,*APT] #f - ,:O ,IS ,TO ,PLAN8 

#aiifaiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,V,I4 ,:O ,IS ,TO ,PLAN8 

  
  

,URBAN DEVELOPM5T IS ! CAPITALI/ DEF9ITION ( SPACE4 ,IT IS ONE P>TICUL> REALIZATION ( ! TE*NICALLY POSSIBLE1 & IT EXCLUDES ALL ALT]NATIVES4 ,URBAN /UDIES %\LD BE SE5 -- LIKE ES!TICS1 :OSE PA? TO COMPLETE CONFUSION !Y >E AB\T TO FOLL[ -- AS A RA!R NEGLECT$ TYPE ( P5AL RE=M3 AN EPIDEMIOLOGY ( ! SOCIAL DISEASE CALL$ REVOLT4 

,! 0!ORY0 ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T SEEKS TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( ITS VICTIMS1 TO P]SUADE !M ?AT !Y HAVE REALLY *OS5 ! BUREAUCRATIC =M ( CONDITION+ EXPRESS$ BY MODEM >*ITECTURE4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ALL ! EMPHASIS IS PLAC$ ON UTILITY1 ! BETT] TO HIDE ! FACT ?AT ?IS >*ITECTURE'S REAL UTILITY IS TO CONTROL M5 & REIFY ! RELATIONS BETWE5 !M4 ,PEOPLE NE$ A RO( OV] !IR HEADS3 SUP]BLOCKS PROVIDE IT4 ,PEOPLE NE$ 9=M+ & 5T]TA9+3 TELLY DOES JU/ ?AT4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! K9D ( 9=MATION1 5T]TA9M5T & PLACE TO LIVE :I* SU* >GUM5TS HELP SELL >E NOT CREAT$ = PEOPLE AT ALL1 BUT RA!R )\T !M & AGA9/ !M4  
  
  

,KOTANYI & ,VANEIGEM1 ,!SES ON ,UNIT>Y ,URBANISM 

,CONTEMPOR>Y T[N PLANN+ HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! SANIT>Y RE=M & PUBLIC HEAL? MOVEM5TS ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 OV]LAID BY >*ITECTURAL NOTIONS AB\T CIVIC DESIGN1 ECONOMIC NOTIONS AB\T ! LOCATION ( 9DU/RY1 & ABOVE ALL BY 5G9E]+ NOTIONS AB\T HI<WAY PLANN+4 ,TODAY1 :5 !RE >E CLOSE L9KS BETWE5 (FICIAL PLANN]S & SPECULATIVE DEVELOP]S1 TO ! CORRUPTION ( ! =M] & ! 5RI*M5T ( ! LATT]1 WE =GET ?AT !RE WAS ALSO1 9 ! E>LY IDEOLOGI/S ( T[N PLANN+ LIKE ,PATRICK ,G$DES & ,EB5EZ] ,H[>D1 ! HOPE ( A GREAT POPUL> MOVEM5T = T[N IMPROVEM5T & CITY DEVELOPM5T1 & = A REGIONALI/ & DEC5TRALI/ APPROA* TO PHYSICAL PLANN+4 ,!RE WAS EV5 A L9K ) AN>*ISM ?R\< ! P]SONS ( AN>*I/ GEOGRAPH]S LIKE ,KROPOTK9 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS & !IR FRI5D%IP ) ,PATRICK ,G$DES 7:OSE BIOGRAPH] WRITES3 0AN 9T]E/+ BOOK C\LD BE WRITT5 AB\T ! SCI5TIFIC ORIG9S ( ! 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & IF IT W]E1 ! NAME ( ,G$DES W\LD NOT BE ABS5T047.<#f#g.> 

