,*APT] #a - ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 

#aiifaiif 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,I4 ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE 

  
  

,AS LONG AS TODAY'S PROBLEMS >E /AT$ 9 T]MS ( MASS POLITICS & 'MASS ORGANIZATION'1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ONLY ,/ATES & MASS P>TIES CAN DEAL ) !M4 ,BUT IF ! SOLUTIONS ?AT CAN BE (F]$ BY ! EXI/+ ,/ATES & P>TIES >E ACKN[L$G$ TO BE EI!R FUTILE OR WICK$1 OR BO?1 !N WE MU/ LOOK NOT ONLY = DIFF]5T 'SOLUTIONS' BUT ESPECIALLY = A DIFF]5T WAY ( /AT+ ! PROBLEMS !MSELVES4  
  
  

,&REA ,CAFFI 

,IF Y\ LOOK AT ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM1 REFLECT+ ON ! MELAN*OLY DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PROMISE & P]=MANCE1 BO? 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES :]E SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE TRIUMPH$ 9 ! /RUGGLE = POLITICAL P[]1 & 9 ?OSE :]E !Y HAVE NEV] ATTA9$ IT1 Y\ >E B\ND TO ASK Y\RSELF :AT W5T WRONG1 :5 & :Y4 ,SOME W\LD SEE ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION ( #aiag AS ! FATAL TURN+ PO9T 9 SOCIALI/ HI/ORY4 ,O!RS W\LD LOOK AS F> BACK AS ! ,FEBRU>Y REVOLUTION ( #ahdh 9 ,P>IS AS 0! />T+ PO9T ( ! TWO-FOLD DEVELOPM5T ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 AN>*I/IC & ,M>XI/01.<#a.> :ILE MANY W\LD LOCATE ! CRITICAL PO9T ( DIV]G5CE AS ! CONGRESS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL AT ,! ,HAGUE 9 #a#h#g#b1 :5 ! EXCLUSION ( ,BAKUN9 & ! AN>*I/S SIGNIFI$ ! VICTORY ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ONE ( HIS PROPHETIC CRITICISMS ( ,M>X ?AT YE> ,BAKUN9 PREVISAG$ ! :OLE SUBSEQU5T HI/ORY ( ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY3  
  

,M>X IS AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ COMMUNI/4 ,HE WANTS :AT WE WANT1 ! COMPLETE TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY1 BUT HE WANTS IT 9 ! ,/ATE & ?R\< ! ,/ATE P[]1 ?R\< ! DICTATOR%IP ( A V]Y /RONG &1 SO TO SAY1 DESPOTIC PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T1 ?AT IS BY ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY4 ,HIS ECONOMIC IDEAL IS ! ,/ATE AS SOLE [N] ( ! L& & ( ALL K9DS ( CAPITAL1 CULTIVAT+ ! L& UND] ! MANAGEM5T ( ,/ATE 5G9E]S1 & CONTROLL+ ALL 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL ASSOCIATIONS ) ,/ATE CAPITAL4 ,WE WANT ! SAME TRIUMPH ( ECONOMIC & SOCIAL EQUALITY ?R\< ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ( ALL ?AT PASSES BY ! NAME ( LAW 7:I*1 9 \R VIEW1 IS ! P]MAN5T NEGATION ( HUMAN RI<TS74 ,WE WANT ! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY & ! UNIFICATION ( MANK9D TO BE A*IEV$1 NOT FROM ABOVE D[NW>D BY ANY SORT ( AU?ORITY1 NOR BY SOCIALI/ (FICIALS1 5G9E]S1 & O!R ACCR$IT$ M5 ( LE>N+ -- BUT FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 BY ! FREE F$]ATION ( ALL K9DS ( WORK]S' ASSOCIATIONS LIB]AT$ FROM ! YOKE ( ! ,/ATE4.<#b.>  
  

,! HOMEGR[N ,5GLI% V>IETY ( SOCIALISM REA*$ ! PO9T ( DIV]G5CE LAT]4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLE = ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,FABIAN ,TRACTS TO DECL>E 9 #ahhf ?AT 0,5GLI% ,SOCIALISM IS NOT YET ,AN>*I/ OR ,COLLECTIVI/1 NOT YET DEF9$ 5\< 9 PO9T ( POLICY TO BE CLASSIFI$4 ,!RE IS A MASS ( ,SOCIALI/IC FEEL+ NOT YET CONSCI\S ( ITSELF AS ,SOCIALISM4 ,BUT :5 ! UNCONSCI\S ,SOCIALI/S ( ,5GL& DISCOV] !IR POSITION1 !Y ALSO WILL PROBABLY FALL 9TO TWO P>TIES3 A ,COLLECTIVI/ P>TY SUPPORT+ A /RONG C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION & A C\NT]BALANC+ ,AN>*I/ P>TY DEF5D+ 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE AGA9/ ?AT ADM9I/RATION40.<#c.> ,! ,FABIANS RAPIDLY F\ND :I* SIDE ( ! WAT]%$ WAS !IRS & :5 A ,LABOR ,P>TY WAS F\ND$ !Y EX]CIS$ A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE ON ITS POLICIES4 ,AT ITS ANNUAL CONF]5CE 9 #aiah ! ,LABOR ,P>TY F9ALLY COMMITT$ ITSELF TO ?AT 9T]PRETATION ( SOCIALISM :I* ID5TIFI$ IT ) ! UNLIMIT$ 9CREASE ( ! ,/ATE'S P[] & ACTIVITY ?R\< ITS *OS5 =M3 ! GIANT MANAG]IALLY-CONTROLL$ PUBLIC CORPORATION4 

