,*APT] #d - ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 

#aiifaiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,I,V4 ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY 

  
  

,PEOPLE LIKE SIMPLE IDEAS & >E RI<T TO LIKE !M4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! SIMPLICITY !Y SEEK IS ONLY TO BE F\ND 9 ELEM5T>Y ?+S2 & ! WORLD1 SOCIETY1 & MAN >E MADE UP ( 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS1 CONTR>Y PR9CIPLES1 & CONFLICT+ =CES4 ,ORGANISM MEANS COMPLICATION1 & MULTIPLICITY MEANS CONTRADICTION1 OPPOSITION1 9DEP5D5CE4  
  
  

,P4-,J4 ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,!ORY ( ,TAXATION 7#a#h#f#a7 

,ONE ( ! MO/ FREQU5TLY MET REASONS = DISMISS+ AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL !ORY IS ! >GUM5T ?AT :ILE ONE CAN IMAG9E IT EXI/+ 9 A SMALL1 ISOLAT$1 PRIMITIVE COMMUNITY IT CANNOT POSSIBLY BE CONCEIV$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( L>GE1 COMPLEX1 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES4 ,?IS VIEW MISUND]/&S BO? ! NATURE ( AN>*ISM & ! NATURE ( TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 ,C]TA9LY ! KN[L$GE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETIES EXI/1 OR HAVE EXI/$1 )\T GOV]NM5T1 )\T 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ AU?ORITY1 & ) SOCIAL & SEXUAL CODES QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( \R [N SOCIETY1 IS B\ND TO 9T]E/ ! ADVOCATES ( AN>*Y IF ONLY TO REBUT ! SUGGE/ION ?AT !IR IDEAS RUN CONTR>Y TO 0HUMAN NATURE01 & Y\ WILL (T5 F9D QUOT$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PRESS SOME ATTRACTIVE DESCRIPTION ( A TRIBAL AN>*Y1 SOME POCKET ( ! ,GOLD5 ,AGE 7SE5 FROM ! \TSIDE7 AMONG ! ,ESKIMO1 9NOC5T ( PROP]TY1 OR ! SEX-HAPPY ,TROBRI&]S4 

,AN IMPRESSIVE AN?OLOGY C\LD BE MADE ( SU* ITEMS1 AS ! TRAVEL BOOKS & WORKS ( POPUL> AN?ROPOLOGY ROLL (F ! PRESSES -- FROM  
,AKU-,AKU TO ,WAI-,WAI4 ,SEV]AL AN>*I/ WRIT]S ( ! PA/ DID JU/ ?IS3 ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS *APT] ON 0,MUTUAL ,AID ,AMONG ,SAVAGES01 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 HIS ,PRIMITIVE ,FOLK & ,$W>D ,C>P5T] 9 HIS ESSAY ON 0,NON-GOV]NM5TAL ,SOCIETY01 BUT AN?ROPOLOGY HAS DEVELOP$ ITS TE*NIQUES & ME?ODS ( ANALYSIS GREATLY S9CE ! DAYS ( ! ANECDOTAL APPROA* ) ITS ACCUMULATION ( TRAVEL]S0 TALES4 ,TODAY1 :5 WE VIEW ! 0SIMPL]0 SOCIETIES WE REALIZE ?AT !Y >E NOT SIMPLE AT ALL4 ,:5 E>LY ,WE/]N TRAVEL]S FIR/ CAME BACK FROM ,AFRICAN J\RNEYS !Y WROTE ( ! CACOPHON\S S\ND ( ! SAVAGE JUNGLE DRUMS1 OR ( ! PRIMITIVE MUD & /RAW HUTS1 9 PATRONIZ+ OR PITY+ TONES BECAUSE !Y W]E BL9K]$ BY ASSUMPTIONS AB\T !IR [N SOCIETY'S SUP]IORITY :I* BL9D$ !M TO ! SUBTLETY & WOND] ( O!R PEOPLE'S CULTURE4 ,N[ADAYS Y\ CAN SP5D A LIFETIME EXPLOR+ ! /RUCTURE ( ,AFRICAN MUSIC OR ! +5UITY & V>IETY ( ,AFRICAN >*ITECTURE4 ,9 ! SAME WAY E>LY OBS]V]S DESCRIB$ AS SEXUAL PROMISCUITY OR GR\P M>RIAGE :AT WAS SIMPLY A DIFF]5T K9D ( FAMILY ORGANIZATION1 OR LABEL$ C]TA9 SOCIETIES AS AN>*I/IC :5 A MORE SE>*+ EXAM9ATION MI<T %[ ?AT !Y HAD AS EFFECTIVE ME?ODS ( SOCIAL CONTROL & ITS 5=CEM5T AS ANY AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY1 OR ?AT C]TA9 PATT]NS ( BEHAVIOR >E SO RIGIDLY 5=C$ BY CU/OM AS TO MAKE ALT]NATIVES UN?9KABLE4 

