,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY 9 ,GLOBAL ,P]SPECTIVE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,FELIPE ,CORREA ,TEXT 3 ,! OBJECTIVE ( ?IS >TICLE IS TO PRES5T A SUMM>Y ( RESE>* C>RI$ \T = SOME YE>S1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ! BOOK ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA3 R$ISCUT9DO O AN>QUISMO .<,BLACK ,FLAG3 ,R$ISCUSS+ ,AN>*ISM.>4 ,AS P>T ( A COLLECTIVE PROCESS ( GLOBAL RESE>* ON AN>*ISM1 DEVELOP$ BY RESE>*]S FROM DIFF]5T P>TS ( ! WORLD )9 ! ,9/ITUTE = ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY 7,I,A,?71 ?IS BOOK HAS A G5]AL OBJECTIVE3 TO ANSW] ! FOLL[+ QUE/ION 9 DEP?1 :AT IS AN>*ISM8 ,TO ?IS 5D1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA IS DEVELOP$ ON ?REE FUNDAM5TAL FRONTS3 ,CRITICAL ASSESSM5T ( REF]5CE /UDIES ON AN>*ISM 79 ,SPANI%1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,5GLI% & ,FR5*74 ,PROPOSAL = A NEW !ORETICAL-ME?ODOLOGICAL APPROA* = /UDIES ON AN>*ISM4 ,R$EF9ITION ( AN>*ISM1 COMPLEM5T$ BY ! EXPOSITION ( ITS GREAT HI/ORICAL DEBATES & TR5DS1 BAS$ ON ! WRITT5 PRODUCTION ( MORE ?AN EI*I/ AU?ORS & ORGANIZATIONS & ! GLOBAL HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ITS ALMO/ ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S ( EXI/5CE4 ,BEL[ >E ! MA9 >GUM5TS ( ! BOOK1 >RANG$ ACCORD+ TO ! ?REE A=EM5TION$ FRONTS4 ,CRITICAL ,ASSESSM5T ( ,REF]5CE ,/UDIES ,REF]5CE /UDIES ON AN>*ISM W]E CONSID]$ TO BE ?OSE ?AT FREQU5TLY APPE>$ 9 ! BIBLIOGRAPHIES ( WORKS US$ 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA1 & W]E ID5TIFI$ BY MEANS ( A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS MADE ) ,GOOGLE ,S*OL>4 ,?R\< ?IS PROC$URE1 SEV5 MA9 /UDIES W]E F\ND1 :I* >E CIT$ BEL[ *RONOLOGICALLY1 ) ! TITLE TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% & ) ! YE> ( PUBLICATION ( ! ORIG9AL TEXT3 ,AN>*ISM1 BY ,PAUL ,ELTZBA*] 7#a#i72 ,AN>*Y ,?R\< ! ,TIMES1 BY ,MAX ,NETTLAU 7#a#i#c#d72 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,LIB]T>IAN ,IDEAS & ,MOVEM5TS1 BY ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK 7#a#i#f#b72 ,AN>*I/S & ,AN>*ISM1 BY ,JAMES ,JOLL 7#a#i#f#d72 ,AN>*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 BY ,DANIEL ,GU]9 7#a#i#f#e72 ,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM1 BY ,PET] ,M>%ALL 7#a#i#i#a72 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,F,A,Q1 BY ,IA9 ,MC,KAY 7COLLECTIVE PROJECT />T$ 9 #aiie ON ! ,9T]NET & PUBLI%$ AS A PR9T$ BOOK 9 #b#h74 ,A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( !SE /UDIES -- SYMPA!TIC TO AN>*ISM1 IT MU/ BE SAID -- W]E ( \T/&+ IMPORTANCE AT ! TIME4 ,9 ?IS REG>D1 ! WORK ( ,MAX ,NETTLAU %\LD BE P>TICUL>LY M5TION$4 ,!SE AU?ORS DID NOT 5JOY ! POSSIBILITIES & RES\RCES ?AT EXI/ TODAY4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE NOT$ ?AT ALMO/ ALL ( !SE /UDIES1 AL?\< SOME MORE ?AN O!RS1 HAVE RELEVANT CONTRIBUTIONS = \R TIME4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO CRITIQUE !M1 G5]\SLY & )\T DISQUALIFY+ !M1 & AT ! SAME TIME SEEK TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMS D]IV$ FROM CON/ANTLY REPEAT$ 9CORRECT CLAIMS4 ,A MORE 9-DEP? & CRITICAL ANALYSIS ALL[S = ! ID5TIFICATION ( %ORTCOM+S & DRAWBACKS ?AT MU/ BE CORRECT$ & COMPLEM5T$ 9 ORD] TO ADVANCE RESE>* & RAISE ! LEVEL ( UND]/&+ ON AN>*ISM4 ,9 T]MS ( HI/ORIOGRAPHIC ME?ODOLOGY1 ! FOCUS ON 0GREAT M50 G5]ALLY PR$OM9ATES 9 !SE /UDIES1 BAS$ ON :AT C\LD BE CALL$ 0HI/ORY FROM ABOVE40 ,9 T]MS ( GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE1 AN ALMO/ EXCLUSIVE FOCUS PR$OM9ATES ON ,WE/]N ,EUROPE OR ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC AXIS1 DIM9I%+ OR COMPLETELY IGNOR+ AU?ORS & EPISODES FROM O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,!SE /UDIES FREQU5TLY OP]ATE ) A FAIRLY RE/RICT$ SET ( AU?ORS & EPISODES1 (T5 MAK+ G5]ALIZATIONS FROM A LIMIT$ DATASET4 ,ELTZBA*] APPROA*ES AN>*ISM ?R\< A /UDY ( ! 0SEV5 SAGES10 MO/LY ,EUROPEAN 7,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,PYOTR ,KROPOTK91 ,LEO ,TOL/OY & ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]71 & DOES NOT PRES5T HI/ORICAL EPISODES 9 :I* AN>*ISM WAS 9VOLV$4 ,NETTLAU ESCAPES ?IS RULE A BIT1 S9CE HE WORKS1 BEYOND ! GREAT ?9K]S1 ) A BROAD SET ( 9ITIATIVES & MOVEM5TS2 EV5 SO1 HE MA9LY DEALS ) ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,RUSSIA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & LESS ?AN #a.0 ( HIS WORK DEALS ) ! RE/ ( ! WORLD4 ,WOODCOCK D$ICATES ALMO/ ! 5TIRE !ORETICAL P>T ( HIS /UDY TO SIX GREAT ?9K]S1 ALL ,EUROPEAN2 !Y >E ! SAME AS ,ELTZBA*] BUT )\T CONSID]+ ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]4 ,9 ! P>T D$ICAT$ TO ! PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM1 #f.0 CORRESPONDS TO AN ANALYSIS ( ,FRANCE1 ,SPA91 ,ITALY1 ,RUSSIA1 & ONLY SOME PAGES TO ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,JOLL BASES ! !ORY P>T ( HIS WORK ALMO/ EXCLUSIVELY ON ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN92 ON ! PRACTICAL SIDE1 IT FOCUSES ON ,EUROPEAN DEBATES ON ! SO-CALL$ 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$0 & SYNDICALISM1 AS WELL AS ON ! /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN & ,SPANI% REVOLUTIONS4 ,GU]9 D$ICATES HIS !ORETICAL SECTION TO BASICALLY ?REE AU?ORS3 ,/IRN]1 ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN91 & 9 ! PRACTICAL SECTION HE REVIEWS ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION1 ,ITALIAN ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS & ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION4 ,M>%ALL EMPLOYS MORE ?AN TWO HUNDR$ PAGES ( HIS !ORETICAL REFLECTION ON AN ANALYSIS ( T5 AU?ORS3 ! SIX ( ,WOODCOCK1 ADD+ ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,MAHATMA ,G&HI4 ,9 ALL ITS VOLUME1 OV] EIE NOT EV5 M5TION$4,MC,KAY MOBILIZES A L>G] SET ( AU?ORS ?AN MO/ O!RS /UDIES1 BUT ,EUROPEAN & ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN CLASSICS /ILL PR$OM9ATE4 ,?US1 ! APPROA* ?AT PR$OM9ATES 9 ! REF]5CE /UDIES T5DS TO BOIL AN>*ISM D[N TO ITS 0GREAT CLASSICS0 & A FEW HI/ORICAL EPISODES1 :I* >E USUALLY *OS5 >BITR>ILY4 ,LIKEWISE1 IT IS COMMON NOT TO CONSID]1 9 MO/ WORKS1 :AT WE HAVE CALL$ 0SOCIAL VECTORS0 ( AN>*ISM3 MASS EXPRESSIONS 9 :I* ! POSITIONS ( AN>*I/S W]E DECISIVE OR HEGEMONIC 9 /RATEGIC T]MS4 ,9 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA IT IS >GU$ ?AT AN>*ISM %\LD BE /UDI$1 :5 IT COMES TO !ORY & HI/ORY1 AS A GLOBAL PH5OM5ON ( PRACTICALLY ONE HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S ( EXI/5CE4 ,REG>D+ ! CLASSICS1 IT MA9TA9S ?AT !RE IS A NE$ TO DEVELOP AN APPROPRIATE ME?OD TO DEF9E :AT !Y >E & RELATE !M TO ! MOVEM5TS ( !IR TIME & TO ! ANONYM\S PEOPLE :O ALL[$ = ! REAL EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISM4 ,REG>D+ HI/ORICAL EPISODES1 IT SIGNALS ! NE$ TO /UDY ! 