,BUT1 9 A SOCIETY :]E URBAN L& & ITS DEVELOPM5T >E 9 ! H&S ( SPECULATIVE 5TREPR5EURS & :]E ! P[]S ( URBAN 9ITIATIVE >E 9 ! H&S ( LOCAL & NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 IT WAS 9EVITABLE ?AT ! PROCESSES ( *ANGE & 9NOVATION %\LD BE CONTROLL$ BY BUREAUCRACIES & SPECULATORS OR BY AN ALLIANCE BETWE5 ! TWO4 ,) NOT ! SLI<TE/ PROVISION = POPUL> 9ITIATIVE & *OICE 9 ! :OLE PLANN+ PROCESS IT IS SC>CELY SURPRIS+ ?AT ! CITIZ5 MI/RU/S & FE>S ! 0PLANN]0 :O = HIM IS JU/ ONE MORE MUNICIPAL FUNCTION>Y WORK+ 9 SECRECY 9 ,CITY ,HALL4 

,:5 ! POOR WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS ( \R CITIES W]E DEVA/AT$ BY BOMB+ 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> IT WAS SAID ?AT ,HITL] HAD PROVID$ ! OPPORTUNITY = MASSIVE SLUM CLE>ANCE & RECON/RUCTION :I* C\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 A*IEV$ 9 PEACE-TIME4 ,COMPREH5SIVE R$EVELOPM5T ( ! BOMB$ >EAS WAS UND]TAK54 ,BUT SO W$D$ WAS ! PLANN+ PR(ESSION & ITS MUNICIPAL EMPLOY]S TO ! HUGE1 UTILIT>IAN REH\S+ PROJECT ?AT !Y PROCE$$ ) !IR [N BLITZKRIEG1 ) ! DEMOLITION CONTRACTOR TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! BOMB]4 

0,RAZE & RISE0 WAS !IR CRUDE PHILOSOPHY1 A T]RIBLE SIMPLIFICATION ( ! HI/ORICAL PROCESS ( URBAN DECAY & R5EWAL1 AS ?\< ! 9T5TION WAS TO OBLIT]ATE ! FACT ?AT \R CITIES HAD A PA/4 ,& IT WAS PURSU$ ) ! ?OR\<NESS ( TOTAL W>1 AS Y\ CAN SEE ) SURREALI/ CL>ITY 9 A CITY LIKE ,LIV]POOL :]E HUNDR$S ( ACRES HAVE BE5 DEVA/ATE :ILE NEI!R ! ,CORPORATION NOR ANYONE ELSE HAS ! F9ANCE = REBUILD+4 ,!Y EI!R S[ GRASS ON ! FLATT5$ /REETS OR DEPOSIT RUBBLE TO KEEP \T ! ,GYPSIES4 ,ANO!R ASPECT ( ! W> ( PLANN+ AGA9/ ! POOR HAS BE5 ! UNIV]SAL POLICY ( BUILD+ 9N] R+ ROADS OR URBAN MOTORWAYS = ! B5EFIT ( ! \T-(-T[N COMMUT] & ! MOTOR+ LOBBY4 ,! HI<WAY 5G9E] HAS /AK$ HIS PR(ESSIONAL REPUTATION ON GETT+ ! TRAFFIC ?R\< -- AT :ATEV] CO/ -- &1 NE$LESS TO SAY1 IT IS ! POOR DI/RICTS ( ! CITY ?AT PROVIDE ! *EAPE/ R\TE4 

,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES SIMIL> POLICIES ( URBAN R5EWAL HAVE MEANT ! DE/RUCTION ( ! RUN-D[N1 TOP-D[N SECTOR ( T[N TO REPLACE L[-9COME H\S+ BY (FICE BLOCKS1 P>K+ LOTS OR EXP5SIVE AP>TM5TS AT HI< R5TS4 ,9 PRACTICE1 0BR++ BACK LIFE TO ! CITY0 MEANT 0RUNN+ ! ,BLACKS \T ( T[N04 ,:AT HAPP5$ TO ! 9HABITANTS UNABLE TO AF=D ! NEW HI< R5TS8 ,OBVI\SLY !Y W]E SQUEEZ$ 9TO ! REMA9+ RUN-D[N DI/RICTS1 ?US 9CREAS+ !IR H\S+ PROBLEMS4 ,! RESULT1 AP>T FROM ! LONG1 HOT SUMM]S ( ! LATE #a#i#fS1 WAS A REVULSION AGA9/ ! IDEA ( 0PLANN+01 & ! GR[? ( ! IDEA ( ! PLANN]1 NOT AS ! S]VANT ( ! P[]FUL 9T]E/S ?AT GOV]N ! CITY BUT AS ! ADVOCATE ( ! 9HABITANTS1 TO HELP !M =MULATE !IR [N PLAN1 OR AT LEA/ !IR [N DEM&S ON ,CITY ,HALL4 