,& :5 SOCIALISM HAS A*IEV$ P[] :AT HAS IT CREAT$8 ,MONOPOLY CAPITALISM ) A V5E] ( SOCIAL WELF>E AS A SUB/ITUTE = SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,! L>GE HOPES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY HAVE NOT BE5 FULFILL$2 ONLY ! GLOOMY PROPHECIES HAVE COME TRUE4 ,! CRITICISM ( ! /ATE & ( ! /RUCTURE ( ITS P[] & AU?ORITY MADE BY ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAS 9CREAS$ 9 VALIDITY & URG5CY 9 ! C5TURY ( TOTAL W> & ! TOTAL /ATE1 :ILE ! FAI? ?AT ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[] W\LD BR+ ! ADV5T ( SOCIALISM HAS BE5 DE/ROY$ 9 EV]Y C\NTRY :]E SOCIALI/ P>TIES HAVE WON A P>LIAM5T>Y MAJORITY1 OR HAVE RIDD5 TO P[] ON ! WAVE ( A POPUL> REVOLUTION1 OR HAVE BE5 9/ALL$ BY ,SOVIET TANKS4 ,:AT HAS HAPP5$ IS EXACTLY :AT ! AN>*I/ ,PR\DHON1 OV] A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 SAID W\LD HAPP54 ,ALL ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ IS 0A COMPACT DEMOCRACY HAV+ ! APPE>ANCE ( BE+ F\ND$ ON ! DICTATOR%IP ( ! MASSES1 BUT 9 :I* ! MASSES HAVE NO MORE P[] ?AN IS NECESS>Y TO 5SURE A G5]AL S]FDOM 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! FOLL[+ PRECEPTS & PR9CIPLES BORR[$ FROM ! OLD ABSOLUTISM3 9DIVISIBILITY ( PUBLIC P[]1 ALL-CONSUM+ C5TRALIZATION1 SY/EMATIC DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9DIVIDUAL1 CORPORATIVE & REGIONAL ?\<T 7REG>D$ AS DISRUPTIVE71 9QUISITORIAL POLICE40.<#d.> 

,KROPOTK91 TOO1 W>N$ US ?AT 0,! ,/ATE ORGANIZATION1 HAV+ BE5 ! =CE TO :I* ! M9ORITIES RESORT$ = E/ABLI%+ & ORGANIZ+ !IR P[] OV] ! MASSES1 CANNOT BE ! =CE :I* WILL S]VE TO DE/ROY !SE PRIVILEGES10 & HE DECL>$ ?AT 0! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIB]ATION ( MAN WILL HAVE TO CREATE NEW =MS = ITS EXPRESSION 9 LIFE1 9/EAD ( ?OSE E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,/ATE40.<#e.> ,HE ?\<T IT SELF-EVID5T ?AT 0?IS NEW =M WILL HAVE TO BE MORE POPUL>1 MORE DEC5TRALIZ$1 & NE>] TO ! FOLK-MOTE SELF-GOV]NM5T ?AN REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CAN EV] BE10 REIT]AT+ ?AT WE WILL BE COMPELL$ TO F9D NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?AT 0AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE1 NO?+ WILL BE DONE04.<#f.> 

,:5 WE LOOK AT ! P[]LESSNESS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! SMALL FACE-TO-FACE GR\P 9 ! WORLD TODAY & ASK \RSELVES :Y !Y >E P[]LESS1 WE HAVE TO ANSW] NOT M]ELY ?AT !Y >E WEAK BECAUSE ( ! VA/ C5TRAL AGGLOM]ATIONS ( P[] 9 ! MOD]N1 MILIT>Y-9DU/RIAL /ATE1 BUT ?AT !Y >E WEAK BECAUSE !Y HAVE SURR5D]$ !IR P[] TO ! /ATE4 ,IT IS AS ?\< EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL POSSESS$ A C]TA9 QUANTITY ( P[]1 BUT ?AT BY DEFAULT1 NEGLIG5CE1 OR ?\<TLESS & UNIMAG9ATIVE HABIT OR CONDITION+1 HE HAS ALL[$ SOMEONE ELSE TO PICK IT UP1 RA!R ?AN USE IT HIMSELF = HIS [N PURPOSES4 70,ACCORD+ TO ,K5NE? ,B\LD+1 !RE IS ONLY SO MU* HUMAN 5]GY >\ND4 ,:5 L>GE ORGANIZATIONS UTILIZE !SE 5]GY RES\RCES1 !Y >E DRA9$ AWAY FROM ! O!R SPH]ES407.<#g.> 

