,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #ae 
,! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 7#a#i#e7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

#a#e3 ,! ,MOD]N ,/ATE 7#a#i#e7 

  

,RECLUS' MO/ EXT5D$ CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE APPE>S 9 ,L',EVOLUTION1 LA REVOLUTION ET L'IDEAL AN>*IQUE & 9 ! *APT] 0,L',ETAT MOD]NE10 9 VOLUME #f ( ,L',HOMME ET LA ,T]RE 7,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,UNIV]SELLE1 #a#i#e-#h71 #a#g#a-#b#b#c4 ,! FOLL[+ TEXT CONSI/S ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT SECTIONS ( ?AT *APT] 7#a#g#a-#g#g1 #a#h#h-#i#d1 & #b#a#d-#b#c74 

,! WORLD IS V]Y CLOSE TO UNIFICATION4 ,ALL L&S1 9CLUD+ EV5 ! SMALL ISL&S SCATT]$ ACROSS ! VA/ OCEAN1 HAVE 5T]$ 9TO ! FIELD ( ATTRACTION ( ONE COMMON CULTURE1 9 :I* ! ,EUROPEAN TYPE PR$OM9ATES4 ,ONLY 9 A FEW R>E 5CLAVES--9 L&S ( CAVES :]E M5 FLEE ! LI<T1 OR 9 V]Y SECLUD$ PLACES PROTECT$ BY WALLS ( ROCK1 =E/S1 OR M>%L&S--HAVE SOME TRIBES BE5 ABLE TO REMA9 COMPLETELY ISOLAT$1 LIV+ !IR LIVES \TSIDE ! RHY?M ( ! GREAT UNIV]SAL LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 AS JEAL\SLY AS !SE PEOPLES HAVE HIDD5 !MSELVES1 =M+ SMALL1 SELFSUFFICI5T H]$IT>Y CIRCLES1 SCI5TIFIC RESE>*]S HAVE DISCOV]$ !M & 9TEGRAT$ !M 9TO ! :OLE ( HUMANITY BY /UDY+ !IR =MS1 !IR WAYS ( LIFE1 & !IR TRADITIONS1 & BY PLAC+ !M 9 A SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION ( :I* !Y W]E PREVI\SLY AN UNKN[N MEMB]4 

,! 9/9CTIVE T5D5CY ( ALL NATIONS TO TAKE P>T 9 ! COMMON AFFAIRS ( ! 5TIRE WORLD ALREADY MANIFE/S ITSELF 9 MANY 9/ANCES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y HI/ORY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 #ahig WE WITNESS$ ! SIX GREATE/ ,EUROPEAN P[]S 7:ATEV] !IR SECRET MOTIVES MAY HAVE BE57 CLAIM+ TO SEEK TO MA9TA9 A BALANCE ( P[] 9 ,EUROPE1 :ILE SATISFY+ BO? ,TURKEY & ,GREECE4.<#d#g#i.> ,9 ! PROCESS1 !Y FIR$ ON SOME UN=TUNATE ,CRETANS--!IR 0BRO!RS 9 ,*RI/0--9 ! NAME ( 0PUBLIC ORD]40 ,DESPITE ! DI%E>T5+ SPECTACLE ( A L>GE DEPLOYM5T ( =CE AGA9/ A SMALL PEOPLE :O ASK$ ONLY ?AT JU/ICE BE R5D]$ TO !M1 IT WAS NEV]!LESS A COMPLETELY NEW & TELL+ POLITICAL PH5OM5ON ?AT SOLDI]S & SAILORS ( V>I\S LANGUAGES & NATIONALITIES C\LD JO9 TOGE!R1 GR\P$ 9 ALLI$ DETA*M5TS UND] ! ORD]S ( A LEAD] *OS5 BY LOT AMONG ! ,BRITI%1 ,AU/RIANS1 ,ITALIANS1 ,FR5*1 & ,RUSSIANS4 ,?IS WAS AN EV5T ) AN 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT]1 UNPREC$5T$ 9 HI/ORY BECAUSE ( ! ME?ODICAL PRECISION ) :I* IT WAS C>RI$ \T4 ,IT WAS PROV5 ?AT ,EUROPE AS A :OLE IS N[ 9DE$ A SORT ( REPUBLIC ( /ATES1 UNIT$ ?R\< CLASS SOLID>ITY4 ,! F9ANCIAL CA/E ?AT RULES FROM ,MOSC[ TO ,LIV]POOL CAUSES GOV]NM5TS & >MIES TO ACT ) P]FECT DISCIPL9E4 

,S9CE !N1 HI/ORY HAS (F]$ O!R EXAMPLES ( ?IS C\NCIL ( NATIONS ?AT =MS SPONTANE\SLY 9 ALL GRAVE POLITICAL SITUATIONS4 ,S9CE ! 9T]E/S ( ALL >E AT /AKE1 EA* WANTS TO TAKE P>T 9 ! DELIB]ATIONS & PR(IT FROM ! SETTLEM5T4 ,9 ,*9A1 = EXAMPLE1 ! TEMPOR>Y ALLIANCE ?AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ BETWE5 NATIONS IS /RONG 5\< TO UNITE ! MILIT>Y REPRES5TATIVES ( ALL ! /ATES 9 A COMMON TASK ( DE/RUCTION & MASSACRE4 ,ELSE:]E1 NOTABLY 9 ,MOROCCO1 ! COLLECTIVE MA*9ATIONS >E LIMIT$ = ! TIME BE+ TO DIPLOMATIC TALKS1 BUT AT ANY RATE1 ! CASE IS CLE>4 ,/ATES HAVE AN ACUTE AW>5ESS ( ! EFFECTS ( ALL EV5TS ?R\<\T ! WORLD ON !IR [N DE/9Y1 & !Y DO !IR BE/ TO COPE ) *ANGES 9 ! BALANCE ( P[]4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS V]Y IMPORTANT TO /RESS ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! SOLID>ITY ( CONS]VATIVE /ATES & ?AT ( PEOPLES DUR+ P]IODS ( REVOLUTION1 9 :I* AN UPSURGE TAKES PLACE 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,:]EAS ! YE> #ahdh ROCK$ ! WORLD ) TREMORS ( LIB]TY1 FIFTY YE>S LAT] WE F9D ?AT ,5GL& H&S ITSELF OV] TO REPRES5TATIVES ( ! >I/OCRACY & ?R[S ITSELF 9TO A LONG W> BEH9D A B& ( CROOKS4 ,FRANCE GRAPPLES ) A RECRUDESC5CE ( A CL]ICAL & MILIT>Y M5TALITY4 ,SPA9 REE/ABLI%ES ! PRACTICES ( ! ,9QUISITION4 ,AM]ICA1 POPULAT$ BY IMMIGRANTS1 TRIES TO CLOSE ITS PORTS TO =EIGN]S4 ,& ,TURKEY TAKES REV5GE AGA9/ ,GREECE4 

,A MOVEM5T ( CONV]G5CE T[>D MUTUAL UND]/&+ IS OCCURR+ ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,WE MAY !RE=E BE P]MITT$1 9 ORD] TO COMPREH5D ! TRANS=MATIONS ?AT WILL OCCUR 9 ! FUTURE1 TO TAKE AS \R />T+ PO9T ! /ATE ( M9D & PRACTICE EXHIBIT$ BY ! CIVILIZ$ PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( !IR SOCIETIES & ! REALIZATION ( !IR IDEAL4 ,OBVI\SLY1 EA* GR\P ( M5 MOV+ T[>D ! SAME GOAL WILL NOT SLAVI%LY FOLL[ ! SAME ROAD4 ,IT WILL TAKE1 ACCORD+ TO ! POSITION ?AT IT OCCUPIES AT ANY GIV5 TIME1 ! PA? ?AT IS DET]M9$ BY ! SUM TOTAL ( ALL ! 9DIVIDUAL WILLS ?AT IT CONTA9S4 ,SO :AT WE PROPOSE IS A K9D ( AV]AGE ?AT IS RELAT$ TO ! P>TICUL> SITUATION ( EA* NATION & EA* SOCIAL ELEM5T ACCORD+ TO ! TEMPORAL & SPATIAL MILIEU4 ,BUT 9 SU* A /UDY1 ! RESE>*] MU/ C>EFULLY DI/ANCE HIMSELF FROM ANY T5D5CY T[>D PATRIOTISM1 ?AT VE/IGE ( ! ANCI5T DELUSION ?AT ONE'S NATION IS SPECIALLY *OS5 BY ,DIV9E ,PROVID5CE = ! ACQUISITION ( WEAL? & ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( GREAT ?+S4 ,CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS NATURAL DELUSION ( ALL PEOPLES ?AT !Y RANK FIR/ 9 M]IT & G5IUS IS ANO!R1 :I* ,LUDWIG ,GUMPL[ICZ CALL$ 0ACRO*RONISM40 ,ITS EFFECT IS ?AT ONE IS CONT5T TO SUPPOSE ?AT CONTEMPOR>Y CIVILIZATION1 AS IMP]FECT AS IT MAY BE1 IS NEV]!LESS ! CULM9AT+ /ATE ( HUMANITY1 & ?AT BY COMP>ISON1 ALL PA/ AGES W]E B>B>IC4 ,?IS IS A 0*RONOC5TRIC0 EGOISM1 ANALOG\S TO ! 0E?NOC5TRIC0 EGOISM ( PATRIOTISM4 

