,P>T #b1 ,*APT] #ad 
,! ,HI/ORY ( ,CITIES 7#a#i#e7 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

#a#d3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( ,CITIES 7#a#i#e7 

  

,PORTIONS ( ! FOLL[+ APPE>$ 9 AN E>LI] ,5GLI% TEXT1 0,! ,EVOLUTION ( ,CITIES10 :I* WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,REVIEW #fi 7,JANU>Y-,JUNE #a#h#i#e3 #b#d#f-#f#d74 ,RECLUS' IDEAS CONC]N+ CITIES HAVE BE5 KN[N PRIM>ILY ?R\< ?AT TEXT1 :I* WAS F9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 ,CAHI]S D'ECONOMIE ET DE SOCIOLOGIE RURALES #h 7#a#i#i#b73 #f#g-#g#d4 ,! PRES5T TEXT CON/ITUTES ,RECLUS' F9AL =MULATION ( HIS IDEAS CONC]N+ ! CITY1 9 VOLUME #e ( ,L',HOMME ET LA ,T]RE 7,P>IS3 ,LIBRAIRIE ,UNIV]SELLE1 #a#i#e-#h71 #c#c#e-#g#f4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! 5TIRE *APT] ON 0,REP>TITION DES ,HOMMES0 70,! ,DI/RIBUTION ( ,HUMAN ,POPULATION074 

,! NATURAL ATTRACTIVE =CE ( ! SOIL T5DS NORMALLY TO DI/RIBUTE HUMAN BE+S RHY?MICALLY ACROSS ! 5TIRE E>?4 ,9 ! MOD]N P]IOD1 WE 5C\NT] A SEEM+LY OPPOS+ =CE ?AT CONC5TRATES HUNDR$S ( ?\S&S OR EV5 MILLIONS ( PEOPLE 9 C]TA9 CIRCUMSCRIB$ >EAS SURR\ND+ M>KETS1 PALACES1 =UMS1 & P>LIAM5TS4 ,T[NS W]E ALREADY ( CONSID]ABLE SIZE AT ! \TSET ( ! AGE ( RAILROADS4 ,N[1 !Y DEVELOP 9TO IMM5SE CITIES1 VA/ AGGLOM]ATIONS ( ALIGN$ H\SES1 CRISSCROSS$ BY AN 9F9ITE NETWORK ( /REETS1 ALLEYWAYS1 B\LEV>DS1 & AV5UES4 ,DUR+ ! DAY1 A GRAYI% DOME ( SMOKE HANGS OV] !M1 :ILE AT NI<T A GL[ RADIATES \TW>D1 ILLUM9AT+ ! SKY4 ,PEOPLE W]E A/\ND$ BY ! ,BABYLONS & ,N9EVEHS ( ANCI5T TIMES4 ,H[EV]1 \R MOD]N ,BABYLONS1 :I* >E BO? CURS$ & CELEBRAT$1 >E MU* L>G]1 MORE COMPLEX1 & MORE TEEM+ ) HUMANITY & GIGANTIC MA*9]Y4 ,R\SSEAU1 DEPLOR+ ! DEGRADATION ( SO MANY C\NTRY PEOPLE :O DISAPPE>$ 9TO ! BIG CITIES1 CALLS !M 0ABYSSES0 ?AT SWALL[ UP HUMANITY1 :]EAS ,H]D] SEES 9 !M 0! 5TR5*$ CAMPS ( CIVILIZATION40 ,& H]E IS H[ ,RUSK9 JUDGES !M1 ATTACK+ ABOVE ALL ! L>GE/ IF NOT ! MO/ HIDE\S ( TODAY'S CITIES1 ! CAPITAL ( ! IMM5SE ,BRITI% ,EMPIRE3  
  

,! FIR/ ( ALL ,5GLI% GAMES IS MAK+ MONEY4444 ,SO ALL ?AT GREAT F\L CITY ( ,LONDON !RE1--RATTL+1 GR[L+1 SMOK+1 /9K+1--A <A/LY HEAP ( F]M5T+ BRICKWORK1 P\R+ \T POISON AT EV]Y PORE1--Y\ FANCY IT IS A CITY ( WORK8 ,NOT A /REET ( IT6 ,IT IS A GREAT CITY ( PLAY2 V]Y NA/Y PLAY1 & V]Y H>D PLAY1 BUT /ILL PLAY4 ,IT IS 444 A HUGE BILLI>D TABLE )\T ! CLO?1 & ) POCKETS AS DEEP AS ! BOTTOMLESS PIT2 BUT MA9LY A BILLI>D TABLE1 AFT] ALL4.<#d#e#c.>  
  

,ALL ! RAIL+ AGA9/ CITIES BY !IR CRITICS IS JU/IFI$1 AS >E ALL ! 5COMIUMS ( ?OSE :O GLORIFY !M4 ,H[ MU* LIFEBLOOD HAS GONE TO WA/E OR EV5 BE5 DE/ROY$ BY HATR$1 9 !SE CITIES ( F\L AIR1 DEADLY CONTAGION1 & *AOTIC /RUGGLE6 ,BUT IS IT NOT ALSO \T ( !SE CONFLU5CES ( HUMANITY ?AT NEW IDEAS HAVE BUR/ =?1 NEW WORKS HAVE BE5 BORN1 & ! REVOLUTIONS ?AT HAVE DELIV]$ HUMANITY FROM ITS GANGR5\S S5ILITY HAVE ]UPT$8 0,!RE IS AN 9F]NAL VAT UPON ! E>?10 PROCLAIMS ,B>BI]4.<#d#e#d.> ,& = HIS P>T1 ,HUGO GLORIFIES ?IS SAME ,P>IS 9 5?USIA/IC V]SE3 0,P>IS IS ! MO!R CITY6 444 ,:]E G5]ATIONS COME _/ ,TO FE$ !MSELVES ) IDEAS60.<#d#e#e.> 

,! DIV]G5T T5D5CIES ( CITIES T[>D BO? GOOD & EVIL IS PREFIGUR$ 9 ! PASSIONS & WILL ( ?OSE :O FLEE ! SMALL T[NS & C\NTRYSIDE = ! BIG CITY1 SOMETIMES F9D+ !RE A L>G] LIFE1 SOMETIMES DECL9E & DEA?4 ,BUT 9 ADDITION TO !SE BOLD =]UNN]S :O PROCE$ RESOLUTELY T[>D SOME MOD]N ,BABYLON1 WE MU/ C\NT ?OSE--& !Y >E LEGION--:O >E DRAWN T[>D C5T]S ( POPULATION & DEPOSIT$ !RE LIKE ALLUVIUM C>RI$ BY ! CURR5T TO BE CA/ UPON ! BEA*ES4 ,!SE 9CLUDE PEASANTS EVICT$ FROM !IR PLOT ( L& = ! B5EFIT ( A WEAL?Y SPECULATOR OR AT ! :IM ( A LORD :O DECIDES TO TURN !IR FIELDS 9TO A PA/URE OR HUNT+ GR\ND2 S]VANTS :O >E SUMMON$ FROM ! C\NTRY BY ! CITY-DWELL]S2 WET-NURSES CALL$ TO BREA/-FE$ 9FANTS 9 PLACE ( !IR MO!RS2 WORK]S1 SOLDI]S1 EMPLOYES1 & CIVIL S]VANTS :O >E TRANSF]R$ TO ! BIG CITY2 &1 9 G5]AL1 ALL ?OSE :O 9 OB$I5CE TO !IR MA/]S1 OR 9DE$ TO ?AT MO/ IMP]I\S ( MA/]S1 ECONOMIC NECESSITY1 9EVITABLY SWELL ! URBAN POPULATION4 

,H[ PLEASANT >E ! WORDS ( ! MORALI/IC L&[N]S :O ADVISE ! C\NTRY PEOPLE TO REMA9 ATTA*$ TO ! L&1 :ILE BY !IR ACTIONS !Y UPROOT ?OSE V]Y PEASANTS & CREATE = !M ! LIV+ CONDITIONS ?AT COMPEL !M TO FLEE T[>D ! CITY4 ,:O PUT AN 5D TO ! COMMONS8 ,:O R$UC$ & !N ABOLI%$ 5TIRELY ! RI<TS ( USUFRUCT8 ,:O CLE>-CUT ! =E/S & ! MOORS1 DEPRIV+ ! PEASANT ( ! FUEL HE NE$$8 ,:O BUILT WALLS >\ND PROP]TY TO M>K WELL ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A L&$ >I/OCRACY8 ,& :5 L>GE 9DU/RY WAS BORN1 DID ! L&[N] NOT AB&ON ! C\NTRY MILL] & ! HUMBLE VILLAGE >TISANS8 ,& :5 ! PEASANT NO LONG] HAS ANY COMMUNAL L&S1 :5 HE IS DEPRIV$ ( HIS SMALL 9DU/RIES1 :5 ALL HIS RES\RCES >E DIM9I%$ AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HIS NE$S & EXP5SES GR[1 IS HIS 9EVITABLE FLI<T TO ! CITY SO SURPRIS+8 ,! L&[N] NO LONG] EMPLOYS FULL-TIME AGRICULTURAL LABOR1 SO ! WORK] IS RU9$ BY UNEMPLOYM5T & =C$ 9TO EXILE4 ,:5 ! PROPRIETOR NE$S H&S = ! GRAPE H>VE/1 HE NO LONG] LOOKS TO ! OLD T5ANTS ( HIS L&1 BUT TO ! M5 ( ! 0MOBILE >MY0--TO ! ,IRI%1 ! ,FLEMI%1 ! 0,GAVA*ES10.<#d#e#f.> & TO ! ANONYM\S WORK]S :O COME FROM :O KN[S :]E1 :OSE BIR?PLACE1 LANGUAGE1 & CU/OMS >E UNKN[N1 & :O WILL SOON DISAPPE> )\T LEAV+ A TRACE4 

,?US ! IMMIGRANTS DRAWN 9 MULTITUDES T[>D ! MAEL/ROM ( ! CITIES OBEY A LAW ?AT IS MORE P[]FUL ?AN !IR [N WILLS4 ,!IR [N CAPRICE PLAYS ONLY A V]Y SUBORD9ATE ROLE 9 G5]AT+ ! =CE ?AT ATTRACTS !M4 ,! RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( ESCAPEES FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE :O VOLUNT>ILY HEAD = ! CITIES CAN BE DIVID$ 9TO SEV]AL DI/9CT GR\PS4 ,?\< ALL MAY GO 9 SE>* ( HAPP9ESS1 P]SONAL GA91 & GREAT] SATISFACTION 9 !IR EMOTIONAL LIVES1 ! MEAN+ ( !SE IDEALS V>IES COMPLETELY FROM 9DIVIDUAL TO 9DIVIDUAL4 ,MANY ( !M SUCCUMB TO A K9D ( DREAD ?AT SEEMS 9EXPLICABLE4 ,ONE GAZES 9 AMAZEM5T AT ONE ( !IR COTTAGES1 SUP]BLY SITUAT$ 9 ! M\NTA9S ( ! ,JURA1 ! ,PYR5EES1 OR ! ,CEV5NES4 ,! LEGAL [N] HAS ALL[$ IT TO FALL 9TO RU91 EV5 ?\< IT SEEMS TO POSSESS ALL ! QUALITIES ?AT W\LD CAUSE ONE TO *]I% IT4 ,ALONGSIDE ! DWELL+ RISES ! ANCE/RAL TREE1 %AD+ ! RO(4 ,NE>BY1 A SPR+ ( PURE WAT] GU%ES =? FROM AN UNDULATION 9 ! MEAD[4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT CAN BE SE5 FROM ! ?RE%OLD--! G>D51 ! MEAD[1 ! FIELDS1 ! GROVES--BELONG$ TO ! FAMILY1 & EVID5TLY /ILL DOES4 ,BUT ! FAMILY N[ CONSI/S ONLY ( TWO ELD]LY P]SONS TRY+ TO DEVOTE !IR REMA9+ 5]GIES TO ! F>M+ & ! H\SEHOLD *ORES4 ,9 SPITE ( ?IS1 EV]Y?+ P]I%ES4 ,! M>% 5CROA*ES ON ! MEAD[1 WE$S 9VADE ! PA?S & ! FL[]B$S1 ! H>VE/ %R9KS FROM YE> TO YE>1 & ! RO(S ( ! B>NS & GRAN>IES CAVE 94 ,:5 ! OLD PEOPLE >E GONE1 ! H\SE WILL COLLAPSE4 ,BUT DO !Y NOT HAVE A S+LE FAMILY MEMB]--A SON1 A GR&SON1 OR NEPHEW--:O MI<T CONT9UE ! WORK ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 AS !Y !MSELVES DO8 ,YES1 !Y HAVE A SON1 BUT HE DESPISES ! L&4 ,HE HAS BECOME A POLICEMAN 9 SOME DI/ANT T[N1 TAK+ PLEASURE 9 R\ND+ UP DRUNKS & H&+ \T TICKETS4 ,:5 HIS P>5TS DIE1 HE WILL NOT KN[ :AT TO DO ) ! ANCE/RAL FIELDS4 ,!Y WILL FALL FALL[ & A GREAT L&LORD WILL PUR*ASE !M1 OR RA!R GET !M = A SONG1 TO R\ND \T HIS HUNT+ GR\NDS4 