,! SAME LOSS ( FAI? 9 0PLANN+0 L$ TO ! PROVISIONS 9 CURR5T ,BRITI% LEGISLATION = 0PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+04.<#f#h.> ,SO =EIGN >E !SE MILDLY DEMOCRATIC NOTIONS TO ! WAY ?+S >E ACTUALLY MANAG$ 9 A =MALLY DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY ?AT MANY ( ! E>LY ATTEMPTS AT PROMOT+ 0ADVOCACY PLANN+0 HAVE BE5 SE5 AS YET ANO!R SUBTLE =M ( MANIPULATION1 ( GA9+ A COMMUNITY'S ACQUIESC5CE 9 ITS [N DE/RUCTION1 :ILE 9 ,BRITA9 ! PLANN+ PR(ESSION'S 9T]PRETATION ( PUBLIC P>TICIPATION HAS SIMPLY MEANT 9=M+ ! PUBLIC ( :AT IS 9 /ORE ONCE ! BASIC DECISIONS HAVE ALREADY BE5 TAK54 ,9 URBAN REH\S+ ! PLANN]S CONGRATULATE !MSELVES ON AB&ON+ ! 9HUMAN & GROSSLY UNECONOMIC T[] BLOCK H\S+ POLICY ONLY TO 9/ITUTE URBAN REHABILITATION POLICIES :I* 9 PRACTICE HAVE MEANT ?AT L&LORDS1 AID$ BY GOV]NM5T GRANTS1 HAVE REHABILITAT$ !IR PROP]TY1 0W9KL$ \T0 ! ORIG9AL T5ANTS & EI!R LET ! IMPROV$ PROP]TIES AT MIDDLE-CLASS R5TS OR SOLD !M TO MIDDLE-CLASS PUR*AS]S4 ,!IR =M] T5ANTS >E ADD$ TO ! NUMB]S ( OV]CR[D$ OR HOMELESS CITY DWELL]S1 COMPELL$ BY !IR L[ 9COMES TO BE ! SUP]FLU\S PEOPLE1 ! NON-CITIZ5S ( ! CITY :O MAN ITS ESS5TIAL S]VICES AT 9COMES ?AT DO NOT ALL[ !M TO LIVE !RE ABOVE ! SQUALOR LEVEL4 

,PLANN+1 ! ESS5TIAL GRID ( AN ORD]$ SOCIETY :I*1 IT IS SAID1 MAKES AN>*Y 0AN IMPOSSIBLE DREAM01 TURNS \T TO BE YET ANO!R WAY 9 :I* ! RI* & P[]FUL OPPRESS & H>ASS ! WEAK & POOR4 ,! DISILLUSIONM5T ) PLANN+ AS A PLAUSIBLE ACTIVITY HAS L$ TO QUITE S]I\S SUGGE/IONS ?AT WE W\LD BE BETT] (F )\T IT1 NOT M]ELY1 AS W\LD BE PR$ICTABLE1 FROM ! FREE M>KET 5TREPR5EURS1 RES5T+ ANY LIMITATION ON !IR SACR$ RI<T TO MAKE MAXIMUM PR(ITS1 BUT FROM 9VOLV$ PR(ESSIONALS4 ,ONE SU* GR\P 9 ,BRITA9 FLEW A KITE LABEL$ 0,NON-,PLAN3 ,AN ,EXP]IM5T 9 ,FRE$OM04 ,:Y NOT HAVE ! C\RAGE1 !Y ASK$1 TO LET PEOPLE %APE !IR [N 5VIRONM5T8 ,& !Y DECL>$ ?AT3  
  