9ITIATIVES 9 :I* AN>*I/S W]E 9VOLV$ & E/ABLI%1 ALSO ?R\< AN APPROPRIATE ME?OD1 :I* W]E ! GREAT EPISODES ( AN>*ISM 9 ! WORLD4 ,9 ?IS PROCESS1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO C>EFULLY OBS]VE ! A=EM5TION$ SOCIAL VECTORS1 )\T :I* AN>*ISM CANNOT BE UND]/OOD1 ESPECIALLY SYNDICALISM 7REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM74 ,= ! CLASSICS AS WELL AS = ! EPISODES & SOCIAL VECTORS1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA PO9TS \T ?AT1 BEYOND ! AXIS ( ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO LOOK AT ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,ASIA1 ,AFRICA & ,OCEANIA4 ,FUR!RMORE1 REF]5CE /UDIES ON AN>*ISM FREQU5TLY MAKE USE ( AHI/ORICAL APPROA*ES1 SU* AS ! >GUM5T ?AT AN>*ISM HAS ALWAYS EXI/$1 OR BROAD DEF9ITIONS1 SU* AS ?OSE ?AT SAY ?AT AN>*ISM IS SYNONYM\S ) ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ AU?ORITY1 ) ANTI-/ATISM1 ) DEF5SE ( FRE$OM4 ,AMONG O!R ?+S1 AS ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT >GUES1 !SE APPROA*ES1 BEYOND ! 9NUM]ABLE LOGICAL 9CONSI/5CIES1 >E NOT 9 A POSITION TO EXPLA9 :Y AN>*ISM >ISES & DEVELOPS 9 SOME CONTEXTS & NOT 9 O!RS1 NOR TO DIFF]5TIATE AN>*ISM FROM O!R IDEOLOGIES2 SOME EV5 COMMONLY OP]ATE ) TOO GREAT A GAP BETWE5 !ORY & HI/ORY4 ,M>%ALL MA9TA9S--ACCORD+ TO ! >GUM5T ?AT AN>*ISM ALWAYS EXI/$--?AT 0! FIR/ AN>*I/ WAS ! FIR/ P]SON :O FELT ! OPPRESSION ( ANO!R & REBELL$ AGA9/ IT40,NETTLAU & ,WOODCOCK WALK 9 A SIMIL> DIRECTION1 AS DO O!R 9FLU5TIAL /UDIES1 LIKE ! BOOK ,AN>*O-,SYNDICALISM BY ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] &1 ESPECIALLY1 ! >TICLE 0,AN>*ISM0 BY ,KROPOTK91 :O PRES5T AN>*ISM AS A UNIV]SAL FEATURE ( HUMANITY4 ,9 A BROAD DEF9ITION1 ,ELTZBA*] CONCLUDES ?AT 0AN>*I/ TEA*+S HAVE 9 COMMON ONLY ?IS1 ?AT !Y NEGATE ! ,/ATE = \RFUTURE40 ,BROAD & IMPRECISE DEF9ITIONS >E ALSO PRES5T 9 /UDIES BY ,NETTLAU1 ,WOODCOCK & ,M>%ALL1 AS WELL AS O!RS1 SU* AS ,! ,AN>*I/S1 BY ,ROD]ICK ,K$W>D1 & ,! ,BLACK ,FLAG ( ,AN>*Y1 BY ,COR9NE ,JACK]4 ,TWO ME?ODS FUR!R COMPLICATE ! PROBLEM ( AHI/ORICAL APPROA*ES & BROAD & IMPRECISE DEF9ITIONS4 ,FIR/1 ! DECONTEXTUALIZ$ USE ( ETYMOLOGICAL ANALYSIS ( ! T]M AN>*Y & ITS D]IVATIVES4 ,AL?\< ,GU]9 & ,MC,KAY APPEAL TO ! ETYMOLOGICAL MEAN+1 IT IS ,WOODCOCK & ,M>%ALL :O DO IT 9 A DECONTEXTUALIZ$ WAY & CONSID] IT AS SOME?+ RELEVANT 9 !IR DEF9ITIONS ( AN>*ISM1 )\T ESCAP+ ! COMPLICATIONS ( BREAD? & IMPRECISION4 ,)\T CONTEXTUALIZATION1 ?IS ME?OD NECESS>ILY PO9TS TO A DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM AS OPPOS$ TO AU?ORITY1 ,GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE4 ,?IS DEF9ITION1 BEYOND ! OMISSION ( ! HI/ORY ?AT IT SUPPOSES1 DOES NOT ALL[ =1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 KN[L$GE ( ! CON/RUCTIVE ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM4 ,SECOND ( ALL IS ! DECONTEXTUALIZ$ USE ( SELF-ID5TIFICATION AS AN>*I/S4 ,! 9CLUSION ( ,PR\DHON 9 ! AN>*I/ CANON1 = EXAMPLE1 IS BAS$ ON1 9 AN IMPORTANT P>T ( !SE /UDIES1 & AS ,WOODCOCK >GUES1 ! 0POSITIVE MEAN+0 ?AT ! ,FR5*M5 GAVE TO ! T]M AN>*Y 9 HIS WORK ,:AT IS ,PROP]TY81 FROM #a#h#d4 ,ANO!R EXAMPLE IS F\ND 9 ,MC,KAY'S /UDY :I*1 AL?\< HE DOES NOT WORK ) ?IS CRIT]IA 9 AN ABSOLUTE WAY1 5COMPASSES 9DIVIDUALI/S SU* AS ,SUSAN ,BR[N1 ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK] OR ! NEWSPAP] ,AN>*Y3 ,A ,J\RNAL ( ,DESIRE ,>M$1 & PRIMITIVI/S SU* AS ,JOHN ,Z]ZAN OR ! NEWSPAP] ,GRE5 ,AN>*Y2 !SE AU?ORS & PUBLICATIONS1 BEYOND ! FACT ( CONSID]+ !MSELVES AN>*I/S1 DO NOT HAVE MU* 9 COMMON ) :AT HAS BE5 ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA >GUES ?AT IT IS ESS5TIAL TO MAKE USE ( A HI/ORICAL ME?OD & AN ADEQUATE RELATION%IP BETWE5 !ORY & HI/ORY4 ,= ?IS REASON1 IT PROPOSES AB&ON+ AHI/ORICAL APPROA*ES TO AN>*ISM1 WIDELY F$ BY AN>*I/S :O FOLL[$ 9 ! FOOT/EPS ( ,KROPOTK94 ,BY DEF5D+ ! TIMELESS UNIV]SALITY ( AN>*ISM1 9/EAD ( DEVELOP+ ITS HI/ORY1 ?IS APPROA* GAVE RISE TO ! CREATION ( A 0LEGITIMIZ+ MY?10 A 0METAHI/ORY0 ?AT1 CONSCI\SLY OR UNCONSCI\SLY1 S\GUM5T ?AT C\LD REFUTE ! COMMONS5SE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* AN>*ISM IS 9COMPATIBLE ) HUMAN NATURE4 ,9/EAD1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA>GUES ?AT AN>*ISM HAS A HI/ORY1 RELAT$ TO A CONTEXT2 ITS EM]G5CE & DEVELOPM5T1 SUCCESSES & FAILURES1 EBBS & FL[S1 CAN ONLY BE UND]/OOD & EXPLA9$ 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT PROPOSES ?AT IT IS ESS5TIAL TO OP]ATE ) A DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM ?AT IS NOT ONLY HI/ORICAL BUT ALSO PRECISE1 9 A WAY ?AT ALL[S =1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 RUL+ \T ABSURDITIES SU* AS ! IDEA ( AN>*O-CAPITALISM--:I* D]IVES FROM AN UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM AS A SYNONYM = ANTI-/ATISM--& DIFF]5TIATES AN>*ISM FROM O!R IDEOLOGIES1 9CLUD+ LIB]ALISM & ,M>XISM4 ,FROM ! A=EM5TION$ PROBLEMATIC APPROA*ES D]IVE V>I\S MI/AK5 CONCLUSIONS1 :I* CAN BE F\ND 9 REF]5CE /UDIES & ALSO 9 O!R WORKS4 ,AMONG !M >E SOME ?AT >E HI*ISM CON/ITUTES AN 9COH]5T IDEOLOGY4 ,= ! LATT]1 0IT IS ! CLA% BETWE5 !SE TWO TYPES ( TEMP]AM5T1 ! RELIGI\S & ! RATIONALI/1 ! APOCALYPTIC & ! HUMANI/1 :I* HAS MADE SO MU* ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E SEEM CONTRADICTORY40 ,M>%ALL1 ,MC,KAY & ,GU]91 AL?\< !Y VALIDATE SU* CONTRADICTIONS1 BELIEVE !Y >E POSITIVE1 ?AT !Y D]IVE FROM AN>*I/ ANTI DOGMATISM & CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) EA* O!R4 ,! VALIDATION ( 9COH]5CE EV5 ALL[$ AU?ORS SU* AS ,CAIO ,T4 ,CO/A & ,RIC>DO ,RUGAI TO SPEAK ( ! EXI/5CE ( AN>*ISMS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,IRV+ ,HOR[ITZ1 AN>*ISM DID NOT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT POPUL> IMPACT1 & HE SPOKE ( ITS 0VIRTUAL DISAPPE>ANCE .<444.> AS AN ORGANIZ$ SOCIAL MOVEM5T40 ,K$W>DW5T EV5 FUR!R 9 SAY+ ?AT 0! IDEAL ( AN>*Y WAS NEV] POPUL>0 & ?AT IT 05C\NT]$ OPPOSITION FROM ALL CLASSES & FROM ALL AGES40 ,WOODCOCK1 AL?\< OV] TIME HE SLIGU$ ?AT AN>*ISM PRACTICALLY 5D$ AFT] ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i74 ,HE ?US E/ABLI%$ 0! 5D ( ?IS HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ! YE> #a#i#c#i10 A MOM5T ?AT 0M>KS ! TRUE DEA?0 ( ! 0HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5T40 ,GU]91 9 AGREEM5T ) ?IS1 PO9T$ \T ?AT 0! DEFEAT ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION DEPRIV$ AN>*ISM ( ITS ONLY /RON*I/ MOVEM5T WAS CRU%$40 ,BROADLY SPEAK+1 SU* AN >GUM5T IS CLOSE TO ?AT :I* MA9TA9S ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION CON/ITUTES AN EXCEPTION 9 AN>*I/ HI/ORY1 HAV+ BE5 ONE ( ! FEW CASES 9 :I* AN>*ISM BECAME A BROAD MASS MOVEM5T4 ,JOLL & ,WOODCOCK >GUE1 LIKE MANY ,M>XI/ AU?ORS 7,HOBSBAWM = EXAMPLE71 ?AT AN>*ISM MOBILIZ$ A LIMIT$ CLASS BASE1 RE/RICT+ ITSELF TO DECAY+ PEASANTS & >TISANS1 & FAIL$ TO ADAPT TO 9DU/RIAL CAPITALISM4 ,O!R CONCLUSIONS ?AT /UDIES SUPPORT >E ?AT AN>*ISM IS F\ND$ ON ! BASIS ( IDEALISM1 SPONTANEITY1 9DIVIDUALISM1& Y\?4 ,9T]E/+LY1 !SE CONCLUSIONS >E CLOSE TO ,L59I/ CRITIQUES ( AN>*ISM 7= EXAMPLE1 ,KOLP9SKY71 :I* >E NOT AT ALL SCI5TIFIC2 !Y >E ONLY IDEOLOGICAL ASS]TIONS1 )\T HI/ORICAL BASIS1 DESIGN$ TO SELF-PROMOTE AT ! EXP5SE ( AN ADV]S>Y4 ,NEW ,!ORETICAL-,ME?ODOLOGICAL ,APPROA* ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA PROPOSES A NEW ME?ODOLOGICAL & !ORETICAL APPROA* = ! /UDY ( AN>*ISM1 :I* ALL[S = NOT ONLY A MORE ADEQUATE FOCUS ON ?IS OBJECT1 BUT ALSO DEMON/RATES ! CONFUSION ( PREVI\SLY PRES5T$ CONCLUSIONS4 ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! BOOK DEVELOPS & RECOMM5DS A HI/ORICAL & PRECISE DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM ?AT LOOKS AT ! COMMON ASPECTS ( ITS AU?ORS & EPISODES & ALL[S = DIFF]5TIAT+ IT FROM O!R IDEOLOGIES1 5COMPASS+ !IR CONT9UITIES & P]MAN5CE 9 ! LONG T]M4 ,FUR!RMORE1 IT 9SI/S ON MAK+ A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T ?+S3 AN HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ TRADITION & A BROAD] & NOT NECESS>ILY HI/ORICAL LIB]T>IAN UNIV]SE1 ! FIR/ BE+ P>T ( ! SECOND4 ,?US1 EV]Y AN>*I/ IS A LIB]T>IAN1 BUT NOT EV]Y LIB]T>IAN IS AN AN>*I/4 ,! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ TRADITION1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS CONCEPTION1 9VOLVES A SET ( HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A ?AT DEVELOP & SPREAD FROM A COMMON BASES1 >E EXPLA9$ BY ! SOCIAL RELATIONS E/ABLI%$ BY DIFF]5T MEANS 7FACE-TO-FACE CONTACTS1 LETT]S1 BOOKS1 PRESS1 ETC471 & PRES5T ADAPTATIONS & MODIFICATIONS DEP5D+ ON ! DIFF]5T CONTEXTS4 ,! LIB]T>IAN UNIV]SE1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS NOT NECESS>ILY RELAT$ 9 HI/ORICAL T]MS & 9CLUDES ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN /RUGGLES & 9ITIATIVES1 OPPOS$ TO DOM9ATION & 9 DEF5SE ( EGALIT>IAN =MS ( RELATION%IPS4 ,9 T]MS ( HI/ORIOGRAPHIC ME?ODOLOGY & GEOGRAPHIC SCOPE1 !RE >E SOME RECOMM5DATIONS F\ND 9 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM ! NEW HI/ORY ( LABOR & GLOBAL HI/ORY ( LABOR1 AS WELL AS 9 ! !ORETICAL-ME?ODOLOGICAL PRODUCTION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 RESE>*]S & MILITANTS4 ,?IS CONTRIBUTES TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( CONCEPTS CAPABLE ( =TIFY+ /UDIES ON AN>*ISM1 :OSE AU?ORS1 BY ! WAY1 DO NOT NECESS>ILY HAVE TO BE AN>*I/S4 ,AMONG !SE CONCEPTS1 WE CAN M5TION ?OSE ( TOTALITY & 9T]DEP5D5CE1 :I* >E APPLI$1 9 ! CASE ( AN>*I/ /UDIES1 TO ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 !ORY & HI/ORY1 BETWE5 ?\*ISM & SOCIAL /RUGGLES1 CRITIQUES & PROPOSALS4 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA CONSID]S IT NECESS>Y TO OP]ATE ) A HI/ORICAL ME?OD3 ONE ?AT MAKES USE ( ELEM5TS FROM HI/ORY FROM BEL[2 ?AT ALL[S = A RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! CLASSICS & ! MOVEM5TS & /RUGGLES ( !IR TIME2 ?AT MAKES A PRECISE RELATION ( AN>*ISM & ( AN>*I/S ) ! CONTEXT 9 :I* !Y W]E 9S]T$2 ?AT TAKES 9TO CONSID]ATION1 :]E NECESS>Y1 GLOBAL REFLECTIONS ON AN>*ISM1 TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! WIDE RANG+ P]IOD FROM ITS EM]G5CE 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO ! PRES5T2 ?AT ID5TIFIES ! R\TES = SPREAD+ AN>*ISM1 ?R\< CONTACTS BETWE5 MILITANTS1 LETT]S1 %>$ READ+S1 ETC41 & ADDRESSES TO :AT EXT5T ! G5]AL FEATURES ( ?IS SPREAD+ AN>*ISM W]E MA9TA9$ & MODIFI$ & ADAPT$ TO LOCAL REALITIES1 9CORPORAT+ O!R TRADITIONS ( /RUGGLE & RESI/ANCE2 ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO E/ABLI% ! CONT9UITIES & P]MAN5CE ( AN>*ISM 9 TIME & 9 SPACE1 AS WELL AS ITS CONTEXTUAL MODIFICATIONS RESULT+ FROM SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,! BOOK EV5 PROPOSES1 :5EV] POSSIBLE OR DESIRABLE1 TO GO BEYOND ! AXIS ( ! ,NOR? ,ATLANTIC & 5COMPASS ! FIVE CONT95TS1 RESORT+1 ALSO :]E NE$$1 TO COMP>ISONS4 ,R$EF9ITION ( ,AN>*ISM ,?R\< ?IS NEW APPROA*1 IT IS CLE> ?AT AN>*ISM IS A TYPE ( SOCIALISM1 *>ACT]IZ$ BY A P>TICUL> SET ( PR9CIPLES1 :I* IS EXPRESS$ HI/ORICALLY 9 ! MOD]N & CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4 ,AN>*ISM 5COMPASSES 9 ITS TRAJECTORY AN OPPOSITION TO ! ,/ATE1 DEF5SE ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM 7AL?\< DEP5D5T & RELAT$ TO COLLECTIVE FRE$OM7 & DIFF]5TIATION FROM ,M>XISM 7AL?\< %>+ SOME SIMIL> POSITIONS71 BUT IT CANNOT BE SUMM>IZ$ AS ANTI-/ATISM1 9DIVIDUALISM OR ANTI!SIS ( ,M>XISM1 9/EAD3 ,AN>*ISM IS A SOCIALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ?AT IS F\ND$ ON SPECIFIC PR9CIPLES1 :OSE BASES >E DEF9$ BY A CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION & A DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T2 9 /RUCTURAL T]MS1 AN>*ISM ADVOCATES A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION BAS$ ON /RATEGIES :I* MU/ ALL[ = ! SUB/ITUTION ( A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION BY A SY/EM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,TO SPEAK ( IDEOLOGY1 H]E1 DOES NOT MEAN ADOPT+ ! ,M>XI/MEAN+ ( FALSE CONSCI\SNESS1 BUT RA!R ! S5SE ( PRAXIS1 A COMB9ATION ( ?\ & !ORETICAL MOVEM5TS4 ,AN>*ISM IS1 MA9LY1 A HI/ORICALLY %AP$ PRAXIS ?AT IS EXPRESS$ 9 A BODY ( POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLES C5T]$ ON REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 >\ND :I* !RE IS A SIGNIFICANT UNITY ON ! P>T ( AN>*I/S4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT1 !N1 A HOMOG5E\S WAY ( READ+ REALITY1 A CORPUS ( !ORY & ME?OD4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS BAS$ ON RATIONAL ANALYZES1 ME?ODS & !ORIES ?AT HAVE ELEM5TS 9 COMMON & ?AT CANNOT BE *>ACT]IZ$ AS IDEALI/IC1 9 ! S5SE ( !OLOGICAL &_/OR METAPHYSICAL EXPLANATIONS1 & NEI!R AS A CORPUS ?AT G5]ALLY PRIORITIZES IDEAS OV] FACTS4 ,AN>*ISM HAS AS ITS CON/ITU5T FEATURE OP5NESS1 PLURALITY & ANTI-DOGMATISM9 T]MS ( !ORY & ME?OD = UND]/&+ REALITY4 ,! TRIPOD CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION1 DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T& FUNDAM5TAL /RATEGY CAN HELP TO REF9E ! DEF9ITION4 ,9 FACT1 9 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA1 ?IS IS ! EXPLANATORY CORE ( ! CONCEPT ( AN>*ISM4 ,! CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION RE/S ON ! CRITIQUE ( HI]>*ICAL RELATION%IPS1 9 :I* SOME DECIDE = MANY OR ALL & ?AT 9VOLVE *A9S ( COMM& & OB$I5CE4 ,RELATION%IPS ( DOM9ATION >E AT ! BASE ( 9EQUALITIES & SOCIAL 9JU/ICES1 & !RE >E SEV]AL TYPES3 LABOR EXPLOITATION1 PHYSICAL CO]CION1 POLITICAL-BUREAUCRATIC DOM9ATION1 CULTURAL