,! AN>*I/1 9 MAK+ USE ( AN?ROPOLOGICAL DATA TODAY1 HAS TO ASK MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ QUE/IONS ?AN HIS PR$ECESSORS AB\T ! ROLE ( LAW 9 SU* SOCIETIES4 ,BUT :AT CON/ITUTES 0! LAW08 ,RAYMOND ,FIR? WRITES3 0,:5 WE TURN TO ! SPH]E ( PRIMITIVE LAW1 WE >E CONFRONT$ BY DIFFICULTIES ( DEF9ITION4 ,!RE IS USUALLY NO SPECIFIC CODE ( LEGISLATION1 ISSU$ BY A C5TRAL AU?ORITY1 & NO =MAL JUDICIAL BODY ( ! NATURE ( A C\RT4 ,NEV]!LESS !RE >E RULES :I* >E EXPECT$ TO BE OBEY$ & :I*1 9 FACT1 >E NORMALLY KEPT1 & !RE >E MEANS = 5SUR+ SOME DEGREE ( OB$I5CE4.<#d#i.> 

,ON ! CLASSIFICATION ( !SE RULES & ! DEF9ITION ( LAW AN?ROPOLOGI/S >E DIVID$4 ,BY ! TE/ ( ! JURI/1 :O EQUATES ! LAW ) :AT IS DECID$ BY ! C\RTS1 0PRIMITIVE PEOPLE HAVE NO LAW1 BUT SIMPLY A BODY ( CU/OMS02 TO ! SOCIOLOGI/S :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ! :OLE BODY ( RULES ( ALL SORTS ?AT EXI/ 9 A SOCIETY & ! PROBLEM ( !IR FUNCTION+4 ,MAL9[SKI 9CLUD$ 9 PRIMITIVE LAW 0ALL TYPES ( B9D+ OBLIGATION & ANY CU/OM>Y ACTION TO PREV5T BREA*ES 9 ! PATT]N ( SOCIAL CON=MITY04 ,GODFREY ,WILSON TAKES AS ! CRIT]ION ( LEGAL ACTION 0! 5TRY 9TO AN ISSUE ( ONE OR MORE MEMB]S ( A SOCIAL GR\P :O >E NOT !MSELVES P]SONALLY CONC]N$01 ?\< O!RS W\LD CALL ! K9D ( ADJUDICATION ( A DISPUTE BY A S5IOR K9SMAN OR RESPECT$ NEI<BOR1 :I* ,WILSON DESCRIB$ AMONG ! ,NYAKYSUA1 NOT LAW BUT PRIVATE >BITRATION4 ,9DE$ ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS ESSAY ,LAW & ,AU?ORITY S+LES ?IS \T AS ! ANTI!SIS ( LAW3 0,MANY TRAVEL]S HAVE DEPICT$ ! MANN]S ( ABSOLUTELY 9DEP5D5T TRIBES1 :]E LAWS & *IEFS >E UNKN[N1 BUT :]E ! MEMB]S ( ! TRIBE HAVE GIV5 UP /ABB+ ONE ANO!R 9 EV]Y DISPUTE1 BECAUSE ! HABIT ( LIV+ 9 SOCIETY HAS 5D$ BY DEVELOP+ C]TA9 FEEL+S ( FRAT]NITY & ON5ESS ( 9T]E/1 & !Y PREF] APPEAL+ TO A ?IRD P]SON TO SETTLE !IR DIFF]5CES40.<#e.> 

,WILSON1 H[EV]1 SEES 0LAW0 AS ! CONCOMITANT ( ?IS HABIT ( LIV+ 9 SOCIETY1 DEF9+ IT AS 0?AT CU/OM>Y =CE :I* IS KEPT 9 BE+ BY ! 9H]5T NECESSITIES ( SY/EMATIC COOP]ATION AMONG ITS MEMB]S04 ,F9ALLY1 ! S*OOL ( ?\<T REPRES5T$ BY ,RADCLIFFE-,BR[N RE/RICTS ! SPH]E ( LAW TO 0SOCIAL CONTROL ?R\< ! SY/EMATIC APPLICATION ( ! =CE ( POLITICALLY ORGANIZ$ SOCIETY04 ,BUT :AT K9D ( POLITICAL ORGANIZATION8 ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D & ,MEY] ,=TES DI/+UI%$ ?REE TYPES ( POLITICAL SY/EM 9 TRADITIONAL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES4 ,FIR/LY1 ?OSE LIKE ?AT ( ! ,BU%M5 :]E ! L>GE/ POLITICAL UNITS EMBRACE PEOPLE :O >E ALL RELAT$ BY K9%IP SO ?AT 0POLITICAL RELATIONS >E CO-T]M9\S ) K9%IP RELATIONS01 SECONDLY1 ?OSE ) 0SPECIALIZ$ POLITICAL AU?ORITY ?AT IS 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ & VE/$ 9 ROLES ATTA*$ TO A /ATE ADM9I/RATION01 & ?IRDLY1 ?OSE :]E POLITICAL AU?ORITY IS UNC5TRALIZ$4 ,9 !M 0! POLITICAL SY/EM IS BAS$ UPON A BALANCE ( P[] BETWE5 MANY SMALL GR\PS :I*1 ) !IR LACK ( CLASSES OR SPECIALIZ$ POLITICAL (FICES1 HAVE BE5 CALL$ ORD]$ AN>*IES04 ,SEV]AL ,AFRICAN SOCIETIES :I* >E LAW-LESS 9 ?IS S5SE -- 9 ?AT !RE >E NO PATT]NS = =MAL LEGISLATION NOR = JURIDICAL DECISIONS1 & :I* HAVE NO LAW-5=CEM5T (FIC]S ( ANY K9D -- >E DESCRIB$ 9 ! SYMPOSIUM  
,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S4.<#e#a.> 