,! :OLE CONCEPT ( PLANN+ 7! T[N & C\NTRY K9D AT LEA/7 HAS GONE COCK-EY$4 ,:AT WE HAVE TODAY REPRES5TS A :OLE CUMULATION ( GOOD 9T5TIONS4 ,& :AT ?OSE GOOD 9T5TIONS >E WOR?1 WE HAVE ALMO/ NO WAY ( KN[+ 444 ,AS ,MELV9 ,WEBB] HAS PO9T$ \T3 PLANN+ IS ! ONLY BRAN* ( KN[L$GE PURPORT+ TO BE A SCI5CE :I* REG>DS A PLAN AS BE+ FULFILL$ :5 IT IS M]ELY COMPLET$2 !RE'S SELDOM ANY SORT ( *ECK ON :E!R ! PLAN ACTUALLY DOES :AT IT WAS MEANT TO DO1 & :E!R1 IF IT DOES SOME?+ DIFF]5T1 ?IS IS = ! BETT] OR = ! WORSE4.<#f#i.>  
  

,!Y ILLU/RATE ?IS ) EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 :I* MANY ( ! ASPECTS ( ! PHYSICAL 5VIRONM5T ?AT WE ADMIRE TODAY W]E DEVELOP$ = ABSOLUTELY DIFF]5T REASONS1 :I* ! PLANN] NEV] =ESAW4 ,MO/ PLANN+1 !Y DECL>E1 IS >I/OCRATIC OR OLIG>*ICAL 9 ITS ME?ODS4 ,AT A DEEP] LEVEL ,RI*>D ,S5NETT HAS WRITT5 A BOOK1 ,! ,USES ( ,DISORD]1 :I* L$ ONE CRITIC TO DECL>E ?AT 0) ?IS BOOK ! PROCESS ( R$EF9+ N9ETE5?-C5TURY AN>*ISM = ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS BEGUN04 ,SEV]AL DIFF]5T ?READS ( ?\<T >E WOV5 TOGE!R 9 ,S5NETT'S /UDY ( 0P]SONAL ID5TITY & CITY LIFE04 ,! FIR/ IS A NOTION ?AT HE D]IVES FROM ! PSY*OLOGI/ ,]IK ,]IKSON ?AT 9 ADOLESC5CE M5 SEEK A PURIFI$ ID5TITY TO ESCAPE FROM UNC]TA9TY & PA9 & ?AT TRUE ADUL?OOD IS F\ND 9 ! ACCEPTANCE ( DIV]SITY & DISORD]4 ,! SECOND IS ?AT MOD]N ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY FREEZES M5 9 ! ADOLESC5T PO/URE -- A GROSS SIMPLIFICATION ( URBAN LIFE 9 :I*1 :5 RI* 5\<1 PEOPLE ESCAPE FROM ! COMPLEXITY ( ! CITY1 ) ITS PROBLEMS ( CULTURAL DIV]SITY & 9COME DISP>ITY1 TO PRIVATE FAMILY CIRCLES ( SECURITY 9 ! SUBURBS -- ! PURIFI$ COMMUNITY4 ,! ?IRD IS ?AT CITY PLANN+ AS IT HAS BE5 CONCEIV$ 9 ! PA/ -- ) TE*NIQUES LIKE ZON+ & ! ELIM9ATION ( 0NON-CON=M+ US]S0 -- HAS ABETT$ ?IS PROCESS1 ESPECIALLY BY PROJECT+ TR5DS 9TO ! FUTURE AS A BASIS = PRES5T 5]GY & EXP5DITURE4  
  

,?IS MEANS GUESS+ ! FUTURE PHYSICAL & SOCIAL REQUIREM5TS ( A COMMUNITY OR CITY & !N BAS+ PRES5T SP5D+ & 5]GY SO AS TO A*IEVE A READ9ESS = ! PROJECT$ FUTURE /ATE4 ,9 PLANN+ S*OOLS1 BEG9N+ /UD5TS USUALLY >GUE ?AT PEOPLE'S LIVES 9 TIME >E W&]+ & UNPR$ICTABLE1 ?AT SOCIETIES HAVE A HI/ORY 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y DO :AT WAS NOT EXPECT$ ( !M1 SO ?AT ?IS DEVICE IS MISLEAD+4 ,PLANN+ TEA*]S USUALLY REPLY ?AT ( C\RSE ! PROJECT$ NE$ W\LD BE ALT]$ BY PRACTICAL OBJECTIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( BE+ WORK$ \T2 ! PROJECTIVE-NE$ ANALYSIS IS A PATT]N ( IDEAL CONDITIONS RA!R ?AN A FIX$ PRESCRIPTION4 

