WE C\LD PUT ?+S RI<T BY VOT+ = 0GOOD0 M58 ,OR IS IT A FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! /ATE AS AN 9/ITUTION8 ,IT WAS BECAUSE %E DREW ?IS F9AL CONCLUSION ?AT ,SIMONE ,WEIL DECL>$ ?AT 0,! GREAT ]ROR ( NE>LY ALL /UDIES ( W>1 AN ]ROR 9TO :I* ALL SOCIALI/S HAVE FALL51 HAS BE5 TO CONSID] W> AS AN EPISODE 9 =EIGN POLITICS1 :5 IT IS ESPECIALLY AN ACT ( 9T]IOR POLITICS1 & ! MO/ ATROCI\S ACT ( ALL3 ,= JU/ AS ,M>X F\ND ?AT 9 ! ]A ( UNRE/RA9$ CAPITALISM1 COMPETITION BETWE5 EMPLOY]S1 KN[+ NO O!R WEAPON ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR WORK]S1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A /RUGGLE ( EA* EMPLOY] AGA9/ HIS [N WORKM51 & ULTIMATELY ( ! 5TIRE EMPLOY+ CLASS AGA9/ !IR EMPLOYES1 SO ! /ATE USES W> & ! ?REAT ( W> AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ITS [N POPULATION4 0,S9CE ! DIRECT+ APP>ATUS HAS NO O!R WAY ( FI<T+ ! 5EMY ?AN BY S5D+ ITS [N SOLDI]S1 UND] COMPULSION1 TO !IR DEA? -- ! W> ( ONE ,/ATE AGA9/ ANO!R ,/ATE RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO A W> ( ! ,/ATE & ! MILIT>Y APP>ATUS AGA9/ ITS [N PEOPLE4.<#a#a.> 

,IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IF Y\ >E A P>T ( ! DIRECT+ APP>ATUS1 CALCULAT+ :AT PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION Y\ CAN AF=D TO LOSE 9 A NUCLE> W> -- JU/ AS ! GOV]NM5TS ( ALL ! GREAT P[]S1 CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/1 HAVE CALCULAT$4 ,BUT IT DOES LOOK LIKE ?IS IF Y\ >E P>T ( ! EXP5DABLE POPULATION -- UNLESS Y\ ID5TIFY Y\R [N UNIMPORTANT C>CASS ) ! /ATE APP>ATUS -- AS MILLIONS DO4 ,! EXP5DABILITY FACTOR HAS 9CREAS$ BY BE+ TRANSF]R$ FROM ! SPECIALIZ$1 SC>CE & EXP5SIVELY TRA9$ MILIT>Y P]SONNEL TO ! AMORPH\S CIVILIAN POPULATION4 ,AM]ICAN /RATEGI/S HAVE CALCULAT$ ! PROPORTION ( CIVILIANS KILL$ 9 ?IS C5TURY'S MAJOR W>S4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> #e P]C5T ( ?OSE KILL$ W]E CIVILIANS1 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> #dh P]C5T1 9 ! ,KOREAN ,W> #hd P]C5T1 :ILE 9 A ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W> #i-#i#e P]C5T W\LD BE CIVILIANS4 ,/ATES1 GREAT & SMALL1 N[ HAVE A /OCKPILE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS EQUIVAL5T TO T5 TONS ( ,T,N,T = EV]Y P]SON ALIVE TODAY4 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ,T4 ,H4 ,GRE5 REM>K$ ?AT W> IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! 0IMP]FECT0 /ATE1 BUT HE WAS QUITE WRONG4 ,W> IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! /ATE 9 ITS MO/ P]FECT =M3 IT IS ITS F9E/ H\R4 ,W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE -- ! PHRASE WAS 9V5T$ DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BY ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE1 :O EXPLA9$3  
  

,! ,/ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! H]D TO ACT (F5SIVELY OR DEF5SIVELY AGA9/ ANO!R H]D SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,W> S5DS ! CURR5T ( PURPOSE & ACTIVITY FL[+ D[N TO ! L[E/ LEVEL ( ! H]D1 & TO ITS MO/ REMOTE BRAN*ES4 ,ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY >E L9K$ TOGE!R AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE TO ?IS C5TRAL PURPOSE ( MAK+ A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE OR A MILIT>Y DEF5SE1 & ! ,/ATE BECOMES :AT 9 PEACETIME IT HAS VA9LY /RUGGL$ TO BECOME 444 ,! SLACK IS TAK5 UP1 ! CROSS-CURR5TS FADE \T1 & ! NATION MOVES LUMB]+LY & SL[LY1 BUT ) EV] ACCEL]AT$ SPE$ & 9TEGRATION1 T[>DS ! GREAT 5D1 T[>DS ?AT PEACEFULNESS ( BE+ AT W> 444.<#a#b.>  
  

,?IS IS :Y ! WEAK5+ ( ! /ATE1 ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ITS IMP]FECTIONS1 IS A SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,! /R5G!N+ ( O!R LOYALTIES1 ( ALT]NATIVE FOCI ( P[]1 ( DIFF]5T MODES ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 IS AN ESS5TIAL = SURVIVAL4 ,BUT :]E DO WE BEG98 ,IT \<T TO BE OBVI\S ?AT WE DO NOT BEG9 BY SUPPORT+1 JO9+1 OR HOP+ TO *ANGE FROM )91 ! EXI/+ POLITICAL P>TIES1 NOR BY />T+ NEW ONES AS RIVAL CONT5D]S = POLITICAL P[]4 ,\R TASK IS NOT TO GA9 P[]1 BUT TO ]ODE IT1 TO DRA9 IT AWAY FROM ! /ATE4 0,! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY & C5TRALIZATION >E AS IRRECONCILABLE ) SOCIALISM AS WAS AUTOCRACY ) CAPITALI/ RULE4 ,ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 SOCIALISM MU/ BECOME MORE POPUL>1 MORE COMMUNALI/IC1 & LESS DEP5D5T UPON 9DIRECT GOV]NM5T ?R\< ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,IT MU/ BECOME MORE SELF-GOV]N+40.<#a#c.> ,PUTT+ IT DIFF]5TLY1 WE HAVE TO BUILD NETWORKS 9/EAD ( PYRAMIDS4 ,ALL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS >E ORGANIZ$ AS PYRAMIDS3 ! /ATE1 ! PRIVATE OR PUBLIC CORPORATION1 ! >MY1 ! POLICE1 ! *UR*1 ! UNIV]SITY1 ! HOSPITAL3 !Y >E ALL PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURES ) A SMALL GR\P ( DECISION-MAK]S AT ! TOP & A BROAD BASE ( PEOPLE :OSE DECISIONS >E MADE = !M AT ! BOTTOM4 ,AN>*ISM DOES NOT DEM& ! *ANG+ ( ! LABELS ON ! LAY]S1 IT DOESN'T WANT DIFF]5T PEOPLE ON TOP1 IT WANTS US TO CLIMB] \T FROM UND]NEA?4 ,IT ADVOCATES AN EXT5D$ NETWORK ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 MAK+ !IR [N DECISIONS1 CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9Y4 

,! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S 5VISAG$ ! :OLE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WOV5 FROM SU* LOCAL GR\PS3 ! COMMUNE OR C\NCIL AS ! T]RITORIAL NUCLEUS 7BE+ 0NOT A BRAN* ( ! /ATE1 BUT ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( ! MEMB]S CONC]N$1 :I* MAY BE EI!R A COOP]ATIVE OR A CORPORATIVE BODY1 OR SIMPLY A PROVISIONAL UNION ( SEV]AL PEOPLE UNIT$ BY A COMMON NE$10.<#a#d.>7 & ! SYNDICATE OR WORK]'S C\NCIL AS ! 9DU/RIAL OR OCCUPATIONAL UNIT4 ,!SE UNITS W\LD F$]ATE TOGE!R NOT LIKE ! /ONES ( A PYRAMID :]E ! BIGGE/ BURD5 IS BORNE BY ! L[E/ LAY]1 BUT LIKE ! L9KS ( A NETWORK1 ! NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,SEV]AL /R&S ( ?\<T >E L9K$ TOGE!R 9 AN>*I/ SOCIAL !ORY3 ! IDEAS ( DIRECT ACTION1 AUTONOMY & WORK]S' CONTROL1 DEC5RALISATION & F$]ALISM4 

,! PHRASE 0DIRECT ACTION0 WAS FIR/ GIV5 CURR5CY BY ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ( ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! V>I\S =MS ( MILITANT 9DU/RIAL RESI/ANCE -- ! /RIKE1 GO-SL[1 WORK+-TO-RULE1 SABOTAGE & ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,ITS MEAN+ HAS WID5$ S9CE !N TO TAKE 9 ! EXP]I5CE (1 = EXAMPLE1 ,G&HI'S CIVIL DISOB$I5CE CAMPAIGN & ! CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! MANY O!R =MS ( DO-IT-Y\RSELF POLITICS ?AT >E SPREAD+ R\ND ! WORLD4 ,DIRECT ACTION HAS BE5 DEF9$ BY ,DAVID ,WIECK AS ?AT 0ACTION :I*1 9 RESPECT TO A SITUATION1 REALIZES ! 5D DESIR$1 SO F> AS ?IS LIES )9 ONE'S P[] OR ! P[] ( ONE'S GR\P' & HE DI/+UI%ES ?IS FROM 9DIRECT ACTION :I* REALIZES AN IRRELEVANT OR EV5 CONTRADICTORY 5D1 PRESUMABLY AS A MEANS TO ! 0GOOD0 5D4 ,HE GIVES ?IS AS A HOMELY EXAMPLE3 0,IF ! BUT*] WEI<S ONE'S MEAT ) HIS ?UMB ON ! SCALE1 ONE MAY COMPLA9 AB\T IT & TELL HIM HE IS A B&IT :O ROBS ! POOR1 & IF HE P]SI/S & ONE DOES NO?+ ELSE1 ?IS IS M]E TALK2 ONE MAY CALL ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,WEI<TS & ,MEASURES1 & ?IS IS 9DIRECT ACTION2 OR ONE MAY1 TALK FAIL+1 9SI/ ON WEI<+ ONE'S [N MEAT1 BR+ ALONG A SCALE TO *ECK ! BUT*]'S WEI<T1 TAKE ONE'S BUS9ESS SOME:]E ELSE1 HELP OP5 A COOP]ATIVE /ORE1 & !SE >E  
DIRECT ACTIONS40 ,WIECK OBS]VES ?AT3 0,PROCE$+ ) ! BELIEF ?AT 9 EV]Y SITUATION1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & GR\P HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( SOME DIRECT ACTION ON SOME LEVEL ( G5]ALITY1 WE MAY DISCOV] MU* ?AT HAS BE5 UNRECOGNIZ$1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( MU* ?AT HAS BE5 UND]RAT$4 ,SO POLITICALIS$ IS \R ?9K+1 SO FOCUS$ TO ! MOTIONS ( GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ! EFFECTS ( DIRECT EF=TS TO MODIFY ONE'S 5VIRONM5T >E UNEXPLOR$4 ,! HABIT ( DIRECT ACTION IS1 P]HAPS1 ID5TICAL ) ! HABIT ( BE+ A FREE MAN1 PREP>$ TO LIVE RESPONSIBLY 9 A FREE SOCIETY40.<#a#e.> 

,! IDEAS ( AUTONOMY & WORK]S' CONTROL & ( DEC5TRALIZATION >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ?AT ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 ! MOD]N /ATE1 EV]Y:]E & 9 EV]Y FIELD1 ONE GR\P ( PEOPLE MAKES DECISIONS1 EX]CISES CONTROL1 LIMITS *OICES1 :ILE ! GREAT MAJORITY HAVE TO ACCEPT !SE DECISIONS1 SUBMIT TO ?IS CONTROL & ACT )9 ! LIMITS ( !SE EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ *OICES4 ,! HABIT ( DIRECT ACTION IS ! HABIT ( WRE/+ BACK ! P[] TO MAKE DECISIONS AFFECT+ US FROM !M4 ,! AUTONOMY ( ! WORK] AT WORK IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT FIELD 9 :I* ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( DECISION-MAK+ CAN APPLY4 ,:5 WORK]S' CONTROL IS M5TION$1 PEOPLE SMILE SADLY & MURMUR REGRETFULLY ?AT IT IS A PITY ?AT ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY MAKE IT A UTOPIAN DREAM :I* C\LD NEV] BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 A DEVELOP$ ECONOMY4 ,!Y >E WRONG4 ,!RE >E NO TE*NICAL GR\NDS = REG>D+ WORK]S' CONTROL AS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! OB/ACLES TO SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 9DU/RY >E ! SAME OB/ACLES ?AT /& 9 ! WAY ( ANY K9D ( EQUITABLE %>E-\T ( SOCIETY'S ASSETS3 ! VE/$ 9T]E/ ( ! PRIVILEG$ 9 ! EXI/+ DI/RIBUTION ( P[] & PROP]TY4 

,SIMIL>LY1 DEC5TRALIZATION IS NOT SO MU* A TE*NICAL PROBLEM AS AN APPROA* TO PROBLEMS ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 ,A CONV9C+ CASE CAN BE MADE = DEC5TRALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 BUT = ! AN>*I/ !RE JU/ ISN'T ANY O!R SOLUTION CONSI/5T ) HIS ADVOCACY ( DIRECT ACTION & AUTONOMY4 ,IT DOESN'T OCCUR TO HIM TO SEEK C5TRALI/ SOLUTIONS JU/ AS IT DOESN'T OCCUR TO ! P]SON ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ FRAME ( ?\<T TO SEEK DEC5TRALI/ ONES4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ ADVOCATE ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 REM>KS ?AT3  
  

,9 FACT !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TWO /R&S TO DEC5TRALI/ ?9K+4 ,SOME AU?ORS1 E4G4 ,LAO-TSE OR ,TOL/OY1 MAKE A CONS]VATIVE PEASANT CRITIQUE ( C5TRALIZ$ C\RT & T[N AS 9ORGANIC1 V]BAL & RITUALI/IC4 ,BUT O!R AU?ORS1 E4G4 ,PR\DHON OR ,KROPOTK91 MAKE A DEMOCRATIC URBAN CRITIQUE ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY & P[]1 9CLUD+ FEUDAL 9DU/RIAL P[]1 AS EXPLOIT+1 9EFFICI5T1 & DISC\RAG+ 9ITIATIVE4 ,9 \R PRES5T ]A ( ,/ATE-SOCIALISM1 CORPORATE FEUDALISM1 REGIM5T$ S*OOL+1 BRA9WA%+ MASS-COMMUNICATIONS & URBAN ANOMIE1 BO? K9DS ( CRITIQUE MAKE S5SE4 ,WE NE$ TO REVIVE BO? PEASANT SELF-RELIANCE & ! DEMOCRATIC P[] ( PR(ESSIONAL & TE*NICAL GUILDS4 

,ANY DEC5TRALIZATION ?AT C\LD OCCUR AT PRES5T W\LD 9EVITABLY BE PO/-URBAN & PO/-C5TRALI/3 IT C\LD NOT BE PROV9CIAL444.<#a#f.>  
  

,HIS CONCLUSION IS ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION IS 0A K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 IT DOES NOT 9VOLVE GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION1 BUT A P>TICUL> SOCIOLOGICAL USE ( GEOGRAPHY04 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) RECOMM5D+ GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION1 AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ?\<T TO ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM4 ,PR\DHON REG>D$ IT AS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( HIS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS4 ,HE WAS NOT ?9K+ ( A CONF$]ATION ( /ATES OR ( A WORLD F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 BUT ( A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 

,BAKUN9'S PHILOSOPHY ( F$]ALISM E*O$ ,PR\DHON'S BUT 9SI/$ ?AT ONLY SOCIALISM C\LD GIVE IT A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 & ,KROPOTK91 TOO1 DREW ON ! HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 &1 AT ! V]Y 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TO ILLU/RATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE IF A REVOLUTION IS TO RETA9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 

,AUTONOM\S DIRECT ACTION1 DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+1 & FREE F$]ATION HAVE BE5 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ALL G5U9ELY POPUL> UPRIS+S4 ,/AU<TON ,LYND REM>K$ ?AT 0NO REAL REVOLUTION HAS EV] TAK5 PLACE -- :E!R 9 ,AM]ICA 9 #a#g#g#f1 ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#h#i1 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,*9A 9 #aidi -- )\T AD HOC POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS IMPROVIS$ FROM BEL[1 SIMPLY BEG9N+ TO ADM9I/] P[] 9 PLACE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS PREVI\SLY RECOGNIZ$ AS LEGITIMATE40 ,!Y W]E SE5 TOO 9 ! ,G]MAN UPRIS+S ( #aiai LIKE ! ,MUNI* 0C\NCIL-REPUBLIC01 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf & 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 OR 9 ! ,SPR+ DAYS 9 ,PRAGUE 9 #aifh -- ONLY TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! V]Y P>TY :I* RODE TO P[] ON ! ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#b1 BY :I* TIME ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRANS=M$ ! LOCAL SOVIETS 9TO ORGANS ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 ,L59 SAID TO ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 0,:Y1 EV5 Y\R GREAT COMRADE ,]RICO ,MALATE/A HAS DECL>$ HIMSELF = ! SOVIETS40 0,YES10 %E REPLI$1 0,= !  
FREE SOVIETS40 ,MALATE/A HIMSELF1 DEF9+ ! AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION ( REVOLUTION1 WROTE3  
  

,REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL CO]CIVE TIES2 IT IS ! AUTONOMY ( GR\PS1 ( COMMUNES1 ( REGIONS1 REVOLUTION IS ! FREE F$]ATION BR\<T AB\T BY A DESIRE = BRO!RHOOD1 BY 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S1 BY ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & DEF5SE2 REVOLUTION IS ! CON/ITUTION ( 9NUM]ABLE FREE GR\P+S BAS$ ON IDEAS1 WI%ES & TA/ES ( ALL K9DS ?AT EXI/ AMONG ! PEOPLE2 REVOLUTION IS ! =M+ & DISB&+ ( ?\S&S ( REPRES5TATIVE1 DI/RICT1 COMMUNAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL BODIES :I*1 )\T HAV+ ANY LEGISLATIVE P[] S]VE TO MAKE KN[N & TO COORD9ATE ! DESIRES & 9T]E/S ( PEOPLE NE> & F> & :I* ACT ?R\< 9=MATION1 ADVICE & EXAMPLE4 ,REVOLUTION IS FRE$OM PROV$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( FACTS -- & LA/S SO LONG AS FRE$OM LA/S1 ?AT IS UNTIL O!RS1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! WE>9ESS ?AT OV]TAKES ! MASSES1 ( ! 9EVITABLE DISAPPO9TM5TS ?AT FOLL[ EXAGG]AT$ HOPES1 ( ! PROBABLE ]RORS & HUMAN FAULTS1 SUCCE$ 9 CON/ITUT+ A P[] :I*1 SUPPORT$ BY AN >MY ( M]C5>IES OR CONSCRIPTS1 LAYS D[N ! LAW1 >RE/S ! MOVEM5T AT ! PO9T IT HAS REA*$1 & !N BEG9S ! REACTION4.<#a#g.>  
  

,HIS LA/ S5T5CE 9DICATES ?AT HE ?\<T REACTION 9EVITABLE1 & SO IT IS1 IF PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO SURR5D] ! P[] !Y HAVE WRE/$ FROM A =M] RUL+ ELITE 9TO ! H&S ( A NEW ONE4 ,BUT A REACTION TO EV]Y REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE 9 ANO!R S5SE4 ,?IS IS :AT ! EBB & FL[ ( HI/ORY IMPLIES4 ,! LUTTE F9ALE EXI/S ONLY 9 ! WORDS ( A SONG4 ,AS ,L&AU] SAYS1 EV]Y TIME AFT] ! REVOLUTION IS A TIME BE=E ! REVOLUTION = ALL ?OSE :OSE LIVES HAVE NOT GOT BOGG$ D[N 9 SOME GREAT MOM5T ( ! PA/4 ,!RE IS NO F9AL /RUGGLE1 ONLY A S]IES ( P>TISAN /RUGGLES ON A V>IETY ( FRONTS4 

,& AFT] OV] A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE ( ! !ORY1 & OV] HALF A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE ( ! PRACTICE ( ! ,M>XI/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM1 AFT] ! HI/ORIANS HAVE DISMISS$ AN>*ISM AS ONE ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ALSO-RANS ( HI/ORY1 IT IS EM]G+ AGA9 AS A COH]5T SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ! GU]RILLA W>F>E = A SOCIETY ( P>TICIPANTS1 :I* IS OCCURR+ SPORADICALLY ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,?US1 COMM5T+ ON ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE1 ,!ODORE ,DRAP] DECL>$ ?AT 0,! L9EAGE ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>IES GOES BACK TO ,BAKUN9 RA!R ?AN TO ,M>X1 & IT IS JU/ AS WELL ?AT ! T]M 'AN>*ISM' IS COM+ BACK 9TO VOGUE4 ,= :AT WE HAVE BE5 WITNESS+ IS A REVIVAL ( AN>*ISM 9 MOD]N DRESS OR MASQU]AD+ AS LATT]-DAY ,M>XISM4 ,JU/ AS N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M>XISM MATUR$ 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN>*ISM1 SO TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,M>XISM MAY HAVE TO RECREATE ITSELF 9 ANO!R /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN>*ISM 9 ITS LATE/ GUISE40.<#a#h.> ,HE W5T ON TO COMM5T ?AT ! AN>*I/S DID NOT HAVE MU* /AY+-P[] 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ?AT IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT !Y WILL HAVE MU* MORE 9 ?IS C5TURY4 ,:E!R OR NOT HE IS RI<T AB\T ! NEW AN>*I/S DEP5DS ON A NUMB] ( FACTORS4 ,FIR/LY1 ON :E!R OR NOT PEOPLE HAVE LE>N$ ANY?+ FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S2 SECONDLY1 ON :E!R ! L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 BO? EA/ & WE/ -- ! DISSATISFI$ & DISSID5T Y\NG ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE AS WELL AS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O SEEK AN ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- WILL GRASP ! RELEVANCE ( ?OSE IDEAS :I* WE DEF9E AS AN>*ISM2 & ?IRDLY1 ON :E!R ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES >E SUFFICI5TLY IMAG9ATIVE & 9V5TIVE TO F9D WAYS ( APPLY+ !IR IDEAS TODAY TO ! SOCIETY WE LIVE 9 9 WAYS ?AT COMB9E IMM$IATE AIMS ) ULTIMATE 5DS4 

O ,*APT] #b - ,! ,!ORY ( ,SPONTANE\S ,ORD] 
,*APT] ,I,I4 ,! ,!ORY ( ,SPONTANE\S ,ORD] 

  
  

,9 EV]Y BLOCK ( H\SES1 9 EV]Y /REET1 9 EV]Y T[N W>D1 GR\PS ( VOLUNTE]S WILL HAVE BE5 ORGANIZ$1 & !SE COMMISS>IAT VOLUNTE]S WILL F9D IT EASY TO WORK 9 UNISON & KEEP 9 T\* ) EA* O!R 444 IF ONLY ! SELF-/YL$ 0SCI5TIFIC0 !ORI/S DO NOT ?RU/ !MSELVES 9 444 ,OR RA!R LET !M EXP\ND !IR MUDDLE-HEAD$ !ORIES AS MU* AS !Y LIKE1 PROVID$ !Y HAVE NO AU?ORITY1 NO P[]6 ,& ?AT ADMIRABLE SPIRIT ( ORGANIZATION 9H]5T 9 ! PEOPLE 444 BUT :I* !Y HAVE SO SELDOM BE5 ALL[$ TO EX]CISE1 WILL 9ITIATE1 EV5 9 SO HUGE A CITY AS ,P>IS1 & 9 ! MID/ ( A REVOLUTION1 AN IMM5SE GUILD ( FREE WORK]S1 READY TO FURNI% TO EA* & ALL ! NECESS>Y FOOD4 

,GIVE ! PEOPLE A FREE H&1 & 9 T5 DAYS ! FOOD S]VICE WILL BE CONDUCT$ ) ADMIRABLE REGUL>ITY4 ,ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE NEV] SE5 ! PEOPLE H>D AT WORK1 ONLY ?OSE :O HAVE PASS$ !IR LIVES BURI$ AMONG DOCUM5TS1 CAN D\BT IT4 ,SPEAK ( ! ORGANIZ+ G5IUS ( ! 0,GREAT ,MISUND]/OOD01 ! PEOPLE1 TO ?OSE :O HAVE SE5 IT 9 ,P>IS 9 ! DAYS ( ! B>RICADES1 OR 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ! GREAT DOCK /RIKE1 :5 HALF A MILLION ( />V+ FOLK HAD TO BE F$1 & !Y WILL TELL Y\ H[ SUP]IOR IT IS TO ! (FICIAL 9EPTNESS ( ,BUMBL$OM4  
  
  

,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 

,AN IMPORTANT COMPON5T ( ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO ORGANIZATION IS :AT WE MI<T CALL ! !ORY ( SPONTANE\S ORD]3 ! !ORY ?AT1 GIV5 A COMMON NE$1 A COLLECTION ( PEOPLE WILL1 BY TRIAL & ]ROR1 BY IMPROVIZATION & EXP]IM5T1 EVOLVE ORD] \T ( ! SITUATION -- ?IS ORD] BE+ MORE DURABLE & MORE CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !IR NE$S ?AN ANY K9D ( EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ AU?ORITY C\LD PROVIDE4 ,KROPOTK9 D]IV$ HIS V]SION ( ?IS !ORY FROM HIS OBS]VATIONS ( ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY AS WELL AS FROM ! /UDY ( ! EV5TS ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9 ITS E>LY /AGES & FROM ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 & IT HAS BE5 WITNESS$ 9 MO/ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 9 ! AD HOC ORGANIZATIONS ?AT SPR+ UP AFT] NATURAL DISA/]S1 OR 9 ANY ACTIVITY :]E !RE >E NO EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONAL =MS OR HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY IS SO BUILT 9 TO EV]Y ASPECT ( \R SOCIETY ?AT IT IS ONLY 9 REVOLUTIONS1 EM]G5CIES & 0HAPP5+S0 ?AT ! PR9CIPLE ( SPONTANE\S ORD] EM]GES4 ,BUT IT DOES PROVIDE A GLIMPSE ( ! K9D ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR ?AT ! AN>*I/ REG>DS AS 0NORMAL0 & ! AU?ORIT>IAN SEES AS UNUSUAL4 

,Y\ C\LD HAVE SE5 IT 91 = EXAMPLE1 ! FIR/ ,ALD]MA/ON ,M>* OR 9 ! WIDESPREAD OCCUPATION ( >MY CAMPS BY SQUATT]S 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#d#f1 DESCRIB$ 9 ,*APT] ,V,I,I4 ,BETWE5 ,JUNE & ,OCTOB] ( ?AT YE> #d1 HOMELESS PEOPLE 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES1 ACT+ ON !IR [N 9ITIATIVE1 OCCUPI$ OV] #a1 >MY CAMPS4 ,!Y ORGANIZ$ EV]Y K9D ( COMMUNAL S]VICE 9 ! ATTEMPT TO MAKE !SE BLEAK HUTS MORE LIKE HOME -- COMMUNAL COOK+1 LAUND]+ & NURS]Y FACILITIES1 = 9/ANCE4 ,!Y ALSO F$]AT$ 9TO A ,SQUATT]S' ,PROTECTION ,SOCIETY4 ,ONE FEATURE ( !SE SQUATT] COMMUNITIES WAS ?AT !Y W]E =M$ FROM PEOPLE :O HAD V]Y LITTLE 9 COMMON BEYOND !IR HOMELESSNESS -- !Y 9CLUD$ T9K]S & UNIV]SITY DONS4 ,IT C\LD BE SE5 9 SPITE ( COMM]CIAL EXPLOITATION 9 ! POP FE/IVALS ( ! LATE #a#i#fS1 9 A WAY :I* IS NOT APP>5T TO ! READ] ( NEWSPAP] HEADL9ES4 ,FROM 0,A CROSS-SECTION ( 9=M$ OP9ION0 9 AN APP5DIX TO A REPORT TO ! GOV]NM5T1 A LOCAL AU?ORITY REPRES5TATIVE M5TIONS 0AN ATMOSPH]E ( PEACE & CONT5TM5T :I* SEEMS TO BE DOM9ANT AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS0 & A *UR* REPRES5TATIVE M5TIONS 0A G5]AL ATMOSPH]E ( CONSID]ABLE RELAXATION1 FRI5DL9ESS & A GREAT WILL+NESS TO %>E04.<#a#i.> ,! SAME K9D ( COMM5TS W]E MADE AB\T ! 9/ANT CITY ( ! ,WOOD/OCK ,FE/IVAL 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 0,WOOD/OCK1 IF P]MAN5T1 W\LD HAVE BECOME ONE ( ,AM]ICA'S MAJOR CITIES 9 SIZE ALONE1 & C]TA9LY A UNIQUE ONE 9 ! PR9CIPLES BY :I* ITS CITIZ5S CONDUCT$ !MSELVES40.<#b.> 

,AN 9T]E/+ & DELIB]ATE EXAMPLE ( ! !ORY ( SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATION 9 OP]ATION WAS PROVID$ BY ! ,PIONE] ,HEAL? ,C5T] AT ,PECKHAM 9 ,S\? ,LONDON4 ,?IS WAS />T$ 9 ! DECADE BE=E ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> BY A GR\P ( PHYSICIANS & BIOLOGI/S :O WANT$ TO /UDY ! NATURE ( HEAL? & ( HEAL?Y BEHAVIOR 9/EAD ( /UDY+ ILL-HEAL? LIKE ! RE/ ( ! M$ICAL PR(ESSION4 ,!Y DECID$ ?AT ! WAY TO DO ?IS WAS TO />T A SOCIAL CLUB :OSE MEMB]S JO9$ AS FAMILIES & C\LD USE A V>IETY ( FACILITIES 9 RETURN = A FAMILY MEMB]%IP SUBSCRIPTION & = AGREE+ TO P]IODIC M$ICAL EXAM9ATIONS4 ,9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO DRAW VALID CONCLUSIONS ! ,PECKHAM BIOLOGI/S ?\<T IT NECESS>Y ?AT !Y %\LD BE ABLE TO OBS]VE HUMAN BE+S :O W]E FREE -- FREE TO ACT AS !Y WI%$ & TO GIVE EXPRESSION TO !IR DESIRES4 ,!RE W]E CONSEQU5TLY NO RULES1 NO REGULATIONS1 NO LEAD]S4 0,I WAS ! ONLY P]SON ) AU?ORITY10 SAID ,DR ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON1 ! F\ND]1 0& ,I US$ IT TO /OP ANYONE EX]T+ ANY AU?ORITY40 ,= ! FIR/ EI<T MON?S !RE WAS *AOS4 0,) ! FIR/ MEMB]-FAMILIES01 SAYS ONE OBS]V]1 0!RE >RIV$ A HORDE ( UNDISCIPL9$ *ILDR5 :O US$ ! :OLE BUILD+ AS !Y MI<T HAVE US$ ONE VA/ ,LONDON /REET4 ,SCREAM+ & RUNN+ LIKE HOOLIGANS ?R\< ALL ! ROOMS1 BREAK+ EQUIPM5T & FURNITURE10 !Y MADE LIFE 9TOL]ABLE = EV]YONE4 ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON1 H[EV]1 09SI/$ ?AT PEACE %\LD BE RE/OR$ ONLY BY ! RESPONSE ( ! *ILDR5 TO ! V>IETY ( /IMULUS ?AT WAS PLAC$ 9 !IR WAY04 ,?IS FAI? WAS REW>D$3 0,9 LESS ?AN A YE> ! *AOS WAS R$UC$ TO AN ORD] 9 :I* GR\PS ( *ILDR5 C\LD DAILY BE SE5 SWIMM+1 SKAT+1 RID+ BICYCLES1 US+ ! GYMNASIUM OR PLAY+ SOME GAME1 OCCASIONALLY READ+ A BOOK 9 ! LIBR>Y 444 ! RUNN+ & SCREAM+ W]E ?+S ( ! PA/40 

,9 ONE ( ! SEV]AL VALUABLE REPORTS ON ! ,PECKHAM EXP]IM5T1 ,JOHN ,COM]=D DRAWS ! CONCLUSION ?AT 0,A SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 IF LEFT TO ITSELF 9 SUITABLE CIRCUM/ANCES TO EXPRESS ITSELF SPONTANE\SLY WORKS \T ITS [N SALVATION & A*IEVES A H>MONY ( ACTIONS :I* SUP]IMPOS$ LEAD]%IP CANNOT EMULATE40.<#b#a.> ,?IS IS ! SAME 9F]5CE AS WAS DRAWN BY ,$W>D ,ALLSWOR? ,ROSS FROM HIS /UDY ( ! TRUE 7AS OPPOS$ TO ! LEG5D>Y7 EVOLUTION ( 0FRONTI]0 SOCIETIES 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,AM]ICA4.<#b#b.> 

,EQUALLY DRAMATIC EXAMPLES ( ! SAME K9D ( PH5OM5ON >E REPORT$ BY ?OSE PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 BRAVE 5\<1 OR SELF-CONFID5T 5\<1 TO 9/ITUTE SELF-GOV]N+1 NON-PUNITIVE COMMUNITIES ( 0DEL9QU5T0 Y\NG/]S -- ,AUGU/ ,AI*HORN1 ,HOM] ,LANE & ,DAVID ,WILLS >E EXAMPLES4 ,HOM] ,LANE WAS ! MAN :O1 YE>S 9 ADVANCE ( HIS TIME1 />T$ A COMMUNITY ( BOYS & GIRLS1 S5T TO HIM BY ! C\RTS1 CALL$ ! ,LITTLE ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,HE US$ TO DECL>E ?AT 0,FRE$OM CANNOT BE GIV54 ,IT IS TAK5 BY ! *ILD 9 DISCOV]Y & 9V5TION40 ,TRUE TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 SAYS ,H[>D ,JONES1 0HE REFUS$ TO IMPOSE UPON ! *ILDR5 A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T COPI$ FROM ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ADULT WORLD4 ,! SELF-GOV]N+ /RUCTURE ( ! ,LITTLE ,COMMONWEAL? WAS EVOLV$ BY ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES1 SL[LY & PA9FULLY1 TO SATISFY !IR [N NE$S40.<#b#c.> ,AI*HORN WAS AN EQUALLY BOLD MAN ( ! SAME G5]ATION :O RAN A HOME = MALADJU/$ *ILDR5 9 ,VI5NA4 ,HE GIVES ?IS DESCRIPTION ( ONE P>TICUL>LY AGGRESSIVE GR\P3 0,!IR AGGRESSIVE ACTS BECAME MORE FREQU5T & MORE VIOL5T UNTIL PRACTICALLY ALL ! FURNITURE 9 ! BUILD+ WAS DE/ROY$1 ! W9D[ PANES BROK51 ! DOORS NE>LY KICK$ TO PIECES4 ,IT HAPP5$ ONCE ?AT A BOY SPRANG ?R\< A D\BLE W9D[ IGNOR+ HIS 9JURIES FROM ! BROK5 GLASS4 ,! D9N] TABLE WAS F9ALLY DES]T$ BECAUSE EA* ONE S\<T \T A CORN] 9 ! PLAYROOM :]E HE CR\*$ TO DEV\R HIS FOOD4 ,SCREAMS & H[LS C\LD BE HE>D FROM AF>60.<#b#d.> 

,AI*HORN & HIS COLLEAGUES MA9TA9$ :AT ONE CAN ONLY CALL A SUP]HUMAN RE/RA9T & FAI? 9 !IR ME?OD1 PROTECT+ !IR *>GES FROM ! WRA? ( ! NEI<BORS1 ! POLICE & ! CITY AU?ORITIES1 & 0,EV5TUALLY PATI5CE BR\<T ITS REW>D4 ,NOT ONLY DID ! *ILDR5 SETTLE D[N1 BUT !Y DEVELOP$ A /RONG ATTA*M5T TO ?OSE :O W]E WORK+ ) !M 444 ,?IS ATTA*M5T WAS N[ TO BE US$ AS ! F\NDATION ( A PROCESS ( RE$UCATION4 ,! *ILDR5 W]E AT LA/ TO BE BR\<T UP AGA9/ ! LIMITATIONS IMPOS$ UPON !M BY ! REAL WORLD40.<#b#e.> 

,TIME & AGA9 ?OSE R>E PEOPLE :O HAVE !MSELVES BE5 FREE 5\< & HAVE HAD ! MORAL /R5G? & ! 5DLESS PATI5CE & =BE>ANCE ?AT ?IS ME?OD DEM&S1 HAVE BE5 SIMIL>LY REW>D$4 ,9 ORD9>Y LIFE ! FACT ?AT ONE IS NOT DEAL+ 7!ORETICALLY AT LEA/17 ) SU* DEEPLY DI/URB$ *>ACT]S %\LD MAKE ! EXP]I5CE LESS DRA/IC1 BUT 9 ORD9>Y LIFE1 \TSIDE ! DELIB]ATELY PROTECT$ 5VIRONM5T1 WE 9T]ACT ) O!RS ) ! AIM ( GETT+ SOME COMMON TASK DONE1 & ! APP>5T AIMLESSNESS & TIME-CONSUM+ T$IUM ( ! P]IOD ( WAIT+ = SPONTANE\S ORD] TO APPE> BR+S ! DANG] ( SOME LOV] ( ORD] 9T]V5+ ) AN ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE AU?ORITY & ME?OD1 JU/ TO GET SOME?+ ACCOMPLI%$4 ,BUT Y\ HAVE ONLY TO WAT* P>5TS ) !IR *ILDR5 TO SEE ?AT ! ?RE%OLD ( TOL]ANCE = DISORD] 9 ?IS CONTEXT V>IES 5ORM\SLY FROM ONE 9DIVIDUAL TO ANO!R4 ,WE USUALLY CONCLUDE ?AT ! PUNITIVE1 9T]F]+ LOV] ( ORD] IS USUALLY SO BECAUSE ( HIS [N UNFRE$OM & 9SECURITY4 ,! TOL]ANT CONDON] ( DISORD] IS A RECOGNIZABLY DIFF]5T K9D ( *>ACT]1 & ! READ] WILL HAVE NO D\BT :I* ( ! TWO IS EASI] TO LIVE )4 

,ON AN ALTOGE!R DIFF]5T PLANE IS ! SPONTANE\S ORD] ?AT EM]GES 9 ?OSE R>E MOM5TS 9 HUMAN SOCIETY :5 A POPUL> REVOLUTION HAS )DRAWN SUPPORT1 & CONSEQU5TLY P[]1 FROM ! =CES ( 0LAW-&-ORD]04 ,I ONCE SPOKE TO A ,SC&9AVIAN J\RNALI/ BACK FROM A VISIT TO ,S\? ,AFRICA1 :OSE /RONGE/ IMPRESSION ( ?AT C\NTRY WAS ?AT ! ,:ITE ,S\? ,AFRICANS B>K$ AT EA* O!R4 ,!Y W]E1 HE ?\<T1 SO MU* 9 ! HABIT ( %\T+ ORD]S OR ADMONITIONS TO !IR S]VANTS ?AT IT AFFECT$ !IR MANN] ( SPEE* TO EA* O!R AS WELL4 0,NOBODY !RE IS G5TLE ANY MORE40 HE SAID4 ,:AT BR\<T HIS REM>K BACK TO MY M9D WAS ITS REV]SE4 ,9 A BROADCA/ ON ! ANNIV]S>Y ( ! ,SOVIET 9VASION ( ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA A SPEAK] LOOK$ BACK TO ! SUMM] ( #aifh 9 ,PRAGUE AS ONE 9 :I*1 AS %E PUT IT1 0,EV]YONE HAD BECOME MORE G5TLE1 MORE CONSID]ATE4 ,CRIME & VIOL5CE DIM9I%$4 ,WE ALL SEEM$ TO BE MAK+ A SPECIAL EF=T TO MAKE LIFE TOL]ABLE1 JU/ BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 SO 9TOL]ABLE BE=E40 

,N[ ?AT ! ,PRAGUE ,SPR+ & ! ,CZE*OSLOVAK LONG HOT SUMM] HAVE RETREAT$ 9TO HI/ORY1 WE T5D TO =GET -- ?\< ! ,CZE*S WILL NOT =GET -- ! *ANGE 9 ! QUALITY ( ORD9>Y LIFE1 :ILE ! HI/ORIANS1 BUSY ) ! POLITICIANS FLOAT+ ON ! SURFACE ( EV5TS1 OR ?IS OR ?AT MEMOR&UM FROM A ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE OR A ,PRESIDIUM1 TELL US NO?+ AB\T :AT IT FELT LIKE = PEOPLE 9 ! /REETS4 ,AT ! TIME ,JOHN ,B]G] WROTE ( ! IMM5SE IMPRESSION MADE ON HIM BY ! TRANS=MATION ( VALUES3 0,WORK]S 9 MANY PLACES SPONTANE\SLY (F]$ TO WORK = NO?+ ON ,SATURDAYS 9 ORD] TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! NATIONAL FUND4 ,?OSE = :OM1 A FEW MON?S BE=E1 ! HI<E/ IDEAL WAS A CONSUM] SOCIETY1 (F]$ MONEY & GOLD TO HELP SAVE ! NATIONAL ECONOMY4 7,ECONOMICALLY A NAIVE GE/URE BUT IDEOLOGICALLY A SIGNIFICANT ONE47 ,I SAW CR[DS ( WORK]S 9 ! /REETS ( ,PRAGUE1 !IR FACES LIT BY AN EVID5T S5SE ( OPPORTUNITY & A*IEVEM5T4 ,SU* AN ATMOSPH]E WAS B\ND TO BE TEMPOR>Y4 ,BUT IT WAS AN UN=GETTABLE 9DICATION ( ! PREVI\SLY UNUS$ POT5TIAL ( A PEOPLE3 ( ! SPE$ ) :I* DEMORALIZATION MAY BE OV]COME40.<#b#f.> ,& ,H>RY ,S*W>TZ ( ! ,NEW ,YORK ,TIMES REM9DS US ?AT 0,GAY1 SPONTANE\S1 9=MAL & RELAX$ W]E ! WORDS =EIGN CORRESPOND5TS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! VA/ \TP\R+ ( M]RY ,PRAGUE CITIZ5S40.<#b#g.> ,:AT WAS ,DUBCEK DO+ AT ! TIME8 0,HE WAS TRY+ TO SET LIMITS ON ! SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION ?AT HAD BE5 SET 9 MOTION & TO CURB IT4 ,NO D\BT HE HOP$ TO HONOR ! PROMISES HE HAD GIV5 AT ,DRESD5 ?AT HE W\LD IMPOSE ORD] ON :AT MORE & MORE CONS]VATIVE ,COMMUNI/S W]E CALL+ 'AN>*Y'04.<#b#h.> ,:5 ! ,SOVIET TANKS ROLL$ 9 TO IMPOSE !IR ORD]1 ! SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION GAVE WAY TO A SPONTANE\S RESI/ANCE4 ,( ,PRAGUE1 ,KAMIL ,W9T] DECL>$1 0,I MU/ CONFESS TO Y\ ?AT NO?+ WAS ORGANIZ$ AT ALL4 ,EV]Y?+ W5T ON SPONTANE\SLY 4440.<#b#i.> ,& ( ! SECOND DAY ( ! 9VASION 9 ,BRATISLAVA1 ,LADISLAV ,MNACKO WROTE3 0,NOBODY HAD GIV5 ANY ORD]4 ,NOBODY WAS GIV+ ANY ORD]S AT ALL4 ,PEOPLE KNEW ( !IR [N ACCORD :AT \<T TO BE DONE4 ,EA* & EV]Y ONE ( !M WAS HIS [N GOV]NM5T1 ) ITS ORD]S & REGULATIONS1 :ILE ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF WAS SOME:]E V]Y F> AWAY1 PROBABLY 9 ,MOSC[4 ,EV]Y?+ ! OCCUPATION =CES TRI$ TO P>ALYZE W5T ON WORK+ & EV5 WORK$ BETT] ?AN 9 NORMAL TIMES2 BY ! EV5+ ! PEOPLE HAD EV5 MANAG$ TO DEAL ) ! BREAD SITUATION04.<#c.> 

,9 ,NOVEMB]1 :5 ! /UD5TS /AG$ A SIT-9 9 ! UNIV]SITIES1 0! SYMPA?Y ( ! POPULATION ) ! /UD5TS WAS %[N BY ! DOZ5S ( TRUCKS S5T FROM ! FACTORIES TO BR+ !M FOOD FREE ( *>GE10.<#c#a.> & 0,PRAGUE'S RAILWAY WORK]S ?REAT5$ TO /RIKE IF ! GOV]NM5T TOOK REPRISAL MEASURES AGA9/ ! /UD5TS4 ,WORK]S ( V>I\S /ATE ORGANIZATIONS SUPPLI$ !M ) FOOD4 ,! BUSSES ( ! URBAN TRANSPORT WORK]S W]E PLAC$ AT ! /RIK]S' DISPOSAL 444 ,PO/AL WORK]S E/ABLI%$ C]TA9 FREE TELEPHONE COMMUNICATIONS BETWE5 UNIV]SITY T[NS40.<#c#b.> 

,! SAME BRIEF HONEYMOON ) AN>*Y WAS OBS]V$ TWELVE YE>S E>LI] 9 ,POL& & ,HUNG>Y4 ,! ECONOMI/ ,PET] ,WILES 7:O WAS 9 ,POZNAN AT ! TIME ( ! BREAD RIOTS & :O W5T TO ,HUNG>Y 9 ! P]IOD :5 ! ,AU/RIAN FRONTI] WAS OP57 NOT$ :AT HE CALL$ AN 0A/ONI%+ MORAL PURITY0 & HE EXPLA9$3  
  

,POL& HAD LESS *ANCE TO %[ ?IS ?AN ,HUNG>Y1 :]E = WEEKS !RE WAS NO AU?ORITY4 ,9 A FR5ZY ( AN>*I/ SELF-DISCIPL9E ! PEOPLE1 9CLUD+ ! CRIM9ALS1 /OLE NO?+1 BEAT NO ,JEWS1 & NEV] GOT DRUNK4 ,!Y W5T SO F> AS TO LYN* ONLY SECURITY POLICEM5 7,A,V,H7 LEAV+ O!R ,COMMUNI/S UNT\*$ 444 ,! MORAL A*IEVEM5T IS P]HAPS UNP>ALLEL$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY 444 ,IT WAS 9DE$ 9TELLECTUALS ( SOME SORT ?AT BEGAN BO? MOVEM5TS1 ) ! 9DU/RIAL WORK]S FOLL[+ !M4 ,! PEASANTS HAD ( C\RSE NEV] CEAS$ TO RESI/ S9CE #a#i#d#e1 BUT FROM ! NATURE ( ?+S1 9 A DISP]S$ & PASSIVE MANN]4 ,PEASANTS /OP ?+S1 !Y DON'T />T !M4 ,!IR SOLE 9ITIATIVE WAS ! A/ONI%+ & DEEPLY MOV+ DISPAT* ( FREE FOOD TO ,BUDAPE/ AFT] ! FIR/ ,SOVIET ATTACK HAD BE5 BEAT54.<#c#c.>  
  

,A ,HUNG>IAN EYEWITNESS ( ! SAME EV5TS DECL>$3  
  

,MAY ,I TELL Y\ ONE ?+ AB\T ?IS COMMON S5SE ( ! /REET1 DUR+ !SE FIR/ DAYS ( ! REVOLUTION8 ,JU/1 = EXAMPLE1 MANY H\RS /&+ 9 QUEUES = BREAD & EV5 UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES NOT A S+LE FI<T4 ,ONE DAY WE W]E /&+ 9 A QUEUE & !N A TRUCK CAME ) TWO Y\NG BOYS ) MA*9E GUNS & !Y W]E ASK+ US TO GIVE !M ANY MONEY WE C\LD SP>E TO BUY BREAD = ! FI<T]S4 ,ALL ! QUEUE WAS COLLECT+ HALF A TRUCK-FULL ( BREAD4 ,IT IS JU/ AN EXAMPLE4 ,AFT]W>DS SOMEBODY BESIDE ME ASK$ US TO HOLD HIS PLACE = HIM BECAUSE HE GAVE ALL HIS MONEY & HE HAD TO GO HOME TO GET SOME4 ,9 ?IS CASE ! :OLE QUEUE GAVE HIM ALL ! MONEY HE WANT$4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE3 NATURALLY ALL ! %OP W9D[S BROKE 9 ! FIR/ DAY1 BUT NOT A S+LE ?+ 9SIDE WAS T\*$ BY ANYBODY4 ,Y\ C\LD HAVE SE5 BROK5-9 %OP W9D[S & C&Y /ORES1 & EV5 ! LITTLE *ILDR5 DIDN'T T\* ANY?+ 9 IT4 ,NOT EV5 CAM]A %OPS1 OPTICIANS OR JEWEL]S4 ,NOT A S+LE ?+ WAS T\*$ = TWO OR ?REE DAYS4 ,& 9 ! /REETS ON ! ?IRD & F\R? DAY1 %OP W9D[S W]E EMPTY1 BUT IT WAS WRITT5 !RE ?AT1 0,! C>ETAK] HAS TAK5 IT AWAY01 OR 0,EV]Y?+ FROM H]E IS 9 ?IS OR ?AT FIAT40 ,& 9 !SE FIR/ DAYS IT WAS A CU/OM TO PUT BIG BOXES ON /REET CORN]S OR ON CROSS+S :]E MORE /REETS MET1 & JU/ A SCRIPT OV] !M 0,?IS IS = ! W\ND$1 = ! CASUALTIES OR = ! FAMILIES ( ! DEAD10 & !Y W]E SET \T 9 ! MORN+ & BY NOON !Y W]E FULL ( MONEY444.<#c#d.>  
  

,9 ,HAVANA1 :5 ! G5]AL /RIKE BR\<T D[N ! ,BATI/A REGIME & BE=E ,CA/RO'S >MY 5T]$ ! CITY1 A DISPAT* FROM ,ROB]T ,LYON1 ,EXECUTIVE ,SECRET>Y ( ! ,NEW ,5GL& (FICE ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,FRI5DS ,S]VICE ,COMMITTEE REPORT$ ?AT 0,!RE >E NO POLICE ANY:]E 9 ! C\NTRY1 BUT ! CRIME RATE IS L[] ?AN IT HAS BE5 9 YE>S1.<#c#e.> & ! ,B,B,C'S CORRESPOND5T REPORT$ ?AT 0,! CITY = DAYS HAD BE5 )\T POLICE ( ANY SORT1 AN EXP]I5CE DELI<TFUL TO EV]YONE4 ,MOTORI/S -- & CONSID]+ ?AT !Y W]E ,CUBANS ?IS WAS MIRACUL\S -- BEHAV$ 9 AN ORD]LY MANN]4 ,9DU/RIAL WORK]S1 ) PO9TS TO MAKE1 DEMON/RAT$ 9 SMALL GR\PS1 DISP]S$ & W5T HOME2 B>S CLOS$ :5 ! CU/OM]S HAD HAD 5\< & NO ONE SEEM$ MORE ?AN NORMALLY M]RY4 ,HAVANA1 HEAV+ UP AFT] YE>S UND] A VICI\S & CORRUPT POLICE CONTROL1 SMIL$ 9 ! HOT SUN%9E40.<#c#f.> 

,9 ALL !SE 9/ANCES1 ! NEW REGIME HAS BUILT UP ITS MA*9]Y ( REPRESSION1 ANN\NC+ ! NECESSITY ( MA9TA9+ ORD] & AVOID+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION3 0,! ,PRESIDIUM ( ! ,C5TRAL ,COMMITTEE ( ! ,C,P,C1 ! ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,NATIONAL ,FRONT UNEQUIVOCALLY REJECT$ ! APPEALS ( ! /ATEM5T ( ,TWO ,?\S& ,WORDS1 :I* 9DUCE TO AN>*I/ ACTS1 TO VIOLAT+ ! CON/ITUTIONAL *>ACT] ( \R POLITICAL RE=M40.<#c#g.> ,& SO ON1 9 A V>IETY ( LANGUAGES4 ,NO D\BT PEOPLE WILL *]I% ! 9T]REGNUM ( ELATION & SPONTANEITY M]ELY AS A MEMORY ( A TIME :51 AS ,GEORGE ,ORWELL SAID ( REVOLUTION>Y ,B>CELONA1 !RE WAS 0A FEEL+ ( HAV+ SUDD5LY EM]G$ 9TO AN ]A ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM :5 HUMAN BE+S W]E TRY+ TO BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN BE+S & NOT AS COGS 9 ! CAPITALI/ MA*9E10.<#c#h.> OR :51 AS ,&Y ,&]SON WROTE ( ,HUNG>Y 9 #a#i#e#f1 0,9 ! SOCIETY !Y W]E GLIMPS+ ?R\< ! DU/ & SMOKE ( ! BATTLE 9 ! /REETS1 !RE W\LD BE NO ,PRIME ,M9I/]1 NO GOV]NM5T ( PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS1 & NO (FICIALS OR BOSSES ORD]+ !M AB\T40.<#c#i.> 

,N[ Y\ MI<T ?9K ?AT 9 ! /UDY ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR & SOCIAL RELATIONS !SE MOM5TS :5 SOCIETY IS HELD TOGE!R BY ! CEM5T ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY ALONE1 )\T ! DEAD WEI<T ( P[] & AU?ORITY1 W\LD HAVE BE5 /UDI$ & ANALYZ$ ) ! AIM ( DISCOV]+ :AT K9D ( PRECONDITIONS EXI/ = AN 9CREASE 9 SOCIAL SPONTANEITY1 0P>TICIPATION0 & FRE$OM4 ,! MOM5TS :5 !RE >5'T EV5 ANY POLICE W\LD SURELY BE ( IMM5SE 9T]E/1 IF ONLY = CRIM9OLOGI/S4 ,YET Y\ DON'T F9D !M DISCUSS$ 9 ! TEXTS ( SOCIAL PSY*OLOGY & Y\ DON'T F9D !M WRITT5 AB\T BY ! HI/ORIANS4 ,Y\ HAVE TO DIG >\ND = !M AMONG ! P]SONAL IMPRESSIONS ( PEOPLE :O JU/ HAPP5$ TO BE !RE4 

,IF Y\ WANT TO KN[ :Y ! HI/ORIANS NEGLECT OR TRADUCE !SE MOM5TS ( REVOLUTION>Y SPONTANEITY1 Y\ %\LD READ ,NOAM ,*OMSKY'S ESSAY 0,OBJECTIVITY & ,LIB]AL ,S*OL>%IP0.<#d.> ,! EXAMPLE HE USES IS ONE ( ! GREATE/ IMPORTANCE = AN>*I/S1 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 :OSE HI/ORY1 HE REM>KS1 IS YET TO BE WRITT54 ,9 LOOK+ AT ! WORK 9 ?IS FIELD ( ! PR(ESSIONAL HI/ORIANS1 HE WRITES3 0,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT !RE IS MORE ?AN 5\< EVID5CE TO %[ ?AT A DEEP BIAS AGA9/ SOCIAL REVOLUTION & A COMMITM5T TO ! VALUES & SOCIAL ORD] ( LIB]AL B\RGEOIS DEMOCRACY HAS L$ ! AU?OR TO MISREPRES5T CRUCIAL EV5TS & TO OV]LOOK MAJOR HI/ORICAL CURR5TS40 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT HIS MA9 PO9T4 0,AT LEA/ ?IS MU* IS PLA910 HE SAYS1 0!RE >E DANG]\S T5D5CIES 9 ! IDEOLOGY ( ! WELF>E /ATE 9TELLIG5TSIA :O CLAIM TO POSSESS ! TE*NIQUE & UND]/&+ REQUIR$ TO MANAGE \R 'PO/-9DU/RIAL SOCIETY0 & TO ORGANIZE AN 9T]NATIONAL SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY ,AM]ICAN SUP]P[]4 ,MANY ( !SE DANG]S >E REVEAL$1 AT A PURELY IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL1 9 ! /UDY ( ! C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y SUBORD9ATION ( S*OL>%IP4 ,! DANG]S EXI/ BO? 9S(> AS ! CLAIM TO KN[L$GE IS REAL & 9S(> AS IT IS FRAUDUL5T4 ,9S(> AS ! TE*NIQUE ( MANAGEM5T & CONTROL EXI/S1 IT CAN BE US$ TO DIM9I% SPONTANE\S & FREE EXP]IM5TATION ) NEW SOCIAL =MS1 AS IT CAN LIMIT ! POSSIBILITIES = RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE :O >E N[1 TO A GREAT] OR LESS] EXT5T DISPOSSESS$4 ,:]E ! TE*NIQUES FAIL1 !Y WILL BE SUPPLEM5T$ BY ALL ( ! ME?ODS ( CO]CION ?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY PROVIDES1 TO PRES]VE ORD] & /ABILITY40 

,AS A F9AL EXAMPLE ( :AT HE CALLS SPONTANE\S & FREE EXP]IM5TATION ) NEW SOCIAL =MS1 LET ME QUOTE FROM ! ACC\NT HE CITES ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ! ,SPANI% VILLAGE ( ,MEMBRILLA3  
  

0,9 ITS MIS]ABLE HUTS LIVE ! POOR 9HABITANTS ( A POOR PROV9CE2 EI<T ?\S& PEOPLE1 BUT ! /REETS >E NOT PAV$1 ! T[N HAS NO NEWSPAP]1 NO C9EMA1 NEI!R A CAFE NOR A LIBR>Y4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAS MANY *UR*ES ?AT HAVE BE5 BURN$40 ,IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,FRANCO 9SURRECTION1 ! L& WAS EXPROPRIAT$ & VILLAGE LIFE COLLECTIVIZ$4 0,FOOD1 CLO?+1 & TOOLS W]E DI/RIBUT$ EQUITABLY TO ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,MONEY WAS ABOLI%$1 WORK COLLECTIVIZ$1 ALL GOODS PASS$ TO ! COMMUNITY1 CONSUMPTION WAS SOCIALIZ$4 ,IT WAS1 H[EV]1 NOT A SOCIALIZATION ( WEAL? BUT ( POV]TY40 ,WORK CONT9U$ AS BE=E4 ,AN ELECT$ C\NCIL APPO9T$ COMMITTEES TO ORGANIZE ! LIFE ( ! COMMUNE & ITS RELATIONS TO ! \TSIDE WORLD4 ,! NECESSITIES ( LIFE W]E DI/RIBUT$ FREELY1 9S(> AS !Y W]E AVAILABLE4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( REFUGEES W]E ACCOMMODAT$4 ,A SMALL LIBR>Y WAS E/ABLI%$1 & A SMALL S*OOL ( DESIGN4 ,! DOCUM5T CLOSES ) !SE WORDS3 0,! :OLE POPULATION LIV$ AS 9 A L>GE FAMILY2 FUNCTION>IES1 DELEGATES1 ! SECRET>Y ( ! SYNDICATES1 ! MEMB]S ( ! MUNICIPAL C\NCIL1 ALL ELECT$1 ACT$ AS HEADS ( A FAMILY4 ,BUT !Y W]E CONTROLL$1 BECAUSE SPECIAL PRIVILEGE OR CORRUPTION W\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$4 ,MEMBRILLA1 IS P]HAPS ! POORE/ VILLAGE ( ,SPA91 BUT IT IS ! MO/ JU/04.<#d#a.>  
  

,& ,*OMSKY COMM5TS3 0,AN ACC\NT SU* AS ?IS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN RELATIONS & ! IDEAL ( A JU/ SOCIETY1 MU/ APPE> V]Y /RANGE TO ! CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ 9TELLECTUAL1 & IT IS !RE=E TREAT$ ) SCORN1 OR TAK5 TO BE NAIVE OR PRIMITIVE OR O!RWISE IRRATIONAL4 ,ONLY :5 SU* PREJUDICE IS AB&ON$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE = HI/ORIANS TO UND]TAKE A S]I\S /UDY ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T ?AT TRANS=M$ ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 9 ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT HI/ORY RECORDS40 ,!RE IS AN ORD] IMPOS$ BY T]ROR1 !RE IS AN ORD] 5=C$ BY BUREAUCRACY 7) ! POLICEMAN 9 ! CORRIDOR7 & !RE IS AN ORD] :I* EVOLVES SPONTANE\SLY FROM ! FACT ?AT WE >E GREG>I\S ANIMALS CAPABLE ( %AP+ \R [N DE/9Y4 ,:5 ! FIR/ TWO >E ABS5T1 ! ?IRD1 AS 9F9ITELY MORE HUMAN & HUMANE =M ( ORD] HAS AN OPPORTUNITY TO EM]GE4 ,LIB]TY1 AS ,PR\DHON SAID1 IS ! MO!R1 NOT ! DAU<T] ( ORD]4 

O ,*APT] #c - ,! ,DISSOLUTION ( ,LEAD]%IP 
,*APT] ,I,I,I4 ,! ,DISSOLUTION ( ,LEAD]%IP 

  
  

,ACCU/OM$ AS IS ?IS AGE TO >TIFICIAL LEAD]%IP 444 IT IS DIFFICULT = IT TO REALIZE ! TRU? ?AT LEAD]S REQUIRE NO TRA9+ OR APPO9T+1 BUT EM]GE SPONTANE\SLY :5 CONDITIONS REQUIRE !M4 ,/UDY+ !IR MEMB]S 9 ! FREE-=-ALL ( ! ,PECKHAM ,C5T]1 ! OBS]V+ SCI5TI/S SAW OV] & OV] AGA9 H[ ONE MEMB] 9/9CTIVELY BECAME1 & WAS 9/9CTIVELY BUT NOT (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS1 LEAD] TO MEET ! NE$S ( ONE P>TICUL> MOM5T4 ,SU* LEAD]S APPE>$ & DISAPPE>$ AS ! FLUX ( ! ,C5T] REQUIR$4 ,BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT CONSCI\SLY APPO9T$1 NEI!R 7:5 !Y HAD FULFILL$ !IR PURPOSE7 :]E !Y CONSCI\SLY OV]?R[N4 ,NOR WAS ANY P>TICUL> GRATITUDE %[N BY MEMB]S TO A LEAD] EI!R AT ! TIME ( HIS S]VICES OR AFT] = S]VICES R5D]$4 ,!Y FOLL[$ HIS GUIDANCE JU/ AS LONG AS HIS GUIDANCE WAS HELPFUL & :AT !Y WANT$4 ,!Y MELT$ AWAY FROM HIM )\T REGRETS :5 SOME WID5+ ( EXP]I5CE BECKON$ !M ON TO SOME FRE% ADV5TURE1 :I* W\LD 9 TURN ?R[ UP ITS SPONTANE\S LEAD]1 OR :5 !IR SELF-CONFID5CE WAS SU* ?AT ANY =M ( CON/RA9$ LEAD]%IP W\LD HAVE BE5 A RE/RA9T TO !M4  
  
  