,! ,TIV1 A SOCIETY ( #h1 PEOPLE :O LIVE ON EI!R SIDE ( ! ,B5UE ,RIV] 9 ,NOR!RN ,NIG]IA W]E /UDI$ BY ,LAURA ,BOHANNAN4 ,! POLITICAL ATTITUDES ( ! ,TIV >E CONVEY$ 9 TWO EXPRESSIONS1 TO 0REPAIR ! C\NTRY0 & TO 0SPOIL ! C\NTRY04 ,DR ,BOHANNAN EXPLA9S ?AT 0ANY ACT :I* DI/URBS ! SMOO? C\RSE ( SOCIAL LIFE -- W>1 !FT1 WIT*CRAFT1 QU>RELS -- SPOILS ! C\NTRY2 PEACE1 RE/ITUTION1 SUCCESSFUL >BITRATION REPAIRS IT04 ,& %E W>NS ?AT IF WE TRY 0TO ISOLATE C]TA9 ATTRIBUTES ( ! ROLES ( ELD]S OR M5 ( 9FLU5CE AS POLITICAL1 WE FALSIFY !IR TRUE SOCIAL & CULTURAL POSITION 444 ,I MEAN ?IS 9 A POSITIVE & NOT A NEGATIVE WAY3 A SEGM5T>Y SY/EM ( ?IS SORT FUNCTIONS NOT DESPITE BUT ?R\< ! ABS5CE ( AN 9DIG5\S CONCEPT ( '! POLITICAL'4 ,ONLY ! 9TRICATE 9T]RELATIONS ( 9T]E/S & LOYALTIES ?R\< ! 9T]CONNECTION ( CULTURAL IDEOLOGY1 SY/EMS ( SOCIAL GR\P+1 & ORGANIZATION ( 9/ITUTIONS & ! CONSEQU5T MORAL 5=CEM5T ( EA* BY ! O!R1 5ABLES ! SOCIETY TO WORK40.<#e#b.> 

,! ,D9KA >E A PEOPLE NUMB]+ SOME #i1 LIV+ ON ! FR+E ( ! C5TRAL ,NILE BAS9 9 ! ,S\!RN ,SUDAN4 7,A CORRESPOND5T ( ,! ,SUNDAY ,TIMES REM>K$ ( !M ?AT 0T\*9ESS1 PRIDE & RECKLESS DISOB$I5CE >E !IR *>ACT]I/IC REACTION T[>DS AU?ORITY047 ,GODFREY ,LI5H>DT'S CONTRIBUTION TO ,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S DESCRIBES !IR 9TRICATELY SUBDIVID$ SOCIETY & ! V]Y COMPLICAT$ 9T]-RELATION%IPS RESULT+ FROM ! FUSION & FISSION ( SEGM5TS 9 DIFF]5T COMB9ATIONS = DIFF]5T ECONOMIC & FUNCTIONAL PURPOSES4  
  

,IT IS A P>T ( ,D9KA POLITICAL !ORY ?AT :5 A SUBTRIBE = SOME REASON PROSP]S & GR[S L>GE1 IT T5DS TO DRAW AP>T POLITICALLY FROM ! TRIBE ( :I* IT WAS A P>T & BEHAVE LIKE A DI/9CT TRIBE4 ,! SECTIONS ( A L>GE SUBTRIBE SIMIL>LY >E ?\<T TO GR[ POLITICALLY MORE DI/ANT FROM EA* O!R AS !Y GR[ L>G]1 SO ?AT A L>GE & PROSP]\S SECTION ( A SUBTRIBE MAY BREAK AWAY FROM O!R SECTIONS 444 ,9 ! ,D9KA VIEW1 ! T5D5CY IS ALWAYS = !IR POLITICAL SEGM5TS1 AS = !IR AGNATIC G5EALOGICAL SEGM5TS1 TO GR[ AP>T FROM EA* O!R 9 ! C\RSE ( TIME & ?R\< ! 9CREASE 9 POPULATION :I* !Y SUPPOSE TIME TO BR+4.<#e#c.>  
  