,! 0RI<TS ( MAN0 W]E PROCLAIM$ = ?\S&S ( YE>S BY ISOLAT$ 9DIVIDUALS & MORE ?AN A C5TURY AGO BY AN ASSEMBLY ?AT HAS DRAWN ! ATT5TION ( PEOPLES EV] S9CE4 ,YET 9 PRES5T-DAY SOCIETY !SE RI<TS >E /ILL ONLY RECOGNIZ$ 9 PR9CIPLE1 LIKE A SIMPLE WORD :OSE MEAN+ ONE H>DLY BEG9S TO FA?OM4 ,! BRUTAL FACT ( AU?ORITY 5DURES AGA9/ RI<TS1 9 ! FAMILY & 9 SOCIETY AS WELL AS 9 ! /ATE4 ,IT 5DURES :ILE AT ! SAME TIME ACCEPT+ ITS OPPOSITE & 9T]M+L+ ) IT 9 A ?\S& ILLOGICAL & BIZ>RE COMB9ATIONS4 ,!RE >E N[ V]Y FEW FANATICAL DEF5D]S ( ! K9D ( ABSOLUTE AU?ORITY ?AT GIVES TO ! PR9CE ! RI<T ( LIFE & DEA? OV] HIS SUBJECTS1 & TO ! HUSB& & FA!R ! SAME RI<TS OV] HIS WIFE & *ILDR54 ,YET PUBLIC OP9ION ON SU* MATT]S WAV]S 9DECISIVELY1 GUID$ LESS BY REASON ?AN BY ONE'S 9DIVIDUAL CIRCUM/ANCES & P]SONAL SYMPA?IES1 & BY ! NATURE ( ! /ORIES ONE HE>S4 ,G5]ALLY SPEAK+1 IT CAN BE SAID ?AT MAN MEASURES ! /RICTNESS ( HIS PR9CIPLES ( LIB]TY BY HIS %>E ( P]SONAL B5EFITS FROM ! \TCOME4 ,HE IS ABSOLUTELY /RICT :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( EV5TS ?AT OCCUR ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! WORLD4 ,BUT :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( HIS [N C\NTRY OR CA/E1 HE COMPROMISES SLI<TLY BY MIX+ HIS MANIA = AU?ORITY ) CONCEPTIONS ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,F9ALLY1 :5 HE IS DIRECTLY AFFECT$1 HE IS LIKELY TO LET HIMSELF BE BL9D$ BY PASSION1 & HE WILL GLADLY MAKE AU?ORIT>IAN PRON\NCEM5TS4 

,9 C]TA9 C\NTRIES--,FRANCE1 = EXAMPLE--IS IT NOT AN E/ABLI%$ CU/OM1 SO TO SPEAK1 ?AT ! HUSB& HAS ! RI<T TO KILL HIS UNFAI?FUL WIFE8 ,IT IS ABOVE ALL )9 ! FAMILY1 9 A MAN'S DAILY RELATION%IPS ) ?OSE CLOSE TO HIM1 ?AT ONE CAN BE/ JUDGE HIM4 ,IF HE ABSOLUTELY RESPECTS ! LIB]TY ( HIS WIFE1 IF ! RI<TS & ! DIGNITY ( HIS SONS & DAU<T]S >E AS PRECI\S TO HIM AS HIS [N1 !N HE PROVES HIMSELF WOR?Y ( 5T]+ ! ASSEMBLY ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,IF NOT1 HE IS /ILL A SLAVE1 S9CE HE IS A TYRANT4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 REPEAT$ ?AT ! FAMILY UNIT IS ! PRIMORDIAL CELL ( HUMANITY4 ,?IS IS ONLY RELATIVELY TRUE1 = TWO M5 :O MEET & /RIKE UP A FRI5D%IP1 A B& 7EV5 AMONG ANIMALS7 ?AT =MS TO HUNT OR FI%1 A CONC]T ( VOICES OR 9/RUM5TS ?AT JO9 9 UNISON1 AN ASSOCIATION TO REALIZE IDEAS ?R\< COMMON ACTION--ALL CON/ITUTE ORIG9AL GR\P+S 9 ! GREAT GLOBAL SOCIETY4 ,NEV]!LESS1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS1 :E!R MANIFE/$ 9 POLYGYNY1 POLY&RY1 MONOGAMY1 OR FREE UNIONS1 EX]CISE A DIRECT 9FLU5CE ON ! =M ( ! /ATE ?R\< ! EFFECTS ( !IR E?ICS4 ,:AT ONE SEES ON A L>GE SCALE P>ALLELS :AT ONE SEES ON A SMALL SCALE4 ,! AU?ORITY ?AT PREVAILS 9 GOV]NM5T CORRESPONDS TO ?AT :I* HOLDS SWAY 9 FAMILIES1 ?\< ORD9>ILY 9 LESS] PROPORTIONS1 = ! GOV]NM5T IS 9CAPABLE ( PRESSUR+ WIDELY DISP]S$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! WAY ?AT ONE SP\SE CAN PRESSURE ! O!R :O LIVES UND] ! SAME RO(4 

,JU/ AS FAMILIAL PRACTICES NATURALLY H>D5 9TO 0PR9CIPLES0 = ALL ?OSE 9VOLV$1 SO GOV]NM5T TAKES ON ! =M ( DI/9CT POLITICAL BODIES 5COMPASS+ V>I\S SEGM5TS ( ! HUMAN RACE ?AT >E SEP>AT$ FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,! CAUSES ( ?IS SEP>ATION V>Y & 9T]M+LE4 ,9 ONE PLACE1 A DIFF]5CE 9 LANGUAGE HAS DEM>CAT$ TWO GR\PS4 ,9 ANO!R1 ECONOMIC CONDITIONS >IS+ FROM A SPECIFIC SOIL1 P>TICUL> PRODUCTS1 OR DIV]G+ HI/ORICAL PA?S HAVE CREAT$ ! B\ND>IES ?AT DIVIDE !M4 ,!N1 ON TOP ( ALL ! PRIM>Y CAUSES1 :E!R >IS+ FROM NATURE OR FROM /AGES ( SOCIAL EVOLUTION1 IS ADD$ A LAY] ( CONFLICTS ?AT EV]Y AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETY ALWAYS PRODUCES4 ,?US ?R\< ! CEASELESS 9T]PLAY ( 9T]E/S1 AMBITIONS1 & =CES ( ATTRACTION & REPULSION1 /ATES BECOME DEM>CAT$4 ,DESPITE !IR CON/ANT VICISSITUDES1 !SE 5TITIES CLAIM TO HAVE A SORT ( COLLECTIVE P]SONALITY & DEM& FROM ?OSE UND] !IR JURISDICTION ?AT PECULI> FEEL+ ( LOVE1 DEVOTION1 & SACRIFICE CALL$ 0PATRIOTISM40 ,BUT %\LD A CONQU]OR PASS ?R\< & ]ASE ! EXI/+ BORD]S1 ! SUBJECTS MU/1 BY ORD] ( ?AT AU?ORITY1 MODIFY !IR FEEL+S & REORI5T !MSELVES 9 RELATION TO ! NEW SUN >\ND :I* !Y N[ REVOLVE4 

,JU/ AS PROP]TY IS ! RI<T ( USE & ABUSE1 SO IS AU?ORITY ! RI<T TO COMM& RI<TLY OR WRONGLY4 ,?IS IS UND]/OOD WELL BY ! MA/]S & ALSO BY ! GOV]N$1 :E!R !Y SLAVI%LY OBEY OR FEEL ! SPIRIT ( REBELLION AWAK5+4 ,PHILOSOPH]S HAVE VIEW$ AU?ORITY QUITE DIFF]5TLY4 ,DESIR+ TO GIVE ?IS WORD A MEAN+ CLOS] TO ITS ORIG9AL ONE1 

:I* IMPLI$ SOME?+ LIKE CREATION1 !Y TELL US ?AT AU?ORITY RESIDES 9 ANYONE :O TEA*ES SOMEONE ELSE SOME?+ USEFUL1 & ?AT IT APPLIES TO EV]YONE FROM ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ S*OL> TO ! HUMBLE/ MO!R4.<#d#h.> ,/ILL1 NONE ( !M GOES SO F> AS TO CONSID] ! REVOLUTION>Y :O /&S UP TO P[] AS ! TRUE REPRES5TATIVE ( AU?ORITY4 