ALI5ATION1 OPPRESSION BAS$ ON CLASS1 NATION1 G5D]1 RACE OR E?NICITY1 ETC4 ,ITS G5]ALIZATION IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( A SY/EM ( DOM9ATION4 ,DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 AS ! ANTI!SIS ( DOM9ATION1 IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY P>TICIPATION 9 DECISION-MAK+ PROCESSES TO ! EXT5T 9 :I* Y\ >E AFFECT$ BY !M1 ?AT IS1 DECISIONS >E MADE FROM ! BOTTOM UP & DELEGATIONS >E ROTAT+ & CONTROLL$ BY ! BASE4 ,A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIETY W\LD BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY1 HAV+ BE5 RECONCIL$ ) FAMILY-[N$ PROP]TY 9 ! C\NTRYSIDE2 BY DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]NM5T1 9VOLV+ ! SOCIALIZATION ( POLITICS1 MANAG$ BY ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S & ROTAT+ DELEGATIONS ) CONTROL BY ! BASE2 BY SELF-MANAG$ CULTURE1 SUPPORT$ BY A NEW E?IC & 9 A NEW LIB]T>IAN $UCATION1 COMMUNICATION & LEISURE4 ,ITS G5]ALIZATION IMPLIES ! EXI/5CE ( A SELF-MANAG$ SY/EM4 ,FUNDAM5TAL /RATEGY IS *>ACT]IZ$ BY A SET ( MEANS & 5DS--?AT IS1 OBJECTIVES1 /RATEGIES & TACTICS--CONCEIV$ TO GET \T ( ! SY/EM ( DOM9ATION & 9TO ! SY/EM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T1 & 9 :I* !RE IS SUBORD9ATION ( ! MEANS TO ! 5DS4 ,?IS SET 9CLUDES ! MOBILIZATION ( DOM9AT$ CLASSES AS A :OLE--CITY & C\NTRY WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 PREC>I\S & M>G9ALIZ$--UND]/&+ ?AT SOCIAL CLASSES GO BEYOND ! RELATIONS ( PRODUCTION OR ! ECONOMIC SPH]E4 ,IT ALSO 9CLUDES ! P]MAN5T QUE/ = TRANS=MATION1 9 ?REE SPH]ES--! ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL-LEGAL-MILIT>Y & CULTURAL-IDEOLOGICAL--1 ! CAPACITY = ACTION ( !SE CLASSES 9 CONCRETE SOCIAL =CE &1 ) ?IS1 FI*I/S4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES CON/ITUTE ! FUNDAM5TAL BASES ( ?IS DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM & ALL[ US TO UND]/& :]E ITS COH]5CE LIES4 ,E?ICS & VALUES4 ,AN E?ICAL CONCEPTION IS ADVOCAT$1 CAPABLE ( EMBRAC+ CRITICISM & RATIONAL PROPOSALS1 DRAW+ ON ! FOLL[+ VALUES3 9DIVIDUAL & COLLECTIVE FRE$OM2 EQUALITY 9 ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & SOCIAL T]MS2 SOLID>ITY & MUTUAL AID2 P]MAN5T 5C\RAGEM5T ( HAPP9ESS1 MOTIVATION & WILL4 ,CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION4 ,IT 9CLUDES ! CRITIQUE ( CLASS DOM9ATION--CON/ITUT$ BY EXPLOITATION1 PHYSICAL CO]CION1 POLITICAL-BUREAUCRATIC & CULTURAL-IDEOLOGICAL DOM9ATION--& ( O!R TYPES ( DOM9ATION 7G5D]1 RACE1 IMP]IALISM1 ETC474 ,SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ! SY/EM & ( ! P[] MODEL .4 ,?IS IS AB\T RECOGNIZ+ ?AT ! SY/EMIC /RUCTURES ( ! DIFF]5T TYPES ( DOM9ATION CON/ITUTE ! SY/EM ( DOM9ATION1 & ( MAK+ ! DET]M9ATION1 BY MEANS ( A RATIONAL CRITIQUE1 BAS$ ON ! SPECIFI$ E?ICAL VALUES1 TO TRANS=M ?IS SY/EM 9TO A SY/EM ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?IS REQUIRES ! TRANS=MATION ( ! CURR5T P[] MODEL1 FROM A DOM9AT+ P[]1 TO A SELF-MANAG+ P[]4 ,9 CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETIES1 ?IS CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION IMPLIES A CLE> OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM1 ! /ATE1 & O!R 9/ITUTIONS CREAT$ & SU/A9$ = ! MA9T5ANCE ( DOM9ATION4 ,CLASSES & CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,9 ! V>I\S SY/EMS ( DOM9ATION1 ) !IR RESPECTIVE CLASS /RUCTURES1 ! ID5TIFICATION CLASS DOM9ATION ALL[S US TO CONCEIVE ! FUNDAM5TAL DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9 TWO BROAD GLOBAL & UNIV]SAL CATEGORIES1 CON/ITUT$ BY CLASSES ) IRRECONCILABLE 9T]E/S3 ! RUL+ CLASSES & ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES4 ,! SOCIAL CONFLICT BETWE5 !SE CLASSES *>ACT]IZES ! CLASS /RUGGLE4 .<444.> ,O!R DOM9ATIONS MU/ BE F\ILY MEAN ! 5D ( ! =M]4 ,CLASS ORI5TATION & SOCIAL =CE4 ,WE MU/ UND]/& ?AT SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ) A CLASS ORI5TATION IMPLIES A POLITICAL PRACTICE ORI5T$ T[>D 9T]V5TION 9 ! CORRELATION ( =CES1 :I* CON/ITUTES ! BASIS ( EXI/+ P[] RELATIONS4 ,! 9T5TION IS TO1 9 ?IS S5SE1 TRANS=M ! CAPACITY ( ! SOCIAL AG5TS :O >E MEMB]S ( ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES 9TO A SOCIAL =CE1 APPLY+ IT TO ! CLASS /RUGGLE & SEEK+ TO 9CREASE IT P]MAN5TLY4 .<444.> ,9T]NATIONALISM4 ,IT ADVOCATES A CLASS /RUGGLE ORI5TATION ?AT IS NOT RE/RICT$ TO NATIONAL BORD]S1 RA!R IT IS BAS$ ON 9T]NATIONALISM4 ,?US1 9 CONTEXTS DOM9AT$ BY IMP]IALI/ RELATION%IPS1 NATIONALISM IS REJECT$ &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 9 /RUGGLES = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ! NE$ IS ASS]T$ = EXP&+ ! MOBILIZATION ( ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES BEYOND NATIONAL BORD]S4 .<444.> ,/RATEGY4 ,IT CONSI/S ( ! RATIONAL CONCEPTION1 = ?IS PROJECT ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION1 ( APPROPRIATE /RATEGIES1 ?AT 9VOLVE AN ANALYSIS ( REALITY & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( PA?WAYS = /RUGGLE4 .<444.> ,/RATEGIC ELEM5TS4 ,AL?\< AN>*I/S ADVOCATE DIFF]5T /RATEGIES1 SOME /RATEGIC ELEM5TS >E CONSID]$ AS AXIAL PR9CIPLES3 ! =MATION ( REVOLUTION>Y SUBJECTS 9 SPECIFIC SOCIAL CLASSES ( EA* PLACE & ]A--:I* GIVE %APE TO ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES--?R\< PROCESSES ?AT 9CLUDE ! /IMULATION ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS & ! WILL TO TRANS=M2 ! P]MAN5T DRIVE TO 9CREASE ! SOCIAL =CE ( ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES1 9 A WAY ?AT ALL[S A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION2 ! COH]5CE BETWE5 OBJECTIVES1 /RATEGIES & TACTICS &1 !RE=E1 ! COH]5CE BETWE5 MEANS & 5DS & ! CON/RUCTION1 9 TODAY'S PRACTICES1 ( ! SOCIETY ?AT IS WANT$ = TOMORR[2 ! USE ( SELF-MANAG$ MEANS ( /RUGGLE ?AT DO NOT IMPLY DOM9ATION1 EI!R AMONG ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES OR 9 ! AN>*I/S' RELATION%IP ) O!R ACTORS2 ! ADVOCACY ( AUTONOMY & CLASS 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* IMPLIES OPPOSITION TO ! RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION E/ABLI%$ BY POLITICAL P>TIES1 ! ,/ATE OR O!R 9/ITUTIONS OR AG5TS1 GU>ANTEE+ POPUL> LEAD]%IP FROM ! DOM9AT$ CLASSES1 :I* MU/ BE PROMOT$ ?R\< BUILD+ ! /RUGGLE FROM ! BASE1 FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 9CLUD+ DIRECT ACTION4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION & VIOL5CE4 ,9 ! QUE/ = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT TRANS=MS ! CURR5T SY/EM & P[] MODEL1 VIOL5CE1 UND]/OOD AS AN EXPRESSION ( A HI<] LEVEL ( CONFRONTATION1 IS ACCEPT$1 9 MO/ CASES1 AS IT IS CONSID]$ 9EVITABLE4 ,! REVOLUTION IMPLIES COMBATIVE /RUGGLES & FUNDAM5TAL *ANGES 9 ! ?REE /RUCTUR$ SPH]ES ( SOCIETY1 & IT IS NOT )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( ! CURR5T SY/EM ( DOM9ATION--IT IS BEYOND CAPITALISM1 ! ,/ATE & ! DOM9ANT 9/ITUTIONS4 ,DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T1 :I* IS ! BASIS = POLITICAL PRACTICE & AN>*I/ /RATEGY1 CON/ITUTES ! BASIS = ! FUTURE SOCIETY TO BE BUILT & IMPLIES ! SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY 9 ECONOMIC T]MS1 DEMOCRATIC SELF-GOV]NM5T 9 POLITICAL T]MS1 & A SELF-MANAG$ CULTURE4 ,IT IS EASILY OBS]V$ ?AT1 DEF9$ 9 ?IS WAY1 AN>*ISM NOT ONLY *ALL5GES ! IDEA ?AT IT CAN BE CONSID]$ A SYNONYM = ANTI-/ATISM1 9DIVIDUALISM OR ANTI!SIS ( ,M>XISM1 BUT ALSO REFUTES ! IDEA ?AT IT ADVOCATES ! NEGATION ( POLITICS & EV5 P[]4 ,!RE SEEMS TO BE NO D\BT ?AT1 DEP5D+ ON H[ 0POLITICS0 & 0P[]0 >E CONCEPTUALIZ$1 AN>*I/S CANNOT BE CONSID]$ APOLITICAL & OPPOS$ TO ALL K9DS ( P[]4 ,?IS WAY ( UND]/&+ AN>*ISM1 AL?