,JOHN ,COM]=D1 ,HEAL? ! ,UNKN[N3 

 ,! ,/ORY ( ! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T 

,TAKE ME TO Y\R LEAD]6 ,?IS IS ! FIR/ DEM& MADE BY ,M>TIANS TO ,E>?L+S1 POLICEM5 TO DEMON/RATORS1 J\RNALI/S TO REVOLUTION>IES4 0,SOME J\RNALI/S01 SAID ONE ( !M TO ,DANIEL ,COHN-,B5DIT1 0HAVE DESCRIB$ Y\ AS ! LEAD] ( ! REVOLUTION 4440 ,HE REPLI$1 0,LET !M WRITE !IR RUBBI%4 ,!SE PEOPLE WILL NEV] BE ABLE TO UND]/& ?AT ! /UD5T MOVEM5T DOESN'T NE$ ANY *IEFS4 ,I AM NEI!R A LEAD] NOR A PR(ESSIONAL REVOLUTION>Y4 ,I AM SIMPLY A M\?PIECE1 A MEGAPHONE40 ,AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 & IF ?IS PHRASE IS FAMILI> IT IS BECAUSE ( ! P>ADOX ?AT :AT WAS KN[N AS ! LEAD]LESS GR\P TE*NIQUE WAS ADOPT$ 9 ! ,BRITI% & ,AU/RALIAN >MIES DUR+ ! W> -- & 9 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T S9CE !N -- AS A MEANS ( SELECT+ LEAD]S4 ,! MILIT>Y PSY*OLOGI/S LE>N$ ?AT :AT !Y CONSID]$ TO BE LEAD] OR FOLL[] TRAITS >E NOT EXHIBIT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,!Y >E1 AS ONE ( !M WROTE1 0RELATIVE TO A SPECIFIC SOCIAL SITUATION -- LEAD]%IP V>I$ FROM SITUATION TO SITUATION & FROM GR\P TO GR\P40 ,OR AS ! AN>*I/1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 PUT IT OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO3 0,I RECEIVE & ,I GIVE -- SU* IS HUMAN LIFE4 ,EA* DIRECTS & IS DIRECT$ 9 HIS TURN4 ,!RE=E !RE IS NO FIX$ & CON/ANT AU?ORITY1 BUT A CONT9UAL EX*ANGE ( MUTUAL1 TEMPOR>Y &1 ABOVE ALL1 VOLUNT>Y AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATION40 

,DON'T BE DECEIV$ BY ! SWEET REASONABL5ESS ( ALL ?IS4 ,! AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( LEAD]%IP IS COMPLETELY REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS -- AS Y\ CAN SEE IF Y\ LOOK >\ND1 = Y\ WILL SEE EV]Y:]E 9 OP]ATION ! OPPOSITE CONCEPT3 ?AT ( HI]>*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 PRIVILEG$ & P]MAN5T LEAD]%IP4 ,!RE >E V]Y FEW COMP>ATIVE /UDIES AVAILABLE ( ! EFFECTS ( !SE TWO OPPOSITE APPROA*ES TO ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK4 ,TWO ( !M >E M5TION$ 9 ,*APT] ,X,I4 ,ANO!R COMES FROM ! >*ITECTURAL PR(ESSION4 ,! ,ROYAL ,9/ITUTE ( ,BRITI% ,>*ITECTS SPONSOR$ A REPORT ON ! ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION 9 >*ITECTS' (FICES4.<#d#b.> ,! SURVEY TEAM FELT ABLE TO DI/+UI% TWO OPPOSITE APPROA*ES TO ! PROCESS ( DESIGN1 :I* GAVE RISE TO V]Y DIFF]5T WAYS ( WORK+ & ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION4 0,ONE WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A PROC$URE :I* BEGAN BY ! 9V5TION ( A BUILD+ %APE & WAS FOLL[$ BY A MOLD+ ( ! CLI5T'S NE$S TO FIT 9SIDE ?IS ?REE-DIM5SIONAL PRECONCEPTION4 ,! O!R BEGAN ) AN ATTEMPT TO UND]/& FULLY ! NE$S ( ! PEOPLE :O W]E TO USE ! BUILD+ >\ND :I*1 :5 !Y W]E CL>IFI$1 ! BUILD+ W\LD BE FITT$40 

,= ! FIR/ TYPE1 ONCE ! BASIC ACT ( 9V5TION & IMAG9ATION IS OV]1 ! RE/ IS EASY & ! >*ITECT MAKES DECISIONS QUICKLY1 PRODUCES WORK TO TIME & QUICKLY 5\< TO MAKE A REASONABLE PR(IT4 0,! EVID5CE SUGGE/S ?AT ?IS ATTITUDE IS ! PR$OM9ANT ONE 9 ! GR\P ( (FICES :I* WE F\ND TO BE US+ A C5TRALIZ$ TYPE ( WORK ORGANIZATION1 & IT CLE>LY GOES ) RA!R AUTOCRATIC =MS ( CONTROL40 ,BUT 0! O!R PHILOSOPHY -- FROM US]'S NE$S TO BUILD+ =M -- MAKES DECISION MAK+ MORE DIFFICULT 444 ,! WORK TAKES LONG] & IS (T5 UNPR(ITABLE TO ! >*ITECT1 AL?\< ! CLI5T MAY 5D UP ) A MU* *EAP] BUILD+ PUT UP MORE QUICKLY ?AN HE HAD EXPECT$4 ,MANY (FICES WORK+ 9 ?IS WAY HAD F\ND !MSELVES BETT] SUIT$ BY A DISP]S$ TYPE ( WORK ORGANIZATION :I* CAN PROMOTE AN 9=MAL ATMOSPH]E ( FREE-FL[+ IDEAS 4440 ,! TEAM F\ND ?AT 7AP>T FROM A SMALL 0HYBRID0 GR\P ( L>GE PUBLIC (FICES ) A V]Y RIGID & HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE1 A POOR QUALITY ( DESIGN1 POOR TE*NICAL & MANAG]IAL EFFICI5CY7 ! (FICES SURVEY$ C\LD BE CLASS$ AS EI!R C5TRALIZ$ OR DISP]S$ TYPES4 ,/AFF TURNOV]1 :I* BORE NO RELATION AT ALL TO E>N+S1 WAS HI< 9 ! C5TRALIZ$ (FICES & L[ OR V]Y L[ 9 ! DISP]S$ ONES1 :]E !RE WAS CONSID]ABLE DELEGATION ( RESPONSIBILITY TO ASSI/ANTS1 & :]E WE F\ND A LIVELY WORK+ ATMOSPH]E04 

,?IS IS A V]Y LIVE ISSUE AMONG >*ITECTS & IT WAS NOT A Y\NG REVOLUTION>Y >*ITECT BUT ,SIR ,WILLIAM ,PILE1 :5 HE WAS HEAD ( ! ,>*ITECTS & ,BUILD+S ,BRAN* ( ! ,M9I/RY ( ,$UCATION1 :O SPECIFI$ AMONG ! ?+S HE LOOK$ = 9 A MEMB] ( ! BUILD+ TEAM ?AT 0,HE MU/ HAVE A BELIEF 9 :AT ,I CALL ! NONHI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK4 ,! WORK HAS GOT TO BE ORGANIZ$ NOT ON ! /> SY/EM BUT ON ! REP]TORY SY/EM4 ,! TEAM LEAD] MAY (T5 BE JUNIOR TO A TEAM MEMB]4 ,?AT WILL ONLY BE ACCEPT$ IF IT IS COMMONLY ACCEPT$ ?AT PRIMACY LIES ) ! BE/ IDEA & NOT ) ! S5IOR MAN40 ,AGA9 FROM ! >*ITECTURAL WORLD1 ,WALT] ,GROPIUS PROCLAIM$ :AT HE CALL$ ! TE*NIQUE ( 0COLLABORATION AMONG M51 :I* W\LD RELEASE ! CREATIVE 9/9CTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9/EAD ( SMO!R+ !M4 ,! ESS5CE ( SU* TE*NIQUE %\LD BE TO EMPHASIZE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE1 9/EAD ( AU?ORIT>IAN DIRECTION BY A BOSS 444 SYN*RONIZ+ 9DIVIDUAL EF=T BY A CONT9U\S GIVE & TAKE ( ITS MEMB]S4440.<#d#c.> 

,SIMIL> F9D+S TO ?OSE ( ! ,R,I,B,A SURVEY COME FROM COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( ! ORGANIZATION ( SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,SOME REM>KS ( ,WILHELM ,REI* ON HIS CONCEPT ( 0WORK DEMOCRACY0 >E RELEVANT H]E4 ,I AM B\ND TO SAY ?AT ,I D\BT IF HE REALLY PRACTIC$ ! PHILOSOPHY HE DESCRIBES1 BUT IT C]TA9LY CORRESPONDS TO MY EXP]I5CE ( WORK+ 9 AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,HE ASKS1 0444 ,ON :AT PR9CIPLE1 !N1 WAS \R ORGANIZATION BAS$1 IF !RE W]E NO VOTES1 NO DIRECTIVES & COMM&S1 NO SECRET>IES1 PRESID5TS1 VISE-PRESID5TS1 ETC480 ,& HE ANSW]S3  
  

,:AT KEPT US TOGE!R WAS \R WORK1 \R MUTUAL 9T]DEP5D5CIES 9 ?IS WORK1 \R FACTUAL 9T]E/ 9 ONE GIGANTIC PROBLEM ) ITS MANY SPECIALI/ RAMIFICATIONS4 ,I HAD NOT SOLICIT$ C[ORK]S4 ,!Y HAD COME ( !MSELVES4 ,!Y REMA9$1 OR !Y LEFT :5 ! WORK NO LONG] HELD !M4 ,WE HAD NOT =M$ A POLITICAL GR\P OR WORK$ \T A PROGRAM ( ACTION 444 ,EA* ONE MADE HIS CONTRIBUTION ACCORD+ TO HIS 9T]E/ 9 ! WORK 444 ,!RE >E1 !N1 OBJECTIVE BIOLOGICAL WORK 9T]E/S & WORK FUNCTIONS CAPABLE ( REGULAT+ HUMAN COOP]ATION4 ,EXEMPL>Y WORK ORGANIZES ITS =MS ( FUNCTION+ ORGANICALLY & SPONTANE\SLY1 EV5 ?\< ONLY GRADUALLY1 GROP+LY & (T5 MAK+ MI/AKES4 ,9 CONTRA-DI/9CTION1 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ) !IR 0CAMPAIGNS0 & 0PLAT=MS0 PROCE$ )\T ANY CONNECTION ) ! TASKS & PROBLEMS ( DAILY LIFE4.<#d#d.>  
  

,ELSE:]E 9 HIS PAP] ON 0WORK DEMOCRACY0 HE NOTES ?AT3 0,IF P]SONAL 5MITIES1 9TRIGUES & POLITICAL MANEUV]S MAKE !IR APPE>ANCE 9 AN ORGANIZATION1 ONE CAN BE SURE ?AT ITS MEMB]S NO LONG] HAVE A FACTUAL MEET+ GR\ND 9 COMMON1 ?AT !Y >E NO LONG] HELD TOGE!R BY A COMMON WORK 9T]E/ 444 ,JU/ AS ORGANIZATIONAL TIES RESULT FROM COMMON WORK 9T]E/S1 SO !Y DISSOLVE :5 ! WORK 9T]E/S DISSOLVE OR BEG9 TO CONFLICT ) EA* O!R40.<#d#e.> 

,?IS FLUID1 *ANG+ LEAD]%IP D]IVES FROM AU?ORITY1 BUT ?IS AU?ORITY D]IVES FROM EA* P]SON'S SELF-*OS5 FUNCTION 9 P]=M+ ! TASK 9 H&4 ,Y\ CAN BE 9 AU?ORITY1 OR Y\ CAN BE AN AU?ORITY1 OR Y\ CAN HAVE AU?ORITY4 ,! FIR/ D]IVES FROM Y\R RANK 9 SOME *A9 ( COMM&1 ! SECOND D]IVES FROM SPECIAL KN[L$GE1 & ! ?IRD FROM SPECIAL WISDOM4 ,BUT KN[L$GE & WISDOM >E NOT DI/RIBUT$ 9 ORD] ( RANK1 & !Y >E NO ONE P]SON'S MONOPOLY 9 ANY UND]TAK+4 ,! FANTA/IC 9EFFICI5CY ( ANY HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION -- ANY FACTORY1 (FICE1 UNIV]SITY1 W>EH\SE OR HOSPITAL -- IS ! \TCOME ( TWO ALMO/ 9V>IABLE *>ACT]I/ICS4 ,ONE IS ?AT ! KN[L$GE & WISDOM ( ! PEOPLE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PYRAMID F9DS NO PLACE 9 ! DECISION-MAK+ LEAD]%IP HI]>*Y ( ! 9/ITUTION4 ,FREQU5TLY IT IS DEVOT$ TO MAK+ ! 9/ITUTION WORK 9 SPITE ( ! =MAL LEAD]%IP /RUCTURE1 OR ALT]NATIVELY TO SABOTAG+ ! O/5SIBLE FUNCTION ( ! 9/ITUTION1 BECAUSE IT IS NONE ( !IR *OOS+4 ,! O!R IS ?AT !Y W\LD RA!R NOT BE !RE ANYWAY3 !Y >E !RE ?R\< ECONOMIC NECESSITY RA!R ?AN ?R\< ID5TIFICATION ) A COMMON TASK :I* ?R[S UP ITS [N %IFT+ & FUNCTIONAL LEAD]%IP4 

,P]HAPS ! GREATE/ CRIME ( ! 9DU/RIAL SY/EM IS ! WAY 9 :I* IT SY/EMATICALLY ?W>TS ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS ( ! MAJORITY ( ITS WORK]S4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 ASK$1 0,:AT CAN A MAN 9V5T :O IS CONDEMN$ = LIFE TO B9D TOGE!R ! 5DS ( TWO ?READS ) ! GREATE/ CEL]ITY1 & KN[S NO?+ BEYOND MAK+ A KNOT80  
  

,AT ! \TSET ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ?REE G5]ATIONS ( WORK]S HAVE 9V5T$2 N[ !Y CEASE TO DO SO4 ,AS TO ! 9V5TIONS ( ! 5G9E]S1 SPECIALLY TRA9$ = DEVIS+ MA*9ES1 !Y >E EI!R DEVOID ( G5IUS OR NOT PRACTICAL 5\< 444 ,NONE BUT HE :O KN[S ! MA*9E -- NOT 9 ITS DRAW+S & MODELS ONLY1 BUT 9 ITS BREA?+ & ?ROBB+S -- :O UNCONSCI\SLY ?9KS ( IT :ILE /&+ BY IT1 CAN REALLY IMPROVE IT4 ,SMEATON & ,NEWCOM5 SURELY W]E EXCELL5T 5G9E]S2 BUT 9 !IR 5G9ES A BOY HAD TO OP5 ! /EAM VALVE AT EA* /ROKE ( ! PI/ON2 & IT WAS ONE ( ?OSE BOYS :O ONCE MANAG$ TO CONNECT ! VALVE ) ! REMA9D] ( ! MA*9E1 SO AS TO MAKE IT OP5 AUTOMATICALLY1 :ILE HE RAN AWAY TO PLAY ) ! O!R BOYS4 ,BUT 9 ! MOD]N MA*9]Y !RE IS NO ROOM LEFT = NAIVE IMPROVEM5TS ( ?AT K9D4 ,SCI5TIFIC $UCATION ON A WIDE SCALE HAS BECOME NECESS>Y = FUR!R 9V5TIONS1 & ?AT $UCATION IS REFUS$ TO ! WORK]S4 ,SO ?AT !RE IS NO ISSUE \T ( ! DIFFICULTY1 UNLESS SCI5TIFIC $UCATION & H&ICRAFT >E COMB9$ TOGE!R -- UNLESS 9TEGRATION ( KN[L$GE TAKES ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T DIVISIONS4.<#d#f.>  
  

,! SITUATION TODAY IS ACTUALLY WORSE ?AN ,KROPOTK9 5VISAG$4 ,! DIVORCE BETWE5 DESIGN & EXECUTION1 BETWE5 0MANAG]0 & WORK]1 IS MORE COMPLETE4 ,MO/ PEOPLE 9 FACT >E 0$UCAT$0 BEYOND !IR LEVEL 9 ! 9DU/RIAL PYRAMID4 ,!IR CAPACITY = 9V5TION & 9NOVATION IS NOT WANT$ BY ! SY/EM4 0,Y\'RE NOT PAID TO ?9K1 JU/ GET ON ) IT10 SAYS ! =EMAN4 0,WE >E HAPPY ?AT WE HAVE REE/ABLI%$ ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PR9CIPLE -- MANAGEM5T'S RI<T TO MANAGE10 SAID ,SIR ,ALICK ,DICK :5 HE TOOK OV] AS *AIRMAN ( ! ,/&>D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY 7ONLY TO BE 0RESIGN$0 HIMSELF :5 ,LEYL&S DECID$ TO MANAGE 9/EAD74 

,! REM>K ,I VALUE MO/ AMONG ! ?+S ?AT W]E SAID AB\T ! AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,I US$ TO $IT1 WAS ?AT ( A REVIEW] :O REM>K$ ?AT IT WAS CONC]N$ ) 0! WAY 9 :I* 9DIVIDUAL HUMAN BE+S >E PREV5T$ FROM DEVELOP+0 & ?AT 0AT ! SAME TIME !RE IS A VISION ( ! UNFULFILL$ POT5TIALITIES ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+04.<#d#g.> ,H[EV] MU* ?IS DESCRIB$ ! 9T5TION RA!R ?AN ! RESULT1 ! S5TIM5T IS TRUE4 ,PEOPLE DO GO FROM WOMB TO TOMB )\T EV] REALIZ+ !IR HUMAN POT5TIAL1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ! P[] TO 9ITIATE1 TO P>TICIPATE 9 9NOVAT+1 *OOS+1 JUDG+1 & DECID+ IS RES]V$ = ! TOP M54 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT ! EXAMPLES ,I HAVE GIV5 ( LEAD]%IP REVOLV+ >\ND FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITIES COME FROM 0CREATIVE0 OCCUPATIONS LIKE >*ITECTURE OR SCI5TIFIC RESE>*4 ,IF IDEAS >E Y\R BUS9ESS1 Y\ CANNOT AF=D TO CONDEMN MO/ ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! ORGANIZATION TO BE+ M]ELY MA*9ES PROGRAMM$ BY SOMEBODY ELSE4 

,BUT :Y >E !RE !SE PRIVILEG$ 5CLAVES :]E DIFF]5T RULES APPLY8  
  

,CREATIVITY IS = ! GIFT$ FEW3 ! RE/ ( US >E COMPELL$ TO LIVE 9 ! 5VIRONM5TS CON/RUCT$ BY ! GIFT$ FEW1 LI/5 TO ! GIFT$ FEW'S MUSIC1 USE ! GIFT$ FEW'S 9V5TIONS & >T1 & READ ! POEMS1 FANTASIES & PLAYS BY ! GIFT$ FEW4 ,?IS IS :AT \R $UCATION & CULTURE CONDITION US TO BELIEVE1 & ?IS IS A CULTURALLY 9DUC$ & P]PETUAT$ LIE4.<#d#h.>  
  

,! SY/EM MAKES ITS MORONS1 !N DESPISES !M = !IR 9EPTITUDE1 & REW>DS ITS 0GIFT$ FEW0 = !IR R>ITY4 

O ,*APT] #d - ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 
,*APT] ,I,V4 ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 

  
  

,PEOPLE LIKE SIMPLE IDEAS & >E RI<T TO LIKE !M4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! SIMPLICITY !Y SEEK IS ONLY TO BE F\ND 9 ELEM5T>Y ?+S2 & ! WORLD1 SOCIETY1 & MAN >E MADE UP ( 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS1 CONTR>Y PR9CIPLES1 & CONFLICT+ =CES4 ,ORGANISM MEANS COMPLICATION1 & MULTIPLICITY MEANS CONTRADICTION1 OPPOSITION1 9DEP5D5CE4  
  
  

,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,TAXATION 7#a#h#f#a7 

,ONE ( ! MO/ FREQU5TLY MET REASONS = DISMISS+ AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL !ORY IS ! >GUM5T ?AT :ILE ONE CAN IMAG9E IT EXI/+ 9 A SMALL1 ISOLAT$1 PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY IT CANNOT POSSIBLY BE CONCEIV$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( L>GE1 COMPLEX1 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES4 ,?IS VIEW MISUND]/&S BO? ! NATURE ( AN>*ISM & ! NATURE ( TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,C]TA9LY ! KN[L$GE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES EXI/1 OR HAVE EXI/$1 )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AU?ORITY1 & ) SOCIAL & SEXUAL CODES QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( \R [N SOCIETY1 IS B\ND TO 9T]E/ ! ADVOCATES ( AN>*Y IF ONLY TO REBUT ! SUGGE/ION ?AT !IR IDEAS RUN CONTR>Y TO 0HUMAN NATURE01 & Y\ WILL (T5 F9D QUOT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS SOME ATTRACTIVE DESCRIPTION ( A TRIBAL AN>*Y1 SOME POCKET ( ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE 7SE5 FROM ! \TSIDE7 AMONG ! ,ESKIMO1 9NOC5T ( PROP]TY1 OR ! SEX-HAPPY ,TROBRI&]S4 

,AN IMPRESSIVE AN?OLOGY C\LD BE MADE ( SU* ITEMS1 AS ! TRAVEL BOOKS & WORKS ( POPUL> AN?ROPOLOGY ROLL (F ! PRESSES -- FROM  
,AKU-,AKU TO ,WAI-,WAI4 ,SEV]AL AN>*I/ WRIT]S ( ! PA/ DID JU/ ?IS3 ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS *APT] ON 0,MUTUAL ,AID ,AMONG ,SAVAGES01 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 HIS ,PRIMITIVE ,FOLK & ,$W>D ,C>P5T] 9 HIS ESSAY ON 0,NON-GOV]NM5TAL ,SOCIETY01 BUT AN?ROPOLOGY HAS DEVELOP$ ITS TE*NIQUES & ME?ODS ( ANALYSIS GREATLY S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ANECDOTAL APPROA* ) ITS ACCUMULATION ( TRAVEL]S0 TALES4 ,TODAY1 :5 WE VIEW ! 0SIMPL]0 SOCIETIES WE REALIZE ?AT !Y >E NOT SIMPLE AT ALL4 ,:5 E>LY ,WE/]N TRAVEL]S FIR/ CAME BACK FROM ,AFRICAN J\RNEYS !Y WROTE ( ! CACOPHON\S S\ND ( ! SAVAGE JUNGLE DRUMS1 OR ( ! PRIMITIVE MUD & /RAW HUTS1 9 PATRONIZ+ OR PITY+ TONES BECAUSE !Y W]E BL9K]$ BY ASSUMPTIONS AB\T !IR [N SOCIETY'S SUP]IORITY :I* BL9D$ !M TO ! SUBTLETY & WOND] ( O!R PEOPLE'S CULTURE4 ,N[ADAYS Y\ CAN SP5D A LIFETIME EXPLOR+ ! /RUCTURE ( ,AFRICAN MUSIC OR ! +5UITY & V>IETY ( ,AFRICAN >*ITECTURE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY E>LY OBS]V]S DESCRIB$ AS SEXUAL PROMISCUITY OR GR\P M>RIAGE :AT WAS SIMPLY A DIFF]5T K9D ( FAMILY ORGANIZATION1 OR LABEL$ C]TA9 SOCIETIES AS AN>*I/IC :5 A MORE SE>*+ EXAM9ATION MI<T %[ ?AT !Y HAD AS EFFECTIVE ME?ODS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & ITS 5=CEM5T AS ANY AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 OR ?AT C]TA9 PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR >E SO RIGIDLY 5=C$ BY CU/OM AS TO MAKE ALT]NATIVES UN?9KABLE4 

,! AN>*I/1 9 MAK+ USE ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL DATA TODAY1 HAS TO ASK MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ QUE/IONS ?AN HIS PR$ECESSORS AB\T ! ROLE ( LAW 9 SU* SOCIETIES4 ,BUT :AT CON/ITUTES 0! LAW08 ,RAYMOND ,FIR? WRITES3 0,:5 WE TURN TO ! SPH]E ( PRIMITIVE LAW1 WE >E CONFRONT$ BY DIFFICULTIES ( DEF9ITION4 ,!RE IS USUALLY NO SPECIFIC CODE ( LEGISLATION1 ISSU$ BY A C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 & NO =MAL JUDICIAL BODY ( ! NATURE ( A C\RT4 ,NEV]!LESS !RE >E RULES :I* >E EXPECT$ TO BE OBEY$ & :I*1 9 FACT1 >E NORMALLY KEPT1 & !RE >E MEANS = 5SUR+ SOME DEGREE ( OB$I5CE4.<#d#i.> 

,ON ! CLASSIFICATION ( !SE RULES & ! DEF9ITION ( LAW AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DIVID$4 ,BY ! TE/ ( ! JURI/1 :O EQUATES ! LAW ) :AT IS DECID$ BY ! C\RTS1 0PRIMITIVE PEOPLE HAVE NO LAW1 BUT SIMPLY A BODY ( CU/OMS02 TO ! SOCIOLOGI/S :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! :OLE BODY ( RULES ( ALL SORTS ?AT EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY & ! PROBLEM ( !IR FUNCTION+4 ,MAL9[SKI 9CLUD$ 9 PRIMITIVE LAW 0ALL TYPES ( B9D+ OBLIGATION & ANY CU/OM>Y ACTION TO PREV5T BREA*ES 9 ! PATT]N ( SOCIAL CON=MITY04 ,GODFREY ,WILSON TAKES AS ! CRIT]ION ( LEGAL ACTION 0! 5TRY 9TO AN ISSUE ( ONE OR MORE MEMB]S ( A SOCIAL GR\P :O >E NOT !MSELVES P]SONALLY CONC]N$01 ?\< O!RS W\LD CALL ! K9D ( ADJUDICATION ( A DISPUTE BY A S5IOR K9SMAN OR RESPECT$ NEI<BOR1 :I* ,WILSON DESCRIB$ AMONG ! ,NYAKYSUA1 NOT LAW BUT PRIVATE >BITRATION4 ,9DE$ ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS ESSAY ,LAW & ,AU?ORITY S+LES ?IS \T AS ! ANTI!SIS ( LAW3 0,MANY TRAVEL]S HAVE DEPICT$ ! MANN]S ( ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T TRIBES1 :]E LAWS & *IEFS >E UNKN[N1 BUT :]E ! MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE HAVE GIV5 UP /ABB+ ONE ANO!R 9 EV]Y DISPUTE1 BECAUSE ! HABIT ( LIV+ 9 SOCIETY HAS 5D$ BY DEVELOP+ C]TA9 FEEL+S ( FRAT]NITY & ON5ESS ( 9T]E/1 & !Y PREF] APPEAL+ TO A ?IRD P]SON TO SETTLE !IR DIFF]5CES40.<#e.> 

,WILSON1 H[EV]1 SEES 0LAW0 AS ! CONCOMITANT ( ?IS HABIT ( LIV+ 9 SOCIETY1 DEF9+ IT AS 0?AT CU/OM>Y =CE :I* IS KEPT 9 BE+ BY ! 9H]5T NECESSITIES ( SY/EMATIC COOP]ATION AMONG ITS MEMB]S04 ,F9ALLY1 ! S*OOL ( ?\<T REPRES5T$ BY ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N RE/RICTS ! SPH]E ( LAW TO 0SOCIAL CONTROL ?R\< ! SY/EMATIC APPLICATION ( ! =CE ( POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY04 ,BUT :AT K9D ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION8 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D & ,MEY] ,=TES DI/+UI%$ ?REE TYPES ( POLITICAL SY/EM 9 TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES4 ,FIR/LY1 ?OSE LIKE ?AT ( ! ,BU%M5 :]E ! L>GE/ POLITICAL UNITS EMBRACE PEOPLE :O >E ALL RELAT$ BY K9%IP SO ?AT 0POLITICAL RELATIONS >E CO-T]M9\S ) K9%IP RELATIONS01 SECONDLY1 ?OSE ) 0SPECIALIZ$ POLITICAL AU?ORITY ?AT IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ & VE/$ 9 ROLES ATTA*$ TO A /ATE ADM9I/RATION01 & ?IRDLY1 ?OSE :]E POLITICAL AU?ORITY IS UNC5TRALIZ$4 ,9 !M 0! POLITICAL SY/EM IS BAS$ UPON A BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 MANY SMALL GR\PS :I*1 ) !IR LACK ( CLASSES OR SPECIALIZ$ POLITICAL (FICES1 HAVE BE5 CALL$ ORD]$ AN>*IES04 ,SEV]AL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES :I* >E LAW-LESS 9 ?IS S5SE -- 9 ?AT !RE >E NO PATT]NS = =MAL LEGISLATION NOR = JURIDICAL DECISIONS1 & :I* HAVE NO LAW-5=CEM5T (FIC]S ( ANY K9D -- >E DESCRIB$ 9 ! SYMPOSIUM  
,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S4.<#e#a.> 

,! ,TIV1 A SOCIETY ( #h1 PEOPLE :O LIVE ON EI!R SIDE ( ! ,B5UE ,RIV] 9 ,NOR!RN ,NIG]IA W]E /UDI$ BY ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN4 ,! POLITICAL ATTITUDES ( ! ,TIV >E CONVEY$ 9 TWO EXPRESSIONS1 TO 0REPAIR ! C\NTRY0 & TO 0SPOIL ! C\NTRY04 ,DR ,BOHANNAN EXPLA9S ?AT 0ANY ACT :I* DI/URBS ! SMOO? C\RSE ( SOCIAL LIFE -- W>1 !FT1 WIT*CRAFT1 QU>RELS -- SPOILS ! C\NTRY2 PEACE1 RE/ITUTION1 SUCCESSFUL >BITRATION REPAIRS IT04 ,& %E W>NS ?AT IF WE TRY 0TO ISOLATE C]TA9 ATTRIBUTES ( ! ROLES ( ELD]S OR M5 ( 9FLU5CE AS POLITICAL1 WE FALSIFY !IR TRUE SOCIAL & CULTURAL POSITION 444 ,I MEAN ?IS 9 A POSITIVE & NOT A NEGATIVE WAY3 A SEGM5T>Y SY/EM ( ?IS SORT FUNCTIONS NOT DESPITE BUT ?R\< ! ABS5CE ( AN 9DIG5\S CONCEPT ( '! POLITICAL'4 ,ONLY ! 9TRICATE 9T]RELATIONS ( 9T]E/S & LOYALTIES ?R\< ! 9T]CONNECTION ( CULTURAL IDEOLOGY1 SY/EMS ( SOCIAL GR\P+1 & ORGANIZATION ( 9/ITUTIONS & ! CONSEQU5T MORAL 5=CEM5T ( EA* BY ! O!R1 5ABLES ! SOCIETY TO WORK40.<#e#b.> 

,! ,D9KA >E A PEOPLE NUMB]+ SOME #i1 LIV+ ON ! FR+E ( ! C5TRAL ,NILE BAS9 9 ! ,S\!RN ,SUDAN4 7,A CORRESPOND5T ( ,! ,SUNDAY ,TIMES REM>K$ ( !M ?AT 0T\*9ESS1 PRIDE & RECKLESS DISOB$I5CE >E !IR *>ACT]I/IC REACTION T[>DS AU?ORITY047 ,GODFREY ,LI5H>DT'S CONTRIBUTION TO ,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S DESCRIBES !IR 9TRICATELY SUBDIVID$ SOCIETY & ! V]Y COMPLICAT$ 9T]-RELATION%IPS RESULT+ FROM ! FUSION & FISSION ( SEGM5TS 9 DIFF]5T COMB9ATIONS = DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & FUNCTIONAL PURPOSES4  
  

,IT IS A P>T ( ,D9KA POLITICAL !ORY ?AT :5 A SUBTRIBE = SOME REASON PROSP]S & GR[S L>GE1 IT T5DS TO DRAW AP>T POLITICALLY FROM ! TRIBE ( :I* IT WAS A P>T & BEHAVE LIKE A DI/9CT TRIBE4 ,! SECTIONS ( A L>GE SUBTRIBE SIMIL>LY >E ?\<T TO GR[ POLITICALLY MORE DI/ANT FROM EA* O!R AS !Y GR[ L>G]1 SO ?AT A L>GE & PROSP]\S SECTION ( A SUBTRIBE MAY BREAK AWAY FROM O!R SECTIONS 444 ,9 ! ,D9KA VIEW1 ! T5D5CY IS ALWAYS = !IR POLITICAL SEGM5TS1 AS = !IR AGNATIC G5EALOGICAL SEGM5TS1 TO GR[ AP>T FROM EA* O!R 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME & ?R\< ! 9CREASE 9 POPULATION :I* !Y SUPPOSE TIME TO BR+4.<#e#c.>  
  

,! ,D9KA EXPLA9 !IR CELLUL> SUB-DIVISION ) SU* PHRASES AS 0,IT BECAME TOO BIG1 SO IT SEP>AT$0 & 0,!Y W]E TOGE!R LONG AGO BUT N[ !Y HAVE SEP>AT$40 ,!Y VALUE ! UNITY ( !IR TRIBES & DESC5T GR\PS BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y VALUE ! FEEL+ = AUTONOMY 9 ! COMPON5T SEGM5TS :I* LEAD TO FRAGM5TATION1 & ,DR ,LI5H>DT OBS]VES ?AT 0!SE VALUES ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY & ( ITS SEV]AL SUB-SEGM5TS >E FROM TIME TO TIME 9 CONFLICT04 

,FROM A TOTALLY DIFF]5T ,AFRICAN SETT+ COMES ,]NE/ ,GELLN]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! SY/EM ( TRIAL BY COLLECTIVE OA? :I* OP]AT$ UNTIL REC5TLY AMONG ! ,B]B] TRIBES ( ! ,ATLAS M\NTA9S3  
  

,?IS SY/EM ORIG9ALLY FUNCTION$ AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( AN>*Y2 !RE WAS NO LAW-5=C+ AG5CY4 ,BUT :IL/ !RE WAS NO?+ RESEMBL+ A /ATE1 !RE WAS A SOCIETY1 = EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$1 MORE OR LESS1 ! SAME CODE1 & RECOGNIZ$1 MORE OR LESS ! UNIV]SAL DESIRABILITY ( PACIFIC SETTLEM5TS ( DISPUTES 444 ,SUPPOSE A MAN IS ACCUS$ ( AN (F5SE BY ANO!R3 ! MAN CAN CLE> HIMSELF ( ! *>GE BY BR++ A SET ( M51 CO-JURORS SO TO SPEAK1 TO TE/IFY 9 A FIX$ ORD]1 ACCORD+ TO FAMILY PROXIMITY 9 ! MALE L9E TO ! MAN ON TRIAL 444 ,! RULE1 ! DECISION PROC$URE1 SO TO SPEAK IS ?AT IF SOME ( ! CO-JURORS FAIL TO TURN UP1 OR FAIL TO TE/IFY1 OR MAKE A SLIP :ILE TE/IFY+1 ! :OLE OA? IS 9VALID & ! CASE IS LO/4 ,! LOS+ P>TY IS !N OBLIG$ TO PAY ! APPROPRIATE F9E DET]M9$ BY CU/OM4 ,9 SOME REGIONS1 ! RULE IS EV5 /RANG]3 ?OSE CO-JURORS :O FAIL$ TO TURN UP1 OR FAIL$ :5 TE/IFY+ >E LIABLE = ! F9E1 RA!R ?AN ! TE/IFY+ GR\P AS A :OLE4.<#e#d.>  
  

,H[ /RANGE1 ,MR ,GELLN] REM>KS1 ?AT ?IS SY/EM %\LD WORK AT ALL4 ,NOT ONLY BY CONTRA/ ) ! LEGAL PROC$URES WE >E FAMILI> )1 BUT 9 VIEW ( ! POSSIBLE MOTIVES ( ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,ONE W\LD EXPECT ! CO-JURORS ALWAYS TO TE/IFY = !IR CLANSMAN1 :E!R !Y ?\<T HIM TO BE 9NOC5T OR GUILTY4 ,YET ! SY/EM DID WORK1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ! TRIBESM5 BELIEV$ P]JURY A S91 PUNI%ABLE BY SUP]NATURAL =CES1 BUT BECAUSE O!R SOCIAL =CES >E AT WORK4 0,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT EA* ( ! TWO GR\PS IS JU/ AS AN>*IC 9T]NALLY AS ! TWO >E 9 !IR EXT]NAL RELATIONS ) EA* O!R3 NEI!R 9T]NALLY NOR EXT]NALLY IS !RE A LAW-&-ORD]-5=CEM5T MA*9]Y1 ?\< !RE IS A RECOGNIZ$ LAW & A RECOGNIZ$ OBLIGATION TO RESPECT LAW & ORD]4 ,9 FACT ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL POLITICS DOES NOT APPLY40 ,& ! SY/EM WAS APPLI$ 9 DISPUTES AT ANY LEVEL1 BETWE5 TWO FAMILIES OR BETWE5 TRIBAL CONF$]ACIES NUMB]$ 9 T5S ( ?\S&S4  
  

,GIV5 ?IS AN>*Y1 ?IS LACK ( 5=CEM5T )9 AS WELL AS )\T ! GR\P1 ONE WAY %ORT ( VIOL5CE OR EXPULSION :I* A CLAN OR FAMILY HAVE ( DISCIPL9+ ONE ( !IR [N NUMB] IS BY LETT+ HIM D[N AT ! COLLECTIVE OA?4 ,F> FROM NEV] HAV+ A MOTIVE = LETT+ D[N A CLANSMAN1 OR ONLY A TRANSC5D5TAL ONE1 !Y MAY 9 FACT FREQU5TLY HAVE SU* A MOTIVE3 A HABITUAL (F5D] )9 !IR [N NUMB] MAY BE A POSITIVE DANG] TO ! GR\P4 ,IF HE REPEATS HIS (F5SES HE MAY WELL PROVOKE SURR\ND+ GR\PS 9TO =M+ A COALITION AGA9/ IT -- IF1 ?AT IS1 HIS [N GR\P HABITUALLY /&S BY HIM AT ! COLLECTIVE OA?4  
  

,!Y MAY DO IT ! FIR/ TIME BUT ! SECOND TIME !Y MAY1 EV5 AT !IR [N EXP5SE1 DECIDE TO TEA* HIM A LESSON ?\< IT IMPOSES A LEGAL DEFEAT ON !MSELVES4 ,?US TRIAL BY COLLECTIVE OA? CAN BE A 0G5U9E & S5SITIVE DECISION PROC$URE :OSE V]DICT IS A FUNCTION ( A NUMB] ( ?+S1 AMONG :I* JU/ICE IS ONE BUT NOT ! ONLY ONE04 ,MR ,GELLN] DEVELOPS HIS ACC\NT ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>ILY SUBTLE SY/EM AT GREAT L5G?4 ,! ?REAT ( ! COLLECTIVE OA? IS (T5 5\< TO SETTLE ! ISSUE \T ( C\RT1 & ! OA? ITSELF0 DOES 9DE$ GIVE ANY DET]M9$1 COHESIVE CLAN ! VETO ON ANY DECISION ?AT W\LD1 9 VIRTUE ( ?AT COHESION1 UN5=CEABLE ANYWAY2 ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 IT GIVES GR\PS ! POSSIBILITY ( HALF-?R[+ CULPRITS TO ! WOLVES1 ( GIV+ 9 GRACEFULLY1 OR DISCIPL9+ ! UNRULY MEMB] )\T ACTUALLY HAV+ TO EXPEL HIM OR KILL HIM40 ,! /RANGE SY/EM ( SOCIAL CONTROL HE DESCRIBES PROVIDES1 NOT A S]IES ( TOTALLY UN5=CEABLE JUDGM5TS1 BUT AT LEA/ A HALF-LOAF ( JU/ICE4 ,ONE COMMON MISCONCEPTION1 HE CONCLUDES1 IS ?AT 0! SITUATION 9 AN>*IC CONTEXTS W\LD BE IMPROV$ IF ONLY ! P>TICIPANTS C\LD OV]COME !IR CLAN OR BLOC LOYALTY1 IF ONLY1 9/EAD ( 0MY CLAN OR BLOC1 RI<T OR WRONG01 !Y W\LD ?9K & ACT AS 9DIVIDUALS 444 ,IT SEEMS TO ME1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT UNLESS & UNTIL !RE IS G5U9E 5=CEM5T1 ONLY BLOCS OR CLANS CAN MAKE AN AN>*IC SY/EM WORK40 

,N[ MY PURPOSE 9 DESCRIB+ ! H&L+ ( SOCIAL CONFLICT 9 NON-GOV]NM5TAL SOCIETIES IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT WE %\LD ADOPT COLLECTIVE OA?S AS A MEANS ( 5=C+ SOCIAL NORMS1 BUT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT IT IS NOT AN>*Y BUT GOV]NM5T :I* IS A CRUDE SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ! V]Y COMPLEXITY ( !SE TRIBAL SOCIETIES IS ! CONDITION ( !IR SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+4 ,! $ITORS ( ,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S SUMM>IZE ! IMPLICATIONS 9 !SE T]MS3  
  

,9 SOCIETIES LACK+ RANK$ & SPECIALIZ$ HOLD]S ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY ! RELATIONS ( LOCAL GR\PS TO ONE ANO!R >E SE5 AS A BALANCE ( P[]1 MA9TA9$ BY COMPETITION BETWE5 !M4 ,CORPORATE GR\PS MAY BE >RANG$ HI]>*ICALLY 9 A S]IES ( LEVELS2 EA* GR\P IS SIGNIFICANT 9 DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES & 9 CONNECTION ) DIFF]5T SOCIAL ACTIVITIES -- ECONOMIC1 RITUAL & GOV]NM5TAL4 ,RELATIONS AT ONE LEVEL >E COMPETITIVE 9 ONE SITUATION1 BUT 9 ANO!R ! =M]LY COMPETITIVE GR\PS M]GE 9 MUTUAL ALLIANCE AGA9/ AN \TSIDE GR\P4 ,A GR\P AT ANY LEVEL HAS COMPETITIVE RELATIONS ) O!RS TO 5SURE ! MA9T5ANCE ( ITS [N ID5TITY & ! RI<TS ?AT BELONG TO IT AS A CORPORATION1 & IT MAY HAVE 9T]NAL ADM9I/RATIVE RELATIONS ?AT 5SURE COH]5CE ( ITS CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS4 ,! AGGREGATES ?AT EM]GE AS UNITS 9 ONE CONTEXT >E M]G$ 9TO L>G] AGGREGATES 9 O!RS 444.<#e#e.>  
  

,! 0BALANCE ( P[]0 IS 9 FACT ! ME?OD BY :I* SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM IS MA9TA9$ 9 SU* SOCIETIES4 ,NOT ! BALANCE ( P[] AS CONCEIV$ 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY1 BUT 9 T]MS ( ! RESOLUTION ( =CES1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! PHYSICAL SCI5CES4 ,H>MONY RESULTS NOT FROM UNITY BUT FROM COMPLEXITY4 ,IT APPE>S1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT3  
  

AS A TEMPOR>Y ADJU/M5T E/ABLI%$ AMONG ALL =CES ACT+ UPON A GIV5 SPOT -- A PROVISORY ADAPTATION4 ,& ?AT ADJU/M5T WILL ONLY LA/ UND] ONE CONDITION3 ?AT ( BE+ CONT9UALLY MODIFI$2 ( REPRES5T+ EV]Y MOM5T ! RESULTANT ( ALL CONFLICT+ ACTIONS 444 

,UND] ! NAME ( AN>*ISM1 A NEW 9T]PRETATION ( ! PA/ & PRES5T LIFE ( SOCIETY >ISES 444 ,IT COMPRISES 9 ITS MID/ AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CAPACITIES1 TEMP]AM5TS & 9DIVIDUAL 5]GIES3 IT EXCLUDES NONE4 ,IT EV5 CALLS = /RUGGLES & CONT5TIONS2 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT P]IODS ( CONTE/S1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E FREELY F\<T \T )\T ! WEI<T ( CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY BE+ ?R[N ON ONE SIDE ( ! BALANCE1 W]E P]IODS :5 HUMAN G5IUS TOOK ITS MI<TIE/ FLI<TS 444 

,IT SEEKS ! MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY COMB9$ ) ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 9 ALL POSSIBLE DEGREES1 = ALL IMAG9ABLE AIMS2 EV] *ANG+1 EV] MODIFI$ ASSOCIATIONS :I* C>RY 9 !MSELVES ! ELEM5TS ( !IR DURABILITY & CON/ANTLY ASSUME NEW =MS :I* ANSW] BE/ TO ! MULTIPLE ASPIRATIONS ( ALL4 ,A SOCIETY TO :I* PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS1 CRY/ALLIZ$ BY LAW1 >E REPUGNANT2 :I* LOOKS = H>MONY 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ & FUGITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 A MULTITUDE ( V>I$ =CES & 9FLU5CES ( EV]Y K9D1 FOLL[+ !IR [N C\RSE 444.<#e#f.>  
  

,AN>*Y IS A FUNCTION1 NOT ( A SOCIETY'S SIMPLICITY & LACK ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT ( ITS COMPLEXITY & MULTIPLICITY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,CYB]NETICS1 ! SCI5CE ( CONTROL & COMMUNICATION SY/EMS1 ?R[S VALUABLE LI<T ON ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( COMPLEX SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS4 ,IF WE MU/ ID5TIFY BIOLOGICAL & POLITICAL SY/EMS1 WROTE ! NEUROLOGI/ ,GRAY ,WALT]1 \R [N BRA9S W\LD SEEM TO ILLU/RATE ! CAPACITY & LIMITATIONS ( AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ COMMUNITY3 0,WE F9D NO BOSS 9 ! BRA91 NO OLIG>*IC GANGLION OR GL&UL> ,BIG ,BRO!R4 ,)9 \R HEADS \R V]Y LIVES DEP5D ON EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 ON SPECIALIZATION ) V]SATILITY1 ON FREE COMMUNICATION & JU/ RE/RA9T1 A FRE$OM )\T 9T]F]5CE4 ,H]E TOO1 LOCAL M9ORITIES CAN & DO CONTROL !IR [N MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EXPRESSION 9 FREE & EQUAL 9T]C\RSE ) !IR NEI<BORS40.<#e#g.> ,HIS OBS]VATIONS L$ ,JOHN ,D4 ,MC,EWAN TO PURSUE ! CYB]NETIC MODEL FUR!R4 ,PO9T+ TO ! RELEVANCE ( ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,REQUISITE ,V>IETY 70IF /ABILITY IS TO BE ATTA9$ ! V>IETY ( ! CONTROLL+ SY/EM MU/ BE AT LEA/ AS GREAT AS ! V>IETY ( ! SY/EM TO BE CONTROLL$07 HE CITES ,/AF=D ,BE]'S ILLU/RATION ( ! WAY 9 :I* CONV5TIONAL MANAG]IAL IDEAS ( ORGANIZATION FAIL TO SATISFY ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,BE] IMAG9ES A VISITOR FROM ,M>S :O EXAM9ES ! ACTIVITIES AT ! L[] LEVELS ( SOME L>GE UND]TAK+1 ! BRA9S ( ! WORK]S CONC]N$1 & ! ORGANIZATIONAL *>T :I* PURPORTS TO %[ H[ ! UND]TAK+ IS CONTROLL$4 ,HE D$UCES ?AT ! CREATURES AT ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y MU/ HAVE HEADS Y>DS WIDE4 ,MC,EWAN CONTRA/S TWO MODELS ( DECISION-MAK+ & CONTROL3  
  

,FIR/ WE HAVE ! MODEL CURR5T AMONG MANAGEM5T !ORI/S 9 9DU/RY1 ) ITS C\NT]P>T 9 CONV5TIONAL ?9K+ AB\T GOV]NM5T 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,?IS IS ! MODEL ( A RIGID PYRAMIDICAL HI]>*Y1 ) L9ES ( 0COMMUNICATION & COMM&0 RUNN+ FROM ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM ( ! PYRAMID4 ,!RE IS FIX$ DEL9EATION ( RESPONSIBILITY1 EA* ELEM5T HAS A SPECIFI$ ROLE1 & ! PROC$URES TO BE FOLL[$ AT ANY LEVEL >E DET]M9$ )9 FAIRLY N>R[ LIMITS1 & MAY ONLY BE *ANG$ BY DECISIONS ( ELEM5TS HI<] 9 ! HI]>*Y4 ,! ROLE ( ! TOP GR\P ( ! HI]>*Y IS SOMETIMES SUPPOS$ TO BE COMP>ABLE TO ! 0BRA90 ( ! SY/EM4 

,! O!R MODEL IS FROM ! CYB]NETICS ( EVOLV+ SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS4 ,H]E WE HAVE A SY/EM ( L>GE V>IETY1 SUFFICI5T TO COPE ) A COMPLEX1 UNPR$ICTABLE 5VIRONM5T4 ,ITS *>ACT]I/ICS >E *ANG+ /RUCTURE1 MODIFY+ ITSELF UND] CONT9UAL FE$BACK FROM ! 5VIRONM5T1 EXHIBIT+ 0R$UNDANCY ( POT5TIAL COMM&01 & 9VOLV+ COMPLEX 9T]LOCK+ CONTROL /RUCTURES4 ,LE>N+ & DECISION-MAK+ >E DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! SY/EM1 D5S] P]HAPS 9 SOME >EAS ?AN 9 O!RS4.<#e#h.>  
  

,! SAME CYB]NETIC CRITICISM ( ! HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$1 GOV]NM5TAL CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION HAS COME MORE REC5TLY 7& 9 RA!R MORE OPAQUE LANGUAGE7 FROM ,DONALD ,S*ON 9 HIS #aig ,REI? ,LECTURES4 ,HE WRITES ?AT 0! C5T]-P]IPH]Y MODEL HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANT MODEL 9 \R SOCIETY = ! GR[? & DIFFUSION ( ORGANIZATIONS DEF9$ AT HI< LEVELS ( SPECIFICITY4 ,= SU* A SY/EM1 ! UNI=M1 SIMPLE MESSAGE IS ESS5TIAL4 ,! SY/EM'S ABILITY TO H&LE COMPLEX SITUATIONS DEP5DS UPON A SIMPLE MESSAGE & UPON GR[? ?R\< UNI=M REPLICATION40 ,LIKE ! AN>*I/S1 HE SEES AS AN ALT]NATIVE1 NETWORKS 0( ELEM5TS CONNECT+ ?R\< ONE ANO!R RA!R ?AN TO EA* O!R ?R\< A C5T]01 *>ACT]IZ$ 0BY !IR SCOPE1 COMPLEXITY1 /ABILITY1 HOMOG5EITY & FLEXIBILITY0 9 :I* 0NUCLEI ( LEAD]%IP EM]GE & %IFT0 ) 0! 9FRA/RUCTURE P[]FUL 5\< = ! SY/EM TO HOLD ITSELF TOGE!R444 )\T ANY C5TRAL FACILITATOR OR SUPPORT] 4440.<#e#i.> 

,ALONE AMONG ! REVIEW]S ( ,DONALD ,S*ON'S LECTURES ,M>Y ,D\GLAS P]CEIV$ ! CONNECTION ) NON-GOV]NM5TAL TRIBAL SOCIETIES3  
  

,ONCE AN?ROPOLOGI/S ?\<T ?AT IF A TRIBE HAS NO C5TRAL AU?ORITY IT HAD NO POLITICAL UNITY4 ,WE W]E ?OR\<LY DOM9AT$ BY C5T] !ORY & MISS$ :AT WAS UND] \R NOSES4 ,!N 9 #aid ,PR(ESSOR ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D DESCRIB$ ! ,NU] POLITICAL SY/EM & ,PR(ESSOR ,=TES ! ,TALL5SI4 ,!Y ANALYZ$ SOME?+ UNCANNILY CLOSE TO ,S*ON'S ,MOVEM5T OR NETWORK SY/EM3 A POLITICAL /RUCTURE ) NO C5T] & NO HEAD1 LOOSELY HELD TOGE!R BY ! OPPOSITION ( ITS P>TS4 ,AU?ORITY WAS DIFFUS$ ?R\< ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 EA* CASE POLITICS W]E CONDUCT$ 9 AN IDIOM ( HI< G5]ALITY1 ! IDIOM ( K9%IP1 :I* SAT V]Y LOOSELY TO ! POLITICAL FACTS4 ,9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS1 DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( !IR GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES HAD ONLY A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE4 ,! SY/EM WAS 9V9CIBLE & FLEXIBLE4.<#f.>  
  

,?US BO? AN?ROPOLOGY & CYB]NETIC !ORY SUPPORT ,KROPOTK9'S CONT5TION ?AT 9 A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 H>MONY W\LD RESULT FROM 'AN EV]-*ANG+ ADJU/M5T & READJU/M5T ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! MULTITUDES ( =CES & 9FLU5CES' EXPRESS$ 9 0AN 9T]WOV5 NETWORK1 COMPOS$ ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( GR\PS & F$]ATIONS ( ALL SIZES & DEGREES1 LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL -- TEMPOR>Y OR MORE OR LESS P]MAN5T -- = ALL POSSIBLE PURPOSES3 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION & EX*ANGE1 COMMUNICATIONS1 SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS1 $UCATION1 MUTUAL PROTECTION1 DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY1 & SO ON2 & ON ! O!R SIDE1 = ! SATISFACTION ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 LIT]>Y & SOCIABLE NE$S40.<#f#a.> 

,H[ CRUDE ! GOV]NM5TAL MODEL SEEMS BY COMP>ISON1 :E!R 9 SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION1 9DU/RY1 $UCATION OR ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,NO WOND] IT IS SO UNRESPONSIVE TO ACTUAL NE$S4 ,NO WOND]1 AS IT ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE ITS PROBLEMS BY FUSION1 AMALGAMATION1 RATIONALIZATION & COORD9ATION1 !Y ONLY BECOME WORSE BECAUSE ( ! CLOGG+ ( ! L9ES ( COMMUNICATION4 ,! AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE IS ?AT ( FRAGM5TATION1 FISSION RA!R ?AN FUSION1 DIV]SITY RA!R ?AN UNITY1 A MASS ( SOCIETIES RA!R ?AN A MASS SOCIETY4 

O ,*APT] #e - ,TOPLESS ,F$]ATIONS 
,*APT] ,V4 ,TOPLESS ,F$]ATIONS 

  
  

,! FASC9AT+ SECRET ( A WELL-FUNCTION+ SOCIAL ORGANISM SEEMS ?US TO LIE NOT 9 ITS OV]ALL UNITY BUT 9 ITS /RUCTURE1 MA9TA9$ 9 HEAL? BY ! LIFE-PRES]V+ ME*ANISM ( DIVISION OP]AT+ ?R\< MYRIADS ( CELL-SPLITT+S & REJUV5ATIONS TAK+ PLACE UND] ! SMOO? SK9 ( AN APP>5TLY UN*ANG+ BODY4 ,:]EV]1 BECAUSE ( AGE OR BAD DESIGN1 ?IS REJUV5AT+ PROCESS ( SUBDIVISION GIVES WAY TO ! CALCIFY+ PROCESS ( CELL UNIFICATION1 ! CELLS1 N[ GR[+ BEH9D ! PROTECTION ( !IR H>D5$ FRAMES BEYOND !IR DIV9ELY ALLOTT$ LIMITS1 BEG91 AS 9 CANC]1 TO DEVELOP ?OSE HO/ILE1 >ROGANT GREAT-P[] COMPLEXES :I* CANNOT BE BR\<T TO AN 5D UNTIL ! 9FE/$ ORGANISM IS EI!R DEV\R$1 OR A =CEFUL OP]ATION SUCCE$S 9 RE/OR+ ! SMALL-CELL PATT]N4  
  
  

,LEOPOLD ,KOHR1 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,NATIONS  

,PEOPLE US$ TO SMILE AT ,KROPOTK9 :5 HE 9/ANC$ ! LIFEBOAT 9/ITUTION AS AN EXAMPLE ( ! K9D ( ORGANIZATION 5VISAG$ BY AN>*I/S1 BUT HE DID SO SIMPLY TO ILLU/RATE ?AT VOLUNT>Y & COMPLETELY NON-CO]CIVE ORGANIZATIONS C\LD PROVIDE A COMPLEX NETWORK ( S]VICES )\T ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9T]V5+4 ,TWO O!R EXAMPLES :I* WE (T5 USE TO HELP PEOPLE TO CONCEIVE ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE :I* AN>*I/S SEE AS ! WAY 9 :I* LOCAL GR\PS & ASSOCIATIONS C\LD COMB9E = COMPLEX FUNCTIONS )\T ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E ! PO/AL S]VICE & ! RAILWAYS4 ,Y\ CAN PO/ A LETT] FROM H]E TO ,*9A OR ,*ILI1 CONFID5T ?AT IT WILL >RIVE1 AS A RESULT ( FREELY >RIV$-AT AGREEM5TS BETWE5 DIFF]5T NATIONAL PO/ (FICES1 )\T !RE BE+ ANY C5TRAL WORLD PO/AL AU?ORITY AT ALL4 ,OR Y\ CAN TRAVEL ACROSS ,EUROPE OV] ! L9ES ( A DOZ5 RAILWAY SY/EMS -- CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/ -- COORD9AT$ BY AGREEM5T BETWE5 DIFF]5T RAILWAY UND]TAK+S1 )\T ANY K9D ( C5TRAL RAILWAY AU?ORITY4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( BROADCA/+ ORGANIZATIONS & SEV]AL O!R K9DS ( 9T]NATIONALLY COORD9AT$ ACTIVITIES4 ,NOR IS !RE ANY REASON TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( COMPLEX F$]ATIONS C\LD NOT RUN EFFICI5TLY ON ! BASIS ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION4 7,:5 WE HAVE 9 ,BRITA9 MORE ?AN ONE RAILWAY L9E RUNN+ S*$UL$ S]VICES ON TIME1 COORD9AT+ ) ,BRITI% ,RAIL1 & OP]AT$ BY A BUN* ( AMATEURS1 :O D>E SAY ?AT ! RAILWAYM5 C\LD NOT OP]ATE !IR S]VICES )\T ! AID ( ! BUREAUCRATIC HI]>*Y87 ,EV5 )9 ! /RUCTURE ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RY !RE >E 9T]E/+ EXP]IM5TS 9 ORGANIZ+ WORK ON ! BASIS ( SMALL AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,9DU/RIAL MILITANTS REG>D SU* V5TURES ) SUSPICION1 AS WELL !Y MI<T1 = !Y >E UND]TAK5 NOT ) ! IDEA ( /IMULAT+ WORK]S' AUTONOMY BUT ) ?AT ( 9CREAS+ PRODUCTIVITY4 ,BUT !Y >E VALUABLE 9 ILLU/RAT+ \R CONT5TION ?AT ! :OLE PYRAMID ( HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY1 :I* HAS BE5 BUILT UP 9 9DU/RY AS 9 EV]Y O!R SPH]E ( LIFE1 IS A GIANT CONFID5CE TRICK BY :I* G5]ATIONS ( WORK]S HAVE BE5 CO]C$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 HOODW9K$ 9 ! SECOND1 & F9ALLY BRA9WA%$ 9TO ACCEPT+4 

,9 T]RITORIAL T]MS1 ! GREAT AN>*I/ ADVOCATE ( F$]ALISM WAS ,PR\DHON :O WAS ?9K+ NOT ( CU/OMS UNIONS LIKE ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMON ,M>KET NOR ( A CONF$]ATION ( /ATES OR A WORLD F$]AL GOV]NM5T BUT ( A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION3  
  

,9 HIS VIEW ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE %\LD OP]ATE FROM ! SIMPLE/ LEVEL ( SOCIETY4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ADM9I/RATION %\LD BEG9 LOCALLY & AS NE> ! DIRECT CONTROL ( ! PEOPLE AS POSSIBLE2 9DIVIDUALS %\LD />T ! PROCESS BY F$]AT+ 9TO COMMUNES & ASSOCIATIONS4 ,ABOVE ?AT PRIM>Y LEVEL ! CONF$]AL ORGANIZATION W\LD BECOME LESS AN ORGAN ( ADM9I/RATION ?AN ( COORD9ATION BETWE5 LOCAL UNITS4 ,?US ! NATION W\LD BE REPLAC$ BY A GEOGRAPHICAL CONF$]ATION ( REGIONS1 & ,EUROPE W\LD BECOME A CONF$]ATION ( CONF$]ATIONS1 9 :I* ! 9T]E/ ( ! SMALLE/ PROV9CE W\LD HAVE AS MU* EXPRESSION AS ?AT ( ! L>GE/1 & 9 :I* ALL AFFAIRS W\LD BE SETTL$ BY MUTUAL AGREEM5T1 CONTRACT1 & >BITRATION4 ,9 T]MS ( ! EVOLUTION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS1 ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF 7#a#h#f#c7 IS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ,PR\DHON'S BOOKS1 S9CE IT PRES5TS ! FIR/ 9T5SIVE LIB]T>IAN DEVELOPM5T ( ! IDEA ( F$]AL ORGANIZATION AS A PRACTICAL ALT]NATIVE TO POLITICAL NATIONALISM4.<#f#b.>  
  

,N[ )\T WI%+ TO S+ A SONG ( PRAISE = ! ,SWISS POLITICAL SY/EM WE CAN SEE ?AT1 9 T]RITORIAL T]MS1 ! TW5TY-TWO SOV]EIGN CANTONS ( ,SWITZ]L& >E AN \T/&+ EXAMPLE ( A SUCCESSFUL F$]ATION4 ,IT IS A F$]ATION ( LIKE UNITS1 ( SMALL CELLS1 & ! CANTONAL B\ND>IES CUT ACROSS ! L+UI/IC & E?NIC B\ND>IES1 SO ?AT UNLIKE ! MANY EXAMPLES ( UNSUCCESSFUL POLITICAL F$]ATION1 ! CONF$]ATION IS NOT DOM9AT$ BY A S+LE P[]FUL UNIT1 SO DIFF]5T 9 SIZE & SCALE FROM ! RE/ ?AT IT UNBALANCES ! UNION4 ,! PROBLEM ( F$]ALISM1 AS ,LEOPOLD ,KOHR PUTS IT 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,NATIONS1 IS ONE ( DIVISION1 NOT ( UNION4 ,PR\DHON =ESAW ?IS3  
  

,EUROPE W\LD BE TOO L>GE TO =M A S+LE CONF$]ATION2 IT W\LD HAVE TO BE A CONF$]ATION ( CONF$]ATIONS4 ,?IS IS :Y ,I PO9T$ \T 9 MY MO/ REC5T PUBLICATION 7,F$]ATION & ,UNITY 9 ,ITALY7 ?AT ! FIR/ MEASURE ( RE=M TO BE MADE 9 PUBLIC LAW IS ! REE/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,ITALIAN1 ,GREEK1 ,BATAVIAN 7,NE!RL&S71 ,SC&9AVIAN & ,DANUBIAN CONF$]ATIONS AS A PRELUDE TO ! DEC5TRALIZATION ( ! L>GE ,/ATES1 FOLL[$ BY A G5]AL DIS>MAM5T4 ,9 !SE CONDITIONS ALL NATIONS W\LD RECOV] !IR FRE$OM1 & ! NOTION ( ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,EUROPE W\LD BECOME A REALITY4 ,?IS HAS BE5 5VISAG$ BY ALL POLITICAL WRIT]S & /ATESM5 BUT HAS REMA9$ IMPOSSIBLE SO LONG AS ! GREAT P[]S >E C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! NOTION ( F$]ATION %\LD HAVE BE5 LO/ AMID ! SPL5DORS ( ! GREAT ,/ATES1 S9CE IT IS BY NATURE PEACEFUL & MILD & PLAYS A SELF-EFFAC+ ROLE ON ! POLITICAL SC5E4.<#f#c.>  
  

,PEACEFUL1 MILD & SELF-EFFAC+ ! ,SWISS MAY BE & WE MAY CONSID] !M A RA!R /ODGY & PROV9CIAL LOT1 BUT !Y HAVE SOME?+ 9 !IR NATIONAL LIFE :I* WE 9 ! NATIONS :I* >E NEI!R MILD NOR SELF-EFFAC+ HAVE LO/4 ,I WAS TALK+ TO A ,SWISS CITIZ5 7OR RA!R A CITIZ5 ( ,ZURI*1 = /RICTLY SPEAK+ ?AT IS :AT HE WAS7 AB\T ! CUTT+-BACK TO PR(ITABLE 9T]-CITY R\TES ( ! ,BRITI% RAILWAY SY/EM1 & HE REM>K$ ?AT IT W\LD BE 9CONCEIVABLE 9 A ,SWISS SETT+ ?AT A *AIRMAN 9 ,LONDON C\LD DECIDE1 AS ,DR ,BEE*+ DID 9 ! #a#i#fS1 TO 0WRITE (F ! RAILWAY SY/EM ( ! NOR? ( ,SCOTL&4 ,HE CIT$ ,H]B]T ,LUE?Y'S /UDY ( HIS C\NTRY'S POLITICAL SY/EM 9 :I* HE EXPLA9$ ?AT3  
  