,9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES ) P[] AT !IR DISPOSAL--:E!R *IEFS ( /ATE OR >I/OCRATIC1 RELIGI\S1 OR B\RGEOIS MA/]S--WILL+LY 9T]V5E ) BRUTAL =CE TO SUPPRESS ALL POPUL> 9ITIATIVE4 ,9 !IR *ILDI% & B>B>IC ILLUSION1 !Y ?9K !MSELVES CAPABLE ( /OPP+ ! OV]FL[+ VITALITY ( ! MASSES1 & ( IMMOBILIZ+ SOCIETY = !IR P]SONAL PR(IT4 ,BUT !Y CAN ONLY LIFT A FALT]+ H&4 ,! UN*ANG+ LAWS ( HI/ORY >E BEG9N+ TO BE UND]/OOD WELL 5\< SO ?AT EV5 ! MORE AUDACI\S EXPLOIT]S ( SOCIETY DO NOT D>E TO RUN HEAD-ON 9TO ITS MOVEM5T4 ,!Y MU/ PROCE$ ) SCI5CE & SKILL 9 ORD] TO DIV]T IT ONTO SIDE ROADS1 LIKE A TRA9 ?AT IS SWIT*$ FROM ! MA9 TRACK4 ,UP TO ! PRES5T1 ! MO/ FREQU5TLY US$ MEANS--& ONE ?AT UN=TUNATELY B5EFITS MO/ ! MA/]S ( ! PEOPLE--CONSI/S ( TRANS=M+ ALL ! 5]GIES ( A NATION 9TO A RAGE AGA9/ ! =EIGN]4 ,! PRETEXTS >E EASY TO F9D1 S9CE ! 9T]E/S ( /ATES REMA9 DIFF]5T & 9 CONFLICT ?R\< ! V]Y FACT ( !IR SEP>ATION 9TO DI/9CT >TIFICIAL ORGANISMS4 ,BEYOND ! PRETEXTS1 !RE EXI/ ! MEMORIES ( ACTUAL WRONGS1 MASSACRES1 & CRIMES ( ALL SORTS COMMITT$ 9 =M] W>S4 ,! CALL = REV5GE /ILL RES\NDS1 & :5 A NEW W> WILL HAVE PASS$ LIKE ! T]RIBLE FLAMES ( A FIRE DEV\R+ EV]Y?+ 9 ITS PA?1 IT WILL ALSO LEAVE ! MEMORY ( HATR$ & S]VE AS LEAV5 = FUTURE CONFLICTS4 ,H[ MANY EXAMPLES ONE C\LD CITE ( SU* DIV]SIONS6 ,?OSE 9 P[] RESPOND TO ! 9T]NAL PROBLEMS ( ! GOV]NM5T ?R\< EXT]NAL W>S4 ,IF ! W>S >E TRIUMPHANT & ! MA/]S TAKE ADVANTAGE ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO PR(IT FROM !M ?R\< ! CONSOLIDATION ( !IR REGIME1 !Y WILL HAVE DEBAS$ !IR PEOPLE ?R\< ! FOOLI% VANITY !Y CALL GLORY4 ,!Y WILL HAVE MADE ! PEOPLE 9TO %AMEFUL ACCOMPLICES BY 9VIT+ !M TO /EAL1 PILLAGE1 & SLAU<T]1 & ?IS SOLID>ITY ( EVIL WILL CAUSE ! PEOPLE'S =M] DEM&S TO LANGUI% AS !IR CUPS >E ONCE MORE FILL$ ) ! R$ W9E ( HATR$4 

,9 ADDITION TO W>1 ?OSE :O GOV]N HAVE AT !IR DISPOSAL O!R P[]FUL MEANS ( PROTECT+ !MSELVES FROM ANY ?REAT4 ,!SE 9CLUDE CORRUPTION & DEMORALIZATION ?R\< GAMBL+ & ALL =MS ( DEBAU*]Y3 BETT+1 HORSE-RAC+1 DR9K+1 CAFES1 & NI<TCLUBS4 0,IF !Y S+1 !Y'LL PAY60 ,! DEPRAV$1 DEBAS$1 & SELF-HAT+ NO LONG] HAVE ! DIGNITY NECESS>Y TO IMPEL !M TO REVOLT4 ,IMAG9+ !Y HAVE ! S\LS ( LACKEYS1 !Y DO !MSELVES JU/ICE BY ACCEPT+ !IR OPPRESSION4 ,?US ! W>S ( ! ,REPUBLIC & ! BURGEON+ VICES & DEPRAVITY ?AT SUCCE$$ ! FIR/ YE>S ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 ) ITS IDEALS ( AU/]ITY & VIRTUE1 W]E WELL TIM$ TO PREP>E ! WAY = ! IMP]IAL REGIME & ! %AMEFUL DEBASEM5T ( *>ACT]4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS SW+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION WAS L>GELY ! RESULT ( A NORMAL REACTION ON ! P>T ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,IT IS NATURAL = M5 TO %IFT FROM ONE EXTREME TO ! O!R1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT !IR LIVES ALT]NATE FROM ACTIVITY TO SLEEP1 & FROM RE/ TO WORK4 ,MOREOV]1 S9CE A NATION IS COMPOS$ ( MANY CLASSES & DIV]SE GR\PS1 EA* ( :I* HAS A P>TICUL> EVOLUTION )9 ! G5]AL ONE1 HI/ORICAL MOVEM5TS ) OPPOS+ T5D5CIES COLLIDE & 9T]SECT1 CREAT+ A COMPLICAT$ WEB ?AT ! HI/ORIAN CAN UNTANGLE ONLY ) GREAT DIFFICULTY4 

,?US DUR+ ! 9T]NAL /RUGGLES ( ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION1 ! PEOPLE ( ! ,V5DEE C]TA9LY REPRES5T$ ! PR9CIPLE ( ! AUTONOM\S & FREELY F$]AT$ COMMUNE1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,H[EV]1 ?R\< A CONTRADICTION ?AT !Y W]E UNABLE TO GRASP DUE TO !IR COMPLETE LACK ( $UCATION1 !Y ALSO BECAME DEF5D]S ( ! ,*UR*1 :OSE GOAL WAS UNIV]SAL AU?ORITY OV] S\LS1 & ( ! MON>*Y1 :I* VIEW$ ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNE AS NO?+ BUT CORVEE LABOR TO BE TAX$1 OR EV5 AS SO MU* MEAT TO BE SLIC$ UP ON ! BATTLEFIELD4.<#d#h#a.> ,?R\< A /RANGE NAIVETE ?AT W\LD BE COMIC W]E IT NOT SO TRAGIC1 ! ,NEGROS ( ,HAITI1 /RUGGL+ = !IR FRE$OM AGA9/ ! :ITE PLANT]S1 5?USIA/ICALLY DECL>$ !MSELVES TO BE SUBJECTS ( ! ,K+2 & ! REBELS ( ! ,SPANI% COLONIES ( ! ,NEW ,WORLD GREET$ ! ,CA?OLIC ,K+ ( ,SPA9 ) *E]S6 ,?R\<\T HI/ORY1 ?OSE :O REVOLT$ AGA9/ ANY AU?ORITY ALMO/ ALWAYS DID SO 9 ! NAME ( ANO!R AU?ORITY1 AS IF ! IDEAL REQUIR$ NO?+ MORE ?AN *ANG+ MA/]S4 ,DUR+ ! TIME ( GREAT F]M5T 9 PUBLIC OP9ION & ( 9TELLECTUAL LIB]ATION ?AT L$ TO ! REVOLUTION ( #a#h#c1 ?OSE :O WORK$ = ! EMANCIPATION ( LANGUAGE & = ! FREE /UDY ( ! HI/ORY ( >T & LIT]ATURE ( ALL P]IODS & ALL CULTURES 7& NOT ONLY ?OSE ( ,GREECE1 ,ROME1 & ! ,AGE ( ,L\IS ,X,I,V71 & ?OSE :O TRAC$ !IR ORIG9S BACK TO ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES & EV5 F\ND ANCE/RY AMONG ! ,G]MANS & ,SLAVS 79 A WORD1 ! 0ROMANTICS071 HAD = ! MO/ P>T REMA9$ ROYALI/S & ,*RI/IANS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?OSE :O *AMPION$ POLITICAL LIB]TY ALWAYS DID SO ?R\< ! CLASSICAL =MS ( ! ,S*OOLM51 9 ! TRADITIONAL /YLE ?AT IS ! HALLM>K ( ! ,ACADEMIES4 ,:5 ,BLANQUI1 BLACK5$ ) P[D]1 F9ALLY LAID D[N HIS RIFLE AFT] ! ?REE VICTORI\S DAYS 9 ,JULY1 HE SIMPLY SAID3 0,D[N ) ! ,ROMANTICS60.<#d#h#b.> ,! REVOLUTION HAD DIS9TEGRAT$ 9TO TWO ELEM5TS3 A POLITICAL ONE1 :I* AIM$ AT TOPPL+ ?RONES1 & A LIT]>Y ONE1 :I* WORK$ = ! LIB]ATION ( LANGUAGE & ! EXT5SION ( ITS DOMA94 ,EA* ( !SE GR\PS ( REVOLUTION>IES WAS REACTION>Y FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! O!R4 ,& EA* FACTION WAS QUITE JU/IFI$ 9 CRITICIZ+ ! O!R'S ILLOGIC1 IRRELEVANCIES1 ABSURDITIES1 & /UPIDITIES4 