,! ,D9KA EXPLA9 !IR CELLUL> SUB-DIVISION ) SU* PHRASES AS 0,IT BECAME TOO BIG1 SO IT SEP>AT$0 & 0,!Y W]E TOGE!R LONG AGO BUT N[ !Y HAVE SEP>AT$40 ,!Y VALUE ! UNITY ( !IR TRIBES & DESC5T GR\PS BUT AT ! SAME TIME !Y VALUE ! FEEL+ = AUTONOMY 9 ! COMPON5T SEGM5TS :I* LEAD TO FRAGM5TATION1 & ,DR ,LI5H>DT OBS]VES ?AT 0!SE VALUES ( P]SONAL AUTONOMY & ( ITS SEV]AL SUB-SEGM5TS >E FROM TIME TO TIME 9 CONFLICT04 

,FROM A TOTALLY DIFF]5T ,AFRICAN SETT+ COMES ,]NE/ ,GELLN]'S DESCRIPTION ( ! SY/EM ( TRIAL BY COLLECTIVE OA? :I* OP]AT$ UNTIL REC5TLY AMONG ! ,B]B] TRIBES ( ! ,ATLAS M\NTA9S3  
  

,?IS SY/EM ORIG9ALLY FUNCTION$ AGA9/ A BACKGR\ND ( AN>*Y2 !RE WAS NO LAW-5=C+ AG5CY4 ,BUT :IL/ !RE WAS NO?+ RESEMBL+ A /ATE1 !RE WAS A SOCIETY1 = EV]YONE RECOGNIZ$1 MORE OR LESS1 ! SAME CODE1 & RECOGNIZ$1 MORE OR LESS ! UNIV]SAL DESIRABILITY ( PACIFIC SETTLEM5TS ( DISPUTES 444 ,SUPPOSE A MAN IS ACCUS$ ( AN (F5SE BY ANO!R3 ! MAN CAN CLE> HIMSELF ( ! *>GE BY BR++ A SET ( M51 CO-JURORS SO TO SPEAK1 TO TE/IFY 9 A FIX$ ORD]1 ACCORD+ TO FAMILY PROXIMITY 9 ! MALE L9E TO ! MAN ON TRIAL 444 ,! RULE1 ! DECISION PROC$URE1 SO TO SPEAK IS ?AT IF SOME ( ! CO-JURORS FAIL TO TURN UP1 OR FAIL TO TE/IFY1 OR MAKE A SLIP :ILE TE/IFY+1 ! :OLE OA? IS 9VALID & ! CASE IS LO/4 ,! LOS+ P>TY IS !N OBLIG$ TO PAY ! APPROPRIATE F9E DET]M9$ BY CU/OM4 ,9 SOME REGIONS1 ! RULE IS EV5 /RANG]3 ?OSE CO-JURORS :O FAIL$ TO TURN UP1 OR FAIL$ :5 TE/IFY+ >E LIABLE = ! F9E1 RA!R ?AN ! TE/IFY+ GR\P AS A :OLE4.<#e#d.>  
  

,H[ /RANGE1 ,MR ,GELLN] REM>KS1 ?AT ?IS SY/EM %\LD WORK AT ALL4 ,NOT ONLY BY CONTRA/ ) ! LEGAL PROC$URES WE >E FAMILI> )1 BUT 9 VIEW ( ! POSSIBLE MOTIVES ( ! P>TICIPANTS4 ,ONE W\LD EXPECT ! CO-JURORS ALWAYS TO TE/IFY = !IR CLANSMAN1 :E!R !Y ?\<T HIM TO BE 9NOC5T OR GUILTY4 ,YET ! SY/EM DID WORK1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ! TRIBESM5 BELIEV$ P]JURY A S91 PUNI%ABLE BY SUP]NATURAL =CES1 BUT BECAUSE O!R SOCIAL =CES >E AT WORK4 0,WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT EA* ( ! TWO GR\PS IS JU/ AS AN>*IC 9T]NALLY AS ! TWO >E 9 !IR EXT]NAL RELATIONS ) EA* O!R3 NEI!R 9T]NALLY NOR EXT]NALLY IS !RE A LAW-&-ORD]-5=CEM5T MA*9]Y1 ?\< !RE IS A RECOGNIZ$ LAW & A RECOGNIZ$ OBLIGATION TO RESPECT LAW & ORD]4 ,9 FACT ?IS DI/9CTION BETWE5 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL POLITICS DOES NOT APPLY40 ,& ! SY/EM WAS APPLI$ 9 DISPUTES AT ANY LEVEL1 BETWE5 TWO FAMILIES OR BETWE5 TRIBAL CONF$]ACIES NUMB]$ 9 T5S ( ?\S&S4  
  