,IF !SE W]E ! ONLY CAUSES ( ! REM>KABLE EXPANSION ( CITIES1 !Y W\LD BECOME NO?+ MORE ?AN SOCIAL CANC]S1 & ONE MI<T JU/LY CURSE !M1 AS ! ,HEBREW PROPHETS ONCE CURS$ ANCI5T ,BABYLON4 ,GR[+ BY ! DAY OR EV5 BY ! H\R1 LIKE OCTOPUSES EXT5D+ !IR LONG T5TACLES 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !SE CITIES 9DE$ SEEM TO BE MON/]S1 GIGANTIC VAMPIRES DRA9+ ! BLOOD FROM M54 ,BUT EV]Y PH5OM5ON IS COMPLEX4 ,! WICK$1 DEPRAV$1 & DECAD5T WILL CONSUME & CORRUPT !MSELVES MORE RAPIDLY 9 A MILIEU OBSESS$ ) PLEASURE OR 9DE$ FALL5 9TO DECAY4 ,H[EV]1 !RE >E O!RS ) BETT] MOTIVES1 :O WI% TO LE>N1 :O SEEK OPPORTUNITIES TO ?9K1 TO IMPROVE !MSELVES1 TO BLOSSOM 9TO WRIT]S OR >TI/S OR EV5 ! APO/LES ( SOME TRU?4 ,!Y TURN REV]5TLY T[>D MUSEUMS1 S*OOLS1 & LIBR>IES1 & R5EW !IR IDEALS ?R\< CONTACT ) O!RS :O >E EQUALLY 9 ! ?RALL ( GREAT ?+S4 ,>E !Y NOT ALSO IMMIGRANTS TO ! CITIES1 & IS IT NOT ?ANKS TO !M ?AT ! *>IOT ( CIVILIZATION CONT9UES TO MOVE =W>D ?R\< ! AGES8 ,:5 CITIES GR[1 HUMANITY PROGRESSES1 & :5 !Y %R9K1 ! SOCIAL BODY IS ?REAT5$ ) REGRESSION 9TO B>B>ISM4 

,)\T HAV+ /UDI$ ! QUE/ION1 ONE MI<T EASILY IMAG9E ?AT CITIES >E DI/RIBUT$ R&OMLY4 ,& 9 FACT1 A NUMB] ( ACC\NTS DEPICT ! F\ND]S ( CITIES LEAV+ TO FATE ! *OICE ( A SITE ON :I* TO SETTLE & BUILD PROTECTIVE WALLS4 ,! C\RSE ( ! FLI<T ( BIRDS1 ! SPOT ON :I* A /AG WAS HUNT$ D[N & TAK51 OR ! PO9T AT :I* A %IP RAN AGR\ND DET]M9$ :]E A CITY WAS TO BE CON/RUCT$4 ,?US ! CAPITAL ( ,ICEL&1 ,REYKJAVIK1 IS SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 F\ND$ ACCORD+ TO ! WILL ( ! GODS4.<#d#e#g.> ,9 #h#g#d1 ! FUGITIVE ,+OLFUR CAME 9 SI<T ( ,ICEL& & CA/ 9TO ! WAT] ! WOOD5 IMAGES ?AT S]V$ AS HIS H\SEHOLD IDOLS4 ,HE S\<T VA9LY TO FOLL[ !IR C\RSE1 BUT !Y ELUD$ HIM1 & HE HAD TO E/ABLI% A TEMPOR>Y CAMP ON ! %ORE4 ,?REE YE>S LAT]1 HE R$ISCOV]$ ! SACR$ PIECES ( WOOD1 & MOV$ HIS SETTLEM5T TO A NE>BY SITE1 :I* TURN$ \T TO BE AS FAVORABLY SITUAT$ AS POSSIBLE 9 ?IS =MIDABLE 0,L& ( ,ICE40.<#d#e#h.> 

,IF ! E>? W]E COMPLETELY UNI=M 9 RELIEF1 9 ! QUALITY ( ITS SOIL1 & 9 ITS CLIMATIC CONDITIONS1 CITIES W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ 9 GEOMETRICAL POSITIONS1 SO TO SPEAK4 ,MUTUAL ATTRACTION1 SOCIAL 9/9CT1 & CONV5I5CE = TRADE W\LD HAVE GIV5 RISE TO !M AT EQUAL DI/ANCES FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,GIV5 A REGION ?AT IS FLAT1 ?AT HAS NO NATURAL OB/ACLES1 RIV]S1 OR PORTS1 ?AT IS SITUAT$ 9 A P>TICUL>LY FAVORABLE MANN]1 & ?AT IS NOT DIVID$ 9TO SEP>ATE POLITICAL /ATES1 ! L>GE/ CITY W\LD BE CON/RUCT$ PRECISELY AT ! C5T] ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! SECOND>Y CITIES W\LD BE DI/RIBUT$ AT EQUAL 9T]VALS >\ND IT1 SPAC$ RHY?MICALLY4 ,EA* ( !SE W\LD HAVE ITS [N PLANET>Y SY/EM ( SMALL] T[NS1 & EA* ( !SE ITS RET9UE ( VILLAGES4 ,ON A UNI=M PLA91 ! 9T]VAL BETWE5 ! V>I\S URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS %\LD BE ! NORMAL DI/ANCE ( A DAY'S WALK4 ,! NUMB] ( LEAGUES ?AT C\LD BE COV]$ BY ! AV]AGE WALK] BETWE5 DAWN & DUSK--?AT IS TO SAY1 BETWE5 TWELVE & FIFTE51 CORRESPOND+ TO ! H\RS ( ! DAY--CON/ITUTES ! USUAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 T[NS4 ,! DOME/ICATION ( ANIMALS1 !N ! 9V5TION ( ! :EEL & F9ALLY MA*9ES HAVE MODIFI$1 EI!R GRADUALLY OR ABRUPTLY1 !SE E>LY MEASUREM5TS4 ,! GAIT ( ! HORSE1 & LAT] ! TURN ( ! AXLE DET]M9$ ! NORMAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 ! GREAT GA!R+ PLACES ( HUMANITY4 ,! AV]AGE 9T]VAL BETWE5 VILLAGES IS MEASUR$ BY ! DI/ANCE COV]$ BY A F>M] PU%+ HIS :EELB>R[ FULL ( HAY OR GRA94 ,A SUPPLY ( WAT] = ! CATTLE1 ! CONV5I5T TRANSPORTATION ( ! FRUITS ( ! E>?--SU* FACTORS DET]M9E ! SITE ( ! /ABLE1 ! GRAN>Y1 & ! COTTAGE4 

,9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE BE5 POPULAT$ = A LONG TIME1 & 9 :I* ! DI/RIBUTION ( ! URBAN POPULATION IS /ILL 9 ACCORD ) ! ORIG9AL DI/ANCES1 ONE F9DS B5EA? ! APP>5T DISORD] ( CITIES AN UND]LY+ ORD] ( DI/RIBUTION ?AT WAS CLE>LY DET]M9$ LONG AGO BY ! FOOT/EPS ( WALK]S4 ,9 ! 0,MIDDLE ,FL[]10.<#d#e#i.> 9 ,RUSSIA1 :]E RAILWAYS >E A RELATIVELY REC5T CREATION1 & EV5 9 ,FRANCE1 ONE CAN OBS]VE ! A/\ND+ REGUL>ITY ) :I* ! URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS W]E DI/RIBUT$ BE=E M9+ & 9DU/RY CAME TO DI/URB ! NATURAL EQUILIBRIUM ( POPULATION4.<#d#f.> ,?US ,P>IS1 ! CAPITAL ( ,FRANCE1 IS SURR\ND$1 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! C\NTRY'S BORD]S & COA/L9ES1 BY CITIES ?AT >E SECOND ONLY TO ITSELF 9 IMPORTANCE3 ,BORDEAUX1 ,NANTES1 ,R\51 ,LILLE1 ,NANCY1 & ,LYONS4 ,! ANCI5T ,PHO5ICIAN & LAT] ,GREEK CITY ( ,M>SEILLES [ES ITS ORIG9S TO A DIFF]5T PHASE ( HI/ORY FROM ?AT ( ! CITIES ?AT W]E ,GALLIC & !N ,FR5*4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ITS POSITION CORRESPONDS TO !IRS S9CE IT IS SITUAT$ AT ! ,M$IT]RANEAN EXTREMITY ( A RADIUS ?AT IS TWICE ! DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,P>IS & ! GREAT URBAN PLANETS 9 ITS ORBIT4 ,BETWE5 ! CAPITAL & ! SECOND>Y ADM9I/RATIVE C5T]S1 CITIES ( CONSID]ABLE ?\< LESS] IMPORTANCE1 SU* AS ,ORLEANS1 ,T\RS1 ,POITI]S1 & ,ANG\LEME1 W]E F\ND$4 ,!SE W]E E/ABLI%$ AT APPROXIMATELY EQUAL 9T]VALS1 = !Y >E SEP>AT$ BY A D\BLE DAILY TRAVEL+ DI/ANCE1 ?AT IS1 BETWE5 TW5TY-FIVE & ?IRTY LEAGUES4 ,F9ALLY1 HALFWAY BETWE5 !SE T]TI>Y C5T]S1 MODE/ T[NS SU* AS ,ETAMPES1 ,AMBOISE1 ,*ATELL]AULT1 ,RUFFEC1 & ,LIB\RNE TOOK %APE4 ,!IR LOCATIONS M>K$ AN AV]AGE DAY'S TRAVEL+ DI/ANCE4 ,?US ! TRAVEL] CROSS+ ,FRANCE F\ND ALT]NATELY A T[N ?AT WAS A SIMPLE RE/+ PLACE & A T[N ) ALL ! AM5ITIES4 ,! FIR/ WAS ADEQUATE = ! TRAVEL] ON FOOT1 :ILE ! SECOND WAS SUITABLE = ! RID]4 ,ON ALMO/ ALL ! HI<WAYS1 ! RHY?MIC DI/RIBUTION ( CITIES OCCURS 9 ! SAME MANN]1 ?R\< A NATURAL CAD5CE REGULAT$ BY ! PACE ( M51 HORSES1 & C>RIAGES4 

,! IRREGUL>ITIES 9 ! NETWORK ( SETTLEM5TS >E ALL EXPLA9$ BY SU* FACTORS AS ! CONT\R ( ! L&1 ! C\RSE ( RIV]S1 & ! ?\S& V>IATIONS ( GEOGRAPHY4 ,9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 ! NATURE ( ! SOIL DET]M9ES :]E PEOPLE *OOSE SITES = !IR DWELL+S4 ,! VILLAGE CAN ONLY SPR+ UP :]E ! /ALK SPR\TS4 ,PEOPLE TURN AWAY FROM B>R5 HEA?S1 MASSES ( GRAVEL1 & HEAVY CLAYS ?AT >E DIFFICULT TO PL[1 & RU% IMM$IATELY & SPONTANE\SLY TO >EAS ( LOOSE SOIL ?AT IS EASY TO WORK4 ,!Y ALSO AVOID L[1 MOI/ REGIONS1 AL?\< !SE HAVE AN EXCEPTIONAL F]TILITY4 ,! HI/ORY ( AGRICULTURE %[S ?AT !SE S(T ALLUVIUMS REPEL PEOPLE BECAUSE ( !IR UNHEAL?9ESS4 ,!Y HAVE BE5 CULTIVAT$ ?R\< COLLECTIVE EF=TS ?AT ONLY BECOME POSSIBLE :5 HUMANITY HAS ADVANC$ CONSID]ABLY4 

,T]RA9 ?AT IS TOO UNEV5 & SOIL ?AT IS TOO >ID ALSO FAIL TO ATTRACT POPULATION1 !REBY PREV5T+ OR DELAY+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CITIES4 ,GLACI]S1 SN[1 & COLD W9DS EXPEL PEOPLE1 SO TO SPEAK1 FROM ! H>% M\NTA9 VALLEYS4 ,! NATURAL T5D5CY IS TO F\ND CITIES IMM$IATELY \TSIDE SU* =BIDD+ REGIONS1 AT ! FIR/ FAVORABLE SPOT AVAILABLE--= EXAMPLE1 JU/ AT ! 5TRANCE TO A VALLEY4 ,EV]Y /REAM HAS ITS RIP>IAN CITY 9 ! L[L&S1 :]E ! RIV]B$ SUDD5LY WID5S & DIVIDES 9TO A MULTITUDE ( BRAN*ES ?R\< ! GRAVELS4 ,EV]Y D\BLE1 TRIPLE1 OR QUADRUPLE CONFLU5CE ( VALLEYS GIVES RISE TO A L>GE AGGLOM]ATION :OSE SIZE IS PROPORTIONAL1 ALL ?+S BE+ EQUAL1 TO ! VOLUME ( WAT] C>RI$ BY ! CONV]G5T RIV]B$S4 ,C\LD ANY SITE = A CITY BE MORE NATURALLY DET]M9$ ?AN ?AT ( ,S>AGOSSA1 :I* IS 9 ! MIDDLE ( ! C\RSE ( ! ,EBRO1 AT ! JUNCTION ( ! D\BLE VALLEY ?R\< :I* ! ,GALLEGO & ! ,HU]VA FL[8 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! CITY ( ,T\L\SE1 ! METROPOLIS ( ! ,MIDI ( ,FRANCE1 OCCUPIES A SITE ?AT EV5 A *ILD C\LD HAVE PO9T$ \T AS A LIKELY MEET+ PLACE = PEOPLES1 JU/ :]E ! RIV] BECOMES NAVIGABLE1 BEL[ ! CONFLU5CE ( ! UPP] ,G>ONNE1 ! ,>IEGE1 & ! ,H]S4 ,AT ! TWO WE/]N CORN]S ( ,SWITZ]L&1 ,BASEL & ,G5EVA W]E BUILT AT ! CROSSROADS ( ! GREAT PA?S FOLL[$ BY MIGRAT+ PEOPLES4 ,& ON ! S\!RN SLOPE ( ! ,ALPS1 EV]Y VALLEY )\T EXCEPTION HAS AT ITS 5TRANCE A GU>DIAN T[N4 ,P[]FUL CITIES SU* AS ,MILAN & SO MANY O!RS M>K PO9TS ( GEOGRAPHICAL CONV]G5CE4 ,! UPP] VALLEY ( ! ,PO1 CON/ITUT+ ?REE-QU>T]S ( AN IMM5SE CIRCLE1 HAS AT ITS NATURAL C5T] ! CITY ( ,TUR94 