,! HI/ORIAN :O /UDIES ! VICISSITUDES ( EV5TS & TRIES TO EXTRACT :AT IS ESS5TIAL RELATIVE TO PROGRESS HAS ! MO/ DIFFICULT PROBLEM TO RESOLVE1 ?AT ( DISCOV]+ ! P>ALLELOGRAM ( =CES UND]LY+ ! ?\S& CONFLICT+ IMPULSES ?AT COLLIDE ON ALL SIDES4 ,IT IS EASY = HIM TO ]R1 & HE (T5 DESPAIRS ?AT HE IS WITNESS+ A COLLAPSE :5 9 REALITY !RE WAS PROGRESS1 OR RA!R :51 9 ! OV]ALL ASSESSM5T ( LOSSES & GA9S1 HUMAN RES\RCES HAVE ACTUALLY GREATLY 9CREAS$4 

,BUT H[ LONG & DIFFICULT DOES ! WORK ( TRUE REVOLUTION SEEM TO ?OSE :O >E DEVOT$ TO ! IDEAL6 ,= IF ! EXT]NAL =MS ( 9/ITUTIONS & LAWS RESPOND TO ! PRESSURE ( DEEP] *ANGES TAK+ PLACE1 !Y CANNOT PRODUCE ?OSE *ANGES3 A NEW IMPETUS MU/ ALWAYS COME FROM ! 9T]IOR4 ,TO BEG9 )1 IT C]TA9LY APPE>S ?AT ! ADOPTION ( A CON/ITUTION OR ( LAWS ?AT GIVE (FICIAL EXPRESSION TO ! VICTORY ( ?AT P>T ( ! NATION :I* IS DEM&+ ITS RI<TS W\LD 5SURE ! PROGRESS ?AT HAD BE5 A*IEV$4 ,YET IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! RESULT WILL BE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ANY *>T] OR LAWS ?AT >E AGRE$ TO BY ! 9SURG5TS MAY SANCTION ! LIB]TY ?AT HAS BE5 WON1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT !Y WILL LIMIT IT1 & !RE9 LIES ! DANG]4 ,!Y DET]M9E ! PRECISE LIMIT AT :I* ! VICTORS MU/ /OP1 & ?IS 9EVITABLY BECOMES ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A RETREAT4 ,= A SITUATION IS NEV] ABSOLUTELY /ATION>Y1 & IF MOVEM5T DOES NOT OCCUR 9 ! DIRECTION ( PROGRESS1 IT 

WILL OCCUR ON ! SIDE ( REPRESSION4 ,! IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE ( LAW IS TO LULL ?OSE :O HAVE IMPOS$ IT DUR+ !IR TEMPOR>Y TRIUMPH1 TO DRA9 FROM ZEAL\S 9DIVIDUALS ! P]SONAL 5]GY ?AT ANIMAT$ !M 9 !IR 

VICTORI\S EF=TS1 & TO TRANSF] IT TO O!RS1 TO PR(ESSIONAL LEGISLATORS & TO CONS]VATIVES--9 O!R WORDS1 TO ! V]Y 5EMIES ( ALL PROGRESSIVE *ANGE4 ,MOREOV]1 ! PEOPLE >E CONS]VATIVE AT HE>T1 & ! GAME ( REVOLUTION DOES NOT PLEASE !M = LONG4 ,!Y ACCEPT EVOLUTION BECAUSE !Y >E NOT SUSPICI\S ( IT2 S9CE !Y >E UNAW>E ( IT1 IT IS UNLIKELY TO >\SE !IR DISPLEASURE4 ,HAV+ BECOME LEGALI/S1 ! =M] REBELS >E 9 P>T SATISFI$4 ,!Y 5T] ! RANKS ( ! 0FRI5DS ( ORD]10 & REACTION REGA9S ! UPP] H& UNTIL ! >RIVAL ( NEW GR\PS ( REVOLUTION>IES :O >E NOT TI$ TO ! SY/EM1 & :O1 AID$ BY ! MI/AKES OR FOLLIES ( ! GOV]NM5T1 SMA% ANO!R HOLE 9 ! ANCI5T $IFICE4 

,AS SOON AS AN 9/ITUTION IS E/ABLI%$1 EV5 IF IT %\LD BE ONLY TO COMBAT FLAGRANT ABUSES1 IT CREATES !M ANEW ?R\< ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,IT HAS TO ADAPT TO ITS BAD 5VIRONM5T1 & 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION1 IT MU/ DO SO 9 A PA?OLOGICAL WAY4 ,:]EAS ! CREATORS ( ! 9/ITUTION FOLL[ ONLY NOBLE IDEALS1 ! EMPLOYES ?AT !Y APPO9T MU/ CONSID] ABOVE ALL !IR REMUN]ATION & ! CONT9UATION ( !IR EMPLOYM5T4 ,F> FROM DESIR+ ! SUCCESS ( ! 5DEAVOR1 9 ! 5D !IR GREATE/ DESIRE IS ?AT ! GOAL %\LD NEV] BE A*IEV$4.<#d#h#c.> ,IT IS NO LONG] A QUE/ION ( ACCOMPLI%+ ! TASK1 BUT ONLY ( ! PR(ITS ?AT IT BR+S & ! HONORS ?AT IT CONF]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A COMMISSION ( 5G9E]S IS 9 *>GE ( 9VE/IGAT+ ! COMPLA9TS ( L&[N]S :O W]E DISPLAC$ BY ! CON/RUCTION ( ! AQU$UCT ( ! ,AVRE4 ,IT W\LD SEEM V]Y SIMPLE FIR/ TO /UDY !SE COMPLA9TS & !N TO RESPOND 9 ALL FAIRNESS4 ,BUT NO--!Y BEG9 BY TAK+ A FEW YE>S TO DO A G5]AL SURVEY ( ! REGION1 A TASK ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 DONE1 & DONE WELL AT ?AT4 ,TIME PASSES1 EXP5SES ACCUMULATE1 & ! COMPLA9TS GET WORSE4 ,H[ (T5 HAS IT HAPP5$ ?AT ! FUNDS ALLOCAT$ = SOME PUBLIC WORK >E NOTORI\SLY 9SUFFICI5T1 SC>CELY 5\< TO MA9TA9 ! SCAFFOLD+1 YET ! 5G9E]S RUN UP FEES AS IF USEFUL WORK W]E BE+ ACCOMPLI%$8 ,H[ MANY YE>S W]E NECESS>Y = ?AT TIRELESS ASSOCIATION1 ! ,LOIRE ,NAVIGABLE1 TO OBTA9 ! AU?ORIZATION TO CREATE A *ANNEL 9 ! RIV]B$ AT ITS [N EXP5SE BY CON/RUCT+ RELATIVELY 9EXP5SIVE GRO9S8 ,! /ATE W\LD ONLY CONSID] WORKS CO/+ MILLIONS1 & TW5TY YE>S LAT] ! MATT] W\LD PROBABLY /ILL BE UND] /UDY1 LIKE SO MANY O!R PROJECTS ?AT >E VITAL = ! 9TELLIG5T USE ( ,FR5* L&4 

,! ,LAW IS DECRE$ BY ! ,P>LIAM5T1 :I* >ISES FROM ! ,PEOPLE1 9 :OM NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY RESIDES4 ,! FRE] ! C\NTRY1 ! MORE V5]ABLE ITS ELECT$ LEGISLATIVE BODY1 & ! MORE IMPORTANT ! FREE EXAM9ATION ( ALL ! IMPLICATIONS ( LIB]TY4 ,& NO 9/ITUTION IS MORE DES]V+ ( CRITIQUE ?AN P>LIAM5T>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,! ,P>LIAM5T WAS UND5IABLY AN 9/RUM5T ( PROGRESS = ! NATION ?AT GAVE BIR? TO IT1 & ONE CAN UND]/& ! ADMIRATION ?AT ,MONTESQUIEU DEVELOP$ ?R\< /UDY+ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! ,BRITI% SY/EM1 :I* IS SO SIMPLE1 & !RE=E SO LOGICAL4 ,LAT]1 DUR+ ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY ( #a<i & ! ,CONV5TION1 ! ,P>LIAM5T PASS$ ?R\< ITS H]OIC P]IOD 9 ,FRANCE1 & ON ! :OLE1 PLAY$ A RA!R POSITIVE ROLE 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! GRADUAL LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,S9CE !N1 IT HAS SPREAD TO ALL C\NTRIES ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ! ,NEGRO REPUBLICS ( ,HAITI1 ,SANTO ,DOM+O1 & ,LIB]IA4 ,ONLY ,RUSSIA 7#a#i#e71 ,TURKEY1 ,*9A1 ! ,EUROPEAN COLONIES ( EXPLOITATION1 & A FEW O!R /ATES REMA9 )\T NATIONAL REPRES5TATION4 ,! 9/ITUTION HAS BECOME DIV]SIFI$ 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 DEMON/RAT+ %ORTCOM+S 9 SOME CASES & /R5G?S 9 O!RS1 BUT ONE F9DS EV]Y:]E A PR(\ND DIV]G5CE BETWE5 ! EVOLUTION ( A PEOPLE & ?AT ( ITS LEGISLATIVE BODY4 