,EV]Y ,SUNDAY ! 9HABITANTS ( SCORES ( COMMUNES GO TO ! POLL+ BOO?S TO ELECT !IR CIVIL S]VANTS1 RATIFY SU* & SU* AN ITEM ( EXP5DITURE1 OR DECIDE :E!R A ROAD OR A S*OOL %\LD BE BUILT2 AFT] SETTL+ ! BUS9ESS ( ! COMMUNE1 !Y DEAL ) CANTONAL ELECTIONS & VOT+ ON CANTONAL ISSUES2 LA/LY 444 COME ! DECISIONS ON F$]AL ISSUES4 ,9 SOME CANTONS ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE /ILL MEET 9 ,R\SSEAU-LIKE FA%ION TO DISCUSS QUE/IONS ( COMMON 9T]E/4 ,IT MAY BE ?\<T ?AT ?IS ANCI5T =M ( ASSEMBLY IS NO MORE ?AN A PI\S TRADITION ) A C]TA9 VALUE AS A T\RI/ ATTRACTION4 ,IF SO1 IT IS WOR? LOOK+ AT ! RESULTS ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE IS ! ,SWISS RAILWAY SY/EM1 :I* IS ! D5SE/ NETWORK 9 ! WORLD4 ,AT GREAT CO/ & ) GREAT TR\BLE IT HAS BE5 MADE TO S]VE ! NE$S ( ! SMALLE/ LOCALITIES & MO/ REMOTE VALLEYS1 NOT AS A PAY+ PROPOSITION BUT BECAUSE SU* WAS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ! \TCOME ( FI]CE POLITICAL /RUGGLES4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! 0DEMOCRATIC RAILWAY MOVEM5T0 BR\<T ! SMALL ,SWISS COMMUNITIES 9TO CONFLICT ) ! BIG T[NS1 :I* HAD PLANS = C5TRALIZATION 444 

,& IF WE COMP>E ! ,SWISS SY/EM ) ! ,FR5* :I*1 ) ADMIRABLE GEOMETRICAL REGUL>ITY1 IS 5TIRELY C5T]$ ON ,P>IS SO ?AT ! PROSP]ITY OR ! ! LIFE OR DEA?1 ( :OLE REGIONS HAS DEP5D$ ON ! QUALITY ( ! L9K ) ! CAPITAL WE SEE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & A F$]AL ALLIANCE1 ,! RAILWAY MAP IS ! EASIE/ TO READ AT A GLANCE1 BUT LET US N[ SUP]IMPOSE ON IT ANO!R %[+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & ! MOVEM5T ( POPULATION4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY ALL OV] ,SWITZ]L&1 EV5 9 ! \TLY+ >EAS1 ACC\NTS = ! /R5G? & /ABILITY ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! C\NTRY & PREV5T$ ?OSE HORRIBLE N9ETE5?-C5TURY CONC5TRATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 ) !IR SLUMS & ROOTLESS PROLET>IAT4.<#f#d.>  
  

,I SUSPECT ?AT TIMES HAVE *ANG$1 EV5 9 ,SWITZ]L&1 & QUOTE ,DR ,LUE?Y1 NOT TO PRAISE ,SWISS DEMOCRACY1 BUT TO 9DICATE ?AT ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE :I* IS AT ! C5T] ( AN>*I/ !ORY IS WOR? V]Y MU* MORE ATT5TION ?AN IT IS GIV5 9 ! TEXTBOOKS ON POLITICAL SCI5CE4 ,EV5 9 ! CONTEXT ( ORD9>Y POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ITS ADOPTATION HAS A F>-REA*+ EFFECT4 ,IF Y\ D\BT ?IS1 CONSULT AN UP-TO-DATE MAP ( ,BRITI% ,RAIL4 

,! F$]AL PR9CIPLE APPLIES TO EV]Y K9D ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 ,Y\ CAN READILY SEE ITS APPLICATION TO COMMUNICATIONS ( ALL K9DS3 A NETWORK ( LOCAL PAP]S %>+ /ORIES1 A NETWORK ( LOCAL RADIO & TELEVISION /ATIONS SUPPORT$ BY LOCAL LI/5]S 7AS ALREADY HAPP5 ) A H&FUL ( /ATIONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES7 %>+ PROGRAMS1.<#f#e.> A NETWORK ( LOCAL TELEPHONE S]VICES 7IT ALREADY HAPP5S 9 ,HULL :I* ?R\< SOME HI/ORICAL ANOMALY RUNS ITS [N TELEPHONE SY/EM & GIVES ITS CITIZ5S A RA!R BETT] S]VICE ?AN ! ,PO/ ,(FICE GIVES ! RE/ ( US74 

,IT ALREADY APPLIES 9 ! WORLD ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS1 UNIONS1 & PRESSURE GR\PS1 & Y\ WILL NOT DISAGREE ?AT ! LIVELY & ACTIVE ONES >E ?OSE :]E ACTIVITY & DECISION-MAK+ IS 9ITIAT$ AT LOCAL LEVEL1 :ILE ?OSE ?AT >E C5TRALLY CONTROLL$ >E OSSIFI$ & \T ( T\* ) !IR APA!TIC MEMB]%IP1 ,?OSE READ]S :O REMEMB] ! DAYS ( ,C,N,D & ! ,COMMITTEE ( #a MAY RECALL ! EPISODE ( ! ,SPIES = ,PEACE4 ,A GR\P ( PEOPLE UNE>!D DETAILS ( ! ,R,S,GS OR ,REGIONAL ,SEATS ( ,GOV]NM5T1 UND]GR\ND HIDE-\TS TO 5SURE ! SURVIVAL ( ! RUL+ ELITE 9 ! CASE ( NUCLE> W>4 ,IT WAS ( C\RSE ILLEGAL TO PUBLI% ?IS 9=MATION1 YET ALL OV] ! C\NTRY IT APPE>$ 9 LITTLE ANONYM\S DUPLICAT$ PAMPHLETS )9 A FEW DAYS1 PROVID+ AN 5ORM\SLY 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( AD HOC F$]AL ACTIVITY ?R\< LOOSE NETWORKS ( ACTIVE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,WE LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 ,AN>*Y SOME REFLECTIONS ON ! IMPLICATIONS ( ?IS3 

,ONE LESSON TO BE DRAWN FROM 0,SPIES = ,PEACE0 IS ! ADVANTAGE ( AD HOC ORGANIZATION1 COM+ RAPIDLY 9TO BE+ & IF NECESS>Y DISAPPE>+ ) ! SAME SPE$1 BUT LEAV+ BEH9D 9NUM]ABLE C5T]S ( ACTIVITY1 LIKE RIPPLES & $DIES ON A POND1 AFT] A /ONE HAS BE5 ?R[N 9TO IT4 

,TRADITIONAL POLITICS 7BO? 0REVOLUTION>Y0 & 0RE=MI/07 >E BAS$ ON A C5TRAL DYNAMO1 ) A TRANSMISSION BELT LEAD+ \TW>DS4 ,CAPTURE ( ! DYNAMO1 OR ITS CONV]SION TO O!R PURPOSES1 MAY BREAK ! TRANSMISSION 5TIRELY4 0,SPIES = ,PEACE0 SEEMS TO HAVE OP]AT$ ON AN 5TIRELY DIFF]5T BASIS4 ,MESSAGES W]E PASS$ FROM M\? TO M\? ALONG ! R\TE1 DOCUM5TS FROM H& TO H&4 ,ONE GR\P PASS$ A SECRET TO A SECOND1 :I* !N SET AB\T REPR9T+ IT4 ,A C>AVAN BECAME ! S\RCE ( A LEAFLET1 A %OPP+ BASKET A DI/RIBUTION C5T]4 ,A HUNDR$ COPIES ( A PAMPHLET >E DI/RIBUT$ 9 ! /REETS3 SOME >E SURE TO REA* ! PEOPLE :O WILL DI/RIBUTE !M4 

,CONTACTS >E BUILT ON A FACE TO FACE BASIS4 ,ONE KN[S ! P]SONAL LIMITATIONS ( ONE'S COMRADES4 ,X IS AN EXP]T AT /E]+ A MEET+ ?R\< PROC$URAL %OALS1 BUT CANNOT WORK AS A DUPLICATOR4 ,Y CAN USE A SMALL PR9T+ PRESS1 BUT IS UNABLE TO WRITE A LEAFLET4 ,Z CAN EXPRESS HIMSELF 9 PUBLIC1 BUT CANNOT SELL PAMPHLETS4 ,EV]Y TASK ELECTS ITS [N WORK]S1 & !RE IS NO NE$ = AN ELABORATE %[ ( H&S4 ,SEEK]S ( P]SONAL P[] & GLORY GET LITTLE ?RILL FROM ! ANONYM\SLY & SKILLFULLY ILLEGAL4 ,! PROSPECT ( PRISON BRE$S \T ! LEAD] COMPLEX4 ,EV]Y MEMB] ( A GR\P MAY BE CALL$ UPON TO UND]TAKE KEY TASKS4 ,& ALL-R\ND TAL5T IS DEVELOP$ 9 ALL4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( SMALL GR\PS = MUTUAL AID C\LD =M A BASIS = AN EFFECTIVE RESI/ANCE MOVEM5T4 

,!RE >E IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS4 ,REVOLUTION DOES NOT NE$ CONVEYOR BELT ORGANIZATION4 ,IT NE$S HUNDR$S1 ?\S&S1 & F9ALLY MILLIONS ( PEOPLE MEET+ 9 GR\PS ) 9=MAL CONTACTS ) EA* O!R4 ,IT NE$S MASS CONSCI\SNESS4 ,IF ONE GR\P TAKES AN 9ITIATIVE ?AT IS VALUABLE1 O!RS WILL TAKE IT UP4 ,! ME?ODS MU/ BE TAILOR$ TO ! SOCIETY WE LIVE 94 ,! ,F,L,N C\LD USE >M$ W>F>E1 = IT HAD HILLS & ?ICKETS TO RETREAT 9TO4 ,WE >E FAC$ BY ! OV]:ELM+ PHYSICAL =CE ( A ,/ATE BETT] ORGANIZ$ & BETT] >M$ ?AN AT ANY TIME 9 ITS HI/ORY4 ,WE MU/ REACT ACCORD+LY4 ,! MANY 9T]NAL CONTRADICTIONS ( ! ,/ATE MU/ BE SKILLFULLY EXPLOIT$4 ,! ,DUSSELDORF AU?ORITIES W]E CAU<T 9 !IR [N REGULATIONS :5 ! DIS>M]S REFUS$ TO FA/5 !IR SAFETY BELTS4 ,M,I#e CANNOT CONCEIVE ( SUBV]SION ?AT IS NOT MA/]-M9D$ BY A S9I/] ,COMMUNI/ AG5T4 ,IT IS 9CAPABLE ( DEAL+ ) A MOVEM5T :]E NOBODY TAKES ORD]S FROM ANYONE ELSE4 ,?R\< ACTION1 AUTONOMY & REVOLUTION>Y 9ITIATIVE WILL BE DEVELOP$ /ILL FUR!R4 ,TO COPE ) \R ACTIVITIES ! APP>ATUS ( REPRESSION WILL BECOME EV5 MORE C5TRALIZ$ & EV5 MORE BUREAUCRATIC4 ,?IS WILL 5HANCE \R OPPORTUNITIES RA!R ?AN LESS5 !M4.<#f#f.> 

,?IS WAS A F$]ATION :OSE MEMB]S DID NOT EV5 KN[ EA* O!R1 BUT :OSE CON/ITU5T CELLS HAD AN 9TIMATE P]SONAL UND]/&+4 ,! PASSPORT TO MEMB]%IP WAS SIMPLY A COMMON 9VOLVEM5T 9 A COMMON TASK4 ,9NUM]ABLE VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATIONS FROM ! ,SC\TS TO ! ,AUTOMOBILE ,ASSOCIATION />T$ 9 ! SAME IMPROMPTU WAY4 ,!IR OSSIFICATION BEGAN FROM ! C5T]4 ,!IR MI/AKE WAS A FAI? 9 C5TRALISM4 ,! AN>*I/ CONCLUSION IS ?AT EV]Y K9D ( HUMAN ACTIVITY %\LD BEG9 FROM :AT IS LOCAL & IMM$IATE1 %\LD L9K 9 A NETWORK ) NO C5T] & NO DIRECT+ AG5CY1 HIV+ (F NEW CELLS AS ! ORIG9AL ONES GR[4 ,IF !RE IS ANY HUMAN ACTIVITY ?AT DOES NOT APPE> TO FIT ?IS PATT]N \R FIR/ QUE/ION %\LD BE 0,:Y NOT80 & \R SECOND %\LD BE 0,H[ CAN WE RE->RANGE IT SO AS TO PROVIDE = LOCAL AUTONOMY1 LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY1 & ! FULFILLM5T ( LOCAL NE$S80  

O ,*APT] #f - ,:O ,IS ,TO ,PLAN8 
,*APT] ,V,I4 ,:O ,IS ,TO ,PLAN8 

  
  

,URBAN DEVELOPM5T IS ! CAPITALI/ DEF9ITION ( SPACE4 ,IT IS ONE P>TICUL> REALIZATION ( ! TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE1 & IT EXCLUDES ALL ALT]NATIVES4 ,URBAN /UDIES %\LD BE SE5 -- LIKE ES!TICS1 :OSE PA? TO COMPLETE CONFUSION !Y >E AB\T TO FOLL[ -- AS A RA!R NEGLECT$ TYPE ( P5AL RE=M3 AN EPIDEMIOLOGY ( ! SOCIAL DISEASE CALL$ REVOLT4 

,! 0!ORY0 ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T SEEKS TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( ITS VICTIMS1 TO P]SUADE !M ?AT !Y HAVE REALLY *OS5 ! BUREAUCRATIC =M ( CONDITION+ EXPRESS$ BY MODEM >*ITECTURE4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ALL ! EMPHASIS IS PLAC$ ON UTILITY1 ! BETT] TO HIDE ! FACT ?AT ?IS >*ITECTURE'S REAL UTILITY IS TO CONTROL M5 & REIFY ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !M4 ,PEOPLE NE$ A RO( OV] !IR HEADS3 SUP]BLOCKS PROVIDE IT4 ,PEOPLE NE$ 9=M+ & 5T]TA9+3 TELLY DOES JU/ ?AT4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! K9D ( 9=MATION1 5T]TA9M5T & PLACE TO LIVE :I* SU* >GUM5TS HELP SELL >E NOT CREAT$ = PEOPLE AT ALL1 BUT RA!R )\T !M & AGA9/ !M4  
  
  

,KOTANYI & ,VANEIGEM1 ,!SES ON ,UNIT>Y ,URBANISM 

,CONTEMPOR>Y T[N PLANN+ HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! SANIT>Y RE=M & PUBLIC HEAL? MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 OV]LAID BY >*ITECTURAL NOTIONS AB\T CIVIC DESIGN1 ECONOMIC NOTIONS AB\T ! LOCATION ( 9DU/RY1 & ABOVE ALL BY 5G9E]+ NOTIONS AB\T HI<WAY PLANN+4 ,TODAY1 :5 !RE >E CLOSE L9KS BETWE5 (FICIAL PLANN]S & SPECULATIVE DEVELOP]S1 TO ! CORRUPTION ( ! =M] & ! 5RI*M5T ( ! LATT]1 WE =GET ?AT !RE WAS ALSO1 9 ! E>LY IDEOLOGI/S ( T[N PLANN+ LIKE ,PATRICK ,G$DES & ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D1 ! HOPE ( A GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5T = T[N IMPROVEM5T & CITY DEVELOPM5T1 & = A REGIONALI/ & DEC5TRALI/ APPROA* TO PHYSICAL PLANN+4 ,!RE WAS EV5 A L9K ) AN>*ISM ?R\< ! P]SONS ( AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH]S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & !IR FRI5D%IP ) ,PATRICK ,G$DES 7:OSE BIOGRAPH] WRITES3 0AN 9T]E/+ BOOK C\LD BE WRITT5 AB\T ! SCI5TIFIC ORIG9S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & IF IT W]E1 ! NAME ( ,G$DES W\LD NOT BE ABS5T047.<#f#g.> 

,BUT1 9 A SOCIETY :]E URBAN L& & ITS DEVELOPM5T >E 9 ! H&S ( SPECULATIVE 5TREPR5EURS & :]E ! P[]S ( URBAN 9ITIATIVE >E 9 ! H&S ( LOCAL & NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! PROCESSES ( *ANGE & 9NOVATION %\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY BUREAUCRACIES & SPECULATORS OR BY AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,) NOT ! SLI<TE/ PROVISION = POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & *OICE 9 ! :OLE PLANN+ PROCESS IT IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! CITIZ5 MI/RU/S & FE>S ! 0PLANN]0 :O = HIM IS JU/ ONE MORE MUNICIPAL FUNCTION>Y WORK+ 9 SECRECY 9 ,CITY ,HALL4 

,:5 ! POOR WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS ( \R CITIES W]E DEVA/AT$ BY BOMB+ 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> IT WAS SAID ?AT ,HITL] HAD PROVID$ ! OPPORTUNITY = MASSIVE SLUM CLE>ANCE & RECON/RUCTION :I* C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 PEACE-TIME4 ,COMPREH5SIVE R$EVELOPM5T ( ! BOMB$ >EAS WAS UND]TAK54 ,BUT SO W$D$ WAS ! PLANN+ PR(ESSION & ITS MUNICIPAL EMPLOY]S TO ! HUGE1 UTILIT>IAN REH\S+ PROJECT ?AT !Y PROCE$$ ) !IR [N BLITZKRIEG1 ) ! DEMOLITION CONTRACTOR TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! BOMB]4 

0,RAZE & RISE0 WAS !IR CRUDE PHILOSOPHY1 A T]RIBLE SIMPLIFICATION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( URBAN DECAY & R5EWAL1 AS ?\< ! 9T5TION WAS TO OBLIT]ATE ! FACT ?AT \R CITIES HAD A PA/4 ,& IT WAS PURSU$ ) ! ?OR\<NESS ( TOTAL W>1 AS Y\ CAN SEE ) SURREALI/ CL>ITY 9 A CITY LIKE ,LIV]POOL :]E HUNDR$S ( ACRES HAVE BE5 DEVA/ATE :ILE NEI!R ! ,CORPORATION NOR ANYONE ELSE HAS ! F9ANCE = REBUILD+4 ,!Y EI!R S[ GRASS ON ! FLATT5$ /REETS OR DEPOSIT RUBBLE TO KEEP \T ! ,GYPSIES4 ,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! W> ( PLANN+ AGA9/ ! POOR HAS BE5 ! UNIV]SAL POLICY ( BUILD+ 9N] R+ ROADS OR URBAN MOTORWAYS = ! B5EFIT ( ! \T-(-T[N COMMUT] & ! MOTOR+ LOBBY4 ,! HI<WAY 5G9E] HAS /AK$ HIS PR(ESSIONAL REPUTATION ON GETT+ ! TRAFFIC ?R\< -- AT :ATEV] CO/ -- &1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 IT IS ! POOR DI/RICTS ( ! CITY ?AT PROVIDE ! *EAPE/ R\TE4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SIMIL> POLICIES ( URBAN R5EWAL HAVE MEANT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RUN-D[N1 TOP-D[N SECTOR ( T[N TO REPLACE L[-9COME H\S+ BY (FICE BLOCKS1 P>K+ LOTS OR EXP5SIVE AP>TM5TS AT HI< R5TS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 0BR++ BACK LIFE TO ! CITY0 MEANT 0RUNN+ ! ,BLACKS \T ( T[N04 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO ! 9HABITANTS UNABLE TO AF=D ! NEW HI< R5TS8 ,OBVI\SLY !Y W]E SQUEEZ$ 9TO ! REMA9+ RUN-D[N DI/RICTS1 ?US 9CREAS+ !IR H\S+ PROBLEMS4 ,! RESULT1 AP>T FROM ! LONG1 HOT SUMM]S ( ! LATE #a#i#fS1 WAS A REVULSION AGA9/ ! IDEA ( 0PLANN+01 & ! GR[? ( ! IDEA ( ! PLANN]1 NOT AS ! S]VANT ( ! P[]FUL 9T]E/S ?AT GOV]N ! CITY BUT AS ! ADVOCATE ( ! 9HABITANTS1 TO HELP !M =MULATE !IR [N PLAN1 OR AT LEA/ !IR [N DEM&S ON ,CITY ,HALL4 

,! SAME LOSS ( FAI? 9 0PLANN+0 L$ TO ! PROVISIONS 9 CURR5T ,BRITI% LEGISLATION = 0PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+04.<#f#h.> ,SO =EIGN >E !SE MILDLY DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS TO ! WAY ?+S >E ACTUALLY MANAG$ 9 A =MALLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY ?AT MANY ( ! E>LY ATTEMPTS AT PROMOT+ 0ADVOCACY PLANN+0 HAVE BE5 SE5 AS YET ANO!R SUBTLE =M ( MANIPULATION1 ( GA9+ A COMMUNITY'S ACQUIESC5CE 9 ITS [N DE/RUCTION1 :ILE 9 ,BRITA9 ! PLANN+ PR(ESSION'S 9T]PRETATION ( PUBLIC P>TICIPATION HAS SIMPLY MEANT 9=M+ ! PUBLIC ( :AT IS 9 /ORE ONCE ! BASIC DECISIONS HAVE ALREADY BE5 TAK54 ,9 URBAN REH\S+ ! PLANN]S CONGRATULATE !MSELVES ON AB&ON+ ! 9HUMAN & GROSSLY UNECONOMIC T[] BLOCK H\S+ POLICY ONLY TO 9/ITUTE URBAN REHABILITATION POLICIES :I* 9 PRACTICE HAVE MEANT ?AT L&LORDS1 AID$ BY GOV]NM5T GRANTS1 HAVE REHABILITAT$ !IR PROP]TY1 0W9KL$ \T0 ! ORIG9AL T5ANTS & EI!R LET ! IMPROV$ PROP]TIES AT MIDDLE-CLASS R5TS OR SOLD !M TO MIDDLE-CLASS PUR*AS]S4 ,!IR =M] T5ANTS >E ADD$ TO ! NUMB]S ( OV]CR[D$ OR HOMELESS CITY DWELL]S1 COMPELL$ BY !IR L[ 9COMES TO BE ! SUP]FLU\S PEOPLE1 ! NON-CITIZ5S ( ! CITY :O MAN ITS ESS5TIAL S]VICES AT 9COMES ?AT DO NOT ALL[ !M TO LIVE !RE ABOVE ! SQUALOR LEVEL4 

,PLANN+1 ! ESS5TIAL GRID ( AN ORD]$ SOCIETY :I*1 IT IS SAID1 MAKES AN>*Y 0AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM01 TURNS \T TO BE YET ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ! RI* & P[]FUL OPPRESS & H>ASS ! WEAK & POOR4 ,! DISILLUSIONM5T ) PLANN+ AS A PLAUSIBLE ACTIVITY HAS L$ TO QUITE S]I\S SUGGE/IONS ?AT WE W\LD BE BETT] (F )\T IT1 NOT M]ELY1 AS W\LD BE PR$ICTABLE1 FROM ! FREE M>KET 5TREPR5EURS1 RES5T+ ANY LIMITATION ON !IR SACR$ RI<T TO MAKE MAXIMUM PR(ITS1 BUT FROM 9VOLV$ PR(ESSIONALS4 ,ONE SU* GR\P 9 ,BRITA9 FLEW A KITE LABEL$ 0,NON-,PLAN3 ,AN ,EXP]IM5T 9 ,FRE$OM04 ,:Y NOT HAVE ! C\RAGE1 !Y ASK$1 TO LET PEOPLE %APE !IR [N 5VIRONM5T8 ,& !Y DECL>$ ?AT3  
  

,! :OLE CONCEPT ( PLANN+ 7! T[N & C\NTRY K9D AT LEA/7 HAS GONE COCK-EY$4 ,:AT WE HAVE TODAY REPRES5TS A :OLE CUMULATION ( GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,& :AT ?OSE GOOD 9T5TIONS >E WOR?1 WE HAVE ALMO/ NO WAY ( KN[+ 444 ,AS ,MELV9 ,WEBB] HAS PO9T$ \T3 PLANN+ IS ! ONLY BRAN* ( KN[L$GE PURPORT+ TO BE A SCI5CE :I* REG>DS A PLAN AS BE+ FULFILL$ :5 IT IS M]ELY COMPLET$2 !RE'S SELDOM ANY SORT ( *ECK ON :E!R ! PLAN ACTUALLY DOES :AT IT WAS MEANT TO DO1 & :E!R1 IF IT DOES SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 ?IS IS = ! BETT] OR = ! WORSE4.<#f#i.>  
  

,!Y ILLU/RATE ?IS ) EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 :I* MANY ( ! ASPECTS ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT WE ADMIRE TODAY W]E DEVELOP$ = ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T REASONS1 :I* ! PLANN] NEV] =ESAW4 ,MO/ PLANN+1 !Y DECL>E1 IS >I/OCRATIC OR OLIG>*ICAL 9 ITS ME?ODS4 ,AT A DEEP] LEVEL ,RI*>D ,S5NETT HAS WRITT5 A BOOK1 ,! ,USES ( ,DISORD]1 :I* L$ ONE CRITIC TO DECL>E ?AT 0) ?IS BOOK ! PROCESS ( R$EF9+ N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM = ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS BEGUN04 ,SEV]AL DIFF]5T ?READS ( ?\<T >E WOV5 TOGE!R 9 ,S5NETT'S /UDY ( 0P]SONAL ID5TITY & CITY LIFE04 ,! FIR/ IS A NOTION ?AT HE D]IVES FROM ! PSY*OLOGI/ ,]IK ,]IKSON ?AT 9 ADOLESC5CE M5 SEEK A PURIFI$ ID5TITY TO ESCAPE FROM UNC]TA9TY & PA9 & ?AT TRUE ADUL?OOD IS F\ND 9 ! ACCEPTANCE ( DIV]SITY & DISORD]4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT MOD]N ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY FREEZES M5 9 ! ADOLESC5T PO/URE -- A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( URBAN LIFE 9 :I*1 :5 RI* 5\<1 PEOPLE ESCAPE FROM ! COMPLEXITY ( ! CITY1 ) ITS PROBLEMS ( CULTURAL DIV]SITY & 9COME DISP>ITY1 TO PRIVATE FAMILY CIRCLES ( SECURITY 9 ! SUBURBS -- ! PURIFI$ COMMUNITY4 ,! ?IRD IS ?AT CITY PLANN+ AS IT HAS BE5 CONCEIV$ 9 ! PA/ -- ) TE*NIQUES LIKE ZON+ & ! ELIM9ATION ( 0NON-CON=M+ US]S0 -- HAS ABETT$ ?IS PROCESS1 ESPECIALLY BY PROJECT+ TR5DS 9TO ! FUTURE AS A BASIS = PRES5T 5]GY & EXP5DITURE4  
  

,?IS MEANS GUESS+ ! FUTURE PHYSICAL & SOCIAL REQUIREM5TS ( A COMMUNITY OR CITY & !N BAS+ PRES5T SP5D+ & 5]GY SO AS TO A*IEVE A READ9ESS = ! PROJECT$ FUTURE /ATE4 ,9 PLANN+ S*OOLS1 BEG9N+ /UD5TS USUALLY >GUE ?AT PEOPLE'S LIVES 9 TIME >E W&]+ & UNPR$ICTABLE1 ?AT SOCIETIES HAVE A HI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y DO :AT WAS NOT EXPECT$ ( !M1 SO ?AT ?IS DEVICE IS MISLEAD+4 ,PLANN+ TEA*]S USUALLY REPLY ?AT ( C\RSE ! PROJECT$ NE$ W\LD BE ALT]$ BY PRACTICAL OBJECTIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ WORK$ \T2 ! PROJECTIVE-NE$ ANALYSIS IS A PATT]N ( IDEAL CONDITIONS RA!R ?AN A FIX$ PRESCRIPTION4 

,BUT ! FACTS ( PLANN+ 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS DISCLAIM] ON ! P>T ( PLANN]S IS SOME?+ ?AT !Y DO NOT REALLY MEAN4 ,PR(ESSIONAL PLANN]S ( HI<WAYS1 ( R$EVELOPM5T H\S+1 ( 9N]-CITY R5EWAL PROJECTS HAVE TREAT$ *ALL5GES FROM DISPLAC$ COMMUNITIES OR COMMUNITY GR\PS AS A ?REAT TO ! VALUE ( !IR PLANS RA!R ?AN AS A NATURAL P>T ( ! EF=T AT SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,OV] & OV] AGA9 ONE CAN HE> 9 PLANN+ CIRCLES A FE> EXPRESS$ :5 ! HUMAN BE+S AFFECT$ BY PLANN+ *ANGES BECOME EV5 SLI<TLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! REM$IES PROPOS$ = !IR LIVES4 0,9T]F]5CE01 0BLOCK+01 & 0'9T]RUPTION ( WORK0 -- !SE >E ! T]MS BY :I* SOCIAL *ALL5GES OR DIV]G5CES FROM ! PLANN]S' PROJECTIONS >E 9T]PRET$4 ,:AT HAS REALLY HAPP5$ IS ?AT ! PLANN]S HAVE WANT$ TO TAKE ! PLAN1 ! PROJECTION 9 ADVANCE1 AS MORE 0TRUE80 ?AN ! HI/ORICAL TURNS1 ! UN=ESE5 MOVEM5TS 9 ! REAL TIME ( HUMAN LIVES4.<#g.>  
  

,HIS PRESCRIPTION = OV]COM+ ! CRISIS ( ,AM]ICAN CITIES IS A REV]SAL ( !SE TR5DS1 A MOVE = 0\TGR[+ A PURIFI$ ID5TITY04 ,HE WANTS CITIES :]E PEOPLE >E =C$ TO CONFRONT EA* O!R3 0,!RE W\LD BE NO POLIC+1 NOR ANY O!R =M ( C5TRAL CONTROL1 ( S*OOL+1 ZON+1 R5EWAL1 OR CITY ACTIVITIES ?AT C\LD BE P]=M$ ?R\< COMMON COMMUNITY ACTION1 OR EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ?R\< DIRECT1 NONVIOL5T CONFLICT 9 ! CITY ITSELF' ,NONVIOL5T8 ,YES1 BECAUSE ,S5NETT CLAIMS ?AT ! PRES5T1 MOD]N1 AFFLU5T CITY IS ONE 9 :I* AGGRESSION & CONFLICT >E D5I$ \TLETS O!R ?AN VIOL5CE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( P]SONAL CONFRONTATION4 7,CRIES = LAW & ORD] >E L\DE/ :5 COMMUNITIES -- 9 ! ,AM]ICAN SUBURB -- >E MO/ ISOLAT$ FROM O!R PEOPLE 9 ! CITY47 ,! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE1 HE SUGGE/S1 ( ! WAY ?IS VIOL5CE OCCURS 0IS F\ND 9 ! PRESSURES ON ! POLICE 9 MOD]N CITIES4 ,POLICE >E EXPECT$ TO BE BUREAUCRATS ( HO/ILITY RESOLUTION0 BUT 0A SOCIETY ?AT VISUALIZES ! LAWFUL RESPONSE TO DISORD] AS AN IMP]SONAL1 PASSIVE CO]CION ONLY 9VITES T]RIFY+ \TBREAKS ( POLICE RIOT+04 ,:]EAS ! AN>*I/ CITY ?AT HE 5VISAGES1 0PU%+ M5 TO SAY :AT !Y ?9K AB\T EA* O!R 9 ORD] TO =GE SOME MUTUAL PATT]N ( COMPATIBILITY01 IS NOT A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ORD] & VIOL5CE BUT A :OLLY DIFF]5T WAY ( LIV+ 9 :I* PEOPLE W\LDN'T HAVE TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! TWO3  
  

,REALLY 0DEC5TRALIZ$0 P[]1 SO ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS TO DEAL ) ?OSE >\ND HIM1 9 A MILIEU ( DIV]SITY1 9VOLVES A *ANGE 9 ! ESS5CE ( COMMUNAL CONTROL1 ?AT IS1 9 ! REFUSAL TO REGULATE CONFLICT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 POLICE CONTROL ( MU* CIVIL DISORD] \<T TO BE %>PLY CURB$2 ! RESPONSIBILITY = MAK+ PEACE 9 NEI<BORHOOD AFFAIRS \<T TO FALL ON ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,BECAUSE M5 >E N[ SO 9NOC5T & UNSKILL$ 9 ! EXPRESSION ( CONFLICT1 !Y CAN ONLY VIEW !SE DISORD]S AS SPIRAL+ 9TO VIOL5CE4 ,UNTIL !Y LE>N ?R\< EXP]I5CE ?AT ! H&L+ ( CONFLICT IS SOME?+ ?AT CANNOT BE PASS$ ON TO POLICEM51 ?IS POL>IZATION & ESCALATION ( CONFLICT 9TO VIOL5CE WILL BE ! ONLY 5D !Y CAN FRAME = !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE ( ?OSE :O EXPECT POLICE REPRISALS AGA9/ !MSELVES1 LIKE ! SMALL GR\P ( MILITANT /UD5TS1 AS ?OSE :O CALL 9 ! POLICE 0ON !IR SIDE0.<#g#a.>  
  

,! PR(ESSIONAL'S TASK IS *ANG$ TOO4 0,9/EAD ( PLANN+ = SOME AB/RACT URBAN :OLE1 PLANN]S >E GO+ TO HAVE TO WORK = ! CONCRETE P>TS ( ! CITY1 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES1 E?NIC GR\PS & RACES IT CONTA9S4 ,& ! WORK !Y DO = !SE PEOPLE CANNOT BE LAY+ \T !IR FUTURE2 ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE NO *ANCE TO MATURE UNLESS !Y DO ?AT = !MSELVES1 UNLESS !Y >E ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 %AP+ !IR SOCIAL LIVES40 

,! EMPHASIS %IFTS FROM ! DI/ANT CITY PLANN+ AU?ORITY TO ! LOCAL COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION & ! GR[? & GR[+ SOPHI/ICATION ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS IS A HOPEFUL PO9T] 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,S5NETT'S URBAN AN>*Y4 ,WE ALREADY HAVE EXAMPLES1 BO? 9 ,BRITA9 & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( COMMUNITY GR\PS 7) NO 0(FICIAL0 /ATUS7 DEVELOP+ !IR [N REH\S+ PLANS1 JU/ AS FEASIBLE AS ?OSE ( ! LOCAL AU?ORITY1 BUT MORE 9 TUNE ) ! DESIRES ( T5ANTS1 & CAPABLE1 EV5 UND] PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 ( F9ANCIAL VIABILITY ?R\< H\S+ SOCIETY F9ANCE4 ,! NEXT /EP IS ! ,NEI<BORHOOD ,C\NCIL IDEA1 & ! /EP AFT] ?AT IS = NEI<BORHOODS TO A*IEVE REAL CONTROL ( NEI<BORHOOD FACILITIES4 ,AFT] ?AT COMES ! F$]ATION ( NEI<BORHOODS4 

,! P>ADOX H]E IS ?AT Y\ CAN SEE ! USUAL 9DIFF]5CE & L[ ELECTORAL TURN-\T = ! LOCAL AU?ORITY ELECTIONS &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WIDESPREAD SUPPORT = & 9T]E/ 9 AN AD HOC COMMUNITY ACTION GR\P :I* DEVOTES MU* ( ITS TIME TO FI<T+ ! LOCAL AU?ORITY4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW ?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,! C\NCIL1 POL>IZ$ ON POLITICAL P>TY L9ES1 REMOTE FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD1 DOM9AT$ BY ITS PR(ESSIONAL (FICIALS :O1 AS ,*RIS ,HOLMES SAID1 OP]ATE ! MA*9]Y 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE LOCAL 9ITIATIVE FRUITLESS1 IS ! DESC5DANT ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY SQUIRE>*ICAL PAT]NALISM4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ,ASSOCIATION1 SPR++ UP FROM REAL CONC]N OV] REAL ISSUES1 OP]ATES ON ! SCALE ( FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS1 & = ?IS V]Y REASON IS 9VE/$ ) A K9D ( POPUL> LEGITIMACY4 

,IOAN ,B[5 ,REES1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS VALUABLE BOOK ,GOV]NM5T BY ,COMMUNITY1 COMP>ES ! TIMID RECOMM5DATIONS ( ! ,SKEFF+TON ,REPORT ON PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+ ) CURR5T PRACTICE 9 ,SWITZ]L&3 0,IT WAS ) ! PUBLIC ?AT ! ,SWISS BEGAN1 ) ! ,P>I% ,MEET+1 AS IT W]E1 PASS+ ITS [N PLANN+ /ATUTE & APPROV+ ITS [N DEVELOPM5T PLAN40 ,! P]SON :O IS 9TOXICAT$ BY L>GE-SCALE ?9K+ ASKS H[ PLANN+ C\LD OP]ATE UND] !SE CONDITIONS4 ,WELL1 ,MR ,B[5 ,REES EMPHASIZES1 0,NO COMMUNITY 9 ,SWITZ]L& IS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT A SMALL COMMUNE CAN -- & SOMETIMES DOES -- HOLD UP A MOTORWAY4 ,& ALSO ?AT A SMALL COMMUNE CAN -- & SOMETIMES DOES -- SAVE ITSELF FROM ECONOMIC /AGNATION BY ITS [N EF=TS4 ,& :Y NOT8 ,! RESULT IS NEI!R POV]TY NOR *AOS40.<#g#b.> 

,! IDEA ( SOCIAL PLANN+ & SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION ?R\< A DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES IS NOT A NEW IDEA1 IT IS A RETURN TO A V]Y OLD ONE4 ,WALT] ,ULLMAN REM>KS ?AT ! T[NS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 0REPRES5T A RA!R CLE> DEMON/RATION ( 5TITIES GOV]N+ !MSELVES0 & ?AT3 0,9 ORD] TO TRANSACT BUS9ESS1 ! COMMUNITY ASSEMBL$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY 444 ! ASSEMBLY WAS NOT 'REPRES5TATIVE' ( ! :OLE1 BUT WAS ! :OLE40 ,HE DESCRIBES ! ANTIPA?Y BETWE5 F$]ATIONS ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES & ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES3  
  

,?AT ! COMMUNES1 ! COMMUNITATES1 BECAME ! T>GET ( ATTACK BY ! 0E/ABLI%M5T0 IS NOT DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES ! WORD 0COMMUNE0 WAS EV5 EMPLOY$ AS A T]M ( ABUSE 444 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( AUTONOMY IT IS UND]/&ABLE :Y & H[ ! T[NS 5T]$ 9TO ALLIANCES1 ALSO CALL$ CONJURATIONES1 OR LEAGUES ) O!R T[NS4 ,! POPULI/ COMPLEXION ( ! T[NS P]HAPS T5D$ TO H>BOR A C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! WIELD]S ( ! ,OBRIGKEIT1 AGA9/ ,AU?ORITY4.<#g#c.>  
  

,! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A P]IOD :5 9 LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ! ,T[N ,MEET+ WAS SUPREME4 ,AS ,TOM ,PA9E WROTE3 0,= UPW>DS ( TWO YE>S FROM ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,W>1 & = A LONG] P]IOD 9 SEV]AL ( ! ,AM]ICAN /ATES1 !RE W]E NO E/ABLI%$ =MS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! OLD GOV]NM5TS HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ & ! C\NTRY WAS TOO MU* OCCUPI$ 9 DEF5SE TO EMPLOY ITS ATT5TION 9 E/ABLI%+ NEW GOV]NM5TS2 YET DUR+ ?IS 9T]VAL ORD] & H>MONY W]E PRES]V$ AS 9VIOLATE AS 9 ANY C\NTRY ( ,EUROPE40.<#g#d.> ,& ,/AU<TON ,LYND COMM5TS3 0,9 ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION1 TOO1 REBELLION AGA9/ 9H]IT$ AU?ORITIES WAS NOT M]E 'ANTI-9/ITUTIONALISM'4 ,IMPLICIT1 SOMETIMES EXPLICIT1 9 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS A DREAM ( ! GOOD SOCIETY AS A VOLUNT>Y F$]ATION ( LOCAL COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS1 P]PETUALLY RECREAT$ FROM BEL[ BY :AT ,PAUL ,GOODMAN CALLS 'A CONT9U\S S]IES ( EXI/5TIAL CON/ITUTIONAL ACTS'40.<#g#e.> 

,! R$ISCOV]Y ( COMMUNITY P[]1 >IS+ FROM ! 5ORMITIES ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 C\LD B E ! BEG9N+ ( A RECREATION ( ?IS TRADITION4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E 9 ! V]Y E>LY /AGES ( R$ISCOV]+ IT 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ?AT WE HAVE TO LE>N ?R\< EXP]I5CE ! PITFALLS & DISAPPO9TM5TS ( COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION )\T COMMUNITY P[]1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION AS A DIV]SION FROM REAL COMMUNITY ACTION4 ,9 ,B>NSBURY1 9 ,NOR? ,LONDON1 MIDDLE-CLASS AM5ITY PRESSURE GR\PS SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ TRAFFIC %IFT$ 9TO ADJO9+ WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS :]E COMMUNITY PRESSURE WAS LESS VOCALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,H]E1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS AN ANSW]1 GIV5 YE>S AGO 9 ANO!R CONTEXT BY ! TRAFFIC PUNDIT1 ,PR(ESSOR ,BU*ANAN3 0,S&BAG A FEW /REETS1 & SEE :AT HAPP5S40.<#g#f.> 

,AN ,AM]ICAN PLANN]1 ,%]RY ,>N/E91 DEVIS$ A 0LADD] ( P>TICIPATION0 AS A MEANS ( EVALUAT+ ! G5U95ESS OR SPURI\SNESS ( S*EMES = COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+4.<#g#g.> ,! RUNGS ( H] LADD] >E3  

 ,C,I,T,I,Z,5 ,C,O,N,T,R,O,L ,D,E,L,E,G,A,T,$ ,P,[,] ,P,>,T,N,],%,I,P ,P,L,A,C,A,T,I,O,N ,C,O,N,S,U,L,T,A,T,I,O,N ,9,=,M,+ ,!,R,A,P,Y ,M,A,N,I,P,U,L,A,T,I,O,N  
  

,>N/E9'S LADD] IS A V]Y USEFUL DEVICE = CUTT+ \R IDEAS AB\T P>TICIPATION D[N TO SIZE4 ,! ,SKEFF+TON ,REPORT1 ESPECIALLY AS TRANSLAT$ 9TO PRACTICE1 IS ONLY UP TO RUNGS ?REE OR F\R ( ! LADD]4 ,ITS EMPHASIS IS ON $UCAT+ ! PUBLIC TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! PLANN+ AU?ORITIES4 ,IT SAYS1 0WE SEE ! PROCESS ( GIV+ 9=MATION & OPPORTUNITIES = P>TICIPATION AS ONE :I* LEADS TO A GREAT] UND]/&+ & COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN TO A CRESC5DO ( DISPUTE04 ,BUT A CRESC5DO ( DISPUTE IS PRECISELY :AT WE NE$ IF WE >E EV] TO CLIMB ! RUNGS ( ,>N/E9'S LADD] TO FULL CITIZ5 CONTROL4 

O ,*APT] #g - ,WE ,H\SE1 ,Y\ ,>E ,H\S$1 ,!Y ,>E ,HOMELESS 
,*APT] ,V,I,I4 ,WE ,H\SE1 ,Y\ ,>E ,H\S$1 ,!Y ,>E ,HOMELESS 

  
  

,9 ,5GLI%1 ! WORD 0H\S+0 CAN BE US$ AS A N\N OR AS A V]B4 ,:5 US$ AS A N\N1 H\S+ DESCRIBES A COMMODITY OR PRODUCT4 ,! V]B 0TO H\SE0 DESCRIBES ! PROCESS OR ACTIVITY ( H\S+ 444 

,H\S+ PROBLEMS >E DEF9$ BY MAT]IAL /&>DS1 & H\S+ VALUES >E JUDG$ BY ! MAT]IAL QUANTITY ( RELAT$ PRODUCTS1 SU* AS PR(IT OR EQUITY4 ,FROM ! VIEWPO9T ( A C5TRAL PLANN] OR AN (FICIAL DESIGN] OR ADM9I/RATOR1 !SE >E SELF-EVID5T TRU?S 444 

,ACCORD+ TO ?OSE = :OM H\S+ IS AN ACTIVITY1 !SE CONCLUSIONS >E ABSURD4 ,!Y FAIL TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 :AT ?+S >E1 MAT]IALLY SPEAK+1 & :AT !Y DO 9 PEOPLE'S LIVES4 ,?IS BL9DNESS1 :I* P]VADES ALL 9/ITUTIONS ( MOD]N SOCIETY EXPLA9S ! /UPIDITY ( TE>+ D[N 0SUB-/&>D0 H\SES OR 0SLUMS0 :5 !IR OCCUPANTS HAVE NO O!R PLACE TO GO BUT ! REMA9+ SLUMS1 UNLESS1 ( C\RSE1 !Y >E =C$ TO CREATE NEW SLUMS FROM PREVI\SLY 0/&>D0 HOMES4 ,?IS BL9DNESS ALSO EXPLA9S ! MON/R\S 0L[-CO/0 PROJECTS 7:I* ALMO/ ALWAYS TURN \T TO HAVE V]Y HI< CO/S = ! PUBLIC AS WELL AS = ! UN=TUNATE 0B5EFICI>IES074  
  
  

,JOHN ,TURN]1 0,H\S+ AS A ,V]B0 9 ,FRE$OM TO ,BULID 

,\RS IS A SOCIETY 9 :I*1 9 EV]Y FIELD1 ONE GR\P ( PEOPLE MAKES DECISIONS1 EX]CISES CONTROL1 LIMITS *OICES1 :ILE ! GREAT MAJORITY HAVE TO ACCEPT !SE DECISIONS1 SUBMIT TO ?IS CONTROL & ACT )9 ! LIMITS ( !SE EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ *OICES4 ,NO:]E IS ?IS MORE EVID5T ?AN 9 ! FIELD ( H\S+3 ONE ( ?OSE BASIC HUMAN NE$S :I* ?R\<\T HI/ORY & ALL OV] ! WORLD PEOPLE HAVE SATISFI$ AS WELL AS !Y C\LD = !MSELVES1 US+ ! MAT]IALS ?AT W]E AT H& & !IR [N1 & !IR NEI<BORS' LABOR4 ,! M>VEL\SLY RES\RCEFUL ANONYM\S V]NACUL> >*ITECTURE ( EV]Y P>T ( ! GLOBE IS A TE/IMONY TO !IR SKILL1 US+ TIMB]1 /RAW1 GRASS1 LEAVES1 HIDES1 /ONE1 CLAY1 BONE1 E>?1 MUD & EV5 SN[4 ,CONSID] ! IGLOO3 MAXIMUM 5CLOSURE ( SPACE ) M9IMUM ( LABOR4 ,CO/ ( MAT]IALS & TRANSPORTATION1 NIL4 ,& ALL MADE ( WAT]4 ,N[ADAYS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ESKIMOS LIVE ON WELF>E H&\TS 9 LITTLE NOR!RN SLUMS4 ,MAN1 AS ,HABRAK5 SAYS1 0NO LONG] H\SES HIMSELF3 HE IS H\S$40.<#g#h.> 

,EV5 TODAY 0A ?IRD ( ! WORLD'S PEOPLE H\SE !MSELVES ) !IR [N H&S1 SOMETIMES 9 ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T & PR(ESSIONAL 9T]V5TION1 SOMETIMES 9 SPITE ( IT40.<#g#i.> ,9 ! RI* NATIONS ! MORE ADVANCES ?AT >E MADE 9 BUILD+ TE*NOLOGY & ! MORE COMPLEX ! F9ANCIAL PROVISION ?AT IS MADE = H\S+1 ! MORE 9TRACTABLE ! 0PROBLEM0 BECOMES4 ,9 NEI!R ,BRITA9 NOR ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS HUGE PUBLIC 9VE/M5T 9 H\S+ PROGRAMS MET ! NE$S ( ! POORE/ CITIZ5S4 ,9 ! ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES ( ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA ! 5ORM\S MOVEM5T ( POPULATION 9TO ! BIG CITIES DUR+ ! LA/ TWO DECADES HAS RESULT$ 9 ! GR[? ( HUGE P]IPH]AL SQUATT] SETTLEM5TS >\ND ! EXI/+ CITIES1 9HABIT$ BY ! 09VISIBLE0 PEOPLE :O HAVE NO (FICIAL URBAN EXI/5CE4 ,PAT ,CROOKE PO9TS \T ?AT CITIES GR[ & DEVELOP ON TWO LEVELS1 ! (FICIAL1 !ORETICAL LEVEL & ! POPUL>1 ACTUAL1 UN(FICIAL LEVEL1 & ?AT ! MAJORITY ( ! POPULATION ( MANY ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN CITIES >E UN(FICIAL CITIZ5S ) A 0POPUL> ECONOMY0 \TSIDE ! 9/ITUTIONAL F9ANCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! CITY4 ,H]E IS ,B>B>A ,W>D'S DESCRIPTION ( !SE UN(FICIAL CITIES1 COLONIAL PROLET>IAS AS !Y >E CALL$ 9 ,MEXICO1 B>RIADAS 9 ,P]U1 G\RBIVILLES 9 ,TUNIS1 BU/EES 9 ,9DIA1 GECEKONDU 9 ,TURKEY1 RAN*OS 9 ,V5EZUELA3  
  

,DRIVE FROM ! NEO-FUNCTIONAL GLASS & CONCRETE ( ANY BIG-CITY AIRPORT 9 ! DEVELOP+ WORLD TO ! NEO-FUNCTIONAL GLASS & CONCRETE ( ! LATE/ BIG-CITY HOTEL & SOME:]E 9 BETWE5 Y\ >E B\ND TO PASS ONE OR O!R ( ! SECTORS 9 :I* HALF & MORE ( ! CITY-DWELL]S >E CONDEMN$ TO LIVE4 

,SOMETIMES ! MOD]N HI<WAY PASSES ABOVE !M4 ,LOOK+ D[N1 ! TRAVEL] CAT*ES A GLIMPSE1 UND] A PALL ( SMOKE FROM COOK+ POTS 9 BACK-Y>DS1 ( MILE ON MILE ( LITTLE ALLEYS SNAK+ ?R\< D5SELY PACK$ HUTS ( /RAW1 CRUMBL+ BRICK OR BEAT5 T9 CANS4 ,OR ! MA9 ROAD SLICES ?R\< SOME PREEXI/5T *ANTY-T[N &1 = A BRIEF SPAN1 ! VISITOR LOOKS D[N ! 5DLESS L5G? ( R[S ( HUTS1 SEES ! HOLES1 ! MUD1 ! RUBBI% 9 ! ALLEYWAYS1 SK9NY *ICK5S PICK+ 9 ! DIRT1 MULTITUDES ( NE>LY NAK$ *ILDR51 HAIR MATT$1 EYES DULL1 SP9DLY LEGS1 &1 ABOVE !M1 PA!TIC L9ES ( RAGS & TORN G>M5TS /RUNG UP TO DRY BETWE5 ! /UNT$ TREES4.<#h.>  
  

,WELL1 ?AT IS H[ IT LOOKS TO ! VISITOR4 ,! LOCAL (FICIAL CITIZ5S DON'T EV5 NOTICE ! 9VISIBLE CITY4 ,BUT DOES IT FEEL LIKE ?AT ON ! GR\ND TO ! 9HABITANT1 MAK+ A PLACE ( HIS [N1 AS A PHYSICAL FOO?OLD 9 URBAN LIFE & ! URBAN ECONOMY8 ,! (FICIAL VIEW1 FROM CITY (FICIALS1 GOV]NM5TS1 NEWSPAP]M51 & 9T]NATIONAL AG5CIES1 IS ?AT SU* SETTLEM5TS >E ! BRE$+-GR\NDS = EV]Y K9D ( CRIME1 VISE1 DISEASE1 SOCIAL & FAMILY DISORGANIZATION4 ,H[ C\LD !Y NOT BE S9CE !Y SPRANG UP )\T (FICIAL SANCTION OR F9ANCE & AS ! RESULT ( ILLEGAL SEIZURE ( L&8 ,! REALITY IS DIFF]5T3  
  

,T5 YE>S ( WORK 9 ,P]UVIAN B>RIADAS 9DICATES ?AT SU* A VIEW IS GROSSLY 9ACCURATE3 AL?\< IT S]VES SOME VE/$ POLITICAL & BUREAUCRATIC 9T]E/S1 IT BE>S LITTLE RELATION TO REALITY 1 44 ,9/EAD ( *AOS & DISORGANIZATION1 ! EVID5CE 9/EAD PO9TS TO HI<LY ORGANIZ$ 9VASIONS ( PUBLIC L& 9 ! FACE ( VIOL5T POLICE OPPOSITION1 9T]NAL POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ) YE>LY LOCAL ELECTIONS1 ?\S&S ( PEOPLE LIV+ TOGE!R 9 AN ORD]LY FA%ION ) NO POLICE PROTECTION OR PUBLIC S]VICES1 ,! ORIG9AL /RAW H\SES CON/RUCT$ DUR+ ! 9VASIONS >E CONV]T$ AS RAPIDLY AS POSSIBLE 9TO BRICK & CEM5T /RUCTURES ) AN 9VE/M5T TOTAL+ MILLIONS ( DOLL>S 9 LABOR & MAT]IALS1 ,EMPLOYM5T RATES1 WAGES1 LIT]ACY1 & $UCATIONAL LEVELS >E ALL HI<] ?AN 9 C5TRAL CITY SLUMS 7FROM :I* MO/  
B>RIADA RESID5TS HAVE ESCAP$7 & HI<] ?AN ! NATIONAL AV]AGE4 ,CRIME1 JUV5ILE DEL9QU5CY1 PRO/ITUTION & GAMBL+ >E R>E1 EXCEPT = PETTY ?IEV]Y1 ! 9CID5CE ( :I* IS SEEM+LY SMALL] ?AN 9 O!R P>TS ( !1 CITY4.<#h#a.>  
  

,SU* REPORTS C\LD BE QUOT$ FROM ! SQUATT] EXP]I5CE ( MANY P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,!SE AU?ORS1 ,JOHN ,TURN] & ,WILLIAM ,MANG91 ASK ! OBVI\S QUE/ION3 CAN ! B>RIADA -- A SELF-HELP1 MASS MIGRATION COMMUNITY DEVELOPM5T BY ! POOR1 BE EXPORT$ TO1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 ',SOME OBS]V]S1 UND] ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! GOV]NM5TS ( ,P]U1 ,BRAZIL1 ,*ILI1 ,TURKEY1 ,GREECE & ,NIG]IA HAD ADOPT$ ! B>RIADA MOVEM5TS AS A POLICY = SOLV+ !SE SAME PROBLEMS1 HAVE ?\<T ! ,U,S C\LD DO ! SAME1 ,9 FACT1 !SE GOV]NM5TS' MA9 ROLE 9 B>RIADA =MATION HAS BE5 !IR LACK ( ABILITY TO PREV5T MASS 9VASIONS ( L&4 ,!Y >E SIMPLY NOT P[]FUL 5\< NOR SURE 5\< ( !IR [N SURVIVAL TO PREV5T 9VASIONS BY =CE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! GOV]NM5T IS FIRMLY 5TR5*$ & C\LD PREV5T SU* ACTION4 ,MOREOV]1 EV]Y PIECE ( L& IS [N$ BY SOMEONE1 USUALLY ) A CLE> TITLE444'.<#h#b.> ,!Y PO9T TOO TO ! LESSONS ( ,OSC> ,LEWIS'S ,! ,CULTURE ( ,POV]TY3 ?AT PUTT+ PEOPLE 9TO GOV]NM5T H\S+ PROJECTS DOES LITTLE TO HALT ! ECONOMIC CYCLE 9 :I* !Y >E 5TRAPP$1 :ILE ':5 PEOPLE MOVE ON !IR [N1 SEIZE L&1 & BUILD !IR [N H\SES & COMMUNITIES1 IT HAS CONSID]ABLE EFFECT'4 ,LEWIS'S EVID5CE %[S ?AT MANY SOCIAL /R5G?S1 AS WELL AS 'PREC>I\S BUT REAL ECONOMIC SECURITY' W]E LO/ :5 PEOPLE W]E MOV$ FROM ! SELF-CREAT$ COMMUNITIES ( ,SAN ,JUAN 9TO PUBLIC H\S+ PROJECTS4 ',! R5TS & ! 9ITIAL 9VE/M5T = PUBLIC H\S+ >E HI<1 AT ! PRECISE TIME ! FAMILY CAN LEA/ AF=D TO PAY4 ,MOREOV]1 PUBLIC H\S+ IS CREAT$ BY >*ITECTS1 PLANN]S1 & ECONOMI/S :O W\LD NOT BE CAU<T DEAD LIV+ 9 IT1 SO ?AT ! 9HABITANTS FEEL NO PSY*OLOGICAL OR SPIRITUAL CLAIM ON IT4'.<#h#c.> 

,9 ! ,U,S1 ,TURN] & ,MANG9 CONCLUDE1 ! AG5CIES ?AT >E SUPPOS$LY HELP+ ! POOR1 9 ! LI<T ( ,P]UVIAN EXP]I5CE1 ACTUALLY SEEM TO BE KEEP+ !M POOR4 

,! POOR ( ! ,?IRD ,WORLD *ANTY-T[NS1 ACT+ AN>*ICALLY1 BECAUSE NO AU?ORITY IS P[]FUL 5\< TO PREV5T !M FROM DO+ SO1 HAVE ?REE FRE$OMS :I* ! POOR ( ! RI* WORLD HAVE LO/4 ,AS ,JOHN ,TURN] PUTS IT1 !Y HAVE ! FRE$OM ( COMMUNITY SELF-SELECTION1 ! FRE$OM TO BUDGET ONE'S [N RES\RCES & ! FRE$OM TO %APE ONE'S [N 5VIRONM5T4 ,9 ! RI* WORLD1 EV]Y BIT ( L& BELONGS TO SOMEONE1 :O HAS ! LAW & ! AG5TS ( LAW-5=CEM5T FIRMLY ON HIS SIDE4 ,BUILD+ REGULATIONS & PLANN+ LEGISLATION >E RIGIDLY 5=C$1 UNLESS Y\ HAPP5 TO BE A DEVELOP] :O CAN HIRE >*ITECTS & NEGOTIATORS %REWD 5\< TO F9D A WAY R\ND !M OR :O CAN DO A DEAL ) ! AU?ORITIES4 

,9 LOOK+ = P>ALLELS 9 ,BRITI% EXP]I5CE1 :AT EXACTLY >E WE SEEK+8 ,IF IT IS = EXAMPLES ( DEFIANCE ( ! SACR$ RI<TS ( PROP]TY1 !RE >E EXAMPLES ALL ?R\< \R HI/ORY4 ,IF Y\ GO BACK F> 5\<1 ALL \R ANCE/ORS MU/ HAVE BE5 SQUATT]S & !RE HAVE CONT9UALLY BE5 MOVEM5TS TO ASS]T PEOPLE'S RI<TS TO !IR %>E ( ! L&4 ,9 ! SEV5TE5? C5TURY A HOMELESS P]SON C\LD APPLY TO ! ,QU>T] ,SESSIONS :O1 ) ! CONS5T ( ! T[N%IP CONC]N$1 C\LD GRANT HIM P]MISSION TO BUILD A H\SE ) A SMALL G>D5 ON ! COMMON L&4 ,! ,DIGG] ,MOVEM5T DUR+ ! ,COMMONWEAL? ASS]T$ ?IS RI<T AT ,GEORGE'S ,HILL NE> ,WEYBRIDGE1 & ,CROMWELL'S TROOPS BURNT D[N !IR H\SES4 ,\R HI/ORY MU/ BE FULL ( UNRECORD$ EXAMPLES ( SQUATT]S :O W]E PRUD5T 5\< TO LET IT BE ASSUM$ ?AT !Y HAD TITLE TO ! L&4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY FULL ( EXAMPLES ( ! !FT ( ! COMMON L& BY ! RI* & P[]FU,L ,IF WE >E LOOK+ = EXAMPLES ( PEOPLE BUILD+ = !MSELVES1 SELF-BUILD H\S+ SOCIETIES >E A CONTEMPOR>Y ONE4 ,IF IT IS SIMPLY ! APPLICATION ( POPUL> DIRECT ACTION 9 ! FIELD ( H\S+1 AP>T FROM ! SQUATT] MOVEM5T ( #a#i#d#f1 MASS R5T /RIKES1 LIKE ?OSE 9 ,GLASG[ 9 #aiae OR 9 ,EA/ ,LONDON 9 #a#i#c#h1 >E ! MO/ NOTABLE EXAMPLES1 & !RE >E C]TA9LY GO+ TO BE MORE 9 ! FUTURE4 

,AT ! TIME ( ! #aidf SQUATT+ CAMPAIGN1 ,I CATEGORIZ$ ! /AGES OR PHASES COMMON TO ALL EXAMPLES ( POPUL> DIRECT ACTION 9 H\S+ 9 A NON-REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,FIR/LY1 9ITIATIVE1 ! 9DIVIDUAL ACTION OR DECISION ?AT BEG9S ! CAMPAIGN1 ! SP>K ?AT />TS ! BLAZE4 ,SECONDLY1 CONSOLIDATION1 :5 ! MOVEM5T SPREADS SUFFICI5TLY TO CON/ITUTE A ?REAT TO PROP]TY RI<TS & BECOMES BIG 5\< TO AVOID BE+ SNUFF$ \T BY ! AU?ORITIES4 ,?IRDLY1 SUCCESS1 :5 ! AU?ORITIES HAVE TO CONC$E TO ! MOVEM5T :AT IT HAS WON4 ,F9ALLY1 (FICIAL ACTION1 USUALLY UND]TAK5 UNWILL+LY TO PLACATE ! POPUL> DEM&1 OR TO 9CORPORATE IT 9 ! /ATUS QUO4 .<#h#d.> 

,! #aidf CAMPAIGN WAS BAS$ ON ! L>GE-SCALE SEIZURE ( >MY CAMPS EMPTI$ AT ! 5D ( ! W>4 ,IT />T$ 9 ,MAY ( ?AT YE> :5 SOME HOMELESS FAMILIES 9 ,L9COLN%IRE OCCUPI$ AN EMPTY CAMP1 & IT SPREAD LIKE WILDFIRE UNTIL HUNDR$S ( CAMPS W]E SEIZ$ 9 EV]Y P>T ( ,BRITA94 ,BY ,OCTOB] #a1#c#h CAMPS HAD BE5 OCCUPI$ BY #d1 FAMILIES 9 ,5GL& & ,WALES1 & ANO!R #e1 FAMILIES 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,?AT MON?1 ,ANEUR9 ,BEVAN1 ! ,M9I/] ( ,HEAL? :O WAS RESPONSIBLE = ! GOV]NM5T'S H\S+ PROGRAM1 ACCUS$ ! SQUATT]S ( 0JUMP+ !IR PLACE 9 ! H\S+ QUEUE04 ,9 FACT1 ( C\RSE1 !Y W]E JUMP+ RI<T \T ( ! QUEUE BY MOV+ 9TO BUILD+S :I* W\LD NOT O!RWISE HAVE BE5 US$ = H\S+ PURPOSES4 ,!N SUDD5LY ! ,M9I/RY ( ,WORKS1 :I* HAD PREVI\SLY DECL>$ ITSELF NOT 9T]E/$1 F\ND IT POSSIBLE TO (F] ! ,M9I/RY ( ,HEAL? #he =M] S]VICE CAMPS1 & SQUATT+ BECAME 0(FICIAL04 

,SOME ( ! ORIG9AL SQUATT] COMMUNITIES LA/$ = YE>S4 ,OV] A HUNDR$ FAMILIES1 :O 9 #aidf OCCUPI$ A CAMP KN[N AS ,FIELD ,F>M 9 ,OX=D%IRE1 /AY$ TOGE!R & TWELVE YE>S LAT] W]E F9ALLY REH\S$ 9 ! NEW VILLAGE ( ,B]9SFIELD ON ! SAME SITE4 