,BUT ! FACTS ( PLANN+ 9 ! LA/ FEW YE>S HAVE %[N ?AT ?IS DISCLAIM] ON ! P>T ( PLANN]S IS SOME?+ ?AT !Y DO NOT REALLY MEAN4 ,PR(ESSIONAL PLANN]S ( HI<WAYS1 ( R$EVELOPM5T H\S+1 ( 9N]-CITY R5EWAL PROJECTS HAVE TREAT$ *ALL5GES FROM DISPLAC$ COMMUNITIES OR COMMUNITY GR\PS AS A ?REAT TO ! VALUE ( !IR PLANS RA!R ?AN AS A NATURAL P>T ( ! EF=T AT SOCIAL RECON/RUCTION4 ,OV] & OV] AGA9 ONE CAN HE> 9 PLANN+ CIRCLES A FE> EXPRESS$ :5 ! HUMAN BE+S AFFECT$ BY PLANN+ *ANGES BECOME EV5 SLI<TLY 9T]E/$ 9 ! REM$IES PROPOS$ = !IR LIVES4 0,9T]F]5CE01 0BLOCK+01 & 0'9T]RUPTION ( WORK0 -- !SE >E ! T]MS BY :I* SOCIAL *ALL5GES OR DIV]G5CES FROM ! PLANN]S' PROJECTIONS >E 9T]PRET$4 ,:AT HAS REALLY HAPP5$ IS ?AT ! PLANN]S HAVE WANT$ TO TAKE ! PLAN1 ! PROJECTION 9 ADVANCE1 AS MORE 0TRUE80 ?AN ! HI/ORICAL TURNS1 ! UN=ESE5 MOVEM5TS 9 ! REAL TIME ( HUMAN LIVES4.<#g.>  
  

,HIS PRESCRIPTION = OV]COM+ ! CRISIS ( ,AM]ICAN CITIES IS A REV]SAL ( !SE TR5DS1 A MOVE = 0\TGR[+ A PURIFI$ ID5TITY04 ,HE WANTS CITIES :]E PEOPLE >E =C$ TO CONFRONT EA* O!R3 0,!RE W\LD BE NO POLIC+1 NOR ANY O!R =M ( C5TRAL CONTROL1 ( S*OOL+1 ZON+1 R5EWAL1 OR CITY ACTIVITIES ?AT C\LD BE P]=M$ ?R\< COMMON COMMUNITY ACTION1 OR EV5 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ?R\< DIRECT1 NONVIOL5T CONFLICT 9 ! CITY ITSELF' ,NONVIOL5T8 ,YES1 BECAUSE ,S5NETT CLAIMS ?AT ! PRES5T1 MOD]N1 AFFLU5T CITY IS ONE 9 :I* AGGRESSION & CONFLICT >E D5I$ \TLETS O!R ?AN VIOL5CE1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ! LACK ( P]SONAL CONFRONTATION4 7,CRIES = LAW & ORD] >E L\DE/ :5 COMMUNITIES -- 9 ! ,AM]ICAN SUBURB -- >E MO/ ISOLAT$ FROM O!R PEOPLE 9 ! CITY47 ,! CLE>E/ EXAMPLE1 HE SUGGE/S1 ( ! WAY ?IS VIOL5CE OCCURS 0IS F\ND 9 ! PRESSURES ON ! POLICE 9 MOD]N CITIES4 ,POLICE >E EXPECT$ TO BE BUREAUCRATS ( HO/ILITY RESOLUTION0 BUT 0A SOCIETY ?AT VISUALIZES ! LAWFUL RESPONSE TO DISORD] AS AN IMP]SONAL1 PASSIVE CO]CION ONLY 9VITES T]RIFY+ \TBREAKS ( POLICE RIOT+04 ,:]EAS ! AN>*I/ CITY ?AT HE 5VISAGES1 0PU%+ M5 TO SAY :AT !Y ?9K AB\T EA* O!R 9 ORD] TO =GE SOME MUTUAL PATT]N ( COMPATIBILITY01 IS NOT A COMPROMISE BETWE5 ORD] & VIOL5CE BUT A :OLLY DIFF]5T WAY ( LIV+ 9 :I* PEOPLE W\LDN'T HAVE TO *OOSE BETWE5 ! TWO3  
  

