,P>T #a1 ,*APT] #f 
,! ,CRITIQUE ( ,DOM9ATION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 

,TEXT 3 

#f3 ,! ,CRITIQUE ( ,DOM9ATION 

  

,RECLUS WAS ALWAYS AN AN>*I/ BY TEMP]AM5T1 & HIS LIB]T>IAN IDEAS BEGAN TO DEVELOP E>LY 9 HIS LIFE4 ,H[EV]1 HIS AN>*ISM BECAME 9CREAS+LY DEEP] & MORE CONSI/5T AS HIS SOCIAL ANALYSIS EXP&$ 9TO A DETAIL$ CRITIQUE ( ALL =MS ( DOM9ATION4 ,AS HAS BE5 %[N1 ,RECLUS WAS UNUSUAL 9 QUE/ION+ ! CONCEPTION ( HUMAN DOM9ATION ( NATURE ?AT WAS ACCEPT$ NOT ONLY BY MA9/REAM ?9K]S BUT ALSO BY MO/ CRITICS ( ! PREVAIL+ ORD]4 ,HE IS ALSO DI/9CTIVE = ! COMPREH5SIV5ESS ( HIS CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION )9 HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,HIS ANALYSIS ( V>I\S 9/ITUTIONAL =MS ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION CON/ITUTES ONE ! MO/ F>-REA*+ ACC\NTS 9 CLASSICAL RADICAL ?\<T1 & HIS POSITION PREFIGURES 9 MANY WAYS ! MORE WIDELY RECOGNIZ$ A*IEVEM5TS ( LAT] CRITICAL !ORY4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ EXT5SIVELY DEVELOP$ ASPECTS ( ,RECLUS CRITIQUE IS HIS DEVA/AT+ ATTACK ON ALL =MS ( ! /ATE1 9CLUD+ :AT HE SAW AS ! IDEOLOGICAL FICTION ( ! 0REPRES5TATIVE0 /ATE4 ,AL?\< AS LATE AS #ahga HE WAS WILL+ TO (F] HIMSELF AS A C&IDATE = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY1 HE SOON CAME TO OPPOSE ! P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM 5TIRELY1 & = ! REMA9D] ( HIS LIFE HE REJECT$ VOT+ 9 NATIONAL ELECTIONS1 EV5 9 ! PROV]BIAL CASE ( 0! LESS] ( EVILS40 ,9 HIS OP9ION1 ALL ?OSE :O SEEK TO EX]CISE P[] 9 A C5TRALIZ$ NATION-/ATE R5D] !MSELVES VULN]ABLE TO ABSORPTION 9TO ?AT SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 ,HE SAYS ?AT ASPIR+ (FICEHOLD]S >E 0RAIS$ ABOVE ! CR[D1 :OM !Y SOON LE>N TO DESPISE10 SO ?AT !Y 05D BY CONSID]+ !MSELVES ESS5TIALLY SUP]IOR BE+S2 SOLICIT$ BY AMBITION 9 A ?\S& =MS1 BY VANITY1 GRE$ & CAPRICE10 & 0>E ALL ! MORE EASILY CORRUPT$40.<#b#i#i.> ,HE OBS]VES ?AT !IR CORRUPTION IS 5C\RAG$ BY A 0RABBLE ( 9T]E/$ FLATT]]S0 :O >E 0EV] ON ! WAT* TO PR(IT BY !IR VICES40.<#c.> 

,RECLUS' REM>KS ON ! PROCESSES BY :I* ELECT$ (FICIALS >E SELECT$ >E (T5 QUITE A/UTE & DESCRIBE ACCURATELY MANY FEATURES ( :AT IS CALL$ REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 9 ORD] TO GA9 SUPPORT1 AN ASPIR+ PUBLIC (FICIAL MU/ PLEASE A V>IETY ( FACTIONS SO ?AT 0AMBITIONS 9EVITABLY EM]GE1 & MA*9ATIONS1 EXTRAVAGANT PROMISES1 & LIES HAVE FREE RE94 ,MOREOV]1 IT IS C]TA9LY NOT ! MO/ HONE/ C&IDATE :O HAS ! BE/ *ANCE ( W9N+40.<#c#a.> ,9 !ORY1 ! LEGISLATOR %\LD BE A SPECIALI/ 9 EV]Y >EA 9 ORD] TO MAKE DECISIONS = EV]YONE ON EV]Y SUBJECT IMAG9ABLE4 ,BUT 9 REALITY ! C&IDATES DO NOT POSSESS SU* CAPACITIES ANY MORE ?AN DO ! MEMB]S ( ! ELECTORATE4 ,9 PRACTICE1 :AT IS REQUIR$ ( !M IS ONLY ?AT !Y BE EXP]TS AT GETT+ ELECT$1 & 0NO P>TICUL> ABILITY RECOMM5DS ! C&IDATE TO ! VOT]S40.<#c#b.> ,5TIRELY IRRELEVANT OR >BITR>Y QUALITIES BECOME ESS5TIAL TO ELECTORAL VICTORY1 & 0! W9N] MAY [E HIS SUCCESS TO A C]TA9 PROV9CIAL POPUL>ITY1 HIS GOOD-NATUR$ QUALITIES1 HIS ORATORICAL SKILLS1 OR HIS ORGANIZATIONAL TAL5TS1 BUT FREQU5TLY HE IS ALSO 9DEBT$ TO HIS WEAL?1 HIS FAMILY CONNECTIONS1 OR EV5 ! T]ROR ?AT HE CAN 9SPIRE AS A GREAT 9DU/RIALI/ OR L>GE PROP]TY [N]40.<#c#c.> 

,! PRODUCTS ( ?IS DEGRAD$ SY/EM1 ,RECLUS CONT5DS1 >E A COLLECTION ( M$IOCRITIES :O HAVE NO CONCEPTION ( ! COMMON GOOD4 ,! SUCCESSFUL POLITICIAN 0WILL BE A MAN ( ! P>TY2 HE WILL BE ASK$ NEI!R TO 9VOLVE HIMSELF 9 PUBLIC WORKS1 NOR TO FACILITATE HUMAN RELATIONS1 BUT RA!R TO FI<T AGA9/ ONE FACTION OR ANO!R40.<#c#d.> ,! GREATE/ DANG] IS NOT ! 9COMPET5CE ( ! LEGISLATURE BUT ! FACT ?AT IT IS 09F]IOR 9 MORAL QUALITIES1 S9CE IT IS DOM9AT$ BY PR(ESSIONAL POLITICIANS40.<#c#e.> ,9 ,RECLUS' OP9ION1 !SE FALSELY D5OM9AT$ 0REPRES5TATIVES ( ! PEOPLE0 WILL C]TA9LY MAKE F> WORSE DECISIONS = ! POPULACE ?AN ITS 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]S W\LD HAVE MADE = !MSELVES )\T GO+ ?R\< ! TR\BLE ( HOLD+ ELECTIONS4 

,RECLUS CONT5DS ?AT AFT] ! SO-CALL$ REPRES5TATIVES >E ELECT$1 !Y >E FREE TO MOVE EV] F>!R FROM ANY K9D ( EFFECTIVE CONTROL BY ! PEOPLE4 ,KN[+ ?AT !RE IS NO REAL ACC\NTABILITY BETWE5 ELECTIONS1 & 0WELL AW>E ?AT HE CAN N[ COMMIT CRIMES ) IMPUNITY1 ! ELECT$ (FICIAL F9DS HIMSELF IMM$IATELY EXPOS$ TO ALL SORTS ( S$UCTIONS ON BEHALF ( ! RUL+ CLASSES40.<#c#f.> ,! LEGISLATORS F9D !MSELVES 9 A WORLD ( P[] & WEAL? ?AT IS QUITE ALI5 TO ! LIVES ( ?OSE :O ELECT$ !M4 ,! P[] ( ?IS MILIEU OV]COMES ANY SCRUPLES ?AT MAY HAVE /OOD 9 ! WAY ( ID5TIFICATION ) ! POLITICAL ELITE1 AS 0! NEWCOM] IS 9ITIAT$ 9TO ! LEGISLATIVE TRADITIONS UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ! VET]AN P>LIAM5T>IANS1 ADOPTS ! ESPRIT DE CORPS1 & IS SOLICIT$ BY BIG 9DU/RY1 HI< (FICIALS1 & ABOVE ALL1 9T]NATIONAL F9ANCE40.<#c#g.> ,AS IS TYPICAL ( ALL MODES ( SOCIALIZATION1 ! IMM$IATE SOCIAL 5VIRONM5T HAS AN OV]:ELM+LY P[]FUL EFFECT ON ! 9DIVIDUAL4 

,RECLUS' ATTACK ON ELECTORALISM IS DIRECT$ ESPECIALLY AGA9/ ! P>LIAM5T>Y SOCIALI/S4 ,HE COMM5TS ?AT 0IT W\LD BE ABSURD ON \R P>T TO HOLD A GRUDGE AGA9/ ! SOCIALI/ LEAD]S :O1 F9D+ !MSELVES CAU<T UP 9 ! ELECTORAL MA*9E1 5D UP BE+ GRADUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO NO?+ MORE ?AN B\RGEOIS ) LIB]AL IDEAS4 ,!Y HAVE PLAC$ !MSELVES 9 DET]M9ATE CONDITIONS ?AT 9 TURN DET]M9E !M40.<#c#h.> ,BUT :ILE HE 7P]HAPS DIS+5U\SLY7 DISMISSES ! IDEA ( 0HOLD+ A GRUDGE AGA9/0 SU* SOCIALI/S1 HE C]TA9LY ?9KS !Y %\LD BE EXPOS$ AS TRAITORS TO ! CAUSE ( FRE$OM & JU/ICE4 ,S9CE !Y USE ! RHETORIC ( JU/ICE & EQUALITY & CLAIM TO ACT ON BEHALF ( ! MASSES1 !Y BECOME P[]FUL IMP$IM5TS TO ! POPUL> ACCEPTANCE ( LIB]T>IAN & REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS4 ,!Y SAP ! PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION>Y 5]GIES BY DIV]T+ !M 9TO 9EFFECTUAL & 9DE$ C\NT]PRODUCTIVE /RATEGIES4 ,RECLUS W\LD NO D\BT DIRECT SIMIL> CRITICISMS AT TODAY'S 0PROGRESSIVE0 & SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC POLITICIANS :O >GUE ?AT SOCIETY CAN BE MADE JU/ & FREE IF ONLY !IR FACTION IS ELECT$ TO NATIONAL (FICE 9 SUFFICI5T NUMB]S TO GUIDE ! POLICIES ( ! NATION-/ATE & MITIGATE SOME:AT ! WOR/ EXCESSES ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 

,ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 SU* POLITICIANS CORRUPT !MSELVES & BECOME %AMELESS HYPOCRITES 9 SEEK+ ELECTORAL SUCCESS & HI< POSITION RA!R ?AN DEVOT+ ALL !IR EF=TS TO A*IEV+ ! SOCIAL EMANCIPATION TO :I* !Y PR(ESS ALLEGIANCE4 ,ONCE AGA9 7AS ON ! ISSUES ( COOP]ATIVES & 9T5TIONAL COMMUNITIES71 HE RAISES ! QUE/ION ( A DISCONT9UITY BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS4 ,HE >GUES ?AT MEANS ?AT >E JU/IFI$ 9 ! NAME ( QUITE LAUDABLE 5DS SOON COME TO EX]T SU* A P[]FUL 9FLU5CE ?AT ! 5DS BECOME NO MORE ?AN IDEOLOGICAL ALIBIS = HELP+ TO P]PETUATE ! SY/EM ( DOM9ATION & TO LEGITIMATE ! POSITION ( ! NOM9AL OPPOSITION )9 ?AT SY/EM4 ,9 PURSUIT ( ELECTORAL SUCCESS1 0! SOCIALI/ C&IDATE READILY FLATT]S ! TA/ES1 ! 9CL9ATIONS1 OR EV5 ! PREJUDICES ( HIS ELECTORATE4 ,HE BLI!LY IGNORES DISAGREEM5TS1 DISPUTES1 & GRUDGES1 & = A :ILE BECOMES ! FRI5D1 OR AT LEA/ ! ALLY1 ( ?OSE ) :OM ONLY A %ORT TIME AGO HE HAD EX*ANG$ 9VECTIVES40.<#c#i.> ,IF !SE POLITICIANS SUCCE$ 9 !IR QUE/ = (FICE1 ! DIS9TEGRATION ( !IR *>ACT] ONLY ACCEL]ATES4 0,!IR V]Y SPIRIT UND]GOES A P]VASIVE TRANS=MATION10 & !Y F9ALLY 5D UP AS 0EXP]TS AT EX*ANG+ SMILES1 H&%AKES1 & FAVORS40.<#c#a.> 

,RECLUS CONT5DS ?AT ! A*IEVEM5T ( ELECTORAL SUCCESS1 ?\< ALWAYS GREET$ ) EUPHORIA1 MAY ACTUALLY BE A MAJOR SETBACK = ANY GR[+ MOVEM5T = SOCIAL *ANGE1 NO MATT] H[ JU/ & MORAL ITS PR(ESS$ 5DS MAY BE4 ,:ILE IT W\LD SEEM ?AT SU* A MOVEM5T HAS GA9$ A GREAT VICTORY IF IT CAN 5ACT ITS DEM&S 9TO LAW1 0IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! RESULT WILL BE PRECISELY ! OPPOSITE4 ,:ILE IT IS TRUE ?AT ANY *>T] OR LAWS ?AT >E AGRE$ TO BY ! 9SURG5TS MAY SANCTION ! LIB]TY ?AT HAS BE5 WON1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT !Y WILL LIMIT IT1 & !RE9 LIES ! DANG]4 ,!Y DET]M9E ! PRECISE LIMIT AT :I* ! VICTORS MU/ /OP1 & ?IS 9EVITABLY BECOMES ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A RETREAT40.<#c#a#a.> ,)9 A VITAL SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 IDEAS & PRACTICES DEVELOP & EVOLVE AMONG ! COMMUNITY ( ?OSE COMMITT$ TO COMMON 5DS4 ,! %IFT TO ! P>LIAM5T>Y REALM 7& (T5 EV5 M]ELY TO ! ELECTORAL ONE7 TRANS=MS ?IS DYNAMIC PROCESS 9TO A DEBILITAT+ /RUGGLE TO SALVAGE SOME ELEM5TS ( ! IDEAL 9 ! =M ( A VIABLE 0PROGRAM0 OR 0PLAT=M40 ,?IS CRITIQUE P]HAPS OV]/ATES ! EXT5T TO :I* ALL SU* EF=TS TO EMBODY F>-RANG+ IDEALS 9 PRACTICAL POLITICAL PROGRAMS MU/ F\ND] ON ! %OALS ( POLITICAL PRAGMATISM4 ,YET ! EXAMPLES MULTIPLY ( 0PROGRESSIVE0 7:E!R LIB]AL1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC1 OR GRE57 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS ?AT HAVE 5VISION$ VA/ SOCIAL TRANS=MATIONS1 ONLY TO BECOME PRACTICALLY 9EFFECTUAL & !ORETICALLY 9SIPID 9 ! FACE ( !IR [N ELECTORAL & LEGISLATIVE SUCCESSES4 

