,SECTION #d 

#ahihahih 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TEXT 3 

,SECTION ,I,V 

  
,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY 

    
BY ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

  

,PHOTO BY ,ROB ,DUPUIS1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,MOSAIC1 ,BUDDHI/1 ,*RI/IAN & ,MUSSULMAN !OLOGIANS HAVE HAD REC\RSE TO DIV9E 9SPIRATION TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL4 ,!Y HAVE SE5 ?AT MAN1 BE HE SAVAGE OR CIVILIZ$1 IGNORANT OR LE>N$1 P]V]SE OR K9DLY & HONE/1 ALWAYS KN[S IF HE IS ACT+ WELL OR ILL1 ESPECIALLY ALWAYS KN[S IF HE IS ACT+ ILL4 ,& AS !Y HAVE F\ND NO EXPLANATION ( ?IS G5]AL FACT1 !Y HAVE PUT IT D[N TO DIV9E 9SPIRATION4 ,METAPHYSICAL PHILOSOPH]S1 ON !IR SIDE1 HAVE TOLD US ( CONSCI5CE1 ( A MY/IC 0IMP]ATIVE10 &1 AFT] ALL1 HAVE *ANG$ NO?+ BUT ! PHRASES4 

,BUT NEI!R HAVE KN[N H[ TO E/IMATE ! V]Y SIMPLE & V]Y /RIK+ FACT ?AT ANIMALS LIV+ 9 SOCIETIES >E ALSO ABLE TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 GOOD & EVIL1 JU/ AS MAN DOES4 ,MOREOV]1 !IR CONCEPTIONS ( GOOD & EVIL >E ( ! SAME NATURE AS ?OSE ( MAN4 ,AMONG ! BE/ DEVELOP$ REPRES5TATIVES ( EA* SEP>ATE CLASS1 -- FI%1 9SECTS1 BIRDS1 MAMMALS1 -- !Y >E EV5 ID5TICAL4 

.<,AUGU/E-,H5RI.> ,=EL1 ?AT 9IMITABLE OBS]V] ( ANTS1 HAS %[N BY A MASS ( OBS]VATIONS & FACTS ?AT :5 AN ANT :O HAS H] CROP WELL FILL$ ) HONEY MEETS O!R ANTS ) EMPTY /OMA*S1 ! LATT] IMM$IATELY ASK H] = FOOD4 ,& AMONG !SE LITTLE 9SECTS IT IS ! DUTY ( ! SATISFI$ ANT TO DISGORGE ! HONEY ?AT H] HUNGRY FRI5DS MAY ALSO BE SATISFI$4 ,ASK ! ANTS IF IT W\LD BE RI<T TO REFUSE FOOD TO O!R ANTS ( ! SAME AN?ILL :5 ONE HAS HAD ONE,US %>E4 ,!Y WILL ANSW]1 BY ACTIONS IMPOSSIBLE TO MI/AKE1 ?AT IT W\LD BE EXTREMELY WRONG4 ,SO SELFI% AN ANT W\LD BE MORE H>%LY TREAT$ ?AN 5EMIES ( ANO!R SPECIES4 ,IF SU* A ?+ HAPP5S DUR+ A BATTLE BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T SPECIES1 ! ANTS W\LD /OP FI<T+ TO FALL UPON !IR SELFI% COMRADE4 ,?IS FACT HAS BE5 PROV$ BY EXP]IM5TS :I* EXCLUDE ALL D\BT4 

,OR AGA91 ASK ! SP>R[S LIV+ 9 Y\R G>D5 IF IT IS RI<T NOT TO GIVE NOTICE TO ALL ! LITTLE SOCIETY :5 SOME CRUMBS >E ?R[N \T1 SO ?AT ALL MAY COME & %>E 9 ! MEAL4 ,ASK !M IF ?AT H$GE SP>R[ HAS DONE RI<T 9 /EAL+ FROM HIS NEI<BOR'S NE/ ?OSE /RAWS HE HAD PICK$ UP1 /RAWS :I* ! ?IEF WAS TOO LAZY TO GO & COLLECT HIMSELF4 ,! SP>R[S WILL ANSW] ?AT HE IS V]Y WRONG1 BY FLY+ AT ! ROBB] & PECK+ HIM4 

,OR ASK ! M>MOTS IF IT IS RI<T = ONE TO REFUSE ACCESS TO HIS UND]GR\ND /OREH\SE TO O!R M>MOTS ( ! SAME COLONY4 !Y WILL ANSW] ?AT IT IS V]Y WRONG1 BY QU>REL+ 9 ALL SORTS ( WAYS ) ! MIS]4 