,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/1 MADE A PR(\ND & SIMPLE CONTRIBUTION TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! /ATE & SOCIETY 9 ONE S5T5CE3 0,! /ATE IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R RELATION%IPS1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY40 ,IT IS WE & NOT AN AB/RACT \TSIDE ID5TITY1 ,L&AU] IMPLIES1 :O BEHAVE 9 ONE WAY OR ! O!R1 POLITICALLY OR SOCIALLY4 ,L&AU]'S FRI5D & EXECUTOR1 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 BEG9S HIS ESSAY  
,SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE ) AN OBS]VATION ( ! SOCIOLOGI/1 ,ROB]T ,MAC,IV]1 ?AT 0TO ID5TIFY ! SOCIAL ) ! POLITICAL IS TO BE GUILTY ( ! GROSSE/ ( ALL CONFUSIONS1 :I* COMPLETELY B>S ANY UND]/&+ ( EI!R SOCIETY OR ! /ATE40 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE1 = ,BUB]1 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY P[]1 AU?ORITY1 HI]>*Y1 DOM9ION4 ,HE SEES ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE :]EV] M5 L9K !MSELVES 9 AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON A COMMON NE$ OR COMMON 9T]E/4 

,:AT IS IT1 ,BUB] ASKS1 ?AT GIVES ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IT ASC5DANCY8 ,& HE ANSW]S1 0! FACT ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE FEEL ITSELF ?REAT5$ BY ! O!RS GIVES ! /ATE ITS DEF9ITE UNIFY+ P[]2 IT DEP5DS UPON ! 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF2 ! LAT5T EXT]NAL CRISIS 5ABLES IT TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 9T]NAL CRISES 444 ,ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T HAVE ?IS 9 COMMON3 EA* POSSESSES MORE P[] ?AN IS REQUIR$ BY ! GIV5 CONDITIONS2 9 FACT1 ?IS EXCESS 9 ! CAPACITY = MAK+ DISPOSITIONS IS ACTUALLY :AT WE UND]/& BY POLITICAL P[]4 ,! MEASURE ( ?IS EXCESS :I* CANNOT1 ( C\RSE1 BE COMPUT$ PRECISELY1 REPRES5TS ! EXACT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ADM9I/RATION & GOV]NM5T40 ,HE CALLS ?IS EXCESS ! 0POLITICAL SURPLUS0 & OBS]VES ?AT 0ITS JU/IFICATION D]IVES FROM ! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL 9/ABILITY1 FROM ! LAT5T /ATE ( CRISIS BETWE5 NATIONS & )9 EV]Y NATION4 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IS ALWAYS /RONG] 9 RELATION TO ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE ?AN ! GIV5 CONDITIONS REQUIRE4 ,! RESULT IS A CONT9U\S DIM9UTION 9 SOCIAL SPONTANEITY40.<#h.> 

,! CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE TWO PR9CIPLES IS A P]MAN5T ASPECT ( ! HUMAN CONDITION4 ,OR AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT3 0,?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( \R CIVILIZATION1 TWO TRADITIONS1 TWO OPPOS$ T5D5CIES1 HAVE BE5 9 CONFLICT3 ! ,ROMAN TRADITION & ! POPUL> TRADITION1 ! IMP]IAL TRADITION & ! F$]ALI/ TRADITION1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN TRADITION & ! LIB]T>IAN TRADITION40 ,!RE IS AN 9V]SE CORRELATION BETWE5 ! TWO3 ! /R5G? ( ONE IS ! WEAKNESS ( ! O!R4 ,IF WE WANT TO /R5G!N SOCIETY WE MU/ WEAK5 ! /ATE4 ,TOTALIT>IANS ( ALL K9DS REALIZE ?IS1 :I* IS :Y !Y 9V>IABLY SEEK TO DE/ROY ?OSE SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS :I* !Y CANNOT DOM9ATE4 ,SO DO ! DOM9ANT 9T]E/ GR\PS 9 ! /ATE1 LIKE ! ALLIANCE ( BIG BUS9ESS & ! MILIT>Y E/ABLI%M5T = ! 0P]MAN5T W> ECONOMY0 SUGGE/$ BY ,SECRET>Y ( ,DEF5SE ,*>LES ,E4 ,WILSON 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :I* HAS S9CE BECOME SO DOM9ANT ?AT EV5 ,EIS5H[]1 9 HIS LA/ ADDRESS AS ,PRESID5T1 FELT OBLIG$ TO W>N US ( ITS M5ACE4.<#i.> 

,%ORN ( ! METAPHYSICS ) :I* POLITICIANS & PHILOSOPH]S HAVE 5VELOP$ IT1 ! /ATE CAN BE DEF9$ AS A POLITICAL ME*ANISM US+ =CE1 & TO ! SOCIOLOGI/ IT IS ONE AMONG MANY =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS H[EV]1 0DI/+UI%$ FROM ALL O!R ASSOCIATIONS BY ITS EXCLUSIVE 9VE/M5T ) ! F9AL P[] ( CO]CION04.<#a.> ,& AGA9/ :OM IS ?IS F9AL P[] DIRECT$8 ,IT IS DIRECT$ AT ! 5EMY )\T1 BUT IT IS AIM$ AT ! SUBJECT SOCIETY )94 