,ON ! L[] C\RSE ( ! RIV] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CITIES IS DET]M9$ BY CONDITIONS ANALOG\S TO ?OSE ?AT PREVAIL AT ! MIDDLE4 ,IT OCCURS AT ! HEADL& ( TWO /REAMS1 AT ! RAMIFICATION ( ?REE OR F\R NAVIGABLE WAT]WAYS OR NATURAL R\TES ?AT COME TOGE!R1 OR AT ! PO9T ON A RIV] :]E IT 9T]SECTS ) NATURAL L& R\TES LEAD+ 9 V>I\S O!R DIRECTIONS4 ,9 ADDITION1 O!R GR\PS SETTLE AT NECESS>Y /OPP+ PLACES1 SU* AS RAPIDS1 WAT]FALLS1 OR ROCKY GORGES1 :]E BOATS DROP AN*OR & :]E M]*&ISE IS TRANS%IPP$4 ,! /RAITS ( RIV]S & ANY SPOTS :]E ! CROSS+ FROM BANK TO BANK IS P>TICUL>LY EASY >E ALSO APPROPRIATE = ! SITE ( A VILLAGE OR EV5 A T[N1 IF !RE >E ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGES BESIDES ! N>R[+ ( ! RIV]4 ,IF A M>K$ B5D 9 A WAT]WAY BR+S ITS VALLEY 9TO CLOSE PROXIMITY TO A L>GE C5T] ( ACTIVITY SITUAT$ 9 ANO!R BAS91 ?IS CAN ALSO ATTRACT A L>GE NUMB] ( SETTL]S4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ,ORLEANS HAD TO BE BUILT ON ! BANK ( ! ,LOIRE CONDUCIVE TO EXPANSION T[>D ! NOR? 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,P>IS1 & ,TS>ITS9.<#d#f#a.> IS LOCAT$ AT ! PLACE :]E ! ,VOLGA IS CLOSE/ TO ! ,DON4 ,F9ALLY1 ON EV]Y RIV] ! VITAL PO9T P> EXCELL5CE IS ! >EA >\ND ITS M\?1 :]E ! RIS+ SEA /OPS & SUPPORTS ! UPP] CURR5T & :]E ! SMALL] BOATS1 C>RI$ BY ! CURR5T ( FRE% WAT]1 NATURALLY MEET ! SEAGO+ VESSELS COM+ 9 ) ! TIDE4 ,9 ! HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION1 ?IS MEET+ PLACE CAN BE COMP>$ TO ! COLL> ( A TREE BETWE5 ! A]IAL VEGETATION & ! UND]GR\ND ROOT SY/EM4 ,?IS IS ! NORMAL PATT]N = ! L>GE ,EUROPEAN TIDAL SEAPORTS SU* AS ,HAMBURG1 ,LONDON1 ,ANTW]P1 & ,BORDEAUX4 

,! IRREGUL>ITIES ( ! COA/L9E ALSO AFFECT ! DI/RIBUTION ( CITIES4 ,C]TA9 S&Y %OREL9ES ) LITTLE V>IATION1 9ACCESSIBLE TO %IPS EXCEPT ON ?OSE R>E DAYS ( COMPLETE CALM1 >E AVOID$ BY PEOPLE FROM 9L& AS WELL AS BY ?OSE :O SAIL ! SEAS4 ,?US ! #b#b-KILOMET] COA/L9E ?AT RUNS 9 A /RAI<T L9E FROM ! E/U>Y ( ! ,GIRONDE TO ! M\? ( ! ,AD\R HAS NOT A S+LE T[N O!R ?AN LITTLE ,>CA*ON1 :I* IS NO MORE ?AN A SIMPLE BA?+ SPOT & RESORT1 SITUAT$ AWAY FROM ! %ORE )9 A RAMP>T =M$ BY ! DUNES ( ,CAPE ,F]RET4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ! IMPRESSIVE B>RI] ISL&S ?AT FOLL[ ! ,ATLANTIC COA/ ( ! ,C>OL9AS ALL[ ACCESS BETWE5 ,NORFOLK & ,WILM+TON ONLY TO A FEW POOR T[NS ?AT C>RY ON A HAZ>D\S TRADE ) CONSID]ABLE DIFFICULTY4 ,9 O!R COA/AL REGIONS1 ISL&S & ISLETS1 ROCKS1 PROMONTORIES1 & P59SULAS MULTIPLY ! ?\S& JAGG$ $GES & GA%ES ( ! ESC>PM5TS4 ,!SE SIMIL>LY PREV5T ! BIR? ( T[NS1 DESPITE ! ADVANTAGES (F]$ BY DEEP & WELL-PROTECT$ WAT]S4 ,:]E COA/L9ES >E TOO VIOL5T & TEMPE/U\S1 ONLY A SMALL NUMB] ( PEOPLE WILL BE ABLE TO SETTLE EASILY4 ,! MO/ FAVORABLE SITES >E ?OSE ?AT HAVE A TEMP]ATE CLIMATE & >E ACCESSIBLE FROM BO? L& & SEA1 BY %IPS & VEHICLES ( ALL K9DS4 

,9 CONTRA/ TO ! REGUL> COA/ ( ! ,L&ES1 :I* IS ALMO/ DEVOID ( T[NS & VILLAGES1 ONE CAN PO9T TO ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/L9E ( ,LANGU$OC BETWE5 ! DELTA ( ! ,RHONE & ! M\? ( ! ,AUDE4 ,9 ?IS REGION ! L>GE C5T]S ( POPULATION >E F\ND 9 CLOS] PROXIMITY ?AN !Y >E ON AV]AGE ANY:]E ELSE 9 ,FRANCE1 EV5 ?\< ! D5SITY ( POPULATION P] SQU>E KILOMET] IS NO GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( ! C\NTRY AS A :OLE4 ,! EXPLANATION = ?IS /R+ ( CITIES IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES ( ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,! R\TE ?AT ?OSE TRAVEL+ FROM ,ITALY US$ TO FOLL[ TO REA* ,SPA9 OR ,AQUITA9E HAD TO AVOID BO? ! /EEP M\NTA9S ( ! 9T]IOR & ! M>%ES1 SALT LAKES1 & M\?S ( RIV]S ALONG ! COA/4 ,! /EEP1 SP>SELY POPULAT$1 & RA!R 9HOSPITABLE UPL& >EA ?AT BORD]S ! M\NTA9\S WALL ( ! ,CEV5NES TO ! S\? BEG9S 9 ! VIC9ITY ( ! SEA4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 MOVEM5T ?R\< ! REGION HAS ?US %IFT$ TO A R\TE ?AT FOLL[S ! ,M$IT]RANEAN COA/4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 TRADE REQUIRES PO9TS ( ACCESS1 :E!R !Y BE ! M\? ( A RIV] SU* AS ! ,AUDE OR ! ,H]AULT1 OR ELSE A COVE >TIFICIALLY PROTECT$ BY JETTIES4 ,SU* CONSID]ATIONS >E RESPONSIBLE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,N>BONNE1 :I* 5JOY$ A P]IOD ( WORLD P[] :5 IT WAS ! MO/ POPUL\S CITY ( ,GAUL2 ,BEZI]S1 :I* PROSP]$ DUR+ ! ,PHO5ICIAN P]IOD & :I* REMA9S ONE ( ! GREAT AGRICULTURAL M>KETS ( ,FRANCE2 ,AGDE1 ! ,GREEK T[N1 :I* WAS SUCCE$$ 9 IMPORTANCE BY ,SETE1 ANO!R T[N ) ,HELL5IC ORIG9S2 & ,MONTPELLI]1 ! 9TELLECTUAL CAPITAL ( ! ,MIDI1 :]E ! ,S>AC5S & ! ,JEWS W]E ! PRECURSORS ( ! ,R5AISSANCE4 ,BEYOND1 O!R T[NS CR[D TOGE!R4 ,! ANCI5T ,NIMES1 SITT+ BESIDE ITS F\NTA91 IS L9K$ ) ! ,RHONE ?R\< ! ?REE CITIES ( ,AVIGNON1 ,BEAUCAIRE1 & ,>LES4 

,ALL NATURAL CONDITIONS1 9CLUD+ AGRICULTURAL1 GEOGRAPHICAL1 & CLIMATIC ONES1 9FLU5CE ! DEVELOPM5T ( CITIES1 :E!R = BETT] OR = WORSE4 ,EV]Y NATURAL ADVANTAGE 9CREASES !IR P[]S ( ATTRACTION1 & EV]Y DISADVANTAGE DIM9I%ES !M4 ,GIV5 ! EXACT SAME HI/ORICAL 5VIRONM5TS1 ! SIZE ( CITIES W\LD BE DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO ! SUM ( !IR NATURAL 5D[M5TS4 ,H[EV]1 TWO CITIES1 ONE 9 ,AFRICA & ! O!R 9 ,EUROPE1 MI<T HAVE SIMIL> NATURAL 5VIRONM5TS YET DIFF] CONSID]ABLY FROM ONE ANO!R BECAUSE ! CONTEXT ( !IR HI/ORICAL EVOLUTION IS SO DIFF]5T4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE WILL BE SIMIL>ITIES 9 !IR DE/9IES4 ,& JU/ AS CELE/IAL BODIES AFFECT ONE ANO!R1 NEI<BOR+ URBAN C5T]S MUTUALLY 9FLU5CE ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y MAY EI!R WORK TOGE!R BECAUSE !Y (F] COMPLEM5T>Y ADVANTAGES1 AS IS ! CASE ) ! COMM]CIAL CITY ( ,LIV]POOL & ! MANUFACTUR+ CITY ( ,MAN*E/]1 OR H>M ONE ANO!R :5 !Y EA* HAVE ! SAME B5EFITS TO (F]4 ,! LATT] IS ! CASE ) ,BORDEAUX1 ON ! ,G>ONNE1 & ,LIB\RNE1 ON ! ,DORDOGNE1 :I* >E SITUAT$ NOT F> AP>T1 ON ! TWO SIDES ( ! 0,5TRE-DEUX-,M]S40 ,LIB\RNE C\LD HAVE (F]$ ALMO/ ID5TICAL S]VICES TO TRADE2 H[EV]1 ITS PROXIMITY TO ,BORDEAUX HURT ITS *ANCES4 ,DEV\R$ BY ITS RIVAL1 IT LO/ VIRTUALLY ALL ITS M>ITIME SIGNIFICANCE & HAS NO IMPORTANCE TODAY O!R ?AN AS A /OPP+ PLACE = TRAVEL]S4 

,ANO!R REM>KABLE PH5OM5ON ?AT %\LD BE NOT$ IS ! ABILITY ( GEOGRAPHICAL =CES1 MU* LIKE ?OSE ( HEAT & ELECTRICITY1 TO ACT AT A DI/ANCE1 PRODUC+ EFFECTS F> FROM !IR S\RCE4 ,?US A CITY MAY RISE UP ON A C]TA9 SITE AS ! RESULT ( V>I\S FACTORS ?AT MAKE IT PREF]ABLE TO SITES CLOS] TO ?AT S\RCE4 ,ONE CAN CITE ! EXAMPLES ( ?REE ,M$IT]RANEAN PORTS LOCAT$ :]E RIV] DELTAS HAVE CREAT$ CONDITIONS ?AT >E P>TICUL>LY APPROPRIATE = TRAD+ CITIES4 ,DESPITE ITS DI/ANCE FROM ! ,NILE1 ,ALEX&RIA S]VES AS ! COMM]CIAL C5T] = ! 5TIRE RIV] BAS91 :ILE ,V5ICE IS ! PORT = ! ,PADUAN PLA91 & ,M>SEILLES1 = ! VALLEY ( ! ,RHONE4 ,& ?\< ,ODESSA IS TW5TY KILOMET]S FROM ! M\? ( ! ,DNIEP]1 IT /ILL OV]SEES ! RIV]'S TRADE4 

,9 ADDITION TO ! QUALITIES ( ! CLIMATE & ! SOIL1 ?OSE ( ! SUBSOIL SOMETIMES EX]CISE A DECISIVE 9FLU5CE4 ,A CITY MAY RISE UP SUDD5LY AT A SEEM+LY 9HOSPITABLE SPOT1 ?ANKS TO ! >EA'S SUBT]RANEAN WEAL? 9 BUILD+ /ONES1 CLAY = MOLD+ & SCULPT+1 *EMICALS1 V>I\S METALS1 & COMBU/IBLE M9]ALS4 ,?US ,POTOSI1 ,C]RO DE ,PASCO1 & ,VIRG9IA ,CITY HAVE SPRUNG UP 9 REGIONS ?AT1 AP>T FROM ! PRES5CE ( SILV] DEPOSITS1 C\LD NEV] HAVE SUPPORT$ A CITY4 ,M]?YR ,TIDFIL1 ,LE ,CREUSOT1 ,ESS51 ,LIEGE1 & ,SCRANTON >E CREATIONS ( COAL M9ES4 ,=M]LY UNUS$ =CES ( NATURE >E N[ GIV+ BIR? TO NEW CITIES 9 PLACES ?AT W]E ONCE %UNN$1 SU* AS AT ! FOOT ( A WAT]FALL1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,OTTAWA1 OR 9 M\NTA9\S >EAS ?AT >E N[ )9 REA* ( ELECTRICAL L9ES1 AS 9 ! VALLEYS ( ,SWITZ]L&4 ,EV]Y ADVANCEM5T BY MAN CREATES PO9TS ( VITALITY 9 UNEXPECT$ PLACES1 MU* AS A NEW ORGAN CREATES ITS [N N]VE C5T]S4 ,:AT RAPID *ANGES 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( CITIES >E 9 /ORE :5 MAN WILL HAVE BECOME ! MA/] ( A]ONAUTICS & AVIATION6 ,JU/ AS MAN N[ SEEKS NEW SITES ALONG SEACOA/S ?AT >E MO/ CAPABLE ( H&L+ ! COM+ & GO+ ( %IPS1 9 ! FUTURE HE WILL FEEL AS IF HE W]E C>RI$ LIKE AN EAGLE T[>D ! SUMMITS FROM :I* HIS VIEW CAN EMBRACE ! 9F9ITY ( SPACE4 