,EV5 IF ONE SETS ASIDE SY/EMS ) POLL TAXES & PLURAL VOT+1 IGNORES ! FACT ?AT ) R>E EXCEPTIONS ! FEM99E HALF ( ! POPULATION IS NOT 0REPRES5T$0 AT ALL1 & CONSID]S ONLY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE ?AT IS HONE/LY APPLI$1 ONE /ILL CANNOT CLAIM ?AT ! LAWS VOT$ ON BY ! MAJORITY ( ! ELECT$ REPRES5TATIVES1 :O >E !MSELVES SELECT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( ! VOT]S1 EXPRESS ! OP9ION ( ! MAJORITY ( ELECTORS4 ,9 FACT1 ! OPPOSITE IS (T5 TRUE4 ,?IS DEFECT1 :I* IS PURELY MA!MATICAL1 MI<T BE NEGLIGIBLE IF ! /ATE CONTA9$ ONLY TWO FACTIONS1 S9CE ! LOSSES & GA9S W\LD BALANCE \T ON ! :OLE1 BUT IT BECOMES SO MU* MORE S]I\S AS LIFE 9T5SIFIES & OP9IONS BECOME MORE DIV]SE4 ,YET ! ,SWISS >E ALONE 9 CONF]R+ ON ! 5TIRE ELECTORATE ! F9AL ADOPTION OR REJECTION ( EA* NEW LAW4 

,EXCEPT 9 V]Y R>E CASES1 ! SPECTACLE PRES5T$ BY C\NTRIES DUR+ AN ELECTION W\LD H>DLY DELI<T A MAN ( PR9CIPLES4 ,:E!R AN ELECTORAL COMMITTEE DRAFTS ! C&IDATE1 OR :E!R HE VIOLATES HIS [N MODE/Y1 AMBITIONS 9EVITABLY EM]GE1 & MA*9ATIONS1 EXTRAVAGANT PROMISES1 & LIES HAVE FREE RE94 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS C]TA9LY NOT ! MO/ HONE/ C&IDATE :O HAS ! BE/ *ANCE ( W9N+4 ,S9CE ! LEGISLATORS MU/ BE KN[L$GEABLE AB\T ALL SORTS ( PROBLEMS--LOCAL & GLOBAL1 F9ANCIAL & $UCATIONAL1 TE*NICAL & MORAL--NO P>TICUL> ABILITY RECOMM5DS ! C&IDATE TO ! VOT]S4 ,! W9N] MAY [E HIS SUCCESS TO A C]TA9 PROV9CIAL POPUL>ITY1 HIS GOOD-NATUR$ QUALITIES1 HIS ORATORICAL SKILLS1 OR HIS ORGANIZATIONAL TAL5TS1 BUT FREQU5TLY HE IS ALSO 9DEBT$ TO HIS WEAL?1 HIS FAMILY CONNECTIONS1 OR EV5 ! T]ROR ?AT HE CAN 9SPIRE AS A GREAT 9DU/RIALI/ OR L>GE PROP]TY [N]4 ,MO/ (T51 HE WILL BE A MAN ( ! P>TY2 HE WILL BE ASK$ NEI!R TO 9VOLVE HIMSELF 9 PUBLIC WORKS1 NOR TO FACILITATE HUMAN RELATIONS1 BUT RA!R TO FI<T AGA9/ ONE FACTION OR ANO!R4 ,9 %ORT1 ! COMPOSITION ( ! LEGISLATURE DOES NOT AT ALL REFLECT ?AT ( ! NATION4 ,IT WILL BE G5]ALLY 9F]IOR 9 MORAL QUALITIES1 S9CE IT IS DOM9AT$ BY PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS4 

,ONCE ELECT$1 ! REPRES5TATIVE IS 9 FACT 9DEP5D5T ( HIS ELECTORS4 ,IT IS LEFT UP TO HIM TO DECIDE ON ! ?\S& ISSUES ( EA* DAY ACCORD+ TO HIS [N CONSCI5CE1 & IF HE DOES NOT TAKE ! SIDE ( HIS CON/ITU5TS1 !RE EXI/S NO REC\RSE AGA9/ HIS VOTE4 ,F> FROM HAV+ ANY ACC\NTABILITY DUR+ ! F\R1 SEV51 OR N9E YE>S ( HIS M&ATE1 & WELL AW>E ?AT HE CAN N[ COMMIT CRIMES ) IMPUNITY1 ! ELECT$ (FICIAL F9DS HIMSELF IMM$IATELY EXPOS$ TO ALL SORTS ( S$UCTIONS ON BEHALF ( ! RUL+ CLASSES4 ,! NEWCOM] IS 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! LEGISLATIVE TRADITIONS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! VET]AN P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ADOPTS ! ESPRIT DE CORPS1 & IS SOLICIT$ BY BIG 9DU/RY1 HI< (FICIALS1 & ABOVE ALL1 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCE4 ,EV5 IF ! P>LIAM5T HAPP5S TO BE COMPOS$ ( A MAJORITY ( HONE/ PEOPLE1 IT DEVELOPS A PECULI> M5TALITY BAS$ 5TIRELY ON NEGOTIATIONS1 COMPROMISES1 RECANTATIONS1 DEAL+S ?AT MU/ NOT REA* ! E>S ( ! G5]AL PUBLIC1 & B>GA9+ 9 ! CORRIDORS ?AT IS COV]$ UP BY BRILLIANT J\/+ BETWE5 SKILL$ ORATORS4 ,ALL NOBLE *>ACT] IS DEBAS$1 ALL S9C]E CONVICTION CONTAM9AT$1 & ALL HONE/ 9T5TION DE/ROY$4 

,?US IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT SO MANY M5 REFUSE TO HELP SU/A9 SU* AN 5VIRONM5T BY MEANS ( !IR VOTE & TO COOP]ATE 9 ! 0CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[]40 ,! REVOLUTION>IES AT LEA/ REALIZE ?AT ! =MS ( ! PA/ WILL 5DURE AS LONG AS ! WORK]S SUPPORT !IR EXI/5CE & COMPROMISE ) !M1 EV5 IF ONLY TO MODIFY !M4 ,!Y CAN ONLY DEPLORE ! NAIVETE ( ?OSE :O ?9K ?AT !Y CAN 0MAKE ! ,REVOLUTION >M$ TO ! TEE? ) BALLOTS40 ,9 ORD] TO MA9TA9 ?IS ILLUSION1 ONE MU/ IGNORE ! REAL WEAKNESS ( ?IS ALLEG$LY SOV]EIGN P>LIAM5T1 CLOS+ ONE'S EYES TO ! F> MORE P[]FUL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT GA!R >\ND IT1 PLAY+ ) IT LIKE A CAT ) A M\SE4 

,ALL ! MOVEM5TS = EMANCIPATION /& TOGE!R1 AL?\< ! 9SURG5TS >E (T5 UNAW>E ( EA* O!R1 & !Y EV5 HOLD ON TO !IR ATAVI/IC 5MITIES & RES5TM5TS4 ,FROM ,5GL& & ,G]MANY TO ,FRANCE & ,ITALY1 !RE >E MANY WORK]S :O DESPISE ONE ANO!R1 ?\< ?IS DOES NOT PREV5T !M FROM HELP+ EA* ANO!R 9 !IR COMMON /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALI/ OPPRESSION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AMONG ! WOM5 :O HAVE ?R[N !MSELVES IMPETU\SLY 9TO ! BATTLE = EQUALITY BETWE5 ! SEXES1 !RE W]E AT FIR/ A V]Y SIGNIFICANT NUMB] :O1 ) !IR RA!R PATRICIAN OR HI<-BR[ T5D5CIES1 H>BOR$ A PI\S DISDA9 ( ! WORK] 9 HIS WORN-\T OR DIRTY CLO!S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 S9CE ! E>LY DAYS ( 0FEM9ISM10 WE HAVE WITNESS$ ! H]OISM ( BRAVE WOM5 :O GO TO ! PRO/ITUTES TO JO9 !M 9 SOLID>ITY TO PROTE/ ! ABOM9ABLE TREATM5T TO :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$1 & ! %OCK+ BIAS ( ! LAW 9 FAVOR ( ! CORRUPT]S & AGA9/ !IR VICTIMS4 ,RISK+ 9SULTS & ! MO/ UNSAVORY CONTACTS1 !Y D>$ TO 5T] ! BRO!LS & =M AN ALLIANCE ) !IR SCORN$ SI/]S AGA9/ ! %AMEFUL 9JU/ICE ( SOCIETY4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! CO>SE LAU<T] & VULG> 9SULTS ?AT GREET$ !IR FIR/ /EPS GAVE WAY TO A PR(\ND ADMIRATION ON ! P>T ( MANY :O HAD MOCK$ !M4 ,H]E IS A C\RAGE ( A DIFF]5T ORD] ?AN ?AT ( ! FI]CE SOLDI] :O1 SEIZ$ ) A BE/IAL FURY1 LUNGES ) HIS SWORD OR FIRES HIS RIFLE4 