,?IS IS :Y ,BUB] DECL>$ ?AT IT IS ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! LAT5T EXT]NAL CRISIS ?AT 5ABLES ! /ATE TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 9T]NAL CRISES4 ,IS ?IS A CONSCI\S PROC$URE8 ,IS IT SIMPLY ?AT 0WICK$0 M5 CONTROL ! /ATE1 SO ?AT WE C\LD PUT ?+S RI<T BY VOT+ = 0GOOD0 M58 ,OR IS IT A FUNDAM5TAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! /ATE AS AN 9/ITUTION8 ,IT WAS BECAUSE %E DREW ?IS F9AL CONCLUSION ?AT ,SIMONE ,WEIL DECL>$ ?AT 0,! GREAT ]ROR ( NE>LY ALL /UDIES ( W>1 AN ]ROR 9TO :I* ALL SOCIALI/S HAVE FALL51 HAS BE5 TO CONSID] W> AS AN EPISODE 9 =EIGN POLITICS1 :5 IT IS ESPECIALLY AN ACT ( 9T]IOR POLITICS1 & ! MO/ ATROCI\S ACT ( ALL3 ,= JU/ AS ,M>X F\ND ?AT 9 ! ]A ( UNRE/RA9$ CAPITALISM1 COMPETITION BETWE5 EMPLOY]S1 KN[+ NO O!R WEAPON ?AN ! EXPLOITATION ( !IR WORK]S1 WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A /RUGGLE ( EA* EMPLOY] AGA9/ HIS [N WORKM51 & ULTIMATELY ( ! 5TIRE EMPLOY+ CLASS AGA9/ !IR EMPLOYES1 SO ! /ATE USES W> & ! ?REAT ( W> AS A WEAPON AGA9/ ITS [N POPULATION4 0,S9CE ! DIRECT+ APP>ATUS HAS NO O!R WAY ( FI<T+ ! 5EMY ?AN BY S5D+ ITS [N SOLDI]S1 UND] COMPULSION1 TO !IR DEA? -- ! W> ( ONE ,/ATE AGA9/ ANO!R ,/ATE RESOLVES ITSELF 9TO A W> ( ! ,/ATE & ! MILIT>Y APP>ATUS AGA9/ ITS [N PEOPLE4.<#a#a.> 

,IT DOESN'T LOOK LIKE ?IS1 ( C\RSE1 IF Y\ >E A P>T ( ! DIRECT+ APP>ATUS1 CALCULAT+ :AT PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION Y\ CAN AF=D TO LOSE 9 A NUCLE> W> -- JU/ AS ! GOV]NM5TS ( ALL ! GREAT P[]S1 CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/1 HAVE CALCULAT$4 ,BUT IT DOES LOOK LIKE ?IS IF Y\ >E P>T ( ! EXP5DABLE POPULATION -- UNLESS Y\ ID5TIFY Y\R [N UNIMPORTANT C>CASS ) ! /ATE APP>ATUS -- AS MILLIONS DO4 ,! EXP5DABILITY FACTOR HAS 9CREAS$ BY BE+ TRANSF]R$ FROM ! SPECIALIZ$1 SC>CE & EXP5SIVELY TRA9$ MILIT>Y P]SONNEL TO ! AMORPH\S CIVILIAN POPULATION4 ,AM]ICAN /RATEGI/S HAVE CALCULAT$ ! PROPORTION ( CIVILIANS KILL$ 9 ?IS C5TURY'S MAJOR W>S4 ,9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> #e P]C5T ( ?OSE KILL$ W]E CIVILIANS1 9 ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> #dh P]C5T1 9 ! ,KOREAN ,W> #hd P]C5T1 :ILE 9 A ,?IRD ,WORLD ,W> #i-#i#e P]C5T W\LD BE CIVILIANS4 ,/ATES1 GREAT & SMALL1 N[ HAVE A /OCKPILE ( NUCLE> WEAPONS EQUIVAL5T TO T5 TONS ( ,T,N,T = EV]Y P]SON ALIVE TODAY4 

,9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY ,T4 ,H4 ,GRE5 REM>K$ ?AT W> IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! 0IMP]FECT0 /ATE1 BUT HE WAS QUITE WRONG4 ,W> IS ! EXPRESSION ( ! /ATE 9 ITS MO/ P]FECT =M3 IT IS ITS F9E/ H\R4 ,W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE -- ! PHRASE WAS 9V5T$ DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W> BY ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE1 :O EXPLA9$3  
  

,! ,/ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! H]D TO ACT (F5SIVELY OR DEF5SIVELY AGA9/ ANO!R H]D SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,W> S5DS ! CURR5T ( PURPOSE & ACTIVITY FL[+ D[N TO ! L[E/ LEVEL ( ! H]D1 & TO ITS MO/ REMOTE BRAN*ES4 ,ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( SOCIETY >E L9K$ TOGE!R AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE TO ?IS C5TRAL PURPOSE ( MAK+ A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE OR A MILIT>Y DEF5SE1 & ! ,/ATE BECOMES :AT 9 PEACETIME IT HAS VA9LY /RUGGL$ TO BECOME 444 ,! SLACK IS TAK5 UP1 ! CROSS-CURR5TS FADE \T1 & ! NATION MOVES LUMB]+LY & SL[LY1 BUT ) EV] ACCEL]AT$ SPE$ & 9TEGRATION1 T[>DS ! GREAT 5D1 T[>DS ?AT PEACEFULNESS ( BE+ AT W> 444.<#a#b.>  
  