,TO ! DEGREE ?AT ! SPH]E ( HUMAN CONSCI\SNESS EXP&S & 9T]ACTIONS OCCUR ACROSS MU* GREAT] DI/ANCES1 CITIES BECOME MEMB]S ( A GREAT] ORGANISM4 ,TO ! P>TICUL> ADVANTAGES ?AT CAUS$ !IR BIR?1 !Y ADD ASSETS ( A MORE G5]AL NATURE ?AT MAY ALL[ !M TO PLAY A MAJOR ROLE 9 HI/ORY4 ,?US ,ROME1 ,P>IS1 & ,B]L9 HAVE NEV] CEAS$ TO GA9 NEW CAUSES ( GR[?1 9CLUD+ GR[? ITSELF4.<#d#f#b.> ,CAN WE NOT SAY ?IS ( ,LONDON1 TODAY ! L>GE/ CITY 9 ! WORLD8 ,! PR9CIPAL CAUSE ( ITS PROSP]ITY IS ITS LOCATION AS A PORT1 BE+ SITUAT$ AT ! HEAD ( M>ITIME NAVIGATION ( ! ,?AMES4 ,?IS HAS ALL[$ ! CITY1 :I* BECAME ! CAPITAL ( ! ,UNIT$ ,K+DOM1 TO DEVELOP V>I\S ASSETS ?AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE REMA9$ M]E POSSIBILITIES1 NEV] TO BE REALIZ$4 ,?US1 ADVANC+ FUR!R & FUR!R 9 RELATION TO ! RE/ ( ! WORLD1 ,LONDON HAS 5D$ UP BECOM+ ! C5TRAL PO9T ?AT IS ON ! :OLE MO/ EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM EV]Y CORN] ( ! E>?4 

,AS CITIES DEVELOP1 IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ! GR[? OR DECL9E ( !SE GREAT ORGANISMS MOVES IRREGUL>LY1 BY FITS & />TS CAUS$ BY RAPID HI/ORICAL *ANGE4 ,TO TAKE ! EXAMPLE ( ,LONDON AGA91 ONE CAN SEE ?AT AT ! \TSET1 ! LOCAL ADVANTAGES ( ! CITY1 :ILE HAV+ A C]TA9 IMPORTANCE1 C\LD NOT 9 !MSELVES EXPLA9 ! RANK ?AT IT HAS A*IEV$ AMONG ! WORLD'S CITIES4 ,MANY CONDITIONS W]E MO/ FAVORABLE TO ,LONDON 9 HELP+ IT PREVAIL 9 ITS /RUGGLE ) O!R ,5GLI% CITIES = SURVIVAL4 ,IT IS LOCAT$ ON A PLA9 ?AT IS CLE>LY BORD]$ ON ! NOR? BY PROTECTIVE HILLS4 ,IT IS ON ! BANKS ( A GREAT RIV] & AT ! CONFLU5CE ( ANO!R SMALL] WAT]WAY4 ,& IT IS POSITION$ AT ! V]Y PO9T :]E ! RISE & FALL ( TIDES FACILITATES ! ALT]NATION ( NAVIGATIONAL DIRECTION & ! LOAD+ & UNLOAD+ ( M]*&ISE4 ,H[EV]1 !SE LOCAL ADVANTAGES W\LD NEV] HAVE REALIZ$ !IR TRUE VALUE HAD ! ,ROMANS NOT *OS5 ?IS SITE AS ! C5TRAL CONV]G5CE ( ! R\TES EXT5D+ 9 EV]Y DIRECTION ACROSS ! S\!RN HALF ( ! GREAT ISL&4 ,! ,BRITI% ,ROME C\LD ONLY RISE UP ON ! SITE *OS5 AS ! C5T] ( ?IS NETWORK4 ,BUT :5 ! ,ROMAN LEGIONS HAD TO AB&ON ,ALBION & ALL ! 0HI< /REETS0 CON/RUCT$ BETWE5 ! MILIT>Y PO/S & ! C\NTRY'S PORT W]E DES]T$1 ,LOND9IUM !REBY LO/ ALL ( ITS IMPORTANCE4 ,IT BECAME NO MORE ?AN A SIMPLE ,BRITI% VILLAGE1 R$UC$1 LIKE SO MANY O!RS1 TO DEP5D5CE ON ITS PURELY LOCAL ASSETS1 & = TWO HUNDR$ YE>S IT WAS COMPLETELY IGNOR$ BY HI/ORY4.<#d#f#c.> ,9 ORD] = ! CITY TO REGA9 ITS SIGNIFICANCE1 IT WAS NECESS>Y ?AT IT REE/ABLI% ITS RELATION%IP TO ! CONT95T4 

,! DEVELOPM5T ( CAPITAL CITIES IS TO A L>GE EXT5T >TIFICIAL4 ,ADM9I/RATIVE FAVORS1 ! DEM&S ( C\RTI]S & C\RTESANS1 CIVIL S]VANTS1 POLICE1 SOLDI]S1 & ! SELF-9T]E/$ MULTITUDE ?AT CR[DS >\ND ! 0T5 ?\S& AT ! TOP10 GIVE CAPITALS C]TA9 PECULI> QUALITIES ?AT ?AT PREV5T !M FROM BE+ /UDI$ AS TYPICAL URBAN C5T]S4 ,IT IS EASI] TO COMPREH5D ! LIFE ( ?OSE CITIES :OSE HI/ORIES DEP5D ALMO/ 5TIRELY ON !IR GEOGRAPHICAL 5VIRONM5T4 ,NO /UDY IS MORE FRUITFUL ?AN ! BIOGRAPHY ( A CITY :OSE APPE>ANCE1 EV5 MORE ?AN ITS HI/ORICAL RECORDS1 ALL[S ONE TO OBS]VE ! SUCCESSIVE *ANGES ?AT HAVE UNFOLD$ FROM C5TURY TO C5TURY1 FOLL[+ A C]TA9 RHY?M4 

,9 ! M9D'S EYE ONE CAN VISUALIZE ! HUTS ( ! FI%]MAN & G>D5] BESIDE ONE ANO!R4 ,TWO OR ?REE F>MS >E SCATT]$ ACROSS ! L&SCAPE & A MILL:EEL TURNS UND] ! WEI<T ( ! TUMBL+ WAT]4 ,LAT]1 A WAT*T[] RISES UPON ! HILL4 ,ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! RIV]1 ! PR[ ( A F]RY T\*ES ! %ORE1 & ANO!R HUT IS BUILT4 ,BESIDE ! BOATMAN'S COTTAGE1 AN 9N & A %OP BECKON TRAVEL]S & PASS]SBY4 ,!N A M>KET RISES UP ON ! LEVEL$ T]RACE NE>BY4 ,A WID5+ PA?1 :I* IS 9CREAS+LY BEAT5 BY ! FOOT/EPS ( M5 & ANIMALS1 DESC5DS FROM ! PLA9 TO ! RIV]1 :ILE A W9D+ TRAIL CUTS ?R\< ! HILLSIDE4 ,FUTURE ROADS BEG9 TO TAKE %APE 9 ! TRODD5 GRASS ( ! FIELDS1 & H\SES OCCUPY ! F\R CORN]S ( ! CROSSROADS4 ,! *APEL BECOMES A *UR*1 ! WAT*T[] A =TIFI$ CA/LE1 A B>RACKS1 OR A PALACE4 ,! VILLAGE GR[S 9TO A T[N & !N A CITY4 

,! CORRECT WAY TO /UDY AN URBAN AGGLOM]ATION ?AT HAS GONE ?R\< A LONG P]IOD ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T IS TO EXAM9E IT 9 DETAIL1 PAY+ C>EFUL ATT5TION TO ! CONDITIONS ( ITS GR[?4 ,ONE %\LD BEG9 ) ! PLACE ?AT WAS ITS CRADLE1 A SITE ALMO/ ALWAYS CONSECRAT$ BY LEG5D1 & 5D ) TODAY'S FACTORIES & G>BAGE DUMPS4 

,EA* CITY HAS ITS UNIQUE 9DIVIDUALITY1 ITS [N LIFE1 ITS [N C\NT5ANCE1 TRAGIC & SORR[FUL 9 SOME CASES1 JOYFUL & LIVELY 9 O!RS4 ,SUCCESSIVE G5]ATIONS HAVE LEFT EA* ) ITS DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]4 ,& EA* CON/ITUTES A COLLECTIVE P]SONALITY :OSE IMPRESSION ON EA* SEP>ATE P]SON MAY BE GOOD OR BAD1 HO/ILE OR B5EVOL5T4 ,BUT ! CITY IS ALSO A V]Y COMPLEX 9DIVIDUAL1 & EA* ( ITS V>I\S NEI<BORHOODS IS DI/+UI%$ FROM ! O!RS BY ITS [N P>TICUL> NATURE4 ,! SY/EMATIC /UDY ( CITIES1 :I* EXAM9ES BO? !IR HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T & ! SOCIAL VALUES EXPRESS$ 9 !IR PUBLIC & PRIVATE >*ITECTURE1 ALL[S ONE TO JUDGE !M AS ONE JUDGES 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ONE CAN NOTE ! DOM9ANT ELEM5TS 9 A CITY'S *>ACT] & JUDGE ! EXT5T TO :I* ITS 9FLU5CE HAS ON ! :OLE BE5 EI!R USEFUL OR DETRIM5TAL TO ! PROGRESS ( ! POPULACE ?AT LIVES )9 ITS SPH]E ( ACTIVITY4 ,MANY CITIES >E QUITE OBVI\SLY DEVOT$ TO WORK1 BUT SOME ( !SE DIFF] M>K$LY FROM O!RS1 ACCORD+ TO :E!R LOCAL BUS9ESSES OP]ATE 9 A NORMAL OR A PA?OLOGICAL MANN]3 :E!R !Y DEVELOP 9 CONDITIONS ( PEACE1 RELATIVE EQUALITY1 & MUTUAL TOL]ANCE1 OR :E!R !Y >E 9/EAD C>RI$ AWAY BY ! TURMOIL ( FURI\S COMPETITION1 *AOTIC SPECULATION1 & BRUTAL EXPLOITATION ( ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,SOME CITIES CAN BE SE5 IMM$IATELY TO BE BANAL1 B\RGEOIS1 R\T9E1 LACK+ 9 ORIG9ALITY1 & LIFELESS4 ,O!RS >E CLE>LY DESIGN$ = DOM9ATION & OV]:ELM ! SURR\ND+ C\NTRYSIDE4 ,!Y >E TOOLS ( CONQUE/ & OPPRESSION1 & ON SEE+ !M ONE EXP]I5CES FEEL+S ( SPONTANE\S HORROR & DREAD4 ,O!R CITIES SEEM COMPLETELY ANTIQUAT$ EV5 9 !IR MOD]N SECTIONS4 ,!Y >E PLACES ( %AD[1 MY/]Y1 & FE>1 :]E ONE FEELS OV]COME BY FEEL+S ( ANO!R AGE4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 SOME CITIES SEEM ET]NALLY Y\NG4 ,!Y 9SPIRE JOY1 !IR HUMBLE/ /RUCTURE HAS ORIG9ALITY1 ! HOMES >E *E]FUL1 & ! 9HABITANTS HAVE A POETIC AIR & CONTRIBUTE TO HUMANITY !IR [N1 UNIQUE WAY ( LIFE4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE >E ALL ! CITIES ?AT HAVE MANY FACES1 9 :I* EA* SOCIAL CLASS IS F\ND 9 DI/9CT NEI<BORHOODS ?AT REFLECT ITS CONDITION1 & :]E ATTITUDES & LANGUAGE *ANGE ONLY SL[LY OV] ! C5TURIES4 ,!RE >E SO MANY UNHAPPY PLACES ?AT W\LD MAKE ONE WEEP6 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 CITIES >E EXHIBIT$ CLE>LY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE MODES ( GR[?4 ,CITIES EXT5D !IR SUBURBS \TW>D ALONG ! HI<WAYS1 LIKE T5TACLES ?AT REA* \T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! GREATE/ L& COMM]CE4 ,SIMIL>LY1 IF A CITY RUNS ALONG A RIV]1 ITS GR[? EXT5DS ALONG ! BANKS1 :]E ! BOATS AN*OR & UNLOAD4 ,!RE IS SOMETIMES A /RIK+ CONTRA/ BETWE5 TWO NEI<BORHOODS ALONG A RIV] ?AT SEEM EQUALLY SUIT$ = HUMAN HABITATION1 BUT :I* DIFF] M>K$LY BECAUSE ( ! DIRECTION ( ! RIV]'S CURR5T4 ,?US1 CONSID]+ ! CITY ( ,BORDEAUX SPATIALLY1 ONE W\LD CONCLUDE IMM$IATELY ?AT ! REAL C5T] ( POPULATION %\LD BE ON ! RI<T BANK ( ! RIV]1 AT A SPOT :]E ! H\SES ( ! SMALL SUBURB ( LA ,BA/IDE RISE UP4 ,BUT H]E !RE IS A L>GE B5D 9 ! ,G>ONNE1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! DOCKS >E ALL LOCAT$ ALONG ! LEFT BANK1 FOLL[+ ! MORE RAPID CURR5T ( ! RIV]4 ,! SIDE ON :I* ! RIV] TRULY FL[S ALSO C>RIES ! CURR5T ( COMM]CIAL & POLITICAL ACTIVITY4 ,! POPULATION FOLL[S ! C\RSE ( ! RIV] & AVOIDS ! MUDDY %ORES ( ! RI<T BANK4 ,BIG BUS9ESS DID ! RE/ BY TAK+ OV] ! SUBURB1 HEMM+ IT 9 ) 9T]SECT+ CIRCLES ( RAILROAD TRACKS & CROSS+ GATES & DEFAC+ IT ) %$S & W>EH\SES4 