,A V]Y REVEAL+ ACC\NT ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! 0(FICIAL0 & ! 0UN(FICIAL0 SQUATT]S COMES FROM A NEWSPAP] ACC\NT ( A CAMP 9 ,LANCA%IRE AFT] ! FIR/ W9T]3  
  

,!RE >E TWO CAMPS )9 ! CAMP -- ! (FICIAL SQUATT]S 7?AT IS ! PEOPLE PLAC$ 9 ! HUTS AFT] ! FIR/ 9VASION7 & ! UN(FICIAL SQUATT]S 7! VET]ANS1 :O HAVE BE5 ALL[$ TO REMA9 ON SUFF]ANCE74 ,BO? PAY ! SAME R5T ( #aS A WEEK -- BUT !RE ! SIMIL>ITY 5DS4 ,AL?\< ONE W\LD HAVE IMAG9$ ?AT ! ACCEPTANCE ( R5T FROM BO? %\LD ACCORD !M ID5TICAL PRIVILEGES1 9 FACT1 IT DOES NOT4 ,WORKM5 HAVE PUT UP P>TITIONS 9 ! HUTS ( ! (FICIAL SQUATT]S -- & HAVE PUT 9 S9KS & O!R NUM]\S CONV5I5CES4 ,!SE >E ! %EEP2 ! GOATS HAVE P]=CE TO F5D = !MSELVES4 

,A COMM5T>Y ON ! SITUATION WAS MADE BY ONE ( ! Y\NG WELF>E (FIC]S ATTA*$ TO ! H\S+ DEP>TM5T4 ,ON H] VISIT ( 9SPECTION %E F\ND ?AT ! GOATS HAD SET TO WORK ) A WILL1 IMPROVIS+ P>TITIONS1 RUNN+ UP CURTA9S1 DI/EMP]+1 PA9T+ & US+ 9ITIATIVE4 ,! (FICIAL SQUATT]S1 ON ! O!R H&1 SAT AB\T GLUMLY )\T US+ 9ITIATIVE OR L5D+ A H& TO HELP !MSELVES & BEMOAN+ !IR FATE1 EV5 ?\< MI<T HAVE BE5 REMOV$ FROM ! MO/ APPALL+ SLUM PROP]TY4 ,UNTIL ! OV]WORK$ CORPORATION WORKM5 GOT >\ND TO !M !Y W\LD NOT ATTEMPT TO IMPROVE AFFAIRS !MSELVES4.<#h#e.>  
  

,?IS /ORY REVEALS A GREAT DEAL AB\T ! /ATE ( M9D ?AT IS 9DUC$ BY FREE & 9DEP5D5T ACTION1 & ?AT :I* IS 9DUC$ BY DEP5D5CE & 9]TIA3 ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PEOPLE :O 9ITIATE ?+S & ACT = !MSELVES & PEOPLE TO :OM ?+S JU/ HAPP54 

,! MORE REC5T SQUATT]S' CAMPAIGN 9 ,BRITA9 HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! P>TICIPATION ( ! 0LIB]T>IAN ,LEFT0 9 CAMPAIGNS 9 ! #a#i#fS OV] CONDITIONS 9 (FICIAL RECEPTION C5T]S = HOMELESS PEOPLE1 PR9CIPALLY ! YE>-LONG CAMPAIGN TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS AT ! ,K+ ,HILL HO/EL 9 ,K5T4 0,! ,K+ ,HILL CAMPAIGN BEGAN SPONTANE\SLY AMONG ! HO/EL 9MATES1 & :5 \TSID]S JO9$ IT A G5]AL PR9CIPLE WAS ?AT DECISIONS %\LD BE TAK5 BY ! HOMELESS PEOPLE !MSELVES & ! ACTIVITIES %\LD CONF9E !IR P>T TO GIV+ ADVICE1 GA!R+ 9=MATION1 GETT+ PUBLICITY & RAIS+ SUPPORT & ?IS PATT]N HAS BE5 REPEAT$ 9 EV]Y SUBSEQU5T CAMPAIGN40.<#h#f.> ,FROM ! SUCCESS ( ! ,K+ ,HILL CAMPAIGN ! SQUATT]S' MOVEM5T PASS$ ON TO ! OCCUPATION ( EMPTY PROP]TY1 MO/LY BELONG+ TO LOCAL AU?ORITIES :O HAD PUR*AS$ IT = EV5TUAL DEMOLITION = ROAD IMPROVEM5TS1 C> P>KS1 MUNICIPAL (FICES1 OR 9 ! C\RSE ( DEALS ) DEVELOP]S4 ,?IS WAS AT FIR/ RESI/$ BY ! AU?ORITIES1 & A PROTRACT$ LAWSUIT FOLL[$ ! USE ( SO-CALL$ PRIVATE DETECTIVES & SECURITY AG5CIES TO T]RORIZE & 9TIMIDATE ! SQUATT]S4 ,C\NCILS ALSO DELIB]ATELY DE/ROY$ PREMISES1 7& >E CONT9U+ TO DO SO7 9 ORD] TO KEEP ! SQUATT]S \T4 ,! ,LONDON ,FAMILY ,SQUATT]S ,ASSOCIATION !N APPLI$ A K9D ( ,G&HIAN MORAL BLACKMAIL BE=E ! C\RT ( PUBLIC OP9ION TO 5=CE ! COLLABORATION ( BOR\< C\NCILS 9 H&+ OV] %ORT-T]M ACCOMMODATION TO SQUATT+ FAMILIES4 ,9 SOME CASES1 TO AVOID POLITICAL EMB>RASSM5T1 C\NCILS HAVE SIMPLY TURN$ A BL9D EYE TO ! EXI/5CE ( ! SQUATT]S4 

,JU/ ONE ( ! MANY PR$ICTABLE P>ADOXES ( H\S+ 9 ,BRITA9 IS ! GULF BETWE5 ! [N]-OCCUPI] & ! MUNICIPAL T5ANT4 ,NE>LY A ?IRD ( ! POPULATION LIVE 9 MUNICIPALLY-[N$ H\SES OR FLATS1 BUT !RE IS NOT A S+LE E/ATE CONTROLL$ BY ITS T5ANTS1 AP>T FROM A H&FUL ( COOP]ATIVE H\S+ SOCIETIES4 ,! [N]-OCCUPI] *]I%ES & IMPROVES HIS HOME1 AL?\< ITS SPACE /&>DS & /RUCTURAL QUALITY MAY BE L[] ?AN ?AT ( ! PRIZE-W9N+ PIECE ( MUNICIPAL >*ITECTURE :OSE T5ANT DISPLAYS LITTLE PRIDE OR PLEASURE 9 HIS HOME4 ,! MUNICIPAL T5ANT IS TRAPP$ 9 A SYNDROME ( DEP5D5CE & RES5TM5T1 :I* IS AN ACCURATE REFLECTION ( HIS H\S+ SITUATION4 ,PEOPLE C>E AB\T :AT IS !IRS1 :AT !Y CAN MODIFY1 ALT]1 ADAPT TO *ANG+ NE$S & IMPROVE = !MSELVES4 ,!Y MU/ BE ABLE TO ATTACK !IR 5VIRONM5T TO MAKE IT TRULY !IR [N4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE A DIRECT RESPONSIBILITY = IT4 

,AS ! PRESSURE ON MUNICIPAL T5ANTS GR[S ?R\< ! CONT9U\S R5T 9CREASES :I* !Y >E P[]LESS TO OPPOSE EXCEPT BY COLLECTIVE RESI/ANCE1 SO ! DEM& WILL GR[ = A *ANGE 9 ! /ATUS ( ! T5ANT1 & = T5ANT CONTROL4 ,! T5ANT TAKE-OV] ( ! MUNICIPAL E/ATE IS ONE ( ?OSE OBVI\SLY S5SIBLE IDEAS :I* IS DORMANT BECAUSE \R APPROA* TO MUNICIPAL AFFAIRS IS /ILL /UCK 9 ! GROOVES ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY PAT]NALISM4 ,WE HAVE ! FULLY-DOCUM5T$ CASE-HI/ORY ( ,OSLO 9 ,NORWAY AS A GUIDE H]E4 ,IT BEGAN ) ! PROBLEMS ( ONE ( !IR PRE-W> E/ATES ) L[ /&>DS1 AN UNPLEASANT APPE>ANCE & GREAT RESI/ANCE TO AN 9CREASE 9 R5TS TO COV] ! CO/ ( IMPROVEM5TS4 ,AS AN EXP]IM5T ! E/ATE WAS TURN$ OV] TO A T5ANT COOP]ATIVE1 A POLICY :I* TRANS=M$ BO? ! E/ATE & ! T5ANTS' ATTITUDES4 ,N[ ,OSLO'S :OLE H\S+ POLICY IS BAS$ ON ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,?IS IS NOT AN>*Y1 BUT IT IS ONE ( ITS +R$I5TS4.<#h#g.> 

O ,*APT] #h - ,OP5 & ,CLOS$ ,FAMILIES 
,*APT] ,V,I,I,I4 ,OP5 & ,CLOS$ ,FAMILIES 

  
  

,9 *OOS+ A P>TN] WE TRY BO? TO RETA9 ! RELATION%IPS WE HAVE 5JOY$ 9 *ILDHOOD1 & TO REC\P \RSELVES = FANTASIES :I* HAVE BE5 D5I$ US4 ,MATE-SELECTION ACCORD+LY BECOMES = MANY AN ATTEMPT TO CA/ A P>TICUL> P>T 9 A FANTASY PRODUCTION ( !IR [N1 & S9CE BO? P>TIES HAVE ! SAME 9T5TION BUT R>ELY QUITE ! SAME FANTASIES1 ! RESULT MAY WELL BE A DUEL ( RIVAL PRODUC]S4 ,!RE >E M51 AS ,/ANLEY ,SP5C] SAID ( HIMSELF1 :O NE$ TWO COMPLEM5T>Y WIVES1 & WOM5 :O NE$ TWO COMPLEM5T>Y HUSB&S1 OR AT LEA/ TWO COMPLEM5T>Y LOVE OBJECTS4 IF WE 9SI/ FIR/ ?AT ?IS IS IMMORAL OR 0UNFAI?FUL01 & SECOND ?AT %\LD IT OCCUR !RE IS AN OBLIGATION ON EA* LOVE-OBJECT TO 9SI/ ON EXCLUSIVE RI<TS1 WE M]ELY ADD UNNECESS>Y DIFFICULTIES TO A PROBLEM :I* MI<T HAVE PRES5T$ NONE1 OR AT LEA/ PRES5T$ FEW]1 IF ANYONE W]E P]MITT$ TO SOLVE IT 9 !IR [N WAY4  
  
  

,ALEX ,COM=T1 ,SEX 9 ,SOCIETY 

,ONE ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ REVOLUTION ?AT HAS ADVANC$ 5ORM\SLY 9 \R [N DAY IS ! SEXUAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS AN>*I/ PRECISELY BECAUSE IT 9VOLVES D5Y+ ! AU?ORITY ( ! REGULATIONS LAID D[N BY ! /ATE & BY V>I\S RELIGI\S 5T]PRISES OV] ! ACTIVITIES ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,& WE CAN CLAIM ?AT IT HAS ADVANC$1 NOT BECAUSE ( ! 0BREAKD[N0 ( ! FAMILY ?AT MORALI/S 7QUITE ]RONE\SLY7 SEE ALL >\ND !M1 BUT BECAUSE 9 ,WE/]N SOCIETY MORE & MORE PEOPLE HAVE DECID$ TO CONDUCT !IR SEXUAL LIVES AS !Y SEE BE/4 ,?OSE :O HAVE PROPHESI$ DREADFUL CONSEQU5CES AS A RESULT ( ! GREAT] SEXUAL FRE$OM :I* ! Y\NG ASS]T -- UNWANT$ BABIES1 V5]EAL DISEASE & SO ON -- >E USUALLY ! V]Y SAME PEOPLE :O SEEK ! FULFILLM5T ( !IR PROPHESIES BY OPPOS+ ! FREE AVAILABILITY TO ! Y\NG ( CONTRACEPTION & ! REMOVAL ( ! /IGMA & MY/IFICATION ?AT SURR\ND V5]EAL DISEASE4 

,! (FICIAL CODE ON SEXUAL MATT]S WAS BEQUEA!D TO ! /ATE BY ! ,*RI/IAN ,*UR*1 & HAS BE5 H>D] & H>D] TO JU/IFY ) ! DECL9E ( ! BELIEFS ON :I* IT WAS BAS$4 ,AN>*I/S1 FROM ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN TO ,ALEX ,COM=T1 HAVE OBS]V$ ! CONNECTION BETWE5 POLITICAL & SEXUAL REPRESSION &1 AL?\< ?OSE :O ?9K SEXUAL LIB]ATION IS NECESS>ILY GO+ TO LEAD TO POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIB]ATION >E PROBABLY OPTIMI/IC1 IT C]TA9LY MAKES PEOPLE HAPPI]4 ,?AT !RE IS NO IMMUTABLE BASIS = SEXUAL CODES CAN BE SE5 FROM ! WIDE V>IETIES 9 ACCEPT$ BEHAVIOR & 9 LEGISLATION ON SEXUAL MATT]S AT DIFF]5T P]IODS & 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES4 ,MALE HOMOSEXUALITY BECAME A 0PROBLEM0 ONLY BECAUSE IT WAS ! SUBJECT ( LEGISLATION4 ,FEMALE HOMOSEXUALITY WAS NO PROBLEM BECAUSE ITS EXI/5CE WAS IGNOR$ BY 7MALE7 LEGISLATORS4 ,! LEGAL ANOMALIES >E SOMETIMES HIL>I\S3 0,:O CAN EXPLA9 JU/ :Y ANAL 9T]C\RSE IS LEGAL 9 ,SCOTL& BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE1 BUT ILLEGAL BETWE5 MALE & MALE8 ,:Y IS ANAL 9T]C\RSE ILLEGAL 9 ,5GL& BETWE5 MALE & FEMALE1 YET OKAY BETWE5 MALES IF BO? >E OV] #b#a80.<#h#h.> 

,! MORE ! LAW IS T9K]$ ) 9 ! EF=T TO MAKE IT MORE RATIONAL ! MORE ABSURDITIES >E REVEAL$4 ,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT !RE >E NO RATIONAL CODES = SEXUAL BEHAVIOR8 ,( C\RSE NOT3 !Y SIMPLY GET BURI$ 9 ! IRRATIONALITIES OR DEVALU$ ?R\< ASSOCIATION ) IRRELEVANT PROHIBITIONS4 ,ALEX ,COM=T1 :O SEES SEX AS 0! HEAL?IE/ & MO/ IMPORTANT HUMAN SPORT0 SUGGE/S ?AT 0! ACTUAL CONT5T ( SEXUAL BEHAVIOR PROBABLY *ANGES MU* LESS BETWE5 CULTURES ?AN ! 9DIVIDUAL'S CAPACITY TO 5JOY IT )\T GUILT04 ,HE 5UNCIAT$ TWO MORAL 9JUNCTIONS OR COMM&M5TS ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOR3 0,?\ %ALT NOT EXPLOIT ANO!R P]SON'S FEEL+S10 & 0,?\ %ALT UND] NO CIRCUM/ANCES CAUSE ! BIR? ( AN UNWANT$ *ILD40.<#h#i.> ,HIS REF]5CE TO 0COMM&M5TS0 L$ ,PR(ESSOR ,MAURICE ,C>/AIRS TO TEASE HIM ) ! QUE/ION :Y1 AS AN AN>*I/1 ,COM=T WAS PRESCRIB+ RULES8 -- TO :I* HE REPLI$ ?AT A PHILOSOPHY ( FRE$OM DEM&$ HI<] /&>DS ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY ?AN A BELIEF 9 AU?ORITY4 ,! LACK ( ORD9>Y PRUD5CE & *IVALRY :I* C\LD (T5 BE OBS]V$ 9 ADOLESC5T BEHAVIOR TODAY WAS1 HE SUGGE/$1 PRECISELY ! RESULT ( PRESCRIB+ A CODE ( *A/ITY :I* DID NOT MAKE S5SE 9/EAD ( PR9CIPLES :I* >E 0IMM$IATELY 9TELLIGIBLE & ACCEPTABLE TO ANY S5SIBLE Y\NG/]04 

,Y\ C]TA9LY DON'T HAVE TO BE AN AN>*I/ TO SEE ! MOD]N NUCLE> FAMILY AS A /RAITJACKET ANSW] TO ! FUNCTIONAL NE$S ( HOME-MAK+ & *ILD-RE>+ :I* IMPOSES 9TOL]ABLE /RA9S ON MANY ( ! PEOPLE TRAPP$ 9 IT4 ,$MUND ,LEA* REM>K$ ?AT 0F> FROM BE+ ! BASIS ( ! GOOD SOCIETY1 ! FAMILY1 ) ITS N>R[ PRIVACY & TAWDRY SECRETS1 IS ! S\RCE ( ALL \R DISCONT5TS04.<#i.> ,DAVID ,COOP] CALL$ IT 0! ULTIMATE & MO/ LE?AL GAS *AMB] 9 \R SOCIETY01 & ,JACQUETTA ,HAWKES SAID ?AT 0IT IS A =M MAK+ FE>FUL DEM&S ON ! HUMAN BE+S CAU<T UP 9 IT2 HEAVILY WEI<T$ = LONEL9ESS1 EXCESSIVE DEM&S1 /RA9 & FAILURE04.<#i#a.> ,OBVI\SLY IT SUITS SOME ( US AS ! BE/ WORK+ >RANGEM5T BUT \R SOCIETY MAKES NO PROVISION = ! O!RS1 :OSE NUMB]S Y\ CAN ASSESS BY ASK+ Y\RSELF ! QUE/ION3 0,H[ MANY HAPPY FAMILIES DO ,I KN[80 

,CONSID] ! CASE ( ,JOHN ,CITIZ54 ,ON ! /R5G? ( A FEW HAPPY EV5+S 9 ! DISCO!QUE1 HE & ,M>Y MAKE A CONTRACT ) ! /ATE &_/OR SOME RELIGI\S 5T]PRISE TO LIVE TOGE!R = LIFE & >E GIV5 A LIC5SE TO COPULATE4 ,ASSUM+ ?AT !Y SURM\NT ! PROBLEMS ( F9D+ SOME:]E TO LIVE & RAISE A FAMILY1 LOOK AT !M A FEW YE>S LAT]4 ,HE1 /RUGGL+ HOME FROM WORK EA* DAY1 SEES HIMSELF CAU<T 9 A TRAP4 ,%E FEELS ! SAME1 ! LONELY S+LE-H&$ H\SEWIFE1 *A9$ TO ! S9K & ! NAPPY-BUCKET4 ,& ! KIDS TOO1 9CREAS+LY AS ! YE>S GO BY1 FEEL TRAPP$4 ,:Y CAN'T ,MOM & ,DAD JU/ LEAVE US ALONE8 ,!RE IS NO NE$ TO GO ON ) ! SAGA BECAUSE Y\ KN[ IT ALL BACKW>D4 

,9 T]MS ( ! HAPP9ESS & FULFILLM5T ( ! 9DIVIDUALS 9VOLV$1 ! MOD]N FAMILY IS AN IMPROVEM5T ON ITS N9ETE5?-C5TURY PR$ECESSOR OR ON ! V>I\S 9/ITUTIONAL ALT]NATIVES DREAM$ UP BY AU?ORIT>IAN UTOPIANS & WE MI<T V]Y WELL >GUE ?AT TODAY !RE IS NO?+ TO PREV5T PEOPLE FROM LIV+ H[EV] !Y LIKE BUT1 9 FACT1 EV]Y?+ AB\T \R SOCIETY1 FROM ! ADV]TISEM5TS ON TELEVISION TO ! LAWS ( 9H]ITANCE IS BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ( ! TI<T LITTLE CONSUM] UNIT ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY4 ,H\S+ IS AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE3 MUNICIPAL H\S+ MAKES NO PROVISION = NON/&>D UNITS & 9 ! PRIVATE SECTOR NO LOANS OR MORTGAGES >E AVAILABLE = COMMUNES4 

,! RI* CAN AVOID ! TRAP BY ! SIMPLE EXP$I5T ( PAY+ O!R PEOPLE TO RUN !IR H\SEHOLDS & RE> !IR *ILDR54 ,BUT = ! ORD9>Y FAMILY ! SY/EM MAKES DEM&S :I* V]Y MANY PEOPLE CANNOT MEET4 ,WE ACCEPT IT BECAUSE IT IS UNIV]SAL4 ,9DE$ ! ONLY EXAMPLES ?AT ,DR ,LEA* C\LD CITE :]E *ILDR5 0GR[ UP 9 L>G]1 MORE RELAX$ DOME/IC GR\PS C5T]$ ON ! COMMUNITY RA!R ?AN ON MO!R'S KIT*5' W]E ! ,ISRAELI KIBBUTZ OR ! ,*9ESE COMMUNE1 SO UBIQUIT\S HAS ! PATT]N BECOME4 ,BUT *ANGES >E COM+3 ! WOM5'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T IS ONE REM9D] ?AT ! PRICE ( ! NUCLE> FAMILY IS ! SUBJUGATION ( WOM54 ,! COMMUNES OR JO9T H\SEHOLDS ?AT SOME Y\NG PEOPLE >E SETT+ UP >E NO D\BT P>TLY A REFLECTION ( ! NE$ TO %>E 9FLAT$ R5TS BUT >E MU* MORE A REACTION AGA9/ :AT !Y SEE AS ! /ULTIFY+ RIGID NATURE ( ! SMALL FAMILY UNIT4 

,! MY/IQUE ( BIOLOGICAL P>5?OOD RESULTS 9 SOME C\PLES LIV+ 9 DESP]ATE UNHAPP9ESS BECAUSE ( !IR 9F]TILITY :ILE O!RS HAVE *ILDR5 :O >E NEGLECT$ & UNWANT$4 ,IT ALSO GIVES RISE TO ! COMMON SITUATION ( P>5TS CL++ TO !IR *ILDR5 BECAUSE !Y HAVE SUNK SO MU* ( !IR EMOTIONAL CAPITAL 9 !M :ILE ! *ILDR5 DESP]ATELY WANT TO GET AWAY FROM !IR POSSESSIVE LOVE4 0,A SECURE HOME01 WRITES ,JOHN ,H>TWELL1 0(T5 MEANS A /IFL+ ATMOSPH]E :]E HUMAN RELATION%IPS >E TURN$ 9TO A P>ODY & :]E SIGNS ( CREATIVITY >E CRU%$ AS EVID5CE ( DEVIANCY40.<#i#b.> ,WE >E V]Y F> FROM ! K9D ( COMMUNITY 9 :I* *ILDR5 C\LD *OOSE :I* ( ! LOCAL P>5T-FIGURES !Y W\LD LIKE TO ATTA* !MSELVES TO BUT A NUMB] ( 9T]E/+ SUGGE/IONS >E 9 ! AIR1 ALL AIM+ AT LOOS5+ FAMILY TIES 9 ! 9T]E/S ( BO? P>5TS & *ILDR54 ,!RE IS ! IDEA ( ,PAUL & ,JEAN ,RITT] ( A NEI<BORHOOD 0*ILDR5'S H\SE0 S]V+ TW5TY-FIVE TO =TY FAMILIES1.<#i#c.> !RE IS ,PAUL ,GOODMAN'S NOTION ( A ,Y\? ,H\SE ON ! ANALOGY ( ?IS 9/ITUTION 9 SOME 0PRIMITIVE0 CULTURES1 & !RE IS ,T$DY ,GOLD'S SUGGE/$ ,MULTIPLE ,FAMILY ,H\S+ ,UNIT4.<#i#d.> ,!SE IDEAS >E NOT BAS$ ON ANY REJECTION ( \R RESPONSIBILITY T[>DS ! Y\NG2 !Y 9VOLVE %>+ ?IS RESPONSIBILITY ?R\<\T ! COMMUNITY & ACCEPT+ ! PR9CIPLE ?AT1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT1 ALL *ILDR5 >E \R *ILDR54 ,!Y ALSO IMPLY GIV+ *ILDR5 !MSELVES RESPONSIBILITIES NOT ONLY = !MSELVES BUT TO ! COMMUNITY1 :I* IS EXACTLY :AT \R FAMILY /RUCTURE FAILS TO DO4 

,P]SONAL NE$S & ASPIRATIONS V>Y SO GREATLY ?AT IT IS AS FATU\S TO SUGGE/ /]EOTYP$ ALT]NATIVES AS IT IS TO RECOMM5D UNIV]SAL CON=MITY TO ! EXI/+ PATT]N4 ,AT ONE 5D ( ! SCALE IS ! W>P+ ( ! *ILD BY ! ACCID5T ( P>5?OOD1 EI!R BY POSSESSIV5ESS OR BY ! P]PETUATION ( A FAMILY SYNDROME ( 9ADEQUACY & 9COMPET5CE4 ,AT ! O!R 5D IS ! EMOTIONAL /ULTIFICATION ( ! *ILD ?R\< A LACK ( P]SONAL ATTA*M5TS 9 9/ITUTIONAL *ILD C>E4 ,WE ALL KN[ CONV5TIONAL H\SEHOLDS P]MEAT$ ) CASUAL AFFECTION :]E DOME/IC *ORES & RESPONSIBILITIES >E %>$1 :ILE WE CAN READILY IMAG9E A COMMUNAL H\SEHOLD 9 :I* ! WOM5 W]E DRUDGES COLLECTIVELY 9/EAD ( 9DIVIDUALLY & 9 :I* A *ILD :O WAS NOT V]Y ATTRACTIVE OR ASS]TIVE WAS NOT SO MU* LEFT ALONE AS NEGLECT$4 ,MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! /RUCTURE ( ! FAMILY >E ! EXPECTATIONS ?AT PEOPLE HAVE ( !IR ROLES 9 IT4 ,! DOME/IC TYRANT ( ! ,VICTORIAN FAMILY WAS ABLE TO EX]CISE HIS TYRANNY ONLY BECAUSE ! O!RS W]E PREP>$ TO PUT UP ) IT4 

,!RE IS AN OLD SLOGAN AMONG PROGRESSIVE $UCATORS1 ,HAVE'EM1 ,LOVE'EM & ,LEAVE' EM ,ALONE4 ,?IS AGA9 IS NOT URG+ NEGLECT1 BUT IT DOES EMPHASIZE ?AT HALF ! P]SONAL MIS]IES & FRU/RATIONS ( ADOLESC5TS & ( ! ADULTS !Y BECOME >E DUE TO ! 9SIDI\S PRESSURES ON ! 9DIVIDUAL TO DO :AT O!R PEOPLE ?9K IS APPROPRIATE = HIM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! CONT9UAL EXT5SION ( ! PROCESSES ( =MAL $UCATION DELAYS EV5 FUR!R ! GRANT+ ( REAL RESPONSIBILITY TO ! Y\NG4 ,ANY TEA*] 9 FUR!R $UCATION WILL TELL Y\ ( ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 SIXTE5-YE>-OLDS :O >E AT WORK & ATT5D P>T-TIME VOCATIONAL C\RSES & ?OSE ( ! SAME AGE :O >E /ILL 9 FULL-TIME $UCATION4 ,9 ?OSE B5I<T$ C\NTRIES :]E Y\NG *ILDR5 >E /ILL ALL[$ TO WORK Y\ NOTICE NOT ONLY ! ELEM5T ( EXPLOITATION BUT ALSO ! MATURITY ?AT GOES ) UND]TAK+ FUNCTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES 9 ! REAL WORLD4 

,! Y\NG >E CAU<T 9 A T5D] TRAP3 ! AGE ( PUB]TY & ! AGE ( M>RIAGE 7S9CE \R SOCIETY DOES NOT READILY P]MIT EXP]IM5TAL ALT]NATIVES YET7 GO D[N :ILE1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ACCEPTANCE 9TO ! ADULT WORLD IS CONT9UALLY DEF]R$ -- DESPITE ! L[]+ ( ! =MAL AGE ( MAJORITY4 ,NO WOND] MANY ADULTS APPE> TO BE CA/ 9 A MOLD ( IMMATURITY4 ,9 FAMILY LIFE WE HAVE NOT YET DEVELOP$ A G5U9ELY P]MISSIVE SOCIETY BUT SIMPLY ONE 9 :I* IT IS DIFFICULT TO GR[ UP4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! FACT ?AT = A M9ORITY ( Y\NG PEOPLE -- A M9ORITY :I* IS 9CREAS+ ! /]EOTYPES ( SEXUAL BEHAVIOR & SEXUAL ROLES :I* CONF9$ & OPPRESS$ !IR ELD]S = C5TURIES HAVE SIMPLY BECOME IRRELEVANT1 WILL C]TA9LY BE SE5 9 ! FUTURE AS ONE ( ! POSITIVE A*IEVEM5TS ( \R AGE4 

O ,*APT] #i - ,S*OOLS ,NO ,LONG] 
,*APT] ,I,X4 ,S*OOLS ,NO ,LONG] 

  
  

,FROM ,WILLIAM ,GODW9'S ,AN ,ACC\NT ( ! ,SEM9>Y ,?AT ,WILL ,BE ,OP5$ ON ,MONDAY ! ,F\R? ,DAY ( ,AUGU/ AT ,EPSOM 9 ,SURREY 7#a#g#h#c7 TO ,PAUL ,GOODMAN'S ,COMPULSORY ,MIS-$UCATION 7#a#i#f#d71 AN>*ISM HAS P]SI/5TLY REG>D$ ITSELF AS HAV+ DI/9CTIVE & REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS = $UCATION4 ,9DE$1 NO O!R MOVEM5T :ATEV] HAS ASSIGN$ TO $UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES1 CONCEPTS1 EXP]IM5TS1 & PRACTICES A MORE SIGNIFICANT PLACE 9 ITS WRIT+S & ACTIVITIES4  
  
  

,KRIM]MAN & ,P]RY1 ,PATT]NS ( ,AN>*Y 7#a#i#f#f7 

,ULTIMATELY ! SOCIAL FUNCTION ( $UCATION IS TO P]PETUATE SOCIETY3 IT IS  
! SOCIALIZ+ FUNCTION4 ,SOCIETY GU>ANTEES ITS FUTURE BY RE>+ ITS *ILDR5 9 ITS [N IMAGE4 ,9 TRADITIONAL SOCIETIES ! PEASANT RE>S HIS SONS TO CULTIVATE ! SOIL1 ! MAN ( P[] RE>S HIS TO WIELD P[]1 & ! PRIE/ 9/RUCTS !M ALL 9 ! NECESSITY ( A PRIE/HOOD4 ,9 MOD]N GOV]NM5TAL SOCIETY1 AS ,FRANK ,MAC,K9NON PUTS IT1 0,! $UCATIONAL SY/EM IS ! L>GE/ 9/RUM5T 9 ! MOD]N /ATE = TELL+ PEOPLE :AT TO DO4 ,IT 5ROLLS FIVE-YE>-OLDS & TRIES TO DIRECT !IR M5TAL1 & MU* ( !IR SOCIAL1 PHYSICAL & MORAL DEVELOPM5T = TWELVE OR MORE ( ! MO/ =MATIVE YE>S ( !IR LIVES40.<#i#e.> 

,TO F9D A HI/ORICAL P>ALLEL TO ?IS Y\ W\LD HAVE TO GO BACK TO ANCI5T ,SP>TA1 ! PR9CIPAL DIFF]5CE BE+ ?AT ! ONLY $UCATION WE HE> ( 9 ! ANCI5T WORLD IS ?AT ( RUL+ CLASSES4 ,SP>TAN $UCATION WAS SIMPLY TRA9+ = 9FANTRY W>F>E & = 9/RUCT+ ! CITIZ5S 9 ! TE*NIQUES = SUBDU+ ! SLAVE CLASS1 ! HELOTS :O DID ! DAILY WORK ( ! /ATE & GREATLY \TNUMB]$ ! CITIZ5S4 ,9 ! MOD]N WORLD ! HELOTS HAVE TO BE $UCAT$ TOO1 & ! EQUIVAL5T ( ,SP>TAN W>F>E IS ! 9DU/RIAL & TE*NICAL COMPETITION BETWE5 NATIONS :I* IS SOMETIMES ! PRODUCT ( W> & SOMETIMES ITS PRELUDE4 ,! YE> 9 :I* ,BRITA9'S 9ITIAL ADVANTAGE 9 ! WORLD'S 9DU/RIAL M>KETS BEGAN TO WANE WAS ! YE> 9 :I*1 AFT] G5]ATIONS ( BICK]+ AB\T ITS RELIGI\S CONT5T1 UNIV]SAL COMPULSORY ELEM5T>Y $UCATION WAS 9TRODUC$1 & EV]Y SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5T S9CE ! ,ACT ( #ahg HAD A CLOSE RELATION%IP TO ! EXP]I5CE1 NOT M]ELY ( COMM]CIAL RIVALRY BUT ( W> ITSELF4 ,! ,5GLI% ,$UCATION ,ACTS ( #a#i#b1 #aiah & #aidd W]E ALL BORN ( W>1 & EV]Y NEW 9T]NATIONAL CONFLICT1 :E!R 9 RIVALRY = M>KETS OR 9 MILIT>Y TE*NIQUES1 HAS BE5 ! SIGNAL = A NEW BUR/ ( CONC]N AMONG ! RIVAL P[]S OV] ! SCALE & SCOPE ( !IR SY/EMS ( $UCATION4 

,! NOTION ?AT PRIM>Y $UCATION %\LD BE FREE1 COMPULSORY & UNIV]SAL IS V]Y MU* OLD] ?AN ! ,BRITI% LEGISLATION ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,M>T9 ,LU!R APPEAL$ 0,TO ! ,C\NCILM5 ( ALL ,CITIES 9 ,G]MANY ?AT !Y E/ABLI% & MA9TA9 ,*RI/IAN S*OOLS10 COMPULSORY $UCATION WAS F\ND$ 9 ,CALV9I/ ,G5EVA 9 #a#e#c#f1 & ,CALV9'S ,SCOTTI% DISCIPLE ,JOHN ,KNOX 0PLANT$ A S*OOL AS WELL AS A KIRK 9 EV]Y P>I%04 ,9 ,PURITAN ,MASSA*USETTS FREE COMPULSORY $UCATION WAS 9TRODUC$ 9 #a#f#d#g4 ,! COMMON S*OOL1 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D NOTES1 0CONTR>Y TO POPUL> BELIEF1 IS NO BELAT$ PRODUCT ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY DEMOCRACY3 IT PLAY$ A NECESS>Y P>T 9 ! ABSOLUTI/-ME*ANICAL =MULA 444 C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY WAS N[ BELAT$LY TAK+ UP ! WORK ?AT HAD BE5 NEGLECT$ ) ! WIP+ \T ( MUNICIPAL FRE$OM 9 ! GREAT] P>T ( ,EUROPE4.<#i#f.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 HAV+ DE/ROY$ LOCAL 9ITIATIVE1 ! /ATE WAS ACT+ 9 ITS [N 9T]E/4 ,COMPULSORY $UCATION IS B\ND UP HI/ORICALLY1 NOT ONLY ) ! PR9T+ PRESS1 ! RISE ( PROTE/ANTISM & CAPITALISM1 BUT ) ! GR[? ( ! IDEA ( ! NATION /ATE ITSELF4 

,ALL ! GREAT RATIONALI/ PHILOSOPH]S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY POND]$ ON ! PROBLEMS ( POPUL> $UCATION1 & ! TWO ACUTE/ $UCATIONAL ?9K]S AMONG !M RANG$ !MSELVES ON OPPOSITE SIDES ON ! QUE/ION ( ! ORGANIZATION ( $UCATION3 ,R\SSEAU = ! /ATE1 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 AGA9/ IT4 ,R\SSEAU1 :OSE ,EMILE PO/ULATES A COMPLETELY 9DIVIDUAL $UCATION 7HUMAN SOCIETY IS IGNOR$1 ! TUTOR'S 5TIRE LIFE IS DEVOT$ TO POOR ,EMILE7 DID1 NEV]!LESS1 9 HIS ,DISC\RSE ON ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY 7#a#g#e#h7 >GUE = PUBLIC $UCATION 0UND] REGULATIONS PRESCRIB$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 4441 IF *ILDR5 >E BR\<T UP 9 COMMON 9 ! BOSOM ( EQUALITY2 IF !Y >E IMBU$ ) ! LAWS ( ! ,/ATE & ! PRECEPTS ( ! ,G5]AL ,WILL 444 WE CANNOT D\BT ?AT !Y WILL *]I% ONE ANO!R MUTUALLY AS BRO!RS 444 TO BECOME 9 TIME DEF5D]S & FA!RS ( ! C\NTRY ( :I* !Y WILL HAVE BE5 = SO LONG ! *ILDR540 

,GODW91 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#c7 CRITICIZES ! :OLE IDEA ( A NATIONAL $UCATION4 ,HE SUMM>IZES ! >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR1 :I* >E ?OSE US$ BY ,R\SSEAU1 ADD+ TO !M ! QUE/ION1 0,IF ! $UCATION ( \R Y\? BE 5TIRELY CONF9$ TO ! PRUD5CE ( !IR P>5TS1 OR ! ACCID5TAL B5EVOL5CE ( PRIVATE 9DIVIDUALS1 WILL IT NOT BE A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ?AT SOME WILL BE $UCAT$ TO VIRTUE1 O!RS TO VISE1 & O!RS AGA9 5TIRELY NEGLECT$80 ,GODW9'S ANSW] IS WOR? QUOT+ AT L5G? BECAUSE HIS LONE VOICE FROM ! 5D ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY SPEAKS TO US 9 ! ACC5TS ( ! DE-S*OOL]S ( \R [N DAY3  
  

,! 9JURIES ?AT RESULT FROM A SY/EM ( NATIONAL $UCATION >E1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ALL PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5TS 9CLUDE 9 !M ! IDEA ( P]MAN5CE 444 PUBLIC $UCATION HAS ALWAYS EXP5D$ ITS 5]GIES 9 ! SUPPORT ( PREJUDICE2 IT TEA*ES ITS PUPILS NOT ! =TITUDE ?AT %ALL BR+ EV]Y PROPOSITION TO ! TE/ ( EXAM9ATION1 BUT ! >T ( V9DICAT+ SU* T5ETS AS MAY *ANCE TO BE PREVI\SLY E/ABLI%$ 444 ,EV5 9 ! PETTY 9/ITUTION ( ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! *IEF LESSONS ?AT >E TAU<T >E A SUP]/ITI\S V5]ATION = ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 & TO B[ TO EV]Y MAN 9 A H&SOME COAT 444 

,SECONDLY1 ! IDEA ( NATIONAL $UCATION IS F\ND$ 9 AN 9ATT5TION TO ! NATURE ( M9D4 ,:ATEV] EA* MAN DOES = HIMSELF IS DONE WELL2 :ATEV] HIS NEI<BORS OR HIS C\NTRY UND]TAKE TO DO = HIM IS DONE ILL 444 ,HE ?AT LE>NS BECAUSE HE DESIRES TO LE>N WILL LI/5 TO ! 9/RUCTIONS HE RECEIVES & APPREH5D !IR MEAN+4 ,HE ?AT TEA*ES BECAUSE HE DESIRES TO TEA* WILL DIS*>GE HIS OCCUPATION ) 5?USIASM & 5]GY4 ,BUT ! MOM5T POLITICAL 9/ITUTION UND]TAKES TO ASSIGN TO EV]Y MAN HIS PLACE1 ! FUNCTIONS ( ALL WILL BE DIS*>G$ ) SUP95ESS & 9DIFF]5CE 444 

,?IRDLY1 ! PROJECT ( A NATIONAL $UCATION \<T UNI=MLY TO BE DISC\RAG$ ON ACC\NT ( ITS OBVI\S ALLIANCE ) NATIONAL GOV]NM5T 444 ,GOV]NM5T WILL NOT FAIL TO EMPLOY IT TO /R5G!N ITS H& & P]PETUATE ITS 9/ITUTIONS 444 ,!IR VIEW AS 9/IGATOR ( A SY/EM ( $UCATION WILL NOT FAIL TO BE ANALOG\S TO !IR VIEWS 9 !IR POLITICAL CAPACITY4.<#i#g.>  
  

,CONTEMPOR>Y CRITICS ( ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 NATIONAL GOV]NM5T & NATIONAL $UCATION W\LD AGREE1 & W\LD >GUE ?AT IT IS 9 ! NATURE ( PUBLIC AU?ORITIES TO RUN CO]CIVE & HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS :OSE ULTIMATE FUNCTION IS TO P]PETUATE SOCIAL 9EQUALITY & TO BRA9WA% ! Y\NG 9TO ! ACCEPTANCE ( !IR P>TICUL> SLOT 9 ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM4 ,A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 9 A BOOK CALL$ ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 *>ACT]IZ$ 0! PEOPLE0 AS 0! ET]NAL M9OR1 ! PUPIL CONFESS$LY =EV] 9COMPET5T TO PASS HIS EXAM9ATIONS1 RISE TO ! KN[L$GE ( HIS TEA*]S1 & DISP5SE ) !IR DISCIPL9E04  
  

,ONE DAY ,I ASK$ ,MAZZ9I :AT MEASURES W\LD BE TAK5 = ! EMANCIPATION ( ! PEOPLE1 ONCE HIS TRIUMPHANT UNIT>Y REPUBLIC HAD BE5 DEF9ITELY E/ABLI%$4 0,! FIR/ MEASURE01 HE ANSW]$1 0WILL BE ! F\NDATION ( S*OOLS = ! PEOPLE40 0,& :AT WILL ! PEOPLE BE TAU<T 9 !SE S*OOLS80 0,! DUTIES ( MAN -- SACRIFICE & DEVOTION40.<#i#h.>  
  

,BAKUN9 MADE ! SAME COMP>ISON AS IS MADE TODAY BY ,EV]ETT ,REIM] & ,IVAN ,ILLI* BETWE5 ! TEA*+ PR(ESSION & A PRIE/LY CA/E1 & HE DECL>$ ?AT 0,LIKE CONDITIONS1 LIKE CAUSES1 ALWAYS PRODUCE LIKE EFFECTS4 ,IT WILL1 !N1 BE ! SAME ) ! PR(ESSORS ( ! MOD]N S*OOL1 DIV9ELY 9SPIR$ & LIC5S$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,!Y WILL NECESS>ILY BECOME1 SOME )\T KN[+ IT1 O!RS ) FULL KN[L$GE ( ! CAUSE1 TEA*]S ( ! DOCTR9E ( POPUL> SACRIFICE TO ! P[] ( ! ,/ATE & TO ! PR(IT ( ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES40 ,MU/ WE !N1 HE ASK$1 ELIM9ATE FROM SOCIETY ALL 9/RUCTION & ABOLI% ALL S*OOLS8 ,F> FROM IT1 HE REPLI$1 BUT HE DEM&$ S*OOLS FROM :I* ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY WILL BE ELIM9AT$3 0,!Y WILL BE S*OOLS NO LONG]2 !Y WILL BE POPUL> ACADEMIES 9 :I* NEI!R PUPILS NOR MA/]S WILL BE KN[N1 :]E ! PEOPLE WILL COME FREELY TO GET1 IF !Y NE$ IT1 FREE 9/RUCTION1 & 9 :I*1 RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]TIZE1 !Y WILL TEA* 9 !IR TURN MANY ?+S TO ! PR(ESSORS :O %ALL BR+ !M KN[L$GE :I* !Y LACK40.<#i#i.> 

,?IS 5TIRELY DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( ! S*OOL HAD ALREADY BE5 5VISAG$ BY ,GODW9 9 #agig AS A PLAN 0CALCULAT$ 5TIRELY TO *ANGE ! FACE ( $UCATION4 ,! :OLE =MIDABLE APP>ATUS1 :I* HAS HI!RTO ATT5D$ IT1 IS SWEPT AWAY4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 NO SU* *>ACT]S >E LEFT UPON ! SC5E AS EI!R PRECEPTOR OR PUPIL4 ,! BOY1 LIKE ! MAN1 /UDIES BECAUSE HE DESIRES IT4 ,HE PROCE$S UPON A PLAN ( HIS [N 9V5TION1 OR :I*1 BY ADOPT+1 HE HAS MADE HIS [N40.<#a.> ,P]HAPS ! NE>E/ ?+ TO A S*OOL ( ?IS K9D )9 ! (FICIAL SY/EM WAS ,PRE/OLEE ,S*OOL 7AN ELEM5T>Y S*OOL 9 ,LANCA%IRE REVOLUTIONIZ$ AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BY ITS HEADMA/] ,$W>D ,O' ,NEIL7 1 :]E 0TIME-TABLES & PROGRAMS PLAY AN 9SIGNIFICANT P>T1 = ! OLD] *ILDR5 COME BACK :5 S*OOL H\RS >E OV]1 & ) !M1 !IR P>5TS & ELD] BRO!RS & SI/]S04.<#a#a.> 

,9 SPITE ( ! TALK ( 0COMMUNITY S*OOLS0 !RE >E A ?\S& BUREAUCRATIC REASONS :Y ,O',NEIL'S V]SION ( ,BAKUN9'S 0POPUL> ACADEMY0 C\LD NOT BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE TODAY1 & REMA9S ONLY A VISION ( ! FUTURE TRANS=MATION ( ! S*OOL4 ,H[EV]1 ,PR(ESSOR ,H>RY ,REE TOLD A CONF]5CE ( Y\NG TEA*]S ?AT3 0,I ?9K WE >E GO+ TO SEE 9 Y\R LIFETIME ! 5D ( S*OOLS AS WE KN[ !M4 ,9/EAD !RE WILL BE A COMMUNITY C5T] ) ! DOORS OP5 TWELVE H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 :]E ANYBODY CAN W&] 9 & \T ( ! LIBR>Y1 WORK%OPS1 SPORTS C5T]1 SELF-S]VICE /ORE & B>4 ,9 A HUNDR$ YE>S' TIME ! COMPULSORY ATT5DANCE LAWS = *ILDR5 TO GO TO S*OOL MAY HAVE GONE ! SAME WAY AS ! COMPULSORY LAWS = ATT5DANCE AT *UR*40.<#a#b.> 

,TODAY1 AS ! $UCATIONAL BUDGETS ( BO? RI* & POOR NATIONS GET MORE & MORE GIGANTIC1 WE W\LD ADD A FUR!R CRITICISM ( ! ROLE ( ! /ATE AS $UCATOR ?R\<\T ! WORLD3 ! AFFRONT TO ! IDEA ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,AN IMM5SE EF=T BY WELL-9T5TION$ RE=M]S HAS GONE 9TO ! ATTEMPT TO MANIPULATE ! $UCATION SY/EM TO PROVIDE EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 BUT ?IS HAS SIMPLY RESULT$ 9 A !ORETICAL & ILLUSORY EQUAL />T 9 A COMPETITION TO BECOME MORE & MORE UNEQUAL4 ,! GREAT] ! SUMS ( MONEY ?AT >E P\R$ 9TO ! $UCATION 9DU/RIES ( ! WORLD1 ! SMALL] ! B5EFIT TO ! PEOPLE AT ! BOTTOM ( ! $UCATIONAL1 OCCUPATIONAL & SOCIAL HI]>*Y4 ,! UNIV]SAL $UCATION SY/EM TURNS \T TO BE YET ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ! POOR SUBSIDIZE ! RI*4 ,EV]ETT ,REIM]1 = 9/ANCE1 REM>K+ ?AT S*OOLS >E AN ALMO/ P]FECTLY REGRESSIVE =M ( TAXATION1 NOTES ?AT ! *ILDR5 ( ! POORE/ ONE-T5? ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CO/ ! PUBLIC 9 S*OOL+ @s#b1#e EA* OV] A LIFETIME1 :ILE ! *ILDR5 ( ! RI*E/ ONE-T5? CO/ AB\T @s#c#e14 0,ASSUM+ ?AT ONE-?IRD ( ?IS IS PRIVATE EXP5DITURE1 ! RI*E/ ONE-T5? /ILL GETS T5 TIMES AS MU* ( PUBLIC FUNDS = $UCATION AS ! POORE/ ONE-T5?40 ,9 HIS SUPPRESS$ ,UNESCO REPORT ( #aig ,MI*AEL ,HUB]MAN REA*$ ! SAME CONCLUSION = ! MAJORITY ( C\NTRIES 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ,BRITA91 IGNOR+ COMPLETELY ! UNIV]SITY ASPECT1 WE SP5D TWICE AS MU* ON ! SECOND>Y S*OOL LIFE ( A GRAMM>-S*OOL SIX? =M] AS ON A SECOND>Y MOD]N S*OOL-,IEAV]1 :ILE1 IF WE DO 9CLUDE UNIV]SITY EXP5DITURE1 WE SP5D AS MU* ON AN UND]GRADUATE 9 ONE YE> AS ON A NORMAL S*OOL*ILD ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 0,:ILE ! HI<E/ SOCIAL GR\P B5EFIT SEV5TE5 TIMES AS MU* AS ! L[E/ GR\P FROM ! EXP5DITURE ON UNIV]SITIES1 !Y ONLY CONTRIBUTE FIVE TIMES AS MU* REV5UE40 ,WE MAY ?US CONCLUDE ?AT ONE SIGNIFICANT ROLE ( ! /ATE 9 ! $UCATION SY/EMS ( ! WORLD IS TO P]PETUATE SOCIAL & ECONOMIC 9JU/ICE4 

,Y\ CAN SEE :Y ONE CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ $UCATOR1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 SUGGE/S ?AT IT W\LD BE SIMPL]1 *EAP] & FAIR] TO DISMANTLE ! SY/EM & GIVE EA* KID HIS OR H] %>E ( ! $UCATION MONEY4 ,GOODMAN'S PROGRAM IS DEVA/AT+LY SIMPLE4 ,= ! Y\NG *ILD PROVIDE A 0PROTECTIVE & LIFE-N\RI%+ 5VIRONM5T1 BY DEC5TRALIZ+ ! S*OOL 9TO SMALL UNITS ( TW5TY TO FIFTY 9 AVAILABLE %OPFRONTS OR CLUBH\SES1 ) CLASS ATT5DANCES NOT COMPULSORY4 ,L9K ! S*OOL ) ECONOMICALLY M>G9AL F>MS :]E CITY KIDS CAN GO = A C\PLE ( MON?S A YE>4 ,= OLD] *ILDR53  
  

,PROBABLY AN EV5 BETT] MODEL W\LD BE ! ,A!NIAN P$AGOGUE T\R+ ! CITY ) HIS *>GES2 BUT = ?IS ! /REETS & WORK+-PLACES ( ! CITY MU/ BE MADE SAF] & MORE AVAILABLE ?AN IS LIKELY4 7,! PR]EQUISITE ( CITY-PLANN+ IS = ! *ILDR5 TO BE ABLE TO USE ! CITY1 = NO CITY IS GOV]NABLE IF IT DOES NOT GR[ CITIZ5S :O FEEL IT IS !IRS47 ,! GOAL ( ELEM5T>Y P$AGOGY IS A V]Y MODE/ ONE3 IT IS = A SMALL *ILD1 UND] HIS [N /EAM1 TO POKE 9T]E/+LY 9TO :ATEV] GOES ON & BE ABLE1 BY OBS]VATION1 QUE/IONS & PRACTICAL IMITATION1 TO GET SOME?+ \T ( IT 9 HIS [N T]MS4 ,9 \R SOCIETY ?IS HAPP5S PRETTY WELL AT HOME UP TO AGE F\R1 BUT AFT] ?AT IT BECOMES =BIDD+LY DIFFICULT4.<#a#c.>  
  

,TE*NICAL $UCATION1 HE BELIEVES1 IS BE/ UND]TAK5 ON ! JOB =1 PROVID$ ?AT 0! Y\NG HAVE OPTIONS & CAN ORGANIZE & CRITICIZE1 ON ! JOB $UCATION IS ! QUICKE/ WAY TO WORK]S' MANAGEM5T04 ,UNIV]SITY $UCATION 0IS = ADULTS :O ALREADY KN[ SOME?+04 

,GOODMAN P$DL$ HIS IDEAS ( 9CID5TAL $UCATION 9 & \T ( SEASON = MO/ ( HIS WRIT+ LIFE1 BUT ONLY V]Y REC5TLY HAVE PEOPLE BEGUN TO TAKE !M S]I\SLY4 ,:AT HAS *ANG$ ! CLIMATE HAS BE5 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! /UD5TS' REVOLT1 & ! $UCATIONAL CRISIS ( ! ,AM]ICAN CITIES -- ) MORE & MORE EXP5DITURE PROVID+ LESS & LESS EFFECTIVE $UCATION1 & ! IMPACT ( $UCATIONAL ?9K]S FROM ! ,?IRD ,WORLD LIKE ,IVAN ,ILLI* & ,PAOLO ,FREIRE :O HAVE %[N H[ TOTALLY 9APPROPRIATE TO REAL SOCIAL NE$S ! /&>D PATT]N ( S*OOL & UNIV]SITY >E4 ,EV]Y:]E EXP]IM5TS >E BE+ MADE TO BREAK AWAY FROM ! /RAITJACKET ( ,ILLI*'S DEF9ITION ( S*OOL AS ! 0AGE-SPECIFIC1 TEA*]-RELAT$ PROCESS REQUIR+ FULL-TIME ATT5DANCE AT AN OBLIGATORY CURRICULUM04 ,:AT 9HIBITS SU* EXP]IM5TS IS PRECISELY ! EXI/5CE ( ! (FICIAL SY/EM :I* PREEMPTS ! OPTIONS ( ! CITIZ5S :O >E OBLIG$ TO F9ANCE IT1 SO ?AT ALT]NATIVES >E DEP5D5T ON ! M>G9AL 9COME ( POT5TIAL US]S4 ,:5 ! ,SCOTL& ,ROAD ,FREE ,S*OOL 9 ,LIV]POOL ASK$ ! $UCATION AU?ORITY = SOME V]Y MODE/ ASSI/ANCE 9 ! =M ( EQUIPM5T1 ONE MEMB] ( ! ,$UCATION ,COMMITTEE DECL>$ ?AT 0WE >E BE+ ASK$ TO WEAK5 ! FABRIC ( :AT WE \RSELVES >E SUPPOS$ TO BE SUPPORT+ 444 ,WE MI<T F9I% UP ) ! FACT ?AT NO *ILDR5 WILL WANT TO GO TO \R S*OOLS40 

,! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO $UCATION IS GR\ND$1 NOT 9 A CONTEMPT = LE>N+1 BUT 9 A RESPECT = ! LE>N]4 ,DANILO ,DOLEI TOLD ME ( 5C\NT]+ 0B&ITS0 9 ,SICILY :OSE ONE CONTACT ) 0$UCATION0 WAS LE>N+ TO READ FROM AN AN>*I/ FELL[-PRISON] 9 JAIL4 ,>TURO ,B>EA RECALL$ FROM HIS *ILDHOOD 9 ,MADRID TWO POV]TY-/RICK5 AN>*I/ P$AGOGUES4 ,ONE1 ! ,P5NY ,TEA*] LIV$ 9 A HUT MADE ( PETROL CANS 9 ! ,B>RIO DE LAS ,9JURIAS4 ,A HORDE ( RAGG$ PUPILS SQUATT$ R\ND HIM 9 ! OP5 TO LE>N ! ,A,B,C AT T5 C5TIMOS A MON?4 ,! O!R1 ! ,SA9T ) ! ,BE>D1 US$ TO HOLD HIS CLASSES 9 EX*ANGE = HIS PUPILS' COLLECTION ( CIG>ETTE-5DS 9 ! ,PLAZA ,MAYOR4 ,! ,P5NY ,TEA*] WAS S5T TO PRISON AS AN AN>*I/ & DI$ !RE4 ,! ,SA9T ) ! ,BE>D WAS W>N$ (F FROM HIS CORN] & DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT HE TURN$ UP AGA9 EV5TUALLY & W5T ON SECRETLY L5D+ TATT]$ BOOKS TO HIS PUPILS1 = ! LOVE ( READ+4 

,! MO/ DEVA/AT+ CRITICISM WE CAN MAKE ( ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM IS ?AT ITS EFFECTS >E PR(\NDLY ANTI-$UCATIONAL4 ,9 ,BRITA91 AT FIVE YE>S OLD1 MO/ *ILDR5 CANNOT WAIT TO GET 9TO S*OOL4 ,AT FIFTE51 MO/ CANNOT WAIT TO GET \T4 ,ON ! DAY ,I AM WRIT+1 \R BIGGE/-SELL+ NEWSPAP] DEVOTES ITS FRONT PAGE TO A PHOTOGRAPH ( A ?IRTE5-YE>-OLD TRUANT1 ) HIS COMM5T1 0,! WORSE P>T IS ,I ?\<T ,I ONLY HAD ANO!R TWO YE>S TO SWEAT \T1 !N !Y PUT ! LEAV+ AGE UP TO SIXTE54 ,?AT'S :5 ,I ?\<T1 SOD IT40 ,! LIKELIE/ LEV] = *ANGE 9 ! ORGANIZ$ SY/EM WILL COME1 NOT FROM CRITICISM OR EXAMPLE FROM \TSIDE1 BUT FROM PRESSURE FROM BEL[4 ,!RE HAS ALWAYS BE5 A PROPORTION ( PUPILS :O ATT5D UNWILL+LY1 :O RES5T ! AU?ORITY ( ! S*OOL & ITS >BITR>Y REGULATIONS1 & :O PUT A L[ VALUE ON ! PROCESSES ( $UCATION BECAUSE !IR [N EXP]I5CE TELLS !M ?AT IT IS AN OB/ACLE RACE 9 :I* !Y >E SO (T5 ! LOS]S ?AT !Y W\LD BE MUGS TO 5T] ! COMPETITION4 ,?IS IS :AT S*OOL HAS TAU<T !M1 & :5 ?IS >MY ( ALSO-RANS1 NO LONG] C[$ BY ?REATS1 NO LONG] AM5ABLE TO CAJOL]Y1 NO LONG] TO BE BLUDGEON$ BY PHYSICAL VIOL5CE 9TO SULL5 ACQUIESC5CE GR[S L>GE 5\< TO PREV5T ! S*OOL FROM FUNCTION+ ) EV5 ! SEMBLANCE ( RELEVANCE OR EFFECTIV5ESS1 ! $UCATIONAL REVOLUTION WILL BEG94 

,AT ! OPPOSITE 5D ( ! $UCATIONAL SPECTRUM1 ! UNIV]SITY1 ! PROCESS ( R5EWAL ?R\< SECESSION HAS ANCI5T HI/ORICAL PREC$5TS4 ,OX=D WAS />T$ BY SEC$+ ,5GLI% /UD5TS FROM ,P>IS1 ,CAMBRIDGE BY S*OL>S :O FL$ FROM ,OX=D1 ,LONDON BY DISS5T]S :O C\LD NOT ACCEPT ! RELIGI\S QUALIFICATIONS REQUIR$ BY ,OX=D & ,CAMBRIDGE4 ,BUT ! MO/ P]FECT AN>*I/ MODEL = A UNIV]SITY COMES FROM ,SPA94 ,T[>DS ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T1 DOM9AT$ !N AS N[1 BY ! ,*UR*1 DISMISS$ SOME LEAD+ UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS4 ,A FEW ( !M />T$ A 0FREE0 S*OOL = HI<] /UDIES1 !  
,9/ITUEION ,LIBRE DE ,5S5ANZA & >\ND ?IS >OSE ! SO-CALL$ 0,G5]ATION ( '#i#h0 ! SMALL GR\P ( 9TELLECTUALS :O1 P>ALLEL+ ! GR[? ( ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5TS ( ?AT TIME1 S\<T TO DIAGNOSE ! /IFL+ 9]TIA1 HYPOCRISY & CORRUPTION ( ,SPANI% LIFE -- ! >T CRITIC & TEA*] ,MANUEL ,COSSIO1 ! PHILOSOPH]S ,UNAMUNO & ,ORTEGA Y ,GASSET1 ! ECONOMI/ ,JOACQU9 ,CO/A 7:O SUMM$ UP HIS PROGRAM = ,SPA9 9 ! PHRASE S*OOL & L>D]7 ! POET ,ANTONIO ,MA*ADO & ! NOVELI/ ,PIO ,B>OJA4 ,! ,9/ITUCION HAD AN EV5 MORE REM>KABLE (FSPR+1 ! ,RESID5CIA DE ,E/UDIANTES1 OR ,RESID5TIAL ,COLLEGE = ,/UD5TS1 F\ND$ BY ,ALB]TO ,JIM5EZ 9 #a#i#a4 ,G]ALD ,BR5AN GIVES US A FASC9AT+ GLIMPSE ( ! ,RESID5CIA3  
  

,H]E1 OV] A LONG C\RSE ( YE>S1 ,UNAMUNO1 ,COSSIO & ,ORTEGA TAU<T1 WALK+ AB\T ! G>D5 OR SITT+ 9 ! %ADE ( ! TREES 9 ! MANN] ( ! ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S3 H]E ,JUAN ,RAMON ,JIM5EZ WROTE & RECIT$ HIS POEMS1 & H]E TOO A LAT] G5]ATION ( POETS1 AMONG !M ,G>CIA ,LORCA & ,ALB]TI1 LE>N$ !IR TRADE1 COM+ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( ! S*OOL ( MUSIC & FOLK SONG :I* ,$U>DO ,M>T9EZ ,TOM] ORGANIZ$4 ,NEV]1 ,I ?9K1 S9CE ! E>LY ,MIDDLE ,AGES HAS AN $UCATIONAL E/ABLI%M5T PRODUC$ SU* A/ONI%+ RESULTS ON ! LIFE ( A NATION1 = IT WAS L>GELY BY MEANS ( ! ,9/ITUCION & !  
,RESID5CIA ?AT ,SPANI% CULTURE WAS RAIS$ SUDD5LY TO A LEVEL IT HAD NOT KN[N = ?REE HUNDR$ YE>S4.<#a#d.>  
  

,LORCA1 ,DALI & ,BUNUEL W]E FELL[ /UD5TS AT ! ,RESID5CIA2 A TRUE COMMUNITY ( S*OL>S ) A G5U9E FUNCTION 9 ! COMMUNITY IT S]V$4 ,! ONLY P>ALLELS ,I CAN ?9K ( >E ! ONE-TIME ,BLACK ,M\NTA9 ,COLLEGE 9 ! ,U,S1 & ! ANNUAL TWO-DAY ,HI/ORY ,WORK%OP AT ,RUSK9 ,COLLEGE1 ,OX=D 7SIGNIFICANTLY NOT A P>T ( ! UNIV]SITY71 :]E AT A CO/ ( #e,OP EA* A ?\S& /UD5TS & TEA*]S GA!R TO PRES5T & DISCUSS ORIG9AL RESE>* 9 AN ATMOSPH]E LIKE ?AT ( A POP FE/IVAL4 ,IT IS A FE/IVAL ( S*OL>%IP1 F> AWAY FROM ! WORLD ( VISE-*ANCELLORS & ACADEMIC BO>DS1 RUNN+ A F9I%+ S*OOL = ! BOR$ ASPIRANTS = PRIVILEG$ JOBS 9 ! M]ITOCRACY4 

,9 ! WORLD-WIDE /UD5T REVOLT ( ! LATE #a#i#fS1 FROM ONE UNIV]SITY AFT] ANO!R C>NE ! COMM5T ?AT ! P]IOD ( REVOLUTION>Y SELF-GOV]NM5T WAS ! ONE G5U9ELY $UCATIONAL EXP]I5CE ?AT ! /UD5TS HAD 5C\NT]$4 0,HE HAD LE>N$ MORE 9 ?OSE SIX WEEKS ?AN 9 F\R YE>S ( CLASSES10 7,DWI<T ,MACDONALD ON A ,COLUMBIA /UD5T72 0,EV]YONE IS A RI*] P]SON = ! EXP]I5CE & HAS 5RI*$ ! COMMUNITY BY IT10 7,L,S,E /UD5T72 0,! LA/ T5 DAYS HAVE BE5 ! MO/ REW>D+ ( MY :OLE UNIV]SITY C>E]10 7PET] ,T[NS5D ( ,ESSEX ,UNIV]SITY72 0,?IS G5]ATION ( ,HULL /UD5TS HAS HAD ! OPPORTUNITY TO TAKE P>T 9 EV5TS :I* MAY WELL BE ! MO/ VALUABLE P>T ( !IR UNIV]SITY LIVES10 7,DAVID ,RUB9/E9 ON ,HULL74 ,AT ,HOMSEY ,COLLEGE ( ,>T ONE LECTUR] SAID1 0,IT'S ! GREATE/ $UCATIONAL ?+ ,I'VE EV] KN[N10 & ANO!R CALL$ IT 0A SURGE ( CREATIVITY UNHE>D ( 9 ! ANNALS ( HI<] $UCATION04 

