,AN>*I/ ,JU/ICE 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DAVID ,WIECK 

,TEXT 3 

,NO MATT] H[ VALUABLE LAW MAY BE TO PROTECT Y\R PROP]TY1 EV5 TO KEEP S\L & BODY TOGE!R1 IF IT DO NOT KEEP Y\ & HUMANITY TOGE!R4 

-- ,H5RY ,?OREAU 

,SU* T]MS AS 0SOCIALISM10 0DEMOCRACY10 & 0AN>*ISM0 HAVE BE5 APPROPRIAT$ = DIV]SE & CONFLICT+ USES4 ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S ASSOCIATION ( AN>*ISM ) CAPITALISM -- A CONJUNCTION USUALLY CALL$ AN>*O-CAPITALISM -- RESULTS 9 A CONCEPTION ?AT IS 5TIRELY \TSIDE ! MA9/REAM ( AN>*I/ !ORETICAL WRIT+S OR SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,TO SOME ( US :O REG>D \RSELVES AS AN>*I/S1 ?IS CONJUNCTION IS A SELF-CONTRADICTION4 ,RO?B>D'S DEF9ITION ( 0AN>*I/ SOCIETY0 AS A SOCIETY 9 :I* !RE IS 0NO LEGAL POSSIBILITY = CO]CIVE AGGRESSION AGA9/ ! P]SON OR PROP]TY ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL0 MAY BY ITS M9IMALISM AVOID =MAL CONTRADICTION4 ,AFT] A PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSION ( ?IS PO9T1 BRIEF & 9CONCLUSIVE AS IT MU/ BE1 ,I %ALL PROCE$ TO ANALYSIS ( HIS !ORY ( 0DEF5SE SY/EMS0 9 A SOCIETY )\T A /ATE4 ,F9ALLY1 S9CE ?IS IS A SYMPOSIUM ON AN>*ISM & NOT ON A S+LE V>IANT ( IT1 ,I %ALL FEEL FREE TO DISCUSS C]TA9 VIEWS ( JU/ICE ?AT D]IVE FROM ! MA9 TRADITIONS ( AN>*ISM4 

,I ADMIT TO NOT BE+ SURE :AT 0NO LEGAL POSSIBILITY0 = CO]CIVE AGGRESSION MEANS4 ,WE >E NOT TO SUPPOSE1 IF ,I UND]/& ! LATT] P>T ( ,RO?B>D'S PAP]1 ?AT !RE WILL BE NO LAWS & H5CE 7VACU\SLY7 NO LEGAL POSSIBILITY1 = ,RO?B>D PROPOSES A 0LAW CODE0 ?AT W\LD PROHIBIT CO]CIVE AGGRESSION & ?AT W\LD NO D\BT SPECIFY1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 :AT W\LD C\NT AS ACTS ( AGGRESSION & AS APPROPRIATE PUNI%M5TS4 ,HE DOES NOT SEEK TO ELIM9ATE LAW & JUDICIAL PROC$URES BUT TO ELIM9ATE AGGRESSIONS ?AT HE BELIEVES >E BUILT 9TO EXI/+ LAW CODES & POLITICAL CON/ITUTIONS1 NAMELY TAXATION & ! >ROGATION ( 0DEF5SE S]VICES0 BY A MONOPOLI/IC POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,I ?9K ,I AM ON SAFE GR\ND 9 SAY+ ?AT HE SEEKS TO SAVE LAW FROM ! /ATE4 

,! NATURE ( A LAW CODE ?AT IS NOT 9TEGRAT$ ) A CO]CIVE POLITICAL AU?ORITY IS NOT1 H[EV]1 EASY TO CONCEIVE4 ,I TAKE IT ?AT IT MU/ BE MORE ?AN A MORAL CODE2 ,I D\BT ?AT ,RO?B>D W\LD ACCEPT ! TRANSLATION ( 0LEGALLY IMPOSSIBLE0 AS 0MORALLY IMPOSSIBLE0 OR 0E?ICALLY IMPOSSIBLE10 BO? BECAUSE IT W\LD BE H>D TO MAKE S5SE ( ! LATT] T]MS & BECAUSE HE CONSI/5TLY AVOIDS MORAL T]M9OLOGY4 ,GIV5 ?AT HE ALL[S EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL TO ACT1 AT HIS OR H] [N RISK1 AS POLICEMAN1 JUDGE1 & EXECUTION]1 & P]HAPS JAIL] TOO1 ,I ?9K HE MEANS ?AT EV]YONE IS A LEGAL AU?ORITY BUT ?AT ALL 0W\LD HAVE TO0 7P4 #b#e7 CON=M TO ! SAME LEGAL CODE4 ,! MO/ FAVORABLE MEAN+ ,I CAN GIVE TO 0W\LD HAVE TO0 IS AS /IPULAT+ A NECESS>Y CONDITION ?AT W\LD BE GU>ANTE$ BY ! =CEFUL ACTION ( ADH]5TS TO ! CODE AGA9/ ?OSE :O FL\T IT4 ,9 ?AT S5SE ,I %ALL CON/RUE HIM AS ATTEMPT+ TO >TICULATE ! PR9CIPLES ( A 0LIB]T>IAN LAW CODE40 ,BUT ! BASIC QUE/ION REMA9S D\BTFUL3 ,CAN !RE BE ! RULE ( LAW & YET NO /ATE1 EV5 ON ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S M9IMAL DEF9ITION ( ! LATT]8 

,WE >E NOT GIV5 NE>LY 5\< MAT]IAL TO ALL[ PURSUIT ( ?IS QUE/ION TO ! 5D2 ,I HAVE ALREADY HAD TO SUPPLY PROPOSITIONS TO :I* ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D MI<T NOT ASS5T4 ,IT DOES SEEM1 H[EV]1 ?AT 9 HIS SY/EM !RE W\LD /& OV] AGA9/ EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ! LEGAL AU?ORITY ( ALL ! O!RS4 ,AN 9DIVIDUAL :O DID NOT RECOGNIZE PRIVATE PROP]TY AS LEGITIMATE W\LD SURELY P]CEIVE ?IS AS A TYRANNY ( LAW1 A TYRANNY ( ! MAJORITY OR ( ! MO/ P[]FUL -- 9 %ORT1 A HYDRA-HEAD$ /ATE4 ,IF ! LAW CODE IS ITSELF UNIT>Y1 !N ?IS MULTIPLE /ATE MI<T BE SAID TO HAVE PROP]LY A S+LE HEAD -- ! LAW4 ,! SY/EM W\LD DIFF] FROM ! EXI/+ ,AM]ICAN SY/EM 9 ?AT IT W\LD LACK TAXATION1 ! ECONOMY W\LD BE UNREGULAT$ BY GOV]NM5T 7AL?\< PROP]TY RI<TS W\LD BE 5=C$71 ! PRES5T P>TIAL DEC5TRALIZATION ( LEGAL AU?ORITY UND] A RULE ( LAW W\LD BE MAXIMIZ$1 & ! 5=CEM5T ( P]SONAL MORALITY W\LD BE \TLAW$ AS AGGRESSION4 ,BUT IT LOOKS AS ?\< ONE MI<T /ILL CALL ?IS 0A /ATE10 UND] ,RO?B>D'S DEF9ITION1 BY ITS SATISFY+ DE FACTO ONE ( HIS PAIR ( SUFFICI5T CONDITIONS3 0,IT ASS]TS & USUALLY OBTA9S A CO]C$ MONOPOLY ( ! PROVISION ( DEF5SE S]VICE 7POLICE & C\RTS7 OV] A GIV5 T]RITORIAL >EA0 7P4 #a#i#a1 DEF9ITION ( 0! /ATE074 ,HOBBES'S 9DIVIDUAL SOV]EIGN W\LD SEEM TO HAVE BECOME MANY SOV]EIGNS -- ) BUT ONE LAW1 H[EV]1 & 9 TRU?1 !RE=E1 A S+LE SOV]EIGN 9 ,HOBBES'S MORE IMPORTANT S5SE ( ! LATT] T]M4 ,ONE MI<T BETT]1 & LESS CONFUS+LY1 CALL ?IS A LIB]T>IAN /ATE ?AN AN AN>*Y4 

,AGA9/ SU* CRITICISM ,RO?B>D'S 0AN>*ISM0 MI<T BE DEF5D$ ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! 0DEF5SIVE0 5=CEM5T ( A PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY CANNOT FAIRLY BE CLASSIFI$ AS AN 9FR+EM5T ON 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY1 & ?AT SU* 5=CEM5T1 DISP]S$ AS IT W\LD BE & DIRECT$ M]ELY AT PRES]V+ ! 9TEGRITY ( ! SOCIETY1 W\LD NOT CON/ITUTE A /ATE 9 ANY S]I\S S5SE4 ,A FUR!R DIFFICULTY1 H[EV]1 RESULTS FROM ! ATTA*M5T ( A PR9CIPLE ( PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & ( UNRE/RICT$ ACCUMULATION ( WEAL?1 TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,?IS 9CREASES %>PLY ! POSSIBILITY ?AT MANY REASONABLE PEOPLE :O RESPECT !IR FELL[ M5 & WOM5 WILL F9D !MSELVES \TSIDE ! LAW BECAUSE ( DISS5T FROM A PROP]TY 9T]PRETATION ( LIB]TY4 ,!RE IS1 FUR!RMORE1 BROAD GR\ND = REASONABLE DISAGREEM5T1 EV5 AMONG ?OSE :O W\LD REG>D SOME =M ( PROP]TY AS A BASIC RI<T1 AS TO :AT %\LD C\NT AS LEGITIMATE PROP]TY & :AT MODES ( ACQUISITION ( PROP]TY %\LD BE RECOGNIZ$4 ,AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE IS ! RI<T TO BE/[ 9H]ITANCE1 TO :I* ,RO?B>D HOLDS BUT :I* MI<T BE CONTE/$ AS AN UNREASONABLE EXT5SION ( LEGITIMATE PROP]TY RI<TS2 O!R EXAMPLES ( DISPUT$ CONCEPTIONS ( PROP]TY RI<TS AB\ND 9 ! LAWBOOKS ( \R SOCIETY4 ,ONE CAN IMAG9E1 9 ADDITION1 ?AT ?OSE :O LOSE \T BADLY 9 ! FREE COMPETITION ( ,RO?B>D'S ECONOMIC SY/EM1 P]HAPS A CONSID]ABLE NUMB]1 MI<T REG>D ! LEGAL AU?ORITY AS AN ALI5 P[]1 A /ATE = !M1 BAS$ ON VIOL5CE1 & MI<T BE QUITE UNMOV$ BY ! FACT ?AT1 JU/ AS UND] N9ETE5?-C5TURY CAPITALISM1 A PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY WAS ! JU/IFICATION = IT ALL4 