,IT HAS (T5 BE5 CONT5D$ ?AT CITIES HAVE A T5D5CY TO GR[ WE/W>D4 ,?IS PH5OM5ON1 ( :I* !RE >E MANY CASES1 CAN BE EXPLA9$ V]Y WELL 9 ! C\NTRIES ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE & 9 ?OSE ) A SIMIL> CLIMATE4 ,9 !SE C\NTRIES ! PREVAIL+ W9DS BL[ FROM ! WE/4 ,! 9HABITANTS ( NEI<BORHOODS RECEIV+ FRE% AIR >E LESS EXPOS$ TO HEAL? HAZ>DS ?AN ?OSE LIV+ ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! CITY1 :]E ! AIR IS POLLUT$ :5 PASS+ OV] *IMNEYS1 SEW]S1 & MANY ?\S&S OR EV5 MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ONE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT ! RI*1 ! IDLE1 & ! >TI/IC :O 5JOY CONTEMPLAT+ ! BEAUTIES ( ! HEAV5S HAVE MORE OCCASION TO DO SO AT DUSK ?AN AT DAWN4 ,!Y UNCONSCI\SLY FOLL[ ! DIRECTION ( ! SUN 9 ITS WE/]LY MOVEM5T1 & TAKE PLEASURE 9 ! EV5+ AT WAT*+ IT SET AMONG ! RADIANT CL\DS4 ,YET H[ MANY EXCEPTIONS !RE >E TO ?IS NORMAL T5D5CY ( CITIES TO GR[ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! SUN'S PA?6 ,! =M & CONT\R ( ! L&1 ! APPEAL ( BEAUTIFUL SITES1 ! DIRECTION ( ! CURR5TS ( WAT]WAYS1 & ! GR[? ( NEI<BORHOODS P>ASITICAL ON ! NE$S ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE (T5 DRAW PEOPLE ( WEAL? & LEISURE TO P>TS ( ! CITY O!R ?AN ?OSE ?AT LIE TO ! WE/4 ,BRUSSELS & ,M>SEILLES >E TWO EXAMPLES ( SU* DIV]G5CE FROM ! NORMAL MODEL4 

,BY ! V]Y FACT ( ITS GR[? & DEVELOPM5T1 ! URBAN AGGLOM]ATION T5DS TO DIE1 LIKE EV]Y ORGANISM4 ,IT IS SUBJECT TO ! RAVAGES ( TIME1 & ONE DAY DISCOV]S ?AT IT IS OLD1 :ILE O!R CITIES >E RIS+ UP1 EAG] TO LIVE !IR [N LIVES4 ,D\BTLESS1 BECAUSE ( ! =CES ( 9]TIA & R\T9E AMONG ITS 9HABITANTS1 & ! P[]FUL ATTRACTION ?AT A C5T] EX]TS OV] SURR\ND+ >EAS1 IT /ILL MA9TA9S C]TA9 5DUR+ QUALITIES4 ,BUT NOT ONLY IS ! URBAN ORGANISM SUBJECT TO ! FATAL ACCID5TS ?AT BEFALL CITIES AS WELL AS M51 IT IS UNABLE TO REJUV5ATE & RECREATE ITSELF QUICKLY EXCEPT BY MEANS ( EV]-GREAT] EF=TS--& EV5 !N IT MAY %R9K FROM ?IS CONT9UAL NECESSITY4 ,! CITY MU/ 5L>GE ITS /REETS & SQU>ES1 REBUILD1 MOVE OR RAZE ITS WALLS1 & REPLACE OLD1 \TMOD$ /RUCTURES ) NEW ONES ADAPT$ TO *ANG+ NE$S4 

,:]EAS A NEW ,AM]ICAN CITY IS BORN FULLY ADAPT$ TO ITS 5VIRONM5T1 A CITY LIKE ,P>IS1 :I* IS OLD1 CONGE/$1 & POLLUT$1 MU/ CON/ANTLY RECON/RUCT ITSELF4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS CONT9U\S EF=T1 ! CITY IS AT A GREAT DISADVANTAGE 9 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 AS COMP>$ TO NEW CITIES SU* AS ,NEW ,YORK & ,*ICAGO4 ,IT IS = SIMIL> REASONS ?AT 9 ! BAS9S ( ! ,EUPHRATES & ! ,NILE IMM5SE CITIES LIKE ,BABYLON1 ,N9EVEH1 & ,CAIRO HAVE SUCCESSIVELY RELOCAT$4 ,?ANKS TO ! ADVANTAGES ( ITS SITE1 EA* ( !SE CITIES HAS RETA9$ ITS HI/ORICAL IMPORTANCE1 AT LEA/ TO SOME DEGREE4 ,H[EV]1 !Y ALL F\ND IT NECESS>Y TO AB&ON C]TA9 ANTIQUAT$ QU>T]S & MOVE FUR!R ON 9 ORD] TO AVOID ! DEBRIS1 NOT TO M5TION ! /5* EMANAT+ FROM G>BAGE PILES4 ,9 G5]AL1 ! ONLY 9HABITANTS ( ! SITE ?AT WAS =SAK5 :5 ! CITY MOV$ ON >E ?OSE 9 ! GRAVES4 

,O!R CAUSES ( ! DEA? ( CITIES1 MORE DECISIVE BECAUSE !Y >ISE FROM HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ITSELF1 HAVE /RUCK MANY =M]LY FAM\S CITIES4 ,CONDITIONS SIMIL> TO ?OSE ?AT GAVE BIR? TO ! CITY HAVE BE5 ! CAUSE ( ITS 9EVITABLE DE/RUCTION4 ,?US ! REPLACEM5T ( ONE HI<WAY OR CROSSROADS BY O!R ROADS ?AT >E MORE CONV5I5T CAN RESULT 9 ! ELIM9ATION ( A CITY ?AT [$ ITS EXI/5CE TO TRANSPORTATION4 ,ALEX&RIA RU9$ ,PELUSIUM4.<#d#f#d.> ,C>TAG5A 9 ! ,WE/ ,9DIES RETURN$ ,PORTOBELLO TO ! SOLITUDE ( ! =E/4.<#d#f#e.> ,! REQUIREM5TS ( COMM]CE & ! SUPPRESSION ( PIRACY HAVE *ANG$ ! LOCATION ( MANY CITIES BUILT ON ! ROCKY COA/ ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN4 ,ONCE !Y W]E P]*$ ON RUGG$ HILLS & 5CIRCL$ BY ?ICK WALLS TO DEF5D !M FROM W>LORDS & PRIVATE]S4 ,N[ !Y HAVE COME D[N FROM !IR ROCKY HEI<TS & EXT5D ALONG ! SEA%ORE4 ,EV]Y:]E ! BORGO HAS BECOME A M>9A4 ,! ,PIRAEUS.<#d#f#f.> HAS SUCCE$$ ! ,ACROPOLIS4 

,9 \R AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES1 9 :I* POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE (T5 GIV5 PREPOND]ANT 9FLU5CE TO A S+LE WILL1 IT HAS SOMETIMES HAPP5$ ?AT ! :IMS ( A SOV]EIGN HAVE PLAC$ CITIES 9 >EAS 9 :I* !Y W\LD NEV] HAVE GR[N UP SPONTANE\SLY4 ,ONCE E/ABLI%$ 9 SU* UNNATURAL 5VIRONM5TS1 !Y HAVE ONLY BE5 ABLE TO DEVELOP AT ! CO/ ( AN 5ORM\S LOSS ( VITAL 5]GY4 ,?US CITIES SU* AS ,MADRID & ,/4 ,PET]SBURG W]E BUILT AT GREAT EXP5SE1 ?\< ! ORIG9AL HUTS & HAMLETS1 LEFT TO !MSELVES )\T ! ACTIONS ( ,*>LES ! ,FIF? & ,PET] ! ,GREAT1 W\LD NEV] HAVE BECOME ! POPUL\S CITIES ?AT !Y >E TODAY4 ,AL?\< !SE CITIES W]E CREAT$ BY DESPOTISM1 BECAUSE ( M5'S COLLECTIVE LABOR !Y >E NEV]!LESS ABLE TO LIVE AS IF !Y HAD A NORMAL ORIG94 ,?\< ! NATURAL FEATURES ( ! L&SCAPE DID NOT DE/9E !M TO BE C5T]S ( POPULATION1 !Y HAVE BECOME SO BECAUSE ( ! CONV]G5CE ( HI<WAYS1 CANALS1 RAILWAYS1 TRANSPORTATION L9KS1 & 9TELLECTUAL EX*ANGES4 ,GEOGRAPHY IS NOT AN UN*ANG+ ?+1 BUT RA!R SOME?+ ?AT MAKES & REMAKES ITSELF CON/ANTLY4 ,IT IS CONT9UALLY MODIFI$ BY ! ACTIONS ( M54 

,TODAY IT IS NO LONG] SU* ,CAES>S :O BUILD CAPITALS2 !Y HAVE BE5 SUCCE$$ BY P[]FUL CAPITALI/S1 SPECULATORS1 & PRESID5TS ( F9ANCIAL SYNDICATES4 ,CON/RUCTION COV]+ WIDE >EAS RISES UP 9 JU/ A FEW MON?S1 LAID \T BEAUTIFULLY & PROVID$ ) EXCELL5T FACILITIES2 EV5 ! S*OOLS1 LIBR>IES1 & MUSEUMS LACK NO?+4 ,IF ! *OICE ( SITES IS WISE1 !SE NEW CREATIONS QUICKLY 5T] ! MA9/REAM ( LIFE4 ,?US ,LE ,CREUSOT1 ,CREWE1 ,B>R[ ON ,FURNESS1 ,D5V]1 & ,LA ,PLATA HAVE TAK5 !IR PLACE AS C5T]S ( POPULATION4 ,BUT IF ! SITE IS POORLY *OS51 !N ! CITY DIES ALONG ) ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ?AT GAVE BIR? TO IT4 ,*EY5NE1 NO LONG] ! F9AL /OP ON ! RAILWAY1 S5DS ITS LITTLE H\SES FUR!R D[N ! L9E1 & ,C>SON ,CITY DISAPPE>S :5 ! SILV] M9ES ?AT ATTRACT$ PEOPLE TO ! =BIDD+ DES]T >\ND IT >E EXHAU/$4.<#d#f#g.> 

,NOT ONLY DO ! :IMS ( CAPITAL SOMETIMES GIVE RISE TO CITIES ?AT >E DOOM$ BY ! G5]AL 9T]E/S ( SOCIETY2 !Y ALSO DE/ROY MANY COMMUNITIES :OSE 9HABITANTS W\LD BE QUITE CONT5T TO CONT9UE TO LIVE !RE4 ,DO WE NOT SEE1 ON ! \TSKIRTS ( MANY L>GE CITIES1 RI* BANK]S & L&[N]S 9CREAS+ !IR DOMA9 EA* YE> BY HUNDR$S ( HECT>ES1 SY/EMATICALLY *ANG+ CULTIVAT$ L& 9TO PLANTATIONS OR P>KS = PHEASANTS OR L>GE GAME8 ,!Y LEVEL :OLE HAMLETS & VILLAGES TO REPLACE !M ) WIDELY SCATT]$ C>ETAK]S' HUTS4 

,ONE %\LD M5TION1 AMONG ! CITIES ?AT >E P>TIALLY OR 5TIRELY >TIFICIAL & DO NOT FULFILL ! REAL NE$S ( 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES1 ?OSE CITIES CREAT$ = W>1 OR AT LEA/ ?OSE BUILT 9 REC5T TIMES BY L>GE C5TRALIZ$ /ATES4 ,?IS WAS NOT ! CASE :5 ! CITY 9CLUD$ ! 5TIRE TRIBE OR CON/ITUT$ ! NATURAL CORE ( ! NATION4 ,IT WAS !N ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y = DEF5SE TO BUILD RAMP>TS ?AT FOLL[$ EXACTLY ! EXT]IOR \TL9E ( ! NEI<BORHOODS1 & TO BUILD WAT*T[]S AT ! CORN]S4 ,9 ?IS P]IOD1 ! CITADEL1 :]E ALL ! CITIZ5S TOOK REFUGE 9 TIMES ( GRAVE DANG]1 ALSO S]V$ AS ! TEMPLE1 & WAS BUILT AT ! SUMMIT ( ! GU>DIAN HILL1 A MONUM5T MADE SACR$ ) /ATUES ( ! GODS4 ,9 ! CASE ( CITIES LIKE ,A!NS1 ,MEG>A1 & ,COR9?1 :I* CONSI/$ ( TWO SEP>AT$ SECTIONS1 IT WAS NECESS>Y TO PROTECT ! CONNECT+ ROAD ) LONG P>ALLEL WALLS4 ,! >RANGEM5T ( ! =TIFICATIONS WAS DET]M9$ BY ! NATURE ( ! L&SCAPE & BL5D$ 9 A H>MONI\S & PICTURESQUE MANN] ) ! C\NTRYSIDE4 