,GIV5 ?IS AN>*Y1 ?IS LACK ( 5=CEM5T )9 AS WELL AS )\T ! GR\P1 ONE WAY %ORT ( VIOL5CE OR EXPULSION :I* A CLAN OR FAMILY HAVE ( DISCIPL9+ ONE ( !IR [N NUMB] IS BY LETT+ HIM D[N AT ! COLLECTIVE OA?4 ,F> FROM NEV] HAV+ A MOTIVE = LETT+ D[N A CLANSMAN1 OR ONLY A TRANSC5D5TAL ONE1 !Y MAY 9 FACT FREQU5TLY HAVE SU* A MOTIVE3 A HABITUAL (F5D] )9 !IR [N NUMB] MAY BE A POSITIVE DANG] TO ! GR\P4 ,IF HE REPEATS HIS (F5SES HE MAY WELL PROVOKE SURR\ND+ GR\PS 9TO =M+ A COALITION AGA9/ IT -- IF1 ?AT IS1 HIS [N GR\P HABITUALLY /&S BY HIM AT ! COLLECTIVE OA?4  
  

,!Y MAY DO IT ! FIR/ TIME BUT ! SECOND TIME !Y MAY1 EV5 AT !IR [N EXP5SE1 DECIDE TO TEA* HIM A LESSON ?\< IT IMPOSES A LEGAL DEFEAT ON !MSELVES4 ,?US TRIAL BY COLLECTIVE OA? CAN BE A 0G5U9E & S5SITIVE DECISION PROC$URE :OSE V]DICT IS A FUNCTION ( A NUMB] ( ?+S1 AMONG :I* JU/ICE IS ONE BUT NOT ! ONLY ONE04 ,MR ,GELLN] DEVELOPS HIS ACC\NT ( ?IS EXTRAORD9>ILY SUBTLE SY/EM AT GREAT L5G?4 ,! ?REAT ( ! COLLECTIVE OA? IS (T5 5\< TO SETTLE ! ISSUE \T ( C\RT1 & ! OA? ITSELF0 DOES 9DE$ GIVE ANY DET]M9$1 COHESIVE CLAN ! VETO ON ANY DECISION ?AT W\LD1 9 VIRTUE ( ?AT COHESION1 UN5=CEABLE ANYWAY2 ON ! O!R H&1 H[EV]1 IT GIVES GR\PS ! POSSIBILITY ( HALF-?R[+ CULPRITS TO ! WOLVES1 ( GIV+ 9 GRACEFULLY1 OR DISCIPL9+ ! UNRULY MEMB] )\T ACTUALLY HAV+ TO EXPEL HIM OR KILL HIM40 ,! /RANGE SY/EM ( SOCIAL CONTROL HE DESCRIBES PROVIDES1 NOT A S]IES ( TOTALLY UN5=CEABLE JUDGM5TS1 BUT AT LEA/ A HALF-LOAF ( JU/ICE4 ,ONE COMMON MISCONCEPTION1 HE CONCLUDES1 IS ?AT 0! SITUATION 9 AN>*IC CONTEXTS W\LD BE IMPROV$ IF ONLY ! P>TICIPANTS C\LD OV]COME !IR CLAN OR BLOC LOYALTY1 IF ONLY1 9/EAD ( 0MY CLAN OR BLOC1 RI<T OR WRONG01 !Y W\LD ?9K & ACT AS 9DIVIDUALS 444 ,IT SEEMS TO ME1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT UNLESS & UNTIL !RE IS G5U9E 5=CEM5T1 ONLY BLOCS OR CLANS CAN MAKE AN AN>*IC SY/EM WORK40 

,N[ MY PURPOSE 9 DESCRIB+ ! H&L+ ( SOCIAL CONFLICT 9 NON-GOV]NM5TAL SOCIETIES IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT WE %\LD ADOPT COLLECTIVE OA?S AS A MEANS ( 5=C+ SOCIAL NORMS1 BUT TO EMPHASIZE ?AT IT IS NOT AN>*Y BUT GOV]NM5T :I* IS A CRUDE SIMPLIFICATION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 & ?AT ! V]Y COMPLEXITY ( !SE TRIBAL SOCIETIES IS ! CONDITION ( !IR SUCCESSFUL FUNCTION+4 ,! $ITORS ( ,TRIBES ,)\T ,RUL]S SUMM>IZE ! IMPLICATIONS 9 !SE T]MS3  
  