,?IS IS :Y ! WEAK5+ ( ! /ATE1 ! PROGRESSIVE DEVELOPM5T ( ITS IMP]FECTIONS1 IS A SOCIAL NECESSITY4 ,! /R5G!N+ ( O!R LOYALTIES1 ( ALT]NATIVE FOCI ( P[]1 ( DIFF]5T MODES ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR1 IS AN ESS5TIAL = SURVIVAL4 ,BUT :]E DO WE BEG98 ,IT \<T TO BE OBVI\S ?AT WE DO NOT BEG9 BY SUPPORT+1 JO9+1 OR HOP+ TO *ANGE FROM )91 ! EXI/+ POLITICAL P>TIES1 NOR BY />T+ NEW ONES AS RIVAL CONT5D]S = POLITICAL P[]4 ,\R TASK IS NOT TO GA9 P[]1 BUT TO ]ODE IT1 TO DRA9 IT AWAY FROM ! /ATE4 0,! ,/ATE BUREAUCRACY & C5TRALIZATION >E AS IRRECONCILABLE ) SOCIALISM AS WAS AUTOCRACY ) CAPITALI/ RULE4 ,ONE WAY OR ANO!R1 SOCIALISM MU/ BECOME MORE POPUL>1 MORE COMMUNALI/IC1 & LESS DEP5D5T UPON 9DIRECT GOV]NM5T ?R\< ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES4 ,IT MU/ BECOME MORE SELF-GOV]N+40.<#a#c.> ,PUTT+ IT DIFF]5TLY1 WE HAVE TO BUILD NETWORKS 9/EAD ( PYRAMIDS4 ,ALL AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS >E ORGANIZ$ AS PYRAMIDS3 ! /ATE1 ! PRIVATE OR PUBLIC CORPORATION1 ! >MY1 ! POLICE1 ! *UR*1 ! UNIV]SITY1 ! HOSPITAL3 !Y >E ALL PYRAMIDAL /RUCTURES ) A SMALL GR\P ( DECISION-MAK]S AT ! TOP & A BROAD BASE ( PEOPLE :OSE DECISIONS >E MADE = !M AT ! BOTTOM4 ,AN>*ISM DOES NOT DEM& ! *ANG+ ( ! LABELS ON ! LAY]S1 IT DOESN'T WANT DIFF]5T PEOPLE ON TOP1 IT WANTS US TO CLIMB] \T FROM UND]NEA?4 ,IT ADVOCATES AN EXT5D$ NETWORK ( 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 MAK+ !IR [N DECISIONS1 CONTROLL+ !IR [N DE/9Y4 

,! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S 5VISAG$ ! :OLE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION WOV5 FROM SU* LOCAL GR\PS3 ! COMMUNE OR C\NCIL AS ! T]RITORIAL NUCLEUS 7BE+ 0NOT A BRAN* ( ! /ATE1 BUT ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( ! MEMB]S CONC]N$1 :I* MAY BE EI!R A COOP]ATIVE OR A CORPORATIVE BODY1 OR SIMPLY A PROVISIONAL UNION ( SEV]AL PEOPLE UNIT$ BY A COMMON NE$10.<#a#d.>7 & ! SYNDICATE OR WORK]'S C\NCIL AS ! 9DU/RIAL OR OCCUPATIONAL UNIT4 ,!SE UNITS W\LD F$]ATE TOGE!R NOT LIKE ! /ONES ( A PYRAMID :]E ! BIGGE/ BURD5 IS BORNE BY ! L[E/ LAY]1 BUT LIKE ! L9KS ( A NETWORK1 ! NETWORK ( AUTONOM\S GR\PS4 ,SEV]AL /R&S ( ?\<T >E L9K$ TOGE!R 9 AN>*I/ SOCIAL !ORY3 ! IDEAS ( DIRECT ACTION1 AUTONOMY & WORK]S' CONTROL1 DEC5RALISATION & F$]ALISM4 