,OBVI\SLY1 ALL ( ! CLAIMS ( WOM5 AGA9/ M5 >E JU/3 ! DEM&S ( ! FEMALE WORK] :O IS NOT PAID AS MU* AS ! MALE WORK] = ! SAME LABOR1 ! DEM&S ( ! WIFE :O IS PUNI%$ = 0CRIMES0 ?AT >E M]E 0PECCADILLOES0 :5 COMMITT$ BY ! HUSB&1 & ! DEM&S ( ! FEMALE CITIZ5 :O IS B>R$ FROM ALL OV]T POLITICAL ACTION1 :O OBEYS LAWS ?AT %E HAS NOT HELP$ TO CREATE1 & :O PAYS TAXES TO :I* %E HAS NOT CONS5T$4 ,%E HAS AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO RECRIM9ATION1 & ! WOM5 :O OCCASIONALLY TAKE REV5GE >E NOT TO BE CONDEMN$1 S9CE ! GREATE/ WRONGS >E ?OSE COMMITT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$4 ,BUT ORD9>ILY1 A WOMAN DOES NOT AV5GE H]SELF AT ALL4 ,TO ! CONTR>Y1 AT H] CONV5TIONS %E NAIVELY PETITIONS LEGISLATORS & HI< (FICIALS1 WAIT+ = SALVATION ?R\< !IR DELIB]ATIONS & DECREES2 H[EV]1 EXP]I5CE TEA*ES WOM5 YE> AFT] YE> ?AT FRE$OM DOES NOT COME BEGG+1 BUT RA!R MU/ BE CONQU]$4 ,IT TEA*ES !M1 MOREOV]1 ?AT 9 REALITY !IR CAUSE M]GES ) ?AT ( ALL OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 :OEV] !Y MAY BE4 ,WOM5 WILL NE$ TO OCCUPY !MSELVES H5CE=? ) ALL PEOPLE :O >E WRONG$1 & NOT ONLY ) ! UN=TUNATE WOM5 =C$ BY POV]TY TO SELL !IR BODIES4 ,ONCE ALL >E UNIT$1 ALL ! VOICES ( ! WEAK & ! D[NTRODD5 WILL ?UND] ) A TREM5D\S \TCRY ?AT WILL 9DE$ HAVE TO BE HE>D4 

,MAKE NO MI/AKE AB\T IT4 ,?OSE :O SEEK JU/ICE W\LD HAVE NEI!R A *ANCE ( REALIZ+ IT 9 ! FUTURE NOR A S+LE RAY ( HOPE TO CONSOLE !M 9 !IR MIS]Y IF ! LEAGUE ( ALL 5EMY CLASSES HAD NO DEFECTIONS & REMA9$ AS SOLID AS ! HUMAN WALL ( AN 9FANTRY =MATION4 ,H[EV]1 C\NTLESS R5EGADES LEAVE !IR RANKS4 ,SOME GO )\T HESITATION TO AUGM5T ! CAMP ( ! REBELS1 :ILE O!RS DISP]SE H]E & !RE1 SOME:]E BETWE5 ! RANKS ( ! 9NOVATORS & ! CONS]VATIVES4 ,9 ANY CASE1 !Y >E TOO F> FROM !IR ORIG9AL POSITION TO BE BR\<T BACK AT ! MOM5T ( BATTLE4 ,IT IS P]FECTLY NATURAL ?AT ORGANIZ$ BODIES >E ?US WEAK5$ BY A LOSS ( !IR BE/ ELEM5TS ?R\< A CONT9UAL MIGRATION4 ,! /UDY ( ! 9T]CONNECT$ FACTS & LAWS REVEAL$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y SCI5CE1 ! RAPID TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY1 NEW CONDITIONS 9 ! 5VIRONM5T1 & ! NE$ = M5TAL BALANCE 9 ?OSE :O >E LOGICALLY ATTRACT$ TO ! SE>* = TRU?--ALL ?IS CREATES = ! Y\NG A MILIEU COMPLETELY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 5TAIL$ BY A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY ) ITS SL[ & PA9FUL EVOLUTION4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT ! REPRES5TATIVES ( ANCI5T MONOPOLIES ALSO GA9 RECRUITS1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ?OSE :O1 TIR$ ( SUFF]+ = !IR IDEAS1 F9ALLY WANT TO TRY \T ! JOYS & PRIVILEGES ( ?IS WORLD1 TO EAT :5 !Y >E HUNGRY & TAKE !IR TURN LIV+ AS P>ASITES4 ,BUT :ATEV] ! P>TICUL> WOR? ( A GIV5 9DIVIDUAL :O *ANGES HIS IDEALS & PRACTICES1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y (F5SIVE B5EFITS BY ?IS EX*ANGE ( M54 ,IT RECEIVES ?OSE :O HAVE CONVICTION & DET]M9ATION1 Y\NG PEOPLE ) BOLDNESS & WILL1 :]EAS ?OSE :OM LIFE HAS DEFEAT$ HEAD = ! CAMP ( ! P>TIES ( REACTION & BR+ ) !M !IR DISC\RAGEM5T & !IR FA9!>T$NESS4 

,! /ATE & ! V>I\S ELEM5TS ?AT CON/ITUTE IT HAVE ! GREAT DISADVANTAGE ( ACT+ ACCORD+ TO A ME*ANISM SO REGUL> & SO POND]\S ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE = !M TO MODIFY !IR MOVEM5TS & ADAPT TO NEW REALITIES4 ,NOT ONLY DOES BUREAUCRACY NOT ASSI/ 9 ! ECONOMIC WORK+S ( SOCIETY1 BUT IT IS D\BLY H>MFUL TO IT4 ,FIR/1 IT IMP$ES 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE 9 EV]Y WAY & EV5 PREV5TS ITS EM]G5CE2 SECOND1 IT DELAYS1 HALTS1 & IMMOBILIZES ! WORKS ?AT >E 5TRU/$ TO IT4 ,! COGS ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9E WORK PRECISELY 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION FROM ?OSE FUNCTION+ 9 AN 9DU/RIAL E/ABLI%M5T4 ,! LATT] /RIVES TO R$UCE ! NUMB] ( USELESS >TICLES1 & TO PRODUCE ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE RESULTS ) ! SIMPLE/ ME*ANISM4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*Y DOES ITS UTMO/ TO MULTIPLY ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES & SUBORD9ATES1 DIRECTORS1 AUDITORS1 & 9SPECTORS4 ,WORK BECOMES SO COMPLICAT$ AS TO BE IMPOSSIBLE4 ,AS SOON AS BUS9ESS >ISES ?AT IS \TSIDE ! NORMAL R\T9E1 ! ADM9I/RATION IS AS DI/URB$ AS A COMPANY ( FROGS W\LD BE IF A /ONE W]E ?R[N 9TO !IR SWAMP4 ,EV]Y?+ BECOMES A PRETEXT = A DELAY OR A REPRIM&4 ,ONE )HOLDS HIS SIGNATURE BECAUSE HE IS JEAL\S ( A RIVAL :O MI<T B5EFIT FROM IT2 ANO!R BECAUSE HE FE>S ! DISPLEASURE ( A SUP]VISOR2 A ?IRD HOLDS BACK HIS OP9ION 9 ORD] TO GIVE ! IMPRESSION ( IMPORTANCE4 ,!N !RE >E ! 9DIFF]5T & ! LAZY4 ,WEA!R1 ACCID5TS1 & MISUND]/&+S >E ALL US$ AS EXCUSES = ! RESULTS ( ILL WILL4 ,F9ALLY1 FILES DISAPPE> UND] A LAY] ( DU/ 9 ! (FICE ( SOME MALEVOL5T OR LAZY MANAG]4 ,USELESS =MALITIES & SOMETIMES ! PHYSICAL IMPOSSIBILITY ( PROVID+ ALL ( ! DESIR$ SIGNATURES HALTS BUS9ESS1 :I* GETS LO/ LIKE A P>CEL 5 R\TE BETWE5 CAPITALS4 