,BUT 9 \R DAY ( EXTREME DIVISION ( LABOR1 9 :I* MILIT>Y =CES HAVE BECOME PRACTICALLY 9DEP5D5T ( ! NATION & NO CIVILIAN W\LD D>E TO 9T]F]E 9 QUE/IONS ( /RATEGY1 MO/ ( ! =TIFI$ CITIES HAVE EXTREMELY UGLY CONT\RS4 ,!Y HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ ATTUNEM5T TO ! UNDULATIONS ( ! L&SCAPE BUT 9/EAD CUT UP ! L&SCAPE ALONG L9ES ?AT >E (F5SIVE TO ! EYE4 ,! ,ITALIAN 5G9E]S ( ! ,R5AISSANCE1 & LAT] ,VAUBAN & HIS EMULATORS1 AT LEA/ TRI$ TO DESIGN ! \TL9E ( !IR =TIFI$ SITES ) ! GOAL ( P]FECT SYMMETRY4 ,SOME ( !IR WORKS TAKE ! =M ( A />R$ CROSS ) RAYS & GEMS4 ,! :ITE WALLS ( !IR BA/IONS & R$ANS.<#d#f#h.> CONTRA/ CONSI/5TLY ) ! CALM QUIETUDE ( ! %ADY C\NTRYSIDE4 ,BUT \R MOD]N SITES NO LONG] ASPIRE TO BEAUTY4 ,?IS GOAL NEV] 5T]S ! M9DS ( ! BUILD]S4 ,9DE$1 A M]E GLANCE AT ! MAP ( A =TIFI$ T[N %[S IT TO BE UGLY1 HIDE\S1 & 9 COMPLETE CONFLICT ) !IR 5VIRONM5T4 ,RA!R ?AN EMBRAC+ ! CONT\RS ( ! L& & FREELY EXT5D+ ITS >MS 9TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 IT SEEMS AS IF ITS LIMBS >E AMPUTAT$ & ITS VITAL ORGANS /RICK54 ,JU/ LOOK AT ! SAD \TW>D APPE>ANCE ( CITIES SU* AS ,/RASB\RG1 ,METZ1 & ,LILLE6 ,! LATT] IS SO N>R[LY CONF9$ )9 ITS RAMP>TS ?AT IT HAD TO OV]FL[1 SO TO SPEAK1 !SE MILIT>Y RE/RA9TS4 ,R\BAIX & ,T\RCO+ ADJO9 ! =TIFI$ C5T]1 & TODAY AN ATTEMPT IS MADE TO M]GE ! ?REE ELEM5TS 9TO A H>MONI\S :OLE BY MEANS ( WIDE B\LEV>DS4 ,DESPITE ITS BEAUTIFUL BUILD+S1 ITS GRACEFUL PROM5ADES1 & ! *>M ( ITS PEOPLE1 ,P>IS IS ANO!R CITY ?AT IS M>R$ BY A H>% R+ ( =TIFICATIONS4 ,IF ! CITY HAD BE5 FRE$ FROM ?IS UNPLEASANT OVAL ( BROK5 L9ES1 IT W\LD HAVE GR[N ORGANICALLY1 9 AN ES!TICALLY PLEAS+ & RATIONAL MANN]4 ,IT W\LD HAVE FOLL[$ ! MORE ELEGANT CONT\RS GIV5 TO IT BY LIFE ITSELF4 

,ANO!R CAUSE ( UGL9ESS 9 \R MOD]N CITIES IS ! 9VASION ( L>GE MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RIES4 ,ALMO/ EV]Y URBAN AGGLOM]ATION IS D>K5$ ) ONE OR TWO >EAS ?AT BRI/LE ) /9K+ SMOKE/ACKS & >E CRISSCROSS$ BY GLOOMY /REETS L9$ ) HULK+ /RUCTURES :OSE WALLS >E EI!R COMPLETELY BLANK OR >E RIDDL$ ) C\NTLESS DEPRESS+LY UNI=M W9D[S4 ,! GR\ND %AKES UND] ! WEI<T ( TRUCKS & FREI<T TRA9S & FROM ! EFFECTS ( MA*9]Y 9 MOTION4 ,!RE >E SO MANY CITIES1 ESPECIALLY 9 Y\NG ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! AIR IS ALMO/ UNBREA?ABLE1 :]E EV]Y?+ ?AT ONE 5C\NT]S--! SOIL1 ! ROADS1 ! WALLS1 ! SKY-- SEEMS TO EXUDE MUD & SOOT6 ,ONE CAN ONLY RECALL ) HORROR & DISGU/ A M9+ COMMUNITY LIKE ! 5DLESSLY W9D+ ,SCRANTON1 :OSE SEV5TY ?\S& 9HABITANTS LACK EV5 A S+LE HECT>E ( FIL?Y GRASS OR SOOTY FOLIAGE TO SOO! !IR EYES AFT] ALL ! HIDE\SNESS ( ! FACTORY4 ,OR CONSID] ! 5ORM\S ,PITTSBUR<1 ) ITS SEMI-CIRCUL> CR[N ( ELEVAT$ DI/RICTS ?AT FLAME & FUME4 ,AL?\< ! NATIVES CLAIM ?AT ! /REETS HAVE BECOME CLEAN] & ! VIEW CLE>] S9CE ! 9TRODUCTION ( NATURAL GAS 9 ! FACTORIES1 CAN ONE IMAG9E A FIL?I] ATMOSPH]E8 ,O!R LESS BLACK5$ CITIES >E /ILL ALMO/ AS HIDE\S BECAUSE ( ! RAILROADS1 :I* HAVE TAK5 OV] /REETS1 SQU>ES1 & WALKWAYS1 & S5D LOCOMOTIVES SNORT+ & HISS+ BY1 SCATT]+ ! CR[DS 9 !IR PA?4 ,9 FACT1 SOME ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL SITES ON E>? HAVE BE5 DESECRAT$4 ,?US 9 ,BUFFALO PEOPLE TRY 9 VA9 TO WALK ALONG ! BANKS ( ! SUP]B ,NIAG>A ,RIV]1 RUNN+ 9TO F\NDRIES1 RAILWAY CROSS+S1 MUDDY CANALS1 PILES ( GRAVEL & G>BAGE1 & ALL ! O!R REFUSE ( ! CITY4 

,B>B>\S SPECULATION HAS ALSO RU9$ ! /REETS BY CREAT+ SUBDIVISIONS ON :I* CONTRACTORS BUILD L>GE DI/RICTS1 PLANN$ BE=EH& BY >*ITECTS :O HAVE NEV] EV5 VISIT$ ! SITE1 MU* LESS GONE TO ! TR\BLE ( CONSULT+ ! FUTURE 9HABITANTS4 ,!Y ]ECT A ,GO?IC *UR* = ! ,EPISCOPALIANS1 A ,ROMANESQUE /RUCTURE = ! ,PRESBYT]IANS1 & F9ALLY A SORT ( ,PAN!ON = ! ,BAPTI/S4 ,!Y LAY \T ! /REETS 9 SQU>ES & DIAMONDS1 V>Y+ BIZ>RELY ! GEOMETRICAL DESIGN ( ! PUBLIC SQU>ES & ! /YLE ( ! H\SES1 :ILE RELIGI\SLY SAV+ ! MO/ VALUABLE CORN]S = ! MO/ UNSAVORY DR9K+ E/ABLI%M5TS4 ,!SE >E CONTRIV$ CITIES ?AT >E BAS$ ON ! MO/ BANAL CONCEPTS & ?AT ALWAYS BETRAY 9 SOME MANN] ! O/5TATI\S >ROGANCE ( !IR CREATORS4 

,9 ANY CASE1 EV]Y NEW CITY IMM$IATELY CON/ITUTES1 BY ITS CONFIGURATION ( DWELL+S1 A COLLECTIVE ORGANISM4 ,EA* CELL SEEKS TO DEVELOP 9 P]FECT HEAL?1 AS IS NECESS>Y = ! HEAL? ( ! :OLE4 ,HI/ORY DEMON/RATES ?AT SICKNESS IS NO RESPECT] ( P]SONS2 ! PALACE IS 9 DANG] :5 ! PLAGUE RAGES ?R\< ! SLUMS4 ,NO MUNICIPALITY CAN IGNORE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! ?OR\< REHABILITATION ( ! CITY ?R\< /REET CLEAN+2 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( P>KS ) LAWNS1 FL[]S1 & L>GE %ADE TREES2 ! RAPID DISPOSAL ( ALL REFUSE2 & ! SUPPLY ( AN ABUNDANCE ( PURE WAT] TO EV]Y H\SE 9 EV]Y NEI<BORHOOD4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! CITIES ( ! MO/ ADVANC$ C\NTRIES >E 9 FRI5DLY COMPETITION TO TE/ & PUT 9TO PRACTICE V>I\S PROC$URES TO IMPROVE CLEANL9ESS & CONV5I5CE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT CITIES1 LIKE /ATES1 HAVE RUL]S :OSE MILIEU 9DUCES !M TO PLACE !IR [N SELF-9T]E/ ABOVE EV]Y?+ ELSE4 ,WE HAVE NEV]!LESS A*IEV$ A GREAT DEAL IF WE KN[ :AT CAN BE DONE SO ?AT SOME DAY ! URBAN ORGANISM WILL FUNCTION AUTOMATICALLY TO PROVIDE FOOD1 PURE WAT]1 HEAT1 LI<T1 5]GY1 & IDEAS2 TO DI/RIBUTE EQUIPM5T2 & TO DISPOSE ( USELESS OR H>MFUL MAT]IALS4 ,?IS IDEAL IS /ILL F> FROM BE+ REALIZ$4 ,/ILL1 MANY CITIES HAVE ALREADY BECOME HEAL?Y 5\< SO ?AT ! AV]AGE QUALITY ( LIFE EXCE$S ?AT ( MANY RURAL >EAS 9 :I* ! 9HABITANTS CON/ANTLY BREA! ! ODOR ( ROT & MANURE1 & REMA9 9 PRIMITIVE IGNORANCE ( BASIC HYGI5E4 

,! LEVEL ( CONSCI\SNESS PRES5T 9 URBAN LIFE IS ALSO EXPRESS$ 9 A CONC]N = >T4 ,LIKE ,A!NS 9 ANCI5T TIMES1 & LIKE ,FLOR5CE1 ,NUREMB]G1 & ! O!R FREE CITIES ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES1 EV]Y MOD]N CITY SEEKS TO BEAUTIFY ITSELF4 ,EV5 ! MO/ HUMBLE VILLAGE HAS A BELL T[]1 A COLUMN1 OR A SCULPTUR$ F\NTA94 ,BUT H[ SAD & DRE>Y IS ?IS >T 9 G5]AL1 CONCOCT$ BY HI<LY C]TIFI$ PR(ESSORS UND] ! SUP]VISION ( A COMMITTEE ( 9COMPET5TS :OSE PRET5TI\SNESS IS DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL TO !IR IGNORANCE4 ,TRUE >T IS ALWAYS SPONTANE\S & CAN NEV] ADAPT ITSELF TO ! DICTATES ( A PUBLIC WORKS COMMISSION4 ,!SE SMALLM9D$ CITY C\NCIL MEMB]S (T5 PROCE$ 9 ! /YLE ( ! ,ROMAN ,G5]AL ,MUMMIUS1 :O 5?USIA/ICALLY COMM&$ HIS SOLDI]S TO REPA9T EV]Y DAMAG$ PICTURE4 ,!Y IMAG9E ?AT SYMMETRY WILL A*IEVE BEAUTY1 & ?9K ?AT ID5TICAL REPRODUCTIONS WILL GIVE !IR T[NS A ,P>!NON OR A ,/4 ,M>K'S4 ,9 ,EUROPE WE HAVE A CITY :OSE V]Y BUILD+S R5D] IT PREEM95TLY BANAL--NAMELY1 ! VA/ CITY ( ,MUNI*1 :I* CONTA9S MANY SCRUPUL\S IMITATIONS ( ,GREEK & ,BYZANT9E MONUM5TS1 MA/]PIECES ?AT LACK !IR APPROPRIATE 5VIRONM5T1 ATMOSPH]E1 SOIL1 & PEOPLE4 

,EV5 IF ! IMITATORS W]E ABLE TO PRODUCE MONUM5TS ?AT W]E EXACT COPIES ( !IR MODELS1 !IR WORKS W\LD BE NO LESS CONTR>Y TO NATURE4 ,A BUILD+ CAN BE UND]/OOD ONLY 9 RELATION TO ! CONDITIONS ( TIME & SPACE ?AT GAVE RISE TO IT4 ,EA* CITY HAS ITS [N LIFE1 ITS P>TICUL> QUALITIES1 ITS DI/9CT C\NT5ANCE4 ,) :AT GREAT REV]5CE >*ITECTS %\LD LOOK UPON IT6 ,IT IS AN ASSAULT ON ! COLLECTIVE P]SONALITY EMBODI$ 9 ! CITY TO DE/ROY ITS 9DIVIDUALITY 9 ORD] TO LITT] IT ) UNIMAG9ATIVE /RUCTURES & MONUM5TS ?AT CLA% ) ITS PRES5T *>ACT] & ITS PA/ HI/ORY6 ,! TRUE >T IS TO ADAPT ! CONTEMPOR>Y CITY TO ! DEM&S ( MOD]N LABOR :ILE PRES]V+ ALL ! PICTURESQUE1 UNIQUE1 & BEAUTIFUL QUALITIES IT HAS 9H]IT$ FROM PA/ C5TURIES4 ,WE MU/ LE>N H[ TO SU/A9 ! LIFE ( ! CITY & 5D[ IT ) P]FECT HEAL? & UTILITY1 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT LOV+ H&S RE/ORE ! WELL-BE+ ( A SICK P]SON4 