,9 SOCIETIES LACK+ RANK$ & SPECIALIZ$ HOLD]S ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY ! RELATIONS ( LOCAL GR\PS TO ONE ANO!R >E SE5 AS A BALANCE ( P[]1 MA9TA9$ BY COMPETITION BETWE5 !M4 ,CORPORATE GR\PS MAY BE >RANG$ HI]>*ICALLY 9 A S]IES ( LEVELS2 EA* GR\P IS SIGNIFICANT 9 DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES & 9 CONNECTION ) DIFF]5T SOCIAL ACTIVITIES -- ECONOMIC1 RITUAL & GOV]NM5TAL4 ,RELATIONS AT ONE LEVEL >E COMPETITIVE 9 ONE SITUATION1 BUT 9 ANO!R ! =M]LY COMPETITIVE GR\PS M]GE 9 MUTUAL ALLIANCE AGA9/ AN \TSIDE GR\P4 ,A GR\P AT ANY LEVEL HAS COMPETITIVE RELATIONS ) O!RS TO 5SURE ! MA9T5ANCE ( ITS [N ID5TITY & ! RI<TS ?AT BELONG TO IT AS A CORPORATION1 & IT MAY HAVE 9T]NAL ADM9I/RATIVE RELATIONS ?AT 5SURE COH]5CE ( ITS CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS4 ,! AGGREGATES ?AT EM]GE AS UNITS 9 ONE CONTEXT >E M]G$ 9TO L>G] AGGREGATES 9 O!RS 444.<#e#e.>  
  

,! 0BALANCE ( P[]0 IS 9 FACT ! ME?OD BY :I* SOCIAL EQUILIBRIUM IS MA9TA9$ 9 SU* SOCIETIES4 ,NOT ! BALANCE ( P[] AS CONCEIV$ 9 N9ETE5?-C5TURY 9T]NATIONAL DIPLOMACY1 BUT 9 T]MS ( ! RESOLUTION ( =CES1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! PHYSICAL SCI5CES4 ,H>MONY RESULTS NOT FROM UNITY BUT FROM COMPLEXITY4 ,IT APPE>S1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT3  
  

AS A TEMPOR>Y ADJU/M5T E/ABLI%$ AMONG ALL =CES ACT+ UPON A GIV5 SPOT -- A PROVISORY ADAPTATION4 ,& ?AT ADJU/M5T WILL ONLY LA/ UND] ONE CONDITION3 ?AT ( BE+ CONT9UALLY MODIFI$2 ( REPRES5T+ EV]Y MOM5T ! RESULTANT ( ALL CONFLICT+ ACTIONS 444 

,UND] ! NAME ( AN>*ISM1 A NEW 9T]PRETATION ( ! PA/ & PRES5T LIFE ( SOCIETY >ISES 444 ,IT COMPRISES 9 ITS MID/ AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CAPACITIES1 TEMP]AM5TS & 9DIVIDUAL 5]GIES3 IT EXCLUDES NONE4 ,IT EV5 CALLS = /RUGGLES & CONT5TIONS2 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT P]IODS ( CONTE/S1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E FREELY F\<T \T )\T ! WEI<T ( CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY BE+ ?R[N ON ONE SIDE ( ! BALANCE1 W]E P]IODS :5 HUMAN G5IUS TOOK ITS MI<TIE/ FLI<TS 444 

,IT SEEKS ! MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY COMB9$ ) ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 9 ALL POSSIBLE DEGREES1 = ALL IMAG9ABLE AIMS2 EV] *ANG+1 EV] MODIFI$ ASSOCIATIONS :I* C>RY 9 !MSELVES ! ELEM5TS ( !IR DURABILITY & CON/ANTLY ASSUME NEW =MS :I* ANSW] BE/ TO ! MULTIPLE ASPIRATIONS ( ALL4 ,A SOCIETY TO :I* PRE-E/ABLI%$ =MS1 CRY/ALLIZ$ BY LAW1 >E REPUGNANT2 :I* LOOKS = H>MONY 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ & FUGITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 A MULTITUDE ( V>I$ =CES & 9FLU5CES ( EV]Y K9D1 FOLL[+ !IR [N C\RSE 444.<#e#f.>  
  