,REALLY 0DEC5TRALIZ$0 P[]1 SO ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL HAS TO DEAL ) ?OSE >\ND HIM1 9 A MILIEU ( DIV]SITY1 9VOLVES A *ANGE 9 ! ESS5CE ( COMMUNAL CONTROL1 ?AT IS1 9 ! REFUSAL TO REGULATE CONFLICT4 ,= EXAMPLE1 POLICE CONTROL ( MU* CIVIL DISORD] \<T TO BE %>PLY CURB$2 ! RESPONSIBILITY = MAK+ PEACE 9 NEI<BORHOOD AFFAIRS \<T TO FALL ON ! PEOPLE 9VOLV$4 ,BECAUSE M5 >E N[ SO 9NOC5T & UNSKILL$ 9 ! EXPRESSION ( CONFLICT1 !Y CAN ONLY VIEW !SE DISORD]S AS SPIRAL+ 9TO VIOL5CE4 ,UNTIL !Y LE>N ?R\< EXP]I5CE ?AT ! H&L+ ( CONFLICT IS SOME?+ ?AT CANNOT BE PASS$ ON TO POLICEM51 ?IS POL>IZATION & ESCALATION ( CONFLICT 9TO VIOL5CE WILL BE ! ONLY 5D !Y CAN FRAME = !MSELVES4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE ( ?OSE :O EXPECT POLICE REPRISALS AGA9/ !MSELVES1 LIKE ! SMALL GR\P ( MILITANT /UD5TS1 AS ?OSE :O CALL 9 ! POLICE 0ON !IR SIDE0.<#g#a.>  
  

,! PR(ESSIONAL'S TASK IS *ANG$ TOO4 0,9/EAD ( PLANN+ = SOME AB/RACT URBAN :OLE1 PLANN]S >E GO+ TO HAVE TO WORK = ! CONCRETE P>TS ( ! CITY1 ! DIFF]5T CLASSES1 E?NIC GR\PS & RACES IT CONTA9S4 ,& ! WORK !Y DO = !SE PEOPLE CANNOT BE LAY+ \T !IR FUTURE2 ! PEOPLE WILL HAVE NO *ANCE TO MATURE UNLESS !Y DO ?AT = !MSELVES1 UNLESS !Y >E ACTIVELY 9VOLV$ 9 %AP+ !IR SOCIAL LIVES40 

,! EMPHASIS %IFTS FROM ! DI/ANT CITY PLANN+ AU?ORITY TO ! LOCAL COMMUNITY ASSOCIATION & ! GR[? & GR[+ SOPHI/ICATION ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS IS A HOPEFUL PO9T] 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,S5NETT'S URBAN AN>*Y4 ,WE ALREADY HAVE EXAMPLES1 BO? 9 ,BRITA9 & 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ( COMMUNITY GR\PS 7) NO 0(FICIAL0 /ATUS7 DEVELOP+ !IR [N REH\S+ PLANS1 JU/ AS FEASIBLE AS ?OSE ( ! LOCAL AU?ORITY1 BUT MORE 9 TUNE ) ! DESIRES ( T5ANTS1 & CAPABLE1 EV5 UND] PRES5T-DAY CONDITIONS1 ( F9ANCIAL VIABILITY ?R\< H\S+ SOCIETY F9ANCE4 ,! NEXT /EP IS ! ,NEI<BORHOOD ,C\NCIL IDEA1 & ! /EP AFT] ?AT IS = NEI<BORHOODS TO A*IEVE REAL CONTROL ( NEI<BORHOOD FACILITIES4 ,AFT] ?AT COMES ! F$]ATION ( NEI<BORHOODS4 