,! MO/ URG5T PROJECTS CANNOT BE ACCOMPLI%$ BECAUSE ! %E] =CE ( 9]TIA ( ! BUREAUCRACY REMA9S 9SURM\NTABLE4 ,?IS IS ! CASE ) ! ISL& ( ,RE1 :I* IS 9 DANG] ( SOME DAY BE+ SPLIT 9 TWO BY A /ORM4 ,ON ! OCEAN SIDE1 IT HAS ALREADY LO/ A /RIP ( L& SEV]AL KILOMET]S WIDE 9 SOME PLACES1 & CURR5TLY ALL ?AT REMA9S AT ! MO/ ?REAT5$ PO9T IS AN I/HMUS ( LESS ?AN ONE HUNDR$ MET]S4 ,! R[ ( DUNES ?AT =MS ! BACKBONE ( ! ISL& IS V]Y WEAK !RE4 ,CONSID]+ ALL ! FACTS1 IT IS 9EVITABLE ?AT ONE DAY1 DUR+ A /RONG EQU9OCTIAL TIDE1 A RAG+ WE/]LY W9D WILL PU% ! WAVES ACROSS ! P$UNCLE ( S& & OP5 UP A L>GE /RAIT ?R\< ! SWAMPS & FIELDS4 ,EV]YONE AGREES ?AT IT IS URG5T TO CON/RUCT A /RONG SEAWALL AT ! WEAK PO9T ON ! ISL&2 H[EV]1 SOME TIME AGO A SMALL =T WAS BUILT1 A WOR?LESS CON/RUCTION N[ AB&ON$ TO ! BATS1 )\T EV5 A MAN G>RISON$ !RE4 ,NO MATT]1 IT IS 9 PR9CIPLE UND] ! SUP]VISION ( ! CORPS ( 5G9E]S1 & CONSEQU5TLY ALL PUBLIC WORKS >E NECESS>ILY HALT$ 9 ITS VIC9ITY4 ,?IS P>T ( ! ISL& WILL HAVE TO P]I%4 ,NOT F> FROM !RE1 ! WAT]S ( A GULF HAVE 9TRUD$ 9TO ! SALT M>%ES & *ANG$ !M 9TO A %ALL[ E/U>Y4 ,IT W\LD BE EASY TO RECOV] !SE 0,LO/ ,M>%ES10 & ! SURR\ND+ RESID5TS HAVE =MULAT$ A PROPOSAL TO DO SO4 ,BUT ! 9VASION ( ! SEA HAS MADE /ATE PROP]TY ( ! >EA1 & ! S]IES ( =MALITIES ?AT ! RECOV]Y ( ! L& W\LD 5TAIL SEEMS SO 9T]M9ABLE ?AT ! UND]TAK+ HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE4 ,! LO/ L& WILL REMA9 LO/ UNLESS A REVOLUTION ABOLI%ES ALL CLUMSY 9T]V5TION FROM AN IGNORANT & 9DIFF]5T /ATE & RE/ORES ! FREE MANAGEM5T ( 9T]E/S TO ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES !MSELVES4 

,9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 M9OR (FICIALS EX]CISE !IR P[] MORE ABSOLUTELY ?AN P]SONS ( HI< RANK1 :O >E BY !IR V]Y IMPORTANCE CON/RA9$ BY A C]TA9 PROPRIETY4 ,!Y >E B\ND TO RESPECT SOCIAL DECORUM & TO CONCEAL !IR 9SOL5CE1 & ?IS SOMETIMES SUCCE$S 9 SOO?+ !M & CALM+ !M D[N4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! BRUTALITIES1 CRIMES1 OR MISDEMEANORS COMMITT$ BY IMPORTANT FIGURES 5GAGE EV]YONE'S ATT5TION4 ,! PUBLIC BECOMES 5?RALL$ ) !IR ACTS & DISCUSSES !M PASSIONATELY4 ,(T5 !Y EV5 RISK BE+ REMOV$ FROM (FICE ?R\< ! 9T]V5TION ( DELIB]ATIVE BODIES & BR++ !IR SUP]IORS D[N ) !M4 ,BUT ! PETTY (FICIAL NE$ NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ FE> ( BE+ HELD RESPONSIBLE 9 ?IS WAY SO LONG AS HE IS %IELD$ BY A P[]FUL BOSS4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 ALL UPP]-LEVEL ADM9I/RATION1 9CLUD+ M9I/]S & EV5 ! K+1 WILL V\* = HIS IRREPROA*ABLE CONDUCT4 ,! UNC\? CAN GIVE FREE RE9 TO CRASS BEHAVIOR1 ! VIOL5T LA% \T AS !Y PLEASE1 & ! CRUEL 5JOY TORTUR+ AT !IR LEISURE4 ,:AT A HELLI% LIFE IT IS TO 5DURE ! HATR$ ( A DRILL S]GEANT1 A JAIL]1 OR ! W>D5 ( A *A9 GANG6 ,SANCTION$ BY LAW1 RULES1 TRADITION1 & ! 9DULG5CE ( HIS SUP]IORS1 ! TYRANT BECOMES JUDGE1 JURY1 & EXECUTION]4 ,( C\RSE1 :ILE GIV+ V5T TO HIS ANG]1 HE IS ALWAYS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE DISP5S$ 9FALLIBLE JU/ICE 9 ALL ITS SPL5DOR4 ,& :5 CRUEL FATE HAS MADE HIM ! SATRAP ( SOME DI/ANT COLONY1 :O WILL BE ABLE TO OPPOSE HIS CAPRICE8 ,HE JO9S ! RANKS ( K+S & GODS4 

,! >ROGANT1 DO-NO?+ PETTY BUREAUCRAT :O1 PROTECT$ BY A METAL GRAT+1 CAN TAKE ! LIB]TY ( BE+ RUDE T[>D ANYONE2 ! JUDGE :O EX]CISES HIS 0WIT0 AT ! EXP5SE ( ! ACCUS$ HE IS AB\T TO CONDEMN2 ! POLICE :O BRUTALLY R\ND UP PEOPLE OR BEAT DEMON/RATORS2 PLUS A ?\S& O!R >ROGANT MANIFE/ATIONS ( AU?ORITY--?IS IS :AT MA9TA9S ! ANIMOSITY BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T & ! GOV]N$4 ,& IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT !SE DAILY ACTS DO NOT WRAP !MSELVES 9 ! MANTLE ( ! LAW BUT RA!R HIDE BEH9D DECREES1 MEMOS1 REPORTS1 REGULATIONS1 & ORD]S FROM ! PREFECT & O!R (FICIALS4 ,! LAW CAN BE H>% & 9DE$ UNJU/1 BUT ! WORK] CROSSES ITS PA? ONLY R>ELY4 ,9 C]TA9 CIRCUM/ANCES1 HE CAN EV5 GO ?R\< LIFE )\T SUSPECT+ ?AT HE IS SUBJECT TO IT1 AS :5 HE IS UNAW>E ?AT HE IS PAY+ SOME TAX4 ,BUT EV]Y TIME HE ACTS1 HE IS CONFRONT$ ) DECISIONS DECRE$ BY (FICIALS :OSE IRRESPONSIBILITY DIFF]S FROM ?AT ( ! MEMB]S ( P>LIAM5T4 ,! DECISIONS ( ! =M] >E )\T REC\RSE & CONT9UALLY REM9D ! 9DIVIDUAL ( ! GU>DIAN%IP ?AT ! /ATE EX]CISES OV] HIM4 

,! NUMB] ( HI< & L[ (FICIALS WILL NATURALLY GR[ CONSID]ABLY1 9 PROPORTION TO 9CREASES 9 BUDGET>Y RES\RCES & TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! TREASURY CONTRIVES TO F9D NEW MEANS ( EXTRACT+ ADDITIONAL REV5UES FROM :ATEV] MAY BE TAX$4 ,BUT ! PROLIF]ATION ( EMPLOYES & /AFF MEMB]S RESULTS ABOVE ALL FROM :AT WE LIKE TO CALL 0DEMOCRACY10 ?AT IS1 FROM ! P>TICIPATION ( ! MASSES 9 ! PR]OGATIVES ( P[]4 ,EA* CITIZ5 WANTS HIS SCRAP1 & ! MA9 PREOCCUPATION ( ?OSE :O ALREADY HAVE AN (FICIAL PO/ IS TO CLASSIFY1 /UDY1 & ANNOTATE ! APPLICATIONS ( O!RS :O SEEK A POSITION4 ,! BUDGET HAS PAID =1 & POSSIBLY CONT9UES TO PAY =1 A =E/ RANG] ON ! ISL& ( ,\ESSANT1 :I* HAS A GR& TOTAL ( EI<T TREES--FIVE 9 ! G>D5 ( ! CURE & ?REE 9 ! CEMET]Y6 

,SO MU* PRESSURE IS EX]T$ ON ! GOV]NM5T BY ! MULTITUDE ( SUPPLICANTS ?AT ! ACQUISITION ( DI/ANT COLONIES IS DUE 9 V]Y L>GE P>T TO ! CONC]N = ! DI/RIBUTION ( GOV]NM5T POSITIONS4 ,ONE CAN JUDGE ! SO-CALL$ COLONIZATION ( MANY C\NTRIES BY ! FACT ?AT 9 ,ALG]IA 9 #ahif !RE W]E A LITTLE MORE ?AN #b#f1 ,FR5* RESID+ )9 ! T]RITORIAL B\ND>IES1 ( :I* MORE ?AN #e#a1 W]E (FICIALS ( ALL K9DS4 ,?IS CON/ITUTES R\<LY A FIF? ( ! COLONI/S1.<#d#h#d.> YET ONE MU/ ALSO TAKE 9TO ACC\NT ! #e1 SOLDI]S /ATION$ !RE4 ,?IS BR+S TO M9D ! 9SCRIPTION ADD$ ON A MAP TO ! NAME ( ! 0T[N0 ( ,U%UAIA1 ! S\!RNMO/ URBAN SETTLEM5T ( ! ,AM]ICAS & ( ! WORLD3 0,SEV5TY-EI<T 9HABITANTS1 ALL (FICIALS06 