,IF ,RECLUS IS H>% 9 HIS CRITICISM ( LEGISLATIVE P[]1 HE IS NO LESS SCA?+ 9 HIS ATTACK ON BUREAUCRACY & ADM9I/RATION4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 9JU/ICE IS WOV5 9TO ! FABRIC ( EXI/+ SOCIETY & ?AT AS LONG AS ! SY/EM ( P[] REMA9S FUNDAM5TALLY 9TACT1 ANY L>GE 9/ITUTION MU/ ADAPT ITSELF TO ! PREVAIL+ CONDITIONS4 ,HE HAS A DI/URB+ YET P[]FUL MESSAGE = MANY LIB]ALS1 SOCIAL DEMOCRATS1 & O!RS ( ! RE=MI/ LEFT :O HAVE CONT9U$ TO BELIEVE ?AT AN IMPROV$ /ATE BUREAUCRACY IS A PROMIS+ AG5T = ! RECTIFICATION ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICES4 0,AS SOON AS AN .<ADM9I/RATIVE.> 9/ITUTION IS E/ABLI%$1 EV5 IF IT %\LD BE ONLY TO COMBAT FLAGRANT ABUSES1 IT CREATES !M ANEW ?R\< ITS V]Y EXI/5CE4 ,IT HAS TO ADAPT TO ITS BAD 5VIRONM5T1 & 9 ORD] TO FUNCTION1 IT MU/ DO SO 9 A PA?OLOGICAL WAY4 ,:]EAS ! CREATORS ( ! 9/ITUTION FOLL[ ONLY NOBLE IDEALS1 ! EMPLOYES ?AT !Y APPO9T MU/ CONSID] ABOVE ALL !IR REMUN]ATION & ! CONT9UATION ( !IR EMPLOYM5T40.<#c#a#b.> ,F> FROM CON/ITUT+1 AS ,HEGEL CLAIM$1 A 0UNIV]SAL CLASS10 ! BUREAUCRACY IS RA!R A P[]FUL P>TICUL>I/IC 9T]E/4 

,FUR!RMORE1 ,RECLUS W>NS1 BUREAUCRACY IS HOPELESSLY 9EFFICI5T4 ,:ILE BUREAUCRATIC RATIONALITY CLAIMS TO MAXIMIZE EFFICI5CY1 IT 9 FACT DOES ! REV]SE1 BECAUSE 0FIR/1 IT IMP$ES 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE 9 EV]Y WAY & EV5 PREV5TS ITS EM]G5CE2 SECOND1 IT DELAYS1 HALTS1 & IMMOBILIZES ! WORKS ?AT >E 5TRU/$ TO IT40.<#c#a#c.> ,RECLUS' CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY IS ( 9T]E/ 9 P>T BECAUSE MANY ( HIS PO9TS S\ND SO MU* LIKE ! ANTIBUREAUCRATIC DISC\RSE ( ! NEOLIB]AL RI<T 9 MANY C\NTRIES TODAY4 ,BUT ,RECLUS W\LD >GUE ?AT ! CONTEMPOR>Y LEFT SUCCUMBS TO A FALLACI\S & DISA/R\S LOGIC :5 IT D$UCES FROM ! TRUE PREMISE ?AT BIG BUS9ESS ACTS 9 WAYS DETRIM5TAL TO SOCIETY ! FALSE CONCLUSION ?AT /ATE BUREAUCRACIES WILL ACT 9 WAYS ?AT >E TRULY B5EFICIAL TO ! POPULATIONS :OSE WELF>E IS 5TRU/$ TO !M4 ,HE W\LD CONT5D ?AT ?IS LOGIC WILL SELDOM SEEM CONV9C+ TO ?OSE :O HAVE ! MO/ IMM$IATE EXP]I5CE ( ! ADM9I/RATIVE /ATE1 ! ACTUAL 0CLI5TS0 7HE W\LD SAY 0VICTIMS07 ( /ATE BUREAUCRACIES4 

,RECLUS >GUES ?AT ! BUREAUCRACY CREATES ITS [N =MS ( SOCIAL IRRESPONSIBILITY & GREATLY R$UCES EFFICI5CY AT ! SAME TIME4 ,DESPITE HIS LOA?+ = ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIAL SY/EM1 ,RECLUS F9DS ! BUREAUCRATIC WORLD TO BE 9 SOME WAYS EV5 WORSE4 ,:ILE HUMAN VALUES >E TRAMPL$ ON BY 9DU/RY1 AT LEA/ ITS ECONOMIC RATIONALITY PRODUCES AN EF=T TO R$UCE WA/E & 9CREASE PRODUCTIVITY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 0! ADM9I/RATIVE HI]>*Y DOES ITS UTMO/ TO MULTIPLY ! NUMB] ( EMPLOYES & SUBORD9ATES1 DIRECTORS1 AUDITORS1 & 9SPECTORS4 ,WORK BECOMES SO COMPLICAT$ AS TO BE IMPOSSIBLE10 & 0EV]Y?+ BECOMES A PRETEXT = A DELAY OR A REPRIM&40.<#c#a#d.> ,9 ?IS RESPECT1 !RE IS EV5 LESS R$EEM+ SOCIAL VALUE 9 /ATE BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATION4 

,RECLUS SEES ANO!R EVIL ( BUREAUCRACY 9 ! LOSS ( RESPONSIBILITY ?AT RESULTS FROM ITS COMPLEX1 MAZELIKE NETWORK ( P[]1 9 :I* ACC\NTABILITY BECOMES IMPOSSIBLE4 ,9 SU* A SY/EM1 0M9OR (FICIALS EX]CISE !IR P[] MORE ABSOLUTELY ?AN P]SONS ( HI< RANK1 :O >E BY !IR V]Y IMPORTANCE CON/RA9$ BY A C]TA9 PROPRIETY10 & 0! PETTY (FICIAL NE$ NOT HAVE ! SLI<TE/ FE> ( BE+ HELD RESPONSIBLE 9 ?IS WAY SO LONG AS HE IS %IELD$ BY A P[]FUL BOSS40.<#c#a#e.> ,! EGOI/IC1 DOM9AT+ P]SONALITY FO/]$ BY AU?ORIT>IAN 9/ITUTIONS GA9S A MULTITUDE ( \TLETS 9 ! BUREAUCRATIC LABYR9?3 0,! UNC\? CAN GIVE FREE RE9 TO CRASS BEHAVIOR1 ! VIOL5T LA% \T AS !Y PLEASE1 & ! CRUEL 5JOY TORTUR+ AT !IR LEISURE40.<#c#a#f.> 

,RECLUS ?US DEVELOP$ A QUITE *ALL5G+ CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRACY OV] A C5TURY AGO1 PO9T+ \T EVILS ?AT HAVE BECOME EV5 MORE EVID5T 9 ! MASSIVELY BUREAUCRATIC /ATES ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ S9CE HIS TIME4 ,IT MI<T SEEM IRONIC ?AT ! MA9/REAM LEFT HAS ALL[$ ! RI<T TO MONOPOLIZE ANTIBUREAUCRATIC RHETORIC = ITS [N B5EFIT1 EV5 AS MILIT>Y & CORPORATE BUREAUCRACIES HO/ILE TO ! PRESUM$ GOALS ( ! LEFT HAVE PROLIF]AT$4 ,RECLUS W\LD >GUE ?AT ?IS LAPSE HAS CONT9U$ TO EXI/ = V]Y GOOD IDEOLOGICAL REASONS4 ,HE W\LD PO9T \T ?AT AN 9CISIVE CRITIQUE ( BUREAUCRATIC ABUSES W\LD NECESS>ILY LEAD TO A CRITIQUE ( /ATISM1 P>TY POLITICS1 & ALL ! O!R RELAT$ HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT OPPOSITIONAL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS & P>TIES HAVE !MSELVES DONE SO MU* TO P]PETUATE & 9 :I* !Y CONT9UE TO HAVE A VE/$ 9T]E/4 

,ANO!R >EA 9 :I* ,RECLUS' CRITIQUE ( ! /ATE IS P>TICUL>LY ACUTE IS 9 HIS DISCUSSION ( PATRIOTISM & ! IDEOLOGY ( NATIONALISM4 ,HIS DISSECTION ( ! EXTREMES ( PATRIOTIC FOLLY PREFIGURES LAT] ANALYSIS ( ! PSY*OLOGY 7& PA?OLOGY7 ( NATIONALISM BY FIGURES SU* AS ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE & ,WILHELM ,REI*4 ,AL?\< 9DIVIDUALS1 HE NOTES1 MAY SOMETIMES ESCAPE A PREVAIL+ 9SUL> M5TALITY1 MASSES ( PEOPLE T5D TO REMA9 9 ! GRIP ( A 0PRIMITIVE MORALITY ( =CE0 ?AT CAN BE >\S$ :5EV] !IR LEAD]S F9D AN 5EMY AGA9/ :OM !Y CAN DIRECT MALIGNANT PASSIONS & MURD]\S FANTASIES4 

,RECLUS IS QUITE ELOQU5T 9 HIS DESCRIPTION ( ! COLLECTIVE 9SANITY ?AT P]IODICALLY BREAKS \T UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( NATIONALI/ LEAD]S & MANIPULATIVE POLITICIANS4 ,ONCE IT IS DECEIV$ 9TO CONFLICT1 A NATION UNITES 9 PATRIOTIC HATR$ & !N 0DELI<TS 9 RAVI%+1 KILL+1 & !N S++ ( VICTORY OV] ! SPRAWL+ CORPSES4 ,IT GLORIES 9 ALL ! EVIL ?AT ITS ANCE/ORS HAVE 9FLICT$ ON O!R PEOPLES4 ,IT GETS C>RI$ AWAY1 & WILDLY CELEBRATES 9 V]SE1 9 PROSE1 & 9 TRIUMPHANT DEPICTIONS1 ALL ! ABOM9ATIONS ?AT ITS [N PEOPLE HAVE COMMITT$ 9 =EIGN L&S4 ,IT EV5 SOLEMNLY 9VITES ITS ,GOD TO TAKE P>T 9 ! G5]AL 9TOXICATION40.<#c#a#g.> ,:AT ,RECLUS DESCRIBES1 ?\< HE NEV] SPECIFICALLY M5TIONS ! T]M1 IS A PROCESS 9 :I* ALL ! =CES ( ! SOCIAL IMAG9ATION >E 5LI/$ ON BEHALF ( ! /ATE & ITS ATROCITIES4 

,?IS ME*ANISM IS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL MEANS ( CONTROL AVAILABLE TO 0! MA/]S ( ! PEOPLE40 ,SOCIAL ANTAGONISMS >E CALM$ & OPPOSITIONAL =CES ABAT$ BY 0TRANS=M+ ALL ! 5]GIES ( A NATION 9TO A RAGE AGA9/ ! =EIGN]40.<#c#a#h.> ,?IS REC\RSE IS READILY AVAILABLE S9CE ! /ATE & ITS RUL]S LABOR TIRELESSLY TO REWRITE HI/ORY AS A *RONICLE ( (F5SES AGA9/ ! NATION BY MALEVOL5T =EIGN P[]S1 ) EPISODES ( 9JURY & VICTIMIZATION ALT]NAT+ ) ?OSE ( TRIUMPH & REV5GE4 ,! FUNDAM5TALLY OPPOSITIONAL & ANTAGONI/IC NATURE ( ! SY/EM ( NATION-/ATES GREATLY FACILITATES ?IS TASK4 ,PRETEXTS = TURN+ NEI<BORS 9TO 5EMIES 0>E EASY TO F9D1 S9CE ! 9T]E/S ( /ATES REMA9 DIFF]5T & 9 CONFLICT ?R\< ! V]Y FACT ( !IR SEP>ATION 9TO DI/9CT >TIFICIAL ORGANISMS40.<#c#a#i.> ,9 ADDITION1 GIV5 ! VICISSITUDES ( 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 !RE IS USUALLY A LONG HI/ORY ( CONFLICT AT ! DISPOSAL ( ! RUL]S = PURPOSES ( 9FLAM+ ! PUBLIC4 ,!Y CAN MAKE USE ( 0! MEMORIES ( ACTUAL WRONGS1 MASSACRES1 & CRIMES ( ALL SORTS COMMITT$ 9 =M] W>S4 ,! CALL = REV5GE /ILL RES\NDS1 & :5 A NEW W> WILL HAVE PASS$ LIKE ! T]RIBLE FLAMES ( A FIRE DEV\R+ EV]Y?+ 9 ITS PA?1 IT WILL ALSO LEAVE ! MEMORY ( HATR$ & WILL S]VE AS LEAV5 = FUTURE CONFLICTS40.<#c#b.> 

,! OPPOSITIONAL NATURE ( ! /ATE DICTATES NOT ONLY CONFLICT BUT ALSO CONQUE/4 ,BY ,RECLUS' TIME ! AGE-OLD PROCESS ( /ATE EXPANSIONISM HAD EVOLV$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( GLOBAL IMP]IALISM 9 :I* ! MORE P[]FUL ,EUROPEAN NATION-/ATES HAD SUCCE$$ 9 SUBJECT+ MO/ ( ! SURFACE ( ! E>? TO COLONIZATION4 ,?IS PROCESS ( GLOBAL TRANS=MATION WAS ( GREAT 9T]E/ TO ,RECLUS BO? AS A SOCIAL GEOGRAPH] & AS A POLITICAL !ORI/4 ,BEATRICE ,GIBL9 NOTES ?AT HIS VIEWS ON COLONIZATION >E AMBIGU\S BECAUSE ( HIS DI/9CTION BETWE5 0COLONIES ( EXPLOITATION10 BAS$ ON ! DOM9ATION ( CONQU]$ PEOPLES1 & 0COLONIES ( POPULATION10 :I*1 9 HIS VIEW1 HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO PROGRESS ?R\< ! SPREAD ( CON/RUCTIVE HUMAN ACTIVITY OV] ! FACE ( ! E>?4.<#c#b#a.> ,GIBL9 CORRECTLY PO9TS \T ?AT HE 0HAD A DIALECTICAL VISION ( ! PH5OM5ON ( COLONIALISM10 ACCORD+ TO :I* 0HE D5\NCES ! NEGATIVE EFFECTS--SU* AS ! PLUND] ( ! ECONOMY1 ! DE/RUCTUR+ ( 9DIG5\S CULTURES1 ! 9CREASE 9 FAM9ES1 ETC410 :ILE ALSO RECOGNIZ+ SU* POSITIVE CONSEQU5CES AS 0! SPREAD ( $UCATION TO A GREAT] PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION1 ! PROGRESSIVE DISAPPE>ANCE ( C]TA9 'B>B>IC' CU/OMS SU* AS 9FANTICIDE ( FEMALE (FSPR+1 IMPROVEM5T 9 HEAL? CONDITIONS1 ETC40.<#c#b#b.> ,HIS ASSESSM5T ( COLONIALISM ?US CO9CIDES ) HIS G5]AL VIEW ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A1 :I* REQUIRES A C>EFUL ANALYSIS ( BO? PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE MOM5TS4 