,:AT A DELICI\S1 BUT PR$ICTABLE IRONY1 ?AT REAL $UCATION1 SELF-$UCATION1 %\LD ONLY COME FROM LOCK+ \T OR IGNOR+ ! EXP5SIVE ACADEMIC HI]>*Y4 ,! /UD5TS' REVOLT WAS A MICROCOSM ( AN>*Y1 SPONTANE\S1 SELF-DIRECT$ ACTIVITY REPLAC+ ! P[] /RUCTURE BY A NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS4 ,:AT ! /UD5TS EXP]I5C$ WAS ?AT S5SE ( LIB]ATION ?AT COMES FROM TAK+ Y\R [N DECISIONS & ASSUM+ Y\R [N RESPONSIBILITIES4 ,IT IS AN EXP]I5CE ?AT WE NE$ TO C>RY F> BEYOND ! PRIVILEG$ WORLD ( HI<] $UCATION1 9TO ! FACTORY1 ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ! DAILY LIVES ( PEOPLE EV]Y:]E4 

O ,*APT] #a - ,PLAY AS AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>ABLE 
,*APT] ,X4 ,PLAY AS AN ,AN>*I/ ,P>ABLE 

  
  

,! BOY :O SW+S FROM ROPE TO HORSE1 LEAP+ BACK AGA9 TO ! SW++ ROPE1 IS LE>N+ BY HIS EYES1 MUSCLES1 JO9TS & BY EV]Y S5SE ORGAN HE HAS1 TO JUDGE1 TO E/IMATE1 TO KN[4 ,! O!R TW5TY-N9E BOYS & GIRLS 9 ! GYMNASIUM >E ALL AS ACTIVE AS HE1 SOME IF !M 9 HIS IMM$IATE VIC9ITY4 ,BUT AS HE SW+S HE DOES NOT AVOID4 ,HE SW+S :]E !RE IS SPACE -- A V]Y IMPORTANT DI/9CTION -- & 9 DO+ SO HE ?READS HIS WAY AMONG ! TW5TY-N9E FELL[S4 ,US+ ALL HIS FACILITIES1 HE IS AW>E IF ! TOTAL SITUATION 9 ?AT GYMNASIUM -- ( HIS [N SW++ & IF HIS FELL[S' ACTIONS4 ,HE DOES NOT %\T TO ! O!RS TO /OP1 TO WAIT OR MOVE FROM HIM -- NOT ?AT !RE IS SIL5CE1 = RUNN+ CONV]SATIONS ACROSS ! HALL >E KEPT UP AS HE SPE$S ?R\< ! AIR4 ,BUT ?IS 0$UCATION0 9 ! LIVE USE IF ALL HIS S5SES CAN ONLY COME IF HIS TW5TY-N9E FELL[S >E ALSO FREE & ACTIVE4 IF ! ROOM W]E CLE>$ & TW5TY-N9E BOYS SAT AT ! SIDE SIL5T :ILE HE SWUNG1 WE %\LD 9 EFFECT BE SAY+ TO HIM TO HIS LEGS1 BODY1 EYES -- 0,Y\ GIVE ALL Y\R ATT5TION TO SW++1 WE'LL KEEP ! RE/ IF ! WORLD AWAY0 -- 9 FACT 0,BE AS EGOTI/ICAL AS Y\ LIKE04 ,BY SO R$UC+ ! DIV]SITY 9 ! 5VIRONM5T WE %\LD BE PREV5T+ HIS LE>N+ TO APPREH5D & TO MOVE 9 A COMPLEX SITUATION4 ,WE %\LD 9 EFFECT BE SAY+ 0,ONLY ?IS & ?IS DO2 Y\ CAN'T BE EXPECT$ TO DO MORE4 ,IS IT ANY WOND] ?AT HE COMES TO BEHAVE AS ?\< IT IS ALL HE CAN DO8 ,BY ! EXI/+ ME?ODS ( TEA*+ WE >E 9 FACT 9DUC+ ! *ILD'S 9COORD9ATION 9 SOCIETY4  
  
  

,9NES ,PE>SE & ,LUCY ,CROCK]1 ,! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T 

,ALL ! PROBLEMS ( SOCIAL LIFE PRES5T A *OICE BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS1 & ! ULTIMATE CLAIM WE CAN MAKE = ! LIB]T>IAN APPROA* IS ?AT IT FULFILLS ITS FUNCTION BETT]4 ,! ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND IS AN >RE/+ EXAMPLE ( ?IS LIV+ AN>*Y2 ONE ?AT IS VALUABLE BO? 9 ITSELF & AS AN EXP]IM5TAL V]IFICATION ( A :OLE SOCIAL APPROA*4 ,! NE$ TO PROVIDE *ILDR5'S PLAYGR\NDS AS SU* IS A RESULT ( HI< D5SITY URBAN LIV+ & FA/-MOV+ TRAFFIC4 ,! AU?ORIT>IAN RESPONSE TO ?IS NE$ IS TO PROVIDE AN >EA ( T>MAC & SOME PIECES ( EXP5SIVE IRONMONG]Y 9 ! =M ( SW+S1 SEE-SAWS & R\NDAB\TS :I* PROVIDE A C]TA9 AM\NT ( FUN 7?\< BECAUSE ( !IR 9FLEXIBILITY *ILDR5 SOON TIRE ( !M7 BUT :I* CALL = NO IMAG9ATIVE OR CON/RUCTIVE EF=T ON ! *ILD'S P>T1 & CANNOT BE 9CORPORAT$ 9 ANY SELF *OS5 OR RECIPROCAL ACTIVITY4 ,SW+S & R\NDAB\TS CAN ONLY BE US$ 9 ONE WAY1 !Y CAT] = NO FANTASIES1 = NO DEVELOP+ SKILLS1 = NO EMULATION ( ADULT ACTIVITIES1 !Y CALL = NO M5TAL EF=T & V]Y LITTLE PHYSICAL EF=T1 & >E GIV+ WAY TO SIMPL] & FRE] APP>ATUS LIKE CLIMB+ FRAMES1 LOG PILES1 0JUNGLE GYMS01 COMM&O NETS1 OR TO PLAY-SCULPTURES -- AB/RACT %APES TO CLAMB] ?R\< & OV]1 OR L>GE CON/RUCTIONS 9 ! =M ( BOATS1 TRACTION 5G9ES1 LORRIES OR TRA9S4 ,BUT !SE TOO PROVIDE = A LIMIT$ AGE RANGE & A RE/RICT$ RANGE ( ACTIVITIES1 & >E SOMETIMES MORE 9DULG5T TO ! DESIGN] ?AN TO ! US]4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT *ILDR5 F9D MORE CONT9UAL 9T]E/ 9 ! /REET1 ! D]ELICT BUILD+ OR ! SCRAP Y>D4 

,= OLD] BOYS1 TEAM GAMES >E ! (FICIALLY APPROV$ ACTIVITY -- IF !Y CAN F9D SOME P]MITT$ PLACE TO PLAY !M1 BUT AS ,PATRICK ,G$DES WROTE BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 0!Y >E AT MO/ GRANT$ A CRICKET PIT* OR L5T A SPACE BETWE5 FOOTBALL GOALS BUT O!RWISE >E JEAL\SLY WAT*$1 AS POT5TIAL SAVAGES1 :O ON ! LEA/ SYMPTOM ( !IR NATURAL ACTIVITIES ( WIGWAM-BUILD+1 CAVE-DIGG+1 /REAM-DAMM+ & SO ON -- MU/ BE 9/ANTLY *IVI$ AWAY1 & >E LUCKY IF NOT H&$ OV] TO ! POLICE40.<#a#e.> 

,?AT !RE %\LD BE ANY?+ NOVEL 9 SIMPLY PROVID+ FACILITIES = ! SPONTANE\S1 UNORGANIZ$ ACTIVITIES ( *ILDHOOD IS AN 9DICATION ( H[ DEEPLY ROOT$ 9 \R SOCIAL BEHAVIOR IS ! URGE TO CONTROL1 DIRECT & LIMIT ! FL[ ( LIFE4 ,BUT :5 !Y GET ! *ANCE1 9 ! C\NTRY1 OR :]E !RE >E L>GE G>D5S1 WOODS1 OR BITS ( WA/E L&1 :AT >E *ILDR5 DO+8 ,5CLOS+ SPACE1 MAK+ CAVES1 T5TS1 D5S1 FROM OLD BRICKS1 BITS ( WOOD & CORRUGAT$ IRON4 ,F9D+ SOME CORN] :I* ! ADULT WORLD HAS PASS$ OV]1 & MAK+ IT !IR [N4 ,H[ CAN *ILDR5 9 T[NS F9D & APPROPRIATE ?IS K9D ( PRIVATE WORLD :51 AS ,AGNETE ,VE/]EG ( ! ,COP5HAG5 ,JUNK ,PLAYGR\ND WRITES3  
  

,EV]Y BIT ( L& IS PUT TO 9DU/RIAL OR COMM]CIAL USE1 :]E EV]Y PAT* ( GRASS IS PROTECT$ OR 5CLOS$1 :]E /REAMS & HOLL[S >E FILL$ 91 CULTIVAT$ & BUILT ON8 

,BUT MORE IS DONE = *ILDR5 N[ ?AN US$ TO BE DONE1 IT MAY BE OBJECT$4 ,YES1 BUT ?AT IS ONE ( ! *IEF FAULTS -- ! ?+S >E DONE4 ,T[N *ILDR5 MOVE AB\T 9 A WORLD FULL ( ! M>VELS ( TE*NICAL SCI5CE4 ,!Y MAY SEE & BE IMPRESS$ BY ?+S2 BUT !Y LONG ALSO TO TAKE POSSESSION ( !M1 TO HAVE !M 9 !IR H&S1 TO MAKE SOME?+ !MSELVES1 TO CREATE & RE-CREATE 444.<#a#f.>  
  

,! ,EMDRUP PLAYGR\ND WAS BEGUN 9 #aidc BY ! ,COP5HAG5 ,WORK]S' ,COOP]ATIVE ,H\S+ ,ASSOCIATION AFT] !IR L&SCAPE >*ITECT1 ,C4 ,T4 ,SOR5S51 :O HAD LAID \T MANY OR?ODOX PLAYGR\NDS HAD OBS]V$ ?AT *ILDR5 SEEM$ TO GET MORE PLEASURE :5 !Y /OLE 9TO BUILD+ SITES & PLAY$ ) ! MAT]IALS !Y F\ND !RE4 ,9 SPITE ( A DAILY AV]AGE ATT5DANCE ( #b *ILDR5 AT ,EMDRUP1 & ?AT 0DIFFICULT0 *ILDR5 W]E SPECIALLY CAT]$ =1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT 0! NOISE1 SCREAMS & FI<TS F\ND 9 DULL PLAYGR\NDS >E ABS5T1 = ! OPPORTUNITIES >E SO RI* ?AT ! *ILDR5 DO NOT NE$ TO FI<T04 

,! 9ITIAL SUCCESS AT ,COP5HAG5 HAS L$ 9 ! YE>S S9CE ! W> TO A WIDESPREAD DIFFUSION ( ! IDEA & ITS V>IATIONS1 FROM 0,FREET[N0 9 ,/OCKHOLM & 0,! ,Y>D0 AT ,M9NEAPOLIS1 TO ! ,SKRAMMELLEGEPLADS OR BUILD+ PLAY R\NDS ( ,D5M>K & ! ,ROB9SON ,CRUSOE PLAYGR\NDS ( ,SWITZ]L&1 :]E *ILDR5 >E PROVID$ ) ! RAW MAT]IALS & TOOLS = BUILD+ & = MAK+ G>D5S & SCULPTURE4 ,9 ,BRITA9 WE HAVE HAD TW5TY YE>S ( EXP]I5CE ( ! SUCCESSES & PITFALLS ( ADV5TURE PLAYGR\NDS & 5\< DOCUM5TATION ( !M TO DISABUSE ANYONE :O ?9KS IT EASY TO />T & OP]ATE AN ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND1 AS WELL AS ANYONE :O ?9KS IT A WA/E ( TIME4.<#a#g.> 

,:5 ,! ,Y>D WAS OP5$ 9 ,M9NEAPOLIS ) ! AIM ( GIV+ ! *ILDR5 0!IR [N SPOT ( E>? & PL5TY ( TOOLS & MAT]IALS = DIGG+1 BUILD+ & CREAT+ AS !Y SEE FIT01  
  

IT WAS EV]Y *ILD = HIMSELF4 ,! 9ITIAL /OCKPILE ( SECONDH& LUMB] DISAPPE>$ LIKE ICE (F A HOT /OVE4 ,*ILDR5 HELP$ !MSELVES TO ALL !Y C\LD C>RY1 SAW$ (F LONG BO>DS :5 %ORT PIECES W\LD HAVE DONE4 ,SOME HO>D$ TOOLS & SUPPLIES 9 SECRET CA*ES4 ,EV]YBODY WANT$ TO BUILD ! BIGGE/ %ACK 9 ! %ORTE/ TIME4 ,! WORKMAN%IP WAS %ODDY4 

,!N CAME ! BU/4 ,!RE WASN'T A /ICK ( LUMB] LEFT4 ,HIJACK+ RAIDS W]E /AG$ ON HALF-F9I%$ %ACKS4 ,GRUMBL+ & BICK]+ BROKE \T4 ,A FEW *ILDR5 PACK$ UP & LEFT4 

,BUT ON ! SECOND DAY ( ! GREAT DEPRESSION MO/ ( ! Y\NG/]S B&$ TOGE!R SPONTANE\SLY = A SALVAGE DRIVE4 ,TOOLS & NAILS CAME \T ( HID+4 ,= OV] A WEEK ! Y\NG/]S MADE DO ) :AT !Y HAD4 ,RUGG$ 9DIVIDUALI/S :O HAD 9SI/$ ON BUILD+ ALONE 9VIT$ O!RS TO JO9 9 -- & BR+ !IR SUPPLIES ALONG4 ,NEW IDEAS POPP$ UP = JO9T PROJECTS4 ,BY ! TIME A FRE% SUPPLY ( LUMB] >RIV$ A COMMUNITY HAD BE5 BORN4.<#a#h.>  
  

,! SAME /ORY C\LD BE TOLD ( DOZ5S ( SIMIL> V5TURES S9CE !N4 ,SOMETIMES !RE IS :AT ,%EILA ,BESK9E CALL$ A 0FANTA/IC SPONTANE\S LEASE ( LIFE' FOLL[$ BY DECL9E & !N BY R5EWAL 9 A DIFF]5T DIRECTION4 ,BUT P]MAN5CE IS NOT ! CRIT]ION ( SUCCESS4 ,AS ,LADY ,ALL5 SAYS1 A GOOD ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND 'IS 9 A CONT9UAL PROCESS ( DE/RUCTION & GR[?04 

,YE>S AGO1 :5 ,! ,TIMES ,$UCATIONAL ,SUPPLEM5T HAD COMM5T$ SKEPTICALLY ON SU* PLAYGR\NDS1 ,JOE ,B5JAM91 :O />T$ ! ,GRIMSBY PLAYGR\ND 9 #aiee & HAS BE5 CONC]N$ ) MANY SU* V5TURES S9CE ?OSE DAYS1 ANSW]$ CRITICS 9 A MEMORABLE LETT]3  
  

,BY :AT CRIT]IA >E ADV5TURE PLAYGR\NDS TO BE JUDG$8 ,IF IT IS BY ! DISCIPL9$ ACTIVITY ( ! UNI=M$ ORGANIZATIONS1 !N !RE IS NO D\BT BUT WE >E A FAILURE4 ,IF IT IS BY ! SUCCESS ( \R FOOTBALL & TABLE T5NIS TEAMS !N !RE IS NO D\BT WE >E A FLOP4 ,IF IT IS BY ! 5T]PRISE & 5DURANCE CALL$ = BY SOME ( ! NATIONAL Y\? AW>DS -- !N WE MU/ BE A%AM$4 

,BUT !SE >E ! /&>DS SET BY ! CLUB MOVEM5T1 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 = A P>TICUL> TYPE ( *ILD4 ,!Y DO NOT ATTRACT ! SO-CALL$ 0UNCLUBBABLE01 & WORSE -- SO WE READ REGUL>LY -- NOR DO !Y HOLD ?OSE *ILDR5 AT :OM !Y >E AIM$4 

,MAY ,I SUGGE/ ?AT WE NE$ TO EXAM9E AFRE% ! PATT]N TAK5 BY ! Y\NG AT PLAY & !N COMP>E IT ) ! NE$S ( ! GR[+ *ILD & ! ADOLESC5T4 ,WE ACCEPT ?AT IT IS NATURAL = BOYS & GIRLS BEL[ A C]TA9 AGE TO PLAY TOGE!R1 & ?9K IT EQUALLY NATURAL = !M TO PLAY AT BE+ GR[N UP4 ,WE ACCEPT1 9 FACT1 !IR RI<T TO IMITATE ! WORLD >\ND !M4 ,YET AS SOON AS A *ILD IS OLD 5\< TO SEE ?R\< ! PRET5SE & DEM& ! REALITY1 WE SEP>ATE HIM FROM HIS SI/] & TRY TO FOB HIM (F ) GAMES & ACTIVITIES :I* SEEM ONLY TO PUT (F ! DAY :5 HE WILL 5T] ! WORLD PROP]4 

,! ADV5TURE PLAYGR\NDS 9 ?IS C\NTRY1 NEW ?\< !Y >E1 >E ALREADY PROVID+ A NUMB] ( LESSONS :I* WE W\LD DO WELL TO /UDY4 444 ,= ?REE SUCCESSIVE SUMM]S ! *ILDR5 HAVE BUILT !IR D5S & CREAT$ ,*ANTY ,T[N1 ) ITS [N HOSPITALS1 FIRE /ATION1 %OPS1 ETC4 ,AS EA* D5 APPE>$1 IT BECAME FUNCTIONAL & BR\<T ) IT AN APPRECIATION ( ITS NATURE & RESPONSIBILITY 444 ,! PATT]N ( ADV5TURE PLAYGR\NDS IS SET BY ! NE$S ( ! *ILDR5 :O USE !M2 !IR 0TOYS0 9CLUDE WOODWORK B5*ES & SEW+ MA*9ES 444 ,WE DO NOT BELIEVE ?AT *ILDR5 CAN BE LOCK$ UP 9 NEAT LITTLE P>CELS LABEL$ BY AGE & SEX4 ,NEI!R DO WE BELIEVE ?AT $UCATION IS ! PR]OGATIVE ( ! S*OOLS4.<#a#i.>  
  

,AT ! PLAYGR\ND HE RAN AT ,GRIMSBY !RE WAS AN ANNUAL CYCLE ( GR[? & R5EWAL4 ,:5 !Y BEGAN BUILD+ 9 ! SPR+1 !Y BEGAN ) HOLES 9 ! GR\ND1 :I* GRADUALLY GAVE WAY TO TWO-/ORY HUTS4 0,IT'S ! SAME ) FIRES4 ,!Y BEG9 BY LI<T+ !M JU/ = FUN4 ,!N !Y COOK POTATOES & BY ! 5D ( ! SUMM] !Y'RE COOK+ EGGS1 BACON & BEANS40 ,! EV]-*ANG+ RANGE ( ACTIVITIES WAS 0DUE 5TIRELY TO ! IMAG9ATION & 5T]PRISE ( ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES 444 AT NO TIME >E !Y EXPECT$ TO CONT9UE AN ACTIVITY :I* NO LONG] HOLDS AN 9T]E/ = !M4440 

,! ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND IS A K9D ( P>ABLE ( AN>*Y1 A FREE SOCIETY 9 M9IATURE1 ) ! SAME T5SIONS & EV]-*ANG+ H>MONIES1 ! SAME DIV]SITY & SPONTANEITY1 ! SAME UN=C$ GR[? ( COOP]ATION & RELEASE ( 9DIVIDUAL QUALITIES & COMMUNAL S5SE1 :I* LIE DORMANT 9 A SOCIETY :OSE DOM9ANT VALUES >E COMPETITION & ACQUISITIV5ESS4 

,BUT HAV+ DISCOV]$ SOME?+ LIKE ! IDEAL CONDITIONS = *ILDR5'S PLAY -- ! SELF-SELECT$ EVOLUTION FROM DEMOLITION ?R\< DISCOV]Y TO CREATIVITY :Y %\LD WE /OP !RE8 ,DO WE REALLY ACCEPT ! P>ADOX ( A FREE & SELF-DEVELOP+ *ILDHOOD FOLL[$ BY A LIFETIME ( DRE>Y & UNFULFILL+ TOIL8 ,ISN'T !RE A PLACE = ! ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND OR ITS EQUIVAL5T 9 ! ADULT WORLD8 

,( C\RSE !RE IS1 & JU/ AS ! MO/ /RIK+ ?+ = ! VISITOR1 OR ! ORGANIZ]1 9 AN ADV5TURE PLAYGR\ND IS NOT ! IMPROVIS$ GYMNA/ICS1 BUT ! MAK+ & BUILD+ ?AT GOES ON ALL >\ND1 SO ! SIGNIFICANT ?+ AB\T ADULT RECREATION IS NOT SO MU* ! FI%+1 SAIL+1 PIGEON-FANCY+ OR PHOTOGRAPHY ASPECT 7?\< 9 !IR ORGANIZATION !SE FREQU5TLY ILLU/RATE ! PR9CIPLES ( SELF-REGULATION & FREE F$]ATION ?AT >E EMPHASIZ$ 9 ?IS BOOK71 /ILL LESS IS IT ! COMM]CIAL & PR(ESSIONAL SPORT :I* IS JU/ ANO!R ASPECT ( ! 5T]TA9M5T 9DU/RY4 ,! SIGNIFICANT ASPECT IS ! WAY 9 :I* ! URGE TO MAKE ?+S1 & TO CON/RUCT & RECON/RUCT1 TO REPAIR & REMODEL1 D5I$ \TLET 9 ! ORD9>Y /]ILE WORLD ( EMPLOYM5T1 EM]GES 9 ! EXPLOSION ( 0DO-IT-Y\RSELF0 ACTIVITIES ( EV]Y K9D4 

,?IS 9 TURN LEADS TO A SPONTANE\S %>+ ( EQUIPM5T & SKILLS3  
  

0,I'VE GOT TWO V]Y GOOD FRI5DS10 ,MRS ,J>VIS SAID1 0,MRS ,B>K]1 :O LIVES OPPOSITE1 HAS GOT A SP9 DRI] & ,I'VE GOT A SEW+ MA*9E4 ,I PUT MY WA%+ 9 H] SP9 DRI] & %E USES MY SEW+ MA*9E :5 %E WANTS TO4 ,!N ! LADY NEXT DOOR ON ONE SIDE IS ANO!R FRI5D ( M9E4 ,WE ALWAYS HELP EA* O!R \T40 ,MR ,DOV]'S GREAT HOBBY IS WOODWORK2 AT ! TIME HE WAS 9T]VIEW$ HE WAS BUSY ON A PELMET HE WAS MAK+ = A FRI5D LIV+ NEXT DOOR & HE HAD JU/ F9I%$ A TOY TRA9 = ! SON ( ANO!R4 ,HE RELIES ON ,F]D1 ANO!R FRI5D :O IS ALSO A NEI<BOR1 TO HELP :5 NE$$4 0,JU/ TODAY ,I WAS SAW+ A LOG = ! 5G9E ( ?IS TRA9 & ,F]D SEES ?AT MY SAW IS BLUNT & L5DS ME A %>P ONE4 ,ANY?+ AT ALL ,I WANT HE'LL L5D IT TO ME IF HE HAS IT4 ,I'M ! SAME ) HIM4 ,! O!R DAY HE KNOCK$ :5 ,I WASN'T H]E & BORR[$ MY /EPS -- WE TAKE EA* O!R = GRANT$ ?AT WAY40.<#a#a.>  
  

,! CONT9UALLY 9CREAS+ SCOPE ( ! ACTIVITIES PEOPLE UND]TAKE 9 !IR SP>E TIME IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! K9D ( TOOLS & EQUIPM5T1 BEYOND ! RANGE ( ORD9>Y %>+ BETWE5 NEI<BORS1 ?AT CAN BE HIR$4 ,ONE FIRM :I* HAS SPREAD ALL OV] ! ,LONDON >EA HIRES BY ! DAY1 WEEK1 0LONG WEEK5D0 & 0%ORT WEEK5D0 ANY?+ UP TO ME*ANICAL CONCRETE MIX]S1 ,KANGO HAMM]S1 SCAFFOLD+1 9DU/RIAL SPRAY+ PLANT & WELD+ EQUIPM5T4 ,UND\BT$LY IT PROVIDES A VALUABLE S]VICE1 & ITS OV]HEADS MU/ BE HI<1 BUT !RE IS LITTLE D\BT1 FROM A COMP>ISON ( ITS HIRE *>GES ) ! M>KET PRICES ( ! EQUIPM5T1 ?AT = MANY ( ! HUNDR$S ( ITEMS :I* IT LETS \T ON HIRE1 JO9T [N]%IP BY A GR\P ( NEI<BORS W\LD PROVE MORE ECONOMICAL TO ! 9DIVIDUAL US]4 

,TAKE1 AS ANO!R APPROA*1 ! CASE ( P[] TOOLS1 DOME/IC SALES ( :I* HAVE RIS5 PH5OM5ALLY 9 ! LA/ TW5TY YE>S4 ,!Y HAVE GR[N FROM ! 9TRODUCTION 9 ! #a#i#cS ( SMALL PORTABLE ELECTRIC DRILLS 9 ! JO9]Y 9DU/RY ON WORK :I* WAS TOO L>GE OR TOO UNWIELDY TO BE CONV5I5TLY BR\<T ONTO FIX$ MA*9]Y4 ,! TYPICAL P[] DRILLS = ! AMATEUR M>KET HAVE DEVELOP$ FROM !SE MA*9ES & FROM ! PR9CIPLE ( BR++ ! TOOL TO ! WORK 9/EAD ( ! WORK TO ! MA*9E4 ,!Y HAVE 5ORM\SLY 9CREAS$ ! CAPABILITIES ( ! HOME H&YMAN1 NOT M]ELY BY ! R$UCTION ( ! PHYSICAL WORK 9VOLV$ BUT ALSO BY BR++ MU* HI<] /&>DS ( FIT & F9I% )9 HIS REA*4 ,! BASIC TOOL IS ALWAYS ! DRILL & !RE IS N[ A WIDE RANGE ( SPECIALI/ ATTA*M5TS4 ,! MAK]S ALSO (F] B5* FITM5TS TO CONV]T ! PORTABLE TOOLS TO B5* DRILLS OR LA!S OR SAW TABLES 9 :I* ! TOOL IS US$ AS A FIX$ MOTOR4 ,COMM5T+ ON ?IS TR5D1 ,J4 ,B]ES=D-,EVANS SAID3  
  

,AT FIR/ SI<T ?IS IDEA SEEMS ADMIRABLE1 YET IT IS REACTION>Y 9 ?AT IT D5IES MO/ ( ! ADVANTAGES ?AT ! PORTABLE TOOL (F]S4 ,MO/ MULTI-PURPOSE APPLIANCES PAY = !IR V]SATILITY BY A LOSS ( EFFICI5CY 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL JOB !Y P]=M -- UNLESS ! MA*9E IS SO DESIGN$ ?AT ! OV]-ALL EFFICI5CY IS GREAT 5\< TO COMP5SATE = ?IS LOSS4 ,BUT ! DEGREE ( P[]1 /RUCTURAL /R5G? & PRECISION ( MANUFACTURE REQUIR$ = SU* A TOOL W\LD IMM$IATELY PRICE IT \T ( ! V]Y M>KET AT :I* ! MAK]S ( AMATEURS' P[] TOOLS >E AIM+4.<#a#a#a.>  
  

,! WAY \T ( ?IS DILEMMA IS AGA9 ! POOL+ ( EQUIPM5T 9 A NEI<BORHOOD GR\P4 ,SUPPOSE ?AT EA* MEMB] ( ! GR\P HAD A P[]FUL & ROBU/ BASIC TOOL1 :ILE ! GR\P AS A :OLE HAD1 = EXAMPLE1 A B5* DRILL1 LA!S & A SAW B5* TO RELIEVE MEMB]S FROM ! ATTEMPT TO COPE ) WORK :I* REQUIR$ !SE MA*9ES ) 9ADEQUATE TOOLS ( !IR [N1 OR WA/$ !IR RES\RCES ON UND]-US$ 9DIVIDUALLY-[N$ PLANT4 ,?IS 9 TURN DEM&S SOME K9D ( BUILD+ TO H\SE ! MA*9]Y3 ! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP4 

,BUT IS ! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP IDEA NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ASPECT ( ! LEISURE 9DU/RY1 A COMP5SATION = ! T$IUM ( WORK8 ,DANIEL ,BELL1 COMM5T+ ON ! 0FANTA/IC MU%ROOM+ ( >TS-&-CRAFTS HOBBIES1 ( PHOTOGRAPHY1 HOME WOODWORK %OPS ) P[]-DRIV5 TOOLS1 C]AMICS1 HI< FIDELITY1 ELECTRONICS' NOTES ?AT ?IS HAS BE5 A*IEV$ AT A V]Y HI< CO/ 9DE$ -- 0! LOSS ( SATISFACTION 9 WORK04.<#a#a#b.> ,ANO!R ,AM]ICAN CRITIC PRESSES HOME ?IS PO9T3  
  

,! TWO WORLDS ( WORK & LEISURE DRIFT F>!R AP>T4 ,! RECREATION WORLD CONTA9S ALL ! GOOD1 BRI<T1 PLEASANT ?+S1 & ! WORK WORLD BECOMES ! DRE>IE/ PLACE IMAG9ABLE 444 ,!RE >E C]TA9 BASIC EMOTIONAL NE$S ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL WORK] MU/ SATISFY4 ,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! ORD9>Y EV5TS ( ! DAY >E NOT MEET+ !SE NE$S1 RECREATION S]VES AS A SORT ( MIXTURE ( CONC5TRATES TO SUPPLY !SE MISS+ SATISFACTIONS4 ,:5 ! WORK EXP]I5CE SATISFIES VIRTUALLY NONE ( ! REQUIREM5TS1 ! LOAD ON RECREATION BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4.<#a#a#c.>  
  

,I WANT TO RETURN TO ?IS PROBLEM & TO ! ROLE ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP BUT TO CONSID] FIR/ ! AN>*I/ APPROA* TO ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK4 

O ,*APT] #aa - ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 
,*APT] ,X,I4 ,A ,SELF-,EMPLOY$ ,SOCIETY 

  
  

,! SPLIT BETWE5 LIFE & WORK IS PROBABLY ! GREATE/ CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,Y\ CANNOT EXPECT M5 TO TAKE A RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE & TO DISPLAY 9ITIATIVE 9 DAILY LIFE :5 !IR :OLE WORK+ EXP]I5CE DEPRIVES !M ( ! *ANCE ( 9ITIATIVE & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,! P]SONALITY CANNOT BE SUCCESSFULLY DIVID$ 9TO WAT]TI<T COMP>TM5TS1 & EV5 ! ATTEMPT TO DO SO IS DANG]\S3 IF A MAN IS TAU<T TO RELY UPON A PAT]NALI/IC AU?ORITY )9 ! FACTORY1 HE WILL BE READY TO RELY UPON ONE \TSIDE4 ,IF HE IS R5D]$ IRRESPONSIBLE AT WORK BY LACK ( OPPORTUNITY = RESPONSIBILITY1 HE WILL BE IRRESPONSIBLE :5 AWAY FROM WORK TOO4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIAL TR5D T[>DS A C5TRALIZ$1 PAT]NALI/IC1 AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY ONLY REFLECTS CONDITIONS :I* ALREADY EXI/ )9 ! FACTORY4  
  
  

,GORDON ,RATTRAY ,TAYLOR1 ,>E ,WORK]S ,HUMAN8 

,! NOVELI/ ,NIGEL ,BAL*91 WAS ONCE 9VIT$ TO ADDRESS A CONF]5CE ON 09C5TIVES0 9 9DU/RY4 ,HE REM>K$ ?AT 0,9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S MU/ /OP MESS+ AB\T ) TRICKY & +5I\S BONUS S*EMES & F9D \T :Y A MAN1 AFT] A H>D DAY'S WORK1 W5T HOME & 5JOY$ DIGG+ 9 HIS G>D540 

,BUT DON'T WE ALREADY KN[ :Y8 ,HE 5JOYS GO+ HOME & DIGG+ 9 HIS G>D5 BECAUSE !RE HE IS FREE FROM =EM51 MANAG]S & BOSSES4 ,HE IS FREE FROM ! MONOTONY & SLAV]Y ( DO+ ! SAME ?+ DAY 9 DAY \T1 & IS 9 CONTROL ( ! :OLE JOB FROM />T TO F9I%4 ,HE IS FREE TO DECIDE = HIMSELF H[ & :5 TO SET AB\T IT4 ,HE IS RESPONSIBLE TO HIMSELF & NOT TO SOMEBODY ELSE4 ,HE IS WORK+ BECAUSE HE WANTS TO & NOT BECAUSE HE HAS TO4 ,HE IS DO+ HIS [N ?+4 ,HE IS HIS [N MAN4 

,! DESIRE TO 0BE Y\R [N BOSS0 IS V]Y COMMON 9DE$4 ,?9K ( ALL ! PEOPLE :OSE SECRET DREAM OR *]I%$ AMBITION IS TO RUN A SMALL-HOLD+ OR A LITTLE %OP OR TO SET UP 9 TRADE ON !IR [N ACC\NT1 EV5 ?\< IT MAY MEAN WORK+ NI<T & DAY ) LITTLE PROSPECT ( SOLV5CY4 ,FEW ( !M >E SU* OPTIMI/S AS TO ?9K !Y WILL MAKE A =TUNE ?AT WAY4 ,:AT !Y WANT ABOVE ALL IS ! S5SE ( 9DEP5D5CE & ( CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9IES4 

,! FACT ?AT 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( GOODS & S]VICES IS F> TOO COMPLICAT$ TO BE RUN BY MILLIONS ( ONE-MAN BUS9ESSES DOESN'T LESS5 ?IS URGE = SELF-DET]M9ATION1 & ! POLITICIANS1 MANAG]S & GIANT 9T]NATIONAL CORPORATIONS KN[ IT4 ,?IS IS :Y !Y PRES5T EV]Y K9D ( S*EME = 0WORK]S' P>TICIPATION01 0JO9T MANAGEM5T01 0PR(IT %>+01 09DU/RIAL CO-P>TN]%IP01 EV]Y?+ 9 FACT FROM SUGGE/ION BOXES TO WORKS C\NCILS1 TO GIVE ! WORK] ! FEEL+ ?AT HE IS MORE ?AN A COG 9 ! 9DU/RIAL MA*9E :ILE MAK+ SURE ?AT EFFECTIVE CONTROL ( 9DU/RY IS KEPT \T ( ! H&S ( ! MAN ON ! FACTORY FLOOR4 ,!Y >E 9 FACT LIKE ! RI* MAN 9 ,TOL/OY'S FABLE -- !Y WILL DO ANY?+ = ! WORK] EXCEPT GET (F HIS BACK4 

,9 EV]Y 9DU/RIAL C\NTRY1 & PROBABLY 9 EV]Y AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY1 ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAS MANIFE/$ ITSELF AT ONE TIME OR ANO!R -- AS A DEM&1 AN ASPIRATION1 A PROGRAM OR A DREAM4 ,TO CONF9E \RSELVES TO ONE C5TURY & ONE C\NTRY1 IT WAS ! BASIS ( TWO P>ALLEL MOVEM5TS 9 ,BRITA9 >\ND ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ,SYNDICALISM & ,GUILD ,SOCIALISM4 ,!SE TWO MOVEM5TS DW9DL$ AWAY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 BUT EV] S9CE !N !RE HAVE BE5 SPORADIC & P]IODIC ATTEMPTS TO RE-CREATE A MOVEM5T = WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,FROM SOME PO9TS ( VIEW ! ADVOCATES ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAD MU* MORE REASON = OPTIMISM 9 #aib ?AN TODAY4 ,9 ?AT YE> ! ,SANKEY ,REPORT 7A MAJORITY REPORT ( A ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION7 ADVOCAT+ 0JO9T CONTROL0 & PUBLIC [N]%IP ( ! M9+ 9DU/RY 9 ,BRITA91 WAS TURN$ D[N BY ! GOV]NM5T = BE+ TOO RADICAL1 & BY ! %OP /EW>DS = NOT BE+ RADICAL 5\<4 ,:5 ! M9ES W]E ACTUALLY NATIONALIZ$ AFT] ALMO/ ?IRTY YE>S1 NO?+ EV5 AS MILD AS JO9T CONTROL WAS EI!R PROPOS$ OR DEM&$4 ,9 #a#i#b1 TOO1 ! ,BUILD+ ,GUILDS BEGAN !IR BRIEF BUT SUCCESSFUL EXI/5CE4 ,9 \R [N DAY IT IS 9CONCEIVABLE ?AT L>GE LOCAL AU?ORITIES W\LD LET BIG BUILD+ CONTRACTS TO GUILDS ( WORK]S1 OR ?AT ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T W\LD F9ANCE !M4 ,! IDEA ?AT WORK]S %\LD HAVE SOME SAY 9 ! RUNN+ ( !IR 9DU/RIES WAS ACCEPT$ !N 9 A WAY ?AT IT HAS NEV] BE5 S9CE4 

,& YET ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T TODAY IS IMMEASURABLY /RONG] ?AN IT WAS 9 ! DAYS :5 WORK]S' CONTROL WAS A WIDESPREAD DEM&4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS ?AT ! LABOR MOVEM5T AS A :OLE HAS ACCEPT$ ! NOTION ?AT Y\ GA9 MORE BY SETTL+ = LESS4 ,9 MO/ ,WE/]N C\NTRIES1 AS ,AN?ONY ,CROSL& PO9T$ \T1 ! UNIONS1 0GREATLY AID$ BY PROPITI\S *ANGES 9 ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC BACKGR\ND1 HAVE A*IEV$ A MORE EFFECTIVE CONTROL ?R\< ! 9DEP5D5T EX]CISE ( !IR COLLECTIVE B>GA9+ /R5G? ?AN !Y W\LD EV] HAVE A*IEV$ BY FOLL[+ ! PA? 7BESET AS IT IS BY PRACTICAL DIFFICULTIES ON :I* ALL PA/ EXP]IM5TS HAVE F\ND]$7 ( DIRECT WORK]S' MANAGEM5T4 ,9DE$ WE MAY RISK ! G5]ALIZATION ?AT ! GREAT] ! P[] ( ! UNIONS ! LESS ! 9T]E/ 9 WORK]S' MANAGEM5T40.<#a#a#d.> 

,HIS OBS]VATION IS TRUE1 EV5 IF IT IS UNPALATABLE = ?OSE :O W\LD LIKE TO SEE ! UNIONS1 OR SOME MORE MILITANTLY SYNDICALI/ K9D ( 9DU/RIAL UNION1 AS ! VEHICLE = WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,MANY ADVOCATES ( WORK]S' CONTROL HAVE SE5 ! UNIONS AS ! ORGANS ?R\< :I* IT IS TO BE EX]CIS$1 ASSUM+ PRESUMABLY ?AT ! ATTA9M5T ( WORK]S' CONTROL W\LD BR+ COMPLETE COMMUNITY ( 9T]E/ 9 9DU/RY & ?AT ! DEF5SIVE ROLE ( ! UNIONS W\LD BECOME OBSOLETE4 7,?IS IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! ASSUMPTION BEH9D TRADE UNION ORGANIZATION 9 ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE74 ,I ?9K ?IS VIEW IS A GROSS OV]-SIMPLIFICATION4 ,BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,WEBBS PO9T$ \T ?AT 0! DECISIONS ( ! MO/ DEMOCRATICALLY ELECT$ EXECUTIVE COMMITTEES ) REG>D TO WAGES1 H\RS & CONDITIONS ( EMPLOYM5T ( P>TICUL> SECTIONS ( !IR FELL[ WORK]S1 DO NOT ALWAYS SATISFY ! LATT]1 OR EV5 SEEM TO !M TO BE JU/04 ,& ! ,YUGOSLAV S*OL>1 ,BRANKO ,PRIBICEVIC1 9 HIS HI/ORY ( ! %OP-/EW>DS' MOVEM5T 9 ,BRITA91 EMPHASIZES ?IS PO9T 9 CRITICIZ+ ! RELIANCE ON ! IDEA ( CONTROL BY 9DU/RIAL UNIONS3  
  

,CONTROL ( 9DU/RY IS L>GELY 9COMPATIBLE ) A UNION'S *>ACT] AS A VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION ( ! WORK]S1 =M$ PRIM>ILY TO PROTECT & REPRES5T !IR 9T]E/S4 ,EV5 9 ! MO/ DEMOCRATIC 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 I4 E4 A SY/EM 9 :I* ! WORK]S W\LD HAVE A %>E 9 CONTROL1 !RE W\LD /ILL BE A NE$ = UNIONS 444 ,N[ IF WE ASSUME ?AT MANAG]S W\LD BE RESPONSIBLE TO ! BODY ( WORK]S1 WE CANNOT EXCLUDE ! POSSIBILITY ( 9DIVIDUAL 9JU/ICES & MI/AKES4 ,SU* CASES MU/ BE TAK5 UP BY ! UNION 444 ,IT SEEMS MO/ IMPROBABLE ?AT A UNION C\LD FULFILL ANY ( !SE TASKS SUCCESSFULLY IF IT W]E ALSO ! ORGAN ( 9DU/RIAL ADM9I/RATION OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 IF IT HAD CEAS$ TO BE A VOLUNT>Y ORGANIZATION 444 

,IT WAS UN=TUNATE ?AT ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL WAS ALMO/ COMPLETELY ID5TIFI$ ) ! CONCEPT ( UNION CONTROL 444 ,IT WAS OBVI\S ?R\<\T ?AT ! UNIONS W\LD OPPOSE ANY DOCTR9E AIM+ AT CREAT+ A REPRES5TATIVE /RUCTURE 9 9DU/RY P>ALLEL ) !IR [N4.<#a#a#e.>  
  

,9 FACT1 9 ! ONLY 9/ANCES WE KN[ ( 9 ,BRITA91 ( EI!R COMPLETE OR P>TIAL WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! TRADE UNION /RUCTURE IS 5TIRELY SEP>ATE FROM ! ADM9I/RATION1 & !RE HAS NEV] BE5 ANY SUGGE/ION ?AT IT %\LD BE O!RWISE4 ,:AT >E !SE EXAMPLES8 ,WELL1 !RE >E ! COOP]ATIVE CO-P>TN]%IPS :I* MAKE1 = 9/ANCE1 SOME ( ! FOOTWE> SOLD 9 RETAIL COOP]ATIVE SOCIETIES4 ,!SE >E1 SO F> AS !Y GO1 G5U9E EXAMPLES ( WORK]S' CONTROL 7NE$LESS TO SAY ,I AM NOT SPEAK+ ( ! FACTORIES RUN BY ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,:OLESALE ,SOCIETY ON OR?ODOX CAPITALI/ L9ES71 BUT !Y DO NOT SEEM TO HAVE ANY CAPACITY = EXPANSION1 OR TO EX]CISE ANY 9FLU5CE ON 9DU/RY 9 G5]AL4 ,!RE >E ! FI%]M5 ( ,BRIXHAM 9 ,DEVON1 & ! M9]S ( ,BRORA ON ! COA/ ( ,SU!RL& 9 ,SCOTL&4 ,?IS PIT WAS TO HAVE %UT D[N1 BUT 9/EAD ! M9]S TOOK IT OV] FROM ! ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D & =M$ A COMPANY ( !IR [N4 ,!N !RE >E ?OSE FIRMS :]E SOME =M ( CONTROL BY ! EMPLOYES HAS BE5 S\<T BY IDEALI/IC EMPLOY]S4 7,I AM ?9K+ ( FIRMS LIKE ,SCOTT ,BAD] ,LTD41 & ,F>M] & ,CO41 NOT ( ?OSE HEAVILY PAT]NALI/IC *OCOLATE MANUFACTUR]S OR ( SPURI\S CO-P>TN]%IPS74 ,!RE >E ALSO ODD SMALL WORK%OPS LIKE ! FACTORIES 9 ,SCOTL& & ,WALES ( ! ,R[5 ,5G9E]+ ,COMPANY4 

,I M5TION !SE EXAMPLES1 NOT BECAUSE !Y HAVE ANY ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE1 BUT BECAUSE ! G5]AL VIEW IS ?AT CONTROL ( 9DU/RY BY WORK]S IS A BEAUTIFUL IDEA :I* IS UTT]LY IMPRACTICABLE BECAUSE ( SOME UNSPECIFI$ DEFICI5CY1 NOT 9 ! IDEA1 BUT 9 ?OSE PEOPLE LABEL$ AS 0WORK]S04 ,! ,LABOR ,CORRESPOND5T ( ,! ,TIMES REM>K$ ( V5TURES ( ?IS K9D ?AT1 :ILE !Y PROVIDE 0A MEANS ( H>MONI\S SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 A SMALL CONC]N01 !RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT !Y PROVIDE 0ANY SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEM ( E/ABLI%+ DEMOCRACY 9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY04 ,& EV5 MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN ! OP9ION ?AT WORK]S HAVE A BUILT-9 CAPACITY = MANAG+ !MSELVES1 IS ! REGRETFUL CONCLUSION ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL IS A NICE IDEA1 BUT ONE :I* IS TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( REALIZATION BECAUSE ( ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 RECOMM5DS AN 9T]PRETATION ( AN>*ISM :I* 0RE/S UPON L>GE-SCALE MOD]N 9DU/RY1 UP-TO-DATE TE*NIQUES1 ! MOD]N PROLET>IAT1 & 9T]NATIONALISM ON A WORLD SCALE04 ,BUT HE DOES NOT TELL US H[4 ,ON ! FACE ( IT1 WE C\LD C\NT] ! >GUM5T AB\T SCOPE & SCALE BY PO9T+ \T H[ *ANGES 9 S\RCES ( MOTIVE P[] MAKE ! GEOGRAPHICAL CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY OBSOLETE1 & H[ *ANG+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION 7AUTOMATION = EXAMPLE7 MAKE ! CONC5TRATION ( VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE OBSOLETE TOO4 ,DEC5TRALIZATION IS P]FECTLY FEASIBLE1 & PROBABLY ECONOMICALLY ADVANTAGE\S )9 ! /RUCTURE ( 9DU/RY AS IT IS TODAY4 ,BUT ! >GUM5TS BAS$ ON ! COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY ACTUALLY MEAN SOME?+ QUITE DIFF]5T4 

,:AT ! SKEPTICS REALLY MEAN IS ?AT :ILE !Y CAN IMAG9E ! ISOLAT$ CASE ( A SMALL 5T]PRISE 9 :I* ! %>ES >E HELD BY ! EMPLOYES1 BUT :I* IS RUN ON ORD9>Y BUS9ESS L9ES -- LIKE ,SCOTT ,BAD] ,LTD4 -- OR :ILE !Y CAN ACCEPT ! ODD EXAMPLE ( A FIRM 9 :I* A MANAGEM5T COMMITTEE IS ELECT$ BY ! WORK]S -- LIKE ! COOP]ATIVE CO-P>TN]%IPS -- !Y CANNOT IMAG9E ?OSE :O MANIPULATE ! COMM&+ HEI<TS ( ! ECONOMY BE+ EI!R DI/URB$ BY OR1 LEA/ ( ALL1 9FLU5C$ BY1 !SE ADMIRABLE SMALL-SCALE PREC$5TS4 ,& !Y >E RI<T1 ( C\RSE3 ! M9ORITY ASPIRATION = WORK]S' CONTROL :I* NEV] COMPLETELY DIES1 HAS AT ! SAME TIME NEV] BE5 WIDESPREAD 5\< TO *ALL5GE ! CONTROLL]S ( 9DU/RY1 9 SPITE ( ! IDEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS ( ! 0WORK-904 

,! T9Y M9ORITY :O W\LD LIKE TO SEE REVOLUTION>Y *ANGES NE$ NOT *]I% ANY ILLUSIONS AB\T ?IS4 ,NEI!R 9 ! POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! ,LEFT NOR 9 ! TRADE UNION MOVEM5T WILL !Y F9D MORE ?AN A SIMIL> M9ORITY 9 AGREEM5T4 ,NOR DOES ! HI/ORY ( SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS 9 ANY C\NTRY1 EV5 ,SPA91 GIVE !M ANY CAUSE = OPTIMISM4 ,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D PUTS !IR DILEMMA 9 !SE T]MS3 0,TO BE EFFECTIVE AS DEF5SIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 ! UNIONS NE$$ TO EMBRACE AS MANY WORK]S AS POSSIBLE & ?IS 9EVITABLY L$ TO A DILUTION ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y OBJECTIVES4 ,9 PRACTICE1 ! SYNDICALI/S W]E FAC$ ) ! *OICE ( UNIONS :I* W]E EI!R RE=MI/ & PURELY DEF5SIVE OR REVOLUTION>Y & L>GELY 9EFFECTIVE40.<#a#a#f.> 

,IS !RE A WAY \T ( ?IS DILEMMA8 ,AN APPROA* :I* COMB9ES ! ORD9>Y DAY-TO-DAY /RUGGLE ( WORK]S 9 9DU/RY OV] WAGES & CONDITIONS ) A MORE RADICAL ATTEMPT TO %IFT ! BALANCE ( P[] 9 ! FACTORY8 ,I BELIEVE ?AT !RE IS1 9 :AT ! SYNDICALI/S & GUILD SOCIALI/S US$ TO DESCRIBE AS 05CROA*+ CONTROL0 BY MEANS ( ! 0COLLECTIVE CONTRACT04 ,! SYNDICALI/S SAW ?IS AS 0A SY/EM BY :I* ! WORK]S )9 A FACTORY OR %OP W\LD UND]TAKE A SPECIFIC AM\NT ( WORK 9 RETURN = A LUMP SUM TO BE ALLOCAT$ BY ! WORK-GR\P AS IT SAW FIT1 ON CONDITION ?AT ! EMPLOY]S ABDICAT$ !IR CONTROL ( ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS ITSELF04 ,! LATE ,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE1 :O RETURN$ TO ! ADVOCACY ( ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT SY/EM T[>DS ! 5D ( HIS LIFE1 CLAIM$ ?AT 0! EFFECT W\LD BE TO L9K ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ GR\P TOGE!R 9 A COMMON 5T]PRISE UND] !IR JO9T AUSPICES & CONTROL1 & TO EMANCIPATE !M FROM AN EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E 9 RESPECT ( !IR ME?OD ( GETT+ ! WORK DONE04 ,I BELIEVE ?AT IT HAS1 & MY EVID5CE = ?IS BELIEF COMES FROM ! EXAMPLE ( ! GANG SY/EM WORK$ 9 SOME ,COV5TRY FACTORIES :I* HAS SOME ASPECTS 9 COMMON ) ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT IDEA1 & ! 0,COMPOSITE WORK0 SY/EM WORK$ 9 SOME ,DURHAM COAL M9ES1 :I* HAS EV]Y?+ 9 COMMON ) IT4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE1 ! GANG SY/EM1 WAS DESCRIB$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSOR ( 9DU/RIAL & MANAGEM5T 5G9E]+1 ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN1 9 HIS BOOK ,DECISION-,MAK+ & ,PRODUCTIVITY1 :]E HE S\<T 0TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE >E REALI/IC ALT]NATIVES TO MANAG]IAL RULE OV] PRODUCTION04 ,I HAVE BE5 PUBLICIZ+ ?IS BOOK = YE>S SIMPLY BECAUSE 9 ALL ! PRET5TI\S DRIVEL ( 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T LIT]ATURE 7:I* MAY NOT FOOL ! WORK]S1 BUT C]TA9LY FOOLS MANAGEM5T7 IT IS ! ONLY PIECE ( RESE>* ,I HAVE COME ACROSS :I* RAISES ! KEY QUE/ION3 IS MANAGEM5T NECESS>Y8 ,MELMAN S\<T \T AN ID5TICAL PRODUCT MADE UND] DISSIMIL> CONDITIONS1 & F\ND IT 9 ! ,F]GUSON TRACTOR MADE UND] LIC5SE 9 BO? ,DETROIT & ,COV5TRY4 ,HIS ACC\NT ( ! OP]ATION ( ! GANG SY/EM 9 ,COV5TRY WAS CONFIRM$ = ME BY A ,COV5TRY 5G9E]+ WORK]1 ,REG ,WRI<T4 

,( ,/&>D'S TRACTOR FACTORY 7HE IS WRIT+ ( ! P]IOD BE=E ,/&>D SOLD ! PLANT TO ,MASSEY-,F]GUSON 9 #a#i#e#f1 & BE=E ,LEYL& TOOK OV] ,/&>D71 ,MELMAN DECL>ES1 0,9 ?IS FIRM WE WILL %[ ?AT AT ! SAME TIME ?\S&S ( WORK]S OP]AT$ VIRTUALLY )\T SUP]VISION AS CONV5TIONALLY UND]/OOD1 & AT HI< PRODUCTIVITY3 ! HI<E/ WAGE 9 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY WAS PAID2 HI< QUALITY PRODUCTS W]E PRODUC$ AT ACCEPTABLE PRICES 9 EXT5SIVELY ME*ANIZ$ PLANTS2 ! MANAGEM5T CONDUCT$ ITS AFFAIRS AT UNUSUALLY L[ CO/S2 ALSO1 ORGANIZ$ WORK]S HAD A SUB/ANTIAL ROLE 9 PRODUCTION DECISION-MAK+40 ,! PRODUCTION POLICY ( ! FIRM AT ?AT TIME WAS MO/ UNOR?ODOX = ! MOTOR 9DU/RY & WAS ! RESULTANT ( TWO 9T]-RELAT$ DECISION-MAK+ SY/EMS1 ?AT ( ! WORK]S & ?AT ( MANAGEM5T3 0,9 PRODUCTION1 ! MANAGEM5T HAS BE5 PREP>$ TO PAY A HI< WAGE & TO ORGANIZE PRODUCTION VIA ! GANG SY/EM :I* REQUIRES MANAGEM5T TO DEAL ) A GR\P$ WORK =CE1 RA!R ?AN ) S+LE WORK]S1 OR ) SMALL GR\PS 444 ! =EM5 >E CONC]N$ ) ! DETAIL$ SURVEILLANCE ( ?+S RA!R ?AN ) ! DETAIL$ CONTROL OV] PEOPLE 444 ,! OP]ATION ( 9TEGRAT$ PLANTS EMPLOY+ #a1 PRODUCTION WORK]S DID NOT REQUIRE ! ELABORATE & CO/LY HALLM>K ( BUS9ESS MANAGEM5T40.<#a#a#g.> 

,9 ! MOTOR-C> FACTORY FIFTE5 GANGS RANG$ 9 SIZE FROM FIFTY TO FIVE HUNDR$ PEOPLE & ! TRACTOR FACTORY WAS ORGANIZ$ AS ONE HUGE GANG4 ,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PRODUCTION WORK]S 0! GANG SY/EM LEADS TO KEEP+ TRACK ( GOODS 9/EAD ( KEEP+ TRACK ( PEOPLE04 ,= PAYM5T PURPOSES ! \TPUT ?AT WAS MEASUR$ WAS ! \TPUT ( ! :OLE GR\P4 ,9 RELATION TO MANAGEM5T1 ,MELMAN PO9TS \T3 0,! GR\P$ VOICE ( A WORK =CE HAD GREAT] IMPACT ?AN ! PRESSURE ( S+LE WORK]S4 ,?IS EFFECT ( ! GANG SY/EM1 C\PL$ ) TRADE UNIONISM1 IS WELL UND]/OOD AMONG MANY ,BRITI% MANAGEM5TS4 ,AS A RESULT1 MANY MANAGEM5TS HAVE OPPOS$ ! USE ( ! GANG SY/EM & HAVE >GU$ ! VALUE ( S+LE WORK] 9C5TIVE PAYM5TS4 

,9 A TELL+ COMP>ISON1 ,MELMAN CONTRA/S ! 0PR$ATORY COMPETITION0 :I* *>ACT]IZES ! MANAG]IAL DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM ) ! WORK]S0 DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM 9 :I* 0,! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! DECISION-=MULAT+ PROCESS IS ?AT ( MUTUALITY 9 DECISION-MAK+ ) F9AL AU?ORITY RESID+ 9 ! H&S ( ! GR\P$ WORK]S !MSELVES40 

,EMPHASIZ+ ! HUMAN SIGNIFICANCE O,E?IS MODE ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 ,REG ,WRI<T SAYS3  
  

,! GANG SY/EM SETS M5'S M9DS FREE FROM MANY WORRIES & 5ABLES !M TO CONC5TRATE COMPLETELY ON ! JOB4 ,IT PROVIDES A NATURAL FRAME ( SECURITY1 IT GIVES CONFID5CE1 %>ES MONEY EQUALLY1 USES ALL DEGREES ( SKILL )\T DI/9CTION & 5ABLES JOBS TO BE ALLOCAT$ TO ! MAN OR WOMAN BE/ SUIT$ TO !M1 ! ALLOCATION FREQU5TLY BE+ MADE BY ! WORK]S !MSELVES4 ,*ANGE ( JOB TO AVOID MONOTONY IS AN EASY MATT]4 ,! 0GAFF]0 IS ABOLI%$ & =EM5 >E N[ TE*NICIANS CALL$ 9 TO ADVISE1 OR TO ACT 9 A BREAKD[N OR O!R EM]G5CY4 ,9 SOME FIRMS A  
GANG] WILL RUN1 NOT ! M51 BUT ! JOB4 ,HE WILL BE PAID \T ( GANG E>N+S1 & WILL WORK HIMSELF ON A SMALL GANG4 ,ON A L>G] GANG HE WILL BE FULLY OCCUPI$ ) ORGANIZATION & SUPPLY ( P>TS & MAT]IALS4 ,A L>G] GANG MAY HAVE A DEPUTY GANG] AS A SECOND /R+ & ALSO A GANG-/EW>D :O1 BE+ A KE5 TRADE UNIONI/ OR WORK]S' MAN1 WILL ACT AS A CORRECTIVE %\LD ! GANG]S TRY TO FAVOR MANAGEM5T UNDULY OR 9T]F]E ) ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 UNDESIRABLE WAYS4 ,GANG MEET+S >E CALL$ AS NECESS>Y1 BY ! LATT] & ALL MEMB]S ( ! GANG >E KEPT 9=M$ & MAY 7& DO7 CRITICIZE EV]Y?+ & EV]YBODY4 ,ALL ?REE >E SUBJECT TO RECALL4 ,CON/RUCTIVE IDEAS1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E USUALLY ! RESULT ( ONE OR TWO PEOPLE ?9K+ \T & TRY+ \T NEW ?+S -- ?IS IS TAK+ PLACE CONT9U\SLY 444.<#a#a#h.>  
  

,HE REM>KS ?AT 0,! FACT ( TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY 9 ANY ( !SE CAPACITIES IS $UCATIVE 9 EV]Y S5SE40 ,C]TA9LY ! USUAL ME?ODS ( WORK ORGANIZATION >E NOT ONLY DIVISIVE 70,!Y'D CUT Y\R ?ROAT = A BIT MORE OV]TIME10 A ,=D WORK] TOLD ,GRAHAM ,TURN]7 BUT >E PR(\NDLY DE-$UCATIVE1 R$UC+ ! WORK]1 AS ,]IC ,GILL US$ TO PUT IT1 TO A 0SUBHUMAN CONDITION ( 9TELLECTUAL IRRESPONSIBILITY04 

,MY SECOND EXAMPLE COMES FROM ! M9+ 9DU/RY 9 ,DURHAM4 ,DAVID ,D\GLASS 9 HIS BOOK ,PIT ,LIFE 9 ,C\NTY ,DURHAM1 CRITICIZES ! ATTEMPTS ( ! ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D TO 9TRODUCE MORE & MORE SUP]VISION 9TO ! M9]'S WORK1 ) ! 9T5TION ( WORK+ ! M9ES LIKE FACTORIES1 REM>K+ ?AT 0ONE ( ! FEW R$EEM+ FEATURES ( PIT WORK1 & ONE ?AT ! M9]S WILL FI<T TO MA9TA91 IS ?AT ( 9DEP5D5T JOB CONTROL01 = :ILE 0MO/ FACTORY WORK]S W\LD REG>D ! M9E PURELY & SIMPLY AS A BLACK & FIL?Y HOLE1 FUNNILY 5\< ! M9] 9 TURN REG>DS ! FACTORY AS A PRISON & ITS OP]ATIVES AS CAPTIVES04 ,9 ! E>LY DAYS ( M9+ 9 ,DURHAM1 HE EXPLA9S1 0! M9] WAS PRACTICALLY A SELF-GOV]N+ AG5T4 ,! HEW]S W]E ALL[$ TO MANAGE !IR [N JOBS ) PRACTICALLY A TOTAL LACK ( SUP]VISION4 ,! DEGREE ( JOB CONTROL 7?\< NECESS>ILY LIMIT$ BY PRIVATE [N]%IP7 WAS ALMO/ COMPLETE40 ,D\GLASS DESCRIBES SU* TRADITIONS AS ! CAVIL+ SY/EM 7SELECTION ( WORK+-PLACE BY BALLOT 9 ORD] TO EQUALIZE E>N+ OPPORTUNITIES7 AS3  
  

! FUNDAM5TAL WAY 9 :I* ! ,DURHAM M9] MANAG$ TO MA9TA9 AN EQUITABLE SY/EM ( WORK1 & MANAG$ TO /AVE (F ! COMPETITIV5ESS1 BULLY+ & 9JU/ICE ( ! HAT$ BUTTY SY/EM4 ,9 ESS5CE IT WAS AN EMBRYO ( WORK]S' CONTROL1 AS CAN BE SE5 FROM ITS ABILITY TO H&LE DISPUTES BETWE5 SETS ( WORK]S )\T REC\RSE TO \TSID]S4 ,IT WAS A LITTLE ,SOVIET :I* HAD GR[N UP )9 ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,9 A S5SE IT WAS ( NECESSITY RE/RICT$ 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 A FEATURE ( ! WORK] 9T]V5+ 9 ! PRODUCTIVE PROCESS 9 A CONSCI\S WAY TO SAY3 ?IS IS H[ ,I RUN IT1 Y\ ADAPT IT ACCORD+LY4 .<#a#a#i.>  
  

,! SAME K9D ( ATTEMPT TO RUN ! M9ES AS FACTORIES ?AT ,DAVID ,D\GLASS COMPLA9S (1 ACCOMPANI$ ! 9TRODUCTION 9 ! PO/W> YE>S ( ! 0LONG-WALL0 SY/EM ( WORK+4 ,A COMP>ATIVE /UDY WAS MADE BY ! ,TAVI/OCK ,9/ITUTE ( CONV5TIONAL LONG-WALL WORK+ ) ITS 9TRODUCTION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 & ( FACTORY-TYPE ME?ODS1 & ! COMPOSITE LONG-WALL ME?OD ADOPT$ BY ! M9]S 9 SOME PITS4 ,ITS IMPORTANCE = MY >GUM5T CAN B E SE5 FROM ! OP5+ WORDS ( ONE ( ! ,TAVI/OCK REPORTS3  
  