,F9ALLY1 ASK PRIMITIVE MAN IF IT IS RI<T TO TAKE FOOD 9 ! T5T ( A MEMB] ( ! TRIBE DUR+ HIS ABS5CE4 ,HE WILL ANSW] ?AT1 IF ! MAN C\LD GET HIS FOOD = HIMSELF1 IT WAS V]Y WRONG4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IF HE WAS WE>Y OR 9 WANT1 HE \<T TO TAKE FOOD :]E HE F9DS IT2 BUT 9 SU* A CASE1 HE WILL DO WELL TO LEAVE HIS CAP OR HIS KNIFE1 OR EV5 A BIT ( KNOTT$ /R+1 SO ?AT ! ABS5T HUNT] MAY KN[ ON HIS RETURN ?AT A FRI5D HAS BE5 !RE1 NOT A ROBB]4 ,SU* A PRECAUTION WILL SAVE HIM ! ANXIETY CAUS$ BY ! POSSIBLE PRES5CE ( A M>AUD] NE> HIS T5T4 

,?\S&S ( SIMIL> FACTS MI<T BE QUOT$1 :OLE BOOKS MI<T BE WRITT51 TO %[ H[ ID5TICAL >E ! CONCEPTIONS ( GOOD & EVIL AMONG M5 & ! O!R ANIMALS4 

,! ANT1 ! BIRD1 ! M>MOT1 ! SAVAGE HAVE READ NEI!R ,KANT NOR ! FA!RS ( ! ,*UR* NOR EV5 ,MOSES4 ,& YET ALL HAVE ! SAME IDEA ( GOOD & EVIL4 ,& IF Y\ RE- FLECT = A MOM5T ON :AT LIES AT ! BOTTOM ( ?IS IDEA1 Y\ WILL SEE DIRECTLY ?AT :AT IS CONSID]$ GOOD AMONG ANTS1 M>MOTS1 & ,*RI/IAN OR A!I/ MORALI/S IS ?AT :I* IS USEFUL = ! PRES]VATION ( ! RACE2 & ?AT :I* IS CONSID]$ EVIL IS ?AT :I* IS HURTFUL = RACE PRES]VATION4 ,NOT = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS ,B5?AM & ,MILL PUT IT1 BUT FAIR & GOOD = ! :OLE RACE4 

,! IDEA ( GOOD & EVIL HAS ?US NO?+ TO DO ) RELIGION OR A MY/IC CONSCI5CE4 ,IT IS A NATURAL NE$ ( ANIMAL RACES4 ,& :5 F\ND]S ( RELIGIONS1 PHILOSOPH]S1 & MORALI/S TELL US ( DIV9E OR METAPHYSICAL 5TITIES1 !Y >E ONLY RECA/+ :AT EA* ANT1 EA* SP>R[ PRACTICES 9 ITS LITTLE SOCIETY4 

,IS ?IS USEFUL TO SOCIETY8 ,!N IT IS GOOD4 ,IS ?IS HURTFUL8 ,!N IT IS BAD4 

,?IS IDEA MAY BE EXTREMELY RE/RICT$ AMONG 9F]IOR ANIMALS1 IT MAY BE 5L>G$ AMONG ! MORE ADVANC$ ANIMALS2 BUT ITS ESS5CE ALWAYS REMA9S ! SAME4 

,AMONG ANTS IT DOES NOT EXT5D BEYOND ! AN?ILL4 ,ALL SOCIABLE CU/OMS1 ALL RULES ( GOOD BEHAVIOR >E APPLICABLE ONLY TO ! 9DIVIDUALS 9 ?AT ONE AN?ILL1 NOT TO ANY O!RS4 ,ONE AN?ILL WILL NOT CONSID] ANO!R AS BELONG+ TO ! SAME FAMILY1 UNLESS UND] SOME EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUM/ANCES1 SU* AS A COMMON DI/RESS FALL+ UPON BO?4 ,9 ! SAME WAY ! SP>R[S 9 ! ,LUXEMB\RG ,G>D5S 9 ,P>IS1 ?\< !Y WILL MUTUALLY AID ONE ANO!R 9 A /RIK+ MANN]1 WILL FI<T TO ! DEA? ) ANO!R SP>R[ FROM ! ,MONGE ,SQU>E :O MAY D>E TO V5TURE 9TO ! ,LUXEMB\RG4 ,& ! SAVAGE WILL LOOK UPON A SAVAGE ( ANO!R TRIBE AS A P]SON TO :OM ! USAGES ( HIS [N TRIBE DO NOT APPLY4 ,IT IS EV5 ALL[ABLE TO SELL TO HIM1 & TO SELL IS ALWAYS TO ROB ! BUY] MORE OR LESS2 BUY] OR SELL]1 ONE OR O!R IS ALWAYS 0SOLD40 ,A ,T*\T*E W\LD ?9K IT A CRIME TO SELL TO ! MEMB]S ( HIS TRIBE3 TO !M HE GIVES )\T ANY RECKON+4 ,& CIVILIZ$ MAN1 :5 AT LA/ HE UND]/&S ! RELATIONS BETWE5 HIMSELF ,9D ! SIMPLE/ ,PAPUAN1 CLOSE RELATIONS1 ?\< IMP]CEPTIBLE AT ! FIR/ GLANCE1 WILL EXT5D HIS PR9CIPLES ( SOLID>ITY TO ! :OLE HUMAN RACE1 & EV5 TO ! ANIMALS4 ,! IDEA 5L>GES1 BUT ITS F\NDATION REMA9S ! SAME4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! CONCEPTION ( GOOD OR EVIL V>IES ACCORD+ TO ! DEGREE ( 9TELLIG5CE OR ( KN[L$GE ACQUIR$4 ,!RE IS NO?+ UN*ANGEABLE AB\T IT4 