,FRANCE IS AN EXAMPLE ( SU* A 0DEMOCRATIZATION0 ( ! /ATE S9CE IT IS MANAG$ BY APPROXIMATELY SIX HUNDR$ ?\S& P>TICIPANTS 9 ! EX]CISE ( SOV]EIGN P[]4 ,BUT IF ONE ADDS TO ! (FICIALS 9 ! /RICT S5SE ?OSE :O CONSID] !MSELVES AS SU*1 & :O >E 9DE$ 9VE/$ ) C]TA9 LOCAL OR TEMPOR>Y P[]S1 AS WELL AS ?OSE DI/+UI%$ FROM ! MASS ( ! NATION ?R\< TITLES OR DI/+UI%+ M>KS1 SU* AS ! VILLAGE POLICEM5 & ! T[N CRI]S1 NOT TO M5TION ! RECIPI5TS ( DECORATIONS & M$ALS1 IT BECOMES APP>5T ?AT !RE >E MORE (FICIALS ?AN SOLDI]S4 ,MOREOV]1 ! =M] >E1 AS A GR\P1 MU* MORE 5]GETIC SUPPORT]S ( ! GOV]NM5T ?AT PAYS !M4 ,:]EAS ! SOLDI] OBEYS ORD]S \T ( FE>1 ! (FICIAL'S MOTIVATION /EMS NOT ONLY FROM =C$ OB$I5CE BUT ALSO FROM CONVICTION4 ,BE+ HIMSELF A P>T ( ! GOV]NM5T1 HE EXPRESSES ITS SPIRIT 9 HIS :OLE MANN] ( ?9K+ & 9 HIS AMBITIONS4 ,HE REPRES5TS ! /ATE 9 HIS [N P]SON4 ,MOREOV]1 ! VA/ >MY ( BUREAUCRATS 9 (FICE HAS A RES]VE =CE ( A /ILL GREAT] >MY ( ALL ! C&IDATES = (FICES1 SUPPLICANTS & BEGG>S ( FAVORS1 FRI5DS1 & RELATIONS4 ,JU/ AS ! RI* DEP5D ON ! BROAD MASSES ( ! POOR & />V+1 :O >E SIMIL> TO !M 9 !IR APPETITES & !IR LOVE ( LUCRE1 SO DO ! MASSES1 :O >E OPPRESS$1 P]SECUT$1 & ABUS$ BY /ATE EMPLOYES ( ALL SORTS1 SUPPORT ! /ATE 9DIRECTLY1 S9CE !Y >E COMPOS$ ( 9DIVIDUALS :O >E EA* PREOCCUPI$ ) SOLICIT+ JOBS4 

,NATURALLY1 ?IS UNLIMIT$ EXPANSION ( P[]1 ?IS M9UTE ALLOCATION ( POSITIONS1 HONORS1 & MEAG] REW>DS1 TO ! PO9T ( RIDICUL\S SAL>IES & ! M]E POSSIBILITY ( FUTURE REMUN]ATION1 HAS TWO CONSEQU5CES ) OPPOS+ IMPLICATIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! AMBITION TO GOV]N BECOMES WIDESPREAD1 EV5 UNIV]SAL1 SO ?AT ! NATURAL T5D5CY ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 IS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,MILLIONS ( M5 FEEL A SOLID>ITY 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATE1 :I* IS !IR PROP]TY1 !IR AFFAIR4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! GR[+ DEBT ( ! GOV]NM5T1 DIVID$ 9TO ?\S&S ( SMALL 5TITLEM5TS TO 9COME1 F9DS AS MANY *AMPIONS AS IT HAS CR$ITORS DRAW+ ! VALUE ( !IR 9COME C\PONS FROM QU>T] TO QU>T]4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ?IS /ATE1 DIVID$ 9TO 9NUM]ABLE FRAGM5TS1 %[]+ PRIVILEGES ON ONE OR ANO!R 9DIVIDUAL :OM ALL KN[ & HAVE NO P>TICUL> REASON TO ADMIRE OR FE>1 BUT :OM !Y MAY EV5 DESPISE--?IS BANAL GOV]NM5T1 BE+ ALL TOO WELL UND]/OOD1 NO LONG] DOM9ATES ! MULTITUDES ?R\< ! IMPRESSION ( T]RIFY+ MAJE/Y ?AT ONCE BELONG$ TO MA/]S :O W]E ALL BUT 9VISIBLE & :O ONLY APPE>$ BE=E ! PUBLIC SURR\ND$ BY JUDGES1 ATT5DANTS1 & EXECUTION]S4 ,NOT ONLY DOES ! /ATE NO LONG] 9SPIRE MY/]I\S & SACR$ FE>1 IT EV5 PROVOKES LAU<T] & CONTEMPT4 ,IT IS ?R\< ! SATIRICAL NEWSPAP]S1 & ESPECIALLY ?R\< ! M>VEL\S C>ICATURES ?AT HAVE BECOME ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE =MS ( CONTEMPOR>Y >T1 ?AT FUTURE HI/ORIANS WILL HAVE TO /UDY ! PUBLIC SPIRIT DUR+ ! P]IOD BEG9N+ ) ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! /ATE P]I%ES & IS NEUTRALIZ$ ?R\< ITS V]Y DISSEM9ATION4 ,JU/ :5 ALL POSSESS IT1 IT HAS VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/1 & IS NO MORE ?AN A %AD[ ( ITSELF4 

,9/ITUTIONS ?US DISAPPE> AT ! MOM5T :5 !Y SEEM TO TRIUMPH4 ,! /ATE HAS BRAN*$ \T EV]Y:]E2 H[EV]1 AN OPPOS+ =CE ALSO APPE>S EV]Y:]E4 ,:ILE IT WAS ONCE CONSID]$ 9CONSEQU5TIAL & WAS UNAW>E ( ITSELF1 IT IS CON/ANTLY GR[+ & H5CE=? WILL BE CONSCI\S ( ! WORK ?AT IT HAS TO ACCOMPLI%4 ,?IS =CE IS ! LIB]TY ( ! HUMAN P]SON1 :I*1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 SPONTANE\SLY EX]CIS$ BY MANY PRIMITIVE TRIBES1 WAS PROCLAIM$ BY ! PHILOSOPH]S & SUCCESSIVELY DEM&$ ) V>Y+ DEGREES ( CONSCI\SNESS & WILL BY C\NTLESS REBELS4 ,PRES5TLY1 ! NUMB] ( REBELS IS MULTIPLY+1 & !IR PROPAG&A IS TAK+ ON A *>ACT] ?AT IS LESS EMOTIONAL ?AN IT WAS PREVI\SLY & MU* MORE SCI5TIFIC4 ,!Y 5T] ! /RUGGLE MORE CONV9C$1 MORE D>+1 & MORE CONFID5T ( !IR /R5G?1 & !Y F9D AN 5VIRONM5T ?AT (F]S MORE OPPORTUNITIES TO AVOID ! GRIP ( ! /ATE4 ,H]E IS ! GREAT REVOLUTION ?AT IS DEVELOP+ & EV5 REA*+ P>TIAL FULFILLM5T BE=E \R EYES4 ,9 ! PA/1 SOCIETY HAS FUNCTION$ ?R\< DI/9CT NATIONS1 SEP>AT$ BY BORD]S & LIV+ UND] ! DOM9ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS & CLASSES :O CLAIM SUP]IORITY OV] O!R M54 ,WE N[ SEE ANO!R MODE ( G5]AL EVOLUTION ?AT 9T]M+LES ) ! PREVI\S ONE & BEG9S TO REPLACE IT 9 AN 9CREAS+LY REGUL> & DECISIVE MANN]4 ,?IS MODE CONSI/S ( DIRECT ACTION ?R\< ! FREELY EXPRESS$ WILL ( M5 :O JO9 TOGE!R 9 A CLE>LY DEF9$ 5DEAVOR1 )\T CONC]N = B\ND>IES BETWE5 CLASSES & C\NTRIES4 ,EA* ACCOMPLI%M5T ?AT IS ?US REALIZ$ )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( (FICIAL BOSSES & \TSIDE ! /ATE1 :OSE CUMB]SOME MA*9]Y & OBSOLETE PRACTICES DO NOT L5D !MSELVES TO ! NORMAL C\RSE ( LIFE1 IS AN EXAMPLE ?AT CAN BE US$ = L>G] UND]TAK+S4 ,]/:ILE SUBJECTS BECOME P>TN]S JO9+ TOGE!R 9 COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE1 ACCORD+ TO !IR P]SONAL AFF9ITIES & !IR RELATION TO ! CLIMATE ?AT BA!S !M & ! SOIL ?AT SUPPORTS !M4 ,!Y LE>N TO ESCAPE FROM ! LEAD+ /R+S ?AT HAD GUID$ !M SO BADLY1 BE+ 9 ! H&S ( DEG5]ATE & FOOLI% M54 ,IT IS ?R\< ! PH5OM5A ( HUMAN ACTIVITY 9 ! >5AS ( LABOR1 AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 /UDY1 $UCATION1 & DISCOV]Y ?AT SUBJUGAT$ PEOPLES GRADUALLY SUCCE$ 9 LIB]AT+ !MSELVES & 9 GA9+ COMPLETE POSSESSION ( ?AT 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE )\T :I* NO PROGRESS CAN EV] TAKE PLACE4 

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,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #ae -- ,UPDAT$4 

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