,?US 9 ,$9BUR<1 9TELLIG5T M5 :O >E AT ONCE >TI/S & SCI5TI/S HAVE UND]TAK5 ! RE/ORATION ( ! SPL5DID ?OR\<F>E CALL$ ,HI< ,/REET1 :I* EXT5DS FROM ,$9BUR< ,CA/LE TO ,HOLYROOD ,PALACE1 JO9+ ! TWO MA9 SECTIONS ( ! OLD CITY4 ,ON ! DEP>TURE ( ,K+ ,JAMES = ,5GL&1 IT WAS AB&ON$ IMM$IATELY BY ALL ! P>ASITES ( ! C\RT3 *AMB]LA9S1 SOLDI]S1 PLEASURE-SEEK]S1 PURVEYORS1 & LAWY]S4 ,?IS AV5UE ( SUMPTU\S MANSIONS !N HAD NEW RESID5TS1 = ! POOR MOV$ 91 DO+ !IR BE/ TO ADAPT ! HUGE ROOMS BY DIVID+ !M UP ) CRUDE P>TITIONS4 ,TWO HUNDR$ YE>S AFT] ! DES]TION ( ! /REET1 IT HAD BECOME A COLLECTION ( HOVELS ) F\L-SMELL+ C\RTY>DS & T9Y ROOMS 9FE/$ ) FEV]4 ,! POPULACE1 CLO!D 9 FIL?Y RAGS & CON/ANTLY COV]$ ) MUD1 CONSI/$ 9 L>GE P>T ( ! 9FIRM1 ! SCR(UL\S1 & ! ANEMIC4 ,! ELEGANT VICES ( ! C\RT W]E SUCCE$$ BY ! MO/ REPUGNANT PUBLIC ONES4 ,IT IS !SE AWFUL CESSPOOLS ?AT ! R5OVATORS HAVE ATTACK$1 GRADUALLY TRANS=M+ EA* H\SE1 RE9/ALL+ ! WIDE /AIRCASES1 RE/OR+ ! L>GE ROOMS ) MONUM5TAL FIREPLACES1 BR++ AN ABUNDANCE ( FRE% AIR & LI<T EV]Y:]E1 SUPPLY+ PL5TY ( WAT] TO EV5 ! HUMBLE/ ATTIC1 & ADD+ BAS-RELIEFS & DECORATIVE DETAILS TO ! B>E WALLS ( BUILD+S4 ,! PICTURESQUE QUALITIES ( OLD /RUCTURES >E RESPECTFULLY PRES]V$1 & >E EV5 ACC5TUAT$ BY MEANS ( T[]S1 P9NACLES1 & BELV$]ES1 :ILE ! HORRIBLE FIL? & /5* >E REMOV$4 ,! /REET ?AT WAS =M]LY B$ECK$ ) TATT]$ RAGS N[ CONTA9S BALCONIES DECORAT$ ) FL[]S & FOLIAGE4 ,! CITY REEM]GES FRE% & NEW1 JU/ AS 9 A G>D5 A TRAMPL$ FL[] SPR+S BACK ) ! /EM & SOIL UNDI/URB$4 

,BUT 9 A SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE CANNOT DEP5D ON HAV+ 5\< BREAD TO EAT1 9 :I* ! POOR & EV5 ! />V+ MAKE UP A L>GE P>T ( ! POPULATION ( EV]Y L>GE CITY1 IT IS NO MORE ?AN A HALFWAY MEASURE TO TRANS=M UNHEAL?Y NEI<BORHOODS IF ! UN=TUNATE PEOPLE :O PREVI\SLY 9HABIT$ !M F9D !MSELVES ?R[N \T ( !IR =M] HOVELS ONLY TO GO 9 SE>* ( NEW ONES 9 ! SUBURBS1 M]ELY MOV+ ! POISON\S EMANATIONS A C]TA9 DI/ANCE AWAY4 ,EV5 IF ! C\NCIL MEMB]S ( A CITY W]E )\T EXCEPTION M5 ( IMPECCABLE TA/E & EV]Y RE/ORATION OR REBUILD+ W]E C>RI$ \T 9 A MANN] ?AT IS BEYOND REPROA*1 !RE W\LD /ILL EXI/ EV]Y:]E ! PA9FUL & DISA/R\S CONTRA/ BETWE5 WEAL? & POV]TY1 :I* IS ! 9EVITABLE RESULT ( 9EQUALITY1 ! ANTAGONISM ?AT CUTS ! SOCIAL BODY 9 HALF4 ,! C\NT]P>T TO ! >ROGANTLY IMPOS+ NEI<BORHOODS IS ! SORDID DWELL+S ?AT1 BEH9D !IR L[ & LEAN+ \T] WALLS1 CONCEAL SLIMY C\RTY>DS & UNSI<TLY PILES ( /ONES & SCRAPS ( WOOD4 ,EV5 9 CITIES 9 :I* ! ADM9I/RATORS TRY TO VEIL ALL !SE HORRORS HYPOCRITICALLY BY HID+ !M BEH9D DEC5T :ITEWA%$ F5CES1 ! MIS]Y BREAKS ?R\< NONE!LESS4 ,BEH9D !M1 DEA? C>RIES \T ITS WORK EV5 MORE CRUELLY ?AN ELSE:]E4 ,IS !RE AMONG \R MOD]N CITIES A S+LE ONE ?AT DOES NOT HAVE ITS ,:ITE*APEL OR ITS ,MILE ,5D ,ROAD8.<#d#f#i.> ,AS BEAUTIFUL & IMPOS+ AS AN URBAN AGGLOM]ATION MAY BE 9 ITS 5TIRETY1 IT ALWAYS HAS ITS OP5 OR HIDD5 VICES1 ITS DEFECTS1 & ITS *RONIC SICKNESSES4 ,!SE WILL LEAD 9EVITABLY TO DEA? IF HEAL?Y BLOOD DOES NOT ONCE AGA9 FREELY CIRCULATE ?R\<\T ! ORGANISM4 

,H[ V]Y F> >E SO MANY ( TODAY'S CITIES FROM SU* A FUTURE /ATE ( WELL-BE+ & BEAUTY4 ,A *>T PUBLI%$ 9 ! CITY DIRECTORY ( ,/4 ,PET]SBURG = #ahib GIVES A /RIK+ EXAMPLE ( ! MANN] 9 :I* SU* A L>GE CAPITAL CITY CAN CONSUME HUMAN LIVES4 ,/>T+ ) ! YE> #a#g#e#d1 :5 ! POPULATION WAS AB\T #a#e11 OV] ! NEXT #abf YE>S ! RATE ( GR[? 9CREAS$ TO ! PO9T ?AT !RE W]E #i#e1 9HABITANTS4 ,H[EV]1 ! HYPO!TICAL RATE ( *ANGE1 CALCULAT$ ACCORD+ TO MORTALITY & NOT TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT IMMIGRATION1 RESULTS 9 A LOSS ( #e14 ,BIR?S DO NOT \TNUMB] DEA?S EV5 SLI<TLY UNTIL #a#h#h#e1 A YE> ( EXT5SIVE SANITATION PROJECTS4 ,& ACROSS ! WORLD1 H[ MANY CITIES1 LIKE ,BUDAPE/1 ,LIMA1 & ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO1 W\LD BE ON ! ROAD TO QUICK DE/RUCTION W]E IT NOT = ! PEOPLE FROM ! C\NTRY :O COME TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ?OSE :O DIE6 ,IF ,P>ISIAN FAMILIES DIE \T AFT] TWO OR ?REE G5]ATIONS1 IS IT NOT ! P]NICI\S ODOR ( ! CITY ?AT GETS TO !M8 ,IF Y\NG ,POLI% ,JEWS FAIL ! MILIT>Y PHYSICALS 9 MU* GREAT] NUMB]S ?AN Y\NG PEOPLE ( O!R NATIONALITIES1 %\LD ! BLAME NOT BE PLAC$ ON ! CITIES ?AT CONDEMN !M TO /AGNATE 9 POV]TY-/RICK5 <ETTOS8 

,& 9 H[ MANY CITIES DOES ! SKY SEEM TO BE DRAP$ ) A FUN]AL VEIL6 ,ON 5T]+ A HAZY CITY SU* AS ,MAN*E/]1 ,S]A+1 ,ESS51 ,LE ,CREUSOT1 OR ,PITTSBUR<1 ONE CAN SEE CLE>LY H[ ! WORKS ( ,LILLIPUTIAN HUMANS >E CAPABLE ( T>NI%+ ! SUNLI<T & PR(AN+ ! BEAUTY ( NATURE4 ,IF A V]Y M9UTE QUANTITY ( COAL DU/ ESCAPES FROM COMBU/ION & PRODUCES A CONT9U\S LAY] ( HAZE A FRACTION ( A MILLIMET] 9 ?ICKNESS1 ?IS SUFFICES1 ESPECIALLY IF !RE IS FOG1 TO C\NT]ACT ! LI<T ( ! SUN4.<#d#g.> ,! IMP5ETRABLE ATMOSPH]E ?AT SOMETIMES WEI<S ON ! CITY ( ,LONDON IS JU/LY FAM\S4 

,MOREOV]1 ! CLEAN+-UP ( URBAN C5T]S GIVES RISE TO A NUMB] ( O!R PROBLEMS1 AP>T FROM ?AT ( SMOKE1 ?AT %\LD BE ON ! :OLE EASY TO SOLVE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 WE >E F> FROM HAV+ F\ND EFFECTIVE & /&>DIZ$ ME?ODS = ! DISPOSAL ( SEWAGE & H\SEHOLD G>BAGE1 & = ! PURIFICATION ( SEWAGE WAT]1 EI!R BY *EMICAL TREATM5T OR BY ITS RATIONAL USE 9 AGRICULTURE1 & TOO MANY MUNICIPALITIES SEEM NOT EV5 TO BE CONC]N$ ) SU* QUE/IONS4 ,! ADOPTION ( ROAD SURFACES ?AT PRODUCE NEI!R DU/ NOR MUD1 &1 9 G5]AL1 ! EFFICI5T ORGANIZATION ( TRANSPORTATION1 ALSO HAVE AN IMPORTANT 9FLU5CE ON PUBLIC HEAL?4 

,MANY 9DICATORS %[ ?AT ! FL[ ( RURAL POPULATION T[>D ! CITIES C\LD COME TO A HALT OR EV5 REV]SE DIRECTION4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! HI< R5T 9 URBAN >EAS NATURALLY CAUSES WORK]S TO MOVE TO ! \T] SUBURBS1 & ! BOSSES ( 9DU/RY CAN ONLY 5C\RAGE ?IS EXODUS1 S9CE IT WILL LEAD TO A DECREASE 9 ! CO/ ( LABOR4 ,! BICYCLE1 ! MORN+ TRAMS1 & COMMUT] TRA9S HAVE ALL[$ MANY ?\S&S ( FACTORY & (FICE WORK]S TO F9D MORE AF=DABLE H\S+ 9 AN ATMOSPH]E ?AT IS LESS POLLUT$ ) C>BONIC ACID4 ,?US 9 ,BELGIUM ! RURAL COMMUNES 9 MANY DI/RICTS HAVE MA9TA9$ !IR POPULATION1 ?ANKS TO ! USE ( 0WEEKLY C\PONS40 ,9 #ai !RE W]E NO LESS ?AN #a#e1 WORK]S :O SP5T NI<TS & ,SUNDAYS 9 !IR VILLAGES1 BUT TRAVEL$ EV5 FIFTY KILOMET]S1 AT A WEEKLY CO/ ( TWO FRANCS TW5TY-FIVE C5TIMES1 TO WORK EV]Y WEEKDAY 9 A WORK%OP OR FACTORY 9 SOME DI/ANT CITY4 ,BUT ?IS IS A SPURI\S SOLUTION S9CE ! HEAD ( ! FAMILY EXHAU/S HIMSELF ?R\< LONG J\RNEYS1 BAD MEALS1 & %ORT5$ NI<TS ( RE/1 & BESIDES1 ! VILLAGES HAVE ! SAME HEAL? & SANITATION PROBLEMS AS ! CITIES4.<#d#g#a.> 

,& ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,! ELECTRICITY G5]AT$ BY WAT]P[] T5DS TO REPLACE COAL AS AN 5]GY S\RCE1 SO ?AT FACTORIES >E SCATT]$ ALONG WAT]WAYS4 ,?US ,LYONS1 DESPITE ! /RONG ATTRACTION ( ITS 9DU/RY & >TS1 NEV]!LESS %R9KS BY SEV]AL ?\S& 9HABITANTS EA* YE>4 ,?IS IS NOT BECAUSE IT IS BECOM+ LESS PROSP]\S1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y1 BECAUSE ITS RI* TEXTILE MANUFACTUR]S & O!R 9DU/RIALI/S HAVE EXT5D$ !IR SPH]E ( ACTIVITY TO ALL ! SURR\ND+ DEP>TEM5TS1 & EV5 AS F> AS ! ,ALPS--ANY:]E ?AT WAT]FALLS & RAPIDS (F] !M ! 5]GY RES\RCES !Y REQUIRE4 

,TO JUDGE ?+S CORRECTLY1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT EV]Y QUE/ION ( MUNICIPAL GOV]NANCE IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! SOCIAL QUE/ION ITSELF4 ,WILL WE SEE ! DAY :5 ALL PEOPLE )\T EXCEPTION CAN BREA! FRE% AIR1 5JOY ! FULL SUNLI<T1 DELI<T 9 ! PLEASANT %ADE1 SAVOR ! FRAGRANCE ( ROSES1 & G5]\SLY PROVIDE = !IR FAMILIES )\T FE>+ ?AT !Y CANNOT PUT FOOD ON ! TABLE8 ,:5 ?IS DAY COMES1 & ONLY !N1 CITIES WILL BE ABLE TO REALIZE !IR IDEAL & TRANS=M !MSELVES 9 A MANN] ?AT CORRESPONDS EXACTLY TO ! NE$S & DESIRES ( ALL4 ,!Y WILL F9ALLY BECOME P]FECTLY HEAL?Y & BEAUTIFUL ORGANIC BODIES4 