,! P>ADOX H]E IS ?AT Y\ CAN SEE ! USUAL 9DIFF]5CE & L[ ELECTORAL TURN-\T = ! LOCAL AU?ORITY ELECTIONS &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 WIDESPREAD SUPPORT = & 9T]E/ 9 AN AD HOC COMMUNITY ACTION GR\P :I* DEVOTES MU* ( ITS TIME TO FI<T+ ! LOCAL AU?ORITY4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ PO9T ( VIEW ?IS IS NOT SURPRIS+4 ,! C\NCIL1 POL>IZ$ ON POLITICAL P>TY L9ES1 REMOTE FROM ! NEI<BORHOOD1 DOM9AT$ BY ITS PR(ESSIONAL (FICIALS :O1 AS ,*RIS ,HOLMES SAID1 OP]ATE ! MA*9]Y 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE LOCAL 9ITIATIVE FRUITLESS1 IS ! DESC5DANT ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY SQUIRE>*ICAL PAT]NALISM4 ,! ,COMMUNITY ,ASSOCIATION1 SPR++ UP FROM REAL CONC]N OV] REAL ISSUES1 OP]ATES ON ! SCALE ( FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS1 & = ?IS V]Y REASON IS 9VE/$ ) A K9D ( POPUL> LEGITIMACY4 

,IOAN ,B[5 ,REES1 9 ! C\RSE ( HIS VALUABLE BOOK ,GOV]NM5T BY ,COMMUNITY1 COMP>ES ! TIMID RECOMM5DATIONS ( ! ,SKEFF+TON ,REPORT ON PUBLIC P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+ ) CURR5T PRACTICE 9 ,SWITZ]L&3 0,IT WAS ) ! PUBLIC ?AT ! ,SWISS BEGAN1 ) ! ,P>I% ,MEET+1 AS IT W]E1 PASS+ ITS [N PLANN+ /ATUTE & APPROV+ ITS [N DEVELOPM5T PLAN40 ,! P]SON :O IS 9TOXICAT$ BY L>GE-SCALE ?9K+ ASKS H[ PLANN+ C\LD OP]ATE UND] !SE CONDITIONS4 ,WELL1 ,MR ,B[5 ,REES EMPHASIZES1 0,NO COMMUNITY 9 ,SWITZ]L& IS 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,?IS MEANS ?AT A SMALL COMMUNE CAN -- & SOMETIMES DOES -- HOLD UP A MOTORWAY4 ,& ALSO ?AT A SMALL COMMUNE CAN -- & SOMETIMES DOES -- SAVE ITSELF FROM ECONOMIC /AGNATION BY ITS [N EF=TS4 ,& :Y NOT8 ,! RESULT IS NEI!R POV]TY NOR *AOS40.<#g#b.> 

,! IDEA ( SOCIAL PLANN+ & SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION ?R\< A DEC5TRALIZ$ NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNITIES IS NOT A NEW IDEA1 IT IS A RETURN TO A V]Y OLD ONE4 ,WALT] ,ULLMAN REM>KS ?AT ! T[NS ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 0REPRES5T A RA!R CLE> DEMON/RATION ( 5TITIES GOV]N+ !MSELVES0 & ?AT3 0,9 ORD] TO TRANSACT BUS9ESS1 ! COMMUNITY ASSEMBL$ 9 ITS 5TIRETY 444 ! ASSEMBLY WAS NOT 'REPRES5TATIVE' ( ! :OLE1 BUT WAS ! :OLE40 ,HE DESCRIBES ! ANTIPA?Y BETWE5 F$]ATIONS ( AUTONOM\S COMMUNES & ! C5TRAL AU?ORITIES3  
  