,IT W\LD BE 9CORRECT TO SEE 9 ?IS DIALECTICAL ANALYSIS ANY SORT ( APOLOGY = COLONIZATION4 ,RECLUS DOES NOT SEEK TO EXPLA9 AWAY ! EVILS ( HI/ORY 9 ANY QUASI-,HEGELIAN DEF5SE ( !IR NECESSITY 9 SOME VA/ S*EME ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,RA!R1 HE ASS]TS ?AT FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY MU/ ALWAYS BE DEF5D$ & ?AT PROGRESS MU/ BE PURSU$ ONLY ?R\< ! MO/ JU/ & LIB]ATORY MEANS POSSIBLE4 ,HE !RE=E VEHEM5TLY OPPOSES ! SPREAD ( IMP]IAL /ATE P[]1 :ATEV] GOOD MI<T BE DISCOV]$ AMID ! EVILS ( CONQUE/ & OPPRESSION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HIS CONDEMNATION ( ! ,FR5* COLONIZATION ( ,ALG]IA--DESPITE ! IMPLANTATION ( WIDESPREAD 0COLONIES ( POPULATION0 !RE--IS SCA?+4 ,HE NOTES ?AT ! MILIT>Y CONQU]ORS 0W]E 9T]E/$ MU* LESS 9 ! FATE ( ! CONQU]$ POPULATIONS ?AN 9 PLY+ !IR TRADE1 & HE SAW LITTLE 9 ,ALG]IA BEYOND A VA/ FIELD = TRA9+ TROOPS 9 ALL SORTS ( MILIT>Y EX]CISES10 SO ?AT AS A CONSEQU5CE 0! SO-CALL$ MILIT>Y SPIRIT WAS =M$--A SPIRIT HO/ILE TO ALL FREE ?\<T1 9DIVIDUAL 9ITIATIVE1 & PEACEFUL1 SPONTANE\S PROGRESS40.<#c#b#c.> ,HE CONDEMNS COLONIAL EXPLOITATION ELSE:]E ON SIMIL> GR\NDS1 SOMETIMES NOT+ ! CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ! DE/RUCTION ( 9DIG5\S CULTURES & ! ASSAULT ON ! 9TEGRITY ( NATURE AS ,EUROPEAN P[] SPREAD ACROSS ! E>?4 

,:ILE ,RECLUS F9DS C]TA9 EVILS1 SU* AS CONFLICT & CONQUE/1 TO BE 9H]5T 9 ! V]Y =M ( ! NATION-/ATE1 HE DOES NOT TREAT 0! /ATE0 AS A MONOLI?IC 9/ITUTION4 ,HE RECOGNIZES ?AT /ATES HAVE DIV]SE HI/ORIES & COMPOSITIONS1 & ?AT !Y PLAY V>Y+ ROLES 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,HE IS EV5 WILL+ TO CONC$E ?AT !Y HAVE BO? PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE ASPECTS 7P]HAPS A SURPRIS+ CONCESSION = AS ?OR\<GO+ AN AN>*I/ AS ,RECLUS74 ,9 HIS CONSID]ATION ( MOD]N NATION-/ATES1 HE F9DS ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES TO BE ( P>TICUL> IMPORTANCE 9 ! FUTURE C\RSE ( HI/ORY4 ,HE SEES !SE TWO SOCIETIES AS ! MAJOR MOD]N P>ADIGMS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES IS 0A REPUBLIC1 ! LEAD] ( O!R REPUBLICS10 :ILE ,RUSSIA REPRES5TS 0CONS]VATIVE PR9CIPLES & ! OLD DESPOTISM40.<#c#b#d.> ,9DE$1 HE DISCOV]S 9 ,RUSSIA ! SE$S ( AN ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM ?AT CON/ITUTES A MAJOR ?REAT TO ,EUROPEAN SOCIETY4 ,HE W>NS ( 0! POISON ( A TRADITIONAL1 ATAVI/IC S]VITUDE ?AT EASILY SPREADS ?R\< ! VE9S ( ! ,EUROPEAN3 ! ,ORI5TAL CONCEPTION ( ! NECESSITY = A /RONG GOV]NM5T10 & SUGGE/S ?AT !RE IS NO LACK ( 0BASE S\LS1 HAPPY TO R5\NCE !MSELVES & TO OBEY40.<#c#b#e.> ,9 P>TICUL>1 HE FE>S ?AT ,EUROPEAN AU?ORIT>IANISM W\LD BE PROMOT$ BY ! EXAMPLE ( A MOD]N ,RUSSIAN DESPOTISM ?AT C>RI$ ON ! TRADITION ( ,G5<IS ,KHAN & ,IVAN ! ,T]RIBLE4 ,IT TAKES LITTLE IMAG9ATION TO COMB9E !SE REM>KS ON ,ORI5TAL DESPOTISM ) ,RECLUS' ATTACKS ON AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALISM & TO DISCOV] A P[]FUL IMPLICIT CRITIQUE ( ,/AL9ISM & ! FUTURE ,SOVIET 0COMMUNI/0 /ATE4.<#c#b#f.> 

,RECLUS ALSO W>NS AGA9/ MORE SUBTLE DEVELOPM5TS 9 ! DIRECTION ( DESPOTISM4 ,HE RECOGNIZES ?AT ) ! SPREAD ( ILLUSORY 0REPRES5TATIVE DEMOCRACY0 ! /ATE BEG9S 9 SOME WAYS TO GA9 A FIRM] HOLD OV] ! POPULACE4 0,ON ! ONE H&1 ! AMBITION TO GOV]N BECOMES WIDESPREAD1 EV5 UNIV]SAL1 SO ?AT ! NATURAL T5D5CY ( ! ORD9>Y CITIZ5 IS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PUBLIC AFFAIRS4 ,MILLIONS ( M5 FEEL SOLID>ITY 9 ! MA9T5ANCE ( ! /ATE1 :I* IS !IR PROP]TY1 !IR AFFAIR40.<#c#b#g.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! /ATE IS /R5G!N$ BY ! SPREAD ( AN EQUALLY SUP]FICIAL SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 AS A MULTITUDE ( PEOPLE BECOME DEP5D5T ON IT = 0SMALL 5TITLEM5TS TO 9COME40.<#c#b#h.> ,= ,RECLUS1 NO LESS ?AN = ,FRI$RI* ,HAYEK1 ! SOCIAL-DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS C]TA9LY A 0ROAD TO S]FDOM0 7?\< ,RECLUS W\LD CONT5D ?AT ,HAYEK & O!R CONS]VATIVE CRITICS ( ! /ATE M]ELY TAKE DET\RS TO ! SAME DE/9ATION74 

,BUT 9 SPITE ( HIS FE>S ( REGRESSION TO OLD =MS ( DESPOTISM & EVOLUTION T[>D NEW ONES1 ,RECLUS HOLDS \T HOPE ?AT ! DESPOTIC /ATE MI<T ON ! :OLE BE MOV+ 9TO A P]IOD ( DECL9E4 ,HE NOTES ?AT EV5 AS ! PUBLIC BEG9S TO F9D ITSELF ON MU* MORE 9TIMATE T]MS ) ! /ATE1 TRUE TO ! CLI*E1 FAMILI>ITY BEG9S TO BRE$ CONTEMPT4 ,! UNMASK+ ( ! /ATE'S CYNICAL EX]CISE ( P[] BEG9S1 & ! MANIPULATIVE & SELF-9T]E/$ NATURE ( ITS ACTIONS BECOMES 9CREAS+LY CLE>4 ,RECLUS IS RA!R PROPHETIC 9 DESCRIB+ ?IS UNMASK+ PROCESS1 :I* MI<T BE CALL$ ! 0DIS5*ANTM5T ( ! /ATE40 ,:ILE WE HAVE YET TO SEE :E!R IT PROCE$S TO :AT HE SEES AS ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 HIS ANALYSIS ( ! PH5OM5ON IS BRILLIANTLY PRESCI5T4 

,HE OBS]VES ?AT AS ! POPULACE BECOMES MORE 9VOLV$1 ALBEIT SUP]FICIALLY1 9 ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE1 0?IS BANAL GOV]NM5T1 BE+ ALL TOO WELL UND]/OOD1 NO LONG] DOM9ATES ! MULTITUDES ?R\< ! IMPRESSION ( T]RIFY+ MAJE/Y ?AT ONCE BELONG$ TO MA/]S :O W]E ALL BUT 9VISIBLE & :O ONLY APPE>$ BE=E ! PUBLIC SURR\ND$ BY JUDGES1 ATT5DANTS1 & EXECUTION]S40.<#c#b#i.> ,:ILE ! POPUL>IZATION ( ! /ATE SUP]FICIALLY SEEMS TO RE9=CE ITS P[]1 ! DIS5*ANT$ /ATE LOSES ITS CAPACITY TO 09SPIRE MY/]I\S & SACR$ FE>0 & F9ALLY REA*ES ! PO9T AT :I* 0IT EV5 PROVOKES LAU<T] & CONTEMPT40.<#c#c.> ,HE SUGGE/S ?AT HI/ORIANS WILL HAVE TO /UDY SATIRE & C>ICATURE TO UND]/& ADEQUATELY ! FATE ( ! /ATE & GOV]NM5T BEG9N+ ) ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 

,RECLUS DESCRIBES ?IS PROCESS 9 DIALECTICAL T]MS3 0,! /ATE P]I%ES & IS NEUTRALIZ$ ?R\< ITS V]Y DISSEM9ATION4 ,JU/ :5 ALL POSSESS IT1 IT HAS VIRTUALLY CEAS$ TO EXI/1 & IS NO MORE ?AN A %AD[ ( ITSELF40.<#c#c#a.> ,! TRANS=MATION ( ! MOD]N /ATE ILLU/RATES ! CLASSICALLY ,HEGELIAN DIALECTICAL PR9CIPLE ?AT :5 A PH5OM5ON REA*ES ! LIMIT ( ITS SELFDEVELOPM5T IT BEG9S TO DE/ROY ITSELF1 ?\< ITS HI/ORY IS PRES]V$ ?R\< ITS EMBODIM5T 9 SUCCE$+ PH5OM5A4 0,9/ITUTIONS ?US DISAPPE> AT ! MOM5T :5 !Y SEEM TO TRIUMPH4 ,! /ATE HAS BRAN*$ \T EV]Y:]E2 H[EV]1 AN OPPOS+ =CE ALSO APPE>S EV]Y:]E4 ,:ILE IT WAS ONCE CONSID]$ 9CONSEQU5TIAL & WAS UNAW>E ( ITSELF1 IT IS CON/ANTLY GR[+ & H5CE=? WILL BE CONSCI\S ( ! WORK ?AT IT HAS TO ACCOMPLI%40.<#c#c#b.> ,! OPPOS+ =CE IS1 ( C\RSE1 ! MOVEM5T = HUMAN LIB]ATION4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ,RECLUS' OPTIMISM CONC]N+ ITS EFFICACY1 & EV5 ITS GR[+ SELF-CONSCI\SNESS1 HAS YET TO BE BORNE \T 9 HI/ORY4 ,& TO ! EXT5T ?AT ! LEGITIMACY ( ! /ATE HAS 9DE$ ]OD$1 ITS PLACE HAS (T5 BE5 TAK5 BY O!R MODES ( DOM9ATION1 9CLUD+ ! =M ?AT IS GIV5 ! MO/ EXT5SIVE ATT5TION 9 ,RECLUS' [N ANALYSIS--ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 

,AL?\< ,RECLUS LAUN*ES A /++ ATTACK ON ! /ATE & BUREAUCRACY1 IT IS ECONOMIC P[] ?AT IS ! OBJECT ( HIS MO/ F>-REA*+ CRITIQUE4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 CAPITAL IS ! SUPREME P[] 9 MOD]N SOCIETY & ! MAJOR OB/ACLE TO SOCIAL EMANCIPATION4 ,HE !RE=E PRES5TS AN EXT5SIVE ANALYSIS ( ! EVOLUTION ( =MS ( PROP]TY1 ! DOM9ATION ( SOCIETY BY ECONOMIC P[]1 & ! DE/RUCTIVE EFFECTS ( ! ECONOMIZATION ( SOCIETY & ITS VALUES4 ,HIS REFLECTIONS ON ! SUBJECT MAKE AN IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTION TO AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( PROP]TY4 ,9 P>T1 HE FUR!R DEVELOPS SU* CONCEPTIONS AS ,GODW9'S IDEA ( 5TITLEM5T BAS$ ON NE$ & ,PR\DHON'S DI/9CTION BETWE5 EXPLOITATIVE =MS ( PROP]TY1 :I* ! LATT] DEF9$ AS 0!FT10 & PROP]TY AS P]SONAL POSSESSION1 :I* HE SAW AS A =M ( 0FRE$OM40 

,ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 !RE >E ANCI5T =MS ( APPROPRIATION ?AT PREC$$ 0PROP]TY0 AS WE N[ CONCEIVE ( IT4 ,E>LY SOCIETIES L9K$ POSSESSION TO USE & HAD NO CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P [N]%IP4 ,EV5 COLLECTIVE PROP]TY1 HE SAYS1 IS 0A LIMITATION ( ! PRIMITIVE RI<T TO LABOR BELONG+ TO ALL40.<#c#c#c.> ,! MO/ ANCI5T =MS SEEM TO COME CLOSE/ TO :AT ,RECLUS PROPOSES = ! FUTURE1 :I* IS A K9D ( DI/RIBUTION ACCORD+ TO NE$1 OR1 AS HE W\LD PUT IT1 DI/RIBUTION BAS$ ON SOLID>ITY ) O!RS & ) ! COMMUNITY4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 ! E>LIE/ =MS W]E SUCCE$$ BY A SY/EM ( POSSESSION ( PROP]TY BY ! COMMUNITY AS A :OLE4 ,AL?\< HE SEES A REGRESSIVE ASPECT 9 ?IS *ANGE S9CE IT 9TRODUC$ IDEAS ( POSSESSION ?AT HAD POT5TIALLY ANTISOCIAL IMPLICATIONS1 HE >GUES ?AT MANY ( ! VIRTUES ( ! MORE ANCI5T SY/EM W]E PRES]V$4 ,9DE$1 HE PRAISES LAVI%LY :AT REMA9S ( ! TRADITION ( COMMUNAL PROP]TY1 = IT (F]S A SPH]E ( RESI/ANCE TO ! DOM9ATION ( CAPITALI/ PROP]TY RELATIONS1 PRES5TS A PO9T ( REF]5CE ) :I* TO %[ ! BRUTALITY ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC ORD]1 & PO9TS T[>D A FUTURE SY/EM ( COOP]ATIVE PRODUCTION4 

,CRITICS HAVE SOMETIMES CONT5D$ ?AT AN>*I/ ?\<T1 & CLASSICAL AN>*I/ !ORY 9 P>TICUL>1 HAS EMPHASIZ$ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE TO ! PO9T ( NEGLECT+ ! REAL HEGEMONY ( ECONOMIC P[]4 ,?IS 9T]PRETATION >ISES1 P]HAPS1 FROM A SIMPLI/IC & OV]DRAWN DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ FOCUS ON POLITICAL DOM9ATION & ! ,M>XI/ FOCUS ON ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,:ILE !RE IS ABUNDANT EVID5CE AGA9/ SU* A !SIS ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T1 ,RECLUS' ANALYSIS REFUTES IT 9 A P>TICUL>LY CONCLUSIVE MANN]4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 0ONE OV]RID+ FACT DOM9ATES ALL ( MOD]N CIVILIZATION1 ! FACT ?AT ! PROP]TY ( A S+LE P]SON CAN 9CREASE 9DEF9ITELY1 & EV51 BY VIRTUE ( ALMO/ UNIV]SAL CONS5T1 5COMPASS ! 5TIRE WORLD40.<#c#c#d.> ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ! ABILITY ( CAPITAL TO TRANSGRESS ALL B\ND>IES ( /ATE & NATIONALITY GIVES IT A GREAT ADVANTAGE OV] POLITICAL P[]4 0,! P[] ( K+S & EMP]ORS HAS LIMITS1 BUT ?AT ( WEAL? HAS NONE AT ALL4 ,! DOLL> IS ! MA/] ( MA/]S40.<#c#c#e.> 