,?IS /UDY CONC]NS A GR\PS ( M9]S :O CAME TOGE!R TO EVOLVE A NEW WAY ( WORK+ TOGE!R1 PLANN+ ! TYPE ( *ANGE !Y WANT$ TO PUT ?R\<1 & TE/+ IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,! NEW TYPE ( WORK ORGANIZATION :I* HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 ! 9DU/RY AS COMPOSITE WORK+1 HAS 9 REC5T YE>S EM]G$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T PITS 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM COALFIELD4 ,ITS ROOTS GO BACK TO AN E>LI] TRADITION :I* HAS BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DISPLAC$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ C5TURY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( WORK TE*NIQUES BAS$ ON TASK SEGM5TATION1 DIFF]5TIAL /ATUS & PAYM5T1 & EXTR9SIC HI]>*ICAL CONTROL4.<#a#b.>  
  

,A FUR!R REPORT NOTES H[ ! 9VE/IGATION %[S 0! ABILITY ( QUITE L>GE PRIM>Y WORK GR\PS ( #d-#e MEMB]S TO ACT AS SELF-REGULAT+1 SELF-DEVELOP+ SOCIAL ORGANISMS ABLE TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 A /EADY /ATE ( HI< PRODUCTIVITY 4440.<#a#b#a.> ,P4 ,G4 ,H]B/ DESCRIBES ! SY/EM ( COMPOSITE WORK+ 9 A WAY :I* %[S ITS RELATION%IP TO ! GANG SY/EM3  
  

,! COMPOSITE WORK ORGANIZATION MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ONE 9 :I* ! GR\P TAKES OV] COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY = ! TOTAL CYCLE ( OP]ATIONS 9VOLV$ 9 M9+ ! COAL FACE4 ,NO MEMB] ( ! GR\P HAS A FIX$ WORK-ROLE4 ,9/EAD1 ! M5 DEPLOY !MSELVES1 DEP5D+ ON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ONGO+ GR\P TASK4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( TE*NOLOGICAL & SAFETY REQUIREM5TS !Y >E FREE TO EVOLVE !IR [N WAY ( ORGANIZ+ & C>RY+ \T !IR TASK4 ,!Y >E NOT SUBJECT TO ANY EXT]NAL AU?ORITY 9 ?IS RESPECT1 NOR IS !RE )9 ! GR\P ITSELF ANY MEMB] :O TAKES OV] A =MAL DIRECTIVE LEAD]%IP FUNCTION4 ,:]EAS 9 CONV5TIONAL LONG-WALL WORK+ ! COAL-GETT+ TASK IS SPLIT 9TO F\R OR EI<T SEP>ATE WORK ROLES1 C>RI$ \T BY DIFF]5T TEAMS1 EA* PAID AT A DIFF]5T RATE1 9 ! COMPOSITE GR\P MEMB]S >E NO LONG] PAID DIRECTLY = ANY ( ! TASKS C>RI$ \T4 ,! ALL-9 WAGE AGREEM5T IS1 9/EAD1 BAS$ ON ! NEGOTIAT$ PRICE P] TON ( COAL PRODUC$ BY ! TEAM4 ,! 9COME OBTA9$ IS DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG TEAM MEMB]S4.<#a#b#b.>  
  

,!SE EXAMPLES ( ON-!-JOB WORK]S' CONTROL >E IMPORTANT 9 EVOLV+ AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y DO NOT 5TAIL SUBMISSION TO PAT]NALI/IC MANAGEM5T TE*NIQUES -- 9 FACT !Y DEMOLI% ! MY?S ( MANAG]IAL EXP]TIZE & 9DISP5SABILITY4 ,!Y >E A =CE = SOLID>ITY RA!R ?AN DIVISIV5ESS BETWE5 WORK]S ON ! BASIS ( PAY & /ATUS4 ,!Y ILLU/RATE ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE TO BR+ DECISION-MAK+ BACK TO ! FACTORY FLOOR & ! FACE-TO-FACE GR\P4 ,!Y EV5 SATISFY -- ?\< ?IS IS NOT MY CRIT]ION = RECOMM5D+ !M -- ! CAPITALI/ TE/ ( PRODUCTIVITY4 ,!Y1 LIKE ! GR[+ CONCEPT ( WORK]S' RI<TS ( POSSESSION 9 ! JOB TACITLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 R$UNDANCY PAYM5T LEGISLATION1 ACTIVELY DEMON/RAT$ BY WORK]S TAK+ OV] PHYSICAL POSSESSION ( ! WORKPLACE AS 9 ! 0WORK-90 AT ,UPP] ,CLYDE ,%IPBUILD]S -- HAVE ! GREAT TACTICAL M]IT ( COMB9+ %ORT-T]M AIMS ) LONG-T]M ASPIRATIONS4 

,C\LD ! WORK]S RUN 9DU/RY8 ,( C\RSE !Y C\LD4 ,!Y DO ALREADY4 ,NEI!R ( ! TWO EXAMPLES ,I HAVE GIV5 ( SUCCESSFUL 0ON ! JOB0 CONTROL1 EXI/S 9 ! SAME =M TODAY1 = REASONS :I* HAVE NO?+ TO DO ) EI!R !IR EFFICI5CY OR !IR PRODUCTIVITY4 ,9 ! ,DURHAM EXAMPLE IT HAS TO DO ) ! %IFT ( EMPHASIS 9 ! 7PUBLICLY-[N$7 ,NATIONAL ,COAL ,BO>D TO ! COALFIELDS ( ,S\? ,YORK%IRE & ,NOTT+HAM1 & 9 ! CASE ( ,/&>DS ) ! M]G]S 7SPONSOR$ BY A ,LABOR GOV]NM5T7 :I* L$ TO ! =MATION ( ,BRITI% ,LEYL& AS A COMB9E L>GE 5\< TO COMPETE = M>KETS ) ! GIANT ,AM]ICAN-[N$ & ,EUROPEAN FIRMS4 

,9DU/RY IS NOT DOM9AT$ BY TE*NICAL EXP]TIZE1 BUT BY ! SALES MANAG]1 ! ACC\NTANT & ! F9ANCIAL TYCOON :O NEV] MADE ANY?+ 9 !IR LIVES EXCEPT MONEY4 

,= A LUCKY FEW WORK IS 5JOYABLE = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT ! PROPORTION ( SU* PEOPLE 9 ! TOTAL WORK+ POPULATION GR[S SMALL] AS WORK BECOMES EI!R MORE ME*ANIZ$ OR MORE FRAGM5T$4 ,AUTOMATION1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO R$UCE ! %E] DRUDG]Y ( MANUAL LABOR & ! %E] M5TAL DRUDG]Y ( CL]ICAL WORK1 IS FE>$ BECAUSE 9 PRACTICE IT SIMPLY R$UCES ! NUMB] ( 9COME-GA9+ OPPORTUNITIES4 ,IT IS A SAV+ ( LABOR1 NOT BY ! WORK]1 BUT BY ! [N]S OR CONTROLL]S ( CAPITAL4 ,! LUCKY FEW >E DE/9$ = ! JOBS :I* >E EI!R CREAT$ BY OR >E UNAFFECT$ BY AUTOMATION4 ,! UNLUCKY MAJORITY1 CONDEMN$ FROM *ILDHOOD TO ! DRE>Y JOBS1 F9D !M EI!R DIM9I%$ OR EXT+UI%$ BY ! 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( WORK4 

,CAN WE IMAG9E ?AT 9 A SITUATION :]E ! CONTROL ( AN 9DU/RY1 A FACTORY1 ANY K9D ( WORKPLACE1 WAS 9 ! H&S ( ! PEOPLE :O WORK !RE1 !Y W\LD JU/ C>RY ON PRODUCTION1 DI/RIBUTION & BOTTLE-WA%+ 9 ! WAYS WE >E FAMILI> ) TODAY8 ,EV5 )9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY 7?\< NOT )9 ! 0PUBLIC SECTOR0 :I* BELONGS TO 0! PEOPLE07 SOME EMPLOY]S F9D ?AT :AT !Y CALL JOB 5L>GEM5T OR JOB 5RI*M5T1 ! REPLACEM5T ( CONVEYOR BELT TASKS BY COMPLETE ASSEMBLY JOBS1 OR DELIB]ATE ROTATION FROM JOB TO JOB 9 ! PRODUCTION PROCESS CAN 9CREASE PRODUCTION SIMPLY BY R$UC+ BOR$OM4 ,:5 EV]YONE 9 AN 9DU/RY HAS A VOICE 9 IT1 W\LD !Y /OP AT ?IS PO9T8 

,9 HIS BRILLIANT ESSAY ,WORK & ,SURPLUS1 ,KEI? ,PATON IMAG9ES :AT W\LD HAPP5 9 A C> FACTORY TAK5 OV] P]MAN5TLY BY ITS WORK]S4 0,AFT] ! C>NIVAL ( REVOLUTION COME ! APPEALS TO RETURN TO WORK0 BUT 0TO GET 9TO ! HABIT ( RESPOND+ TO ORD]S OR EXHORTATIONS TO RAISE ! ,G,N,P W\LD BE TO SELL ! PASS /RAI<T AWAY4 ,ON ! O!R H& PRODUCTION MU/ EV5TUALLY BE GOT GO+ ON SOME BASIS OR O!R4 ,:AT BASIS8 ,RETURN TO :AT SORT ( WORK80  
  

,SO 9/EAD ( RE/>T+ ! ASSEMBLY TRACK 7IF ! Y\NG WORK]S HAV5'T ALREADY SMA%$ IT7 !Y SP5D TWO MON?S DISCUSS+ ! PO9T ( !IR WORK1 & H[ TO RE>RANGE IT4 ,PRIVATE C>S8 ,:Y DO PEOPLE ALWAYS WANT TO GO SOME:]E ELSE8 ,IS IT BECAUSE :]E !Y >E IS SO 9TOL]ABLE8 ,& :AT P>T DID ! AUTOMOBILE PLAY 9 MAK+ ! NE$ TO ESCAPE8 ,:AT AB\T DAY TO DAY CONV5I5CE8 ,IS BE+ /UCK 9 A TRAFFIC JAM CONV5I5T8 ,:AT AB\T ! CO/ TO ! C\NTRY8 ,BUGG] ! 0CO/ TO ! C\NTRY01 ?AT'S JU/ ! SAME CRAP AS ! NATIONAL 9T]E/4 ,HAVE Y\ SE5 ! FACES ( OLD PEOPLE AS !Y TRY TO CROSS A BUSY MA9 ROAD8 ,:AT AB\T ! 9CONV5I5CE TO P$E/RIANS8 ,:AT'S ! REASON = BUY+ A C>8 ,IS IT JU/ WANT+ TO ,H,A,V,E IT8 ,DO WE ?9K ! VALUE ( A C> RUBS (F ON US8 ,BUT ?AT'S ! WRONG WAY R\ND4 ,DOES HAV+ A C> REALLY SAVE TIME8 ,:AT'S ! AV]AGE H\RS WORK$ 9 MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY8 ,LET'S LOOK IT UP 9 ! LIBR>Y3 #d#e4#g H\RS WORK A WEEK4 ,:AT'S ! AM\NT ( ! FAMILY'S SP5D+ MONEY 9 A WEEK ?AT GOES ON C>S8 #a4#c P]C5T ( ALL FAMILY 9COME4 ,:I* MEANS MORE LIKE #b P]C5T IF Y\'VE GOT A C> BECAUSE HALF ( US DON'T HAVE ONE4 ,:AT'S #be P]C5T ( #de H\RS8 ,*RI/1 #i H\RS6 ,?AT'S A HELL ( A LONG TIME SP5T 0SAV+ TIME06 ,!RE MU/ BE A BETT] WAY ( GETT+ FROM ,A TO ,B4 ,BY BUS8 ,O,K1 LET'S MAKE BUSSES4 ,BUT :AT AB\T ! POLLUTION & ?AT8 ,:AT AB\T ?OSE ELECTRIC C>S !Y %[$ ON ! TELLY ONCE8 ,ETC41 ETC4.<#a#b#c.>  
  

,HE 5VISAGES ANO!R MON? ( DISCUSSION & RESE>* 9 COMPLEXLY CROSS-CUTT+ GR\PS1 UNTIL ! WORK]S REA* A CONS5SUS = EV5TUAL SELF-R$EPLOYM5T = MAK+ PRODUCTS :I* ! WORK]S CONSID] TO BE SOCIALLY USEFUL4 ,!SE 9CLUDE C> REFURBI%+ 7TO 9CREASE ! USE-VALUE ( MODELS ALREADY ON ! ROAD71 BUSSES1 OV]HEAD MONORAIL C>S1 ELECTRIC C>S & SCOOT]S1 :ITE BICYCLES = COMMUNAL USE 7AS DEVIS$ BY ! ,AM/]DAM PROVOS7 1 H\S+ UNITS1 M9IMAL WORK = DROP-\TS1 & = KIDS & OLD PEOPLE :O LIKE TO MAKE !MSELVES USEFUL BUT HE SEES O!R ASPECTS ( ! WORK]S' TAKE-OV]1 VOLUNT>Y EXTRA WORK = EXAMPLE3 0,AS WORK BECOMES MORE & MORE PLEASURABLE1 AS TE*NOLOGY & SOCIETY DEVELOP TO ALL[ MORE & MORE CRAFT ASPECTS TO RETURN AT HI< TE*NOLOGICAL LEVEL1 ! IDEA ( VOLUNT>Y EXTRA OV] ! 7R$UC$7 FIX$ WORK+ WEEK BECOMES FEASIBLE4 ,EV5 ! FIX+ ( ! WORK+ WEEK BECOMES SUP]S$$40 ,! PURPOSE ( ?IS VOLUNT>Y EXTRA8 0,NEW ,DELHI NE$S BUSSES1 PROVIDE !M BY VOLUNT>Y WORK40.<#a#b#d.> 

,! FACTORY ITSELF IS OP5 TO ! COMMUNITY1 9CLUD+ *ILDR52 0?US EV]Y FACTORY WORK] IS A POT5TIAL '5VIRONM5TAL /UDIES' 9/RUCTOR1 IF A *ILD COMES UP & ASKS HIM H[ SOME?+ WORKS40 ,! FACTORY 9 FACT BECOMES A UNIV]SITY1 AN 9/ITUTE ( LE>N+ RA!R ?AN ( 5=C$ /UPIDITY1 0US+ M5 TO A MILLION? ( !IR CAPACITIES0 AS ,NORB]T ,WE9] PUT IT4 

,! EVOLUTION & TRANS=MATION ( ! FACTORY 5VISAG$ BY ,KEI? ,PATON LEADS US BACK TO ! IDEA ( ! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP 5VISAG$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]4 ,WE T5D TO ?9K ( ! MOTOR 9DU/RY1 = EXAMPLE1 AS ONE 9 :I* IRON ORE COMES 9 AT ONE 5D & A COMPLETE C> ROLLS \T AT ! O!R 7?\< ! PUR*AS] ( A 0,FRIDAY C>0 9 TODAY'S SOCIETY HAD BETT] WAT* \T1 = ?AT C> ROLL$ (F ! ASSEMBLY L9E :5 ! WORK]S W]E WAIT+ = !IR REAL LIFE AT ! WEEK5D TO BEG974 ,BUT 9 FACT TWO ?IRDS ( ! FACTORY VALUE ( A C> IS REPRES5T$ BY COMPON5TS B\<T BY ! MANUFACTUR]S FROM \TSIDE SUPPLI]S4 ,! MOTOR 9DU/RY1 LIKE MANY O!RS1 IS AN ASSEMBLY 9DU/RY4 ,! FACT ?AT ?IS IS SO ( MO/ CONSUM] GOODS 9DU/RIES1 C\PL$ ) ! MOD]N FACTS ( WIDELY DI/RIBUT$ 9DU/RIAL SKILL & MOTIVE P[]1 MEANS ?AT1 AS ! ,GOODMAN BRO!RS SAID 9 ,COMMUNITAS3 0,9 L>GE >EAS ( \R OP]ATION1 WE C\LD GO BACK TO OLD-FA%ION$ DOME/IC 9DU/RY ) P]HAPS EV5 A GA9 9 EFFICI5CY1 = SMALL P[] IS EV]Y:]E AVAILABLE1 SMALL MA*9ES >E *EAP & +5I\S1 & !RE >E EASY MEANS TO COLLECT MA*9$ P>TS & C5TRALLY ASSEMBLE !M40.<#a#b#e.> ,BUT IT ALSO MEANS ?AT WE C\LD LOCALLY ASSEMBLE !M4 ,IT ALREADY HAPP5S ON ! 9DIVIDUAL SP>E-TIME LEVEL4 ,BUILD-IT-Y\RSELF RADIO1 RECORD-PLAY+1 & TELEVISION KITS >E A COMMONPLACE1 & Y\ CAN ALSO BUY ASSEMBLE-IT-Y\RSELF C>S & REFRIG]ATORS4 

,GR\PS ( COMMUNITY WORK%OPS C\LD COMB9E = BULK ORD]+ ( COMPON5TS1 OR = %>+ ACCORD+ TO !IR CAPACITY ! PRODUCTION ( COMPON5TS = MUTUAL EX*ANGE & = LOCAL ASSEMBLY4 ,! NEW 9DU/RIAL FIELD ( PLA/ICS 7ASSUM+ ?AT 9 A TRANS=M$ FUTURE SOCIETY1 PEOPLE F9D IT A G5U9E ECONOMY TO USE !M7 (F] MANY UNEXPLOIT$ POSSIBILITIES = ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP4 ,!RE >E ?REE MA9 K9DS ( PLA/ICS TODAY3 !RMOSETT+ RES9S :I* >E MOLD$ UND] HEAT ) V]Y HI< PRESSURES & CONSEQU5TLY REQUIRE PLANT :I* IS AT PRES5T EXP5SIVE & COMPLEX2 !RMOPLA/ICS1 :I* >E %AP$ BY EXTRUSION & BY 9JECTION MOLD+ 7!RE >E ALREADY DO-IT-Y\RSELF ELECTRIC !RMOPLA/IC 9JECTION MA*9ES ON ! M>KET72 & POLYE/] RES9S1 US$ 9 CONJUNCTION ) RE9=C+ MAT]IALS LIKE GLASS FIB] :I* CAN BE MOLD$ AT L[ PRESSURES BY SIMPLE CONTACT MOLD+1 & >E ?US EM95TLY SUITABLE = ! POT5TIALITIES ( ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP4 

,AS WE >E FREQU5TLY REM9D$ BY \R [N EXP]I5CE AS CONSUM]S1 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTS 9 \R SOCIETY >E BUILT = A LIMIT$ LIFE AS WELL AS = AN E>LY OBSOLESC5CE4 ,! PRODUCTS :I* >E AVAILABLE = PUR*ASE >E NOT ! PRODUCTS :I* WE W\LD PREF] TO HAVE4 ,9 A WORK]-CONTROLL$ SOCIETY IT W\LD NOT BE WOR? ! WORK]S' :ILE TO PRODUCE >TICLES ) A DELIB]ATELY LIMIT$ LIFE1 NOR TO MAKE ?+S :I* W]E UNREPAIRABLE4 ,PRODUCTS W\LD HAVE TRANSP>5CY ( OP]ATION & REPAIR4 ,:5 ,H5RY ,=D FIR/ M>KET$ HIS ,MODEL ,T HE AIM$ AT A PRODUCT :I* 0ANY HICK UP A DIRT ROAD0 C\LD REPAIR ) A HAMM] & A SPANN]4 ,HE NE>LY BANKRUPT$ HIS FIRM 9 ! PROCESS1 BUT ?IS IS PRECISELY ! K9D ( PRODUCT :I* AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD NE$3 OBJECTS :OSE FUNCTION+ IS TRANSP>5T & :OSE REPAIR CAN BE UND]TAK5 READILY & SIMPLY BY ! US]4 

,9 HIS BOOK ,! ,WORK] 9 AN ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY1 ,F]DYN& ,ZWEIG MAKES ! 5T]TA9+ OBS]VATION ?AT 0QUITE (T5 ! WORK] COMES TO WORK ON ,MONDAY WORN \T FROM HIS WEEK5D ACTIVITIES1 ESPECIALLY FROM ',DO-IT-Y\RSELF'4 ,QUITE A NUMB] SAID ?AT ! WEEK5D IS ! MO/ TRY+ & EXACT+ P]IOD ( ! :OLE WEEK1 & ,MONDAY MORN+ 9 ! FACTORY1 9 COMP>ISON1 IS RELAX+40.<#a#b#f.> ,?IS LEADS US TO ASK -- NOT 9 ! FUTURE1 BUT 9 \R PRES5T SOCIETY -- :AT IS WORK & :AT IS LEISURE IF WE WORK H>D] 9 \R LEISURE ?AN AT \R WORK8 ,! FACT ?AT ONE ( !SE JOBS IS PAID & ! O!R IS NOT SEEMS ALMO/ =TUIT\S4 ,& ?IS 9 TURN LEADS US TO A FUR!R QUE/ION4 ,! P>ADOXES ( CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALISM MEAN ?AT !RE >E VA/ NUMB]S ( :AT ONE ,AM]ICAN ECONOMI/ CALLS  
NO-PEOPLE3 ! >MY ( ! UNEMPLOY$ :O >E EI!R UNWANT$ BY1 OR :O CONSCI\SLY REJECT1 ! MEAN+LESS ME*ANIZ$ SLAV]Y ( CONTEMPOR>Y 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION4 ,C\LD !Y MAKE A LIVELIHOOD = !MSELVES TODAY 9 ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP8 ,IF ! WORK%OP IS CONCEIV$ M]ELY AS A SOCIAL S]VICE = 0CREATIVE LEISURE0 ! ANSW] IS ?AT IT W\LD PROBABLY BE AGA9/ ! RULES4 ,MEMB]S MI<T COMPLA9 ?AT SO-&-SO WAS ABUS+ ! FACILITIES PROVID$ BY US+ !M 0COMM]CIALLY04 ,BUT IF ! WORK%OP W]E CONCEIV$ ON MORE IMAG9ATIVE L9ES ?AN ANY EXI/+ V5TURE ( ?IS K9D1 ITS POT5TIALITIES C\LD BECOME A S\RCE ( LIVELIHOOD 9 ! TRUE/ S5SE4 ,9 SEV]AL ( ! ,NEW ,T[NS 9 ,BRITA91 = EXAMPLE1 IT HAS BE5 F\ND NECESS>Y & DESIRABLE TO BUILD GR\PS ( SMALL WORK%OPS = 9DIVIDUALS & SMALL BUS9ESSES 5GAG$ 9 SU* WORK AS REPAIR+ ELECTRICAL EQUIPM5T OR C> BODIES1 WOODWORK+ & ! MANUFACTURE ( SMALL COMPON5TS4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ,WORK%OP W\LD BE 5HANC$ BY ITS CLU/] ( SEP>ATE WORKPLACES = 0GA9FUL0 WORK4 ,C\LDN'T ! WORK%OP BECOME ! COMMUNITY FACTORY1 PROVID+ WORK OR A PLACE = WORK = ANYONE 9 ! LOCALITY :O WANT$ TO WORK ?AT WAY1 NOT AS AN OPTIONAL EXTRA TO ! ECONOMY ( ! AFFLU5T SOCIETY :I* REJECTS AN 9CREAS+ PROPORTION ( ITS MEMB]S1 BUT AS ONE ( ! PR]EQUISITES ( ! WORK]-CONTROLL$ ECONOMY ( ! FUTURE8 

,KEI? ,PATON AGA91 9 A F>-SI<T$ PAMPHLET ADDRESS$ TO MEMB]S ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION1 URG$ !M NOT TO COMPETE = MEAN+LESS JOBS 9 ! ECONOMY :I* HAS ?R[N !M \T AS R$UNDANT1 BUT TO USE !IR SKILLS TO S]VE !IR [N COMMUNITY4 7,ONE ( ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! AFFLU5T WORLD IS ?AT IT D5IES ITS POOR ! OPPORTUNITY TO FE$1 CLO!1 OR H\SE !MSELVES1 OR TO MEET !IR [N & !IR FAMILIES' NE$S1 EXCEPT FROM GRUDG+LY DOL$-\T WELF>E PAYM5TS74 ,HE EXPLA9S ?AT3  
  

,:5 WE TALK ( 0DO+ \R [N ?+0 WE >E NOT ADVOCAT+ GO+ BACK TO DO+ EV]Y?+ BY H&4 ,?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ! ONLY OPTION 9 ! ?IRTIES4 ,BUT S9CE !N ELECTRICAL P[] & 0AFFLU5CE0 HAVE BR\<T A SPREAD ( 9T]M$IATE MA*9ES1 SOME ( !M V]Y SOPHI/ICAT$1 TO ORD9>Y WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES4 ,EV5 IF !Y DO NOT [N !M 7AS MANY CLAIMANTS DO NOT7 ! POSSIBILITY EXI/S ( BORR[+ !M FROM NEI<BORS1 RELATIVES1 EX-WORKMATES4 ,KNITT+ & SEW+ MA*9ES1 P[] TOOLS & O!R DO-IT-Y\RSELF EQUIPM5T COMES 9 ?IS CATEGORY4 ,G>AGES CAN BE CONV]T$ 9TO LITTLE WORK%OPS1 HOME-BREW KITS >E POPUL>1 P>TS & MA*9]Y CAN BE TAK5 FROM OLD C>S & O!R GADGETS4 ,IF !Y SAW !IR OPPORTUNITY1 TRA9$ METALLURGI/S & ME*ANICS C\LD GET 9TO ADVANC$ SCRAP TE*NOLOGY1 RECYCL+ ! METAL WA/ES ( ! CONSUM] SOCIETY = ?+S :I* C\LD BE US$ AGA9 REG>DLESS ( :E!R !Y W\LD FET* ANY?+ 9 A %OP4 ,MANY HOBBY 5?USIA/S C\LD BEG9 TO SEE !IR 9T]E/S 9 A NEW LI<T4.<#a#b#g.>  
  

0,WE DO01 HE AFFIRMS1 0NE$ EA* O!R & ! 5ORM\S POOL ( 5]GY & MORALE ?AT LIES UNTAPP$ 9 EV]Y <ETTO1 CITY DI/RICT & E/ATE40 ,! FUNNY ?+ IS ?AT :5 WE DISCUSS ! QUE/ION ( WORK FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW1 ! FIR/ QUE/ION PEOPLE ASK IS3 ,:AT W\LD Y\ DO AB\T ! LAZY MAN1 ! MAN :O WILL NOT WORK8 ,! ONLY POSSIBLE ANSW] IS ?AT WE HAVE ALL BE5 SUPPORT+ HIM = C5TURIES4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT FACES EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & EV]Y SOCIETY IS QUITE DIFF]5T1 IT IS H[ TO PROVIDE PEOPLE ) ! OPPORTUNITY !Y YE>N =3 ! *ANCE TO BE USEFUL4 

O ,*APT] #ab - ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 
,*APT] ,X,I,I4 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,WELF>E 

  
  

,ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 ALL SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 IMPOSE A PATT]N ON PEOPLE & DETRACT FROM !IR 9DIVIDUALITY2 ABOVE ALL IT SEEMS TO ME1 !Y DETRACT FROM !IR HUMANITY 444 ,IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT ONE ?+ IS 9 ! NATURE ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS1 :E!R !Y >E = GOOD PURPOSES1 LIKE COLLEGES1 S*OOLS & HOSPITALS1 OR = EVIL PLUPOSES1 LIKE PRISONS4 ,EV]YONE 9 AN 9/ITUTION IS CONT9UALLY ADAPT+ HIMSELF TO IT1 & TO O!R PEOPLE1 :]EAS ! GLORY ( HUMANITY IS ?AT IT ADAPTS ITS 5VIRONM5T TO MANK9D1 NOT HUMAN BE+S TO !IR 5VIRONM5T4  
  
  

,JOHN ,VAIZEY1 ,SC5ES ,FROM ,9/ITUTIONAL ,LIFE 

,AN>*I/S >E SOMETIMES TOLD ?AT !IR SIMPLE PICTURE ( ! /ATE AS ! PROTECTOR ( ! PRIVILEGES ( ! P[]FUL IS HOPELESSLY \T ( DATE3 WELF>E HAS *ANG$ ! /ATE4 ,SOME POLITICIANS EV5 CLAIM ?AT !IR P>TIES 9V5T$ WELF>E4 ,! LATE ,HU< ,GAITSKILL1 = 9/ANCE1 DESCRIB$ ! WELF>E /ATE AS 0ANO!R ,LABOR A*IEVEM5T01 ADD+ ?AT 0UN=TUNATELY GRATITUDE IS NOT A RELIABLE POLITICAL ASSET04 ,9 FACT ! C&IDATES = (FICE 9 MO/ ,WE/]N GOV]NM5TS RIVAL EA* O!R 9 ! WELF>E PACKAGES !Y (F] ! ELECTORATE4 

,BUT :AT DO WE MEAN BY ! WELF>E /ATE8 ,SOCIAL WELF>E CAN EXI/ )\T ! /ATE4 ,/ATES CAN1 & FREQU5TLY DO1 EXI/ )\T UND]TAK+ RESPONSIBILITY = SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,EV]Y K9D ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION MAY BE A WELF>E SOCIETY3 TRADE UNIONS1 ,*RI/MAS CLUBS1 *UR*ES & TE5AGE GANGS -- ALL ( :I* PRESUMABLY AIM AT MUTUAL B5EFIT1 COM=T & SECURITY CAN BE CONSID]$ AS ASPECTS ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,! /ATE1 AS WE HAVE SE51 IS A =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* DIFF]S FROM ALL ! RE/ 9 TWO RESPECTS3 FIR/LY1 ?AT IT CLAIMS ! ALLEGIANCE ( ! :OLE POPULATION RA!R ?AN ?OSE :O HAVE OPT$ TO JO9 IT1 & SECONDLY1 ?AT IT HAS CO]CIVE P[] TO 5=CE ?AT ALLEGIANCE4 ,ASSOCIATION = MUTUAL WELF>E IS AS OLD AS HUMANITY -- WE W\LDN'T BE H]E IF IT W]E NOT - & IS BIOLOGICAL 9 ORIG94 ,KROPOTK91 :OSE ,MUTUAL ,AID *RONICLES ?IS 9NATE HUMAN T5D5CY1 DESCRIBES1 NOT ! /R5G!N+1 BUT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT EMBODI$ IT1 ) ! GR[? ( ! MOD]N ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATE FROM ! FIFTE5? C5TURY ONW>D3  
  

,= ! NEXT ?REE C5TURIES ! ,/ATES1 BO? ON ! CONT95T & 9 !SE ISL&S1 SY/EMATICALLY WE$$ \T ALL 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* ! MUTUAL AID T5D5CY HAD =M]LY F\ND ITS EXPRESSION4 ,! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES W]E B]EFT ( !IR FOLKMOTES1 !IR C\RTS & 9DEP5D5T ADM9I/RATION3 !IR L&S W]E CONFISCAT$4 ,! GUILDS W]E SPOILAT$ ( !IR POSSESSIONS & LIB]TIES1 & PLAC$ UND] ! CONTROL1 ! FANCY1 & ! BRIB]Y ( ! ,/ATE'S (FICIAL4 ,! CITIES W]E DIVE/$ ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY1 & ! V]Y SPR+S ( !IR 9N] LIFE - ! FOLKMOTE1 ! ELECT$ JU/ICES & !IR ADM9I/RATION1 ! SOV]EIGN P>I% & ! SOV]EIGN GUILD -- W]E ANNIHILAT$2 ! ,/ATE'S FUNCTION>Y TOOK POSSESSION ( EV]Y L9K ( :AT WAS =M]LY AN ORGANIC :OLE 444 ,IT WAS TAU<T 9 ! UNIV]SITIES & FROM ! PULPIT ?AT ! 9/ITUTIONS 9 :I* M5 =M]LY US$ TO EMBODY !IR NE$S ( MUTUAL SUPPORT C\LD NOT BE TOL]AT$ 9 A PROP]LY ORGANIZ$ ,/ATE2 ?AT ! /ATE ALONE C\LD REPRES5T ! BONDS ( UNION BETWE5 ITS SUBJECTS2 ?AT F$]ALISM & 0P>TICUL>ISM0 W]E ! 5EMIES ( PROGRESS1 & ! ,/ATE WAS ! ONLY PROP] 9ITIATOR ( FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4.<#a#b#h.>  
  

,?IS IS NOT AN OLD-FA%ION$ ROMANTIC VIEW ( ! PASS+ ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES3 IT IS REFLECT$ 9 MOD]N S*OL>%IP1 = EXAMPLE 9 ,ULLMANN'S  
,GOV]NM5T & ,PEOPLE 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES4 ,NOR IS ,KROPOTK9'S BITT] ACC\NT ( IT EXAGG]AT$1 AS Y\ CAN SEE FROM ! HI/ORY ( PAUP]ISM 9 ,BRITA94 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES DE/ITUTION WAS RELIEV$ )\T REC\RSE TO /ATE ACTION4 ,GUILD MEMB]S :O FELL 9TO POV]TY W]E ASSI/$ BY ! FRAT]NITY1 :OSE CONC]N EXT5D$ TO !IR WID[S & ORPHANS4 ,!RE W]E HOSPITALS & LAZ>-H\SES = ! SICK1 & MONA/IC HOSPITALITY WAS EXT5D$ TO ALL :O NE$$ IT4 ,BUT ) ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A FIRMLY BAS$ NATION-/ATE BY ! ,TUDORS1 IT WAS *>ACT]I/IC ?AT ! FIR/ /ATE LEGISLATION ON POV]TY REQUIR$ ?AT BEGG>S %\LD BE :IPP$ & ?AT ! SECOND REQUIR$ ?AT !Y %\LD BE BR&$1 & ?AT ! ESS5CE ( ! ,POOR ,LAW FROM ITS CODIFICATION 9 #afa TO ITS AM5DM5T 9 #ahcd & ITS F9AL DISAPPE>ANCE 9 \R [N TIME1 WAS PUNITIVE4 ,ANY MEMB] ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION TODAY W\LD 9SI/ ?AT ! ,POOR ,LAW /ILL EXI/S & ?AT IT IS PUNITIVE4 

,WE MAY ?US CONCLUDE ?AT !RE IS AN ESS5TIAL P>ADOX 9 ! FACT ?AT ! /ATE :OSE SYMBOLS >E ! POLICEMAN1 ! JAIL] & ! SOLDI] %\LD HAVE BECOME ! ADM9I/RATOR & ORGANIZ] ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,! CONNECTION BETWE5 WELF>E & W>F>E IS 9 FACT V]Y CLOSE4 ,UNTIL LATE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ! /ATE CONDUCT$ ITS W>S ) PR(ESIONAL SOLDI]S & M]C5>IES1 BUT ! 9CREAS+ SCALE & SCOPE ( W>S =C$ /ATES TO PAY MORE & MORE ATT5TION TO ! PHYSICAL QUALITY ( RECRUITS1 :E!R VOLUNTE]S OR CONSCRIPTS1 & ! DISCOV]Y ?AT SO L>GE A POPULATION! ELIGIBLE CANNON-FODD] WAS PHYSICALLY UNFIT 7A DISCOV]Y IT HAS MADE AFRE% ) EV]Y W> ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S7 L$ ! /ATE TO TAKE MEASURES = IMPROV+ ! PHYSICAL HEAL? ( ! NATION4 ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS REM>KS 9 HIS ESSAY ON ,W> & ,SOCIAL ,POLICY ?AT 0,IT WAS ! ,S\? ,AM]ICAN ,W>1 NOT ONE ( ! NOTABLE W>S 9 HUMAN HI/ORY TO *ANGE ! AFFAIRS ( M51 ?AT T\*$ (F ! P]SONAL HEAL? MOVEM5T :I* EV5TUALLY L$ TO ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE 9 #a#i#d#h40.<#a#b#i.> 

,) ! EXT5SION ( W>F>E TO ! CIVILIAN POPULATION1 ! NE$ TO MA9TA9 MORALE BY ! =MULATION ( 0PEACE AIMS0 & ! G5]AL FEEL+ ( GUILT OV] PA/ SOCIAL 9JU/ICES & ( RESOLUTION TO DO BETT] 9 FUTURE :I* W> 5G5D]S1 ! CONC]N OV] PHYSICAL HEAL? EXT5D$ TO A WID] FIELD ( SOCIAL WELL-BE+4 ,! 0W>TIME TR5DS T[>DS UNIV]SALIZ+ PUBLIC PROVISION = C]TA9 BASIC NE$S01 AS ,TITRNUSS SAYS1 0MEAN 9 EFFECT ?AT A SOCIAL SY/EM MU/ BE SO ORGANIZ$ AS TO 5ABLE ALL CITIZ5S 7& NOT ONLY SOLDI]S7 TO LE>N :AT TO MAKE ( !IR LIVES 9 PEACETIME4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 ! ,$UCATION ,ACT ( #aidd BECOMES 9TELLIGIBLE2 SO DOES ! ,BEV]IDGE ,REPORT ( #aidb & ! ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE1 ,FAMILY ,ALL[ANCES & ,NATIONAL ,S]VICE ,ACTS4 ,ALL !SE MEASURES ( SOCIAL POLICY W]E 9 P>T AN EXPRESSION ( ! NE$S ( W>-TIME /RATEGY TO FUZE & UNIFY ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE ( CIVILIANS & NON-CIVILIANS ALIKE40.<#a#c.> 

,HIS S>DONIC CONCLUSION IS ?AT 0,! AIMS & CONT5T ( SOCIAL POLICY1 BO? 9 PEACE & W>1 >E ?US DET]M9$ -- AT LEA/ TO A SUB/ANTIAL EXT5T -- BY H[ F> ! COOP]ATION ( ! MASSES IS ESS5TIAL TO ! SUCCESSFUL PROSECUTION ( W>40 

,!RE >E 9 FACT SEV]AL QUITE SEP>ATE TRADITIONS ( SOCIAL WELF>E3 ! PRODUCT ( TOTALLY DIFF]5T ATTITUDES TO SOCIAL NE$S4 ,EV5 9 ! UNIFI$ PROVISION UND] ! /ATE'S WELF>E LEGISLATION !SE TRADITIONS LIVE ON4 ,A FRI5D ( M9E1 AN EXP]IM5TAL PSY*OLOGI/ :O VISITS MANY HOSPITALS1 SAYS ?AT AL?\< IT IS SEV]AL DECADES S9CE ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 HE CAN ALWAYS TELL :E!R A P>TICUL> 9/ITUTION GREW \T ( A VOLUNT>Y HOSPITAL1 A MUNICIPAL ONE1 OR A ,POOR ,LAW 9/ITUTION4 ,ONE ( !SE TRADITIONS IS ?AT ( A S]VICE GIV5 GRUDG+LY & PUNITIVELY BY AU?ORITY1 ANO!R IS ! EXPRESSION ( SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 OR ( MUTUAL AID & SELF-HELP4 ,ONE IS EMBODI$ 9 9/ITUTIONS1 ! O!R 9 ASSOCIATIONS4 

,9 ! J>GON ( SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION !RE IS AN UGLY BUT EXPRESSIVE WORD 09/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ PUTT+ PEOPLE 9TO 9/ITUTIONS4 ,!RE IS ALSO AN EV5 UGLI] WORD1 0DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION01 MEAN+ GETT+ !M \T AGA94 ,REGRETTABLE ! WORD MAY BE1 BUT IT DESCRIBES A TR5D ?AT IS PR(\NDLY SIGNIFICANT FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 0,9/ITUTION0 9 A G5]AL S5SE MEANS 0AN E/ABLI%$ LAW1 CU/OM1 USAGE1 PRACTICE1 ORGANIZATION1 OR O!R ELEM5T 9 ! POLITICAL OR SOCIAL LIFE ( A PEOPLE0 & 9 A SPECIAL S5SE MEANS 0AN $UCATIONAL1 PHILAN?ROPIC1 REM$IAL1 OR P5AL E/ABLI%M5T 9 :I* A BUILD+ OR SY/EM ( BUILD+S PLAYS A MAJOR & C5TRAL ROLE1 E4G4 S*OOLS1 HOSPITALS1 ORPHANAGES1 OLD PEOPLE'S HOMES1 JAILS04 ,IF Y\ ACCEPT !SE DEF9ITIONS Y\ WILL SEE ?AT AN>*ISM IS HO/ILE TO 9/ITUTIONS 9 ! G5]AL S5SE1 HO/ILE1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9TO PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS OR LEGAL 5TITIES ( ! V>I\S K9DS ( HUMAN ASSOCIATION4 ,IT IS PR$ISPOS$ T[>DS DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION1 T[>DS ! BREAKD[N ( 9/ITUTIONS4 

,N[ DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS A FEATURE ( CURR5T ?\<T & ACTUAL TR5DS 9 ! SECOND OR SPECIAL S5SE ( ! WORD4 ,!RE IS A *>ACT]I/IC PATT]N ( DEVELOPM5T COMMON TO MANY ( !SE SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 ,FREQU5TLY !Y W]E F\ND$ OR MODIFI$ BY SOME 9DIVIDUAL PIONE]1 A SECUL> OR RELIGI\S PHILAN?ROPI/1 TO MEET SOME URG5T SOCIAL NE$1 OR REM$Y SOME SOCIAL EVIL4 ,!N !Y BECAME ! FOCUS ( ! ACTIVITIES ( A VOLUNT>Y SOCIETY1 & AS ! N9ETE5? C5TURY PROCE$$1 GA9$ ! ACKN[L$GM5T & SUPPORT ( ! /ATE4 ,LOCAL AU?ORITIES FILL$ 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL GAPS 9 !IR DI/RIBUTION & F9ALLY1 9 \R [N C5TURY1 ! 9/ITUTIONS !MSELVES HAVE BE5 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 ?AT IS TO SAY NATIONALIZ$1 OR TAK5 OV] BY ! /ATE AS A PUBLIC S]VICE4 

,BUT AT ! V]Y PEAK ( !IR GR[? & DEVELOPM5T A D\BT HAS >IS54 ,>E !Y 9 FACT REM$Y+ ! EVIL OR S]V+ ! PURPOSE = :I* !Y W]E 9/ITUT$1 OR >E !Y M]ELY P]PETUAT+ IT8 ,A NEW G5]ATION ( PIONE] ?9K]S >ISES :I* SEEKS TO SET ! PROCESS 9 REV]SE1 TO ABOLI% ! 9/ITUTION ALTOGE!R1 OR TO BREAK IT D[N 9TO NON-9/ITUTIONAL UNITS1 OR TO MEET ! SAME SOCIAL NE$ 9 A NON-9/ITUTIONAL WAY4 ,?IS IS SO M>K$ A TR5D ?AT IT LEADS US TO SPECULATE ON ! EXT5T TO :I* ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS CAN BE REG>D$ AS MICROCOSMS OR MODELS = ! CRITICAL EXAM9ATION ( ! G5]AL 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY4 

,9 ONE S5SE ! 9/ITUTIONS F\ND !IR >*ITECTURAL EXPRESSION 9 A HI]>*Y ( HUGE ,VICTORIAN BUILD+S 9 ! CEMET]Y BELT ON ! FR+E ( ! CITIES4 0,CONV5I5TLY ADJAC5T TO ! CEMET]Y01 WROTE ,C4 ,F4 ,MA/]MAN1 0WAS ! IMM5SE FEV] HOSPITAL 444 ,9 FRONT WAS A GIGANTIC WORKH\SE2 BEH9D A GIGANTIC LUNATIC ASYLUM2 TO ! RI<T1 A GIGANTIC B>RACK S*OOL2 TO ! LEFT1 A GIGANTIC PRISON 444 ,>\ND ! CITY'S BORD]S >E /UDD$ ! GIGANTIC BUILD+S1 PRISONS OR PALACES :I* WITNESS TO ITS EF=TS TO GRAPPLE ) ! PROBLEMS ( MAIM$ & DI/ORT$ LIFE -- WITNESS BO? TO ITS 5]GY & ITS FAILURE4 ,! BROK51 ! REBELLI\S1 ! LUNATIC1 ! DES]T$ *ILDR51 ! DES]T$ OLD1 >E COOP$ UP BEH9D HI< GATES & POLI%$ WALLS40.<#a#c#a.> ,HEA!R ,WOOLM] COMM5T$3 0,MA/]MAN SEES !SE FEATURES AS A DELIB]ATE REJECTION BY SOCIETY ( ALL IT WI%$ TO =GET1 LIKE DEA?1 & ALL :I* IT F\ND 9CONV5I5T1 LIKE ! DE/ITUTE1 OLD1 OR MAD4 ,IT WAS ALMO/ AS ?\< AN 5TIRE SUB-CULTURE C\LD BE PROCESS$ ON ! CITY FR+E3 FROM *>ITY S*OOL TO WORKH\SE1 TO OLD PEOPLE'S 9/ITUTION TO HOSPITAL TO GRAVEY>D3 LIKE BATT]Y *ICK5S AWAIT+ ! CONVEYOR BELT TO DEA?40.<#a#c#b.> 

,& 9DE$ 9/ITUTIONALIZATION IS A CRADLE-TO-GRAVE AFFAIR4 ,A G5]ATION AGO ! ACCEPT$ 0IDEAL0 PATT]N ( *ILDBIR? WAS 9 A MAT]NITY HOSPITAL4 ,! BABY WAS TAK5 AWAY FROM ! MO!R AT BIR? & PUT BEH9D GLASS BY A MASK$ NURSE1 TO BE BR\<T \T AT /RICTLY REGULAT$ H\RS = FE$+4 ,KISS+ & CUDDL+ W]E REG>D$ AS UNHYGI5IC4 7,MO/ BABIES W]E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT ?AT WAS ! IDEAL47 ,TODAY ! IDEAL PICTURE IS COMPLETELY DIFF]5T4 ,BABY IS BORN AT HOME ) FA!R HELP+ ! MIDWIFE1 :ILE BRO!RS & SI/]S >E 5C\RAG$ TO 0%>E0 ! NEW ACQUISITION4 ,HE IS COSSET$ BY ALL & SUNDRY & F$ ON DEM&4 7,AGA9 MO/ BABIES >E NOT BORN ?AT WAY1 BUT IT IS ! ACCEPT$ IDEAL47 ,?IS *ANGE 9 ATTITUDES CAN BE ATTRIBUT$ TO ! SW+ ( ! P5DULUM ( FA%ION1 OR TO COMMON S5SE RE-ASS]T+ ITSELF1 OR TO ! IMM5SELY 9FLU5TIAL EVID5CE GA!R$ BY ,JOHN ,B[LBY 9 HIS ,W4,H4,O4 REPORT ON MAT]NAL C>E4.<#a#c#c.> ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU WRITES3  
  

!RE WAS A DISEASE FROM :I*1 BUT HALF A C5TURY AGO1 MORE ?AN HALF ( ! *ILDR5 .<:O DI$.> 9 ! FIR/ YE> ( LIFE1 REGUL>LY DI$4 ,?IS DISEASE WAS KN[N AS M>ASMUS FROM ! ,GREEK WORD MEAN+ 0WA/+ AWAY04 ,?IS DISEASE WAS ALSO KN[N AS 9FANTILE ATROPHY OR DEBILITY4 ,:5 /UDIES W]E UND]TAK5 TO TRACK D[N ITS CAUSE1 IT WAS DISCOV]$ ?AT IT WAS G5]ALLY BABIES 9 ! 0BE/0 HOMES & HOSPITALS :O W]E MO/ (T5 ITS VICTIMS1 BABIES :O W]E APP>5TLY RECEIV+ ! BE/ & MO/ C>EFUL PHYSICAL ATT5TION1 :ILE BABIES 9 ! POORE/ HOMES1 ) A GOOD MO!R1 DESPITE ! LACK ( HYGI5IC PHYSICAL CONDITIONS1 (T5 OV]CAME ! PHYSICAL H&ICAPS & FL\RI%$4 ,:AT WAS LACK+ 9 ! /]ILIZ$ 5VIRONM5T ( ! BABIES ( ! FIR/ CLASS & WAS G5]\SLY SUPPLI$ 9 ! BABIES ( ! SECOND CLASS WAS MO!R LOVE4 ,?IS DISCOV]Y IS RESPONSIBLE = ! FACT ?AT HOSPITALS TODAY 5DEAVOR TO KEEP ! 9FANT = AS %ORT A TIME AS POSSIBLE4.<#a#c#d.>  
  

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO 0IDEAL0 PATT]NS ( *ILDBIR? IS /ILL FREQU5TLY DEBAT$4 ,IT WAS REPORT$1 = EXAMPLE1 ?AT 0,MANY MO!RS COMP>E !IR RECEPTION & MANAGEM5T 9 HOSPITAL UNFAVORABLY ) CONF9EM5T AT HOME4 ,( ONE S]IES ( #ccf MO!RS :O HAD AT LEA/ ONE BABY 9 HOSPITAL & ONE AT HOME1 #h P]C5T PREF]R$ HOME CONF9EM5T & ONLY #ad P]C5T HOSPITAL CONF9EM5T40.<#a#c#e.> ,?IS SIMPLY MEANS ( C\RSE ?AT MO!RS WANT ! ADVANTAGES ( BO? 0IDEALS0 -- M$ICAL SAFETY & A DOME/IC ATMOSPH]E4 ,! REAL DEM& IS 9 FACT = ! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! HOSPITAL4 ,?US :5 HE OP5$ ! OB/ETRIC UNIT ( ,*>+ ,CROSS ,HOSPITAL1 ,PR(ESSOR ,NORMAN ,MORRIS DECL>$ ?AT 0,TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( A*IEVEM5T HAVE VA/LY R$UC$ ! HAZ>DS ( *ILDBIR?1 BUT HOSPITALS TOO (T5 DR[N ! JOYS ( MO!RHOOD 9 A SEA ( 9HUMANITY40 ,!RE WAS1 HE SAID1 0AN ATMOSPH]E ( COLDNESS1 UNFRI5DL9ESS1 & SEV]ITY1 MORE 9 KEEP+ ) AN 9COME TAX (FICE4 ,MANY ( \R SY/EMS :I* 9VOLVE DRAGOON+ & REGIM5TATION MU/ BE COMPLETELY REVIS$40.<#a#c#f.> ,LAT] HE DESCRIB$ MANY EXI/+ MAT]NITY UNITS AS M]E BABY FACTORIES4 0,SOME EV5 SEEM TO BOA/ ?AT !Y HAVE DEVELOP$ A MORE EFFICI5T CONVEYOR BELT SY/EM ?AN ANY?+ ?AT HAS GONE BE=E40.<#a#c#g.> 

,! WIDESPREAD ACCEPTANCE ( ! VIEW :I* HAS BECOME KN[N AS ,B[LBY'S MAT]NAL DEPRIVATION HYPO!SIS HAS PR(\NDLY AFFECT$ ATTITUDES TO ! TREATM5T ( Y\NG *ILDR5 9 HOSPITAL4 ,! ,AM]ICAN P$IATRICIANS OBS]V$ ?AT RESID5CE 9 HOSPITAL MANIFE/S ITSELF BY A FAIRLY WELL-DEF9$ CL9ICAL PICTURE4 0,A /RIK+ FEATURE IS ! FAILURE TO GA9 PROP]LY1 DESPITE ! +E/ION ( DIETS ?AT >E 5TIRELY ADEQUATE = GR[? 9 ! HOME4 ,9FANTS 9 HOSPITALS SLEEP LESS ?AN O!RS & !Y R>ELY SMILE OR BABBLE SPONTANE\SLY4 ,!Y >E LI/LESS & APA!TIC & LOOK UNHAPPY40 ,B[LBY NOTES ! SAME ?+ & REM>KS ?AT ! CONDITION ( !SE 9FANTS IS 'UND\BT$LY A =M ( DEPRESSION HAV+ MANY ( ! HALLM>KS ( ! TYPICAL ADULT DEPRESSIVE PATI5T ( ! M5TAL HOSPITAL04.<#a#c#h.> 

,! OBS]VATIONS ( ! EFFECT ( ! 9/ITUTIONAL 5VIRONM5T ON SICK *ILDR5 >E ALSO TRUE ( PHYSICALLY HEAL?Y *ILDR54 ,ONE ( ! FIR/ COMP>ATIVE /UDIES ( ORPHANAGE *ILDR5 ) A MAT*$ CONTROL GR\P L$ ! OBS]V]S TO REM>K3  
  

,NO ONE C\LD HAVE PR$ICT$1 MU* LESS PROV$1 ! /EADY T5D5CY TO DET]IORATE ON ! P>T ( *ILDR5 MA9TA9$ UND] :AT HAD PREVI\SLY BE5 REG>D$ AS /&>D ORPHANAGE CONDITIONS4 ,) RESPECT TO 9TELLIG5CE1 VOCABUL>Y1 G5]AL 9=MATION1 SOCIAL COMPET5CE1 P]SONAL ADJU/M5T1 & MOTOR A*IEVEM5T1 ! :OLE PICTURE WAS ONE ( RET>DATION4 ,! EFFECT ( ONE TO ?REE YE>S 9 A NURS]Y S*OOL /ILL F> BEL[ ITS [N POT5TIALITIES1 WAS TO REV]SE ! TIDE ( REGRESSION1 :I*1 = SOME1 L$ TO FEEBLE-M9D$NESS4.<#a#c#i.>  
  

,9 ,BRITA9 DUR+ ! W> ,DORO?Y ,BURL+HAM & ,ANNA ,FREUD REPORT$ 9 ,9FANTS ,)\T ,FAMILIES ! /RIK+ *ANGES 9 *ILDR5 %[+ EV]Y SIGN ( RET>DATION :5 !IR RESID5TIAL NURS]IES W]E BROK5 D[N TO PROVIDE FAMILY GR\PS ( F\R *ILDR5 EA* ) !IR [N SUB/ITUTE MO!R1 & S9CE !N A GREAT NUMB] ( COMP>ISONS HAVE BE5 MADE 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES1 ) RESULTS :I* ,B>B>A ,WOOTTON SUMM$ UP 9 !SE WORDS3 0,REPEAT$LY !SE *ILDR5 HAVE BE5 F\ND TO LAG BEH9D ! /&>DS ( ?OSE :O LIVE AT HOME2 TO HAVE BO? L[] 9TELLIG5CE & L[] DEVELOPM5TAL QUOTI5TS1 & TO BE1 MOREOV]1 RELATIVELY BACKW>D 9 BO? SPEE* & WALK+ 444 ,!Y W]E ALSO MORE DE/RUCTIVE & AGGRESSIVE1 MORE RE/LESS & LESS ABLE TO CONC5TRATE & MORE 9DIFF]5T TO PRIVACY RI<TS ?AN O!R *ILDR54 ,!Y W]E1 9 FACT1 IMPOV]I%$ 9 ALL ASPECTS ( !IR P]SONALITY40.<#a#d.> ,! *ANGE 9 PUBLIC & (FICIAL OP9ION 9 ,BRITA9 BEGAN ) A LETT] TO  
,! ,TIMES 9 #aidd FROM ,LADY ,ALL5 ( ,HURTWOOD1 :O FOLL[$ IT ) A PAMPHLET DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! GROSSLY UNSATISFACTORY CONDITIONS 9 *ILDR5'S HOMES & ORPHANAGES1 GIV+ EXAMPLES ( UNIMAG9ATIVE & CRUEL TREATM5T4 ,AS A RESULT A COMMITTEE WAS SET UP 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> & ITS REPORT 7! ,CURTIS ,REPORT ON ! ,C>E ( ,*ILDR57 WAS ISSU$ 9 ,DECEMB] #aidf SEV]ELY CRITICIZ+ ! 9/ITUTIONAL C>E ( *ILDR5 & MAK+ RECOMM5DATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 SO WIDELY ACCEPT$ S9CE ?AT ,B[LBY WAS ABLE TO WRITE ?AT 0,! CONTROV]SY OV] ! M]ITS ( FO/]-HOMES & ( 9/ITUTIONAL C>E CAN N[ BE REG>D$ AS SETTL$4 ,!RE IS N[ NO-ONE :O ADVOCATES ! C>E ( *ILDR5 9 L>GE GR\PS -- 9DE$ ALL ADVISE /RONGLY AGA9/ IT40 

,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT ! ME?ODS & ATTITUDES ?AT HAVE PROV$ MO/ SUCCESSFUL 9 DE-9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! TREATM5T ( NORMAL *ILDR5 & 0NORMALLY0 SICK *ILDR5 %\LD B E EV5 MORE /RIK+ ) *ILDR5 AFFLICT$ 9 SOME WAY1 = EXAMPLE SPA/IC OR EPILEPTIC *ILDR51 & ) M5TALLY H&ICAPP$ *ILDR54 ,9 ! RESE>* PROJECT UND]TAK5 AT ,BROOKL&S1 ,REIGATE BY ,DR ,J4 ,TIZ>D & ,MISS ,DALY1 A GR\P ( SIXTE5 0IMBECILE0 *ILDR5 W]E MAT*$ ) A CONTROL GR\P AT ! P>5T HOSPITAL4 ,EV5 AFT] ! FIR/ YE> ! *ILDR5 C>$ = ON 0FAMILY0 L9ES GA9$ AN AV]AGE ( EI<T MON?S 9 M5TAL AGE ON A V]BAL 9TELLIG5CE TE/ AS AGA9/ ?REE MON?S = ! CONTROL GR\P4 ,9 P]SONAL 9DEP5D5CE1 MEASUR$ ON AN AGE SCALE1 !Y HAD 9CREAS$ BY SIX MON?S AS AGA9/ ?REE 9 ! CONTROL GR\P1 & !RE W]E SIGNIFICANT DEVELOPM5TS 9 SPEE*1 SOCIAL & EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR & SELF-*OS5 ACTIVITY4 ,SIMIL> EXP]I5CES ( ! B5EFITS ( SMALL1 P]MISSIVE1 FAMILY GR\PS HAVE REW>D$ ?OSE :O HAVE S\<T TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE ! RESID5TIAL C>E ( 0DEL9QU5T0 OR MALADJU/$ *ILDR5 -- ,GEORGE ,LYW>D AT ,F9*D5 ,MANOR1 OR ,DAVID ,WILLS AT ,BOD5HAM1 = EXAMPLE4 

,= MANY G5]ATIONS ! WORD 09/ITUTION0 MEANT1 TO ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE 9 ,BRITA91 ONE ?+1 ! ,9/ITUTION1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y OR ,UNION ,WORKH\SE1 ADMISSION TO :I* WAS A DISGRACE & A LA/ REFUGE1 REG>D$ ) DREAD & HATR$4 ,! ,POOR ,LAW HAS GONE BUT ITS TRADITIONS REMA94 ,SL[LY WE HAVE LE>N$ ?AT ANY 9/ITUTION = ! OLD 5C\RAGES S5ILITY1 :ILE EV]Y EF=T TO HELP !M TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES 9 A PLACE ( !IR [N 5C\RAGES 9DEP5D5CE & ZE/ = LIFE4  
  

,PROBABLY ! FIR/ ?+ = ANYONE TO LE>N :O HAS OLD PEOPLE TO C>E = IS ! NE$ TO ALL[ !M ! UTMO/ FRE$OM ( ACTION1 TO REALIZE ?AT !IR P]SONALITY IS /ILL 9DIVIDUAL & ?AT SOCIAL SIGNIFICANCE IS ESS5TIAL TO HAPP9ESS4 ,IT IS ALL TOO EASY TO TAKE ! ATTITUDE ?AT ! OLD >E PA/ DO+ ANY?+ & 5C\RAGE RE/+ & DO+ NO?+4 ,?IS IS A MI/AK5 K9DNESS1 ?\< IT MAY BE AN EASY WAY ( SATISFY+ ! CONSCI5CE COMP>$ ) ! MORE EXACT+ WAY ( CONT9UAL 5C\RAGEM5T TO BE ACTIVE1 TO GO \T1 TO F9D WOR?:ILE OCCUPATION4 ,! LATT] C\RSE1 H[EV]1 IS MU* MORE LIKELY TO PROMOTE HAPP9ESS & TO =E/ALL ! TR\BLES :I* MAY >ISE LAT] ON1 FROM 9FIRMITY & APA?Y4.<#a#d#a.>  
  

,! DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL ILLNESS BEGAN 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY :5 ,WILLIAM ,TUKE F\ND$ ! ,YORK ,RETREAT1 & :5 ,P9EL 9 ! SAME YE> 7#a#g#i#b7 /RUCK (F ! *A9S FROM HIS MAD PATI5TS AT ,BICETRE4 ,BUT 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 ) :AT ,KA?LE5 ,JONES CALLS 0! TRIUMPH ( LEGALISM01 ! PATT]N WAS LAID D[N ( HUGE ISOLAT$ LUNATIC ASYLUMS AS A S9I/] APP5DAGE TO ! ,POOR ,LAW -- ! H]ITAGE AGA9/ :I* ! MOD]N PIONE]S HAVE TO /RUGGLE4 ,KROPOTK91 9 HIS REM>KABLE LECTURE ON PRISONS1 DELIV]$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#h#g1 TOOK ,P9EL AS ! />T+ PO9T = ! 0COMMUNITY C>E0 :I* IS N[ DECL>$ POLICY = M5TAL HEAL?3  
  

,IT WILL BE SAID1 H[EV]1 !RE WILL ALWAYS REMA9 SOME PEOPLE1 ! SICK1 IF Y\ WI% TO CALL !M ?AT1 :O CON/ITUTE A DANG] TO SOCIETY4 ,WILL IT NOT BE NECESS>Y SOMEH[ TO RID \RSELVES ( !M1 OR AT LEA/ PREV5T !M FROM H>M+ O!RS8 

,NO SOCIETY1 NO MATT] H[ LITTLE 9TELLIG5T1 WILL NE$ SU* AN ABSURD SOLUTION1 & ?IS IS :Y4 ,=M]LY ! 9SANE W]E LOOK$ UPON AS POSSESS$ BY DEMONS & W]E TREAT$ ACCORD+LY4 ,!Y W]E KEPT 9 *A9S 9 PLACES LIKE /ABLES1 RIVET$ TO ! WALLS LIKE WILD BEA/S4 ,BUT ALONG CAME ,P9EL1 A MAN ( ! ,GREAT ,REVOLUTION1 :O D>$ TO REMOVE !IR *A9S & TRI$ TREAT+ !M AS BRO!RS4 0,Y\ WILL BE DEV\R$ BY !M10 CRI$ ! KEEP]S4 ,BUT ,P9EL D>$4 ,?OSE :O W]E BELIEV$ TO BE WILD BEA/S GA!R$ >\ND ,P9EL & PROV$ BY !IR ATTITUDE ?AT HE WAS RI<T 9 BELIEV+ 9 ! BETT] SIDE ( HUMAN NATURE EV5 :5 ! 9TELLIG5CE IS CL\D$ BY DISEASE4 ,!N ! CAUSE WAS WON4 ,!Y /OPP$ *A9+ ! 9SANE4 

,!N ! PEASANTS ( ! LITTLE ,BELGIAN VILLAGE1 ,<EEL1 F\ND SOME?+ BETT]4 ,!Y SAID3 0,S5D US Y\R 9SANE4 ,WE WILL GIVE !M ABSOLUTE FRE$OM40 ,!Y ADOPT$ !M 9TO !IR FAMILIES1 !Y GAVE !M PLACES AT !IR TABLES1 ! *ANCE ALONGSIDE !M TO CULTIVATE !IR FIELDS & A PLACE AMONG !IR Y\NG PEOPLE AT !IR C\NTRY BALLS4 0,EAT1 DR9K1 & DANCE ) US4 ,WORK1 RUN AB\T ! FIELDS & BE FREE40 ,?AT WAS ! SY/EM1 ?AT WAS ALL ! SCI5CE ! ,BELGIAN PEASANT HAD4 ,& LIB]TY WORK$ A MIRACLE4 ,! 9SANE BECAME CUR$4 ,EV5 ?OSE :O HAD 9CURABLE1 ORGANIC LESIONS BECAME SWEET1 TRACTABLE MEMB]S ( ! FAMILY LIKE ! RE/4 ,! DISEAS$ M9D W\LD ALWAYS WORK 9 AN ABNORMAL FA%ION BUT ! HE>T WAS 9 ! RI<T PLACE4 ,!Y CRI$ IT WAS A MIRACLE4 ,! CURES W]E ATTRIBUT$ TO A SA9T & A VIRG94 ,BUT ?IS VIRG9 WAS LIB]TY & ! SA9T WAS WORK 9 ! FIELDS & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T4 