,?IS IS ! AV[$ GOAL ( ! ,G>D5 ,CITY4.<#d#g#b.> ,9DE$1 9TELLIG5T 9DU/RIALI/S & 9NOVATIVE >*ITECTS HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 CREAT+ 9 ,5GL&1 :]E URBAN BLI<T HAS BE5 ! MO/ HIDE\S1 A C]TA9 NUMB] ( C5T]S 9 :I* CONDITIONS >E EQUALLY HEAL?Y = ALL1 9CLUD+ ! POOR AS MU* AS ! RI*4 ,PORT ,SUNLI<T1 ,B\RNEVILLE1 & ,LET*WOR? C]TA9LY (F] A PLEASANT ALT]NATIVE TO ! SLUMS ( ,LIV]POOL1 ,MAN*E/]1 & SIMIL> CITIES4 ,! L[ MORTALITY RATES = !SE NEW T[NS RIVAL ?OSE ( ! MO/ OPUL5T NEI<BORHOODS ( \R GREAT CAPITALS--ONLY T5 TO TWELVE DEA?S ANNUALLY P] ?\S& 9HABITANTS4 ,BUT IT IS /ILL ! PRIVILEG$ :O LIVE 9 ! ,G>D5 ,CITIES1 & ! GOOD WILL ( ALL ! PHILAN?ROPI/S 9 ! WORLD IS NOT SUFFICI5T TO CONJURE AWAY ! ANTAGONISM ?AT EXI/S BETWE5 ,CAPITAL & ,LABOR4 

,LONG BE=E !SE EXP]IM5TS ( \R [N DAY1 WE F9D 9 MANY VILLAGES ( \R ANCE/ORS T\*+ EVID5CE ( ! QUE/ = A BEAUTY ?AT C\LD ONLY BE SATISFI$ BY ! CREATION ( A H>MONI\S :OLE4 ,ONE CAN CITE NOTABLY ! COMMUNITIES ( ! ,POLABIANS1.<#d#g#c.> A PEOPLE ( ,SLAVIC ORIG9 :O LIVE 9 ! VALLEY ( ! ,JEETZE1 A BRAN* ( ! ,ELBE 9 ,HANOV]4 ,ALL ! H\SES >E SPAC$ >\ND A C5TRAL OVAL PLAZA CONTA9+ A SMALL POND1 A GROVE ( OAKS & LIME TREES1 & SOME /ONE TABLES & B5*ES4 ,EA* DWELL+ IS DOM9AT$ BY A HI< GABLE SUPPORT$ BY A PROJECT+ FRAMEWORK4 ,ITS FACADE IS TURN$ T[>D ! PLAZA1 & ABOVE ! DOOR !RE IS AN 9SCRIPTION ) MORAL & BIOGRAPHICAL IMPORT4 ,! GRE5]Y ( !IR RE> G>D5S JO9S TOGE!R TO =M A BEAUTIFUL CIRCLE ( TREES1 9T]RUPT$ ONLY BY ! ROAD L9K+ ! PLAZA ) ! HI<WAY4 ,ALONG ?IS MA9 R\TE CONNECT+ ! VILLAGE ) ! O!RS1 ONE F9DS ! *UR*1 ! S*OOL1 & ! 9N4.<#d#g#d.> 

,! D5SITY ( POPULATION 9 C]TA9 BIG CITIES1 NOTABLY C]TA9 NEI<BORHOODS ( ,P>IS1 HAS REA*$ A LEVEL ( OV] A ?\S& 9HABITANTS P] HECT>E4 ,PRAGUE IS EV5 MORE CR[D$4 ,! SWELL+ HUMAN POPULATION SEEMS TO HAVE REA*$ ITS GREATE/ CONC5TRATION 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* 9 #ahif HAD A D5SITY ( #ahf P]SONS P] HECT>E OV] A TOTAL >EA ( #ac HECT>ES4.<#d#g#e.> ,EXCEPT :]E ! MILIT>Y 5G9E]S HAVE CREAT$ ZONES >\ND CITIES :]E DWELL+S >E PROHIBIT$1 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS COV]$ ) H\SES & VILLAS4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! F>M]S >E DRAWN T[>D !IR NATURAL C5T]1 MOV+ 9 EV] CLOS] TO :AT IS N[ A CONT9U\S MASS ( URBAN DEVELOPM5T & CREAT+ 9 ! SURR\ND+ >EA A R+ ( D5SE POPULATION4 ,LEFT ) DIM9I%+ SPACE = !IR FIELDS & F>MH\SES1 !Y >E =C$ 9TO MORE & MORE 9T5SIVE LABOR4 ,%EPH]DS BECOME F>M]S1 & F>M]S 9 TURN BECOME G>D5]S4 ,DEMOGRAPHIC MAPS %[ CLE>LY ! PROGRESSION ( ?IS PH5OM5ON1 9 :I* ONE F9DS AN ANNUL> DI/RIBUTION ( RURAL POPULATION TURN+ TO HORTICULTURE4 ,?US ! CITY ( ,BAYREU? IS 5CIRCL$ BY A ZONE ) A POPULATION D5SITY ( #ai P]SONS P] SQU>E KILOMET]4 ,>\ND ,BAMB]G1 ! D5SITY REA*ES #a#h1 EV5 ?\< ! T]RA9 ONTO :I* ?IS MASS ( PEOPLE IS CR[D$ WAS ORIG9ALLY ( LITTLE VALUE4 ,AS A MIXTURE ( S& & PEAT1 IT WAS ONLY SUITABLE = GR[+ CONIF]S2 NEV]!LESS1 IT HAS BE5 TRANS=M$ 9TO G>D5 SOIL ( UNSURPASS$ QUALITY4.<#d#g#f.> ,9 ! ,M$IT]RANEAN REGION1 ONE F9DS ?AT ! LOVE ( ! CITY DOES NOT SO MU* 9CREASE ! POPULATION ( ! C\NTRYSIDE >\ND ! CITIES AS DEPOPULATE IT4 ,! GREAT PRIVILEGE ( P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! DISCUSSION ( ! PUBLIC 9T]E/ HAS TRADITIONALLY TURN$ EV]YONE 9TO A CITY-DWELL]4 ,! APPEAL ( ! AGORA1 AS 9 ,GREECE1 & ( MUNICIPAL LIFE1 AS 9 ,ITALY1 DRAWS ! 9HABITANTS T[>D ! C5TRAL SQU>E1 :]E ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY >E DISCUSS$1 MORE (T5 ALONG ! PUBLIC WALKWAYS ?AN 9 ! RES\ND+ *AMB]S ( ! CITY HALL4 ,ACCORD+LY1 9 ,PROV5CE ! SMALL L&[N]1 RA!R ?AN LIV+ AMONG HIS FIELDS1 REMA9S AN 9VET]ATE CITY-DWELL]4 ,?\< HE MI<T EV5 [N A F>MH\SE OR A C\NTRY H\SE1 HE REFUSES TO LIVE ON HIS RURAL E/ATE1 BUT RA!R RESIDES 9 ! CITY1 FROM :I* HE CAN GO = AN \T+ TO VISIT HIS FRUIT TREES & DO ! PICK+4 ,! WORK 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE IS = HIM A SECOND>Y CONC]N4.<#d#g#g.> 

,IT IS QUITE NATURAL ?AT MANY %\LD REACT AGA9/ ! AWFUL SWALL[+ UP ( PEOPLE1 ! :OLESALE DEGRADATION ( *>ACT]1 & ! WIDESPREAD CORRUPTION ( ! NAIVE S\LS :O BREW 9 ! 09F]NAL VAT40 ,ACCORD+LY1 SOME RE=M]S CALL = ! DE/RUCTION ( CITIES & ! VOLUNT>Y RETURN ( ! 5TIRE POPULATION TO ! C\NTRYSIDE4 ,9 AN 5LI<T5$ SOCIETY ?AT RESOLUTELY WILLS A R5AISSANCE ( HUMANITY BY MEANS ( A LIFE 9 ! OP5 C\NTRY1 SU* A REVOLUTION1 ! LIKES ( :I* HAVE NEV] BE5 SE5 BE=E1 W\LD SURELY BE A REAL POSSIBILITY4 ,IF WE E/IMATE ! >EA ( ! HABITABLE L&S ?AT >E PLEASANT & HEAL?Y AT ONLY ONE HUNDR$ MILLION SQU>E KILOMET]S1 !N TWO H\SES P] SQU>E KILOMET]1 ) SEV5 OR EI<T OCCUPANTS 9 EA*1 W\LD BE ADEQUATE TO H\SE ALL ( HUMANITY4 ,H[EV]1 HUMAN NATURE1 :OSE FIR/ LAW IS SOCIABILITY1 W\LD NEV] ADAPT TO SU* A DISP]SION4 ,C]TA9LY1 WE NE$ ! RU/L+ ( TREES & ! BABBL+ ( BROOKS1 BUT WE ALSO REQUIRE ASSOCIATION ) O!R PEOPLE &1 9DE$1 ) ALL PEOPLE4 ,! 5TIRE GLOBE BECOMES = HUMANITY A GREAT CITY ?AT ALONE CAN SATISFY US4 

,IT CANNOT BE ASSUM$ ?AT TODAY'S IMM5SE AGGLOM]ATIONS ( /RUCTURES HAVE REA*$ ! GREATE/ EXPANSION IMAG9ABLE4 ,! TRU? IS QUITE TO ! CONTR>Y4 ,9 C\NTRIES ( REC5T COLONIZATION1 :]E PEOPLE GR\P TOGE!R SPONTANE\SLY ACCORD+ TO MOD]N 9T]E/S & TA/ES1 CITIES HAVE MU* GREAT] POPULATIONS PROPORTIONALLY ?AN ?OSE ( ! OLD C\NTRIES ( ,EUROPE4 ,SOME ( ! L>GE C5T]S ( GR[? HAVE AS MU* AS A QU>T]1 A ?IRD1 OR EV5 HALF ! POPULATION ( ! 5TIRE C\NTRY4 ,9 RELATION TO ! >EA FROM :I* IT DRAWS ITS POPULATION1 ,MELB\RNE IS A L>G] CITY ?AN ,LONDON BECAUSE ! SURR\ND+ POPULATION IS MORE MOBILE & BECAUSE IT HAS NOT BE5 NECESS>Y1 AS 9 ,5GL&1 TO TE> IT AWAY FROM ! C\NTRYSIDE 9 :I* IT WAS ROOT$ = C5TURIES4 ,H[EV]1 ?IS UNUSUAL CONC5TRATION ( POPULATION F\ND 9 ,AU/RALIAN CITIES /EMS TO A L>GE DEGREE FROM ! DIVISION ( ! L& 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE 9TO VA/ E/ATES 9 :I* ! IMMIGRANTS W]E UNABLE TO F9D A PLACE4 ,!Y W]E DRIV5 FROM ! LATIFUNDIA T[>D ! CAPITALS4.<#d#g#h.> ,9 ANY CASE1 ! PROCESS ( TRANSPLANTATION BECOMES PROGRESSIVELY EASI]1 & ,LONDON WILL BE ABLE TO CONT9UE ITS GR[? ) A SMALL] EXP5DITURE ( 5]GY4 ,AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ?AT CITY HAS ONLY A SEV5? ( ! POPULATION ( ! ,BRITI% ,ISLES4 ,IT IS NOT AT ALL IMPOSSIBLE ?AT SOME DAY IT WILL HAVE A ?IRD OR A F\R? ( ! 9HABITANTS1 ESPECIALLY S9CE ,LONDON IS NOT ONLY ! C5T] ( ATTRACTION 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 & ,IREL&1 BUT ALSO ! MO/ IMPORTANT COMM]CIAL C5T] 9 ,EUROPE & A L>GE P>T ( ! COLONIAL WORLD4 ,WE %\LD NOT BE SURPRIS$ AT ! IMM95T DEVELOPM5T ( URBAN AGGLOM]ATIONS ( T5 TO TW5TY MILLION 9HABITANTS 9 ! L[] ,?AMES VALLEY1 AT ! M\? ( ! ,HUDSON1 OR 9 O!R C5T]S ( ATTRACTION4 ,9DE$1 WE %\LD PREP>E \RSELVES TO ACCEPT SU* PH5OM5A AS A NORMAL P>T ( SOCIAL LIFE4 ,! GR[? ( GREAT FOCI ( ATTRACTION CANNOT BE *ECK$ UNTIL AN EQUILIBRIUM IS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! =CE ( ATTRACTION ( ! V>I\S C5T]S ON ! 9HABITANTS ( ! 9T]M$IATE SPACES4 ,BUT ! MOVEM5T WILL C]TA9LY NOT /OP !N4 ,IT WILL BE TRANS=M$ MORE & MORE 9TO A CON/ANT EX*ANGE ( POPULATION BETWE5 CITIES1 A PH5OM5ON ?AT CAN ALREADY BE OBS]V$ & ?AT CAN BE COMP>$ TO ! CIRCULATION ( ! BLOOD 9 ! HUMAN BODY4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT ?IS NEW MODE ( FUNCTION+ WILL GIVE BIR? TO NEW ORGANISMS1 & CITIES1 :I* HAVE ALREADY BE5 R5EW$ SO MANY TIMES1 WILL BE REBORN AGA9 ) A NEW *>ACT] ?AT WILL CORRESPOND TO ! :OLE ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EVOLUTION4 

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