,9 ANALYZ+ ! DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( CAPITAL1 ,RECLUS CONSID]S >GUM5TS ?AT CONC5TRATION ( PROP]TY HAS FO/]$ ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 & ?AT ECONOMIES ( SCALE HAVE 9CREAS$ PRODUCTIVITY4 ,HE HOLDS ?AT IF ONE LOOKS AT ?IS CONC5TRATION FROM ! /&PO9T ( SOCIAL GEOGRAPHY RA!R ?AN FROM ?AT ( ECONOMIC RATIONALITY1 ! RESULTS >E SE5 TO BE DETRIM5TAL TO BO? HUMAN SOCIETY & TO NATURE4 ,9 HIS WORDS1 0! DEV\R+ ( ! SURR\ND+ L& BY ! L>GE E/ATES IS H>DLY LESS DISA/R\S ?AN FIRE & O!R DEVA/ATIONS0 S9CE 0IT PRODUCES ! SAME 5D RESULT1 :I* IS ! RU9 NOT ONLY ( POPULATIONS BUT ALSO FREQU5TLY ( ! L& ITSELF40.<#c#c#f.> ,) /++ IRONY HE NOTES ?AT 09TELLIG5T L>GE L&HOLD]S CAN NO D\BT TRA9 EXCELL5T F>M H&S1 & !Y WILL C]TA9LY HAVE DOME/ICS ( IMPECCABLE CORRECTNESS10 BUT !Y MAKE NO CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL PROGRESS S9CE !Y PRODUCE 0SUBJECTS0 RA!R ?AN 0DIGNIFI$ EQUALS40.<#c#c#g.> ,RECLUS ! SOCIAL GEOGRAPH] ONCE AGA9 %[S H[ ! ECOLOGICAL & ! SOCIAL 79 ?IS CASE DEGRADATION ( ! L& & DEGRADATION ( *>ACT]7 >E 9TIMATELY 9T]RELAT$ & RESULT FROM ! SAME ROOT CAUSES4 

,IT HAS BE5 NOT$ ?AT ,RECLUS SAW ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AS ! TWO EM]G+ MODELS = ! NEXT P]IOD ( WORLD HI/ORY4 ,:ILE ,RUSSIA IS TAK5 AS ! P>ADIGM = /ATISM & POLITICAL DOM9ATION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES S]VES AS ! MODEL = ECONOMISM & ! P[] ( CAPITAL4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,RECLUS IS NOT SO NAIVE AS TO R$UCE ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY TO ITS ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 ! MANN] ( SOME SUP]FICIAL SOCIAL CRITICS1 9CLUD+ SOME AN>*I/S4 ,HE KNEW ?AT SOCIETY WELL & PRES5TS A SUBTLE ANALYSIS ( BO? ITS GREAT A*IEVEM5TS & PROMISE AS WELL AS ITS TRAGIC 9JU/ICES & CONTRADICTIONS4 ,HE F9DS ITS REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS TO HAVE MANY ADMIRABLE QUALITIES1 & HE RECOGNIZES ITS CAPACITY TO EX]T A POSITIVE 9FLU5CE ON SOCIETIES ?AT >E /ILL /RUGGL+ TO 5D POLITICAL DESPOTISM4 ,9 ADDITION1 HE PRAISES IT AS ! WORLD'S BE/ EXAMPLE ( 0D>+1 9ITIATIVE1 & 5]GY 9 LABOR40.<#c#c#h.> ,HE SUGGE/S1 H[EV]1 ?AT MU* ( ! SOCIETY'S VA/ POT5TIAL = SOCIAL PROGRESS IS NEGAT$ BY ! DOM9ANCE ( ITS ECONOMI/IC VALUES4 

,AFT] LIV+ SEV]AL YE>S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HE DEPICT$ 9 HIS E>LY WORK ,A ,VOYAGE TO ,NEW ,ORLEANS ! BANEFUL EFFECTS ( COMM]CE ON ! ,AM]ICAN *>ACT]4 ,HE NOTES ?AT :ILE ,EUROPEANS 0OBEY TRADITIONS RA!R ?AN HUMANS0 & >E 0GOV]N$ BY ! DEAD MORE ?AN BY ! LIV+10 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 0NOT A S+LE SUP]/ITION IS ATTA*$ TO ! PA/1 OR TO ! NATIVE SOIL1 & ! POPULATION1 MOV+ LIKE ! SURFACE ( A LAKE SEEK+ ITS LEVEL1 DI/RIBUTES ITSELF 5TIRELY ACCORD+ TO ! LAWS ( ECONOMICS40.<#c#c#i.> ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 9 SU* A SOCIETY ! QUE/ = 9NOVATION LEADS TO WIDESPREAD DE/RUCTION1 AS SO MU* FALLS QUICKLY 9TO OBSOLESC5CE4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 09 ! Y\NG & GR[+ REPUBLIC1 !RE >E ALREADY AS MANY RU9S AS 9 \R OLD EMPIRES40.<#c#d.> ,WRIT+ BE=E ! ,CIVIL ,W>1 HE DIAGNOSES RA!R ACUTELY ! GR[+ DOM9ANCE ( ECONOMIC IDEOLOGY 9 ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 0,= ! MASSES10 HE COMM5TS1 0ALL FEEL+S M]GE MORE & MORE ) PECUNI>Y 9T]E/S40.<#c#d#a.> ,HE WAS GREATLY AL>M$ AT ! PROSPECT ?AT ! 0LEAD] ( REPUBLICS0 W\LD LEAD O!R NATIONS T[>D CLASS DOM9ATION & EGOI/IC EXPLOITATION RA!R ?AN FRE$OM & SOLID>ITY1 AS IT SPREAD ?IS ECONOMI/IC \TLOOK ?R\<\T ! WORLD4 

,9DE$1 ,RECLUS =ESEES ! COM+ ASC5DANCY ( A WORLD ECONOMIC SY/EM P]VAD$ BY A GLOBAL CULTURE ( ECONOMI/IC VALUES4 ,?IS CULTURE1 HE NOTES1 IS ALREADY 5TR5*$ 9 SOCIETIES ( ! ,WE/4 ,HE REM>KS ?AT 0= ! TYPICAL CIVILIZ$ ,EUROPEAN1 OR BETT] YET1 ! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN1 ! ESS5TIAL ?+ IS TO TRA9 ONESELF TO PURSUE MONET>Y GA91 ) ! GOAL ( COMM&+ O!RS BY MEANS ( ! OMNIPOT5CE ( MONEY4 ,ONE'S P[] 9CREASES 9 DIRECT PROPORTION TO ONE'S ECONOMIC RES\RCES40.<#c#d#b.> ,SU* A SY/EM ( VALUES IS DOM9ANT 9 C\NTRIES ) ,EUROPEAN CULTURES BUT IS SPREAD+ ACROSS ! GLOBE4 ,HE NOTES ITS 9FLU5CE 9 0?OSE C\NTRIES ( ,ASIA ?AT HAVE DEVELOP$ 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! IDEAL WORLD ( ECONOMICS1 & 9 ALL O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD ?AT >E C>RI$ ALONG BY ! EXAMPLE ( ,EUROPE & ITS ALL-P[]FUL WILL40.<#c#d#c.> ,IT W\LD NOT BE SURPRIS+ TO ,RECLUS TO F9D ?AT TODAY C\NTRIES ( ,EA/ ,ASIA HAVE BE5 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! CORE ( ! WORLD SY/EM4 

,RECLUS LAM5TS ! FACT ?AT AS ?IS PROCESS ( ECONOMIZATION & ,EUROPEANIZATION EXT5DS TO AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( TRADITIONAL CULTURES1 ! COMMUNAL TRADITIONS ?AT MI<T CONTRIBUTE TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A FREE COMMUNIT>IAN SOCIETY >E DE/ROY$3 0,! ANCI5T =MS ( PROP]TY ?AT GRANT TO EA* MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY EQUAL RI<T TO ! USE ( ! E>?1 WAT]1 AIR & FIRE >E NO?+ MORE ?AN >*AIC SURVIVALS 9 ! PROCESS ( RAPID EXT9CTION40.<#c#d#d.> ,:]EAS ,M>X & MANY O!R CLASSICAL RADICAL !ORI/S ACCEPT$ ! DISSOLUTION ( ALL TRADITIONAL 9/ITUTIONS AS ! NECESS>Y CO/ ( ECONOMIC & TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS1 ,RECLUS SEES ! PROCESSES ( COMMODIFICATION & ECONOMIC RATIONALIZATION AS DE/ROY+ G5U9ELY PROGRESSIVE FEATURES ( TRADITIONAL CULTURE--FEATURES ?AT MI<T BE DEVELOP$ 9 A LIB]ATORY DIRECTION4 

,9 ADDITION TO DIAGNOS+ AT A RA!R E>LY DATE ! DE/RUCTIVE CULTURAL EFFECTS ( GLOBAL ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM1 ,RECLUS ALSO W>NS ( ! DANG]S 9H]5T 9 ! MORE PURELY ECONOMIC T5D5CIES ( ?AT SY/EM4 ,DESCRIB+ ! PROCESS ( ECONOMIC EXPANSION1 HE OBS]VES ?AT  
  

! !AT] EXP&S1 S9CE IT N[ EMBRACES ! :OLE ( ! L& & SEAS4 ,BUT ! =CES ?AT /RUGGL$ AGA9/ ONE ANO!R 9 EA* P>TICUL> /ATE >E PRECISELY ?OSE ?AT FI<T ACROSS ! E>?4 ,9 EA* C\NTRY1 CAPITAL SEEKS TO SUBDUE ! WORK]S4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ON ! LEVEL ( ! BROADE/ WORLD M>KET1 CAPITAL1 :I* HAS GR[N 5ORM\SLY1 DISREG>DS ALL ! OLD BORD]S & SEEKS TO PUT ! 5TIRE MASS ( PRODUC]S TO WORK ON BEHALF ( ITS PR(ITS1 & TO SECURE ALL ! CONSUM]S 9 ! WORLD1 SAVAGE & B>B>IAN AS WELL AS CIVILIZ$4.<#c#d#e.>  
  

,HE NOTES ?AT 9 ?IS GLOBALIZ+ ECONOMY ! /ATE ACTS 9CREAS+LY ON A TRANSNATIONAL LEVEL TO 5=CE ! 9T]E/S ( ECONOMIC P[]4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT ALREADY TROOPS HAVE BE5 DISPAT*$ TO =EIGN C\NTRIES 0BY ORD] ( ! /OCK EX*ANGE0 & ?AT 0! UNLIMIT$ P[] ( CAPITAL & ITS 9T]NATIONAL *>ACT] >E PH5OM5A ?AT >E SO WELL E/ABLI%$ ?AT ONE MAY SPEAK ( ! REPLACEM5T ( GOV]NM5TS BY BANKS 9 DIRECT+ ! UND]TAK+ & ADM9I/RATION ( W> & PEACE40.<#c#d#f.> ,F9ALLY1 HE GOES SO F> AS TO ASK RHETORICALLY :E!R !SE ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS ?AT 0ALREADY DIRECTLY MANAGE--ALBEIT UND] AN ASSUM$ NAME--BILLIONS ( ! BUDGET1 DO NOT 9DIRECTLY MANAGE ALL ! AFFAIRS ( /ATE40.<#c#d#g.> ,HE ?US DEPICTS MOD]N CAPITALISM1 AT A RELATIVELY E>LY /AGE 9 ITS DEVELOPM5T1 AS AN 9CREAS+LY TOTALIZ+ SY/EM ( GLOBAL ECONOMIC IMP]IALISM4 

,RECLUS' CRITIQUE ( ECONOMIC DOM9ATION IS BAS$ ABOVE ALL ON HIS ACUTE S5SE ( JU/ICE1 ON HIS DEEP COMPASSION = ?OSE :O SUFF]1 & ON HIS 9T5SE FEEL+ ( \TRAGE AT ! SUBORD9ATION ( SOME TO ! P[] ( O!RS4 ,HIS CONC]N = JU/ICE IS EXPRESS$ P]HAPS MO/ /RIK+LY 9 SU* POPUL> WORKS AS HIS PAMPHLET ,TO ,MY ,BRO!R ! ,PEASANT1 9 :I* HE JUXTAPOSES A DESCRIPTION ( ! 5ORM\S WEAL? ( ! 9FANT BORN 9TO ! WORLD ( PRIVILEGE & AN ACC\NT ( ! GR[+ DEGRADATION ( ! LIVES ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,H]E & 9 SOME ( HIS O!R MORE POLEMICAL WORKS HE EXPRESSES1 (T5 9 ELOQU5T T]MS1 ! RI<TE\S MORAL 9DIGNATION ?AT UND]LIES HIS SOCIAL ANALYSIS4 

,BUT DESPITE HIS ID5TIFICATION ) ! OPPRESS$1 HE DOES NOT NEGLECT ! DETRIM5TAL EFFECTS ( 9JU/ICE ON ?OSE :O SEEM+LY B5EFIT FROM EXPLOITATION4 ,HE BELIEVES DEEPLY ?AT A LIFE ( COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID )9 A COMPASSIONATE COMMUNITY IS ! MO/ FULFILL+ EXI/5CE = A HUMAN BE+4 ,CONV]SELY1 HE SEES A LIFE ( PRIVILEGE BAS$ ON 9JU/ICE AS NO MORE ?AN AN ILLUSION ( HAPP9ESS & SUCCESS4 ,= ,RECLUS1 ! HUMAN SPIRIT IS NECESS>ILY DI/ORT$ :5 SOME PROSP] AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 0! PRES5T CRUEL /ATE ( 9EQUALITY1 9 :I* SOME >E OV]LOAD$ ) SUP]FLU\S WEAL? :ILE O!RS >E DEPRIV$ EV5 ( HOPE1 WEI<S LIKE A BAD CONSCI5CE ON ! HUMAN S\L1 :E!R ONE IS AW>E ( IT OR NOT4 ,IT WEI<S MO/ ON ! S\LS ( ! =TUNATE1 :OSE JOYS >E ALWAYS POISON$ BY IT40.<#c#d#h.> ,RECLUS' CRITIQUE ( ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY IS FUNDAM5TALLY AN E?ICAL ONE ?AT FOCUSES ON ! FACT ?AT IT DE/ROYS ! HUMAN POT5TIAL TO A*IEVE ! GOOD LIFE1 :E!R ON ! P>T ( ! OPPRESS$ OR ( ! OPPRESSORS4 

,RECLUS ALSO DOES NOT OV]LOOK ! MANY WAYS 9 :I* ! DRIVE = ECONOMIC P[] DE/ROYS :AT IS ( VALUE 9 ! NATURAL WORLD & PREV5TS IT FROM FL\RI%+4 ,9 HIS RELATIVELY E>LY ESSAY ON 0,! ,FEEL+ = ,NATURE 9 ,MOD]N ,SOCIETY10 HE DESCRIBES ! ACQUISITIVE DRIVE TO TURN 9TO A NEW S\RCE ( PR(IT EV]Y?+ 9 NATURE ?AT CAN POSSIBLY BE EXPLOIT$ ECONOMICALLY4 ,HE NOTES ?AT EV5 ! MO/ EXALT$ SPIRITUAL & ES!TIC DIM5SIONS ( NATURE >E 9CREAS+LY R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( ECONOMIC VALUES4  
  