,AN>*Y IS A FUNCTION1 NOT ( A SOCIETY'S SIMPLICITY & LACK ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT ( ITS COMPLEXITY & MULTIPLICITY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS4 ,CYB]NETICS1 ! SCI5CE ( CONTROL & COMMUNICATION SY/EMS1 ?R[S VALUABLE LI<T ON ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( COMPLEX SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS4 ,IF WE MU/ ID5TIFY BIOLOGICAL & POLITICAL SY/EMS1 WROTE ! NEUROLOGI/ ,GRAY ,WALT]1 \R [N BRA9S W\LD SEEM TO ILLU/RATE ! CAPACITY & LIMITATIONS ( AN AN>*OSYNDICALI/ COMMUNITY3 0,WE F9D NO BOSS 9 ! BRA91 NO OLIG>*IC GANGLION OR GL&UL> ,BIG ,BRO!R4 ,)9 \R HEADS \R V]Y LIVES DEP5D ON EQUALITY ( OPPORTUNITY1 ON SPECIALIZATION ) V]SATILITY1 ON FREE COMMUNICATION & JU/ RE/RA9T1 A FRE$OM )\T 9T]F]5CE4 ,H]E TOO1 LOCAL M9ORITIES CAN & DO CONTROL !IR [N MEANS ( PRODUCTION & EXPRESSION 9 FREE & EQUAL 9T]C\RSE ) !IR NEI<BORS40.<#e#g.> ,HIS OBS]VATIONS L$ ,JOHN ,D4 ,MC,EWAN TO PURSUE ! CYB]NETIC MODEL FUR!R4 ,PO9T+ TO ! RELEVANCE ( ! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,REQUISITE ,V>IETY 70IF /ABILITY IS TO BE ATTA9$ ! V>IETY ( ! CONTROLL+ SY/EM MU/ BE AT LEA/ AS GREAT AS ! V>IETY ( ! SY/EM TO BE CONTROLL$07 HE CITES ,/AF=D ,BE]'S ILLU/RATION ( ! WAY 9 :I* CONV5TIONAL MANAG]IAL IDEAS ( ORGANIZATION FAIL TO SATISFY ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,BE] IMAG9ES A VISITOR FROM ,M>S :O EXAM9ES ! ACTIVITIES AT ! L[] LEVELS ( SOME L>GE UND]TAK+1 ! BRA9S ( ! WORK]S CONC]N$1 & ! ORGANIZATIONAL *>T :I* PURPORTS TO %[ H[ ! UND]TAK+ IS CONTROLL$4 ,HE D$UCES ?AT ! CREATURES AT ! TOP ( ! HI]>*Y MU/ HAVE HEADS Y>DS WIDE4 ,MC,EWAN CONTRA/S TWO MODELS ( DECISION-MAK+ & CONTROL3  
  

,FIR/ WE HAVE ! MODEL CURR5T AMONG MANAGEM5T !ORI/S 9 9DU/RY1 ) ITS C\NT]P>T 9 CONV5TIONAL ?9K+ AB\T GOV]NM5T 9 SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,?IS IS ! MODEL ( A RIGID PYRAMIDICAL HI]>*Y1 ) L9ES ( 0COMMUNICATION & COMM&0 RUNN+ FROM ! TOP TO ! BOTTOM ( ! PYRAMID4 ,!RE IS FIX$ DEL9EATION ( RESPONSIBILITY1 EA* ELEM5T HAS A SPECIFI$ ROLE1 & ! PROC$URES TO BE FOLL[$ AT ANY LEVEL >E DET]M9$ )9 FAIRLY N>R[ LIMITS1 & MAY ONLY BE *ANG$ BY DECISIONS ( ELEM5TS HI<] 9 ! HI]>*Y4 ,! ROLE ( ! TOP GR\P ( ! HI]>*Y IS SOMETIMES SUPPOS$ TO BE COMP>ABLE TO ! 0BRA90 ( ! SY/EM4 

,! O!R MODEL IS FROM ! CYB]NETICS ( EVOLV+ SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS4 ,H]E WE HAVE A SY/EM ( L>GE V>IETY1 SUFFICI5T TO COPE ) A COMPLEX1 UNPR$ICTABLE 5VIRONM5T4 ,ITS *>ACT]I/ICS >E *ANG+ /RUCTURE1 MODIFY+ ITSELF UND] CONT9UAL FE$BACK FROM ! 5VIRONM5T1 EXHIBIT+ 0R$UNDANCY ( POT5TIAL COMM&01 & 9VOLV+ COMPLEX 9T]LOCK+ CONTROL /RUCTURES4 ,LE>N+ & DECISION-MAK+ >E DI/RIBUT$ ?R\<\T ! SY/EM1 D5S] P]HAPS 9 SOME >EAS ?AN 9 O!RS4.<#e#h.>  
  