,! PHRASE 0DIRECT ACTION0 WAS FIR/ GIV5 CURR5CY BY ! ,FR5* REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S ( ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 & WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! V>I\S =MS ( MILITANT 9DU/RIAL RESI/ANCE -- ! /RIKE1 GO-SL[1 WORK+-TO-RULE1 SABOTAGE & ! G5]AL /RIKE4 ,ITS MEAN+ HAS WID5$ S9CE !N TO TAKE 9 ! EXP]I5CE (1 = EXAMPLE1 ,G&HI'S CIVIL DISOB$I5CE CAMPAIGN & ! CIVIL RI<TS /RUGGLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & ! MANY O!R =MS ( DO-IT-Y\RSELF POLITICS ?AT >E SPREAD+ R\ND ! WORLD4 ,DIRECT ACTION HAS BE5 DEF9$ BY ,DAVID ,WIECK AS ?AT 0ACTION :I*1 9 RESPECT TO A SITUATION1 REALIZES ! 5D DESIR$1 SO F> AS ?IS LIES )9 ONE'S P[] OR ! P[] ( ONE'S GR\P' & HE DI/+UI%ES ?IS FROM 9DIRECT ACTION :I* REALIZES AN IRRELEVANT OR EV5 CONTRADICTORY 5D1 PRESUMABLY AS A MEANS TO ! 0GOOD0 5D4 ,HE GIVES ?IS AS A HOMELY EXAMPLE3 0,IF ! BUT*] WEI<S ONE'S MEAT ) HIS ?UMB ON ! SCALE1 ONE MAY COMPLA9 AB\T IT & TELL HIM HE IS A B&IT :O ROBS ! POOR1 & IF HE P]SI/S & ONE DOES NO?+ ELSE1 ?IS IS M]E TALK2 ONE MAY CALL ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,WEI<TS & ,MEASURES1 & ?IS IS 9DIRECT ACTION2 OR ONE MAY1 TALK FAIL+1 9SI/ ON WEI<+ ONE'S [N MEAT1 BR+ ALONG A SCALE TO *ECK ! BUT*]'S WEI<T1 TAKE ONE'S BUS9ESS SOME:]E ELSE1 HELP OP5 A COOP]ATIVE /ORE1 & !SE >E  
DIRECT ACTIONS40 ,WIECK OBS]VES ?AT3 0,PROCE$+ ) ! BELIEF ?AT 9 EV]Y SITUATION1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL & GR\P HAS ! POSSIBILITY ( SOME DIRECT ACTION ON SOME LEVEL ( G5]ALITY1 WE MAY DISCOV] MU* ?AT HAS BE5 UNRECOGNIZ$1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( MU* ?AT HAS BE5 UND]RAT$4 ,SO POLITICALIS$ IS \R ?9K+1 SO FOCUS$ TO ! MOTIONS ( GOV]NM5TAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ?AT ! EFFECTS ( DIRECT EF=TS TO MODIFY ONE'S 5VIRONM5T >E UNEXPLOR$4 ,! HABIT ( DIRECT ACTION IS1 P]HAPS1 ID5TICAL ) ! HABIT ( BE+ A FREE MAN1 PREP>$ TO LIVE RESPONSIBLY 9 A FREE SOCIETY40.<#a#e.> 

,! IDEAS ( AUTONOMY & WORK]S' CONTROL & ( DEC5TRALIZATION >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ?AT ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 ! MOD]N /ATE1 EV]Y:]E & 9 EV]Y FIELD1 ONE GR\P ( PEOPLE MAKES DECISIONS1 EX]CISES CONTROL1 LIMITS *OICES1 :ILE ! GREAT MAJORITY HAVE TO ACCEPT !SE DECISIONS1 SUBMIT TO ?IS CONTROL & ACT )9 ! LIMITS ( !SE EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ *OICES4 ,! HABIT ( DIRECT ACTION IS ! HABIT ( WRE/+ BACK ! P[] TO MAKE DECISIONS AFFECT+ US FROM !M4 ,! AUTONOMY ( ! WORK] AT WORK IS ! MO/ IMPORTANT FIELD 9 :I* ?IS EXPROPRIATION ( DECISION-MAK+ CAN APPLY4 ,:5 WORK]S' CONTROL IS M5TION$1 PEOPLE SMILE SADLY & MURMUR REGRETFULLY ?AT IT IS A PITY ?AT ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY MAKE IT A UTOPIAN DREAM :I* C\LD NEV] BE PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 A DEVELOP$ ECONOMY4 ,!Y >E WRONG4 ,!RE >E NO TE*NICAL GR\NDS = REG>D+ WORK]S' CONTROL AS IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! OB/ACLES TO SELF-MANAGEM5T 9 9DU/RY >E ! SAME OB/ACLES ?AT /& 9 ! WAY ( ANY K9D ( EQUITABLE %>E-\T ( SOCIETY'S ASSETS3 ! VE/$ 9T]E/ ( ! PRIVILEG$ 9 ! EXI/+ DI/RIBUTION ( P[] & PROP]TY4 

,SIMIL>LY1 DEC5TRALIZATION IS NOT SO MU* A TE*NICAL PROBLEM AS AN APPROA* TO PROBLEMS ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 ,A CONV9C+ CASE CAN BE MADE = DEC5TRALIZATION ON ECONOMIC GR\NDS1 BUT = ! AN>*I/ !RE JU/ ISN'T ANY O!R SOLUTION CONSI/5T ) HIS ADVOCACY ( DIRECT ACTION & AUTONOMY4 ,IT DOESN'T OCCUR TO HIM TO SEEK C5TRALI/ SOLUTIONS JU/ AS IT DOESN'T OCCUR TO ! P]SON ) AN AU?ORIT>IAN & C5TRALIZ+ FRAME ( ?\<T TO SEEK DEC5TRALI/ ONES4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/ ADVOCATE ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 REM>KS ?AT3  
  