,EA* NATURAL CURIOSITY1 BE IT ROCK1 GROTTO1 WAT]FALL1 OR ! FISSURE ( A GLACI]--EV]Y?+1 EV5 ! S\ND ( AN E*O--CAN BECOME 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY4 ,! 5TREPR5EURS LEASE WAT]FALLS & 5CLOSE !M ) WOOD5 F5CES TO PREV5T NONPAY+ TRAVEL]S FROM GAZ+ AT ! TURBUL5T WAT]S4 ,!N1 ?R\< A DELUGE ( ADV]TIS+1 ! LI<T ?AT PLAYS AB\T ! SCATT]+ DROPLETS & ! PUFFS ( W9D UNFURL+ CURTA9S ( MI/ >E TRANS=M$ 9TO ! RES\ND+ J+LE ( SILV]4.<#c#d#i.>  
  

,RECLUS' DISCUSSION ( SU* ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION EXHIBITS ! APPEAL TO BO? MORAL & ES!TIC S5SIBILITIES ?AT SO (T5 M>KS HIS E?ICAL CRITIQUE4 

,RECLUS WAS ALSO AN E>LY & P]CEPTIVE CRITIC ( ! SOCIAL REGIM5TATION & CONTROL ?AT RESULTS FROM ! DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY AT ! S]VICE ( ECONOMIC P[]4 ,HE DES]VES RECOGNITION = HIS PRESCI5T 9SI<TS CONC]N+ TE*NOCRACY 9 G5]AL & ! DANG]S ( ! COM+ MA*9E CIVILIZATION4 ,9 HIS WIDELY REPR9T$ ,TO ,MY ,BRO!R ! ,PEASANT1 HE W>NS ?AT 0WE >E 9 AN AGE ( SCI5CE & ME?OD1 & \R RUL]S1 S]V$ BY AN >MY ( *EMI/S & PR(ESSORS1 >E PREP>+ A SOCIAL /RUCTURE = Y\ 9 :I* ALL WILL BE REGULAT$ AS 9 A FACTORY4 ,!RE1 ! MA*9E CONTROLS EV]Y?+1 EV5 M51 :O >E SIMPLE COGS TO BE DISPOS$ ( :5 !Y TAKE IT UPON !MSELVES TO REASON & TO WILL40.<#c#e.> ,9 SOME WAYS1 HIS CRITIQUE IS REM9ISC5T ( ,M>X'S ACC\NT ( ALI5ATION & DEHUMANIZATION UND] A CAPITALI/ DIVISION ( LABOR4 ,H[EV]1 UNLIKE HIS GREAT CONTEMPOR>Y1 HE DID NOT SEE HUMANITY'S PASSAGE ?R\< 0! /EEL+ S*OOL ( LABOR0 AS A HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y /AGE1 & HE DID NOT ACCEPT ! DESIRABILITY ( CONT9U+ ! REGIM5TATION ( LABOR UNTIL ! AUTOMAT$ 9DU/RIAL MA*9E FRE$ HUMANITY FROM ! NECESSITY ( TOIL4 

,9 ORD] TO ILLU/RATE ! NATURE ( ! PROCESS ( ME*ANIZATION1 ,RECLUS PO9TS TO ! EXAMPLE ( 9DU/RIALIZ$ F>M+ 9 ! ,AM]ICAN ,WE/4 ,! CRIT]IA = ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION1 HE NOTES1 >E1 FIR/1 ! R$UCTION ( EV]Y?+1 9CLUD+ HUMAN BE+S1 ACCORD+ TO TE*NICAL RATIONALITY1 TO QUANTIFIABLE & MANIPULABLE RES\RCES1 &1 SECOND1 ! EFFICI5T USE ( !SE RES\RCES ACCORD+ TO ! DICTATES ( ECONOMIC RATIONALITY1 ) M9IMAL 9VE/M5T & MAXIMUM RETURN4 0,MA*9ES1 HORSES1 & M5 >E US$ 9 ! SAME MANN]3 !Y >E VIEW$ AS SO MU* =CE TO BE QUANTIFI$ NUM]ICALLY1 & !Y MU/ BE US$ MO/ PR(ITABLY = ! EMPLOY]1 ) ! GREATE/ PRODUCTIVITY & ! LEA/ EXP5SE POSSIBLE40.<#c#e#a.> ,! RESULT IS A SY/EM ( REGIM5TATION & CONTROL 9 :I* 0ALL ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5TS >E REGULAT$ FROM ! MOM5T !Y LEAVE ! COMMUNAL DORMITORIES40.<#c#e#b.> 

,LAT]1 9 ,MAN & ! ,E>?1 HE DESCRIBES ?IS SY/EM AS A PROCESS ( R$UC+ WORK]S 0TO ! SIMPLE ROLE ( LIV+ COGS 9 ! MA*9E0 :O1 AFT] 0REPEAT+ ! SAME MOTIONS MILLIONS OR EV5 BILLIONS ( TIMES10 F9ALLY HAVE 0BUT ! APPE>ANCE ( LIFE40.<#c#e#c.> ,HE ?US \TL9$ & CRITICIZ$ ! PR9CIPLES ( CAPITALI/ 0SCI5TIFIC MANAGEM5T10 JU/ AS ,FR$]ICK ,TAYLOR WAS BEG9N+ TO 9TRODUCE IT 9TO ,AM]ICAN 9DU/RY4 ,( C\RSE1 ,ADAM ,SMI? HAD DESCRIB$ ! PROCESS ( ME*ANIZ$ LABOR1 & ,M>X & O!RS HAD CRITICIZ$ IT LONG BE=E4 ,BUT ,RECLUS' ANALYSIS GOES F>!R ?AN MANY O!RS1 = 9 ADDITION TO /RESS+ ! DEHUMANIZATION1 ALI5ATION1 & IMMIS]ATION ( ! WORK]S1 HE ALSO PO9TS \T ! EM]G5CE ( SY/EMATIC TE*NOLOGICAL DOM9ATION ( SOCIETY4 ,HIS JUDGM5T ( ! DEVELOP+ SY/EM ( TE*NICAL RATIONALITY IS A/UTE3 0,NEV] DID ANCI5T SLAV]Y MORE ME?ODICALLY MOLD & %APE HUMAN MAT]IAL TO R$UCE IT TO BE+ A TOOL40.<#c#e#d.> ,9 HIS VIEW1 MOD]N 0FREE0 LABOR IS SUBJECT$ TO A K9D ( DOM9ATION & OBJECTIFICATION ?AT WAS 9CONCEIVABLE UND] ANY PREVI\S SY/EM ( EXPLOITATION1 NO MATT] H[ BRUTAL IT MAY HAVE BE54 

,BAKUN9 IS (T5 ?\<T TO BE DI/9CTIVE AMONG AN>*I/ POLITICAL !ORI/S = HIS PROPHETIC W>N+ ( ! COM+ DOM9ATION ( ! 0NEW CLASS0--?AT IS1 ! RULE ( ! NEW ELITE ( SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL 9TELLIG5TSIA4 ,9 ,BAKUN9'S WORDS1 !IR ATTA9M5T ( P[] W\LD SIGNAL 0! REIGN ( SCI5TIFIC 9TELLIG5CE1 ! MO/ >I/OCRATIC1 DESPOTIC1 >ROGANT & CONTEMPTU\S ( ALL REGIMES40.<#c#e#e.> ,H[EV]1 ,RECLUS ALSO /RESSES ! DANG]S POS$ BY ! RISE ( ?IS NEW CLASS4 ,HE NOTES ! EXAMPLE ( ?OSE ,G]MAN SCI5TI/S :O S]V$ AS 09TELLECTUAL BODYGU>DS = ! IMP]IAL ,H\SE ( ,HOH5ZOLL]N0.<#c#e#f.> & W>NS ?AT AL?\< ! TE*NOBUREAUCRATIC ELITE CAN FUNCTION AS AN IMPORTANT TOOL ( CONC5TRAT$ P[]1 IT ALSO ASPIRES TO ! DIRECT EX]CISE ( SU* P[]3 0,IF SOME SCI5TI/S PRIDE !MSELVES 9 S]V+ ! MA/]1 !RE >E O!RS :O ASPIRE TO BECOME MA/]S !MSELVES40.<#c#e#g.> ,HE CITES ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ,SA9T-,SIMONIANS & ! ,COMPTI/S AS E>LY EXAMPLES ( IDEOLOGIES LEGITIMAT+ TE*NOCRATIC DOM9ATION 9 ! ALLEG$ 9T]E/ ( SOCIETY AS A :OLE4 ,ACCORD+ TO !SE S*OOLS1 SOCIETY MU/ BE MANAG$ 0LIKE A GREAT FACTORY DIRECT$ BY ! DISCRETION ( 5G9E]S0 &1 MORE P>TICUL>LY1 DIRECT$ 0PRECISELY BY ! LEAD]S ( !SE NEW S*OOLS1 :O AIM AT 9FALLIBILITY40.<#c#e#h.> ,9 HIS VIEW1 ?IS PROJECT ( TE*NOCRATIC DOM9ATION WAS ADVANC$ BY AU?ORIT>IANS ( HIS [N TIME UND] ! GUISE ( 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM40 

,RECLUS' REACTION TO ! GR[? ( SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL KN[L$GE & EXP]TIZE WAS F> FROM 5TIRELY NEGATIVE4 ,H]E AS ELSE:]E HIS VIEW IS A DIALECTICAL ONE1 9 :I* BO? POSITIVE & NEGATIVE MOM5TS >E ID5TIFI$ & ANALYZ$4 ,HE F9DS ?AT DESPITE ITS RU?LESS & DE/RUCTIVE ASPECTS1 ! DEVELOP+ SCI5TIFIC & TE*NICAL DIVISION ( LABOR HAS MADE A DEF9ITE CONTRIBUTION TO SOCIAL PROGRESS4 ,IT HAS DONE SO NOT ONLY BY 9CREAS+ ! WEAL? ( SOCIETY1 AS ITS DEF5D]S (T5 CLAIM1 BUT ALSO BY FO/]+ 0! P>TICIPATION ( AN 9CREAS+LY GREAT] NUMB] ( WORK]S 9 ! SCI5CE ( ME*ANICS & ALL ! ASSOCIAT$ >EAS ( KN[L$GE1 9CLUD+ ELECTRONICS1 *EMI/RY & METALLURGY40.<#c#e#i.> ,MU* LIKE ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 & O!R AN>*I/ !ORI/S1 ,RECLUS BELIEVES ?AT SOCIETY'S GOAL %\LD BE TO EXT5D ?IS PROCESS TO CREATE A 0SYN!SIS ( 9TELLECTUAL & MANUAL LABOR0 9 :I* 0SCI5CE BECOMES ACTIVE40.<#c#f.> 

,= ,RECLUS1 ! DI/9CTIVE QUALITY ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! IDEAL T[>D :I* IT MOVES IS NOT M]E 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION BUT ABOVE ALL ! CREATION ( 0SOLID>ITY BETWE5 ALL ! FUNCTIONS ?AT >E DIVID$ FROM ONE ANO!R40.<#c#f#a.> ,9 HIS VIEW1 MOD]N 9DU/RY SUBV]TS ?IS IDEAL BY US+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR TO 9CREASE ITS PR(IT &1 9 PURSUIT ( ?IS GOAL1 SEEKS 0TO SEP>ATE ! WORK]S1 ISOLATE !M ONE FROM ANO!R1 & MA9TA9 ITS [N P[] ?R\< ! BREAK+ UP ( OPPOS+ =CES40.<#c#f#b.> ,! *ALL5GE = A LIB]ATORY SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS1 IS TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! SY/EM ( PRODUCTION SO ?AT ! GR[+ SOLID>ITY ( LABOR CAN BE ALL[$ TO DEVELOP FREELY & TAKE ITS PLACE )9 A L>G] SY/EM ( SOLID>ITY 5COMPASS+ BO? HUMANITY & NATURE4 

,ANO!R =M ( DOM9ATION ?AT CONC]N$ ,RECLUS V]Y DEEPLY ?R\<\T HIS LIFE WAS RACISM4 ,= ,RECLUS1 RACISM EXPRESSES A CONTEMPTU\S1 HI]>*ICAL RANK+ ( HUMAN BE+S ?AT CONFLICTS ) HIS S5SE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 HIS BELIEF 9 SOCIAL EQUALITY1 & HIS RESPECT = ! A*IEVEM5TS ( ALL CULTURES4 ,?IS GREAT SOCIAL EVIL BECAME A MATT] ( 9T5SE P]SONAL 9T]E/ TO HIM :5 HIS /AY 9 ,L\ISIANA GAVE HIM DIRECT EXP]I5CE ( A RACI/1 SLAVEHOLD+ SOCIETY4 ,HIS M>RIAGE TO A WOMAN ( MIX$ ,AFRICAN & ,EUROPEAN ANCE/RY 9T5SIFI$ HIS P]SONAL 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ISSUE4 ,:ILE CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S & RADICAL !ORI/S 9 G5]AL T5D$ TO FOCUS !IR CRITIQUE ON ! /ATE & CAPITALISM1 ,RECLUS ALWAYS ID5TIFIES RACISM AS ONE ( ! MO/ P]NICI\S =MS ( OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 ,HE HOLDS ?AT ! MO/ EFFECTIVE RESPONSE TO RACISM IS ! DE/RUCTION ( ! SOCIAL B>RI]S ?AT HAVE BE5 CREAT$ TO 5=CE ! SY/EM ( DOM9ANCE & SUBORD9ATION4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 SOCIETY IS ALWAYS /R5G!N$ BY ! CREATIVE DIV]SIFICATION RESULT+ FROM ! 9T]ACTION & BL5D+ ( PEOPLES & CULTURES4 ,! SOCIAL & BIOLOGICAL 9T]M+L+ ( PREVI\SLY SEGREGAT$ RACES W\LD !RE=E BO? ELIM9ATE ! BASIS = RACISM & ALSO CONTRIBUTE TO ! VITALITY ( SOCIETY4 

,RECLUS WAS P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONDITIONS ( BLACK PEOPLE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 A TOPIC HE ANALYZ$ BO? BE=E & AFT] SLAV]Y4 ,9 HIS ,VOYAGE TO ,NEW ,ORLEANS1 HE PRES5TS A MOV+ DEPICTION ( AN ANTEBELLUM SLAVE M>KET4 ,REFLECT+ ON ! ATROCITIES ( ! AUCTION BLOCK1 HE OBS]VES ?AT 0ALL ! ,NEGROES ( ,L\ISIANA PASS 9 TURN ON ?IS FATEFUL TABLE3 *ILDR5 :O HAVE JU/ 5D$ !IR SEV5? YE> & :OM ! LAW 9 ITS SOLICITUDE DEEMS OLD 5\< TO BE SEP>AT$ FROM !IR MO!RS1 Y\NG GIRLS SUBJECT$ TO ! />ES ( TWO ?\S& SPECTATORS & SOLD BY ! P\ND1 MO!RS :O COME TO SEE !IR *ILDR5 /OL5 FROM !M1 & :O >E OBLIG$ TO REMA9 *E]FUL UND] ?REAT ( ! :IP1 & ! ELD]LY1 :O HAVE ALREADY BE5 AUCTION$ (F MANY TIMES1 & :O HAVE TO APPE> ONE LA/ TIME BE=E !SE PALE-FAC$ M5 :O DESPISE !M & JE] AT !IR :ITE HAIR40.<#c#f#c.> ,HIS 5C\NT]1 RELATIVELY E>LY 9 HIS LIFE1 ) RACISM 9 ?IS MO/ BRUTAL =M AFFECT$ HIM PR(\NDLY & LEFT HIM ) AN UNUSUAL S5SITIVITY TO ! E?NIC DIM5SIONS ( DOM9ATION4 