,MO/ CONCEPTIONS ( AN>*ISM ?AT >E NOT \TRI<T COMMUNI/ 9 ECONOMICS M9IMIZE ! POSSIBILITY ( GREAT ACCUMULATIONS ( PRIVATE WEAL?1 OR ( GREAT DISP>ITIES 9 ECONOMIC WELL-BE+1 BY A CONCEPT ( SOCIAL PROP]TY & SOCIAL WEAL? ?AT SETS LIMITS TO PRIVATE ACCUMULATION4 ,IT IS ( C\RSE JU/ ! ABS5CE ( ?IS CATEGORY ( ! SOCIAL ?AT IS CRUCIAL TO ,RO?B>D'S SY/EM4 ,FUR!R CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS ABS5CE WILL APPE> 9 ! MORE SPECIFIC DISCUSSION BEL[4 ,AT ?IS PO9T IT SEEMS FAIR TO ASS]T ?AT ,RO?B>D'S 9CLUSION ( PROP]TY 9 HIS DEF9ITION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & ( LIB]TY IS LIKELY TO 9TRODUCE HEAVY /RESSES 9TO HIS SY/EM ( JU/ICE1 & ?AT ! COMPATIBILITY ( HIS SY/EM ) AN>*Y1 9 O!R ?AN A %E]LY =MAL S5SE ( ! LATT]1 IS F> FROM CLE>4 

,I4 ,! ,TWO ,P>TY ,MODEL 

,:E!R ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S SY/EM IS AN AN>*ISM IS ( C\RSE P]T95T TO ! PRES5T SYMPOSIUM4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ! ONLY P]T95T QUE/ION1 BECAUSE ! SOCIETY 5VISAG$1 H[EV] IT %\LD BE CALL$1 W\LD /ILL HAVE JU/ ?OSE M]ITS & FAIL+S ?AT IT HAS4 ,! BURD5 ( MY COMM5T1 AS ,I DEVELOP IT 9 ?IS SECTION & ! TWO FOLL[+1 WILL BE NEGATIVE1 BECAUSE ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! %ORTCOM+S >E TRULY S]I\S4 

,CONSI/5T ) HIS ANTAGONISM TO ! SOCIAL1 ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D ADH]ES TO A MODEL = ANALYSIS & RESOLUTION ( DISPUTES & ( MORE S]I\S AGGRESSIONS ?AT ,I %ALL REF] TO AS 0! TWO-P>TY MODEL40 0,ALL DISPUTES10 HE SAYS1 09VOLVE TWO P>TIES3 ! PLA9TIFF1 ! ALLEG$ VICTIM ( ! CRIME OR TORT1 & ! DEF5DANT1 ! ALLEG$ AGGRESSOR0 7P4 #a#i#f74 ,IF ,I UND]/& ,RO?B>D CORRECTLY1 HE C\LD CONCEIVE ( PLA9TIFF OR DEF5DANT1 ALLEG$ VICTIM OR ALLEG$ AGGRESSOR1 AS 7EI!R OR BO?7 PLURAL 9 NUMB]1 & HE C\LD CONCEIVE ALSO ( CASES :]E EA* ALLEGES ?AT ! O!R IS ! (F5D]4 7,IF ,I AM MI/AK51 IT WILL NOT AFFECT MY DISCUSSION47 ,BUT IT IS CLE> ?AT ,RO?B>D RECOGNIZES NO ?IRD-P>TY1 OR :AT MORE EXT5D$LY MI<T BE CALL$ SOCIAL1 9T]E/S AS LEGALLY & JUDICIALLY RELEVANT TO AN ALLEGATION ( AGGRESSION4 ,HIS SEV]E 9DIVIDUALISM REQUIRES A TWO-P>TY MODEL1 & ! CONSEQU5CES >E CONSID]ABLE4 

,! TWO-P>TY MODEL TURNS UP FIR/ ) RESPECT TO DISPUTES1 MA9LY ECONOMIC1 :]E NEGOTIATION & VOLUNT>Y B9D+ >BITRATION HAVE FAIL$ TO A*IEVE A MUTUALLY ACCEPTABLE SETTLEM5T4 ,) RESPECT TO DISPUTES ?AT >E = PRACTICAL PURPOSES BILAT]AL1 ,RO?B>D'S EMPHASIS UPON >BITRATION IS USEFUL4 ,IT IS NOT A SPECIFICALLY AN>*I/ DEVICE1 BUT ,I KN[ ( NO REASON :Y AN AN>*I/ W\LD OBJECT TO ITS UTILIZATION AT MANY JUNCTURES 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,BUT DISPUTES >E NOT1 EV5 = PRACTICAL PURPOSES1 ALWAYS BILAT]AL4 

,ASSUM+ ! PRES5T FAMILY /RUCTURE = CONTEXT1 A DISPUTE OV] 0CU/ODY0 ( A *ILD1 BETWE5 ! P>5TS1 AFFECTS V]Y MU* A ?IRD P>TY1 NAMELY ! *ILD1 :OSE 9T]E/S DO NOT NECESS>ILY CO9CIDE ) ! 9T]E/S ( EI!R P>5T -- NOT NECESS>ILY1 AT ANY RATE1 ) :AT !Y P]CEIVE !IR 9T]E/S TO BE4 7,EV5 IF ! *ILD IS DRAWN 9TO AN >BITRATION PROCESS AS AN ACTIVE P>TY -- CONTR>Y TO ! BASIC MODEL -- IT IS NOT V]Y LIKELY ?AT A Y\NG *ILD WILL BE 9 A POSITION TO GIVE 9=M$ CONS5T TO ! PROC$URES & PROCE$+S47 ,A DISPUTE BETWE5 A L&LORD & A PLUMB] MAY AFFECT ! T5ANTS CONSID]ABLY4 ,F> MORE IMPORTANTLY1 IT IS NOT CLE> H[1 9 A SOCIETY ?AT IS DEF9$ AS CONSI/+ ( 9DIVIDUALS & PRIVATE 5T]PRISES1 A MATT] SU* AS ! POLLUTION ( AIR & WAT]WAYS BY A PAP]MILL CAN BE DEALT ) ADEQUATELY4 7,?OSE AFFECT$ BY SU* DISPUTES MAY NOT BE NAMABLE EV5 9 PR9CIPLE1 BECAUSE P]SONS NOT YET BORN1 :OSE P>5TS MAY NOT EV5 HAVE BE5 BORN1 MAY BE AMONG !M47 ,! 9T]E/S ( SU* AFFECT$ 9DIVIDUALS >E NOT NECESS>ILY REPRES5T$ EI!R BY ! DISPUTANTS OR BY >BITRATORS !Y SELECT4 ,SU* 9T]E/S >E COMMONLY REF]R$ TO AS SOCIAL 9T]E/S1 ?AT IS1 9T]E/S ?AT CANNOT BE SPECIFI$ ADEQUATELY AS A SET ( 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/S4 ,CONCEIVABLY1 EV]Y P]SON 9 ! WORLD1 & EV]Y 0POSSIBLE0 DESC5DANT1 MI<T BE AFFECT$ BY A PROP]TY [N]'S DECISION TO CON/RUCT A NUCLE>-5]GY 9/ALLATION ( A C]TA9 DESIGN4 ,SU* 0DISPUTES0 MAY NOT BE ! S\RCE ( MAJOR OV]T SOCIAL CONFLICT 7I4E41 VIOL5CE7 9 \R SOCIETY1 BUT !Y HAVE COME TO BE RECOGNIZ$1 AL?\< SL[LY1 AS AFFECT+ US 9 L>GE NUMB]S & VITALLY4 

,:AT ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D HAS DONE1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS TO PROPOSE ?AT COMPLEX HUMAN PROBLEMS BE DEALT ) BY A MODEL SUIT$ TO DISPUTES BETWE5 TWO NEI<BORS OV] A PROP]TY L9E4 ,?IS IS JU/ ! K9D ( AN>*ISM ?AT ,M>XI/S HAVE SUCCE$$ 9 DISCR$IT+ BECAUSE IT SEEMS TO %[ SO LITTLE AW>5ESS ( ! LA/ HUNDR$ & FIFTY YE>S ( TE*NOLOGICAL EVOLUTION4 ,!RE >E AN>*I/S :O MEET ! PROBLEM ( TE*NOLOGICAL SOCIALIZATION ( ! ECONOMY1 & ( LIFE1 BY PROPOS+ RETURN TO PRE9DU/RIAL TE*NOLOGY1 EV5 TO AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY2 BUT ,I AM SURE ?AT ,RO?B>D W\LD REJECT ?IS4 