\< ACCUS$ ( BE+ RE/RICTIVE BY SOME AU?ORS SU* AS ,ROB]T ,GRAHAM & ,NA?AN ,JUN1 IS ACTUALLY NOT4 ,AS ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT RESPOND$ TO !SE AU?ORS1 IF ON ! ONE H& ?IS CONCEPTION IMPLIES ! EXCLUSION ( SOME ?9K]S & EPISODES ?AT HAVE BE5 PRES5T$ AS AN>*I/1 ON ! O!R H& IT ALL[S = ! 9CLUSION1 ) MU* MORE ME?ODOLOGICAL COH]5CE1 ( A MYRIAD ( O!R AN>*I/S 9 ! CANON ( ITS GREAT REPRES5TATIVES1 AS WELL AS SEV]AL O!R EPISODES 9 ITS TRAJECTORY ( /RUGGLES4 ,?US1 = EXAMPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ! APPROA* ( ,B&EIRA,NEGRA1 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 & ,MAX ,/IRN] %\LD NOT BE CONSID]$ AN>*I/S1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE ( !IR NON-ID5TIFICATION ) ! !ORETICAL-LOGICAL DEF9ITION ALREADY M5TION$1 BUT MA9LY BECAUSE !Y HAD NO RELEVANCE 9 ! P]IOD ( =MATION ( AN>*ISM1 BETWE5 #ahfh & #a#h#h#f2 !Y W]E1 RA!R1 RESCU$ AFT]W>DS1 9 ! EF=T TO CREATE ! A=EM5TION$ 0LEGITIMIZ+ MY?40 ,H[EV]1 ON ! O!R H&1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA PROPOSES ?AT MANY O!R AN>*I/S >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! CANON1 ALONGSIDE ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK93 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON 7,MEXICAN1 #a#h#g#d-#a#i#b#b72 ,IDA ,METT 7,RUSSIAN1 #a#i#a-#a#i#g#c72 ,$G>D ,LEU5RO? 7,BRAZILIAN1 #a#h#h#a-#a#i#f#h72 ,BA ,J9 7,*9ESE1 #a#i#d-#b#e72 ,MIKHAIL ,G]DZHIKOV 7,BULG>IAN1 #a#h#g#g-#a#i#d#g72 ,HE ,ZH5 7,*9ESE1 #a#h#h#d-#a#i#b72 ,T4,W4 ,?IB$I 7,S\? ,AFRICAN1 #a#h#h#h-#a#i#f72 ,KIM ,JWA-,J9 7,KOREAN1 #a#h#h#i-#a#i#c72 ,SAM ,DOLG(F 7,RUSSIAN-,AM]ICAN1 #a#i#b-#a#i#i72 ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 7,LI?UANIAN1 #a#h#f#i-#a#i#d72 ,5RIQUE ,ROIGDE ,SAN ,M>T9 7,CUBAN1 #a#h#d#c-#a#h#h#i72 ,CON/ANT9OS ,SP]AS 7,GREEK1 #a#h#i#c-#a#i#d#c72 ,MONTY ,MYL] 7,AU/RALIAN1 #a#h#c#i-#a#i#b72 ,LUCY ,P>SONS 7,AM]ICAN1 #a#h#e#c-#a#i#d#b71 & MANY O!RS1 EV5 REC5T ONES1 ?AT HAD &_/OR HAVE IMPORTANCE 9 ! FIELD ( AN>*I/ ?\Y TO LOOK AT O!R EPISODES FROM !SE PLACES & TIMES1 AS WELL AS FROM O!R TIMES & PLACES4 ,! BOOK SUGGE/S ?AT MANY O!R HI/ORICAL EPISODES %\LD BE 9CLUD$1 ALONGSIDE !SE1 AS A PROM95T P>T ( AN>*ISM 9 ACTION4 ,A />T+ PO9T = ! 5UM]ATION ( !SE EPISODES IS ! BIBLIOGRAPHIC REF]5CES F\ND 9 ! ONL9E BOOK ,SURGIM5TO E ,BREVE ,P]SPECTIVA ,HI/ORICA DO ,AN>QUISMO1 #a#h#f#h-#b#a#b.<,EM]G5CE & ,BRIEF ,HI/ORICAL ,P]SPECTIVE ( ,AN>*ISM1 #a#h#f#h-#b#a#b.>1 MADE 9 SUPPORT ( ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA4 ,AN EVALUATION ( ! EPISODES ) A SIGNIFICANT PRES5CE & 9FLU5CE ON ! P>T ( AN>*I/S ALL[S US TO AFFIRM ?AT ! RANGE & IMPACT ( AN>*ISM >E BROAD & GO FROM #ahfh TO ! PRES5T 9 FIVE CONT95TS1 ) EBBS & FL[S2 IT ALSO AFFIRMS ! CLAIM ?AT AN>*ISM HAS MOBILIZ$ WORK]S ( ALL K9DS3 MA9LY URBAN PROLET>IANS1 BUT ALSO RURAL PROLET>IANS1 PEASANTS1 & ?OSE CALL$ 0LUMP5PROLET>IAT0 BY ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION4 ,AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ & /R5G!N$ DI/9CT 9ITIATIVES & TOOLS ( MOBILIZATION & /RUGGLE3 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALISM1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS & AFF9ITY GR\PS1 URBAN & RURAL 9SURRECTIONS1 OCCUPATIONS & TAKEOV]S ( COMPANIES & REGIONS1 WORK]S' C\NCILS1 PRODUC] & CONSUM] COOP]ATIVES1 S*OOLS & SOCIAL C5T]S1 BOOKS1 NEWSPAP]S1 PROPAG&A FLI]S1 ATTACKS AGA9/ AU?ORITIES1 /RIKES1 /REET DEMON/RATIONS1 ETC4 ,TO COMPLEM5T ! A=EM5TION$ EPISODES ( AN>*ISM 9 ACTION1 ONE C\LD M5TION1 9 A LI/ ?AT IS NEI!R DEF9ITIVE NOR EXHAU/IVE1 A WIDE SET ( EV5TS 9 :I* !RE WAS A MORE OR LESS DECISIVE P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/S3 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 7BETWE5 #ahfh & #a#h#g#g72 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,LYON 7,FRANCE1 #a#h#g72 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 7,FRANCE1 #a#h#g#a72 ! ,CANTONALI/AS ,REVOLTS 7,SPA91 #a#h#g#c72 ! ,BOLOGNA ,9SURRECTION 7,ITALY1 #a#h#g#d72 ! ,B5EV5TO ,9SURRECTION 7,ITALY1 #a#h#g#g72 P>TICIPATION 9 ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,FRANCE1 #a#h#i#e-#a#i#a#d7 & 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 S9CE #a#i#e72 ! ,MAC$ONIAN ,REVOLT 7#a#i#c72 ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 7P>TICUL>LY 9 #a#i#a#a72 ! ,UKRA9IAN ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#i-#a#i#b#a72 ! COORD9AT+ COMMITTEES ?AT 9VOLV$ MANY C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ! ,EA/ ,ASIAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7F\ND$ 9 #a#i#b#h71 ! ,CONT95TAL ,AM]ICAN ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION 7F\ND$ 9 #a#i#b#i7 OR ! ,CONT95TAL ,COMMISSION ON ,AN>*I/ ,RELATIONS 7F\ND$ 9 #a#i#d#h72 ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ,MAN*URIA 7,KOREA1 #a#i#b#i-#a#i#c#b72 ! MILITANCY >\ND ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/S ( ,BULG>IA 7#a#i#b-#a#i#d72 9T]NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ( ! ,SYNDICALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,I,W,A-,A,I,T71 /R5G!N$ 9 ! DECADE #a#i#e1 & ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,I,F,A71 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#f#h2 ! ,CUBAN ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#e#i72 MILITANCY >\ND ! ,URUGUAYAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7ESPECIALLY BETWE5 #aifc & #a#i#g#c72 ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE4 ,LAT]1 !RE HAVE BE5 & CONT9UE TO BE O!R MAJOR EPISODES ) AN>*I/ PRES5CE & 9FLU5CE4 ,AN EXAMPLE IS ! MOVEM5T ( GLOBAL RESI/ANCE 9 G5]AL 7KN[N AS ! 