,RECLUS WAS WELL AW>E ( ! FACT ?AT ! ABOLITION ( SLAV]Y DID NOT ELIM9ATE ! SY/EM ( RACISM & ! EXPLOITATION ( BLACK PEOPLE 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,HE NOTES ?AT AFT] :AT WAS CALL$ EMANCIPATION1 CAPITALI/ 5TREPR5EURS F\ND WAYS TO EXPLOIT ! FRE$ LABOR P[] ( =M] SLAVES AT ! L[E/ POSSIBLE CO/4 ,! RESULT WAS 0SLAV]Y1 M9US ! OBLIGATION TO C>E = ! *ILDR5 & ! ELD]LY40.<#c#f#d.> ,NEW DISCRIM9ATORY LAWS & ! BIAS$ 5=CEM5T ( EXI/+ ONES FACILITAT$ ?IS EXPLOITATION BY SEGREGAT+ BLACKS 9 LIV+ >EAS NE> PLANTATIONS & WORKPLACES1 & BY DEPRIV+ !M ( ! VOTE4 ,9 SOME >EAS1 IMPRISONM5T = M9OR 9FRACTIONS WAS 5C\RAG$ SO ?AT 5TREPR5EURS C\LD MAKE USE ( =C$ PRISON LABOR4 ,SOME T[NS1 CONSUM$ ) 0PURE1 BRUTAL & 9/9CTIVE HATR$10 M]ELY EXPELL$ BLACKS & =BADE !IR RE5TRY4.<#c#f#e.> 

,RECLUS WAS UNUSUAL AMONG SOCIAL CRITICS ( HIS DAY 9 DEVELOP+ AN EXT5SIVE CRITIQUE ( ,AM]ICAN RACISM 9 ! PO/SLAV]Y P]IOD4 ,:AT IS MO/ /RIK+ IS ?AT HE1 A ,FR5*MAN1 DID SO :5 ,AM]ICAN RADICALS & RE=M]S ALMO/ UNANIM\SLY NEGLECT$ ! ISSUE4 ,:ILE ! LEFT ( ?IS P]IOD FOCUS$ HEAVILY ON ECONOMIC CLASS ISSUES & ONLY GRADUALLY CAME TO GRASP ! C5TRALITY ( RACISM TO ! SY/EM ( SOCIAL 9JU/ICE1 LIB]ALS & 0PROGRESSIVES0 NE$$ ANO!R HALF-C5TURY TO DISCOV] ! 0,AM]ICAN DILEMMA40 ,RECLUS1 ON ! O!R H&1 CONT9U$ UNTIL HIS LA/ DAYS TO DEVELOP ! CRITIQUE ( RACISM ?AT HE HAD BEGUN 9 ! #a#h#eS4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! ,AM]ICAN SY/EM ( RACIAL SEGREGATION ) AN ACUTE S5SE ( MORAL \TRAGE4 ,HE REC\NTS ! H>% PUNI%M5T1 TORTURES1 & MURD]S COMMITT$ AGA9/ BLACKS :O (F5D$ ! MORES ( RACI/ COMMUNITIES1 NOT+ ?AT SU* 0HORRIBLE PRACTICES0 W]E SO COMMON ?AT !Y HAD TAK5 ON ! =CE ( 0LOCAL LAW40.<#c#f#f.> 

,:ILE ,RECLUS DES]VES CR$IT = SU* ADVANC$ VIEWS1 C]TA9 S]I\S LIMITATIONS ( HIS \TLOOK MU/ ALSO BE NOT$4 ,DESPITE HIS FI]CE ANTI-RACISM & HIS APPRECIATION ( DIV]SE CULTURES & PEOPLES1 HE WAS NOT 5TIRELY SUCCESSFUL 9 OV]COM+ ! ,EUROC5TRIC IDEOLOGY ( HIS TIME4 ,ESPECIALLY 9 HIS E>LY WORK1 ONE DETECTS UND]TONES ( CONDESC5SION1 EV5 :5 HE 5?USIA/ICALLY PRAISES NON-,WE/]N CULTURES4 ,ALSO1 SURPRIS+LY1 9 VIEW ( HIS HATR$ = RACISM & HIS EXP]I5CE ( LIV+ 9 ! ,S\?1 HE %[S LITTLE AW>5ESS ( ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( BLACK CULTURE TO ,AM]ICAN CULTURE 9 G5]AL4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 BLACKS HAD BE5 SO 0D]AC9AT$0 & SO ,AM]ICANIZ$ 0BY LANGUAGE1 $UCATION1 WAYS ( ?9K+1 & EV5 PATRIOTISM & ALL ITS PREJUDICES0 ?AT !IR 0ORIG9ALITY )9 ! :OLE ( ! NATION0 BECAME 0M9IMAL40.<#c#f#g.> ,HE %\LD P]HAPS BE GIV5 CR$IT = AVOID+ ! P]5NIAL LEFTI/ PITFALL ( UNCRITICALLY IDEALIZ+ OPPRESS$ GR\PS1 BUT UN=TUNATELY1 9 ?IS CASE1 HE SOMETIMES GOES TO ! OPPOSITE EXTREME4 

,DESPITE SU* LAPSES1 ,RECLUS' ABHORR5CE ( RACISM & HIS QUE/ = UND]/&+ & MUTUAL RECOGNITION BETWE5 ALL E?NIC GR\PS & CULTURES P]SI/$ ?R\<\T HIS LIFE4 ,HIS EF=TS TO TRANSC5D ! PREJUDICES ( HIS AGE BECAME CONSI/5TLY MORE SUCCESSFUL1 &1 ESPECIALLY 9 HIS MATURE WRIT+1 HE EXHIBIT$ UNUSUAL OP5NESS & P]CEPTIV5ESS 9 EXAM9+ ! VALUES & A*IEVEM5TS ( EV]Y SOCIETY4 ,AFT] HIS DEA?1 ,KROPOTK9 C\LD SAY ( HIM ) JU/ICE ?AT 09 SPEAK+ ( ! SMALLE/ TRIBE1 HE ALWAYS F\ND A FEW WORDS TO 9SPIRE HIS READ] ) ! FEEL+ ?AT ALL M5 >E EQUAL1 ?AT !RE >E NO SUP]IOR OR 9F]IOR RACES40.<#c#f#h.> 

,JU/ AS ?R\< MO/ ( ITS HI/ORY ! !ORI/S ( ! LEFT NEGLECT$ ! ISSUE ( RACISM1 !Y ALSO EXHIBIT$ A V]Y LIMIT$ AW>5ESS ( ! C5TRAL PLACE ( PATRI>*Y 9 ! SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 ,ON ?IS TOPIC1 ,RECLUS IS ALSO RA!R EXCEPTIONAL1 = NOT ONLY DID HE *ALL5GE ! PATRI>*AL SY/EM EXPLICITLY 9 HIS !ORETICAL ANALYZES1 BUT--AS IS EV5 MORE UNUSUAL 9 HIS EPO*--HE ALSO ATTEMPT$ TO PUT !ORY 9TO PRACTICE 9 HIS P]SONAL LIFE4 ,9 ACCORD ) HIS REPUGNANCE = ALL HI]>*ICAL RELATIONS1 HE OPPOS$ ! CONCEPT ( MALE DOM9ANCE & ADVOCAT$ SEXUAL EGALIT>IANISM4 ,HE BELIEV$ ?AT ONE PRECONDITION = EQUALITY BETWE5 ! SEXES IS ! PRACTICE ( 0FREE UNIONS0 BETWE5 M5 & WOM54 ,9 DESCRIB+ SU* UNIONS1 HE /ATES ?AT 0! NORMAL1 SPONTANE\S FAMILY MU/ BE BAS$ SOLELY ON AFFECTION & ON FREE AFF9ITY3 ,EV]Y?+ RELAT$ TO ! FAMILY ?AT >ISES \T ( ! =CE ( PREJUDICE1 ! 9T]V5TION ( ! LAW1 OR F9ANCIAL 9T]E/S %\LD DISAPPE> S9CE IT IS ESS5TIALLY CORRUPT+4 ,H]E1 AS 9 EV]Y O!R >EA1 FRE$OM & NATURAL IMPULSES >E ! BASIS ( LIFE40.<#c#f#i.> ,9 HIS VIEW1 SU* A UNION AT ITS BE/ IS DEEPLY FULFILL+ ON MANY LEVELS & CONTRIBUTES TO ! ONGO+ SELF-DEVELOPM5T ( EA* P>TN]4 ,IT 09CLUDES AT ONCE MUTUAL PASSION1 F]V5T FRI5D%IP1 P]FECT RESPECT & ! CON/ANCY ( LOVE ?AT /EMS FROM CONT9UAL TRANS=MATION1 FROM ! R5EWAL ( EA* BY ! O!R UNTIL ! 5D ( !IR LIVES40.<#c#g.> ,IT IS CLE> ?AT ,RECLUS' DEPICTION ( SU* A RELATION%IP WAS PR(\NDLY %AP$ BY HIS [N DEEPLY FULFILL+ LIFE ) ,FANNY ,L',H]M9EZ4 

,COMP>$ TO HIS IDEAL ( 0FREE UNIONS1 BAS$ ONLY ON MUTUAL AFFECTION1 SELF-RESPECT & ! DIGNITY ( O!RS10 HE SEES TRADITIONAL M>RIAGE1 AU?ORIZ$ BY ! *UR* & 5=C$ BY ! /ATE1 AS M]E 0MATRIMONIAL TRAFFICK+40.<#c#g#a.> ,IT IS A MORALLY DEBAS+ 9/ITUTION ?AT LIES AT ! CORE ( ! L>G] SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 ,ALMO/ A HALF-C5TURY BE=E ,WILHELM ,REI*'S REVOLUTION>Y ANALYSIS ( ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! AU?ORIT>IAN FAMILY & ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 ,RECLUS MADE /RIK+LY SIMIL> CLAIMS4 ,HE >GUES ?AT 0IT IS C]TA9 ?AT FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS1 :E!R MANIFE/$ 9 POLYGYNY1 POLY&RY1 MONOGAMY1 OR FREE UNIONS1 EX]CISE A DIRECT 9FLU5CE ON ! =M ( ! /ATE ?R\< ! EFFECTS ( !IR E?ICS4 ,:AT ONE SEES ON A L>GE SCALE P>ALLELS :AT ONE SEES ON ! SMALL SCALE40.<#c#g#b.> ,?\< HE1 LIKE O!R AN>*I/ !ORI/S1 EMPHASIZES ! /RONG DET]M9+ 9FLU5CE ( ! /ATE ON ALL O!R =MS ( DOM9ATION1 HE IS UNUSUAL 9 PLAC+ SU* A HEAVY EMPHASIS ON ! CORRELATIVELY P[]FUL EFFECTS ( FAMILY RELATION%IPS ON ! /ATE & O!R OPPRESSIVE 9/ITUTIONS4 ,:ILE NOT UND]E/IMAT+ ! EVILS ( POLITICAL CO]CION1 HE RECOGNIZES ! ULTIMATELY GREAT] =CE ( PSY*OLOGICAL CO]CION OP]AT+ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! MO/ 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS4 ,HE NOTES ! CONNECTION BETWE5 ! SY/EM ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY & ?AT PREVAIL+ 9 ! FAMILY1 & HE REM>KS ?AT ! =M] IS 0ORD9>ILY 9 LESS] PROPORTIONS1 = ! GOV]NM5T IS 9CAPABLE ( PRESSUR+ WIDELY DISP]S$ 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! WAY ?AT ONE SP\SE CAN PRESSURE ! O!R :O LIVES UND] ! SAME RO(40.<#c#g#c.> 

,RECLUS' VIEWS ON M>RIAGE REPRES5T AN IMPORTANT WAY 9 :I* HE BREAKS FUNDAM5TALLY ) ! MA9/REAM ( MOD]NI/ SOCIAL ?\<T1 :I* T5DS TO ACCEPT ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! PUBLIC & PRIVATE SPH]ES AS AUTONOM\S REALMS4 ,HE BELIEVES ?AT A FREE SOCIETY CAN EXI/ ONLY IF ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM ?AT >E TO GUIDE SOCIETY >E PUT 9TO PRACTICE 9 ! MO/ 9TIMATE & P]SONAL DETAILS ( LIFE4 ,HIS \TLOOK ANTICIPATES ! FEM9I/ 9T]PRETATION ( P]SONAL LIFE AS BE+ EM95TLY POLITICAL & ! PO/-#a#i#f#h MOVEM5T = ! 0LIB]ATION ( EV]YDAY LIFE40 ,IT ALSO SITUATES HIM 9 SOME WAYS CLOS] TO ! TRADITION ( UTOPIAN COMMUNIT>IANISM ?AN TO ! MA9/REAM ( MOD]N AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ POLITICAL !ORY4 ,! UTOPIANS HAVE BE5 AMONG ! FEW :O HAVE LONG TAK5 QUE/IONS ( P]SONAL LIFE S]I\SLY1 :ILE MORE CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL RADICALS HAVE USUALLY SE5 *ANGES 9 ?IS REALM AS M]ELY 0SUP]/RUCTURAL0 OR HAVE RELEGAT$ !M TO ! PO/REVOLUTION>Y ]A4 ,RECLUS SAW AN IMM$IATE & ?OR\<GO+ *ANGE 9 P]SONAL RELATION%IPS AS A NECESS>Y PRECONDITION = LIB]ATORY SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,HE COMM5TS ?AT 0IT IS ABOVE ALL )9 ! FAMILY1 9 A MAN'S DAILY RELATION%IPS ) ?OSE CLOSE TO HIM1 ?AT ONE CAN BE/ JUDGE HIM4 ,IF HE ABSOLUTELY RESPECTS ! LIB]TY ( HIS WIFE1 IF ! RI<TS & ! DIGNITY ( HIS SONS & DAU<T]S >E AS PRECI\S TO HIM AS HIS [N1 !N HE PROVES HIMSELF WOR?Y ( 5T]+ ! ASSEMBLY ( FREE CITIZ5S4 ,IF NOT1 HE IS /ILL A SLAVE1 S9CE HE IS A TYRANT40.<#c#g#d.> 