,! CONSEQU5CES ( ! TWO-P>TY MODEL BECOME MORE DRAMATIC1 IF NO MORE PROBLEMATIC1 :5 ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D DISCUSSES VIOL5T AGGRESSION AGA9/ P]SONS4 ,ONCE MORE !RE IS ONLY 0ALLEG$ VICTIM0 & 0ALLEG$ CRIM9AL10 & ALL PROCE$+S >E DEF9$ AS ?OSE ( ! FIR/ AGA9/ ! SECOND4 ,! VICTIM IS HELD TO BE FREE TO EXACT HIS OR H] [N JU/ICE OR V5GEANCE1 SUBJECT TO LEGITIMATE REPRISAL ONLY IF F\ND TO HAVE MISID5TIFI$ ! CRIM9AL3 0,! C\RTS W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO PROCE$ AGA9/ ,MC,COY IF 9 FACT HE KILL$ ! RI<T ,HATFIELD0 7P4 #b#d74 ,A V]Y /RANGE SAY+ 9DE$4 

,BY N[ WE HAVE LE>N$1 ,I W\LD HAVE ?\<T1 ?AT VIOL5CE & O!R ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR >ISES \T ( SOME CONTEXT ( HUMAN RELATIONS )9 :I* RESPONSIBILITY IS NOT ONLY DIFFICULT TO P9PO9T BUT (T5 SO VAGUE ?AT ! CONCEPT IS USELESS IF NOT NOXI\S4 ,! V]Y ,HATFIELD_/,MC,COY EXAMPLE ILLU/RATES ?IS4 ,DOES ANYONE KN[ :O IS RESPONSIBLE = 9ITIAT+ A S]IES ( ACTS ( V5GEANCE8 ,DOES ANYONE KN[ :O COMMITT$ ACTS ( 9ITIAL PROVOCATION1 & IS !RE ANY WAY ( SAY+ ?AT SOME 9DIVIDUAL OR EI!R FAMILY CAN BE HELD UNIQUELY RESPONSIBLE8 ,H[ CAN WE DIFF]5TIATE BETWE5 ! 0SURVIV+ ,MC,COY0 :O F9DS 0:AT HE BELIEVES TO BE ! GUILTY ,HATFIELD0 & ! ,HATFIELD :O PROBABLY BELIEV$ ?AT HE WAS FULLY JU/IFI$ 9 KILL+ A ,MC,COY8 ,AGGRESSION IS NOT A SIMPLE OBS]VABLE FACT2 ! AGGRESSOR IS1 NOTORI\SLY1 ALWAYS SOMEONE O!R ?AN ONESELF4 ,WE KN[ 9 FACT ?AT A V]Y HI< P]C5TAGE ( HOMICIDES & ASSAULTS OCCUR )9 FAMILIES & AMONG FRI5DS1 & ! VIOL5T CLIMAX HAS USUALLY >IS5 \T ( A LONG HI/ORY ( /RIFE2 ! PROBLEM IS NOT M]ELY ?AT IT IS H>D TO SAY :I* P]SON IS RESPONSIBLE BUT ?AT IT (T5 MAKES NO S5SE TO SAY ?AT ONE 9DIVIDUAL OR ! O!R MU/ BE1 = IT IS AS ?\< !IR MUTUAL HO/ILITY HAS MADE !M 9TO ,SIAMESE TW9S4 ,IF ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D W]E TO (F]1 9 V]DICTS ( RESPONSIBILITY & ( PUNI%M5T1 TO MAKE ALL[ANCE = SU* COMPLEXITIES1 AS DOES ! PRES5T JUDICIAL SY/EM 9 FACT1 ?IS W\LD NOT MEET MY PO9T2 HE W\LD BE TAK+ A BAD MODEL AS FUNDAM5TAL & DO+ PAT*WORK UPON IT4 ,A CONTEMPOR>Y VIEW ( JU/ICE1 ,I W\LD EXPECT1 W\LD SEEK \T A MODEL ?AT TOOK \R PSY*OLOGICAL UND]/&+1 & ! SOCIAL PSY*OLOGY ( AGGRESSION1 9TO BETT] ACC\NT4 

,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D DOES NOT TR\BLE HIMSELF EI!R AB\T ! FACT ?AT ACTS ( VIOL5CE ( ! MORE ANONYM\S SORT1 ! 0CRIME 9 ! /REETS0 ?AT IS A REC5T PREOCCUPATION1 (T5 IF NOT ALMO/ 9V>IABLY SAY MORE AB\T ! PA?OLOGIES ( A HUMAN COMMUNITY ?AN AB\T ! PA?OLOGIES ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O COMMIT !M4 ,!RE IS ( C\RSE A S5SE ( 0RESPONSIBILITY0 BY :I* ONE WANTS P]SONS TO ACCEPT RESPONSIBILITY = ALL !IR ACTIONS1 & ?IS IS A P[]FUL IF NOT 9DISP5SABLE E?ICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,BUT ! IMPUTATION ( RESPONSIBILITY TO O!RS AS JU/IFICATION = REPRISAL IS A DIFF]5T MATT] 5TIRELY4 ,9DIVIDUALS DO NOT CREATE ! SOCIAL PATT]NS & ! COMMUNITY BELIEFS 9 T]MS ( :I* !Y LE>N TO MAKE !IR *OICES4 ,ON ! MORE P]SONAL LEVEL ! SOCIAL CONTEXT 9T]V5ES 9 EVID5T WAYS1 AS 7= EXAMPLE7 9 A COMMUNITY :]E ! CONCEPT ( HONOR1 OR ! DISGRACE ( CUCKOLDRY1 ATTA9S A C]TA9 9FLU5CE & =CE4 ,ON ! MORE PUBLIC LEVEL1 WE HAVE HAD ABUNDANT EXP]I5CE ( ! 9FLU5CE ( RACIAL & RELIGI\S BIGOTRY1 & ( RACIAL & RELIGI\S & ECONOMIC DEGRADATION4 ,!SE >E PA?OLOGIES ( SOCIETY4 ,A SIMPLI/IC NOTION ( RESPONSIBILITY1 CONJO9$ ) LEGITIMATION ( PRIVATE ACTS ( RETALIATION1 W\LD SEEM1 AMONG ITS CONSEQU5CES1 TO BE 9VITATIONAL TO BL9DLY IRRATIONAL ACTS ( V5GEANCE ?AT WORS5 ! 9JU/ICE ?AT EXI/S4 

,AN EQUALLY IMPORTANT LIMITATION ( ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S TWO-P>TY MODEL IS ?AT IT EXCLUDES ME 7= EXAMPLE7 AS A 0P>TY0 :5 AN ACT ( VIOL5CE 9 MY COMMUNITY DOES NOT 9VOLVE ME QUITE DIRECTLY4 ,BUT ,I DO NOT KN[ H[ ,I CAN FAIL TO BE AFFECT$ & CONC]N$ BY AN ACT ( VIOL5CE 9 ! COMMUNITY 9 :I* ,I LIVE4 ,9 P>T1 D\BTLESS1 ,I FEEL ?IS BECAUSE ,I ?9K ( PEOPLE AS LIV+ 9 COMMUNITIES1 A CONCEPT RA!R ALI5 TO ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S WAY ( ?9K+1 & ONE REASON ,I AM AN AN>*I/ IS ?AT ,I W\LD LIKE TO LIVE 9 A WORLD :]E !RE W\LD BE MORE G5U9E COMMUNITIES ?AN EXI/ N[4 ,BUT QUITE AP>T FROM ?AT1 ,I CANNOT BUT ?9K ?AT SOME?+ IS GRAVELY AMISS1 ?AT CONC]NS ME 9 NUM]\S WAYS1 :5 ASSAULT OR RAPE OR ! LIKE OCCURS 9 MY COMMUNITY4 ,NOT ONLY IS MY S5SE ( HUMAN SOLID>ITY1 & ( CONC]N = AN 9JUR$ P]SON1 EVOK$1 NOT ONLY DO ,I FEEL A RESPONSIBILITY TO ! 9JUR$ P]SON1 BUT ,I AM ALSO & ESPECIALLY CONC]N$ ?AT :AT IS DONE TO RECTIFY ! 9JURY1 & TO AV]T ITS REPETITION1 BE DONE WELL4 ,I DO NOT WANT TO 9T]V5E 9 ANY & EV]Y CASE1 BUT ,I WANT MY CONC]N TO F9D EFFECTIVE EXPRESSION1 9 ! MODE ( RECTIFICATION ABOVE ALL4 

,9 C]TA9 CASES ONE'S CONC]N AS NEI<BOR HAS SPECIAL JU/IFICATION4 ,IF A P>5T ABUSES OR KILLS HIS OR H] 9FANT *ILD1 ! BURD5 IS SURELY NOT UPON ! VICTIM OR ITS 0HEIRS0 TO SEEK R$RESS4 ,BUT ANY ACT ( VIOL5CE IS A R5T 9 ! TEXTURE ( A HUMAN COMMUNITY1 & ?IS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 IS SOME?+ TO :I* ! COMMUNITY MU/ RESPOND4 ,! FACT ?AT IT IS NOT PRACTICAL ?AT ALL ( US 9T]V5E 9DIVIDUALLY IS P]HAPS ! MAJOR JU/IFICATION = SOCIALIZATION ( ! JU/ICE PROCESS4 ,ONE NE$ NOT APPROVE1 AS ,I DO NOT1 ( ! EXI/+ C\RT SY/EM ) ITS BAIL SY/EM1 PATRONAGE JUDGES1 ADV]S>Y C\RT PROCE$+S1 & ! RE/4 ,I AM SAY+ M]ELY ?AT ! IMPULSE TO SOCIALIZE JU/ICE1 TO TRANSPOSE IT FROM ! PURELY PRIVATE TO ! SOCIAL REALM1 CORRESPONDS TO ! S5SE ( MO/ ( US1 %>$ BY \R ANCE/ORS = ?\S&S ( YE>S AT LEA/1 ?AT JU/ICE IS A SOCIAL CONC]N ?AT MU/ BE DEALT ) SOCIALLY4 ,IF WE RECOGNIZE ! SOCIAL *>ACT] ( JU/ICE1 \R PROBLEM WILL BE TO F9D A SOCIALIZATION ( IT ?AT IS DIFF]5T ?AN \R EXI/+ SY/EM & O!R ?AN ! 9/ITUTIONALIZATION ( PRIVATE V5GEANCE1 AS ,RO?B>D'S SY/EM ?REAT5S TO BE4 ,WE WILL NOT AB&ON ! SOCIALIZATION ( JU/ICE M]ELY BECAUSE ITS PRES5T SOCIALIZATION IS ROTT5 ) 9JU/ICES4 