,?AT ! COMMUNES1 ! COMMUNITATES1 BECAME ! T>GET ( ATTACK BY ! 0E/ABLI%M5T0 IS NOT DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 ,9 SOME 9/ANCES ! WORD 0COMMUNE0 WAS EV5 EMPLOY$ AS A T]M ( ABUSE 444 ,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( AUTONOMY IT IS UND]/&ABLE :Y & H[ ! T[NS 5T]$ 9TO ALLIANCES1 ALSO CALL$ CONJURATIONES1 OR LEAGUES ) O!R T[NS4 ,! POPULI/ COMPLEXION ( ! T[NS P]HAPS T5D$ TO H>BOR A C]TA9 REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT1 DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! WIELD]S ( ! ,OBRIGKEIT1 AGA9/ ,AU?ORITY4.<#g#c.>  
  

,! E>LY HI/ORY ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES WAS A P]IOD :5 9 LOCAL ADM9I/RATION ! ,T[N ,MEET+ WAS SUPREME4 ,AS ,TOM ,PA9E WROTE3 0,= UPW>DS ( TWO YE>S FROM ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,W>1 & = A LONG] P]IOD 9 SEV]AL ( ! ,AM]ICAN /ATES1 !RE W]E NO E/ABLI%$ =MS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,! OLD GOV]NM5TS HAD BE5 ABOLI%$ & ! C\NTRY WAS TOO MU* OCCUPI$ 9 DEF5SE TO EMPLOY ITS ATT5TION 9 E/ABLI%+ NEW GOV]NM5TS2 YET DUR+ ?IS 9T]VAL ORD] & H>MONY W]E PRES]V$ AS 9VIOLATE AS 9 ANY C\NTRY ( ,EUROPE40.<#g#d.> ,& ,/AU<TON ,LYND COMM5TS3 0,9 ! ,AM]ICAN TRADITION1 TOO1 REBELLION AGA9/ 9H]IT$ AU?ORITIES WAS NOT M]E 'ANTI-9/ITUTIONALISM'4 ,IMPLICIT1 SOMETIMES EXPLICIT1 9 ! ,AM]ICAN REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WAS A DREAM ( ! GOOD SOCIETY AS A VOLUNT>Y F$]ATION ( LOCAL COMMUNAL 9/ITUTIONS1 P]PETUALLY RECREAT$ FROM BEL[ BY :AT ,PAUL ,GOODMAN CALLS 'A CONT9U\S S]IES ( EXI/5TIAL CON/ITUTIONAL ACTS'40.<#g#e.> 

,! R$ISCOV]Y ( COMMUNITY P[]1 >IS+ FROM ! 5ORMITIES ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRATIC PLANN+1 C\LD B E ! BEG9N+ ( A RECREATION ( ?IS TRADITION4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E 9 ! V]Y E>LY /AGES ( R$ISCOV]+ IT 9 A SOCIETY DOM9AT$ BY BUREAUCRATIC ADM9I/RATION ?AT WE HAVE TO LE>N ?R\< EXP]I5CE ! PITFALLS & DISAPPO9TM5TS ( COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION )\T COMMUNITY P[]1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION AS A DIV]SION FROM REAL COMMUNITY ACTION4 ,9 ,B>NSBURY1 9 ,NOR? ,LONDON1 MIDDLE-CLASS AM5ITY PRESSURE GR\PS SUCCE$$ 9 GETT+ TRAFFIC %IFT$ 9TO ADJO9+ WORK+-CLASS DI/RICTS :]E COMMUNITY PRESSURE WAS LESS VOCALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,H]E1 ( C\RSE1 !RE IS AN ANSW]1 GIV5 YE>S AGO 9 ANO!R CONTEXT BY ! TRAFFIC PUNDIT1 ,PR(ESSOR ,BU*ANAN3 0,S&BAG A FEW /REETS1 & SEE :AT HAPP5S40.<#g#f.> 

,AN ,AM]ICAN PLANN]1 ,%]RY ,>N/E91 DEVIS$ A 0LADD] ( P>TICIPATION0 AS A MEANS ( EVALUAT+ ! G5U95ESS OR SPURI\SNESS ( S*EMES = COMMUNITY P>TICIPATION 9 PLANN+4.<#g#g.> ,! RUNGS ( H] LADD] >E3  

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