,PRIMITIVE MAN MAY HAVE ?\<T IT V]Y RI<T --?AT IS1 USEFUL TO ! RACE-- TO EAT HIS AG$ P>5TS :5 !Y BECAME A *>GE UPON ! COMMUNITY-- A V]Y HEAVY *>GE 9 ! MA94 ,HE MAY HAVE ALSO ?\<T IT USEFUL TO ! COMMUNITY TO KILL HIS NEW-BORN *ILDR51 & ONLY KEEP TWO OR ?REE 9 EA* FAMILY1 SO ?AT ! MO!R C\LD SUCKLE !M UNTIL !Y W]E ?REE YE>S OLD & LAVI% MORE ( H] T5D]NESS UPON !M4 

,9 \R DAYS IDEAS HAVE *ANG$1 BUT ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE >E NO LONG] :AT !Y W]E 9 ! ,/ONE ,AGE4 ,CIVILIZ$ MAN IS NOT 9 ! POSITION ( ! SAVAGE FAMILY :O HAVE TO *OOSE BETWE5 TWO EVILS3 EI!R TO EAT ! AG$ P>5TS OR ELSE ALL TO GET 9SUFFICI5T N\RI%M5T & SOON F9D !MSELVES UNABLE TO FE$ BO? ! AG$ P>5TS & ! Y\NG *ILDR54 ,WE MU/ TRANSPORT \RSELVES 9TO ?OSE AGES1 :I* WE CAN SC>CELY CALL UP 9 \R M9D1 BE=E WE CAN UND]/& ?AT 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES !N EXI/+1 HALF-SAVAGE MAN MAY HAVE REASON$ RI<TLY 5\<4 

,WAYS ( ?9K+ MAY *ANGE4 ,! E/IMATE ( :AT IS USEFUL OR HURTFUL TO ! RACE *ANGES1 BUT ! F\NDATION REMA9S ! SAME4 ,& IF WE WI%$ TO SUM UP ! :OLE PHILOSOPHY ( ! ANIMAL K+DOM 9 A S+LE PHRASE1 WE %\LD SEE ?AT ANTS1 BIRDS1 M>MOTS1 & M5 >E AGRE$ ON ONE PO9T4 

,! MORALITY :I* EM]GES FROM ! OBS]VATION ( ! :OLE ANIMAL K+DOM MAY BE SUMM$ UP 9 ! WORDS3 0,DO TO O!RS :AT Y\ W\LD HAVE !M DO TO Y\ 9 ! SAME CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,& IT ADDS3 0,TAKE NOTE ?AT ?IS IS M]ELY A PIECE ( ADVICE2 BUT ?IS ADVICE IS ! FRUIT ( ! LONG EXP]I5CE ( ANIMALS 9 SOCIETY4 ,& AMONG ! GREAT MASS ( SOCIAL ANIMALS1 MAN 9CLUD$1 IT HAS BECOME HABITUAL TO ACT ON ?IS PR9CIPLE4 ,9DE$ )\T ?IS NO SOCIETY C\LD EXI/1 NO RACE C\LD HAVE VANQUI%$ ! NATURAL OB/ACLES AGA9/ :I* IT MU/ /RUGGLE40 

,IS IT REALLY ?IS V]Y SIMPLE PR9CIPLE :I* EM]GES FROM ! OBS]VATION ( SOCIAL ANIMALS & HUMAN SOCIETIES8 ,IS IT APPLICABLE8 ,& H[ DOES ?IS PR9CIPLE PASS 9TO A HABIT & CONT9UALLY DEVELOP8 ,?IS IS :AT WE >E N[ GO+ TO SEE4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,SECTION #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#d1 #bag 3 ,SECTION #d -- ,ADD$4 

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