,I HAVE BE5 /RESS+1 9 ADDITION TO 0?IRD P>TY0 & SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES TO ?OSE :O SUFF] H>M1 A RESPONSIBILITY TO SEEK ! WELF>E ( \R COMMUNITY1 ( \R SOCIAL EXI/5CE4 ,IT IS P]HAPS IMPLICIT 9 ! LATT] ?AT WE %\LD ?9K ( \RSELVES AS HAV+ A RESPONSIBILITY ALSO T[>D ?OSE :O HAVE COMMITT$ ACTS ( AGGRESSION -- BUT ,I %\LD LIKE TO DEVELOP ! PO9T EXPLICITLY4 

,IF WE SEE VIOL5CE AS EXPRESS+ A R5T 9 ! TEXTURE ( COMMUNITY1 WE WILL BE C>EFUL TO AVOID MAK+ NEAT & SELF-SATISFY+ DI*OTOMIES ( CRIM9ALS & NONCRIM9ALS1 GUILTY & 9NOC5T1 LAW-ABID+ & LAW-VIOLAT+1 AGGRESSIVE & NONAGGRESSIVE1 & WE WILL NOT BE CONT5T ) A JU/ICE ( 0,:O DID IT80 ,C]TA9LY WE WILL NOT SUPPOSE ?AT 0! ONE :O DID IT0 7SUPPOSE IT WAS ,LEE ,OSWALD7 HAS LO/ ALL CLAIMS ( RESPECT = LIFE & P]SON & IS FAIR GAME = PRIVATE V5GEANCE1 BY ONE'S [N H& OR BY ! H& ( A HIR$ ASSASS94 ,WE WILL NOT SCAPEGOAT SO-CALL$ AGGRESSORS & !REBY REASSURE \RSELVES ( \R UTT] BLAMELESSNESS1 & WE MAY FEEL IMPELL$ TO M$ITATE UPON ! SAY+ ?AT 0,WE >E ALL MURD]]S40 

,?US1 :5 ,I LE>N ?AT SOMEONE :O HAS COMMITT$ A LONG S]IES ( MAJOR & M9OR ACTS ( VIOL5CE AGA9/ P]SONS WAS HIMSELF ! VICTIM1 ?R\<\T *ILDHOOD & ADOLESC5CE1 ( ABUSE & CONTEMPT & D5IAL ( LOVE1 ,I CANNOT BUT FEEL ?AT WE HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY T[>D ?AT P]SON4 ,NO?+ FOLL[S SIMPLY & LOGICALLY AB\T H[ ?AT RESPONSIBILITY IS TO BE FULFILL$ -- BUT ! DIFFICULTY ( MEET+ A RESPONSIBILITY DOES NOT RELIEVE ONE ( IT4 ,:AT WILL BE WRONG WILL BE TO AB/RACT FROM ! FACT ?AT ?AT P]SON IS A HUMAN BE+ & TO REG>D ?AT P]SON ONLY AS 0! KILL]10 0! RAPI/10 0! AGGRESSOR10 ETC41 AN AB/RACTION ?AT RUNS SY/EMATICALLY ?R\< ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S PAP]4 

,?IS MISLEAD+ AB/RACTION1 & ! O!R %ORTCOM+S ?AT ,I HAVE TRI$ TO 9DICATE 9 ?IS SECTION1 /EM DIRECTLY1 ,I BELIEVE1 FROM ,RO?B>D'S TWO-P>TY MODEL4 ,! TWO-P>TY MODEL 9 TURN /EMS DIRECTLY FROM HIS SEV]ELY 9DIVIDUALI/IC CONCEPTION ( HUMAN BE+ -- A CONCEPTION ?AT IS NOT *>ACT]I/IC ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITIONS G5]ALLY1 EV5 ?\<1 9 ONE S5SE1 ALL AN>*ISMS >E A K9D ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,UND]LY+ HIS TWO-P>TY MODEL ( DISPUTES IS A UNIT MODEL ( MAN1 & A UNIT ( ! ?9NE/ SORT1 :OSE ONLY PR$ICATES SEEM TO BE 0HAS PROP]TY10 0IS AN AGGRESSOR10 0DEF5DS HIMSELF10 0KILLS SO & SO10 & ! LIKE4 ,I ADMIT ?AT ?IS WORLD ) ITS CURI\S POPULATION MAKES ME UNCOM=TABLE4 

,I,I4 ,JU/ICE BY ,PRIVATE ,5T]PRISE 

,AN EQUALLY MISLEAD+ AB/RACTION1 /ILL MORE DAMAG+ TO ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S 0SOCIETY )\T A ,/ATE10 CONC]NS ! RELATION ( HIS JURIDICAL SY/EM TO ! SOCIETY ( :I* IT W\LD BE A P>T4 

,EA* P]SON IS 5TITL$ TO ACT AS JUDGE & POLICEMAN1 & SO ON1 BUT JU/ AS MO/ ( US DO NOT MAKE \R [N %OES ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D IMAG9ES ?AT !RE WILL BE POLICE AG5CIES1 PRIM>Y C\RTS1 & C\RTS TO :I* SU* C\RTS MAY APPEAL1 ALL ORGANIZ$ ON A FREE-5T]PRISE BASIS & AVAILABLE = HIRE4 ,HE WANTS TO %[ ?AT !RE CAN BE MA*9]Y ( ADJUDICATION & 5=CEM5T ?AT OBVIATES ALL NE$ = A TAX-BAS$ GOV]NM5T4 

,IF WE >E WORRI$ AB\T ! POSSIBLE CORRUPTION & V5ALITY ( 0PRIVATE0 C\RTS & POLICE =CES1 WE >E ASSUR$ ?AT FREE-M>KET COMPETITION AMONG !M WILL 0PLACE SEV]E *ECKS ON SU* POSSIBILITIES0 7P4 #b#d-#e74 ,BUT WE %\LD1 ,I ?9K1 BE WORRI$ AB\T ANO!R PROBLEM ?AN ?AT ( PRIVATE C\RTS 0?AT MAY TURN V5AL & DI%ONE/0 OR A PRIVATE POLICE =CE ?AT 0TURNS CRIM9AL & EXTORTS MONEY BY CO]CION40 ,!RE 'S SOME?+ MORE S]I\S ?AN ! 0,MAFIA DANG]10 & ?IS O!R PROBLEM CONC]NS ! ROLE ( SU* 0DEF5SE0 9/ITUTIONS 9 A GIV5 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT4 

,RO?B>D'S CONTEXT1 WE REMEMB]1 IS ONE ( A FREE-M>KET ECONOMY ) NO RE/RA9TS UPON ACCUMULATION ( PROP]TY4 ,N[1 WE HAD AN ,AM]ICAN EXP]I5CE1 R\<LY FROM ! 5D ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> TO ! #a#i#cS1 9 :AT W]E 9 EFFECT PRIVATE C\RTS1 PRIVATE POLICE1 9DE$ PRIVATE GOV]NM5TS4 ,WE HAD ! EXP]I5CE ( ! 7PRIVATE7 ,P9K]TON POLICE :I*1 BY ITS SPIES1 BY ITS AG5TS PROVOCATEURS1 & BY ME?ODS ?AT 9CLUD$ VIOL5CE & KIDNAPP+1 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ P[]FUL TOOLS ( L>GE CORPORATIONS & AN 9/RUM5T ( ! OPPRESSION ( WORK+ PEOPLE4 ,WE HAD ! EXP]I5CE AS WELL ( ! POLICE =CES E/ABLI%$ TO ! SAME 5D1 )9 ! CORPORATIONS1 BY NUM]\S COMPANIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,COLORADO ,FUEL & ,IRON POLICE ( ,VISE ,PRESID5T ,ROCKEFELL]'S ANCE/ORS & ! PRIVATE POLICE ( ! ,=D ,MOTOR ,COMPANY4 7,! AUTOMOBILE COMPANIES DREW UPON ADDITIONAL COV]T 9/RUM5TS ( A PRIVATE NATURE1 USUALLY T]M$ VIGILANTE1 SU* AS ! ,BLACK ,LEGION47 ,!SE W]E 9 EFFECT1 & AS SU* !Y W]E SOMETIMES DESCRIB$1 PRIVATE >MIES4 ,! T]RITORIES [N$ BY COAL COMPANIES1 :I* FREQU5TLY 9CLUD$ 5TIRE T[NS & !IR 5VIRONS1 ! /ORES ! M9]S W]E OBLIG$ BY ECONOMIC CO]CION TO PATRONIZE1 ! H\SES !Y LIV$ 91 W]E COMMONLY POLIC$ BY ! PRIVATE POLICE ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ,/EEL ,CORPORATION OR :ATEV] COMPANY [N$ ! PROP]TIES4 ,! *IEF PRACTICAL FUNCTION ( !SE POLICE WAS1 ( C\RSE1 TO PREV5T LABOR ORGANIZATION & PRES]VE A C]TA9 BALANCE ( 0B>GA9+40 