,9 ATTEMPT+ TO UND]M9E ! F\NDATIONS ( PATRI>*Y & TO DEMY?OLOGIZE IT1 ,RECLUS LOOKS BACK TO ! BEG9N+S ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,HE WAS UNUSUAL = HIS TIME 9 HIS WILL+NESS TO RECOGNIZE ! P[]FUL CONTRIBUTION ( WOM5 TO ! ORIG9S ( CIVILIZATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS REVISIONI/ ACC\NT ( HI/ORY1 ! 9/ITUTION ( 0MAT]NITY0 7?AT IS1 ( MATRIC5TRIC & MATRIL9EAL PRACTICES7 >ISES 09 ! MID/ ( PRIMITIVE B>B>ISM0 & GIVES 0! FIR/ IMPULSE TO ! FUTURE CIVILIZATION0 BY UNIT+ ! MEMB]S ( PRIMITIVE B&S >\ND ! MAT]NAL HE>? & SOCIALIZ+ !M4.<#c#g#e.> ,HE BELIEVES ?AT ! ROLE ( WOM5 ACROSS ! 5TIRE HI/ORY ( SOCIETY HAS BE5 VA/LY UND]E/IMAT$1 BO? BY S*OL>S & 9 ! POPUL> M9D4 ,HE NOTES ?AT !RE IS NO LACK ( EXAMPLES 9 HI/ORY 0( WOM5 :O W]E V]ITABLE *IEFS10 ?AT 0DIV]SE TRIBES HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ABSOLUTELY ! SUPREMACY ( WOM510 & ?AT 0O!R TRIBES 9 :I* M5 HAVE EX]CIS$ P[] HAVE ADH]$ TO ! MAT]NAL FAMILY L9E40.<#c#g#f.> ,?R\< SU* EXAMPLES HE SEEKS TO DE/ROY ! MY? ( ! UNIV]SALITY &1 BY IMPLICATION1 ! NATURAL NECESSITY1 ( PATRI>*Y4 

,RECLUS >GUES ?AT ! SIGNIFICANCE ( WOM5 9 ! SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ( MANY SOCIETIES HAS BE5 VA/LY UND]E/IMAT$4 ,ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT >EAS ?AT HAS BE5 NEGLECT$ 9 ?IS WAY IS ECONOMICS4 ,HE NOTES ?AT 9 SOCIETIES :]E HORTICULTURE HAS BE5 ! PR]OGATIVE ( WOM51 !Y HAVE HAD 0! USEFUL ROLE P> EXCELL5CE 9 ! G5]AL ECONOMY ( ! TRIBE10.<#c#g#g.> & !IR LABOR HAS BE5 ! MO/ SECURE S\RCE ( FOOD = ! GR\P4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES1 0! G5]AL PROSP]ITY DEP5DS ABSOLUTELY ON CAPABLE MANAGEM5T BY ! MO!RS1 & ON ! SPIRIT ( ORD]1 PEACE & H>MONY ?AT !Y 9TRODUCE 9TO ! H\SEHOLD40.<#c#g#h.> ,FUR!RMORE1 9 !SE CULTURES1 ! FEM99E 9FLU5CE IS DECISIVE = DET]M9+ ! VALUES ( ! GR\P1 AS 0! NATURAL AFFECTION ?AT !Y BE/[ ON ! *ILDR5 GA!R$ >\ND !M DEVELOPS 9TO A K9D ( RELIGION40.<#c#g#i.> ,RECLUS ALSO /RESSES ! FACT ?AT1 CONTR>Y TO G5]AL MISCONCEPTIONS1 WOM5 HAVE (T5 POSSESS$ P[]FUL POLITICAL AU?ORITY 9 SU* COMMUNITIES4 0,NO DECISION CAN BE MADE )\T !IR BE+ CONSULT$ BE=EH&4 ,AS ! ABSOLUTE DISP5S]S ( FAMILIAL =TUNE1 !Y COME TO BE ! REGULATORS ( ALL SOCIAL & POLITICAL AFFAIRS4 ,AL?\< ! MALES >E /RONG]1 !Y B[ BE=E ! MORAL SOV]EIGNS40.<#c#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,RECLUS' ANALYSIS1 EV5 :5 9 C]TA9 SOCIETIES MALES P]=M$ ! FUNCTIONS ?AT FROM \R P]SPECTIVE SEEM TO BE ( GREATE/ IMPORTANCE 7E4G41 ! NOM9AL 0*IEF0 MAY HAVE BE5 MALE71 ?IS DOES NOT NECESS>ILY 9DICATE MALE SOCIAL DOM9ANCE4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES1 EV5 ! EXCLUSIVELY MALE FUNCTIONS W]E SUBJECT TO /RONG FEMALE 9FLU5CE1 O!R FUNCTIONS ( EQUAL OR GREAT] IMPORTANCE W]E DIRECTLY 9 ! H&S ( WOM51 &--:AT IS MO/ IMPORTANT--FEM99E & MAT]NAL VALUES ?OR\<LY P]VAD$ ! CULTURE4 

,9 HIS DISCUSSIONS ( SU* SOCIETIES1 ,RECLUS (T5 REF]S TO ! 0MATRI>*AL FAMILY40 ,?IS USAGE IS A BIT DISCONC]T+ S9CE HE PURPORTS TO MAKE AN 0AN>*IC0 CRITIQUE ( ALL =MS ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION1 YET WE F9D HIM PRAIS+ ! SUP]IORITY ( ANO!R 0>*Y40 ,H[EV]1 HE RECOGNIZES ?AT ! CONCEPT ( 0MATRI>*Y0 W\LD LEAD TO CONFUSION IF TAK5 9 ITS LIT]AL ETYMOLOGICAL S5SE4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 9 ! K9%IP SY/EMS ?AT >E GIV5 ?IS LABEL ! MO!R DOES NOT ACTUALLY 0RULE40 ,HE NOTES ?AT 9 FACT ! V]Y SIGNIFICANT MAT]NAL P[] ?AT EXI/S 9 SU* SOCIETIES HAS SOMETIMES BE5 COMPATIBLE EV5 ) 0BRUTALITY0 BY ! FA!R1 & ) SITUATIONS 9 :I* HE IS 0! 9CONTE/ABLE MA/]0 ( ! FAMILY4.<#c#h#a.> ,RECLUS IS NOT DESCRIB+ A SUPPOS$ SY/EM ( FEMALE DOM9ANCE4 ,HE DOES NOT ATTEMPT TO 9V5T A MY?OLOGICAL 0MATRI>*Y0 9 :I* AN IMAG9$ MATRI>*AL P[] BECOMES ! MIRROR IMAGE ( HI/ORICAL PATRI>*AL P[]4 ,RA!R1 HE SEEKS M]ELY TO %[ ?AT PATRI>*Y IS NOT 09EVITABLE10 ?AT WOM5 HAVE (T5 EX]CIS$ AU?ORITY 9 ! MO/ ESS5TIAL >EAS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 & ?AT 9 DO+ SO !Y HAVE BE5 ! MO/ P[]FUL AG5TS ( 0PROGRESS0 & 0CIVILIZATION10 9 ! BE/ S5SES ( ?OSE T]MS4 

,9 ADDITION TO DEF5D+ WOM5'S RI<TFUL PLACE 9 HI/ORY1 ,RECLUS VEHEM5TLY SUPPORT$ !IR QUE/ = SOCIAL EMANCIPATION 9 HIS [N DAY4 ,9 ! /RONGE/ T]MS1 HE DECL>ES HIMSELF COMPLETELY 9 ACCORD ) ! FEM9I/ CAUSE1 ASS]T+ ?AT 0OBVI\SLY1 ALL ( ! CLAIMS ( WOM5 AGA9/ M5 >E JU/3 ! DEM&S ( ! FEMALE WORK] :O IS NOT PAID AT ! SAME RATE AS ! MALE WORK] = ! SAME LABOR1 ! DEM&S ( ! WIFE :O IS PUNI%$ = 'CRIMES' ?AT >E M]E 'PECCADILLOES' :5 COMMITT$ BY ! HUSB&1 & ! DEM&S ( ! FEMALE CITIZ5 :O IS B>R$ FROM ALL OV]T POLITICAL ACTION1 :O OBEYS LAWS ?AT %E HAS NOT HELP$ TO CREATE1 & :O PAYS TAXES TO :I* %E HAS NOT CONS5T$40.<#c#h#b.> ,9 %ORT1 WOM5 >E OPPRESS$ NOT ONLY 9 ! DOME/IC SPH]E BUT 9 ! ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 & POLITICAL ONES ALSO1 & COMPLETE JU/ICE & EQUALITY MU/ BE A*IEV$ 9 ALL !SE >EAS4 

,BUT AL?\< ,RECLUS IS 9 SYMPA?Y ) ALL ! GOALS ( FEM9ISM1 HE DOES NOT APPROVE ( ALL FEM9I/S4 ,HE IS DI/URB$ ?AT SOME MIDDLE-CLASS FEM9I/S SEEM CONC]N$ ONLY ) !IR [N OPPRESSION & EXHIBIT DISDA9 = ! WORK+ CLASS4 ,HE LAM5TS ! FACT ?AT !Y FAIL TO SEE ?AT 0!IR CAUSE M]GES ) ?AT ( ALL OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 :OEV] !Y MAY BE40.<#c#h#c.> ,RECLUS' COMM5TS >E E*O$ TODAY BY RADICAL FEM9I/S :O CRITICIZE LIB]AL FEM9ISM = FOCUS+ ON ISSUES SU* AS 0! GLASS CEIL+0 ?AT AFFECTS UPW>DLY MOBILE1 MORE PRIVILEG$ WOM5 :ILE NEGLECT+ ! SUFF]+ & OPPRESSION ( WORK+-CLASS & POOR WOM54 ,RECLUS CELEBRATES 0! H]OISM ( BRAVE WOM5 :O GO TO ! PRO/ITUTES TO JO9 !M 9 SOLID>ITY TO PROTE/ ! ABOM9ABLE TREATM5T TO :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$1 & ! %OCK+ BIAS ( ! LAW 9 FAVOR ( ! CORRUPT]S & AGA9/ !IR VICTIMS40.<#c#h#d.> ,RECLUS WAS F> AHEAD ( HIS TIME NOT ONLY 9 SPEAK+ \T = ! CAUSE ( ! MO/ ABUS$ & AB&ON$ ( WOM5 BUT ALSO 9 CALL+ ATT5TION TO ! /ATE'S COMPLICITY ) ! M5 :O EXPLOIT !M4 

,ANO!R ( ,RECLUS' VIEWS ?AT HAS ONLY REC5TLY BEGUN TO GA9 WIDESPREAD SYMPA?Y IS HIS FIRM BELIEF ?AT WOM5 >E JU/IFI$ 9 /RIK+ BACK AT !IR OPPRESSORS4 ,HE DECL>ES ?AT AS A RESULT ( ! SEV]E MI/REATM5T TO :I* !Y HAVE BE5 SUBJECT$1 WOM5 HAVE 0AN ABSOLUTE RI<T TO RECRIM9ATION1 & ! WOM5 :O OCCASIONALLY TAKE REV5GE >E NOT TO BE CONDEMN$1 S9CE ! GREATE/ WRONGS >E ?OSE COMMITT$ BY ! PRIVILEG$40.<#c#h#e.> ,FROM ,RECLUS' TIME TO ! PRES5T1 FEW HAVE DEF5D$ RETALIATION BY WOM5 EXCEPT 9 ! MO/ EXTREME CASES ( ABUSE4 ,H[EV] ,RECLUS BELIEV$ ?AT 9 VIEW ( ! BRUTALITY ( ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 & BECAUSE ! MO/ OPPRESS$ F\ND FEW ADVOCATES ( !IR CAUSE1 OV]T REBELLION WAS (T5 AN APPROPRIATE RESPONSE4 ,HE DEPLORES ! FACT ?AT ! CAUSE ( WOM5 IS USUALLY DOM9AT$ BY WELL-BEHAV$1 CONV5TIONAL P]SONALITIES 7MOD]ATE & LIB]AL FEM9I/S1 WE W\LD SAY TODAY7 :O 0NAIVELY PETITIONS LEGISLATORS & HI< (FICIALS1 WAIT+ = SALVATION ?R\< !IR DELIB]ATIONS & DECREES10 :5 9 TRU? 0FRE$OM DOES NOT COME BEGG+1 BUT RA!R MU/ BE CONQU]$40.<#c#h#f.> ,RECLUS1 LIKE HIS GREAT AN>*I/-FEM9I/ CONTEMPOR>Y ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ?\<T ?AT WOM5 C\LD ONLY ADVANCE !IR CAUSE EFFECTIVELY ?R\< DIRECT ACTION--9 BO? ! P]SONAL & SOCIAL SPH]ES4 

,ANO!R >EA ?AT WAS MU* NEGLECT$ 9 ,RECLUS' TIME1 BUT AB\T :I* HE %[S REM>KABLE 9SI<T1 IS ! QUE/ION ( ! RI<TS ( *ILDR5 & ! PLACE ( ! Y\NG 9 SOCIETY4 ,HIS ?\<TS ON ?IS TOPIC >E CLOSELY RELAT$ TO HIS CRITIQUE ( PATRI>*Y4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 JU/ AS IT WAS NECESS>Y TO BREAK ) ! LONG TRADITION1 RUNN+ 0FROM ,>I/OTLE1 ,/4 ,PAUL & ! ,*UR* ,FA!RS0 D[N TO 0! ,FA!RS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,CON/ITUTION10 ?AT SAW SLAV]Y AS A LEGITIMATE =M ( PROP]TY [N]%IP1 SO ! EQUALLY ANCI5T TRADITION ?AT MAKES ! FA!R ! PROPRIETOR ( HIS *ILDR5 MU/ BE REJECT$4.<#c#h#g.> ,RECLUS PROPOSES A NEW MORALITY ?AT WILL 0RECOGNIZE ! FREE 9DIVIDUAL EV5 9 ! NEWBORN 9FANT1 & DEF5D ! *ILD'S RI<TS 9 RELATION TO ALL1 9CLUD+1 FIR/ ( ALL1 ! FA!R40.<#c#h#h.> ,A COROLL>Y ( ?IS VIEW IS ?AT ! REPRESSIVE SY/EM ( AU?ORIT>IAN $UCATION1 :I* IS AN EXT5SION ( ! PATRI>*AL FAMILY & ! AU?ORIT>IAN /ATE1 MU/ BE ABOLI%$4 

,RECLUS ATTACKS ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( $UCATION AS A PROCESS ( TRA9+ *ILDR5 TO FIT WELL 9TO 9/ITUTIONS BAS$ ON EGOISM1 DOM9ATION1 & UN?9K+ OB$I5CE4 ,?R\< ITS HI]>*ICAL /RUCTURE ?IS SY/EM TEA*ES COMPETITION = P]SONAL ADVANTAGE RA!R ?AN COOP]ATION 9 PURSUIT ( ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,! /UD5TS1 0FROM !IR FIR/ LESSON1 LE>N ?AT !Y >E RIVALS & COMBATANTS4 ,!Y >E TOLD 9 EV]Y WAY ?AT ! PRIZES TO BE WON >E FEW 9 NUMB]1 & ?AT ONE MU/ SNAT* !M AWAY FROM ONE'S COMRADES1 NOT ONLY BY SUP]IOR TAL5T1 BUT1 :5 POSSIBLE1 BY TRICK]Y1 BY =CE1 BY CABALS & S*EMES1 BY ! BASE/ SORT ( MA*9ATIONS1 OR BY PRAY]S TO ,/4 ,AN?ONY ( ,PADUA40.<#c#h#i.> ,! GOAL IS TO CONV9CE ! /UD5TS ?AT ALL SORTS ( FUTURE HONORS & B5EFITS CAN BE A*IEV$ IF !Y >E WILL+ TO FI<T = !M & DE/ROY O!RS 9 ! PROCESS4 ,HUMANITY & SOLID>ITY >E UND]M9$ = ! SAKE ( 0!SE SYMBOLS40.<#c#i.> ,JU/ AS A SY/EM ( LIB]T>IAN $UCATION IS NECESS>Y TO CREATE A COMMUNITY ( FREE1 COMPASSIONATE1 & COOP]ATIVE HUMAN BE+S1 A SY/EM ( AU?ORIT>IAN $UCATION IS ESS5TIAL TO ! PRODUCTION ( A HI]>*ICAL SOCIETY ( DOM9ANT & SUBMISSIVE 9DIVIDUALS4 