,9 FACT !RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TWO /R&S TO DEC5TRALI/ ?9K+4 ,SOME AU?ORS1 E4G4 ,LAO-TSE OR ,TOL/OY1 MAKE A CONS]VATIVE PEASANT CRITIQUE ( C5TRALIZ$ C\RT & T[N AS 9ORGANIC1 V]BAL & RITUALI/IC4 ,BUT O!R AU?ORS1 E4G4 ,PR\DHON OR ,KROPOTK91 MAKE A DEMOCRATIC URBAN CRITIQUE ( C5TRALIZ$ BUREAUCRACY & P[]1 9CLUD+ FEUDAL 9DU/RIAL P[]1 AS EXPLOIT+1 9EFFICI5T1 & DISC\RAG+ 9ITIATIVE4 ,9 \R PRES5T ]A ( ,/ATE-SOCIALISM1 CORPORATE FEUDALISM1 REGIM5T$ S*OOL+1 BRA9WA%+ MASS-COMMUNICATIONS & URBAN ANOMIE1 BO? K9DS ( CRITIQUE MAKE S5SE4 ,WE NE$ TO REVIVE BO? PEASANT SELF-RELIANCE & ! DEMOCRATIC P[] ( PR(ESSIONAL & TE*NICAL GUILDS4 

,ANY DEC5TRALIZATION ?AT C\LD OCCUR AT PRES5T W\LD 9EVITABLY BE PO/-URBAN & PO/-C5TRALI/3 IT C\LD NOT BE PROV9CIAL444.<#a#f.>  
  

,HIS CONCLUSION IS ?AT DEC5TRALIZATION IS 0A K9D ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION2 IT DOES NOT 9VOLVE GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION1 BUT A P>TICUL> SOCIOLOGICAL USE ( GEOGRAPHY04 

,PRECISELY BECAUSE WE >E NOT CONC]N$ ) RECOMM5D+ GEOGRAPHICAL ISOLATION1 AN>*I/ ?9K]S HAVE DEVOT$ A GREAT DEAL ( ?\<T TO ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ALISM4 ,PR\DHON REG>D$ IT AS ! ALPHA & OMEGA ( HIS POLITICAL & ECONOMIC IDEAS4 ,HE WAS NOT ?9K+ ( A CONF$]ATION ( /ATES OR ( A WORLD F$]AL GOV]NM5T1 BUT ( A BASIC PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION4 

,BAKUN9'S PHILOSOPHY ( F$]ALISM E*O$ ,PR\DHON'S BUT 9SI/$ ?AT ONLY SOCIALISM C\LD GIVE IT A G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T1 & ,KROPOTK91 TOO1 DREW ON ! HI/ORY ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 &1 AT ! V]Y 5D ( HIS LIFE1 ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 TO ILLU/RATE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE IF A REVOLUTION IS TO RETA9 ITS REVOLUTION>Y CONT5T4 

,AUTONOM\S DIRECT ACTION1 DEC5TRALIZ$ DECISION-MAK+1 & FREE F$]ATION HAVE BE5 ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ALL G5U9ELY POPUL> UPRIS+S4 ,/AU<TON ,LYND REM>K$ ?AT 0NO REAL REVOLUTION HAS EV] TAK5 PLACE -- :E!R 9 ,AM]ICA 9 #a#g#g#f1 ,FRANCE 9 #a#g#h#i1 ,RUSSIA 9 #a#i#a#g1 ,*9A 9 #aidi -- )\T AD HOC POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS IMPROVIS$ FROM BEL[1 SIMPLY BEG9N+ TO ADM9I/] P[] 9 PLACE ( ! 9/ITUTIONS PREVI\SLY RECOGNIZ$ AS LEGITIMATE40 ,!Y W]E SE5 TOO 9 ! ,G]MAN UPRIS+S ( #aiai LIKE ! ,MUNI* 0C\NCIL-REPUBLIC01 9 ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #aicf & 9 ! ,HUNG>IAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#e#f1 OR 9 ! ,SPR+ DAYS 9 ,PRAGUE 9 #aifh -- ONLY TO BE DE/ROY$ BY ! V]Y P>TY :I* RODE TO P[] ON ! ESS5TIALLY AN>*I/ SLOGAN 0,ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS0 9 #a#i#a#g4 ,9 ,M>* #a#i#b1 BY :I* TIME ! ,BOL%EVIKS HAD TRANS=M$ ! LOCAL SOVIETS 9TO ORGANS ( ! C5TRAL ADM9I/RATION1 ,L59 SAID TO ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 0,:Y1 EV5 Y\R GREAT COMRADE ,]RICO ,MALATE/A HAS DECL>$ HIMSELF = ! SOVIETS40 0,YES10 %E REPLI$1 0,= !  
FREE SOVIETS40 ,MALATE/A HIMSELF1 DEF9+ ! AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION ( REVOLUTION1 WROTE3  
  