,ON ,RO?B>D'S DEF9ITION ( 0! /ATE10 SU* ECONOMIC1 JUDICIAL1 & POLICE COMPLEXES MI<T NOT QUALIFY = ! DESIGNATION 0/ATE0 OR 0M9I-/ATE40 ,!Y DID NOT COLLECT TAXES -- AL?\< ?IS W\LD HAVE BE5 ABSURD 9 MANY CASES1 S9CE ! M9]S W]E (T5 PAID 9 0SCRIP0 RA!R ?AN ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CURR5CY & !IR NORMAL CONDITION WAS 9DEBT$NESS4 ,!SE COMPLEXES W]E ECONOMICALLY RA!R ?AN T]RITORIALLY BAS$ & DID NOT D5Y ! T]RITORIAL AU?ORITY OR TAX-COLLECT+ AU?ORITY ( ! GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT !SE COMPLEXES W]E A LAW UNTO !MSELVES1 P[]FUL 5\< TO IGNORE1 :5 !Y DID NOT PUR*ASE1 ! GOV]NM5TS ( V>I\S JURISDICTIONS ( ! ,AM]ICAN F$]AL SY/EM4 ,?IS 9DU/RIAL SY/EM WAS1 AT ! TIME1 (T5 *>ACT]IZ$ AS FEUDALISM4 ,ONE MAY BE A CRITIC ( ! SY/EM ( /RONG F$]AL GOV]NM5T ?AT HAS EM]G$ 9 ,AM]ICA1 & /ILL RECOGNIZE ?AT ONE REASON = ITS DEVELOPM5T WAS ! DEM& ( WORK+ PEOPLE ?AT ! F$]AL GOV]NM5T PROTECT !M AGA9/1 & PUT AN 5D TO1 A SY/EM ( 9DU/RIAL FEUDALISM4 

,:5 PRIVATE WEAL? IS UNCONTROLL$1 !N A POLICE-JUDICIAL COMPLEX 5JOY+ A CLI5TELE ( WEAL?Y CORPORATIONS :OSE MOTTO IS SELF-9T]E/ IS H>DLY AN 9NOCU\S SOCIAL =CE CONTROLLABLE BY ! POSSIBILITY ( =M+ OR AFFILIAT+ ) COMPET+ 0COMPANIES40 

,MY PO9T IS NOT A M]ELY EMPIRICAL ONE1 RESULT+ FROM AN EF=T TO IMAG9E H[ ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S SY/EM MI<T WORK \T4 ,MY CONCEPTUAL PO9T IS ?AT ANY JUDICIAL SY/EM IS GO+ TO EXI/ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ECONOMIC 9/ITUTIONS4 ,IF !RE >E GROSS 9EQUALITIES ( P[] 9 ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL DOMA9S1 ONE HAS TO IMAG9E SOCIETY AS /RANGELY COMP>TM5TALIZ$ 9 ORD] TO BELIEVE ?AT ?OSE 9EQUALITIES WILL FAIL TO REFLECT !MSELVES 9 ! JUDICIAL & LEGAL DOMA91 & ?AT ! ECONOMICALLY P[]FUL WILL BE UNABLE TO MANIPULATE ! LEGAL & JUDICIAL SY/EM TO !IR ADVANTAGE4 ,TO AB/RACT FROM SU* 9FLU5CES ( CONTEXT1 & !N TO CONSID] ! M]ITS ( AN AB/RACT JUDICIAL SY/EM1 AS ,I BELIEVE ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D DOES1 IS TO FOLL[ A ME?OD ?AT IS NOT LIKELY TO TAKE US F>4 ,?IS1 BY ! WAY1 IS A CRITICISM ?AT APPLIES NOT ONLY TO ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S BUT TO ANY !ORY ?AT RELIES ON A RULE ( LAW TO OV]RIDE ! T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 A GIV5 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC SY/EM4 

,I,I,I4 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,DEF5SE 

,:5 ONE IS TALK+ AB\T VIOL5CE ( P]SON AGA9/ P]SON1 AB\T ! DE/RUCTION ( HUMAN LIFE EV51 ONE IS1 ,I DO NOT WI% TO /OP FEEL+1 TALK+ AB\T HUMAN TRAG$IES1 HUMAN SUFF]+1 9 %ORT1 PA94 ,MY S5SE ( :AT AN>*ISM IS1 IS ?AT IT DOES NOT REPUDIATE ! GREAT MORAL CONC]NS -- ?AT1 IF ANY?+1 IT SEEKS TO 5L>GE !M4 ,BUT ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D F9DS IT POSSIBLE TO WRITE1 QUITE COOLLY1 0,?IS IS F9E10 :5 9 HIS EXAMPLE ! SURVIV+ ,MC,COY KILLS ! 0GUILTY0 ,HATFIELD4 ,?IS WANTS SOME ATT5TION4 

,HATFIELDS & ,MC,COYS >E ( C\RSE BY N[ LEG5D>Y FIGURES RA!R ?AN REAL P]SONS4 ,TO TALK AB\T !M IS 9 A WAY LIKE TALK+ AB\T C>TOON-COM$Y FIGURES -- !SE >E ONE-DIM5SIONAL BE+S1 & ONE DOES NOT ?9K ( !M AS FLE%-&-BLOOD MORTAL FELL[ BE+S4 ,I AM PRETTY SURE ?AT ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D W\LD NOT TALK SO COOLLY IF HE W]E TALK+ AB\T SOME ,WIECK OR SOME ,RO?B>D4 ,YET ,I HAVE BE=E ME ! FACT ?AT HE CONDUCTS HIS DISC\RSE AB\T HUMAN JU/ICE 9 A WAY ?AT AB/RACTS NOT ONLY FROM SOCIOECONOMIC CONTEXT1 NOT ONLY FROM ! LIFE & COMMUNITY CONTEXT ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS1 BUT ALSO FROM HUMAN FEEL+ AB\T LIFE & DEA?4 

,= ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D1 AS ,I READ HIS ESSAY1 !RE >E NO MORAL ISSUES TO BE CONSID]$2 M]ELY SELF-DEF5SE & :ATEV] IT SEEMS TO JU/IFY4 ,I CANNOT ?9K ( A H>D] PROBLEM1 A H>D] MORAL PROBLEM1 FAC+ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 OR ANY SOCIETY ?AT W\LD CLAIM AN E?ICAL BASIS1 ?AN ?AT ( :AT TO DO :5 ONE HUMAN BE+ HAS KILL$ ANO!R1 ABOVE ALL :5 ?AT ACT HAS NO REASONABLE CLAIM ( IMM$IATE SELF-DEF5SE4 7,IT IS NOT ALLEG$ ?AT ! ,MC,COY :O KILLS ! ,HATFIELD IS HIMSELF 9 DANG]1 NOR IS IT 9 ANY WAY IMPLI$ ?AT HE MU/ JU/IFY HIS ACT BY SU* CLAIM47 ,I DO NOT UND]/& H[ IT CAN BE WRITT5 AB\T 9 ,RO?B>D'S MANN]1 )\T A WORD ?AT BETRAYS A %AD[ ( ANGUI%4 ,( C\RSE1 ,RO?B>D MAY NOT BE 9T]E/$ 9 MORALITY OR E?ICS2 BUT 9 ?AT CASE IT IS NOT CLE> :AT 9T]E/ HIS SOCIETY1 AS AN OBJECT ( 9TELLECTUAL CONTEMPLATION1 IS GO+ TO HAVE = ME4 

,IF ,I SET ASIDE SU* FEEL+S1 & PURSUE ! MEAN+ ( ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S EXAMPLE & ! DISCUSSION SURR\ND+ IT1 ,I F9D A PHILOSOPHICAL MOVE ?AT ON ITS [N ACC\NT IS V]Y S]I\S4 ,! RI<T ( SELF-DEF5SE HAS BE5 (F]$ AS AXIOMATIC4 ,IF WE MU/ HAVE A ,HOBBESIAN AXIOM1 ,I W\LD PREF] ONE ?AT DIRECTS US TO SEEK PEACE1 P]HAPS :ILE MAK+ SOME ALL[ANCE = ! OCCASIONAL NECESSITY ( MILITANT SELF-DEF5SE4 ,BUT ,I WILL ALL[ ,RO?B>D HIS AXIOM4 ,:AT ,I CANNOT ALL[ IS HIS MOVE1 )\T ANY >GUM5T1 FROM SELF-DEF5SE TO :AT HE CALLS 0RETALIATION0 AS A RI<T LEGITIMAT$ BY ! DEF5SE AXIOM4 ,AS F> AS ,I CAN MAKE \T1 ,RO?B>D'S 0RETALIATION0 W\LD BE EQUIVAL5T TO 0RETRIBUTION10 0REPRISAL10 0REV5GE40 