,AT ONE ( ! EXTREMES ( ! IMM5SE 0SPACE BETWE5 M5TAL DISEASE & CRIME0 ( :I* ,MAUDSLEY SPEAKS1 LIB]TY & FRAT]NAL TREATM5T HAVE WORK$ !IR MIRACLE4 ,!Y WILL DO ! SAME AT ! O!R EXTREME4.<#a#d#b.>  
  

,V]Y SL[LY PUBLIC S5TIM5T & (FICIAL POLICY HAVE BE5 CAT*+ UP ) ?IS ATTITUDE4 0,! FIR/ RE=M 9 ! C>E ( ! M5TALLY ILL 9 ,AM]ICA PUT ! 9SANE 9TO /ATE HOSPITALS01 WRITES ,J4 ,B4 ,M>T91 0! SECOND RE=M IS N[ 9 PROGRESS -- TO GET !M \T AGA940.<#a#d#c.> ,EXACTLY ! SAME IS TRUE ( ,BRITA94 ,EVID5CE HAS BE5 PIL+ UP = YE>S TO 9DICATE ?AT ! 9/ITUTION MANUFACTURES MADNESS4 ,ONE KEY PIECE ( RESE>* 7BY ,HILLI>D & ,MUNDAY AT ! ,F\NTA9 ,M5TAL ,DEFICI5CY ,HOSPITAL7 9DICAT$ ?AT #$ P]C5T ( ! 0HI<-GRADE0 PATI5TS W]E NOT 9 FACT 9TELLECTUALLY DEFECTIVE4 ,COMM5T+ 9 ! LI<T ( ?IS ON 0! FALSE IMPRESSION ( ! PROBLEM ( M5TAL DEFICI5CY0 RESULT+ FROM PRES5T CLASSIFICATIONS1 !Y REM>K$ ?AT 0SU* PATI5TS MAY BE SOCIALLY 9COMPET5T1 BUT 9 MANY CASES 9/ITUTIONAL LIFE ITSELF HAS AGGRAVAT$ !IR EMOTIONAL DIFFICULTIES40.<#a#d#d.> 

,! LAW ITSELF HAS *ANG$1 SWEEP+ AWAY ! :OLE PROCESS ( C]TIFICATION & SEEK+ ! TREATM5T ( M5TAL SICKNESS LIKE ANY O!R ILLNESS & M5TAL DEFICI5CY LIKE ANY PHYSICAL H&ICAP4 ,\TPATI5T FACILITIES1 OCCUPATION C5T]S & ! V>IETY ( PROVISIONS KN[N AS 0COMMUNITY C>E0 >E 9T5D$ TO REPLACE 9/ITUTIONS :]EV] POSSIBLE4 ,& YET EV]Y YE> /ILL BR+S A FRE% CROP ( /ORIES ( GROTESQUE CONDITIONS 9 ALLEG$LY !RAPEUTIC 9/ITUTIONS1 ( T]RIBLE ILL-TREATM5T ( HELPLESS PATI5TS1 OR ( ! CONT9U$ ILLEGAL DET5TION ( PEOPLE :O1 YE>S AGO1 HAD BE5 PLAC$ 9 AN 9/ITUTION BECAUSE !Y W]E A NUISANCE TO !IR RELATIONS OR TO A LOCAL AU?ORITY & :O HAD1 OV] ! YE>S1 BE5 R$UC$ TO A /ATE ( PREMATURE S5ILITY BY ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF4 

,BUT :Y1 9 ! FACE ( KN[N FACTS AB\T ! H>MFUL EFFECTS ( 9/ITUTIONS1 & 9 ! FACE ( ! (FICIALLY DECL>$ POLICY ( 0COMMUNITY C>E01 HAVE WE FAIL$1 9 SPITE ( SOME GL[+ EXCEPTIONS1 TO DE-9/ITUTIONALIZE M5TAL ILLNESS8 ,! ANSW] IS NOT M]ELY ! P>SIMONY ( PUBLIC SP5D+ ON M5TAL HEAL?1 IT HAS TWO O!R IMPORTANT COMPON5TS4 ,H[ CAN WE ADOPT A POLICY ( 0! REPLACEM5T ( A CU/ODIAL AU?ORIT>IAN SY/EM BY A P]MISSIVE & TOL]ANT CULTURE 9 :I* ! PATI5TS >E 5C\RAG$ TO BE !MSELVES & %>E !IR FEEL+S10.<#a#d#e.> :5 ! /AFF !MSELVES >E ORGANIZ$ 9 ! RIGID & AU?ORIT>IAN HI]>*Y ?AT *>ACT]IZES EV]Y HOSPITAL8 ,! PEOPLE :OSE LIVES >E SP5T 9 CLOSE/ CONTACT ) ! PATI5TS >E !MSELVES AT ! BOTTOM ( ! PYRAMID ( BULLY+ & EXPLOITATION3 !RE IS NO 0P]MISSIVE & TOL]ANT CULTURE0 = !M1 LET ALONE = ! 9MATES 7,?IS ASPECT ( 9/ITUTIONS IS BRILLIANTLY ILLUM9AT$ 9 ,]V+ ,G(F9AN'S BOOK ,ASYLUMS47 ,! O!R FACTOR IS :AT ! ,P,E,P REPORT ON COMMUNITY M5TAL HEAL? CALLS ! 0IMPORTANT IRRATIONAL COMPON5T0 9 PUBLIC ATTITUDES TO DEVIANCY4.<#a#d#f.> ,DR ,JO%UA ,BI]] REM>K$ ?AT 0,I & MY COLLEAGUES >E CONV9C$ ?AT IT IS \R [N ANXIETY :I* =CES US TO LOCK PEOPLE UP1 TO BR& !M & MAKE !M CRIM9ALS4 ,I BELIEVE IF WE CAN OV]COME \R [N ANXIETY & TREAT ADULTS & ADOLESC5TS AS MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 WE WILL CREATE FEW] M5TAL PATI5TS & FEW] CRIM9ALS40.<#a#d#g.> 

,!RE >E 9DE$ SOME PEOPLE :OSE PRES5CE 9 ORD9>Y SOCIETY >\SES SU* ANXIETY OR HO/ILITY OR FE>1 OR = :OSE WELF>E IT IS SO UNWILL+ TO ASSUME RESPONSIBILITY 9 ITS NORMAL PRIM>Y GR\PS LIKE ! FAMILY1 ?AT ! SPECIAL 9/ITUTIONS WE HAVE DISCUSS$ W]E E/ABLI%$ TO CONTA9 !M3 ASYLUMS = ! 9SANE1 ORPHANAGES = HOMELESS *ILDR51 ! WORKH\SE = ! POOR & AG$1 B>RACKS = ! DEF5D]S ( ! /ATE1 PRISONS & RE=MATORIES = ?OSE :O TRANSGRESS & GET CAU<T4 ,DISCIPL9E1 R\T9E OB$I5CE & SUBMISSION W]E ! *>ACT]I/ICS S\<T 9 ! WELL-REGULAT$ 9/ITUTION1 BE/ OBTA9$ 9 AN 5CLOS$ 5VIRONM5T1 AWAY FROM ! DI/RACTIONS1 COM=TS1 S$UCTIONS & DANG]\S LIB]TIES ( ORD9>Y SOCIETY4 ,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY -- ! GREAT 9/ITUTION-BUILD+ AGE -- 9DE$1 ! SAME *>ACT]I/ICS W]E S\<T 9 ! ORD9>Y 0OP50 9/ITUTIONS ( \TSIDE SOCIETY1 ! FACTORY1 ! S*OOL1 ! DEVELOP+ CIVIL S]VICE1 ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY4 

,! PRISON IS SIMPLY ! ULTIMATE 9/ITUTION1 & EV]Y EF=T TO RE=M ! 9/ITUTION LEAVES ITS FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT] UNT\*$4 ,IT IS1 AS ,M]FYN ,TURN] SAYS1 0AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ?OSE :O SUPPORT ! SY/EM IT P]SONIFIES1 & A S\RCE ( DESPAIR = ?OSE :O W\LD *ANGE IT04 ,GODW9 UND]L9$ ! BASIC DILEMMA AS LONG AGO AS ! #a#g#iS3  
  

,! MO/ COMMON ME?OD PURSU$ 9 DEPRIV+ ! (F5D] ( ! LIB]TY HE HAS ABUS$ IS TO ]ECT A PUBLIC JAIL1 9 :I* (F5D]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION >E ?RU/ TOGE!R1 & LEFT TO =M AMONG !MSELVES :AT SPECIES ( SOCIETY !Y CAN4 ,V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES CONTRIBUTE TO IMBUE !M ) HABITS ( 9DOL5CE & VISE1 & TO DISC\RAGE 9DU/RY2 & NO EF=T IS MADE TO REMOVE OR S(T5 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT CANNOT BE NECESS>Y TO EXPATIATE UPON ! ATROCI\SNESS ( ?IS SY/EM4 ,JAILS >E1 TO A PROV]B1 SEM9>IES ( VISE2 & HE MU/ BE AN UNCOMMON PR(ICI5T 9 ! PASSION & ! PRACTICE ( 9JU/ICE1 OR A MAN ( SUBLIME VIRTUE1 :O DOES NOT COME \T ( !M A MU* WORSE MAN ?AN :5 HE 5T]$4.<#a#d#h.>  
  

,& 9 ! #a#h#hS1 ,KROPOTK9 7:O ORIG9AT$ ! DEF9ITION ( PRISONS AS 0UNIV]SITIES ( CRIME07 EXPLA9$ ! FUTILITY ( ATTEMPTS AT RE=M3  
  

,:ATEV] *ANGES >E 9TRODUC$ 9 ! PRISON REGIME1 ! PROBLEM ( SECOND (F5D]S DOES NOT DECREASE4 ,?AT IS 9EVITABLE3 IT MU/ BE SO -- ! PRISON KILLS ALL ! QUALITIES 9 A MAN :I* MAKE HIM BE/ ADAPT$ TO COMMUNITY LIFE4 ,IT MAKES HIM ! K9D ( P]SON :O WILL 9EVITABLY RETURN TO PRISON 444 

,I MI<T PROPOSE ?AT A ,PE/ALOZZI BE PLAC$ AT ! HEAD ( EA* PRISON 444 ,I MI<T ALSO PROPOSE ?AT 9 ! PLACE ( ! PRES5T GU>DS1 EX-SOLDI]S & EX-POLICEM51 SIXTY ,PE/ALOZZIS BE SUB/IT$4 ,BUT1 Y\ WILL ASK1 :]E >E WE TO F9D !M8 ,A P]T95T QUE/ION4 ,! GREAT ,SWISS TEA*] W\LD C]TA9LY REFUSE TO BE A PRISON GU>D1 =1 BASICALLY ! PR9CIPLE ( ALL PRISONS IS WRONG BECAUSE IT DEPRIVES M5 ( LIB]TY4 ,SO LONG AS Y\ DEPRIVE A MAN ( HIS LIB]TY1 Y\ WILL NOT MAKE HIM BETT]4 ,Y\ WILL CULTIVATE HABITUAL CRIM9ALS4.<#a#d#i.>  
  

,ONE ( ! ?+S ?AT EM]GES FROM ! /UDY ( 9/ITUTIONS IS ! EXI/5CE ( A RECOGNIZABLE DEHUMANIZ$ 9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]4 ,9 ITS ULTIMATE =M IT WAS DESCRIB$ BY ! PSY*IATRI/ ,BRUNO ,BETTELHEIM 9 HIS BOOK ,! ,9=M$ ,HE>T 7:]E HE RELATES HIS PREVI\S /UDIES ( CONC5TRATION CAMP BEHAVIOR & ( EMOTIONALLY DI/URB$ *ILDR5 TO ! HUMAN CONDITION 9 MOD]N MASS SOCIETY74 ,BETTELHEIM WAS A PRISON] AT ,DA*AU & ,BU*5WALD1 & HE DESCRIBES ?OSE PRISON]S :O W]E KN[N AS ,MUSELMANN] 70MOSLEMS071 ! WALK+ CORPSES :O 0W]E SO DEPRIV$ ( AFFECT1 SELF-E/EEM1 & EV]Y =M ( /IMULATION1 SO TOTALLY EXHAU/$1 BO? PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY1 ?AT !Y HAD GIV5 ! 5VIRONM5T TOTAL P[] OV] !M4 ,!Y DID ?IS :5 !Y GAVE UP TRY+ TO EX]CISE ANY FUR!R 9FLU5CE OV] !IR LIFE & 5VIRONM5T04.<#a#e.> ,HIS T]RIBLE DESCRIPTION ( ! ULTIMATE 9/ITUTIONAL MAN GOES ON3  
  

,BUT EV5 ! MOSLEMS1 BE+ ORGANISMS1 C\LD NOT HELP REACT+ SOMEH[ TO !IR 5VIRONM5T1 & ?IS !Y DID BY DEPRIV+ IT ( ! P[] TO 9FLU5CE !M AS SUBJECTS 9 ANY WAY :ATSOEV]4 ,TO A*IEVE ?IS1 !Y HAD TO GIVE UP RESPOND+ TO IT ALL 1 & BECAME OBJECTS1 BUT ) ?IS !Y GAVE UP BE+ P]SONS4 ,AT ?IS PO9T SU* M5 /ILL OBEY$ ORD]S1 BUT ONLY BL9DLY OR AUTOMATICALLY2 NO LONG] SELECTIVELY OR ) 9N] RES]VATION OR ANY HATR$ AT BE+ SO ABUS$4 ,!Y /ILL LOOK$ AB\T1 OR AT LEA/ MOV$ !IR EYES >\ND4 ,! LOOK+ /OPP$ MU* LAT]1 ?\< EV5 !N !Y /ILL MOV$ !IR BODIES :5 ORD]$1 BUT NEV] DID ANY?+ ON !IR [N ANY MORE4 ,TYPICALLY1 ?IS /OPP+ ( ACTION BEGAN :5 !Y NO LONG] LIFT$ !IR LEGS AS !Y WALK$1 BUT ONLY %UFFL$ !M4 ,:5 F9ALLY EV5 ! LOOK+ AB\T ON !IR [N /OPP$1 !Y SOON DI$4.<#a#e#a.>  
  

,?IS DESCRIPTION HAS A RECOGNIZABLE AFF9ITY TO ! BEHAVIOR OBS]V$ 9 0NORMAL0 9/ITUTIONS4 0,(T5 ! *ILDR5 SIT 9]T OR ROCK !MSELVES = H\RS10 SAYS ,DR ,B[LBY ( 9/ITUTION *ILDR54 0,GO & WAT* !M />+ AT ! RADIATOR1 WAIT+ TO DIE10 SAYS ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI? ( 9/ITUTIONAL P5SION]S4 ,DR ,RUSSELL ,B>TON GAVE ?IS MAN-MADE DISEASE ! NAME 9/ITUTIONAL NEUROSIS & DESCRIB$ ITS CL9ICAL FEATURES 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS1 ITS DIFF]5TIAL DIAGNOSIS1 ETIOLOGY1 TREATM5T & PREV5TION4 ,IT IS1 HE SAYS1  
  

A DISEASE *>ACT]IZ$ BY APA?Y1 LACK ( 9ITIATIVE1 LOSS ( 9T]E/1 ESPECIALLY 9 ?+S ( AN IMP]SONAL NATURE1 SUBMISSIV5ESS1 APP>5T 9ABILITY TO MAKE PLANS = ! FUTURE1 LACK ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 & SOMETIMES A *>ACT]I/IC PO/URE & GAIT4 ,P]MUTATIONS ( !SE WORDS & PHRASES1 09/ITUTIONALIZ$01 0DULL01 0APA!TIC01 0)DRAWN01 09ACCESSIBLE01 0SOLIT>Y01 0UNOCCUPI$01 0LACK+ 9 9ITIATIVE01 0LACK+ 9 SPONTANEITY01 0UNCOMMUNICATIVE01 0SIMPLE01 0*ILDI%01 0GIVES NO TR\BLE01 0HAS SETTL$ D[N WELL01 0IS COOP]ATIVE01 %\LD ALWAYS MAKE ONE SUSPECT ?AT ! PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION HAS PRODUC$ NEUROSIS4.<#a#e#b.>  
  

,HE ASSOCIATES SEV5 FACTORS ) ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* ! DISEASE OCCURS 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS3 7#a7 ,LOSS ( CONTACT ) ! \TSIDE WORLD4 7#b7 ,5=C$ IDL5ESS4 7#c7 ,BOSS9ESS ( M$ICAL & NURS+ /AFF4 7#d7 ,LOSS ( P]SONAL FRI5DS1 POSSESSIONS1 & P]SONAL EV5TS4 7#e7 ,DRUGS4 7#f7 ,W>D ATMOSPH]E4 7#g7 ,LOSS ( PROSPECTS \TSIDE ! 9/ITUTION4 ,O!R WRIT]S HAVE CALL$ ! CONDITION 0PSY*OLOGICAL 9/ITUTIONALISM0 OR 0PRISON /UPOR01 & MANY YE>S AGO ,LORD ,BROCKWAY1 9 HIS BOOK ON PRISONS1 DEPICT$ ! TYPE EXACTLY 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! ,IDEAL ,PRISON]3 0,! MAN :O HAS NO P]SONALITY3 :O IS CONT5T TO BECOME A M]E COG 9 ! PRISON MA*9E2 :OSE M9D IS SO DULL ?AT HE DOES NOT FEEL ! H>D%IP ( SEP>ATE CONF9EM5T2 :O HAS NO?+ TO SAY TO HIS FELL[S2 :O HAS NO DESIRES1 EXCEPT TO FE$ & SLEEP1 :O %IRKS RESPONSIBILITY = HIS [N EXI/5CE & CONSEQU5TLY IS QUITE READY TO LIVE AT O!RS' ORD]S1 P]=M+ ! ALLOTT$ TASK1 M>*+ H]E & !RE AS COMM&$1 %UTT+ ! DOOR ( HIS CELL UPON HIS [N CONF9EM5T AS REQUIR$40.<#a#e#c.> 

,?IS IS ! IDEAL TYPE ( ,9/ITUTION ,MAN1 ! K9D ( P]SON :O FITS ! SY/EM ( PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS :I* WE HAVE 9H]IT$ FROM ! PA/4 ,IT IS NO ACCID5T ?AT IT IS ALSO ! IDEAL TYPE = ! BOTTOM PEOPLE ( ALL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IT IS ! IDEAL SOLDI] 7!IRS NOT TO REASON :Y71 ! IDEAL WOR%IP] 7,HAVE ?9E [N WAY1 ,LORD_/,HAVE ?9E [N WAY_/,?\ >T ! POTT]_/,I AM ! CLAY7 1 ! IDEAL WORK] 7,Y\'RE NOT PAID TO ?9K1 JU/ GET ON ) IT71 ! IDEAL WIFE 7A *ATTEL71 ! IDEAL *ILD 7SE5 BUT NOT HE>D7 -- ! IDEAL PRODUCT ( ! ,$UCATION ,ACT ( #a#h#g4 

,! 9/ITUTIONS W]E A MICROCOSM1 OR 9 SOME CASES A C>ICATURE1 ( ! SOCIETY ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,RIGID1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL1 ! VIRTUES !Y S\<T W]E OB$I5CE & SUBS]VI5CE4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE :O S\<T TO BREAK D[N ! 9/ITUTIONS1 ! PIONE]S ( ! *ANGES :I* >E SL[LY TAK+ PLACE1 OR :I* HAVE /ILL TO BE F\<T =1 W]E MOTIVAT$ BY DIFF]5T VALUES4 ,! KEY WORDS 9 !IR VOCABUL>Y HAVE BE5 LOVE1 SYMPA?Y1 P]MISSIV5ESS1 & 9/EAD ( 9/ITUTIONS !Y HAVE PO/ULAT$ FAMILIES1 COMMUNITIES1 LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,! QUALITIES !Y HAVE S\<T TO FO/] >E SELF-RELIANCE1 AUTONOMY1 SELF-RESPECT1 &1 AS A CONSEQU5CE1 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 MUTUAL RESPECT & MUTUAL AID4 

,:5 WE COMP>E ! ,VICTORIAN ANTEC$5TS ( \R PUBLIC 9/ITUTIONS ) ! ORGANS ( WORK+-CLASS MUTUAL AID 9 ! SAME P]IOD ! V]Y NAMES SPEAK VOLUMES4 ,ON ! ONE SIDE ! ,WORKH\SE1 ! ,POOR ,LAW ,9FIRM>Y1 ! ,NATIONAL ,SOCIETY = ! ,$UCATION ( ! ,POOR 9 ,ACCORDANCE ) ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ! ,E/ABLI%$ ,*UR*2 &1 ON ! O!R1 ! ,FRI5DLY ,SOCIETY1 ! ,SICK ,CLUB1 ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,SOCIETY1 ! ,TRADE ,UNION4 ,ONE REPRES5TS ! TRADITION ( FRAT]NAL & AUTONOM\S ASSOCIATIONS SPR++ UP FROM BEL[1 ! O!R ?AT ( AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS DIRECT$ FROM ABOVE4 

,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT ! S]VANTS ( ! 9/ITUTION >E AS MU* ITS VICTIMS AS ! 9MATES4 ,RUSSELL ,B>TON SAYS ?AT 0IT IS MY IMPRESSION ?AT AN AU?ORIT>IAN ATTITUDE IS ! RULE RA!R ?AN ! EXCEPTION0 9 M5TAL HOSPITALS1 & HE RELATES ?IS TO ! FACT ?AT ! NURSE H]SELF IS 0SUBJECT TO A PROCESS ( 9/ITUTIONALIZATION 9 ! NURSES' HOME :]E %E LIVES04 ,HE F9DS IT USELESS TO BLAME ANY 9DIVIDUAL1 = 09DIVIDUALS *ANGE FREQU5TLY BUT M5TAL HOSPITALS HAVE REMA9$ UN*ANG$01 & HE SUGGE/S ?AT ! FAULT LIES ) ! ADM9I/RATIVE /RUCTURE4 ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS1 9 HIS /UDY ( 0,! ,HOSPITAL & ITS ,PATI5TS0 ATTRIBUTES ! B>RI] ( SIL5CE SO FREQU5TLY MET ) 9 ORD9>Y HOSPITALS TO 0! EFFECT ON PEOPLE ( WORK+ & LIV+ 9 A CLOS$ 9/ITUTION ) RIGID SOCIAL HI]>*IES & CODES ( BEHAVIOR 444 ,!SE PEOPLE T5D TO DEAL ) !IR 9SECURITY BY ATTEMPT+ TO LIMIT RESPONSIBILITY1 & 9CREASE EFFICI5CY ?R\< ! =MULATION ( RIGID RULES & REGULATIONS & BY DEVELOP+ AN AU?ORITATIVE & PROTECTIVE DISCIPL9E4 ,! B>RI] ( SIL5CE IS ONE DEVICE EMPLOY$ TO MA9TA9 AU?ORITY4 ,WE F9D IT US$ 9 MANY DIFF]5T SETT+S :5 WE LOOK AT O!R 9/ITUTIONS :]E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! /AFF & ! 9MATES IS NOT A HAPPY ONE40.<#a#e#d.> 

,& ,JOHN ,VAIZEY1 REM>K+ ?AT 0EV]Y?+ 9 \R SOCIAL LIFE IS CAPABLE ( BE+ 9/ITUTIONALIZ$1 & IT SEEMS TO ME ?AT \R POLITICAL 5]GIES %\LD BE DEVOT$ TO RE/RA9+ 9/ITUTIONS0 SAYS ?AT 0ABOVE ALL 444 9/ITUTIONS GIVE 9ADEQUATE PEOPLE :AT !Y WANT -- P[]4 ,>MY (FIC]S1 HOSPITAL SI/]S1 PRISON W>D]S -- MANY ( !SE PEOPLE >E 9ADEQUATE & UNFULFILL$ & !Y LU/ = P[] & CONTROL40.<#a#e#e.> ,9 ,! ,CRIM9AL & ,HIS ,VICTIM1 VON ,H5TIG TAKES ?IS VIEW FUR!R3 0,! POLICE =CE & ! RANKS ( PRISON (FIC]S ATTRACT MANY AB]RANT *>ACT]S BECAUSE !Y AF=D LEGAL *ANNELS = PA9-9FLICT+1 P[]-WIELD+ BEHAVIOR1 & BECAUSE !SE V]Y POSITIONS CONF] UPON !IR HOLD]S A L>GE DEGREE ( IMMUNITY1 ?IS 9 TURN CAUSES PSY*OPA?IC DISPOSITIONS TO GR[ MORE & MORE DISORGANIZ$ 4440.<#a#e#f.> ,! PO9T IS EMPHASIZ$ ) MANY TELL+ ILLU/RATIONS 9 A MOD]N AN>*I/ CLASSIC1 ,ALEX ,COM=T'S  
,AU?ORITY & ,DEL9QU5CY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE4 

,! AN>*I/ APPROA* IS CLE>3 ! BREAKD[N ( 9/ITUTIONS 9TO SMALL UNITS 9 ! WID] SOCIETY1 BAS$ ON SELF-HELP & MUTUAL SUPPORT1 LIKE ,SYNANON OR ,ALCOHOLICS ,ANONYM\S1 OR ! MANY O!R SUPPORTIVE GR\PS ( ?IS K9D :I* HAVE SPRUNG UP \TSIDE ! (FICIAL MA*9]Y ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI? 7BY NO MEANS AN AN>*I/71 :5 ASK$ H[ WE %\LD REBUILD & RE/RUCTURE ! SOCIAL S]VICES SO ?AT !Y REALLY S]VE1 REPLI$3  
  

,WE W\LD REBUILD HOSPITALS ON MOD]N L9ES -- \TPATI5TS' DEP>TM5TS OR HEAL? C5T]S1 ) A FEW B$S TUCK$ AWAY 9 ! CORN]S4 ,WE W\LD CLOSE ! M5TAL DEFICI5CY COLONIES & BUILD NEW VILLAS ) SMALL W>DS4 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] BY QUASI-H\SEMO!RS 9 UNITS ( EI<T JU/ LIKE GOOD LOCAL AU?ORITIES >E DO+ = *ILDR5 DEPRIV$ ( A NORMAL HOME LIFE8 ,H[ MANY C\LD BE LOOK$ AFT] AT HOME IF !RE W]E PROP] OCCUPATIONAL C5T]S & DOMICILI>Y S]VICES8 ,WE W\LD PL[ UP ! S9I/] OLD M5TAL HOSPITALS & BUILD SMALL ONES 9 OR NE> ! T[NS4 ,WE W\LD PULL D[N MO/ ( ! 9/ITUTIONS = OLD PEOPLE & PROVIDE !M ) SUITABLE H\S+ 444 ,WE W\LD PROVIDE A FULL RANGE ( OCCUPATIONS AT HOME & ELSE:]E = ! DISABL$1 ! AG$ & ! SICK4.<#a#e#g.>  
  

,& AN AN>*I/ APPROA* TO ! P5AL 9/ITUTION8 ,!RE IS NONE1 EXCEPT TO %UT IT D[N4 ,! ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,RADICAL ,ALT]NATIVES TO ,PRISON HAS LI/$ TWELVE EXI/+ ALT]NATIVES )9 ! COMMUNITY1 EA* ( :I* IS LIKELY TO BE MORE EFFECTIVE ?AN 9C>C]ATION BY IMP]SONAL1 PUNITIVE & 9COMPET5T AU?ORITIES1 9 5ABL+ 0(F5D]S0 ( DIFF]5T K9DS TO PLAY A P>T AS CREATIVE & 9FLU5TIAL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4.<#a#e#h.> 

,)9 ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL SECURITY AS AT PRES5T CON/ITUT$1 SOCIAL WELF>E AS A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL JU/ICE -- ! MO/ AN>*ICAL FEATURE IS ! RAPID GR[? ( ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS4 ,?IS IS A DIRECT REACTION TO ! WAY 9 :I* A SO-CALL$ SOCIAL 9SURANCE S*EME HAS BE5 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ 9TO A PUNITIVE1 9QUISITORIAL BUREAUCRACY :I* DECL9ES TO REVEAL TO ! 0CLI5TS0 ! BASIS ON :I* PAYM5TS >E MADE OR )HELD4.<#a#e#i.> ,ANNA ,COOTE'S ACC\NT ( ! ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS NOTES ?AT3 0,!IR GR[? HAS BE5 5TIRELY SPONTANE\S1 LIKE ! REC5T MU%ROOM+ ( T5ANTS' ASSOCIATIONS1 PLAY GR\PS1 NEI<BORHOOD NEWSPAP]S & ADVICE C5T]S4 ,!Y HAVE NO POLITICAL AFFILIATIONS & EA* ONE IS ANXI\S TO MA9TA9 ITS 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT TO BE CONTROLL$ OR 9FLU5C$ BY ANY ORGANIZATION4 ,ALL ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS >E =M$ AT GRASS-ROOTS LEVEL AMONG ! CLAIMANTS !MSELVES & 9 RESPONSE TO A SPECIFIC NE$40.<#a#f.> 

,%E MAKES ! V]Y SIGNIFICANT OBS]VATION ?AT MEMB]S ( A ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNION TREAT ! SOCIAL SECURITY (FICE LIKE HOME4 0,!Y /& >\ND EX*ANG+ 9=MATION1 CONF]R+ 9 CORN]S1 ORGANIZ+1 H&+ \T LEAFLETS & WORDS ( 5C\RAGEM5T' :ILE 0CLAIMANTS :O DON'T BELONG TO A UNION T5D TO SIT /ILL1 )\T TALK+1 LOOK+ ANXI\S04 

,A MULTIPLICITY ( MUTUAL AID ORGANIZATIONS AMONG CLAIMANTS1 PATI5TS1 VICTIMS1 REPRES5TS ! MO/ POT5T LEV] = *ANGE 9 TRANS=M+ ! WELF>E /ATE 9TO A G5U9E WELF>E SOCIETY1 9 TURN+ COMMUNITY C>E 9TO A C>+ COMMUNITY4 

O ,*APT] #ac - ,H[ ,DEVIANT ,D>E ,Y\ ,GET8 
,*APT] ,X,I,I,I4 ,H[ ,DEVIANT ,D>E ,Y\ ,GET8 

  
  

,9 A FREE SOCIETY Y\ W\LD HAVE TO COME TO T]MS ) Y\RSELF & ) O!RS LIKE Y\RSELF1 ) ! MAN :O BACKS HIS C> 9TO Y\RS1 ) ! MAN NEXT DOOR :O HAS TO FE$ ?REE TIMES AS MANY M\?S AS Y\ DO1 ) ! DRUNKS :O GET 9TO Y\R G>D54 ,Y\ W\LD HAVE TO SORT ?+S \T ) !M Y\RSELF1 9/EAD ( HAV+ SOCIAL WORK]S OR POLITICAL P>TIES OR POLICEM5 OR %OP /EW>DS TO DO ! JOB = Y\1 & 9 ! PROCESS Y\ W\LD BE =C$ TO FACE UP TO :AT SORT ( P]SON Y\ Y\RSELF REALLY W]E4  
  
  

,PET] ,BR[N1 ,SMALLCREEP'S ,DAY 

,EV]Y AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ W\LD AGREE ?AT ! ASPECT ( AN>*I/ IDEAS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* PEOPLE F9D H>DE/ TO SWALL[ IS ! AN>*I/ REJECTION ( ! LAW1 ! LEGAL SY/EM & ! AG5CIES ( LAW-5=CEM5T4 ,!Y MAY RUEFULLY AGREE ) \R CRITICISM ( ! ME?ODS ( ! POLICE1 ! FALLIBILITY ( ! C\RTS1 LAWY]S & JUDGES1 ! B>B>ITY ( ! P5AL SY/EM & ! FATUITY ( ! LEGISLATURE4 ,BUT !Y REMA9 SKEPTICAL AB\T ! IDEA ( A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! PROTECTION (F]$ BY ! LAW IS ABS5T1 & UNCONV9C$ ?AT !RE >E ALT]NATIVES MORE DESIRABLE ?AN '! RULE ( LAW' :I*1 ) ALL ITS ADMITT$ FAIL+S1 IMP]FECTIONS & ABUSES1 IS REG>D$ AS A PRECI\S A*IEVEM5T ( CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY & ! BE/ GU>ANTEE ( ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL CITIZ54 

,MAYBE WE >E NOT WORRI$ BY ! M+L$ 9CR$ULITY & BEWILD]M5T :I* MEETS \R BL& DECL>ATION ?AT SOCIETY %\LD DO AWAY ) ! POLICE & ! LAW2 P]HAPS WE >E P]FECTLY SATISFI$ TO CONTEMPLATE \R [N FEEL+ ?AT WE CAN DO )\T !M2 OR P]HAPS WE JU/ 5JOY A S5SE ( REVOLUTION>Y RECTITUDE & SUP]IORITY BY D]ID+ !M4 ,BUT IT IS \R FELL[-CITIZ5S ?AT WE HAVE TO CONV9CE IF WE >E REALLY CONC]N$ ) GA9+ ACCEPTANCE = ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW4 

,! *>ACT]I/IC AN>*I/ ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( H[ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD COPE ) CRIM9AL ACTS RUNS SOME?+ LIKE ?IS3 7A7 MO/ CRIMES >E ( !FT 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R1 & 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* REAL PROP]TY & PRODUCTIVE PROP]TY W]E COMMUNALLY HELD & P]SONAL PROP]TY %>$ \T ON A MORE EQUITABLE BASIS1 ! 9C5TIVE = !FT W\LD DISAPPE>2 7B7 CRIMES ( VIOL5CE NOT ORIG9AT+ 9 !FT W\LD DW9DLE AWAY S9CE A G5U9ELY P]MISSIVE & NONCOMPETITIVE SOCIETY W\LD NOT PRODUCE P]SONALITIES PRONE TO VIOL5CE2 7C7 MOTOR+ (F5SES W\LD NOT PRES5T ! PROBLEMS ?AT !Y DO N[ BECAUSE PEOPLE W\LD BE MORE SOCIALLY CONSCI\S & RESPONSIBLE1 W\LD T5D TO USE PUBLIC TRANSPORT :5 ! PRIVATE C> HAD LO/ ITS /ATUS1 & 9 A MORE LEISUR$ SOCIETY W\LD LOSE ! PA?OLOGICAL LOVE ( SPE$ & AGGRESSIV5ESS ?AT Y\ SEE ON ! ROADS TODAY2 7D7 9 A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY VA/ URBAN CONGLOM]ATIONS W\LD CEASE TO EXI/ & PEOPLE W\LD BE MORE CONSID]ATE & CONC]N$ = !IR NEI<BORS4 ,BUT ! DIFFICULTY AB\T ?IS K9D ( >GUM5T IS ?AT IT BR+S ! OBVI\S RESPONSE ?AT IT CALLS = A NEW K9D ( HUMAN BE+1 A SOCIAL P>AGON ( A K9D WE DO NOT (T5 MEET 9 REAL LIFE4 ,NO1 REPLIES ! AN>*I/1 IT CALLS = A DIFF]5T K9D ( HUMAN 5VIRONM5T1 ! K9D ?AT WE >E SEEK+ TO BUILD4 ,BUT ! TR\BLE IS1 AS AN ,AM]ICAN CRIM9OLOGI/1 ,PAUL ,TAPPAN1 PUT IT1 ?AT AS A SOCIETY WE PREF] ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT SURR\ND US 0TO ! CONSEQU5CES ( DELIB]ATE & H]OIC EF=TS SO DRA/ICALLY TO *ANGE ! CULTURE ?AT MAN C\LD LIVE 9 UNCOMPLICAT$ ADJU/M5T TO AN UNCOMPLICAT$ WORLD04 

,ANY /&>D DEF9ITION ( ! CONCEPTS ( LAW1 CRIME & LAW-5=CEM5T WILL 9DICATE ?AT !Y >E 9COMPATIBLE ) ! IDEA ( AN>*Y3  
  

,LAW3 ,! EXPRESS$ WILL ( ! /ATE4 ,A COMM& OR A PROHIBITION EMANAT+ FROM ! AU?ORIZ$ AG5CIES ( ! /ATE1 & BACK$ UP BY ! AU?ORITY & ! CAPACITY TO EX]CISE =CE :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( ! /ATE 444 

,CRIME3 ,A VIOLATION ( ! CRIM9AL LAW1 I4E4 A BREA* ( ! CONDUCT CODE SPECIFICALLY SANCTION$ BY ! /ATE1 :I* ?R\< ITS LEGISLATIVE AG5CIES DEF9ES CRIMES & !IR P5ALTIES1 & ?R\< ITS ADM9I/RATIVE AG5CIES PROSECUTES (F5D]S & IMPOSES & ADM9I/]S PUNI%M5TS4 

,POLICE3 ,AG5TS ( ! LAW *>G$ ) ! RESPONSIBILITY ( MA9TA9+ LAW & ORD] AMONG ! CITIZ5S4.<#a#f#a.>  
  

,IT IS POSSIBLE1 ( C\RSE1 TO RE-DEF9E ! CONCEPT ( LAW 9 A NON-LEGALI/IC S5SE3 9 ! S5SE ( COMMON LAW1 ! EMBODIM5T ( PREEXI/+ SOCIAL CU/OM1 OR 9 A LOOS] SOCIOLOGICAL S5SE AS ! :OLE BODY ( RULES ( ALL SORTS ?AT EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY2 & IT IS POSSIBLE TO RE-DEF9E ! CONCEPT ( CRIMES AS ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS -- :E!R OR NOT !Y >E ILLEGAL ACTS4 ,! N9ETE5?-C5TURY CRIM9OLOGI/1 ,G>(ALLO1 5L>G$ ! DEF9ITION ( CRIME TO 0ANY ACTION :I* GOES AGA9/ ! PREVAL5T NORMS ( PROBITY & COMPASSION01 & HIS MOD]N SUCCESSOR ,E4 ,H4 ,SU!RL&1 9 HIS /UDY ( :ITE-COLL> CRIME1 9SI/$ ?AT 0LEGAL CLASSIFICATION %\LD NOT CONF9E ! WORK ( ! CRIM9OLOGI/ & HE %\LD BE COMPLETELY FREE TO PU% ACROSS ! B>RI]S ( DEF9ITION :5 HE SEES NON-CRIM9AL BEHAVIOR :I* RESEMBLES CRIM9AL BEHAVIOR04 7,ALEX ,COM=T HAS DONE ?IS BRILLIANTLY FROM ! AN>*I/ /&PO9T 9 HIS CA/IGATION ( LAWMAK]S & P[]-SEEK]S 9 ,AU?ORITY & ,DELIQU5CY 9 ! ,MOD]N ,/ATE47 

,ON ! O!R H& IT IS SC>CELY POSSIBLE = US TO RE-DEF9E ! POLICE1 ! AG5TS ( LAW-5=CEM5T1 9 A WAY ?AT IS %ORN ( AU?ORIT>IAN CONNOTATIONS4 ,OBVI\SLY 9 \R SOCIETY ! POLICE FULFILL C]TA9 SOCIAL FUNCTIONS1 BUT EV]YONE WILL AGREE ?AT !IR PRIM>Y PURPOSE IS TO FULFILL  
GOV]NM5TAL FUNCTIONS4 ,JOHN ,COATMAN'S VOLUME ,! ,POLICE 9 ! ,HOME ,UNIV]SITY ,LIBR>Y1 = 9/ANCE1 DECL>ES ?AT \R POLICE SY/EM IS 0! PI? & M>R[ ( ! ,5GLI% CONDUCT ( GOV]NM5T0 & ?AT ! POLICEMAN !MSELVES >E ! 0GU>DIANS ( ! E/ABLI%$ SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T04 ,) :I* WE W\LD ALL AGREE4 

,NO1 !RE IS NO NON-AU?ORIT>IAN EQUIVAL5T = ! POLICEMAN1 EXCEPT = ! CONCEPT :I* WE W\LD N[ CALL 0SOCIAL CONTROL01 ( ! MEANS BY :I* 9DIVIDUALS & COMMUNITIES MAY PROTECT !MSELVES FROM ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS4 ,?IS CONCEPT FIR/ APPE>$ 9 AN>*I/ ?\<T 9 ,GODW9'S ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE :]E1 ADOPT+ ! DEC5TRALI/ APPROA* TO ! QUE/ION1 HE DECL>$3 0,IF COMMUNITIES 444 W]E CONT5T$ ) A SMALL DI/RICT1 ) A PROVISO ( CONF$]ATION 9 CASES ( NECESSITY1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL W\LD !N LIVE 9 ! PUBLIC EYE2 & ! DISAPPROBATION ( HIS NEI<BORS1 A SPECIES ( CO]CION1 NOT D]IV$ FROM ! CAPRICE ( M5 BUT FROM ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 W\LD 9EVITABLY OBLIGE HIM EI!R TO RE=M OR TO EMIGRATE40.<#a#f#b.> ,MANY PEOPLE1 ,I FE>1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE :O HAVE EXP]I5CE ( LIV+ UND] ! C5SORI\S EYES ( NEI<BORS 9 A VILLAGE1 W\LD F9D ?IS A RA!R UNATTRACTIVE WAY ( 9HIBIT+ ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR1 & BECAUSE IT ALSO 9HIBITS MANY O!R V>IETIES ( NON-CON=M+ BEHAVIOR AS WELL1 W\LD PREF] ! ANONYM\S CITY LIFE4 

,?IS 9SI/5CE ON A MORE CLOSELY-KNIT COMMUNITY AS ! MEANS BY :I* SOCIETY CAN 0CONTA90 ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS RECURS TIME & AGA9 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,KROPOTK91 :O ( ALL ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S DEVOT$ MO/ CONSID]ATION TO ! QUE/ION ( CRIME1 ! LAW & ! P5AL SY/EM3  
  

,( C\RSE 9 EV]Y SOCIETY1 NO MATT] H[ WELL ORGANIZ$1 PEOPLE WILL BE F\ND ) EASILY >\S$ PASSIONS1 :O MAY1 FROM TIME TO TIME1 COMMIT ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S4 ,BUT :AT IS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ?IS IS TO GIVE !IR PASSIONS A HEAL?Y DIRECTION1 ANO!R \TLET4 

,TODAY WE LIVE TOO ISOLAT$4 ,PRIVATE PROP]TY HAS L$ US TO AN EGOTI/IC 9DIVIDUALISM 9 ALL \R MUTUAL RELATIONS4 ,WE KN[ ONE ANO!R ONLY SLI<TLY2 \R PO9TS ( CONTACT >E TOO R>E4 ,BUT WE HAVE SE5 9 HI/ORY EXAMPLES ( A COMMUNAL LIFE :I* IS MORE 9TIMATELY B\ND TOGE!R -- ! 0COMPOSITE FAMILY0 9 ,*9A1 ! AGR>IAN COMMUNES1 = EXAMPLE4 ,!RE PEOPLE REALLY KN[ ONE ANO!R4 ,BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES !Y MU/ AID ONE ANO!R MAT]IALLY & MORALLY4 

,FAMILY LIFE1 BAS$ ON ! ORIG9AL COMMUNITY1 HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,A NEW FAMILY1 BAS$ ON COMMUNITY ( ASPIRATIONS1 WILL TAKE ITS PLACE4 ,9 ?IS FAMILY PEOPLE WILL BE OBLIG$ TO KN[ ONE ANO!R1 TO AID ONE ANO!R & TO LEAN ON ONE ANO!R = MORAL SUPPORT ON EV]Y OCCASION4 ,& ?IS MUTUAL PROP WILL PREV5T ! GREAT NUMB] ( ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS :I* WE SEE TODAY4.<#a#f#c.>  
  

,! CONCEPT WAS FIR/ GIV5 ! NAME SOCIAL CONTROL BY ,$W>D ,ALLSWOR? ,ROSS 9 A BOOK ( ?AT NAME PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a1 9 :I* HE CIT$ 9/ANCES ( 0FRONTI]0 SOCIETIES :]E1 ?R\< UNORGANIZ$ OR 9=MAL MEASURES1 ORD] IS EFFECTIVELY MA9TA9$ )\T B5EFIT ( LEGALLY CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY3 0,SYMPA?Y1 SOCIABILITY1 ! S5SE ( JU/ICE & RES5TM5T >E COMPET5T1 UND] FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES01 WROTE ,ROSS1 0TO WORK \T BY !MSELVES A TRUE1 NATURAL ORD]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AN ORD] )\T DESIGN OR >T40 ,TODAY ! T]M SOCIAL CONTROL HAS BE5 EXT5D$ TO REF] TO 0! AGGREGATE ( VALUES & NORMS BY MEANS ( :I* T5SIONS & CONFLICTS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS >E RESOLV$ OR MITIGAT$ 9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ! SOLID>ITY ( SOME MORE 9CLUSIVE GR\P1 & ALSO TO ! >RANGEM5TS ?R\< :I* !SE VALUES & NORMS >E COMMUNICAT$ & 9/ILL$ 444 ,SOCIAL CONTROL AS ! REGULATION ( BEHAVIOR BY VALUES & NORMS IS TO BE CONTRA/$ ) REGULATION BY =CE4 ,!SE TWO MODES >E NOT1 ( C\RSE1 5TIRELY SEP>ABLE 9 ACTUAL SOCIAL LIFE 444 ,BUT ! DI/9CTION IS VALUABLE & IMPORTANT40.<#a#f#d.> 

,GEORGE ,C4 ,HOMANS 9 ,! ,HUMAN ,GR\P PUTS ! DI/9CTION ?US3 0,! PROCESS BY :I* CON=MITY IS A*IEV$ WE CALL SOCIAL CONTROL IF WE >E ?9K+ ( COMPLIANCE ) NORMS1 OR AU?ORITY IF WE >E ?9K+ ( OB$I5CE TO ORD]S40 ,IT IS ! SIZE & SCALE ( ! COMMUNITY :I*1 9 ! OP9ION ( ! SOCIOLOGI/S1 DIM9I%ES ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( SOCIAL CONTROL3 0,IT IS ONLY AS GR\PS GR[ L>GE1 & COME TO BE COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS ) CONFLICT+ MORAL /&>DS1 ?AT 9=MAL CONTROLS YIELD PRIORITY TO ?OSE ?AT >E =MAL1 SU* AS LAWS & CODES40.<#a#f#e.> 

,ONE ( ! FEW OBS]V]S ( MOD]N CITY LIFE TO ?9K AB\T ! WAY SOCIAL CONTROL ACTUALLY OP]ATES 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y URBAN 5VIRONM5T IS ,JANE ,JACOBS1 :O DISCUSSES ! FUNCTION ( /REETS & !IR PAVEM5TS OR SIDEWALKS 9 !SE T]MS3  
  

,TO KEEP ! CITY SAFE IS A FUNDAM5TAL TASK ( A CITY'S /REETS & ITS SIDEWALKS 444 ,GREAT CITIES 444 DIFF] FROM T[NS & SUBURBS 9 BASIC WAYS1 & ONE ( !SE IS ?AT CITIES >E1 BY DEF9ITION1 FULL ( /RANG]S 444 

,! B$ROCK ATTITUDE ( A SUCCESSFUL CITY DI/RICT IS ?AT A P]SON MU/ FEEL P]SONALLY SAFE & SECURE ON ! /REET AMONG ALL ?OSE /RANG]S4 ,HE MU/ NOT FEEL AUTOMATICALLY M5AC$ BY !M 444 ,! FIR/ ?+ TO UND]/& IS ?AT ! PUBLIC PEACE -- ! SIDEWALK & /REET PEACE -- ( CITIES IS NOT KEPT PRIM>ILY BY ! POLICE1 NECESS>Y AS ! POLICE >E4 ,IT IS KEPT PRIM>ILY BY AN 9TRICATE1 ALMO/ UNCONSCI\S1 NETWORK ( VOLUNT>Y CONTROLS & /&>DS AMONG ! PEOPLE !MSELVES1 & 5=C$ BY ! PEOPLE !MSELVES4 ,9 SOME CITY >EAS -- OLD] PUBLIC H\S+ PROJECTS & /REETS ) A V]Y HI< POPULATION TURNOV] >E (T5 CONSPICU\S EXAMPLES - ! KEEP+ ( PUBLIC SIDEWALK LAW & ORD] IS LEFT ALMO/ 5TIRELY TO ! POLICE & SPECIAL GU>DS4 ,SU* PLACES >E JUNGLES4 ,NO AM\NT ( POLICE CAN 5=CE CIVILIZATION :]E ! NORMAL1 CASUAL 5=CEM5T ( IT HAS BROK5 D[N4.<#a#f#f.>  
  

,H] PO9T IS ?AT ! POPUL\S /REET HAS AN UNCONSCI\S DO-IT-Y\RSELF SURVEILLANCE SY/EM ( EYES 9 ! /REET1 ! EYES ( ! RESID5TS & ! US]S ( %OPS1 CAFES1 NEWS-/&S & SO ON3  
  

,SAFETY ON ! /REETS BY SURVEILLANCE & MUTUAL POLIC+ ( ONE ANO!R S\NDS GRIM1 BUT 9 REAL LIFE IT IS NOT GRIM4 ,! SAFETY ( ! /REETS WORKS BE/1 MO/ CASUALLY1 & ) LEA/ FREQU5T TA9T ( SUSPICION OR HO/ILITY PRECISELY :]E PEOPLE >E US+ & MO/ 5JOY+ ! CITY /REETS VOLUNT>ILY & >E LEA/ CONSCI\S1 NORMALLY1 ?AT !Y >E POLIC+ 444 

,9 SETTLEM5TS ?AT >E SMALL] & SIMPL] ?AN BIG CITIES1 CONTROLS ON ACCEPTABLE PUBLIC BEHAVIOR1 IF NOT ON CRIME1 SEEM TO OP]ATE ) GREAT] OR LESS] SUCCESS ?R\< A WEB ( REPUTATION1 GOSSIP1 APPROVAL1 DISAPPROVAL & SANCTIONS1 ALL ( :I* >E P[]FUL IF PEOPLE KN[ EA* O!R & WORDS TRAVEL ,BUT A CITY'S /REETS1 :I* MU/ CONTROL NOT ONLY ! BEHAVIOR ( ! PEOPLE ( ! CITY BUT ALSO ( VISITORS FROM SUBURBS & T[NS :O WANT TO HAVE A BIG TIME AWAY FROM ! GOSSIP & SANCTIONS AT HOME1 HAVE TO OP]ATE BY MORE DIRECT1 /RAI<T=W>D ME?ODS4 ,IT IS A WOND] CITIES HAVE SOLV$ SU* AN 9H]5TLY DIFFICULT PROBLEM AT ALL4 ,& YET 9 MANY /REETS !Y DO IT MAGNIFIC5TLY4.<#a#f#g.>  
  

,! ,5GLI% READ] ( ,MRS ,JACOBS' BOOK WILL BY N[ NO LONG] BE AMAZ$ BY H] ASSUMPTION ( ! 9SECURITY ( ! ,AM]ICAN CITIZ5 9 PUBLIC PLACES FROM 0RAPE1 MUGG+S1 BEAT+S1 HOLDUPS & ! LIKE04 ,TODAY1 %E DECL>ES1 0B>B>ISM HAS TAK5 OV] MANY CITY /REETS1 OR PEOPLE FE> IT HAS1 :I* COMES TO MU* ! SAME ?+ 9 ! 5D04 ,9 SPITE ( H] FAI? 9 ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( 9=MAL SOCIAL CONTROL1 NO?+ IS GO+ TO DE/ROY H] BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( ! POLICE4 ,! T]RIFY+ BREAKD[N ( SOCIAL COHESION 9 ! ,AM]ICAN CITY1 9 SPITE ( 9T5SE 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ POLICE SURVEILLANCE EQUIPP$ ) EV]Y SOPHI/ICAT$ AID TO PUBLIC CONTROL1 ILLU/RATES ?AT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR DEP5DS UPON MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITY RA!R ?AN UPON ! POLICEMAN4 ,! MO/ HONE/ & UNEQUIVOCAL ATTEMPT TO GRASP ?IS P>TICUL> NETTLE FROM ! AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW COMES FROM ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3  
  

,?IS NECESS>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ ?OSE :O VIOLATE1 NOT ! /ATUS QUO1 BUT ! DEEPE/ FEEL+S :I* DI/+UI% MAN FROM ! BEA/S1 IS ONE ( ! PRETEXTS BY :I* GOV]NM5TS JU/IFY !IR EXI/5CE4 ,WE MU/ ELIM9ATE ALL ! SOCIAL CAUSES ( CRIME1 WE MU/ DEVELOP 9 MAN BRO!RLY FEEL+S1 & MUTUAL RESPECT2 WE MU/1 AS ,F\RI] PUT IT1 SEEK USEFUL ALT]NATIVES TO CRIME4 ,BUT IF1 & SO LONG AS1 !RE >E CRIM9ALS1 EI!R PEOPLE WILL F9D ! MEANS1 & HAVE ! 5]GY1 TO DEF5D !MSELVES DIRECTLY AGA9/ !M1 OR ! POLICE & ! MAGI/RATURE WILL REAPPE>1 & ) !M1 GOV]NM5T4 ,WE DO NOT SOLVE A PROBLEM BY D5Y+ ITS EXI/5CE 444 

,WE CAN1 ) JU/IFICATION1 FE> ?AT ?IS NECESS>Y DEF5SE AGA9/ CRIME C\LD BE ! BEG9N+ (1 & ! PRETEXT =1 A NEW SY/EM ( OPPRESSION & PRIVILEGE4 ,IT IS ! MISSION ( ! AN>*I/S TO SEE ?AT ?IS DOES NOT HAPP54 ,BY SEEK+ ! CAUSES ( EA* CRIME & MAK+ EV]Y EF=T TO ELIM9ATE !M2 BY MAK+ IT IMPOSSIBLE = ANYONE TO D]IVE P]SONAL ADVANTAGE \T ( ! DETECTION ( CRIME1 & BY LEAV+ IT TO ! 9T]E/$ GR\PS !MSELVES TO TAKE :ATEV] /EPS !Y DEEM NECESS>Y = !IR DEF5SE2 BY ACCU/OM+ \RSELVES TO CONSID] CRIM9ALS AS BRO!RS :O HAVE /RAY$1 AS SICK PEOPLE NE$+ LOV+ TREATM5T1 AS ONE W\LD = ANY VICTIM ( HYDROPHOBIA OR DANG]\S LUNATIC -- IT WILL BE POSSIBLE TO RECONCILE ! COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ALL ) DEF5SE AGA9/ ?OSE :O OBVI\SLY & DANG]\SLY ?REAT5 IT 444 

,= US ! C>RY+ \T ( SOCIAL DUTIES MU/ BE A VOLUNT>Y ACT1 & WE ONLY HAVE ! RI<T TO 9T]V5E ) MAT]IAL =CE AGA9/ ?OSE :O (F5D AGA9/ O!RS VIOL5TLY & PREV5T !M FROM LIV+ 9 PEACE4 ,=CE1 PHYSICAL RE/RA9T1 MU/ ONLY BE US$ AGA9/ ATTACKS ( VIOL5CE & = NO O!R REASON ?AN ?AT ( SELF-DEF5SE4 ,BUT :O WILL JUDGE8 ,:O WILL PROVIDE ! NECESS>Y DEF5SE8 ,:O WILL E/ABLI% :AT MEASURES ( RE/RA9T >E TO BE US$8 ,WE DO NOT SEE ANY O!R WAY ?AN ?AT ( LEAV+ IT TO ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES1 TO ! PEOPLE1 ?AT IS ! MASS ( CITIZ5S1 :O WILL ACT DIFF]5TLY ACCORD+ TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES & ACCORD+ TO !IR DIFF]5T DEGREES ( SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,WE MU/1 ABOVE ALL1 AVOID ! CREATION ( BODIES SPECIALIZ+ 9 POLICE WORK2 P]HAPS SOME?+ WILL BE LO/ 9 REPRESSIVE EFFICI5CY BUT WE WILL AVOID ! CREATION ( ! 9/RUM5T ( EV]Y TYRANNY4 ,9 EV]Y RESPECT ! 9JU/ICE1 & TRANSITORY VIOL5CE ( ! PEOPLE IS BETT] ?AN ! LEAD5 RULE1 ! LEGALIZ$ /ATE VIOL5CE ( ! JUDICI>Y & POLICE4 ,WE >E1 9 ANY CASE1 ONLY ONE ( ! =CES ACT+ 9 SOCIETY1 & HI/ORY WILL ADVANCE1 AS ALWAYS1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! RESULTANT ( ALL ! =CES4.<#a#f#h.>  
  

,?REE ?+S /& \T FROM ,MALATE/A'S OBS]VATIONS4 ,FIR/LY1 HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ANY & EV]Y DO-IT-Y\RSELF JU/ICE SY/EM W\LD HAVE A T5D5CY TO H>D5 9TO AN 9/ITUTION4 ,! DIFFICULTY IS ?AT ?IS MI<T V]Y WELL BE = V]Y GOOD REASONS3 ! ATTEMPT TO GIVE ! ACCUS$ A 0FAIR0' TRIAL 7= ,I TAKE IT ?AT ! RE/RA9T ( (F5D]S W\LD 9CLUDE SOME PROC$URE TO F9D \T :E!R ! ACCUS$ COMMITT$ ! (F5SE74 ,IF ! (F5D] IS TO BE MORE FAIRLY TREAT$ ?AN HE W\LD BE UND] EXI/+ SY/EMS ( JURISPRUD5CE1 C]TA9 SAFEGU>DS :I* EXI/ 9 ! PRES5T SY/EM MU/ SURVIVE 9 ANY AD HOC >RANGEM5T4 ,!RE MU/ BE RECOGNITION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( HABEAS CORPUS1 ! ACCUS$ MU/ BE TOLD :AT HE IS ACCUS$ (1 HE MU/ BE GIV5 FACILITIES TO DEF5D HIMSELF1 !RE MU/ BE G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ RULES ( EVID5CE1 & SO ON4 ,! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION>Y REGIMES IS LITT]$ ) COMMITTEES ( PUBLIC SAFETY1 PEOPLE'S C\RTS & SIMIL> 0REVOLUTION>Y0 BODIES1 :I* HAVE TURN$ \T TO BE JU/ AS DUBI\S A PROPOSITION1 FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ?OSE :O >E BR\<T BE=E !M1 AS ! B\RGEOIS 9/ITUTIONS !Y REPLAC$4 ,! MORE =TUNATE ( ! ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN C\NTRIES HAVE SL[LY RE9TRODUC$ 0,WE/]N0 JURIDICAL PR9CIPLES & SAFEGU>DS -- TO EV]YBODY'S RELIEF4 ,! PROBLEM 9 ,MALATE/A'S T]MS IS H[ TO BUILD !SE PR9CIPLES ( 0NATURAL JU/ICE0 9TO POPUL> BODIES :I* NEV]!LESS RETA9 AN IMP]MAN5T NON-9/ITUTIONAL *>ACT]4 

,! SECOND ?+ ?AT /&S \T 9 ! PASSAGE FROM ,MALATE/A IS HIS FAI? 9 0! PEOPLE02 A PO9T :I* ADV]S>IES W\LD GLEEFULLY TAKE UP1 DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT HE IS PRESUPPOS+ A DIFF]5T K9D ( PEOPLE4 ,WE KN[ ?AT \R 0PEOPLE0 >E AS V9DICTIVE AS \R JUDGES4 ,?REE-QU>T]S ( ! POPULATION ( ,BRITA9 >E SAID TO FAVOR ! RE9TRODUCTION ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T1 & AN EV5 L>G] PROPORTION ! RE-9TRODUCTION ( FLOGG+ & BIR*+4 ,H]E WE >E AT ! CRUX ( ! DIFFICULTY :I* WE AN>*I/S HAVE 9 GETT+ \R IDEAS ON ?IS SUBJECT TAK5 S]I\SLY4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE AN IMM5SE ANXIETY & FE> FLOAT+ >\ND 9 \R SOCIETY :I* IS \T ( PROPORTION TO ACTUAL DANG]S4 ,PEOPLE >E AFRAID ( DEF5SELESSNESS4 7,9 ANO!R FIELD ?IS EXPLA9S :Y PEOPLE CANNOT ACCEPT ! IDEA ( DIS>MAM5T -- !Y BELIEVE ?AT !Y >E ACTUALLY BE+ DEF5D$47 ,OBS]VATION ( ! G5]AL 9T5SE PREOCCUPATION & FASC9ATION ) CRIME C]TA9LY SEEMS TO BE> \T ! PSY*OANALYTICAL !ORY ?AT SOCIETY NOT ONLY MAKES ITS CRIM9ALS1 BUT ?AT IT NE$S !M1 & CONSEQU5TLY S$UCES ITS DEVIANT 9DIVIDUALS 9TO ! 0ACT+-\T0 ( CRIM9AL ROLES4 

0,SOCIETY01 WROTE ,PAUL ,REIWALD1 0OPPOS$ ! 9NOVATORS ) DET]M9$ RESI/ANCE 444 ,SOCIETY DID NOT WI% TO AB&ON ! PR9CIPLE ( AN EYE = AN EYE2 IT DID NOT WI% TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ITS LONG OBS]V$ RELATIONS TO ! CRIM9AL & IT DID NOT WI% TO HAVE ! 'CONTR>Y ONES' TAK5 FROM IT40.<#a#f#i.> ,RU? ,EISSL] EXPRESSES IT EV5 MORE DRAMATICALLY3 0,SOCIETY1 BY US+ ITS CRIM9ALS AS SCAPEGOATS & BY TRY+ TO DE/ROY !M BECAUSE IT IS UNABLE TO BE> ! REFLECTION ( ITS [N GUILT1 ACTUALLY /ABS AT ITS [N HE>T40.<#a#g.> 

,OBVI\SLY SOME PEOPLE >E CONSPICU\SLY LACK+ 9 ?IS P5T-UP ANXIETY & GUILT1 ! K9D ( PEOPLE :O >E S+UL>LY SUCCESSFUL 9 SUPPORTIVE1 RA!R ?AN PUNITIVE1 WORK ) DEL9QU5TS OR DEVIANTS1 PEOPLE :O >E SUFFICI5TLY AT EASE ) !MSELVES TO COPE ) ! M5TAL /RA91 ! IRRITATION & TIME-CONSUM+ T$IUM :I* \R DEVIANTS FREQU5TLY IMPOSE ON US4 ,IF WE WANT TO *ANGE SOCIETY IT IS PROBABLY MORE IMPORTANT = US TO F9D \T :AT PRODUCES PEOPLE LIKE  
!M ?AN TO F9D \T :AT MAKES DEL9QU5TS4 ,?IS IS IMPORTANT = ! :OLE IDEA ( ! SOCIAL CONTROL ( ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR4 ,:AT IS ANTI-SOCIAL8 ,IF ?IS QUE/ION IS TO BE DECID$ BY A BUN* ( C5SORI\S BUSY-BODIES WE CAN WELL IMAG9E PEOPLE SAY+ 0,NO ?ANKS4 ,I'D RA!R HAVE ,! ,LAW40 ,!RE MU/ BE ROOM = DEVIANCE 9 SOCIETY1 & !RE MU/ BE SUPPORT = ! RI<T TO DEVIATE4 ,?IS1 ,I SUPPOSE1 IS ! BASIS ( ,DURKHEIM'S CELEBRAT$ OBS]VATION ?AT CRIME ITSELF IS A SOCIAL NORM1 0A FACTOR 9 PUBLIC HEAL?1 AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( ALL HEAL?Y SOCIETIES0 S9CE A CRIMELESS SOCIETY W\LD BE AN OSSIFI$ SOCIETY ) AN UNIMAG9ABLE DEGREE ( SOCIAL CON=MITY1 & ?AT 0CRIME IMPLIES NOT ONLY ?AT ! WAY REMA9S OP5 TO NECESS>Y *ANGES BUT ?AT 9 C]TA9 CASES IT PRECIPITATES !SE *ANGES04 ,AS AN>*I/S -- CRIM9ALS \RSELVES 9 SOME PEOPLE'S VIEW -- WE %\LD BE ! FIR/ TO APPRECIATE ?IS4 