,! SAME CYB]NETIC CRITICISM ( ! HI]>*ICAL1 C5TRALIZ$1 GOV]NM5TAL CONCEPT ( ORGANIZATION HAS COME MORE REC5TLY 7& 9 RA!R MORE OPAQUE LANGUAGE7 FROM ,DONALD ,S*ON 9 HIS #aig ,REI? ,LECTURES4 ,HE WRITES ?AT 0! C5T]-P]IPH]Y MODEL HAS BE5 ! DOM9ANT MODEL 9 \R SOCIETY = ! GR[? & DIFFUSION ( ORGANIZATIONS DEF9$ AT HI< LEVELS ( SPECIFICITY4 ,= SU* A SY/EM1 ! UNI=M1 SIMPLE MESSAGE IS ESS5TIAL4 ,! SY/EM'S ABILITY TO H&LE COMPLEX SITUATIONS DEP5DS UPON A SIMPLE MESSAGE & UPON GR[? ?R\< UNI=M REPLICATION40 ,LIKE ! AN>*I/S1 HE SEES AS AN ALT]NATIVE1 NETWORKS 0( ELEM5TS CONNECT+ ?R\< ONE ANO!R RA!R ?AN TO EA* O!R ?R\< A C5T]01 *>ACT]IZ$ 0BY !IR SCOPE1 COMPLEXITY1 /ABILITY1 HOMOG5EITY & FLEXIBILITY0 9 :I* 0NUCLEI ( LEAD]%IP EM]GE & %IFT0 ) 0! 9FRA/RUCTURE P[]FUL 5\< = ! SY/EM TO HOLD ITSELF TOGE!R444 )\T ANY C5TRAL FACILITATOR OR SUPPORT] 4440.<#e#i.> 

,ALONE AMONG ! REVIEW]S ( ,DONALD ,S*ON'S LECTURES ,M>Y ,D\GLAS P]CEIV$ ! CONNECTION ) NON-GOV]NM5TAL TRIBAL SOCIETIES3  
  

,ONCE AN?ROPOLOGI/S ?\<T ?AT IF A TRIBE HAS NO C5TRAL AU?ORITY IT HAD NO POLITICAL UNITY4 ,WE W]E ?OR\<LY DOM9AT$ BY C5T] !ORY & MISS$ :AT WAS UND] \R NOSES4 ,!N 9 #aid ,PR(ESSOR ,EVANS-,PRIT*>D DESCRIB$ ! ,NU] POLITICAL SY/EM & ,PR(ESSOR ,=TES ! ,TALL5SI4 ,!Y ANALYZ$ SOME?+ UNCANNILY CLOSE TO ,S*ON'S ,MOVEM5T OR NETWORK SY/EM3 A POLITICAL /RUCTURE ) NO C5T] & NO HEAD1 LOOSELY HELD TOGE!R BY ! OPPOSITION ( ITS P>TS4 ,AU?ORITY WAS DIFFUS$ ?R\< ! 5TIRE POPULATION4 ,9 EA* CASE POLITICS W]E CONDUCT$ 9 AN IDIOM ( HI< G5]ALITY1 ! IDIOM ( K9%IP1 :I* SAT V]Y LOOSELY TO ! POLITICAL FACTS4 ,9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS1 DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( !IR GOV]N+ PR9CIPLES HAD ONLY A FAMILY RESEMBLANCE4 ,! SY/EM WAS 9V9CIBLE & FLEXIBLE4.<#f.>  
  

,?US BO? AN?ROPOLOGY & CYB]NETIC !ORY SUPPORT ,KROPOTK9'S CONT5TION ?AT 9 A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 H>MONY W\LD RESULT FROM 'AN EV]-*ANG+ ADJU/M5T & READJU/M5T ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! MULTITUDES ( =CES & 9FLU5CES' EXPRESS$ 9 0AN 9T]WOV5 NETWORK1 COMPOS$ ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( GR\PS & F$]ATIONS ( ALL SIZES & DEGREES1 LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL -- TEMPOR>Y OR MORE OR LESS P]MAN5T -- = ALL POSSIBLE PURPOSES3 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION & EX*ANGE1 COMMUNICATIONS1 SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS1 $UCATION1 MUTUAL PROTECTION1 DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY1 & SO ON2 & ON ! O!R SIDE1 = ! SATISFACTION ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 LIT]>Y & SOCIABLE NE$S40.<#f#a.> 

,H[ CRUDE ! GOV]NM5TAL MODEL SEEMS BY COMP>ISON1 :E!R 9 SOCIAL ADM9I/RATION1 9DU/RY1 $UCATION OR ECONOMIC PLANN+4 ,NO WOND] IT IS SO UNRESPONSIVE TO ACTUAL NE$S4 ,NO WOND]1 AS IT ATTEMPTS TO SOLVE ITS PROBLEMS BY FUSION1 AMALGAMATION1 RATIONALIZATION & COORD9ATION1 !Y ONLY BECOME WORSE BECAUSE ( ! CLOGG+ ( ! L9ES ( COMMUNICATION4 ,! AN>*I/ ALT]NATIVE IS ?AT ( FRAGM5TATION1 FISSION RA!R ?AN FUSION1 DIV]SITY RA!R ?AN UNITY1 A MASS ( SOCIETIES RA!R ?AN A MASS SOCIETY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

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,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiie 3 ,*APT] #d - ,H>MONY ?R\< ,COMPLEXITY -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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