,I DO NOT WI% TO >GUE H]E ! M]ITS ( A RETRIBUTIVI/ !ORY ( JU/ICE4 7,9 MY VIEW1 AN 0AN>*I/ !ORY ( PUNI%M5T0 W\LD WORK \T TO A SELF-CONTRADICTION47 ,IMPORTANT AT ! MOM5T IS ! FACT ?AT ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D 9TRODUCES RETRIBUTION UND] COLOR ( SELF-DEF5SE & DOES NOT SEEM TO BE AW>E ?AT ! MATT] REQUIRES DISCUSSION4 7,AGA91 0,! C\RTS W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO PROCE$ AGA9/ ,MC,COY IF 9 FACT HE KILL$ ! RI<T ,HATFIELD407 ,S9CE HE IS NOT OV]TLY PRES5T+ A !ORY ( PUNI%M5T1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO PURSUE ! RELATION BETWE5 DEF5SE & RETRIBUTION4 ,BUT DEF5SE IS ALWAYS PRES5T & FUTURE-ORI5T$1 RETALIATION & RETRIBUTION >E PR$OM9ANTLY PA/-ORI5T$4 ,AL?\< ,I CAN IMAG9E L9ES ( >GUM5T ?AT .<#b#b#g.> SEEK TO BR+ !M TOGE!R1 ,I HAVE NO IDEA :AT BR+S !M TOGE!R = ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D4 ,I ?9K !RE=E ?AT ,I HAVE EV]Y REASON TO WORRY AB\T :AT ,I W\LD BE ASS5T+ TO IF ,I ASS5T$ TO HIS DEF5SE AXIOM4 ,PHILOSOPHICALLY ! PROBLEM C\LD BE EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS WAY3 TAK5 V]Y /RICTLY & LIT]ALLY1 SELF-DEF5SE DOES NOT GIVE US MU* 9 ! WAY ( A SY/EM ( JU/ICE1 & AN ATTEMPT TO 5L>GE IT SO AS TO PRODUCE A FULL-BODI$ !ORY ( JU/ICE MU/1 IT SEEMS1 APPEAL TO O!R AXIOMATIC PROPOSITIONS4 ,ONE W\LD WANT TO KN[ IF = ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D ! RI<T ( REV5GE IS SU* A SUPPRESS$ PREMISE4 

,I,V4 ,AN>*ISM 

,:AT ,I HAVE TAX$ ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D 7OR HIS !ORY7 ) 9 MY REVIEW IS ?IS4 ,9 ATTEMPT+ TO SAY :AT A SOCIETY )\T A /ATE W\LD BE LIKE HE HAS (F]$ PR9CIPLES & PROC$URES BY :I* 0DEF5SE S]VICES0 C\LD BE PROVID$4 ,! V]Y T]M 0DEF5SE0 %\LD HAVE SET US ON GU>D1 = ALREADY H]E ! AGGRESSOR-VICTIM MODEL CAN BE ANTICIPAT$4 ,WRONGS & 9JURIES >E DEF9$ AS 0CRIMES10 A T]M :I* ITSELF PRESUPPOSES LAW ?AT DEF9ES :AT IS CRIM9AL4 ,RO?B>D'S CRIM9OLOGY IS UN=TUNATELY RA!R LIKE ! COMMONS5SE CRIM9OLOGY ( ! GOOD CITIZ5 :O ?9KS ( CRIM9ALS AS O!RS1 AS ALI5 M5ACES1 NOT CONCEIVABLY HIMSELF4 ,NOT SURPRIS+LY1 ,RO?B>D PROVIDES US ) A MODEL = WRONGS & 9JURIES ?AT SEEMS TO BE USELESS EI!R = UND]/&+ ! EV5TS OR = CONSID]+ MEANS ( RECTIFICATION1 ?AT IS1 = BR++ ! GIV5 /ORY TO ! MO/ DESIRABLE 5D4 ,HE REASONS 9 T]MS ( UNIT 5TITIES :OSE RELATIONS ) EA* O!R >E LEGAL & ECONOMIC BUT NOT 9 ANY SPECIFIC WAY HUMAN4 ,HE NOT ONLY DISREG>DS BUT RULES \T ! SOCIALIZATION ( JU/ICE4 ,MO/ G5]ALLY1 HE WRITES ( SOCIETY AS ?\< SOME P>T ( IT 7GOV]NM5T7 CAN BE EXTRACT$ & REPLAC$ BY ANO!R >RANGEM5T :ILE O!R ?+S GO ON AS BE=E1 & HE CON/RUCTS A SY/EM ( POLICE & JUDICIAL P[] )\T ANY CONSID]ATION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( HI/ORICAL & ECONOMIC CONTEXT4 ,\T ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & ACTION ,RO?B>D HAS PULL$ =? A S+LE ?READ1 ! ?READ ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 & DEF9ES ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM 9 A WAY ALI5 EV5 TO ! SPIRIT ( A ,MAX ,/IRN] OR A ,B5JAM9 ,TUCK]1 :OSE H]ITAGE ,I PRESUME HE W\LD CLAIM -- TO SAY NO?+ ( H[ ALI5 IS HIS WAY TO ! SPIRIT ( ,GODW91 ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,MALATE/A1 & ! HI/ORICALLY ANONYM\S P]SONS :O ?R\< !IR ?\<T & ACTION HAVE TRI$ TO GIVE AN>*ISM A LIV+ MEAN+4 ,\T ( ?IS ?READ ,RO?B>D MANUFACTURES ONE MORE B\RGEOIS IDEOLOGY4 

,9 *>ACT]IZ+ ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S !ORY AS IDEOLOGICAL1 ,I AM US+ ! T]M 9 ! S5SE ( A SY/EM ( IDEAS JU/IFICATORY1 BY MEANS ( A PRIORI PR9CIPLES1 ( A C]TA9 WAY ( LIFE1 & ( ! PRIVILEGES ( C]TA9 CLASSES OR SOCIAL /RATA4 ,I DO NOT ?9K ?AT WE FULLY UND]/& ! MEAN+ & LIMITATIONS ( V>I\S SOCIAL !ORIES UNLESS WE UND]/& !IR P]SPECTIVE4 ,! PROBLEMS ( HUMAN BE+ & SOCIETY WILL HAVE A C]TA9 %APE 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( ! MIDDLE CLASSES1 ANO!R %APE 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( A BUREAUCRACY1 ANO!R %APE 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( A FEUDAL >I/OCRACY1 ANO!R %APE 9 ! P]SPECTIVE ( A MILIT>Y CA/E2 & IT WILL NOT BE JU/ ! PROBLEMS ( HUMAN BE+ ?AT HAVE A P>TICUL> %APE1 IT WILL BE1 ALSO1 SOCIETY & HUMAN BE+ !MSELVES ?AT WILL HAVE A P>TICUL> %APE1 A P>TICUL> DEF9ITION1 ?AT P]TA9S TO ! GIV5 P]SPECTIVE4 

,IF WE WANT TO TRANSC5D SU* LIMIT$ TRU?S & P>TIAL CONCEPTIONS1 IT WILL BE IMPORTANT TO REVEAL ! BIAS 9H]5T 9 !M 9 ORD] TO ATTA9 A TRU? MORE ADEQUATE TO HUMANK9D 7P]HAPS EV5 TO MORE ?AN HUMANK9D74 ,IT SEEMS CLE> TO ME ?AT ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D >TICULATES ! VALUES & CONC]NS ( MEMB]S ( A MIDDLE CLASS1 SPECIFICALLY !IR CONC]N ) PROP]TY & TAXATION1 !IR RES5TM5T AT BE+ TAX$ TO RELIEVE ! ECONOMIC DI/RESS ( ! POOR] CLASSES1 !IR S5SE ?AT GOV]NM5T IS PROTECTIVE ( ! MONOPOLY POSITION ( L>GE CORPORATIONS AGA9/ ANY EF=TS ( MIDDLE-CLASS P]SONS TO 9CREASE !IR WEAL? & BECOME SIGNIFICANT PROPRIETORS1 !IR FEEL+ ( VULN]ABILITY TO DEPR$ATIONS AGA9/ !IR LIMIT$ & NOT EASILY REPLACEABLE PROP]TY1 & !IR AW>5ESS ( ! POSSIBILITY1 REALIZ$ 9 COMMUNI/ NATIONS1 ?AT ! /ATE MAY BECOME ! SOLE PROPRIETOR & !RE) ELIM9ATE !IR SOCIAL ROLE4 ,!SE CONC]NS REFLECT SOCIAL REALITY 9 CONSID]ABLE DEGREE2 !Y DO NOT RELATE TO PHANTOMS4 ,!Y >E EXACTLY ! FOCI ( ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D'S DISCUSSION4 ,:AT >E NOT ! FOCI1 :AT ONE WILL LOOK = 9 VA91 >E ! SPECIFIC CONC]NS ( ! POOR1 ( WAGE WORK]S1 ( SOCIALLY & ECONOMICALLY SUBORD9AT$ E?NIC OR RACIAL GR\PS1 ( ! IMPOV]I%$ PEOPLES ( ?AT ,AM]ICAN EMPIRE :I*1 RA!R ?AN ! LEGALLY DEF9$ NATION1 %\LD BE UND]/OOD AS CON/ITUT+ \R ECONOMIC SOCIETY4 ,NOR ( C\RSE DOES ONE F9D ANY REFLECTION 9 ,RO?B>D'S PAP] ( ! CONC]NS ( ?OSE :O F9D MYRIAD %ORTCOM+S 9 MIDDLE-CLASS VALUES & IDEAS4 ,! V]Y DEF9ITION ( HUMAN BE+ AS AN 9DIVIDUAL :O POSSESSES PROP]TY IS CLOSELY L9K$1 IT H>DLY NE$S SAY+1 ) ?OSE VALUES & IDEALS4 

,! PO9TS MADE ABOVE HAVE SPECIAL RELEVANCE BECAUSE ! MA9 TRADITIONS ( AN>*ISM >E DIFF]5T 5TIRELY4 ,!SE TRADITIONS1 & ! !ORETICAL WRIT+S ASSOCIAT$ ) !M1 EXPRESS ! P]SPECTIVE & ! ASPIRATIONS1 & ALSO1 SOMETIMES1 ! RAGE1 ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLE 9 HUMAN SOCIETY3 NOT ONLY ?OSE ECONOMICALLY OPPRESS$1 AL?\< ! MAJOR AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS HAVE BE5 MA9LY MOVEM5TS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 BUT ALSO ( ?OSE OPPRESS$ BY P[] 9 ALL ?OSE SOCIAL DIM5SIONS ?AT HAVE BECOME 7REC5TLY7 !MES ( 0LIB]ATION0 MOVEM5TS1 & 9 MANY O!R DIM5SIONS AS WELL1 9CLUD+ ( C\RSE ?AT ( POLITICAL P[] EXPRESS$ 9 ! /ATE4 