,& ?IS BR+S US TO ,MALATE/A'S F9AL PO9T1 HIS OBS]VATION ?AT 0WE >E1 9 ANY CASE1 ONLY ONE ( ! =CES ACT+ 9 SOCIETY04 ,IT IS NOT A MATT] ( A HYPO!TICAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 BUT ( ANY SOCIETY1 N[ OR 9 ! FUTURE1 :]E DIFF]5T SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIES & ATTITUDES COEXI/ & CONFLICT4 ,!RE WILL ALWAYS BE ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS1 & !RE WILL ALWAYS BE PEOPLE ) AN URGE TO PUNI%1 TO MA9TA9 A :OLE PUNITIVE MA*9]Y ) EV]Y?+ ?AT IT 5TAILS4 ,IF WE DO NOT DISCOV] & MAKE USE ( ME?ODS ( CONTA9+ SU* ACTS )9 SOCIETY OR ( EVOLV+ A =M ( SOCIETY CAPABLE ( CONTA9+ !M1 WE %ALL C]TA9LY CONT9UE TO BE ! VICTIMS ( ?OSE AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS :I* O!RS >E SO READY & EAG] TO APPLY4 

O ,*APT] #ad - ,AN>*Y & A ,PLAUSIBLE ,FUTURE 
,*APT] ,X,I,V4 ,AN>*Y & A ,PLAUSIBLE ,FUTURE 

  
  

,= ! E>LI] P>T ( MY LIFE ,I WAS QUIET$ BY BE+ TOLD ?AT \RS WAS ! RI*E/ C\NTRY 9 ! WORLD1 UNTIL ,I WOKE UP TO KN[ ?AT :AT ,I MEANT BY RI*ES WAS LE>N+ & BEAUTY1 & MUSIC & >T1 C(FEE & OMELETS2 P]HAPS 9 ! COM+ DAYS ( POV]TY WE MAY GET MORE ( !SE 444  
  
  

,W4 ,R4 ,LE?ABY1 ,=M 9 ,CIVILIZATION 

,?IS BOOK HAS ILLU/RAT$ ! >GUM5TS = AN>*ISM1 NOT FROM !ORIES1 BUT FROM ACTUAL EXAMPLES ( T5D5CIES :I* ALREADY EXI/1 ALONGSIDE MU* MORE P[]FUL & DOM9ANT AU?ORIT>IAN ME?ODS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! IMPORTANT QUE/ION IS1 !RE=E1 NOT :E!R AN>*Y IS POSSIBLE OR NOT1 BUT :E!R WE CAN SO 5L>GE ! SCOPE & 9FLU5CE ( LIB]T>IAN ME?ODS ?AT !Y BECOME ! NORMAL WAY 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S ORGANIZE !IR SOCIETY4 ,IS AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY POSSIBLE8 

,WE CAN ONLY SAY1 FROM ! EVID5CE ( HUMAN HI/ORY1 ?AT NO K9D ( SOCIETY IS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,IF Y\ >E P[]FUL 5\< & RU?LESS 5\< Y\ CAN IMPOSE ALMO/ ANY K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ON PEOPLE -- = A :ILE4 ,BUT Y\ CAN ONLY DO SO BY ME?ODS :I*1 H[EV] NATURAL & APPROPRIATE !Y MAY BE = ANY O!R K9D ( 0ISM0 -- ACT+ ON ! WELL-KN[N PR9CIPLE ?AT Y\ CAN'T MAKE AN OMELET )\T BREAK+ EGGS1 >E REPUGNANT TO AN>*I/S1 UNLESS !Y SEE !MSELVES AS YET ANO!R ( ?OSE REVOLUTION>Y ELITES 0LEAD+ ! PEOPLE0 TO ! PROMIS$ L&4 ,Y\ CAN IMPOSE AU?ORITY BUT Y\ CANNOT IMPOSE FRE$OM4 ,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS IMPROBABLE1 NOT BECAUSE AN>*Y IS 9FEASIBLE1 OR UNFA%IONABLE1 OR UNPOPUL>1 BUT BECAUSE HUMAN SOCIETY IS NOT LIKE ?AT1 BECAUSE1 AS ,MALATE/A PUT IT 9 ! PASSAGE QUOT$ 9 ! LA/ *APT]1 0WE >E1 9 ANY CASE1 ONLY ONE ( ! =CES ACT+ 9 SOCIETY04 

,! DEGREE ( SOCIAL COHESION IMPLI$ 9 ! IDEA ( 0AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY0 C\LD ONLY OCCUR 9 A SOCIETY SO EMB$D$ 9 ! CAKE ( CU/OM ?AT ! IDEA ( *OICE AMONG ALT]NATIVE PATT]NS ( SOCIAL BEHAVIOR SIMPLY DID NOT OCCUR TO PEOPLE4 ,I CANNOT IMAG9E ?AT DEGREE ( UNANIMITY & ,I W\LD DISLIKE IT IF ,I C\LD1 BECAUSE ! IDEA ( *OICE IS CRUCIAL TO ANY PHILOSOPHY ( FRE$OM & SPONTANEITY4 ,SO WE DON'T HAVE TO WORRY AB\T ! BOR$OM ( UTOPIA3 WE %AN'T GET !RE4 ,BUT :AT RESULTS FROM ?IS CONCLUSION8 ,ONE RESPONSE W\LD BE TO /RESS AN>*ISM AS AN IDEAL ( P]SONAL LIB]ATION1 CEAS+ TO ?9K ( *ANG+ SOCIETY1 EXCEPT BY EXAMPLE4 ,ANO!R W\LD BE TO CONCLUDE ?AT BECAUSE NO ROADS LEAD TO UTOPIA NO ROAD LEADS ANY:]E1 AN ATTITUDE :I*1 9 ! 5D1 IS ID5TICAL ) ! UTOPIAN ONE BECAUSE IT ASS]TS ?AT !RE >E NO P>TIAL1 PIECEMEAL1 COMPROMISE OR TEMPOR>Y SOLUTIONS1 ONLY ONE ATTA9ABLE OR UNATTA9ABLE F9AL SOLUTION4 ,BUT1 AS ,ALEX&] ,H]Z5 PUT IT OV] A C5TURY AGO3 0,A GOAL :I* IS 9F9ITELY REMOTE IS NOT A GOAL AT ALL1 IT IS A DECEPTION4 ,A GOAL MU/ BE CLOS] -- AT ! V]Y LEA/ ! LABOR]'S WAGE OR PLEASURE 9 ! WORK P]=M$4 ,EA* EPO*1 EA* G5]ATION1 EA* LIFE HAS HAD1 & HAS1 ITS [N EXP]I5CE1 & ! 5D ( EA* G5]ATION MU/ BE ITSELF40.<#a#g#a.> 

,! *OICE BETWE5 LIB]T>IAN & AU?ORIT>IAN SOLUTIONS IS NOT A ONCE-&-=-ALL CATACLYSMIC /RUGGLE1 IT IS A S]IES ( RUNN+ 5GAGEM5TS1 MO/ ( !M NEV] CONCLUD$1 :I* OCCUR1 & HAVE OCCURR$1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY4 ,EV]Y HUMAN SOCIETY2 EXCEPT ! MO/ TOTALIT>IAN ( UTOPIAS OR ANTI-UTOPIAS1 IS A PLURAL SOCIETY ) L>GE >EAS :I* >E NOT 9 CON=MITY ) ! (FICIALLY IMPOS$ OR DECL>$ VALUES4 ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS CAN BE SE5 9 ! ALLEG$ DIVISION ( ! WORLD 9TO CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/ BLOCKS3 !RE >E VA/ >EAS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETIES :I* >E NOT GOV]N$ BY CAPITALI/ PR9CIPLES1 & !RE >E MANY ASPECTS ( ! SOCIALI/ SOCIETIES :I* CANNOT BE DESCRIB$ AS SOCIALI/4 ,Y\ MI<T EV5 SAY ?AT ! ONLY ?+ ?AT MAKES LIFE LIVABLE 9 ! CAPITALI/ WORLD IS ! UNACKN[L$G$ NON-CAPITALI/ ELEM5T )9 IT1 & ! ONLY ?+ ?AT MAKES SURVIVAL POSSIBLE 9 ! COMMUNI/ WORLD IS ! UNACKN[L$G$ CAPITALI/ ELEM5T 9 IT4 ,?IS IS :Y A CONTROLL$ M>KET IS A LEFT-W+ DEM& 9 A CAPITALI/ ECONOMY ALONG ) /ATE CONTROL1 :ILE A FREE M>KET IS A LEFT-W+ DEM& 9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY -- ALONG ) WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,9 BO? CASES1 ! DEM&S >E = :ITTL+ AWAY P[] FROM ! C5T]1 :E!R IT IS ! P[] ( ! /ATE OR CAPITALISM1 OR /ATE-CAPITALISM4 

,SO :AT >E ! PROSPECTS = 9CREAS+ ! AN>*I/ CONT5T ( ! REAL WORLD8 ,FROM ONE PO9T ( VIEW ! \TLOOK IS BLEAK3 C5TRALIZ$ P[]1 :E!R ?AT ( GOV]NM5T OR SUP]-GOV]NM5T1 OR ( PRIVATE CAPITALISM OR ! SUP]-CAPITALISM ( GIANT 9T]NATIONAL CORPORATIONS1 HAS NEV] BE5 GREAT]4 ,! PROPHESIES ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*I/S LIKE ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 AB\T ! P[] ( ! /ATE OV] ! CITIZ5 HAVE A RELEVANCE TODAY :I* MU/ HAVE SEEM$ UNLIKELY = !IR CONTEMPOR>IES4 

,FROM ANO!R /&PO9T ! \TLOOK IS 9F9ITELY PROMIS+4 ,! V]Y GR[? ( ! /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRACY1 ! GIANT CORPORATION & ITS PRIVILEG$ HI]>*Y1 >E EXPOS+ !IR VULN]ABILITY TO NON-COOP]ATION1 TO SABOTAGE1 & TO ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR WEAKNESSES BY ! WEAK4 ,!Y >E ALSO GIV+ RISE TO P>ALLEL ORGANIZATIONS1 C\NT] ORGANIZATIONS1 ALT]NATIVE ORGANIZATIONS1 :I* EXEMPLIFY ! AN>*I/ ME?OD4 ,9DU/RIAL M]G]S & RATIONALIZATION HAVE BR$ ! REVIVAL ( ! DEM& = WORK]S' CONTROL1 FIR/ AS A SLOGAN OR A TACTIC LIKE ! WORK-91 ULTIMATELY AS A DE/9ATION4 ,! DEVELOPM5T ( ! S*OOL & ! UNIV]SITY AS BROIL]-H\SES = A PLACE 9 ! OCCUPATIONAL PECK+-ORD] HAVE GIV5 RISE TO ! DE-S*OOL+ MOVEM5T & ! IDEA ( ! ANTI-UNIV]SITY4 ,! USE ( M$IC9E & PSY*IATRY AS AG5TS1 ( CON=MITY HAS L$ TO ! IDEA ( ! ANTI-HOSPITAL & ! SELF-HELP !RAPEUTIC GR\P4 ,! FAILURE ( ,WE/]N SOCIETY TO H\SE ITS CITIZ5S HAS PROMPT$ ! GR[? ( SQUATT] MOVEM5TS & T5ANTS' COOP]ATIVES4 ,! TRIUMPH ( ! SUP]M>KET 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAS BEGUN A MU%ROOM+ ( FOOD COOP]ATIVES4 ,! DELIB]ATE PAUP]IZATION ( ?OSE :O CANNOT WORK HAS L$ TO ! RECOV]Y ( SELF-RESPECT ?R\< ,CLAIMANTS' ,UNIONS4 

,COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS ( EV]Y CONCEIVABLE K9D1 COMMUNITY NEWSPAP]S1 MOVEM5TS = *ILD WELF>E1 COMMUNAL H\SEHOLDS HAVE RESULT$ FROM ! NEW CONSCI\SNESS ?AT LOCAL AS WELL AS C5TRAL GOV]NM5TS EXPLOIT ! POOR & >E UNRESPONSIVE TO ?OSE :O >E UNABLE TO EX]T EFFECTIVE PRESSURE = !MSELVES4 ,! 0RATIONALIZATION0 ( LOCAL ADM9I/RATION 9 ,BRITA9 9TO 0L>G] & MORE EFFECTIVE UNITS0 IS EVOK+ A RESPONSE 9 ! DEM& = NEI<BORHOOD C\NCILS4 ,A NEW SELF-CONFID5CE & ASS]TION ( !IR RI<T TO EXI/ ON !IR [N T]MS HAS SPRUNG UP AMONG ! VICTIMS ( P>TICUL> K9DS ( DISCRIM9ATION -- BLACK LIB]ATION1 WOM5'S LIB]ATION1 HOMOSEXUAL LIB]ATION1 PRISON]S' LIB]ATION1 *ILDR5'S LIB]ATION3 ! LI/ IS ALMO/ 5DLESS & IS C]TA9LY GO+ TO GET LONG] AS MORE & MORE PEOPLE BECOME MORE & MORE CONSCI\S ?AT SOCIETY IS ORGANIZ$ 9 WAYS :I* D5Y !M A PLACE 9 ! SUN4 ,9 ! AGE ( MASS POLITICS & MASS CON=MITY1 ?IS IS A MAGNIFIC5T RE-ASS]TION ( 9DIVIDUAL VALUE & ( HUMAN DIGNITY4 

,NONE ( !SE MOVEM5TS IS YET A ?REAT TO ! P[] /RUCTURE1 & ?IS IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ S9CE H>DLY ANY ( !M EXI/$ BE=E ! LATE #a#i#fS4 ,NONE ( !M FITS 9TO ! FRAMEWORK ( CONV5TIONAL POLITICS4 ,9 FACT1 !Y DON'T SPEAK ! SAME LANGUAGE AS ! POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,!Y TALK ! LANGUAGE ( AN>*ISM & !Y 9SI/ ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ( ORGANIZATION1 :I* !Y HAVE LE>N$ NOT FROM POLITICAL !ORY BUT FROM !IR [N EXP]I5CE4 ,!Y ORGANIZE 9 LOOSELY ASSOCIAT$ GR\PS :I* >E VOLUNT>Y1 FUNCTIONAL1 TEMPOR>Y & SMALL4 ,!Y DEP5D1 NOT ON MEMB]%IP C>DS1 VOTES1 A SPECIAL LEAD]%IP & A H]D ( 9ACTIVE FOLL[]S BUT ON SMALL1 FUNCTIONAL GR\PS :I* EBB & FL[1 GR\P & REGR\P1 ACCORD+ TO ! TASK 9 H&4 ,!Y >E NETWORKS1 NOT PYRAMIDS4 

,AT ! V]Y TIME :5 ! 0IRRESI/IBLE TR5DS ( MOD]N SOCIETY0 SEEM$ TO BE LEAD+ US TO A MASS SOCIETY ( 5SLAV$ CONSUM]S !Y >E REM9D+ US ( ! TRU? ?AT ! IRRESI/IBLE IS SIMPLY ?AT :I* IS NOT RESI/$4 ,BUT OBVI\SLY A :OLE S]IES ( P>TIAL & 9COMPLETE VICTORIES1 ( CONCESSIONS WON FROM ! HOLD]S ( P[]1 WILL NOT LEAD TO AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT IT WILL WID5 ! SCOPE ( FREE ACTION & ! POT5TIALITY = FRE$OM 9 ! SOCIETY WE HAVE4 ,BUT SU* COMPROMISES ( AN>*I/ NOTIONS W\LD HAVE TO BE MADE1 SU* AU?ORIT>IAN B$FELL[S *OS51 = A FRONTAL ATTACK ON ! P[] /RUCTURE1 ?AT ! AN>*I/ ANSW] TO CRIES = REVOLUTION>Y UNITY IS LIKELY TO BE 0,:OSE NOOSE >E Y\ 9VIT+ ME TO PUT R\ND MY NECK ?IS TIME80 

,BUT 9 ?9K+ AB\T A PLAUSIBLE FUTURE1 ANO!R FACTOR HAS 5T]$ 9TO ! G5]AL CONSCI\SNESS S9CE ! LATE #a#i#fS4 ,SO MANY BOOKS1 SO MANY REPORTS1 SO MANY CONF]5CES HAVE BE5 DEVOT$ TO IT1 ?AT IT IS ONLY NECESS>Y = ME TO /ATE A FEW G5]AL PROPOSITIONS AB\T IT4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT ! WORLD'S RES\RCES >E F9ITE4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT ! WEAL?Y ECONOMIES HAVE BE5 EXPLOIT+ ! NONR5EWABLE RES\RCES AT A RATE :I* ! PLANET CANNOT SU/A94 ,! ?IRD IS ?AT !SE 0DEVELOP$0 ECONOMIES >E ALSO EXPLOIT+ ! RES\RCES ( ! 0,?IRD ,WORLD0 C\NTRIES AS *EAP RAW MAT]IALS4 ,?IS MEANS1 NOT ONLY ?AT ! ,?IRD ,WORLD C\NTRIES CAN NEV] HOPE TO A*IEVE ! LEVELS ( CONSUMPTION ( ! RI* WORLD1 BUT ?AT ! RI* C\NTRIES !MSELVES CANNOT CONT9UE TO CONSUME AT ! PRES5T ACCEL]AT+ RATE4 ,! PUBLIC DEBATE >\ND !SE ISSUES IS NOT AB\T ! TRU? ( ! CONT5TIONS1 IT IS SIMPLY AB\T ! QUE/ION3 ,H[ ,SOON8 ,H[ SOON BE=E ! FOSSIL FUELS RUN \T8 ,H[ SOON BE=E ! ,?IRD ,WORLD RISES 9 REVOLT AGA9/ 9T]NATIONAL EXPLOITATION8 ,H[ SOON WILL WE BE FAC+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! NON-VIABILITY ( FUTURE ECONOMIC GR[?8 ,I LEAVE ASIDE ! RELAT$ QUE/IONS AB\T POLLUTION & AB\T POPULATION4 ,BUT ALL !SE QUE/IONS PR(\NDLY AFFECT ALL \R FUTURES & ! PR$ICTIONS WE MAKE AB\T SOCIAL *ANGE1 :E!R WE MEAN ! *ANGES WE DESIRE OR ! ONES :I* CIRCUM/ANCES =CE UPON US4 ,!Y ALSO CUT COMPLETELY ACROSS ACCEPT$ POLITICAL CATEGORIES1 AS DO ! POLICIES ( ! ECOLOGY LOBBY OR ! 5VIRONM5TAL PRESSURE GR\PS 9 BO? ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 

,! GR[? ECONOMI/S1 ! POLITICIANS ( BO? RI<T & LEFT1 :O 5VISAG$ AN EV]-EXP&+ CYCLE ( CONSUMPTION1 ) ! PHILOSOPHY *>ACT]IZ$ BY ,K5NE? ,BURKE AS ,BORR[1 ,SP5D1 ,BUY1 ,WA/E1 ,WANT1.<#a#g#b.> HAVE JU/ NOT CAU<T UP ) FUTURE REALITIES4 ,IF ANYONE HAS IT IS ?AT M9ORITY AMONG ! Y\NG 9 ! AFFLU5T C\NTRIES :O HAVE CONSCI\SLY REJECT$ ! MASS CONSUMPTION SOCIETY -- ITS VALUES AS WELL AS ITS DE>LY-B\<T PRODUCTS -- & ADOPT$1 NOT \T ( PURITANISM BUT \T ( A DIFF]5T SET ( PRIORITIES1 AN E>LI] CONSUM] PHILOSOPHY3 ,EAT IT UP1 WE> IT \T1 MAKE IT DO1 OR DO )\T4 ,! $ITOR ( ,! ,ECOLOGI/ SUMM$ UP ! >GUM5T ?US3 0AFFLU5CE = EV]YBODY IS AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM3 ! WORLD SIMPLY DOES NOT CONTA9 SUFFICI5T RES\RCES1 NOR C\LD IT ABSORB ! HEAT & O!R WA/E G5]AT$ BY ! IMM5SE AM\NT ( 5]GY REQUIR$4 ,9DE$1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT ?+ TO REALIZE1 :5 WE PLAN \R FUTURE1 IS ?AT AFFLU5CE IS BO? A LOCAL & A TEMPOR>Y PH5OM5ON4 ,UN=TUNATELY IT IS ! PR9CIPAL1 IF NOT ! ONLY1 GOAL \R 9DU/RIAL SOCIETY GIVES US40 ,HIS J\RNAL 9 ITS 0,BLUEPR9T = ,SURVIVAL0 HAS ! DI/9CTION ( BE+ AMONG ! FEW COMM5T>IES ON ! CRISIS ( 5VIRONM5T & RES\RCES TO GO BEYOND PR$ICT+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( CONT9U$ POPULATION GR[? & DEPLETION ( RES\RCES1 TO 5VISAG+ ! K9D ( PHYSICAL & ECONOMIC /RUCTURE ( LIFE :I* ITS AU?ORS REG>D AS 9DISP5SABLE = A VIABLE FUTURE1 DRAW+ UP A TIMETABLE = *ANGE = ! C5TURY #a#i#g#e-#b#g#e1 TO E/ABLI% 9 ?AT TIME 0A NETWORK ( SELF-SUFFICI5T1 SELF-REGULAT+ COMMUNITIES40.<#a#g#c.> ,! AU?ORS *E]FULLY ACCEPT ! *>GE ?AT !IR PROGRAM IS UNSOPHI/ICAT$ & OV]SIMPLIFI$1 ! IMPLICATION BE+ ?AT IF ! READ] CAN =MULATE A BETT] ALT]NATIVE1 OR A DIFF]5T TIME-SCALE1 HE %\LD DO SO4 ,! 9T]E/+ ?+ IS ?AT !Y HAVE RE-9V5T$ AN OLD] VISION ( ! FUTURE4 ,BACK 9 ! #a#h#iS ?REE M51 EQUALLY UNQUALIFI$ AS %>EHOLD]S 9 ,UTOPIA ,LIMIT$1 =MULAT$ !IR PRESCRIPTIONS = ! PHYSICAL SETT+ ( A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 DESIGN] & SOCIALI/1 WROTE ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E2 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 GEOGRAPH] & AN>*I/1 WROTE ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS2 & ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D1 9V5TOR & P>LIAM5T>Y %OR?& WRIT]1 WROTE ,TOMORR[3 ,A ,PEACEFUL ,PA? TO ,REAL ,RE=M4 ,EA* ( !SE BLUEPR9TS = SURVIVAL WAS MORE 9FLU5TIAL ?AN ITS ORIG9AL READ]S C\LD HAVE SUPPOS$1 ?\< LESS ?AN ITS AU?OR W\LD HAVE HOP$4 ,MORRIS'S VISION WAS TOTALLY IRRELEVANT = ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BUT HIS PICTURE ( A PO/-9DU/RIAL1 DEC5TRALIZ$1 /ATE-FREE ,BRITA9 9 ! TW5TY-FIR/ C5TURY1 C]TA9LY MAKES S5SE = ! NEW ECOLOGICALLY-AW>E G5]ATION1 :ILE ANY ,AM]ICAN WILL RECOGNIZE ! =CE ( HIS BACKW>D GLANCE AT ! FUTURE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES3 0,= !SE L&S1 &1 ,I SAY1 ESPECIALLY ! NOR!RN P>TS ( ,AM]ICA1 SUFF]$ SO T]RIBLY FROM ! FULL =CE ( ! LA/ DAYS ( CIVILIZATION1 & BECAME SU* HORRIBLE PLACES TO LIVE 91 ?AT ONE MAY SAY ?AT = NE>LY A HUNDR$ YE>S ! PEOPLE ( ! NOR!RN P>TS ( ,AM]ICA HAVE BE5 5GAG$ 9 GRADUALLY MAK+ A DWELL+-PLACE \T ( A /9K+ DU/-HEAP 4440.<#a#g#d.> 

,H[>D'S LEGACY IS ( C\RSE ! NEW T[NS3 HIS IMM$IATE PURPOSE WAS TO MOBILIZE VOLUNT>Y 9ITIATIVE = ! BUILD+ ( ONE DEMON/RATION MODEL1 CONFID5T ?AT ITS ADVANTAGES W\LD SET 9 MOTION A L>GE-SCALE ADOPTION ( ! IDEA ( URBAN DISP]SAL 9 0SOCIAL CITIES01 OR :AT ! ,T,C,P,A CALLS 0A MANY-C5T]$ NEXUS ( URBAN COMMUNITIES04 ,LEWIS ,MUM=D NOTES ?AT 0,BY N[1 \R NEOTE*NIC & BIOTE*NIC FACILITIES HAVE AT LA/ CAU<T UP ) ,H[>D'S & ,KROPOTK9'S 9TUITIONS4 ,H[>D'S PLAN = CANALIZ+ ! FL[ ( POPULATION1 DIV]T+ IT FROM ! EXI/+ C5T]S TO NEW C5T]S2 HIS PLAN = DEC5TRALIZ+ 9DU/RY & SETT+ UP BO? CITY & 9DU/RY )9 A RURAL MATRIX1 ! :OLE PLANN$ TO A HUMAN SCALE1 IS TE*NOLOGICALLY F> MORE FEASIBLE TODAY ?AN IT WAS 444.<#a#g#e.> 

,KROPOTK9'S [N VISION ( ! FUTURE1 ) 9DU/RY DEC5TRALIZ$1 & ! COMPETITION = M>KETS REPLAC$ BY LOCAL PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION :ILE PEOPLE !MSELVES ALT]NATE BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 IS BE+ REALIZ$ 9 A POLITICAL CLIMATE HE H>DLY =ESAW1 9 ,*9A1 BUT IS EQUALLY 9 H>MONY ) ! PROGRAM ( ! 0,BLUEPR9T = ,SURVIVAL03  
  

,! SCATT]+ ( 9DU/RIES OV] ! C\NTRY -- SO AS TO BR+ ! FACTORY AMID ! FIELDS1 TO MAKE AGRICULTURE D]IVE ALL ?OSE PR(ITS :I* IT ALWAYS F9DS 9 BE+ COMB9$ ) 9DU/RY & TO PRODUCE A COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL ) AGRICULTURAL WORK -- IS SURELY ! NEXT /EP TO BE TAK5 444 ,?IS /EP IS IMPOS$ BY ! NECESSITY = EA* HEAL?Y MAN & WOMAN TO SP5D A P>T ( !IR LIVES 9 MANUAL WORK 9 ! FREE AIR2 & IT WILL BE R5D]$ ! MORE NECESS>Y :5 ! GREAT SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 :I* HAVE N[ BECOME UNAVOIDABLE1 COME TO DI/URB ! PRES5T 9T]NATIONAL TRADE1 & COMPEL EA* NATION TO REV]T TO H] [N RES\RCES = H] [N MA9T5ANCE40.<#a#g#f.>  
  

,! AU?ORS ( ! 0,BLUEPR9T01 HAV+ SET \T !IR ANALYSIS ( ! CRISIS ( POPULATION1 RES\RCES & 5VIRONM5T1 SKET* \T :AT !Y SEE AS A NECESS>Y & DESIRABLE FUTURE = ! HUMAN HABITAT4 ,!Y >GUE = DEC5TRALIZATION ON SEV]AL GR\NDS4 ,!IR FIR/ REASON IS ?AT IT W\LD 0PROMOTE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS 9 :I* PUBLIC OP9ION & FULL PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION-MAK+ BECOME AS F> AS POSSIBLE ! MEANS :]EBY COMMUNITIES >E ORD]$04 ,!IR SECOND REASON IS ?AT1 ON ECOLOGICAL GR\NDS1 !Y =ESEE A RETURN TO DIV]SIFI$ F>M+ 9/EAD ( PRAIRIE-TYPE CROP-GR[+ OR FACTORY-TYPE LIVE/OCK RE>+1 ) PRODUCTION = A LOCAL M>KET & ! RETURN ( DOME/IC SEWAGE TO ! L&1 9 ! SETT+ ( 'A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY ( SMALL COMMUNITIES :]E 9DU/RIES >E SMALL 5\< TO BE RESPONSIVE TO EA* COMMUNITY'S NE$S04 ,?IRDLY1 !Y ?9K IT SIGNIFICANT ?AT 0! DECREAS+ AUTONOMY ( COMMUNITIES & LOCAL REGIONS1 & ! 9CREAS+ C5TRALIZATION ( DECISION-MAK+ & AU?ORITY 9 ! CUMB]SOME BUREAUCRACIES ( ! /ATE1 HAVE BE5 ACCOMPANI$ BY ! RISE ( SELF-CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALISM1 AN 9DIVIDUALISM ?AT FEELS ?REAT5$ UNLESS IT IS H>P$ UPON04 

,!Y SEE ! ACCUMULATION ( MAT]IAL GOODS AS ! ACCOMPANIM5T ( ?IS SELF-CONSCI\S 9DIVIDUALISM 7:AT O!RS W\LD CALL 0PRIVATIZATION07 & BELIEVE ?AT ! REW>DS ( SIGNIFICANT RELATION%IPS & MUTUAL RESPONSIBILITIES 9 A SMALL COMMUNITY WILL PROVIDE AMPLE COMP5SATION = ! DECREAS+ EMPHASIS ON CONSUMPTION :I* WILL BE ESS5TIAL = ! CONS]VATION ( RES\RCES & ! M9IMIZATION ( POLLUTION4 ,!IR F9AL REASON IS ?AT 0TO DEPLOY A POPULATION 9 SMALL T[NS & VILLAGES IS TO R$UCE TO ! M9IMUM ITS IMPACT ON ! 5VIRONM5T4 ,?IS IS BECAUSE ! ACTUAL URBAN SUP]/RUCTURE REQUIR$ P] 9HABITANT GOES UP RADICALLY AS ! SIZE ( ! T[N 9CREASES BEYOND A C]TA9 PO9T40 ,AFFIRM+ ?AT !Y >E NOT PROPOS+ 9W>D-LOOK+1 SELF-OBSESS$1 OR CLOS$ COMMUNITIES1 BUT 9 FACT WANT 0AN EFFICI5T & S5SITIVE COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK BETWE5 ALL COMMUNITIES01 !Y CONCLUDE ) ! SPL5DID DECL>ATION3 0,WE EMPHASIZE ?AT \R GOAL %\LD BE TO CREATE  
COMMUNITY FEEL+ & GLOBAL AW>5ESS1 RA!R ?AN ?AT DANG]\S & /]ILE COMPROMISE :I* IS NATIONALISM40.<#a#g#g.> 

,BUT WILL IT EV] HAPP58 ,WILL ?IS HUMANE & ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/IC VISION ( A WORKABLE FUTURE SIMPLY JO9 ALL ! O!R AN>*ICAL UTOPIAS ( ! PA/8 ,YE>S AGO ,GEORGE ,ORWELL REM>K$3  
  

,IF ONE CONSID]S ! PROBABILITIES ONE IS DRIV5 TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT AN>*ISM IMPLIES A L[ /&>D ( LIV+4 ,IT NE$ NOT IMPLY A HUNGRY OR UNCOM=TABLE WORLD1 BUT IT RULES \T ! K9D ( AIR-CONDITION$1 *ROMIUM-PLAT$1 GADGET-RIDD5 EXI/5CE :I* IS N[ CONSID]$ DESIRABLE & 5LI<T5$4 ,! PROCESSES 9VOLV$ 9 MAK+1 SAY1 AN AIRPLANE >E SO COMPLEX AS TO BE ONLY POSSIBLE 9 A PLANN$1 C5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY 1 ) ALL ! REPRESSIVE APP>ATUS ?AT ?AT IMPLIES4 ,UNLESS !RE IS SOME UNPR$ICTABLE *ANGE 9 HUMAN NATURE1 LIB]TY & EFFICI5CY MU/ PULL 9 OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS4.<#a#g#h.>  
  

,?IS1 FROM ,ORWELL'S PO9T ( VIEW 7HE WAS NOT A LOV] ( LUXURY7 IS NOT 9 ITSELF A CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM1 & HE IS C]TA9LY RI<T 9 ?9K+ ?AT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY W\LD NEV] BUILD ,CONCORDE OR L& M5 ON ! MOON4 ,BUT W]E EI!R ( !SE TE*NOLOGICAL TRIUMPHS EFFICI5T 9 T]MS ( ! RES\RCES P\R$ 9TO !M & ! RESULTS = ! ORD9>Y 9HABITANT ( ?IS PLANET8 ,SIZE & RES\RCES >E TO ! TE*NOLOGI/ :AT P[] IS TO ! POLITICIAN3 HE CAN NEV] HAVE TOO MU* ( !M4 ,A DIFF]5T K9D ( SOCIETY1 ) DIFF]5T PRIORITIES1 W\LD EVOLVE A DIFF]5T TE*NOLOGY3 ITS BASES ALREADY EXI/.<#a#g#i.> & 9 T]MS ( ! TASKS TO BE P]=M$ IT W\LD BE F> MORE 0EFFICI5T0 ?AN EI!R ,WE/]N CAPITALISM OR ,SOVIET /ATE-CAPITALISM4 ,NOT ONLY TE*NOLOGY BUT ALSO ECONOMICS W\LD HAVE TO BE R$EF9$4 ,AS ,KROPOTK9 5VISAG$ IT3 0,POLITICAL ECONOMY T5DS MORE & MORE TO BECOME A SCI5CE DEVOT$ TO ! /UDY ( ! NE$S ( M5 & ( ! MEANS ( SATISFY+ !M ) ! LEA/ POSSIBLE WA/E ( 5]GY1 ?AT IS1 A SORT ( PHYSIOLOGY ( SOCIETY40.<#a#h.> 

,BUT IT IS NOT 9 ! LEA/ LIKELY ?AT /ATES & GOV]NM5TS1 9 EI!R ! RI* OR ! POOR WORLDS WILL1 ( !IR [N VOLITION1 EMB>K ON ! DRA/IC *ANGE ( DIRECTION :I* A CONSID]ATION ( \R PROBABLE FUTURE DEM&S4 ,NECESSITY MAY R$UCE ! RATE ( RES\RCE-CONSUMPTION BUT ! P[]FUL & PRIVILEG$ WILL HANG ON TO !IR %>E -- BO? )9 NATIONS & BETWE5 NATIONS4 ,P[] & PRIVILEGE HAVE NEV] BE5 KN[N TO ABDICATE4 ,?IS IS :Y AN>*ISM IS B\ND TO BE A CALL TO REVOLUTION4 ,BUT :AT K9D ( REVOLUTION8 ,NO?+ HAS BE5 SAID 9 ?IS BOOK AB\T ! TWO GREAT IRRELEVANCIES ( DISCUSSION AB\T AN>*ISM3 ! FALSE ANTI!SES BETWE5 VIOL5CE & NONVIOL5CE & BETWE5 REVOLUTION & RE=M4 ,! MO/ VIOL5T 9/ITUTION 9 \R SOCIETY IS ! /ATE & IT REACTS VIOL5TLY TO EF=TS TO TAKE AWAY ITS P[]4 0,AS ,MALATE/A US$ TO SAY1 Y\ TRY TO DO Y\R ?+ & !Y 9T]V5E1 & !N Y\ >E TO BLAME = ! FI<T ?AT HAPP5S40.<#a#h#a.> ,DOES ?IS MEAN ?AT ! EF=T %\LD NOT BE MADE8 ,A DI/9CTION HAS TO BE MADE BETWE5 ! VIOL5CE ( ! OPPRESSOR & ! RESI/ANCE ( ! OPPRESS$4 

,SIMIL>LY1 !RE IS A DI/9CTION NOT BETWE5 REVOLUTION & RE=M BUT ON ! ONE H& BETWE5 ! K9D ( REVOLUTION :I* 9/ALLS A DIFF]5T GANG ( RUL]S OR ! K9D ( RE=M :I* MAKES OPPRESSION MORE PALATABLE OR MORE EFFICI5T1 & ON ! O!R ?OSE SOCIAL *ANGES1 :E!R REVOLUTION>Y OR RE=MI/1 ?R\< :I* PEOPLE 5L>GE !IR AUTONOMY & R$UCE !IR SUBJECTION TO EXT]NAL AU?ORITY4 

,AN>*ISM 9 ALL ITS GUISES IS AN ASS]TION ( HUMAN DIGNITY & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,IT IS NOT A PROGRAM = POLITICAL *ANGE BUT AN ACT ( SOCIAL SELF-DET]M9ATION4 

.<#a.> ,VACLAV ,C]NY1 0,! ,SOCIALI/IC ,YE> #ahdh & ITS ,H]ITAGE01 ,! ,CRITICAL ,MON?LY1 ,NOS4 #a & #b 7,PRAGUE1 #a#i#d#h74 

.<#b.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 0,LETT] TO ! ,9T]NATIONALI/S ( ! ,ROMAGNA0 #bh ,JANU>Y #ahgb 

.<#c.> ,FABIAN ,TRACT ,NO #d1 ,:AT ,SOCIALISM ,IS 7,LONDON1 #a#h#h#f74 

.<#d.> ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,POLITICAL ,CAPACITY ( ! ,WORK+ ,CLASS 7,P>IS1 #a#h#f#d74 

.<#e.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON1 #a#i#a#b74 

.<#f.> ,! SAME1 ,FR5* $ITION 7,P>IS1 #a#i#a#c7 

.<#g.> ,GEORGE ,B5ELLO1 0,WA/EL& ,CULTURE01 ,\R ,G5]ATION1 ,VOL4 #e1 ,NO4 #b1 7,MONTREAL1 #a#i#f#g7 

.<#h.> ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 0,SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE01 ,WORLD ,REVIEW1 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#a74 

.<#i.> ,F]D ,J ,COOK1 ,! ,W>F>E ,/ATE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#a.> ,MAC,IV] & ,PAGE1 ,SOCIETY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#h74 

.<#a#a.> ,SIMONE ,WEIL1 0,REFLECTIONS ON ,W>01 ,LEFT ,REVIEW1 7,LONDON1 #a#i#c#h74 

.<#a#b.> ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE1 ,! ,/ATE1 ,RESI/ANCE ,PRESS1 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#d#e74 7FIR/ PUBLI%$ #a#i#a#i74 

.<#a#c.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 OP4 CIT4 

.<#a#d.> ,CAMILLO ,B]N51 ,KROPOTK91 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#c74 

.<#a#e.> ,DAVID ,WIECK1 0,! ,HABIT ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION01 ,AN>*Y #ac 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#b71 REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,A ,DECADE ( ,AN>*Y1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#a#f.> ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,LIKE A ,CONQU]$ ,PROV9CE 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#g74 

.<#a#g.> ,V]NON ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#a#h.> ,!ODORE ,DRAP] 9 ,5C\NT]1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#h4 

.<#a#i.> ,FIFTY ,MILLION ,VOLUNTE]S1 ,REPORT ON ! ,ROLE ( ,VOLUNT>Y ,ORGANIZATIONS & ,Y\? 9 ! ,5VIRONM5T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#b.> ,GRAHAM ,:ITEMAN1 0,FE/IVAL ,MOM5T01 ,AN>*Y #a#a#f1 ,OCTOB] #a#i#g4 

.<#b#a.> ,JOHN ,COM]=D1 ,HEAL? ! ,UNKN[N3 ,! ,/ORY ( ! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#g74 ,SEE ALSO ,9NES ,PE>SE & ,LUCY ,CROCK]1 ,! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#c72 ,BIOLOGI/S 9 ,SE>* ( ,MAT]IAL BY ,G4 ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON & ,I4 ,H4 ,PE>SE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#c#h74 

.<#b#b.> ,$W>D ,ALLSWOR? ,ROSS1 ,SOCIAL ,CONTROL 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#a74 

.<#b#c.> ,SEE ,HOM] ,LANE1 ,TALKS TO ,P>5TS & ,TEA*]S 7,LONDON1 #a#i#b#h72 ,W4 ,DAVID ,WILLS1 ,HOM] ,LANE3 A ,BIOGRAPHY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#d72 ,H[>D ,JONES1 ,RELUCTANT ,REBELS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#b#d.> ,AUGU/ ,AI*HORN1 ,WAYW>D ,Y\? 7,LONDON1 #a#i#b#e74 

.<#b#e.> IBID4 

.<#b#f.> ,JOHN ,B]G]1 0,FRE$OM & ! ,CZE*S0 7,NEW ,SOCIETY1 #bi ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#h74 

.<#b#g.> ,H>RY ,S*W>TZ1 ,PRAGUE'S #b ,DAYS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#b#h.> IBID4 

.<#b#i.> ,! ,LI/5]1 #e ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#h4 

.<#c.> ,LADISLAV ,MNACKO1 ,! ,SEV5? ,NI<T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#c#a.> ,S*W>TZ1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#c#b.> ,DANIEL ,GU]91 0,! ,CZE*OSLOVAK ,WORK+ ,CLASS & ! ,RESI/ANCE ,MOVEM5T0 9 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA & ,SOCIALISM 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#c#c.> ,5C\NT]1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#e#g4 

.<#c#d.> ,TAPE-RECORD+ 9 ! ,B,B,C ,S\ND ,>*IVES4 

.<#c#e.> ,ROB]T ,LYON 9 ,PEACE ,NEWS1 #b ,FEBRU>Y #aiei 

.<#c#f.> ,ALAN ,BURGESS 9 ! ,RADIO ,TIMES1 #ac ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#e#i4 

.<#c#g.> ,APP5DIX ,I,I,I ( ,PHILIP ,W9DSOR & ,ADAM ,ROB]TS1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA #aifh 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#c#h.> ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA 7,LONDON1 #a#i#c#h74 

.<#c#i.> ,&Y ,&]SON1 ,HUNG>Y #aief 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#d74 

.<#d.> ,9 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#d#a.> IBID4 ,! BE/ AVAILABLE ACC\NTS 9 ,5GLI% ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE 9 ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION >E 9 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #bND $4 #a#i#h#c7 & ,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,GR& ,CAM\FLAGE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a74 

.<#d#b.> ,R,I,B,A1 ,! ,>*ITECT & ,HIS ,(FICE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#d#c.> ,WALT] ,GROPIUS1 AN ADDRESS GIV5 AT ! ,R,I,B,A1 ,APRIL #a#i#e#f4 

.<#d#d.> ,WILHELM ,REI*1 ,WORK ,DEMOCRACY 9 ,ACTION1 ,ANNALS ( ! ,ORGONE ,9/ITUTE1 ,VOL4 #a1 #a#i#d#d4 

.<#d#e.> IBID4 

.<#d#f.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[1 $IT$ BY ,COL9 ,W>D1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e74 

.<#d#g.> ,RI*>D ,BO/ON 9 ,PEACE ,NEWS1 #bc ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f#b4 

.<#d#h.> ,SIMON ,NI*OLSON1 0,! ,!ORY ( ,LOOSE ,P>TS01 ,BULLET9 ( ,5VIRONM5TAL ,$UCATION1 ,APRIL1 #a#i#g#b4 

.<#d#i.> ,RAYMOND ,PIR?1 ,HUMAN ,TYPES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g74 

.<#e.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,LAW & ,AU?ORITY1 REPR9T$ 9 ,BALDW9 7$471 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#g1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#e#a.> ,JOHN ,MIDDLETON & ,DAVID ,TAIT 7$S71 ,TRIBES )\T ,RUL]S3 ,/UDIES 9 ,AFRICAN ,SEGM5T>Y ,SY/EMS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#e#b.> IBID4 

.<#e#c.> IBID4 

.<#e#d.> ,]NE/ ,GELLN]1 0,H[ TO ,LIVE 9 ,AN>*Y01 ,! ,LI/5]1 #c ,APRIL #a#i#e#h4 

.<#e#e.> ,MIDDLETON & ,TAIT1 OP4CIT4 

.<#e#f.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL1 REPR9T$ 9 ,BALDW91 OP4CIT4 

.<#e#g.> ,W4 ,GRAY ,WALT]1 0,! ,DEVELOPM5T & ,SIGNIFICANCE ( ,CYB]NETICS01 ,AN>*Y #b#e1 ,M>* #a#i#f#c4 

.<#e#h.> ,JOHN ,D4 ,MC,EW91 0,AN>*ISM & ! ,CYB]NETICS ( ,SELF-ORGANIZ+ ,SY/EMS1 ,AN>*Y #c#a1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#c1 REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,A ,DECADE ( ,AN>*Y1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#e#i.> ,DONALD ,S*ON1 ,BEYOND ! ,/ABLE ,/ATE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#a74 

.<#f.> ,M>Y ,D\GLAS 9 ,! ,LI/5]1 #a#i#g#a4 

.<#f#a.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 >TICLE ON ,AN>*ISM WRITT5 9 #aie = ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 #a#a? $ITION4 7,REPR9T$ 9 ,AN>*ISM @& ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM1 ,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#f#b.> ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY IF ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS 7,CLEVEL& #a#i#f#b2 ,LONDON #a#i#f#c74 

.<#f#c.> ,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF QUOT$ 9 ,/EW>T ,$W>DS 7$47 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,PI]RE ,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g74 

.<#f#d.> ,H]B]T ,LUE?Y1 0,HAS ,SWITZ]L& A ,FUTURE801 ,5C\NT]1 ,DECEMB] #a#i#f#b4 

.<#f#e.> ,SEE ,!ODORE ,ROSZAK1 0,! ,CASE = ,LI/5]-SUPPORT$ ,RADIO01 ,AN>*Y #i#c1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#h4 

.<#f#f.> 0,! ,SPIES = ,PEACE ,/ORY01 ,AN>*Y #b#i1 ,JULY #a#i#f#c4 

.<#f#g.> ,PHILIP ,MAIRET1 ,PATRICK ,G$DES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#f#h.> ,T[N & ,C\NTRY ,PLANN+ ,ACT #a#i#f#h1 & ,PEOPLE & ,PLANN+3 ,REPORT ( ! ,COMMITTEE ON ,PUBLIC ,P>TICIPATION 9 ,PLANN+ 7,SKEFF+TON ,REPORT71 7,LONDON3 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#f#i.> ,RAYN] ,BANHAM1 ,PET] ,HALL1 ,PAUL ,B>K] & ,C$RIC ,PRICE1 0,NON-,PLAN3 ,AN ,EXP]IM5T 9 ,FRE$OM01 ,NEW ,SOCIETY1 #b ,M>* #a#i#f#i4 

.<#g.> ,RI*>D ,S5NETT1 ,! ,USES ( ,DISORD]3 ,P]SONAL ,ID5TITY & ,CITY ,LIFE 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g2 ,LONDON1 #a#i#g#a74 

.<#g#a.> IBID4 

.<#g#b.> ,IOAN ,B[5 ,REES1 ,GOV]NM5T BY ,COMMUNITY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#a7 

.<#g#c.> ,WALT] ,ULLMANN1 ,PR9CIPLES ( ,GOV]NM5T & ,POLITICS 9 ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a1 #a#i#f#f74 

.<#g#d.> ,TOM ,PA9E1 ,! ,RI<TS ( ,MAN4 ,PT ,I,I4 ,*4 #a4 

.<#g#e.> ,/AU<TON ,LYND1 ,9TELLECTUAL ,ORIG9S IF ,AM]ICAN ,RADICALISM 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#h2 ,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#g#f.> ,PR(4 ,COL9 ,BU*ANAN1 REPORT$ 9 ,! ,SUNDAY ,TIMES1 #be ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#f#f4 

.<#g#g.> ,%]RY ,R4 ,>N/E91 0,A ,LADD] ( ,CITIZ5 ,P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,U,S,A01 ,J\RNAL ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,9/ITUTE ( ,PLANN]S1 ,JULY #aifi & ,J\RNAL ( ! ,ROYAL ,T[N ,PLANN+ ,9/ITUTE1 ,APRIL #a#i#g#a4 

.<#g#h.> ,N4 ,J4 ,HABRAK51 ,SUPPORTS3 AN ,ALT]NATIVE TO ,MASS ,H\S+ 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b7 

.<#g#i.> ,JOHN ,TURN] & ,ROB]T ,FI*T] 7$S71 ,FRE$OM TO ,BUILD3 ,DWELL] ,CONTROL ( ,H\S+ ,PROCESS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#h.> ,B>B>A ,W>D1 ,POOR ,WORLD ,CITIES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g74 

.<#h#a.> ,WILLIAM ,P4 ,MANG9 & ,JOHN ,C4 ,TURN]1 0,B5AVIDES & ! ,B>RIADA ,MOVEM5T0 9 ,PAUL ,OLIV] 7$47 ,%ELT] & ,SOCIETY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#i74 

.<#h#b.> IBID4 

.<#h#c.> IBID4 

.<#h#d.> ,COL9 ,W>D1 0,! ,PEOPLE ,ACT01 ,FRE$OM1 ,VOL4 #g1 ,NO4 #b#b1 #bd ,AUGU/ #aidf 

.<#h#e.> 0,! ,SQUATT]S 9 ,W9T]01 ,NEWS ,*RONICLE1 #ad ,JANU>Y #a#i#d#g4 

.<#h#f.> ,NICOLAS ,WALT]1 0,! ,NEW ,SQUATT]S01 ,AN>*Y1 ,VOL #i1 ,NO4 #a#b1 ,AUGU/ #a#i#f#i1 REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,A ,DECADE ( ,AN>*Y1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#h#g.> ,&REW ,GILM\R1 ,! ,SALE IF ,C\NCIL ,H\SES 9 ,OSLO 7,$9BUR<1 #a#i#g#a7 ,= A FULL] PRES5TATION ( ! CASE = T5ANT CONTROL SEE ,COL9 ,W>D1 0,T5ANTS ,TAKE ,OV]0 7,AN>*Y #h#c1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#f#h74 

.<#h#h.> ,IAN ,DUNN1 0,GAY ,LIB]ATION 9 ,SCOTL&01 ,SCOTTI% ,9T]NATIONAL ,REVIEW1 ,M>* #a#i#g#b4 

.<#h#i.> ,JOHN ,ELL]BY1 0,! ,AN>*ISM ( ,ALEX ,COM=T01 ,AN>*Y #c#c1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#c4 

.<#i.> ,$MUND ,LEA*1 ,A ,RUNAWAY ,WORLD 7,B,B,C ,REI? ,LECTURES1 #a#i#f#g74 

.<#i#a.> ,JACQUETTA ,HAWKES 9 ,! ,HUMAN ,SUM 7$47 ,C4,H4 ,ROLPH 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#g74 

.<#i#b.> ,JOHN ,H>TWELL 9 ,KIDS ,NO4 #a1 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#g#b4 

.<#i#c.> ,PAUL & ,JEAN ,RITT]1 ,! ,FREE ,FAMILY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#i#d.> ,T$DY ,GOLD1 0,! ,MULTIPLE ,FAMILY ,H\S+ ,UNIT01 ,AN>*Y #c#e1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#f#d4 

.<#i#e.> ,FRANK ,MAC,K9NON1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,$UCATION 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a74 

.<#i#f.> ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,! ,CONDITION ( ,MAN 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#d74 

.<#i#g.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c74 

.<#i#h.> ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE 7,NEW ,YORK #a#i#a#f1 #a#i#g74 

.<#i#i.> IBID4 

.<#a.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,! ,5QUIR] 7,LONDON1 #a#g#i#g74 

.<#a#a.> 0,A ,S*OOL ! ,*ILDR5 ,WON'T ,LEAVE01 ,PICTURE ,PO/1 #d ,NOVEMB] #a#i#d#d4 ,! ,/ORY ( ,PRE/OLEE ,S*OOL IS TOLD 9 ,G]>D ,HOLMES1 ,! ,IDIOT ,TEA*] 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#b74 

.<#a#b.> ,! ,TEA*]1 #h ,APRIL #a#i#g#b4 

.<#a#c.> ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,COMPULSORY ,MIS$UCATION 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#d2 ,LONDON #a#i#g#a74 

.<#a#d.> ,G]ALD ,BR5AN1 ,! ,LIT]ATURE ( ! ,SPANI% ,PEOPLE 7,CAMBRIDGE1 #a#i#e#a74 

.<#a#e.> ,PATRICK ,G$DES1 ,CITIES 9 ,EVOLUTION 7,LONDON1 #a#i#a#e74 

.<#a#f.> ,AGNETE ,VE/]EG 9 ,LADY ,ALL5 ( ,HURTWOOD1 ,ADV5TURE ,PLAYGR\NDS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#i74 

.<#a#g.> ,SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ,JOE ,B5JAM91 ,9 ,SE>* ( ,ADV5TURE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#d7 & ,>VID ,B5GTSSON1 ,ADV5TURE ,PLAYGR\NDS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#h.> ,JOHN ,LAGEMANN1 0,! ,Y>D0 9 ,ALL51 OP4 CIT4 

.<#a#i.> ,! ,TIMES ,$UCATIONAL ,SUPPLEM5T1 #a#i#e#h4 

.<#a#a.> ,PET] ,WILLMOTT1 ,! ,EVOLUTION ( A ,COMMUNITY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#a#a#a.> ,J4 ,B]ES=D-,ELLIS 9 ,DESIGN ,MAGAZ9E1 ,JUNE #a#i#f#c4 

.<#a#a#b.> ,DANIEL ,BELL1 ,WORK & ,ITS ,DISCONT5TS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#f#a74 

.<#a#a#c.> ,JAMES ,J4 ,COX 9 ,W4 ,R4 ,WILLIAMS 7$47 ,RECREATION ,PLACES 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#a#d.> ,AN?ONY ,CROSL& 9 ,! ,OBS]V]1 #e ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#h4 

.<#a#a#e.> ,BRANKO ,PRIBICEVIC1 ,! ,%OP ,/EW>DS' ,MOVEM5T & ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL #a#i#a#b-#a#i#b#b 7,OX=D1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#a#a#f.> ,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D1 0,APPROA*ES TO ,9DU/RIAL ,DEMOCRACY01 ,AN>*Y #b1 ,APRIL #a#i#f#a4 

.<#a#a#g.> ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN1 ,DECISION-,MAK+ & ,PRODUCTIVITY 7,OX=D1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#a#h.> ,REG ,WRI<T1 0,! ,GANG ,SY/EM 9 ,COV5TRY0 ,AN>*Y #b1 ,APRIL #a#i#f#a1 REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,A ,DECADE ( ,AN>*Y1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#a#a#i.> ,DAVID ,D\GLASS1 ,PIT ,LIFE 9 ,DURHAM 7,OX=D1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#b.> ,P4 ,G4 ,H]B/1 ,AUTONOM\S ,GR\P ,FUNCTION+ 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#a#b#a.> ,TRI/1 ,HIGG91 ,MURRAY & ,POLLACK1 ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,*OICE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#c74 

.<#a#b#b.> ,H]B/1 OP4 CIT4 

.<#a#b#c.> ,KEI? ,PATON1 0,WORK & ,SUPLUS01 ,AN>*Y #a#a#h1 #a#i#g1 REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,A ,DECADE ( ,AN>*Y1 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#a#b#d.> IBID4 ,KEI? ,PATON'S R$EPLOYM5T ( ! C> FACTORY IS REPR9T$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D1 ,WORK 7,H>MONDSWOR?1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#b#e.> ,PAUL & ,P]CIVAL ,GOODMAN1 ,COMMUNITAS 7,*ICAGO1 #a#i#d#g74 

.<#a#b#f.> ,F]DYN& ,ZWEIG1 ,! ,WORK] 9 AN ,AFFLU5T ,SOCIETY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a74 

.<#a#b#g.> ,KEI? ,PATON1 ,! ,RI<T TO ,WORK OR ! ,FI<T TO ,LIVE8 7,/OKE-ON-,TR5T1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#b#h.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,! ,/ATE3 ,ITS ,HI/ORIC ,ROLE 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#g74 

.<#a#b#i.> ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS1 0,W> & ,SOCIAL ,POLICY0 9 HIS ,ESSAYS ON 0,! ,WELF>E ,/ATE0 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#c.> IBID4 

.<#a#c#a.> ,C4 ,F4 ,MA/]MAN QUOT$ BY ,HEA!R ,WOOLM]1 0,)9 ! ,FR+E01 ,T[N & ,C\NTRY ,PLANN+1 ,JUNE #a#i#g#b4 

.<#a#c#b.> IBID4 

.<#a#c#c.> ,JOHN ,B[LBY1 ,MAT]NAL ,C>E & ,M5TAL ,HEAL? 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#b74 

.<#a#c#d.> ,A%LEY ,MONTAGU1 ,! ,DIRECTION IF ,HUMAN ,DEVELOPM5T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#g74 

.<#a#c#e.> ,! ,LANCET1 #bb ,APRIL #a#i#f#a4 

.<#a#c#f.> ,! ,TIMES1 #bd ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#f4 

.<#a#c#g.> ,NORMAN ,MORRIS AT ,ROYAL ,SOCIETY ( ,HEAL? ,CONGRESS1 #bi ,APRIL #a#i#f#a4 

.<#a#c#h.> ,B[LBY1 OP4CIT4 ,SEE ALSO ,K+S1 ,RAYNES & ,TIZ>D1 ,PATT]NS ( ,RESID5TIAL ,C>E 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#c#i.> ,I[A ,*ILD ,RESE>* ,/ATION1 #a#i#c#h4 

.<#a#d.> ,DORO?Y ,BURL+HAM & ,ANNA ,FREUD1 ,9FANTS ,)\T ,FAMILIES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#d7 4 

.<#a#d#a.> ,M>G>ET ,NEVILLE ,HILL1 ,AN ,APPROA* TO ,OLD ,AGE & ITS ,PROBLEMS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f74 

.<#a#d#b.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,PRISONS & !IR ,MORAL ,9FLU5CE ON ,PRISON]S 7#a#h#h#g7 REPR9T$ 9 ,BALDW9 7$471 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#b#g1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#d#c.> ,J4 ,B4 ,M>T91 ,A ,PANE ( ,GLASS 7,LONDON #a#i#f74 

.<#a#d#d.> ,HILLI>D & ,MUNDAY1 0,DIAGNO/IC ,PROBLEMS 9 ! ,FEEBLE-,M9D$01 ,! ,LANCET 7#b#e ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#d74 

.<#a#d#e.> ,DR ,WADSWOR?1 ,M$ICAL ,SUP]9T5D5T AT ,*EADLE ,ROYAL ,HOSPITAL4 

.<#a#d#f.> ,P,E,P1 ,COMMUNITY ,M5TAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f74 

.<#a#d#g.> ,DR ,JO%UA ,BI]] AT ! #aif CONF]5CE ( ! ,WORLD ,F$]ATION ( ,M5TAL ,HEAL?4 

.<#a#d#h.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c74 

.<#a#d#i.> ,KROPOTK91 OP4CIT4 

.<#a#e.> ,BRUNO ,BETTELHEIM1 ,! ,9=M$ ,HE>T 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g74 

.<#a#e#a.> IBID4 

.<#a#e#b.> ,RUSSELL ,B>TON1 ,9/ITUTIONAL ,NEUROSIS 7,BRI/OL1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#a#e#c.> ,F5N] ,BROCKWAY 7) ,/EPH5 ,HOBH\SE71 ,5GLI% ,PRISONS ,TODAY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#b#a74 

.<#a#e#d.> ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS1 0,! ,HOSPITAL & ,ITS ,PATI5TS' 9 HIS ,ESSAYS ON 0,! ,WELF>E ,/ATE0 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#e#e.> ,JOHN ,VAIZEY1 ,SC5ES FROM ,9/ITUTIONAL ,LIFE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#a#e#f.> ,H4 VON ,H5TIG1 ,! ,CRIM9AL & ,HIS ,VICTIM 7,YALE1 #a#i#d#h74 

.<#a#e#g.> ,BRIAN ,ABEL-,SMI?1 0,:OSE ,WELF>E ,/ATE80 9 ,CONVICTION 7,LONDON #a#i#e#h74 

.<#a#e#h.> ,R,A,P1 ,! ,CASE = ,RADICAL ,ALT]NATIVES TO ,PRISON 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#a74 

.<#a#e#i.> ,TONY ,G\LD & ,JOE ,K5YON1 ,/ORIES FROM ! ,DOLE ,QUEUE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#f.> ,ANNA ,COOTE1 0,! NEW ,AGGRO AT ! ,SOCIAL ,SECURITY ,(FICE01 ,EV5+ ,/&>D1 #ag ,APRIL #a#i#g#b4 

.<#a#f#a.> ,H4 ,P4 ,FAIR*ILD1 ,DICTION>Y ( ,SOCIOLOGY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#i74 

.<#a#f#b.> ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7,LONDON1 #a#g#i#c74 

.<#a#f#c.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,PRISONS & !IR ,MORAL ,9FLU5CE ON ,PRISON]S1 #a#h#g#g1 REPR9T$ 9 ,BALDW9 7$47 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS 7,NEW ,YORK #a#i#b#g1 #a#i#f#h74 

.<#a#f#d.> ,T4 ,B4 ,BOTTOMORE1 ,SOCIOLOGY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#b74 

.<#a#f#e.> ,OGBURN & ,NIMK(F1 ,A ,H&BOOK ( ,SOCIOLOGY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#c74 

.<#a#f#f.> ,JANE ,JACOBS1 ,! ,DEA? & ,LIFE ( ,GREAT ,AM]ICAN ,CITIES 7,LONDON1 #a#i#f#a7 4 

.<#a#f#g.> IBID4 

.<#a#f#h.> ,V]NON ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e74 

.<#a#f#i.> ,PAUL ,REIWALD1 ,SOCIETY & ,ITS ,CRIM9ALS 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#i74 

.<#a#g.> ,RU? ,S4 ,EISSL] 9 ,SE>*LI<TS ON ,DEL9QU5CY 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#i74 

.<#a#g#a.> ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ,FROM ! ,O!R ,%ORE 7,LONDON1 #a#i#e#f74 

.<#a#g#b.> ,K5NE? ,BURKE1 0,RECIPE = ,PROSP]ITY01 ,! ,NATION1 #h ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#e#f4 

.<#a#g#c.> 0,BLUEPR9T = ,SURVIVAL01 ,! ,ECOLOGI/1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#g#b4 

.<#a#g#d.> ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS1 ,NEWS FROM ,NO:]E 7,LONDON1 #a#h#i#b74 

.<#a#g#e.> ,LEWIS ,MUM=D1 ,9TRODUCTION TO ! PO/W> $ITION ( ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D1 ,G>D5 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[ 7,LONDON1 #a#i#d#e74 

.<#a#g#f.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS ,TOMORR[1 $4 BY ,COL9 ,W>D 7,LONDON1 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#e74 

.<#a#g#g.> 0,BLUEPR9T = ,SURVIVAL01 ,! ,ECOLOGI/1 ,JANU>Y #a#i#g#b4 

.<#a#g#h.> ,GEORGE ,ORWELL 9 ,POETRY ,QU>T]LY1 ,AUTUMN #a#i#d#e4 

.<#a#g#i.> ,SEE ,COL9 ,W>D1 0,H>NESS+ ! ,SUN01 ,FRE$OM #bc ,M>* #a#i#e#g2 0,H>NESS+ ! ,W9D01 ,FRE$OM1 #ac ,JULY #a#i#e#g2 0,P[] FROM ! ,SEA01 ,FRE$OM1 #a ,M>* #a#i#e#h2 ,LEWIS ,H]B]1 0,ECOLOGY & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,?\<T01 ,AN>*Y #f#i1 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#f#f2 0,T[>DS A ,LIB]ATORY ,TE*NOLOGY01 ,AN>*Y #g#h1 ,AUGU/ #aifg - BO? ! LATT] >E REPR9T$ 9 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,B]KELEY1 ,CAL4 #a#i#g#a74 ,SEE ALSO ,VICTOR ,PAPANEK1 ,DESIGN = ! ,REAL ,WORLD 7,LONDON1 #a#i#g#b74 

.<#a#h.> ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 OP4CIT4 

.<#a#h#a.> ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,LITTLE ,PRAY]S & ,F9ITE ,EXP]I5CES 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#i#g#b74 

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