,REVOLUTION IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL CO]CIVE TIES2 IT IS ! AUTONOMY ( GR\PS1 ( COMMUNES1 ( REGIONS1 REVOLUTION IS ! FREE F$]ATION BR\<T AB\T BY A DESIRE = BRO!RHOOD1 BY 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE 9T]E/S1 BY ! NE$S ( PRODUCTION & DEF5SE2 REVOLUTION IS ! CON/ITUTION ( 9NUM]ABLE FREE GR\P+S BAS$ ON IDEAS1 WI%ES & TA/ES ( ALL K9DS ?AT EXI/ AMONG ! PEOPLE2 REVOLUTION IS ! =M+ & DISB&+ ( ?\S&S ( REPRES5TATIVE1 DI/RICT1 COMMUNAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL BODIES :I*1 )\T HAV+ ANY LEGISLATIVE P[] S]VE TO MAKE KN[N & TO COORD9ATE ! DESIRES & 9T]E/S ( PEOPLE NE> & F> & :I* ACT ?R\< 9=MATION1 ADVICE & EXAMPLE4 ,REVOLUTION IS FRE$OM PROV$ 9 ! CRUCIBLE ( FACTS -- & LA/S SO LONG AS FRE$OM LA/S1 ?AT IS UNTIL O!RS1 TAK+ ADVANTAGE ( ! WE>9ESS ?AT OV]TAKES ! MASSES1 ( ! 9EVITABLE DISAPPO9TM5TS ?AT FOLL[ EXAGG]AT$ HOPES1 ( ! PROBABLE ]RORS & HUMAN FAULTS1 SUCCE$ 9 CON/ITUT+ A P[] :I*1 SUPPORT$ BY AN >MY ( M]C5>IES OR CONSCRIPTS1 LAYS D[N ! LAW1 >RE/S ! MOVEM5T AT ! PO9T IT HAS REA*$1 & !N BEG9S ! REACTION4.<#a#g.>  
  

,HIS LA/ S5T5CE 9DICATES ?AT HE ?\<T REACTION 9EVITABLE1 & SO IT IS1 IF PEOPLE >E WILL+ TO SURR5D] ! P[] !Y HAVE WRE/$ FROM A =M] RUL+ ELITE 9TO ! H&S ( A NEW ONE4 ,BUT A REACTION TO EV]Y REVOLUTION IS 9EVITABLE 9 ANO!R S5SE4 ,?IS IS :AT ! EBB & FL[ ( HI/ORY IMPLIES4 ,! LUTTE F9ALE EXI/S ONLY 9 ! WORDS ( A SONG4 ,AS ,L&AU] SAYS1 EV]Y TIME AFT] ! REVOLUTION IS A TIME BE=E ! REVOLUTION = ALL ?OSE :OSE LIVES HAVE NOT GOT BOGG$ D[N 9 SOME GREAT MOM5T ( ! PA/4 ,!RE IS NO F9AL /RUGGLE1 ONLY A S]IES ( P>TISAN /RUGGLES ON A V>IETY ( FRONTS4 

,& AFT] OV] A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE ( ! !ORY1 & OV] HALF A C5TURY ( EXP]I5CE ( ! PRACTICE ( ! ,M>XI/ & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC V>IETIES ( SOCIALISM1 AFT] ! HI/ORIANS HAVE DISMISS$ AN>*ISM AS ONE ( ! N9ETE5?-C5TURY ALSO-RANS ( HI/ORY1 IT IS EM]G+ AGA9 AS A COH]5T SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY 9 ! GU]RILLA W>F>E = A SOCIETY ( P>TICIPANTS1 :I* IS OCCURR+ SPORADICALLY ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,?US1 COMM5T+ ON ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE1 ,!ODORE ,DRAP] DECL>$ ?AT 0,! L9EAGE ( ! NEW REVOLUTION>IES GOES BACK TO ,BAKUN9 RA!R ?AN TO ,M>X1 & IT IS JU/ AS WELL ?AT ! T]M 'AN>*ISM' IS COM+ BACK 9TO VOGUE4 ,= :AT WE HAVE BE5 WITNESS+ IS A REVIVAL ( AN>*ISM 9 MOD]N DRESS OR MASQU]AD+ AS LATT]-DAY ,M>XISM4 ,JU/ AS N9ETE5?-C5TURY ,M>XISM MATUR$ 9 A /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN>*ISM1 SO TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,M>XISM MAY HAVE TO RECREATE ITSELF 9 ANO!R /RUGGLE AGA9/ AN>*ISM 9 ITS LATE/ GUISE40.<#a#h.> ,HE W5T ON TO COMM5T ?AT ! AN>*I/S DID NOT HAVE MU* /AY+-P[] 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ?AT IT IS UNLIKELY ?AT !Y WILL HAVE MU* MORE 9 ?IS C5TURY4 ,:E!R OR NOT HE IS RI<T AB\T ! NEW AN>*I/S DEP5DS ON A NUMB] ( FACTORS4 ,FIR/LY1 ON :E!R OR NOT PEOPLE HAVE LE>N$ ANY?+ FROM ! HI/ORY ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ YE>S2 SECONDLY1 ON :E!R ! L>GE NUMB] ( PEOPLE 9 BO? EA/ & WE/ -- ! DISSATISFI$ & DISSID5T Y\NG ( ! ,SOVIET EMPIRE AS WELL AS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :O SEEK AN ALT]NATIVE !ORY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION -- WILL GRASP ! RELEVANCE ( ?OSE IDEAS :I* WE DEF9E AS AN>*ISM2 & ?IRDLY1 ON :E!R ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES >E SUFFICI5TLY IMAG9ATIVE & 9V5TIVE TO F9D WAYS ( APPLY+ !IR IDEAS TODAY TO ! SOCIETY WE LIVE 9 9 WAYS ?AT COMB9E IMM$IATE AIMS ) ULTIMATE 5DS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiie 3 ,*APT] #a - ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,*APT] #a - ,AN>*Y & ! ,/ATE -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/