,! /R5G? ( AN>*ISM AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL IDEALISM1 & AS EXPRESSION ( SU* IDEALISM1 LIES P>TLY 9 ! FACT ?AT1 UNLIKE ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 IT IS NOT W$D$ TO A P]SPECTIVE ( ECONOMIC OPPRESSION SOLELY4 7,AT ! SAME TIME IT HAS NOT BE5 AFFECT$1 AS HAS ,M>XIAN SOCIALISM1 BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( IDEOLOGICAL POLITICAL P>TIES 5GAG$ 9 CONQUE/ ( P[]2 NOR HAS IT LIKE REC5T ,M>XISM BE5 IMMIX$ ) NATIONALISM4 ,AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( SU* NEW =CES ( OPPRESSION OR POT5TIAL OPPRESSION1 SELF-JU/IFI$ BY !IR IDEAL AIMS1 HAS BE5 DIRECT$ NOT ONLY AT ,M>XI/ MOVEM5TS BUT ALSO1 TRADITIONALLY1 AS SELF-CRITICISM1 AT SIMIL> POT5TIALITIES )9 AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS47 ,! 0FRE$OM0 & 0ANTIAU?ORIT>IANISM0 ( AN>*ISM DID D]IVE 9 L>GE MEASURE FROM ! PLURALI/IC SOCIALISM ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL BUT ! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM HAS BE5 ONE 9 :I* !SE & RELAT$ CONCEPTS HAVE BE5 G5]ALIZ$ & UNIV]SALIZ$ & SO 9T]PRET$ AS TO TRANSC5D ANY P>TICUL> P]SPECTIVE ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 

,?US1 AL?\< ONE F9DS ! CONCEPT ( A WORK+ CLASS 9 MANY AN>*I/ WRIT+S1 ONE F9DS ?AT1 G5]ALLY1 APPEAL IS MADE TO PEOPLE1 OR TO ! PEOPLE1 9 BEHALF ( :AT >E ?\<T TO BE ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( ALL P]SONS4 ,9 ! 5L>G+ & UNIV]SALIZ+ ( SU* IDEAS AS FRE$OM1 AN>*ISM MAY HAVE SACRIFIC$ 0PRACTICALITY02 RI<TLY PUT1 ?AT QUE/ION BECOMES COMPLEX & ,I CANNOT DISCUSS IT H]E4 ,BUT H[EV] ?AT MAY BE1 AN>*ISM REPRES5TS1 AS ,I UND]/& IT1 A K9D ( 9TRANSIG5T EF=T TO CONCEIVE ( & TO SEEK MEANS TO REALIZE A HUMAN LIB]ATION FROM EV]Y P[] /RUCTURE1 EV]Y =M ( DOM9ATION & HI]>*Y4 ,CORRELATIVE ) ?IS NEGATION IS ! POSITIVE FAI? ?AT ?R\< ! BREAKD[N ( MUTUALLY SUPPORTIVE 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]1 POSSIBILITIES CAN >ISE = NONCO]CIVE SOCIAL COOP]ATION1 SOCIAL UNITY1 SPECIFICALLY A SOCIAL UNITY 9 :I* 9DIVIDUALITY IS FULLY REALIZABLE & 9 :I* FRE$OM IS DEF9$ NOT BY RI<TS & LIB]TIES BUT BY ! FUNCTION+ ( SOCIETY AS A NETWORK ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION4 ,IT IS 9 ?IS S5SE ?AT AN>*ISMS >E A K9D ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 CONTRA/+ %>PLY TO ! COLLECTIVISM & C5TRALISM ( ,M>XIAN !ORY BUT ALSO CON-TRAA/+ %>PLY TO ! 9DIVIDUALISM ASSOCIAT$ ) CAPITALI/ TRADITIONS4 

,ELSE:]E ,I HAVE TRI$ TO %[ ?AT :AT IS SAID ABOVE IS1 9DE$1 :AT AN>*ISM 0IS AB\T40.<#a.> ,H]E ,I WILL SKET*1 A LITTLE TOO HA/ILY1 SOME ( ! BROAD FEATURES ( A G5]AL VIEW ( JU/ICE ?AT ,I BELIEVE >E IMPLICIT 9 ?IS 9T]PRETATION ( AN>*ISM4 

,! PRESUMPTION UND]LY+ ! NEGATION ( ! V>I\S =MS ( P[] & ( ALL ?OSE RELATIONS ?AT CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ! METAPHOR 0SLAV]Y0 IS ?AT SOCIAL /RUCTURES ORD]$ BY P[] PREV5T1 & R5D] PEOPLE FUNCTIONALLY 9CAPABLE (1 ! EX]CISE ( CAPACITIES = FREE AGREEM5T & VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION4 ,COR-RELATIVELY1 !Y PROVIDE OPPORTUNITY & TEMPTATION = ! EX]TION ( T5D5CIES TO :I* HUMAN BE+ HAS DEMON/RAT$ ITS PRONE-NESS3 T5D5CIES TO MAGNIFY ONESELF TO A PO9T ?AT O!RS >E ONLY MEANS TO ONE'S 5DS1 T5D5CIES TO MAGNIFY ONESELF BY 5SLAV+ O!RS1 T5D5CIES TO SELF-DECEPTION & O!R-DECEPTION1 T5D5CIES TO C[] BE=E ! P[] ( O!RS1 T5D5CIES TO H]D AGA9/ ! ANOMAL\S 9DIVIDUAL1 T5D5CIES TO AVOID RESPONSIBILITY = DECISIONS1 & SO ON3 = AN>*ISM IS AS MU* A DI/RU/ AS A FAI?4 ,AN>*I/S 9SI/ UPON A C>EFUL DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIETY & /ATE 9 ORD] TO 9DICATE ?AT 9 SEEK+ ! ABOLITION ( ! LATT]1 :I* /&S AT ! C5T] ( A NETWORK ( P[] /RUCTURES TO :I* IT PROVIDES LEGITIMATION & DEF5SE1 !Y DO NOT SEEK ! BREAKUP ( HUMAN SOCIETY BUT RA!R AN ORD] CON/ITUT$ FREELY ?R\< MANIFOLD AGREEM5TS1 CONTRACTS1 NEGOTIATIONS ?AT CAN AV]T ! ACTUALIZATION ( ?OSE P]SONALLY & SOCIALLY DE/RUCTIVE T5D5CIES ?AT SITUATIONS ( P[] 7G5]ICALLY3 POLITICAL RELATIONS7 TRIGG]4 ,A DIFF]5T ORD] 5TIRELY1 & NONAN>*I/1 WILL BE AN ORD] ATTA9$ ?R\< OR RATIONALIZ$ AS A S+LE SOCIETAL CONTRACT OR ?R\< IMPOSITION ( A C5TRAL AU?ORITY BY ANY PROC$URE :ATEV]4 

,A SOCIETY WILL BE JU/1 !N1 9S(> AS IT IS FREE1 9 ! S5SE ( ! METAPHOR1 ( 05SLAV+0 SOCIAL OR POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS 7MILIT>Y1 FAMILIAL1 GOV]NM5TAL1 $UCATIONAL1 SEXUAL1 E?NIC-HI]>*ICAL1 CA/E-/RATIFICATIONAL1 ECCLESIA/ICAL1 ETC472 BUT IT WILL NOT BE A SOCIETY AT ALL UNLESS PATT]NS ( COOP]ATION CAPABLE ( SU/A9+ HUMAN COMMUNITIES & VITAL P]SONAL EXI/5CE >E A*IEV$4 7,TO BE AN>*I/ & JU/1 A SOCIETY NE$ NOT BE P]FECTLY OR EV5 APPROXIMATIVELY EGALIT>IAN 9 AN ECONOMIC S5SE1 UNLESS SU* A PR9CIPLE >ISES FROM MUTUAL AGREEM5T2 UNJU/ W\LD BE SU* SY/EMATIC DISCREPANCIES ( WEAL? AS W\LD CON/ITUTE DE FACTO ECONOMIC CLASSES1 :]E ! 9F]IOR CLASS OR CLASSES W\LD BE *RONICALLY BLOCK$ (F FROM FULL P>TICIPATION 9 ! LIFE ( ! SOCIETY47 ,IT IS G5]ALLY ASSUM$ BY AN>*I/ WRIT]S ?AT 9 AN AN>*IC SOCIETY ! 9CID5CE ( 0ANTISOCIAL10 0DEL9QU5T0 BEHAVIOR W\LD BE NEGLIGIBLE BECAUSE ITS S\RCE 9 POV]TY1 SOCIAL DEGRADATIONS1 & HUMILIATIONS1 & ! ALI5ATION ( P]SON FROM P]SON & P]SON FROM COMMUNITY W\LD HAVE BE5 ELIM9AT$4 ,! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETIES1 & REGIONS )9 SOME O!R SOCIETIES1 :]E HOMICIDE & LESS] VIOL5CE AGA9/ P]SONS IS R>E & :]E ,!FT & V&ALISM >E NOT WAYS ( LIFE GIVES REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT SU* M9IMALIZATION IS NOT AN ABSURD GOAL4 ,BUT ( C\RSE ! CAUSES ( ALI5ATION & VIOL5CE MAY BE MORE COMPLEX ?AN WE UND]/& !M TO BE -- WE DO NOT UND]/& V]Y WELL ! WAYS 9 :I* ! NEWBORN BECOMES A HUMAN BE+4 ,CONCEIVABLY1 ! FRE$OM 5VISAG$ 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY MI<T CREATE S]I\S T5SIONS1 AL?\< IT W\LD NOT BE A FRE$OM ( CON/ANT OPT+ AMONG 9F9ITE ALT]NATIVES BUT A FRE$OM ( SOCIAL CONT9UITY 9 :I* P]SONS MAKE COMMITM5TS & AGREEM5TS & >E 9VOLV$ 9 NUM]\S PATT]NS ( ONGO+ COOP]ATION4 