'ANTI-GLOBALIZATION' MOVEM5T71 & ,PEOPLES' ,GLOBAL ,ACTION1 F\ND$ 9 #a#i#i#h1 9 P>TICUL>4 ,GREAT ,DEBATES ,BETWE5 ,AN>*I/S ,TO CLAIM ! UNITY ( AN>*I/S >\ND C]TA9 PR9CIPLES DOES NOT IMPLY SAY+ ?AT !RE W]E NOT 7& ?AT !RE >E NOT7 SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES AMONG !M 9 RELATION TO V>I\S ISSUES4 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA1 9 ITS ANALYSIS ( ! MO/ RELEVANT DIFF]5CES ?AT APPE> BETWE5 AN>*I/S--& BY RELEVANT1 IT REF]S TO ! DIFF]5CES ?AT HAVE HI/ORICAL P]MAN5CE & ?AT >E REALLY SIGNIFICANT--PRES5TS ! FOLL[+ REFLECTIONS4 ,IF ! PREVI\SLY M5TION$ OP5NESS & PLURALITY >E ASSUM$ = UND]/&+ REALITY1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y TO LOOK = ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEBATES ON AN>*ISM 9 ! FIELD ( ME?OD ( ANALYSIS1 SOCIAL !ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 ETC4 --:]E1 IT IS TRUE1 !RE >E GREAT DIFF]5CES & MANY 9T]E/+ CONTROV]SIES1 BUT IT IS NOT ! FIELD ?AT DEF9ES AN>*ISM--RA!R 9 ! A=EM5TION$ TRIPOD4 ,REG>D+ ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( DOM9ATION1 !RE >E NO RELEVANT DEBATES2 ! POSITIONS >E1 9 G5]AL1 QUITE SIMIL>4 ,!RE >E F\R DEBATES RELAT$ TO ! AN>*I/ DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & ANO!R ?REE RELAT$ TO FUNDAM5TAL AN>*I/ /RATEGY1 :I* WILL BE DESCRIB$ BEL[4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO NOTE ?AT1 DESPITE ! POL>IZATIONS1 9 MANY CASES !RE >E 9T]M$IATE & CONCILIATORY POSITIONS4 ,REG>D+ ! FUNCTION+ ( ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 !RE WAS AN ECONOMIC DEBATE BETWE51 ON ! ONE H&1 ! DEF5SE ( A SELF-MANAG$ M>KET1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,ABRAHAM ,GUILL51 :O >GU$ ?AT ! M>KET IS NOT NECESS>ILY CAPITALI/1 BUT RA!R AN 5VIRONM5T ( CIRCULATION & DI/RIBUTION1 A SPACE :]E !RE IS DATA ON SUPPLY & DEM&1 & ?AT PLANN+ W\LD NOT BE POSSIBLE GIV5 ! COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N SOCIETIES1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! DEF5SE ( DEMOCRATIC PLANN+1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN & ,KOTOKU ,%USUI1 :O UPHELD ! NE$ = PLANN+ DONE BY PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S & = CONSUMPTION )\T ! USE ( MONEY4 ,ALONG ! AXIS ( DEBATE ON SELF-MANAGEM5T1 !RE WAS ANO!R CONTROV]SY >\ND ! =M ( DI/RIBUTION ( ! FRUITS ( LABOR4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 COLLECTIVISM1 ADVOCAT$ BY ,BAKUN91 AMONG O!RS1 BELIEV$ ?AT REMUN]ATION %\LD BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! WORK P]=M$ 7LOGICALLY1 !RE W\LD BE A G5]AL EQUIVAL5T1 WAGES & A P[] /RUCTURE ?AT W\LD BE SELF-MANAG$ & W\LD CONTROL ?IS PROCESS74 ,ON ! O!R H&1 COMMUNISM1 *AMPION$ BY AU?ORS SU* AS ,%IFU1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O & ,KROPOTK91 W]E 9 FAVOR ( REMUN]ATION ACCORD+ TO NE$S 7LOGICALLY1 !RE W\LD BE NO MONEY1 WAGES1 ETC474 ,IT MU/ BE SAID ?AT AN>*I/S LIKE ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,]RICO,MALATE/A & ,N5O ,VASCO MA9TA9$ 9T]M$IATE POSITIONS1 /AT+ ?AT1 DEP5D+ ON ! CASE OR ! MOM5T 9 QUE/ION1 ONE C\LD V>Y BETWE5 COLLECTIVISM & COMMUNISM OR Y\ C\LD OPT = COEXI/5CE4 ,A ?IRD DEBATE ON SELF-MANAGEM5T CONTRA/$ TWO IDEAS AB\T :]E POLITICAL DECISIONS %\LD BE MADE4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 ! IDEA ?AT POLITICS %\LD BE C>RI$ \T EXCLUSIVELY FROM A PLACE ( RESID5CE WAS DEF5D$ BY ,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 :O ADVOCAT$ =MATIONS DEVELOP$ BY COMMUNITIES & MUNICIPALITIES1 :I* W\LD BE ! PROP] PLACES ( DIRECT DEMOCRACY & M9IMIZE ! ?REATS ( ECONOMISM & CORPORATISM4 ,&1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! IDEA ?AT POLITICS %\LD BE C>RI$ \T EXCLUSIVELY FROM ! WORKPLACE WAS A POSITION DEF5D$ BY ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] & ,DIEGO ,ABAD DE ,SANTILLAN1 AMONG O!RS1 :O >GU$ ?AT UNIONS %\LD BE RESPONSIBLE = SOCIAL REORGANIZATION & ! DECISIONS ( SOCIETY1 S9CE !Y W\LD BE ! PRIVILEG$ MEET+ SPACES ( WORK]S4 ,O!R AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,LUCI5 VAN D] ,WALT1 UPHOLD MIX$ =MATIONS1 :I* POLITICALLY L9K PLACES ( RESID5CE & WORKPLACES4 ,A F\R? DEBATE 9VOLV$ ! QUE/ION ( ! LIMITS & POSSIBILITIES ( CULTURE 9 A FUTURE SOCIETY4 ,SOME1 SU* AS ,BAKUN9 & ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNI/S .<,F$]AZIONE DEI ,COMUNI/I ,AN>*ICI.> 7,FD,C,A71 CLAIM$ ?AT CULTURE IS SECOND>Y1 S9CE !Y BELIEV$ ?AT CULTURE & ALL ?AT IT IMPLIES --E?ICS1 VALUES1 PROPAG&A1 COMMUNICATION1 LEISURE1 ETC4-- IS EXTREMELY LIMIT$ BY POLITICAL &1 ABOVE ALL1 ECONOMIC ELEM5TS4 ,O!RS1 SU* AS ,WU ,ZHIHUI & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 >GU$ ?AT CULTURE IS ABSOLUTELY C5TRAL1 S9CE !Y BELIEV$ ?AT IT HAS A DET]M9+ ROLE 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ECONOMIC & POLITICAL SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,DEF5D]S ( ! FIR/ POSITION COMMONLY PRIORITIZ$ MILITANCY 9 UNIONS &_/OR COOP]ATIVES & ?OSE ( ! SECOND PRIORITIZ$ $UCATION & PROPAG&A4 ,!RE W]E ALSO 9NUM]ABLE 9T]M$IATE POSITIONS1 ) MANY MILITANTS TRY+ TO RECONCILE BO? POSITIONS & 9ITIATIVES4 ,LET'S TAKE /OCK ( ! DEBATES ON SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,! M>KETV]SUS PLANN+ DEBATE DID NOT HAVE A CONSID]ABLE HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL IMPACT & ! POSITIONS 9 DEF5SE ( ! M>KET W]E V]Y 9SIGNIFICANT4 ,! COLLECTIVISM V]SUS COMMUNISM DEBATE WAS RELEVANT 9 ,EUROPE FROM ! #a#h#gS TO ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BUT !N COMMUNISM TOOK ON A COMPLETELY HEGEMONIC POSITION1 L>GELY DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ,KROPOTK91 & ! 9T]M$IATE POSITIONS1 :O SAW ?IS PROBLEM AS SECOND>Y1 W]E ALSO /R5G!N$4 ,! DEBATE >\ND POLITICS & DECISIONS C>RI$ \T BY PLACE ( RESID5CE V]SUS BY WORKPLACE DID NOT IMPLY GREAT POL>IZATIONS1 S9CE /RICT DEF5D]S ( COMMUNITY & MUNICIPAL POLITICS W]E COMPLETELY M>G9ALIZ$ & !RE WAS A PREVAL5T CONCILIATORY POSITION1 AT LEA/ 9 PRACTICE1 ( =MATIONS BETWE5 UNIONS & NEIY V]SUS C5TRAL DEBATE T5D$ TO CONC5TRATE ON 9T]M$IATE POSITIONS1 :I* ATTRIBUT$ A RELEVANT ROLE1 BUT )\T RADICALISMS T5D+ TO ECONOMISM OR EXTREME CULTURALISM4 ,9 ACCORDANCE ) ALL ( ?IS1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA>GUES ?AT ! F\R DEBATES RELAT$ TO ! DEF5SE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T MAY BE CONSID]$ RELEVANT1 BUT NOT = M>K+ P]MAN5T DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*I/S 9 HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL T]MS4 ,REG>D+ DEBATES >\ND /RATEGY--PA?WAYS ( *ANGE--!RE HAS HI/ORICALLY BE5 A CONTRA/ BETWE5 POSITIONS FAVORABLE TO ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,JOSE ,OITICICA & ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 :O ADVOCAT$ ! NE$ = ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/S AT ! SOCIAL1 MASS1 &_/OR POLITICAL-IDEOLOGICAL LEVEL 7SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/71 & POSITIONS CONTR>Y TO ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS ?OSE ( ,ALFR$O ,BONANNO & ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 :I* W>N$ ?AT =MAL & /RUCTUR$ ORGANIZATIONS ( MASS MOBILIZATION C>RY RISKS ( BUREAUCRATIZATION & RECOMM5D$ ACT+ 9DIVIDUALLY OR 9 SMALL GR\PS OR 9=MAL NETWORKS4 ,AMONG ! ADVOCATES ( ORGANIZATION1 OR ORGANIZATIONI/S1 !RE HAVE ALSO BE5 CONSID]ABLE DIFF]5CES1 AMONG :I* ?REE /& \T4 ,9 ONE1 !Y CONTRA/$1 ON ! ONE H&1 EXCLUSIVE SYNDICALISM OR COMMUNALISM1 DEF5D$ AMONG O!RS BY ,PI]RE ,MONATTE1 :O >GU$ ?AT ! ORGANIZATION ( AN>*I/S W\LD BE NECESS>Y ONLY AT ! SOCIAL1 MASS LEVEL1 & ?AT AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W\LD BE SOME:AT R$UNDANT1 S9CE POPUL> MOVEM5TS W\LD HAVE PROP] CONDITIONS TO PROMOTE AN>*I/ /RATEGY1 &1 ON ! O!R H&1 ORGANIZATIONAL DUALISM1 PROPOS$ BY AU?ORS SU* AS ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,AM$EE ,DUNOIS1 :O >GU$ ?AT1 BEYOND MASSIVE SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS1 SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W\LD ALSO BE NECESS>Y TO PROMOTE !IR POSITIONS MORE CONSI/5TLY AMONG WORK]S4 ,ANO!R PO9T ( DISCREPANCY AMONG SUPPORT]S ( MASS SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS OPPOS$ REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S1 SU* AS ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 & ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR .<,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL.>7,C,G,T71 :I* HAD NO EXPLICIT PROGRAMMATIC L9K TO AN>*ISM1 TO AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 SU* AS ! ,>G5T9E ,REGIONAL ,WORK]S' ,F$]ATION .<,F$]ACION ,OBR]A ,REGIONAL ,>G5T9A.>7,=,A7 & ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR.<,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO.> 7,C,N,T71 :I* W]E L9K$1 ! FIR/ S9CE #aie & ! SECOND S9CE #a#i#a#i1 TO AN>*ISM 7OR LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM7 AS AN (FICIAL DOCTR9E PROGRAMMATICALLY & EXPLICITLY PROMOT$ AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 ,& F9ALLY1 !RE WAS A ?IRD PO9T ( DISAGREEM5T REG>D+ SPECIFIC AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 DEF5D]S ( A PROGRAMMATIC 7HOMOG5E\S7 ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS ,JUAN ,C>LOS ,ME*OSO & ! ,URUGUAYAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION .<,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,URUGUAYA.>1 & ,IDA ,METT & ! ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,PLAT=M ( ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,AN>*I/S1 ADVOCAT$ A /RONG ORGANIZATION MODEL1 ) BROAD AFF9ITY AMONG MEMB]S & FOCUS$ ON 9FLU5CE )9 MASS /RUGGLE4 ,!SE SELF-MANAG+ ORGANIZATIONS W\LD WORK ) A WELL-DEF9$ ORGANIZATION1 RELATION%IP ( RIY4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 DEF5D]S ( A FLEXIBLE 7HET]OG5E\S7 ORGANIZATION1 SU* AS ,VOL9 & ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 = ! PURPOSE ( 5D+ CONFLICTS BETWE5 AN>*I/S1 ADVOCAT$ A F$]ALI/ MODEL ( ORGANIZATION1 BUT ) LIMIT$ ORGANIZATIONAL /RUCTURE1 ! POSSIBILITY ( P>TICIPATION BY ALL AN>*I/S1 A HI< DEGREE ( AUTONOMY = 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS1 )\T UNITY ( ACTION 7)\T OBLIGATION TO ADH]E TO MAJORITY POSITIONS 9 CASE ( DIV]G5CES7 & ACCEPT+ A BROAD DIV]SITY 9 !ORETICAL1 IDEOLOGICAL1 /RATEGIC & PRACTICAL T]MS4 ,! SECOND MAJOR >EA ( DEBATE RELATIVE TO PA?S ( *ANGE PITS POSSIBILITY AGA9/ IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,SUPPORT]S ( RE=MS AS A POSSIBLE WAY TO REA* ! REVOLUTION1 SU* AS ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 ,BA ,J9 & ,SAM ,DOLG(F1 HAVE >GU$ ?AT /RUGGLES = IMM$IATE CONQUE/S CAN S]VE TO EX]CISE A C]TA9 K9D ( REVOLUTION>Y GYMNA/ICS1 & ?AT ! RE=MS CONQU]$1 BY MAK+ LIFE LESS H>D = WORK]S1 IMPROVE CONDITIONS = MOBILIZATION & HAVE A P$AGOGICAL EFFECT1 /R5G!N+ WORK]S = A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT RE=MS %\LD BE REJECT$ 9 G5]AL1 SU* AS ,ALESS&RO ,C]*IAI1 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI & ,EMILE ,H5RY1 >GUE ?AT RE=MS G5]ALLY /R5G!N ! SY/EM RA!R ?AN WEAK5 OR DE/ROY IT1 & !RE=E !Y ?9K ?AT /RIKES >E NOT USEFUL = A REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT2 ! EV5TUAL CONQUE/S AGA9/ ! BOSSES W\LD BE NEUTRALIZ$ ) ! 9CREASE 9 ! PRICES ( PRODUCTS ?AT ! WORK]S !MSELVES CONSUME1 & CONQUE/S AGA9/ ! ,/ATE W\LD ONLY RESULT 9 /R5G!N+ IT & CONT9U+ ITS PROCESS ( DOM9ATION4 ,F9ALLY1 A ?IRD DEBATE FOCUS$ ON ! /RATEGIC ROLE ( VIOL5CE4 ,SOME1 LIKE ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO & ,PI]RE ,BESN>D1 UND]/OOD REVOLUTION>Y VIOL5CE AS A CONCOMITANT & D]IVATIVE ELEM5T ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 ESS5TIAL = REVOLUTION>Y TRANS=MATION1 & RECOMM5D$ ?AT IT BE US$ TO /R5G!N POPUL> MOVEM5TS 9 ! CLASS /RUGGLE1 & NOT AS A SIMPLE SP>K TO PROMOTE ! CREATION ( !SE MOVEM5TS1 NOR AS AN EXCLUSIVE MEANS ( EFFECTIVE PROPAG&A4 ,O!RS1 ON ! O!R H&1 SU* AS ,SEV]9O DI ,GIOVANNI & ,RAVA*OL1 CONCEIV$ ( VIOL5CE AS A TRIGG] & A MOBILIZ+ ELEM5T1 BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( POPUL> REV5GE1 AS A PROPAG&A ELEM5T CAPABLE ( 9VOLV+ WORK]S 9 MORE RADICALIZ$ PROCESSES ( /RUGGLE4 ,AS A F9AL ASSESSM5T1 IT CAN BE AFFIRM$ ?AT !SE ?REE GREAT DEBATES ON /RATEGY --ORGANIZATIONISM V]SUS ANTI-ORGANIZATIONISM1 POSSIBILISM V]SUS IMPOSSIBILISM1 SIMULTANE\S & D]IVATIVE VIOL5CE V]SUS VIOL5CE AS A TRIGG]-- >E HI*I/S >\ND ! WORLD4 ,& IT IS PRECISELY ON ! BASIS ( !SE ?REE DEBATES ?AT A R$EF9ITION ( AN>*I/ CURR5TS IS PROPOS$4 ,AN>*I/ ,CURR5TS ,DISCUSS+ AN>*I/ CURR5TS IMPLIES1 AS 9 ! CASE ( ! DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM1 RE?9K+ ! :OLE ISSUE4 ,! REF]5CE /UDIES ON AN>*ISM & O!RS PRES5T AN 5ORM\S SET ( AN>*I/ CURR5TS4 ,AS MU* AS IT IS COMMON TO TALK AB\T AN>*O-9DIVIDUALISM1 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & AN>*O-COMMUNISM1 !RE >E A HO/ ( O!R CURR5TS3 PACIFI/ AN>*ISM1 CULTURAL AN>*ISM1 AN>*O-COLLECTIVISM1 MUTUALISM1 T]RORI/ AN>*ISM1 SOCIAL AN>*ISM1 AN>*ISM )\T ADJECTIVES1 PEASANT AN>*ISM1 GRE5 AN>*ISM1 AN>*O-FEM9ISM1 RE=MI/ AN>*ISM1 UTILIT>IAN1 CONSPIRATORIAL1 LIFE/YLE1 ETC4 ,! LI/ IS IMM5SE4 ,!SE T]MS C>RY V>I\S PROBLEMS4 ,BEYOND ! NAMES CREAT$ TO DEF9E ! !ORY ( A GREAT SAGE 70AN>*O-PACIFISM0 = ,TOL/OY1 = EXAMPLE71 !RE IS1 AS 9 ?IS CASE ( AN>*O-PACIFISM1 PROBLEMS ( UND]/&+ & DEF9ITION ( AN>*ISM3 PACIFISM 7OPPOSITION TO VIOL5CE 9 ALL CASES71 RE=MISM 7RE=MS UND]/OOD AS AN 5D 9 !MSELVES7 & 9DIVIDUALISM 7PURSUIT ( 9DIVIDUAL EMANCIPATION F> FROM A PROJECT ( COLLECTIVE LIB]ATION7 >E NOT EV5 P>T ( ! HI/ORICAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,WE ALREADY SOLV$ ?IS PROBLEM BE=E1 ) ! RELATIVELY PRECISE R$EF9ITION ( AN>*ISM4 ,!RE >E ALSO PROBLEMS ) ! CRIT]IA *OS5 = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( !SE CURR5TS1 S9CE1 BECAUSE ( !IR