,ANO!R >EA ?AT = ,RECLUS IS FUNDAM5TAL TO ! CREATION ( AN AU?ORIT>IAN *>ACT] /RUCTURE IS ! SY/EM ( REPRESSIVE MORALITY4 ,ONE ( ! EXPRESSIONS ( ?IS MORALITY ?AT HE F9DS MO/ \TRAGE\S IS ! NUDITY TABOO4.<#c#i#a.> ,HE BELIEVES ?AT A FREE SOCIETY CAN NEV] BE ATTA9$ )\T ! REHABILITATION ( ! BODY & ! COMPLETE AFFIRMATION ( \R PHYSICAL BE+4 ,FROM HIS P]SPECTIVE IT IS CLO?+1 RA!R ?AN ! HUMAN BODY1 ?AT IS ! TRUE SC&AL4 

,:ILE ,RECLUS HAS A LONG LI/ ( >GUM5TS AGA9/ ! EVILS ( CLO?+1 HIS PR9CIPAL OBJECTION IS A MORAL ONE4 ,HE ASS]TS ?AT 0IT IS FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( MORAL HEAL? ABOVE ALL ?AT ! RE9TRODUCTION ( NUDE BEAUTY IS NECESS>Y40.<#c#i#b.> ,A MORALITY ?AT 0CONSI/S ( REPRESS+ ONE'S BODY0 & PRET5D+ ?AT ONE 0NO LONG] HAS ANY ORGANS1 RESULTS 9 CON/ANTLY DIRECT+ ?\<T T[>D ?OSE ?+S ?AT %\LD REMA9 '\T ( SI<T4' ,IT IS A PHOBIA1 MADNESS1 FI]CE LE*]Y1 ! P]V]SION ( ALL ! S5SES4 ,IT IS LY+1 HYPOCRISY40.<#c#i#c.> ,OPPON5TS ( NUDITY CREATE A MORALI/IC TRAVE/Y ( MORALITY 9 :I* 0NORMAL ACTS BECOME VICI\S0 & 0! S\RCE ( LIFE IS CORRUPT$10 SO ?AT 0FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION ! WORLD IS P]V]T$40.<#c#i#d.> ,FROM ,RECLUS' PO9T ( VIEW1 ! DELET]I\S EFFECTS ( CLO?+ ON 9DIVIDUAL *>ACT] & SOCIAL MORALITY CAN H>DLY BE OV]E/IMAT$4 

,HE ATTACKS :AT MI<T BE CALL$ ! FETI%ISM ( CLO?+ ON GR\NDS NOT ONLY ( MORALITY BUT ALSO ( PHYSICAL HEAL?4 ,HE CLAIMS ?AT 0)\T D\BT1 ! SK9 REGA9S ITS VITALITY & ITS NATURAL ACTIVITY :5 IT IS FREELY EXPOS$ TO AIR1 LI<T1 & ! *ANG+ PH5OM5A \TDOORS4 ,P]SPIRATION IS NOT HAMP]$2 ! FUNCTION+ ( ! BODILY ORGAN IS IMPROV$2 IT BECOMES AT ONCE FIRM & SUPPLE2 IT DOES NOT PALE LIKE AN ISOLAT$ PLANT DEPRIV$ ( SUNLI<T40.<#c#i#e.> ,:ILE NUDITY1 HE CONT5DS1 CONTRIBUTES TO HEAL?1 CLO!S >E 0NE/S ( G]MS ?AT CUT US (F FROM PURE AIR & LI<T1 MAKE US SICKLY & UNCOORD9AT$1 TURN \R SK9 PALE & COV] IT ) ULC]S1 MAKE LOV]S REPULSIVE TO ONE ANO!R1 & SOMETIMES MAKE WOM5 /]ILE OR DOOM !M TO GIVE BIR? TO WEAK & /UNT$ 9FANTS60.<#c#i#f.> ,RECLUS' FEEL+S AB\T CLO?+ PLACE HIM 9 SYMPA?Y ) ! DRESS RE=M MOVEM5T ( HIS TIME1 :I* S\<T TO LIB]ATE BO? WOM5 & M5 FROM RE/RICTIVE & UNHEAL?Y CLO?+4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ?IS MOVEM5T BLAM$ TI<T CORSETS1 POPUL> DUR+ ! ,VICTORIAN ]A1 = A V>IETY ( HEAL? PROBLEMS1 9CLUD+ CON/RICTION & DISPLACEM5T ( VITAL ORGANS1 ATROPHY ( MUSCLES1 & RISKS TO PREGNANT WOM5 & !IR FETUSES4.<#c#i#g.> 

,RECLUS ALSO OBJECTS TO ! OBSESSION ) CLO?+ ON ! GR\NDS ( ES!TIC APPRECIATION4 ,HE CITES TRAVEL]S' ACC\NTS ( ! ,POLYNESIANS AS 0! MO/ BEAUTIFUL ( PEOPLE0 9 !IR NUDITY BE=E 0! MISSION>IES W5T ON !IR RAMPAGE10 & HE NOTES ! UNIV]SAL ADMIRATION = ,GREEK >TI/IC REPRES5TATIONS ( ! NUDE4.<#c#i#h.> ,HE BELIEVES ?AT )\T ! LIB]ATION ( ! BODY & ! FRE$OM TO APPRECIATE ! BODY1 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( >T IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,HE ALSO BELIEVES ?AT CLO?+ IS DE/RUCTIVE ( BEAUTY 9 EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,AS A RESULT ( CLO?+ & ! DICTATES ( FA%ION1 0NATURAL CURVES >E REPLAC$ BY R[S ( BUTTONS1 & BY SKIRTS & BL\SES40.<#c#i#i.> 

,:ILE ?IS SPIRIT$ TIRADE C]TA9LY MAKES SOME EXCELL5T PO9TS AB\T REPRESSION & HYPOCRISY1 IT ALSO EXHIBITS A P>ADOXICAL RELATION%IP BETWE5 HIS NUDISM & ! V]Y ,PURITANICAL SPIRIT ?AT HE ATTACKS4 ,HE PRAISES NUDITY1 QUITE CONSI/5TLY1 9 ! NAME ( FREE EXPRESSION & HEAL?Y SELF-AFFIRMATION4 ,H[EV]1 ! SEEM+LY OBVI\S POSSIBILITY ?AT CLO?+ & SELF-DECORATION MI<T ALSO BE POSITIVE =MS ( 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL SELF-EXPRESSION IS RA!R DOGMATICALLY OV]LOOK$4 ,CLO?+ = ,RECLUS CAN ONLY BE SE5 AS AN EXPRESSION ( CORRUPT SOCIETY1 ) ITS CLASS HI]>*Y & SEXUAL REPRESSION4 0,! >TIFICE ( DRESS & F9]Y IS ONE ?AT LEADS MO/--?R\< FOOLI% VANITY1 ! SLAVI% SPIRIT ( IMITATION1 & ABOVE ALL1 ! ?\S& +5UITIES ( VICE--TO ! G5]AL CORRUPTION ( SOCIETY4444 ,NUDE BEAUTY PURIFIES & 5NOBLES2 CLO?+1 9SIDI\S & DECEPTIVE1 DEGRADES & P]V]TS40.<#d.> 

,AT ?IS PO9T1 ! RADICALISM ( ,RECLUS' POSITION IS UND]M9$ BY ! REACTIVE1 ABSOLUTI/ QUALITY ( HIS RESPONSE TO A CORRUPT & HYPOCRITICAL SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 HIS [N VIEWPO9T BORD]S ON A =M ( NATURI/ ,PURITANISM :51 9 CRITICIZ+ ! DI/ORT$ ]OTICISM ( A REPRESSIVE SOCIETY1 HE COMES CLOSE TO PURG+ BO? NUDITY & CLO?+ ( ANY POSITIVE ]OTIC POT5TIAL4 ,HE C]TA9LY DES]VES RECOGNITION = HIS C\RAGE\S APPLICATION ( ! IDEA ( HUMAN LIB]ATION TO ! BODY1 A SUBJECT NEGLECT$ BY MO/ RADICAL !ORI/S 7O!R ?AN A FEW 0UTOPIANS07 UNTIL REC5T TIMES4 ,H[EV]1 HIS IDEALIZATION ( NUDITY SOMETIMES FALLS 9TO ! K9D ( NAIVE1 REACTIVE NATURALISM ?AT HAS PLAGU$ ECOLOGICAL ?\<T EV5 UP TO ! PRES5T4 

,AN 9/ITUTION ?AT ,RECLUS SEES AS CLOSELY ALLI$ TO AU?ORIT>IAN MORALITY IS AU?ORIT>IAN RELIGION4 ,AS WAS DISCUSS$ 9 CONSID]ABLE DETAIL E>LI]1 HE SEES RELIGION AS HAV+ BO? PROGRESSIVE & REGRESSIVE ASPECTS4 ,HE HOLDS ?AT ! F\ND]S ( ! GREAT RELIGIONS HAD METAPHYSICAL & MORAL 9SI<TS ?AT CONFLICT$ />KLY ) ! LAT] RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS ?AT HE ATTACKS SO VEHEM5TLY4 ,!SE ORIG9AL 9SI<TS (T5 HAD SUBV]SIVE & EV5 REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ?AT HAD TO BE NEGAT$ 9 ORD] = RELIGION TO BE TRANS=M$ 9TO AN IDEOLOGY AT ! S]VICE ( PATRI>*Y1 /ATE P[]1 & ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION4 ,IT IS ?US BY BETRAY+ ITS [N EGALIT>IAN & LIB]T>IAN PREMISES ?AT RELIGION BECOMES ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL CULTURAL & PSY*OLOGICAL SUPPORTS = OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 ,RECLUS BELIEVES ?AT 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELIGION HAS C>RI$ \T ?IS AU?ORIT>IAN ROLE V]Y SUCCESSFULLY ACROSS HI/ORY4 ,AS HE SUMS UP ! TRAGIC & BRUTAL HI/ORY ( 9/ITUTIONALIZ$ RELIGION 9 ONE ( HIS LETT]S1 0! FE> ( ,GOD IS ! BEG9N+ ( ALL S]VITUDE & ALL DEPRAVITY40.<#d#a.> 

,AS HAS BE5 M5TION$1 ,RECLUS BELIEVES ?AT ! 9EXORABLE PROGRESS ( SCI5CE WILL PROGRESSIVELY DE/ROY ! IDEOLOGICAL BASIS ( RELIGION & ?AT IT WILL !RE=E BE 9 A /ATE ( CON/ANT RETREAT BE=E ! IMP]I\S =CES ( MOD]NITY4 ,9 FACT1 HE CONT5DS ?AT AL?\< RELIGION WAS ONCE A P[]FUL =M ( SOCIAL DOM9ATION 9 ITS [N RI<T1 BY HIS [N TIME IT HAD ALREADY LO/ MU* ( ITS HOLD ON ! MASSES & WAS BECOM+ PRIM>ILY A SY/EM ( SOCIAL CONV5TION4 ,?IS VIEW1 :I* EXAGG]ATES ! DECL9E ( RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 SEEMS TO BE %AP$ /RONGLY BY ,RECLUS' EXP]I5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC CULTURES ( S\!RN ,EUROPE4 ,HE OBS]VES ?AT 9 !SE CULTURES 0! 9T]E/S ( PROP]TY1 CAPITAL1 P>ASITISM1 & EV]Y?+ ( ?IS SORT DEM& ! PRESCRIB$ PRACTICE ( ! ,CA?OLIC RELIGION1 & MILLIONS ( PEOPLE CON=M TO ?IS OBLIGATION1 C>RI$ \T )\T ! LEA/ S9C]ITY40.<#d#b.> ,HE CONT5DS ?AT NOT ONLY 9 S\!RN ,EUROPE BUT 9 MU* ( ! WORLD1 RELIGION HAD BE5 R$UC$ TO SU* SUP]FICIAL PRACTICE & NO LONG] CONSI/$ ( DEEPLY HELD BELIEFS4 ,HE JUDGES1 H[EV]1 ?AT EV5 AS A =M ( SOCIAL CONV5TION RELIGION W\LD CONT9UE = SOME TIME TO FUNCTION AS AN IMPORTANT SUPPORT = O!R =MS ( DOM9ATION1 SU* AS ! /ATE & CAPITALISM1 ?AT >E N[ 9 A P]IOD ( HI/ORICAL ASC5DANCY4 

,IT IS LIKELY ?AT ,RECLUS W\LD HAVE NO DIFFICULTY RECOGNIZ+ ! AU!NTICALLY PROGRESSIVE NATURE ( LIB]ATION !OLOGY & O!R RELIGI\SLY BAS$ SOCIAL JU/ICE MOVEM5TS TODAY4 ,ALSO1 ! FACT ?AT RELIGION CONT9UES TO RE9=CE V>I\S SY/EMS ( POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 & CULTURAL P[] W\LD BE FULLY 9 ACCORD ) HIS EXPECTATIONS4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 VIEW ( HIS !SIS ?AT ! ADVANCES ( SCI5CE & G5]AL 5LI<T5M5T W\LD RESULT 9 ! PROGRESSIVE DECL9E ( RELIGI\S 9/ITUTIONS1 HE W\LD NO D\BT BE SURPRIS$ AT ! 5DUR+ /R5G? ( HI<LY REPRESSIVE1 DOCTR9AIRE RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS1 AT ! GLOBAL RESURG5CE ( FUNDAM5TALISM1 & AT ! ABILITY ( RELIGION TO FUNCTION AT TIMES AS A RELATIVELY AUTONOM\S =M )9 ! L>G] SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 

,DESPITE C]TA9 LIMITATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 M5TION$1 ,RECLUS' CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION IS AN ANALYSIS ) A CONSI/5CY & COMPREH5SIV5ESS ?AT >E IMPRESSIVE4 ,NOT ONLY IS IT BROAD 5\< TO 5COMPASS MANY ( ! MAJOR 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY1 9CLUD+ POLITICS1 ECONOMICS1 TE*NOLOGY1 SEX ROLES1 FAMILY /RUCTURE1 $UCATION1 MORALITY1 & RELIGION1 BUT IT IS ALSO DEEP 5\< TO EXT5D FROM ! LEVEL ( VA/ SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS TO ! MO/ 9TIMATE >EAS ( P]SONAL LIFE & HUMAN RELATION%IPS4 ,= ?IS1 ,RECLUS MU/ BE RECOGNIZ$ AS A GR\NDBREAK+ SOCIAL !ORI/ :OSE ?\<T IS A L&M>K 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! CRITICAL !ORY ( SOCIETY4 

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