OV]LAP1 !Y CANNOT BE COMP>$4 ,!RE >E CRIT]IA RELATIVE TO ! DI/RIBUTION ( FRUITS ( LABOR 9 ! FUTURE SOCIETY3 COMMUNISM OR COLLECTIVISM4 ,!RE >E O!R CRIT]IA BAS$ ON /RATEGIES ( /RUGGLE3 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE 9T]V5TIONS2 UNIONS1 NEIE ALSO POSITIONS ON RE=MS1 ON ! MODEL ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ON ! CLASSES & SUBJECTS CAPABLE ( PROPELL+ ! PROCESS ( *ANGE4 ,& !RE >E ALSO CRIT]IA ?AT REF] TO POLITICAL-PHILOSOPHICAL ELEM5TS1 SU* AS SPIRITUALISM & RELIGION1 ! CONCEPTION ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM OR 5VIRONM5TALI/ & FEM9I/ /RUGGLES4 ,9 ! TRADITIONAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 AN>*O-COMMUNISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 = EXAMPLE1 COMMUNISM REF]S TO ! =M ( DI/RIBUTION ( ! FRUITS ( LABOR & SYNDICALISM G5]ALLY REF]S TO A /RATEGY4 ,N5O ,VASCO1 :O ADVOCAT$ ! ORGANIZATION ( UNIONS AS MEANS & COMMUNISM AS AN 5D1 PRES5TS V]Y CLE> DIFF]5CES ) ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 AN ANTI-ORGANIZATIONI/ 9 T]MS ( HIS PA? ( /RUGGLE1 BUT ALSO COMMUNI/ 9 HIS P]SPECTIVE ON ! FUTURE4 ,W\LD !Y BO? BE 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/S08 ,W\LD ,N5O ,VASCO BE AN 0AN>*O-COMMUNI/0 & AN 0AN>*O-SYNDICALI/0 AT ! SAME TIME8 ,Y\ C\LD (F] AN 5DLESS NUMB] ( EXAMPLES D]IV$ FROM ?IS PROBLEM4 ,TO GET \T ( ?IS QUAGMIRE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RETURN NOT ONLY TO ! R$EF9ITION ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ALSO TO ! DISCUSSION ON ! GREAT DEBATES AMONG AN>*I/S & !IR HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHICAL RELEVANCE4 ,AS HAS BE5 >GU$1 !RE >E ?REE ISSUES ?AT DI/ILL ! MO/ IMPORTANT DEBATES3 ORGANIZATION1 RE=MS & VIOL5CE4 ,MOREOV]1 IT CAN BE SE51 9 GLOBAL T]MS & FROM #ahf TO ! PRES5T1 ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 MANY CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* POSITIONS ON !SE ISSUES HAVE CONV]G$4 ,?US1 IT HAS BE5 V]Y COMMON = ORGANIZATIONI//O *AMPION POSSIBILI/ POSITIONS & ! NE$ = D]IVATIVE & SIMULTANE\S VIOL5CE1 & = ANTI-ORGANIZATIONI/S TO DEF5D ANTI-POSSIBILI/ POSITIONS & VIOL5CE AS A TRIGG]4 ,BAS$ ON ?IS1 ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA >GUES ?AT !SE TWO GR\PS1 CON/ITUT$ BY ! HI/ORICAL POSITIONS ) RESPECT TO ! ?REE A=EM5TION$ QUE/IONS1 =M ! F\NDATION = ! R$EF9ITION ( AN>*I/ CURR5TS4 ,! FIR/ GR\P 7ORGANIZATIONISM "4 POSSIBILISM "4 SIMULTANE\S & D]IV$ VIOL5CE7 CON/ITUTES MASS AN>*ISM1 HI/ORICALLY ! MAJORITY CURR5T ( AN>*ISM4 ,! SECOND GR\P 7ANTI-ORGANIZATIONISM "4 IMPOSSIBILISM "4 VIOL5CE AS A TRIGG]7 CON/ITUTES 9SURRECTION>Y AN>*ISM1 HI/ORICALLY A M9ORITY1 BUT /ILL QUITE CONSID]ABLE4 ,KN[N AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LUCY ,P>SONS1 ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN91 ,N5O ,VASCO1 ,?IB$I1 ,JOSE ,OITICICA & ,BA ,J91 AMONG MANY O!RS1 W\LD BE REPRES5TATIVES ( MASS AN>*ISM1 :ILE ,SEV]9O DI ,GIOVANNI1 ,EMILE ,H5RY1 ,RAVA*OL1 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI1 ,CLEM5T ,DUVAL1 ,B>TOLOMEO ,VANZETTI & MANY O!RS W\LD BE REPRES5TATIVES ( 9SURRECTION>Y AN>*ISM4 ,KROPOTK9 & ,MALATE/A1 DEP5D+ ON ! TIME ( !IR LIVES1 BELONG$ TO ONE OR ! O!R CURR5T4 ,H[EV]1 IT IS ESS5TIAL TO EMPHASIZE ?AT ?IS ASSOCIATION ?AT CON/ITUTES ! F\NDATION ( ! CURR5TS 7ORGANIZATIONISM "4 POSSIBILISM "4 SIMULTANE\S & D]IV$ VIOL5CE2 ANTI-ORGANIZATIONISM "4 IMPOSSIBILITY "4 VIOL5CE AS A TRIGG]7 WAS NOT A CON/ANT4 ,ANALYZ+ P>TICUL> CONTEXTS1 ! A=EM5TION$ DEBATES MAY APPE> OR NOT1 :E!R OR NOT !Y >E RELAT$ TO EA* O!R4 ,IT SEEMS CLE> ?AT SU* A R$EF9ITION DOES NOT APPLY TO ALL CONTEXTS & %\LD NOT BE US$ AS A 0/RAITJACKET0 TO =CE A FIT ) REAL & CONCRETE HI/ORY4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME1 !SE DEBATES & ?IS R$EF9ITION ( CURR5TS CAN FUNCTION AS HYPO!SES & (F] ELEM5TS = ANALYSIS ( P>TICUL> CONTEXTS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ! CASE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,FIR/ ,BRAZILIAN ,REPUBLIC 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#c71 TAK+ ?IS MODEL AS A HYPO!SIS1 IT IS VALIDAT$1 BAS$ ON ! HI/ORIOGRAPHICAL PRODUCTION ( ,ALEX&RE ,SAMIS1 ?AT !RE IS NO COMPLETE ADAPTATION TO IT4 ,BUT ! DEBATES ON DISPLAY ALL[ US TO ID5TIFY :I* W]E ! MO/ CONSI/5TLY SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES AMONG ! AN>*I/S ( ?AT CONTEXT1 :I* REVOLV$ >\ND ! QUE/ION ( ORGANIZATION4 ,?US1 ORGANIZATIONI/S & ANTI-ORGANIZATIONI/S W]E ! TWO MA9 CURR5TS4 ,ALSO1 AMONG ! ORGANIZATIONI/S !RE WAS ANO!R RELEVANT DEBATE BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y SYNDICALI/S 79SPIR$ BY ! ,FR5* ,C,G,T7 & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S 79SPIR$ BY ! ,>G5T9E ,=,A74 ,F9AL ,CONSID]ATIONS ,9 SUM1 ! CONTRIBUTIONS ( ,B&EIRA ,NEGRA RE9=CE ! ?REE !SES ?AT W]E \TL9$ 9 ?IS >TICLE4 ,FIR/1 REF]5CE /UDIES ON AN>*ISM HAVE SIGNIFICANT !ORETICAL-ME?ODOLOGICAL PROBLEMS3 ! BASIS ( DATA 7HI/ORICAL & GEOGRAPHIC7 ) :I* !Y WORK2 ! WAY TO SITUATE AN>*ISM 9 HI/ORY & TO READ HI/ORY2 ! DEF9ITIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT >E DEVELOP$ & ADOPT$2 ! CONCLUSIONS DRAWN FROM !IR ANALYZES4 ,SU* PROBLEMS MAKE RESE>* DIFFICULT & DO NOT ALL[ US TO ADEQUATELY DEF9E AN>*ISM1 ITS DEBATES1 ITS CURR5TS & UND]/& ITS HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,SECOND1 AN APPROA* BAS$ ON A HI/ORICAL ME?OD & A BROAD DATA SET1 :I* 9T]ACTS ) NOTIONS ( TOTALITY & 9T]DEP5D5CE1 ALL[S = SOLV+ ! PROBLEMS ( REF]5CE /UDIES & CONDUCT+ APPROPRIATE RESE>* ON AN>*ISM4 ,?IRD1 IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT AN>*ISM IS A COH]5T IDEOLOGY1 A TYPE ( REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALISM ?AT CAN BE DESCRIB$ ) A PRECISE SET ( PR9CIPLES1 & ?AT IT C>RIES A RATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ( FUNDAM5TAL CRITICISMS1 PROPOSALS & /RATEGIES1 9 RELATION TO :I* ITS TWO CURR5TS >E E/ABLI%$3 MASS AN>*ISM & 9SURRECTION>Y AN>*ISM4 ,9 ADDITION1 IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT AN>*ISM HAS HAD A WIDE POPUL> IMPACT AMONG WORK]S & PEASANTS1 9 URBAN & RURAL >EAS1 & A P]MAN5T & GLOBAL HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T FROM ITS EM]G5CE 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO ! PRES5T4 7,S\RCE3 ,ORIG9AL >TICLE3 0,TEORIA E ,HI/ORIA ,AN>QUI/A 5 ,P]SPECTIVA ,GLOBAL40 ,FIR/LY PUBLI%$ AT ! RECORDS ( ! ,I ,CONGRESO ,9T]NACIONAL DE ,9VE/IGADORXS SOBRE ,AN>QUISMO7,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,>G5T9A1 ,OCTOB] #b#a#f7447 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #a#e1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*I/ ,!ORY & ,HI/ORY 9 ,GLOBAL ,P]SPECTIVE -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/