,RECOGNITION ( ! PRES5CE ( 9JU/ICE W\LD NOT1 ,I ?9K1 BE A PROBLEM ( ! MAGNITUDE IT ATTA9S 9 \R SOCIETY4 ,ONE ASSUMES A G5]ALLY %>$ WILL TO REALIZE & PRES]VE ! PR9CIPLES ( VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T1 ( NONABUSE ( O!RS1 ( NON9VASIVE MUTUAL AID1 NOT AS AB/RACT IDEAS BUT AS EXPRESSIONS ( ! LIFE LIV$4 ,LIV+ 9 SOCIETIES 9 :I* !SE >E SO V]Y F> FROM BE+ ! NORM1 WE WOND] H[ IT IS POSSIBLE TO DECIDE :AT IS JU/4 ,IF ONE GRANTS ?AT SU* NORMS HAVE BECOME REALIZ$1 AS ! LIFE ?AT IS LIV$1 WE HAVE :AT ,I W\LD CALL A 0SPIRIT ( JU/ICE10 & ,I DO NOT SEE H[ RECOGNITION ?AT ! BASIC NORMS HAVE BE5 VIOLAT$ OR DISRUPT$ W\LD 9VOLVE A TORTU\S DECISION4 ,RAPE1 ASSAULT1 HOMICIDE1 0RIP-(F10 FRAUD1 & ! LIKE >E 9 CLE> CONTRADICTION TO ! PR9CIPLE ( VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION & PEACE4 ,MORE G5]ALLY1 ! ABUSE ( P]SONS1 & ANY?+ ?AT T5DS T[>D CREATION ( PATT]NS ( 05SLAVEM5T0 OR ?AT H9D]S ! REALIZATION & CONT9UITY ( FREE COOP]ATION1 IS A WRONG 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 

,BUT IF IT W\LD SEEM NOT SO H>D TO DEF9E 09JURY10 EI!R P]SONAL OR SOCIAL1 ! LABEL+ ( AN ACTION AS UNJU/1 OR ! DET]M9ATION ?AT SOME P]SON OR P]SONS >E RESPONSIBLE = AN 9JURY1 RAISES DEEP] QUE/IONS4 ,I HAVE SUGGE/$ E>LI] ?AT !SE >E T]MS MORE APPROPRIATE 9 ! CONTEXT ( MORAL $UCATION ?AN 9 ! CONTEXT ( DEAL+ ) 9JU/ICE & 9JURIES4 ,= ! LATT] PURPOSE1 !Y >E APPROPRIATE P]HAPS = A SOCIETY ?AT BELIEVES ?AT IT MU/ TAKE REPRISAL UPON WRONGDO]S1 = !IR [N GOOD AS WELL AS = ITS [N SAKE & ALSO 9 ORD] TO DET] O!RS4 ,\R LONG HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CE ) MANY TYPES ( REPRISALS SEEMS TO 9DICATE1 ALMO/ BEYOND D\BT1 ?AT !Y SURELY DO NOT B5EFIT ! 0CRIM9AL20 ?AT REPRISAL MAY1 9 A SOCIETY BAS$ 9 GOOD P>T ON FE>1 DET] C]TA9 K9DS ( ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR1 BUT ?AT ! PRICE IS 5ORM\S :5 ! PRICE IS RECKON$ TO 9CLUDE ALL ! 0DISUTILITIES0 ASSOCIAT$ ) 7= EXAMPLE7 IMPRISONM5T2 & AS TO REPRISAL = ITS [N SAKE 70V5GEANCE071 ?IS IS H>D TO MAKE S5SE ( AT ALL \TSIDE C]TA9 RELIGI\S CONTEXTS4 ,BUT ON ! O!R H& AN E?ICAL SOCIETY CANNOT IGNORE1 CANNOT LET PASS1 ! OCCURR5CE ( 9JURIES1 ABUSES1 & ! LIKE1 OR ! ?REAT ( CONFLICTS ?AT PROMISE TO EV5TUATE 9 S]I\S H>M4 

,WE >E PREMIS+ A SOCIETY 9 :I* PEOPLE HAVE /OPP$ LIV+ 9 FE> ( ONE ANO!R1 9 :I* GROSS VIOL5CE1 HATR$1 & CONTEMPT = LIFE HAVE BECOME UNCOMMON1 9 :I* ALI5ATION ( P]SON FROM P]SON SELDOM REA*ES ! MALIGNANT EXTREMES TO :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$4 ,WE >E PREMIS+ A SOCIETY 9 :I* ! ABS5CE ( ECONOMIC MONOPOLIES1 & ( MANY O!R FAMILI> 9C5TIVES = SEEK+ ADVANTAGE AT ! EXP5SE ( O!RS1 %\LD ALL[ SOCIAL DECISIONS TO BE MADE MORE EASILY ON A RATIONAL BASIS1 ?AT IS1 ?R\< DISCOV]Y ( A RESOLUTION 9 :I* !RE >E NO LOS]S4 ,?IS IS AN ESS5TIALLY HUMANIZ$ SOCIETY1 NOT )\T FRICTION1 NOT )\T SUFF]+1 NOT )\T ANGUI% & PA92 BUT IT IS NOT P]VAD$ ) ! RADICAL EVIL ( P[]1 ( SY/EMIZ$ MANIPULATION1 DECEIT1 9DIFF]5CE4 7,IF ?IS W]E NOT ! CASE1 !N ,I DO NOT SEE H[ 0! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE0 C\LD BE O!R ?AN A FICTION ?AT MASK$ ! RE9TRODUCTION1 OR EV5 ! CONT9UANCE1 ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS CALL$ .<N[.> BY EUPHONI\S LIB]T>IAN NAMES47 ,ONE C\LD NOT KN[1 FROM :]E WE /&1 :AT SPECIFIC PROC$URES W\LD BE FOLL[$ 9 DEAL+ ) REAL CONFLICT1 OBDURATE PEOPLE1 MADNESS1 VIOL5CE1 UNWILL+NESS TO KEEP ! PEACE4 ,NOR C\LD ONE KN[ ! 0PHILOSOPHY0 9 T]MS ( :I* !SE PROBLEMS W\LD BE RESOLV$4 ,MY WAY ( ?9K+ ( IT IS ?IS3 

,WE CAN IMAG9E ?AT 9 ?IS SOCIETY PEOPLE W\LD TRY1 TOGE!R1 TO CONFRONT & DEAL ) FAILURES ( !IR COMMUNITY1 & BREAKD[NS ( HUMAN PEACE & NORMAL COOP]ATION1 ) ALL ! SYMPA?Y1 LOVE1 & WISDOM ?AT !Y POSSESS$4 ,I IMAG9E ?AT !Y W\LD TAKE ONE PROBLEM AT A TIME -- IF ! 0DOCKET0 W]E CR[D$1 ?AT W\LD HAVE TO BE TAK5 AS A SIGN ?AT ! SOCIETY WAS 9 DANG]4 ,!Y W\LD TRY TO F9D \T H[1 9 T]MS ( :AT !Y VALUE MO/ DEEPLY1 !Y C\LD RE/ORE ! :OL5ESS ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE1 A PROJECT ?AT BE>S NO RELATION TO ! PROJECT ( 0DEAL+ ) ! CRIM9AL40 ,I HAVE NO DEF9ITE IDEA1 & DO NOT KN[ H[ ONE C\LD HAVE1 ( :AT W\LD BE DONE1 CASE BY CASE2 = A 0CASE0 IS SOME DI/9CT 9DIVIDUAL P]SON1 & SOME O!R 9DIVIDUAL P]SON1 & ! NEXT & ! NEXT1 9VOLV$ 9 SOME MESS1 SOME PLI<T1 SOME FOLLY1 SOME SELF-DE/RUCTION1 SOME MISUND]/&+4 ,I IMAG9E PEOPLE HAV+ TO FACE UP1 NOT (T5 BUT SOMETIMES1 TO H>D & EV5 T]RIBLE ALT]NATIVES4 ,TO TAKE ! H>DE/ POSSIBLE CASE1 & ! H>DE/ POSSIBLE SOLUTION1 ,I CAN EV5 IMAG9E ?AT1 9 EXTREMIS1 ! P]SONS 9 SU* A SOCIETY MI<T DECIDE ?AT SOMEONE HAD TO DIE1 A SOLUTION ?AT AT ! V]Y BE/ IS A LESS] EVIL3 DONE NOT AS 0PUNI%M5T0 BUT FROM DESPAIR ?AT NO WAY C\LD BE F\ND ( LIV+ AT PEACE ) ?IS P]SON4 ,BUT IF !Y DID NOT SOMEH[ ATONE = ?AT ACT & ?AT *OICE1 IF !Y DID NOT SUFF] = IT & SUFF] T]RIBLY1 ,I W\LD FE> = !M4 

,IF ONE ASKS :E!R !RE C\LD BE1 9 AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 EI!R PRISON OR O!R DET5TION1 OR PUNITIVE DEPRIVATIONS1 OR D5IAL ( SOCIAL & ECONOMIC PRIVILEGES1 OR BANI%M5T1 ! ANSW] W\LD BE 9 !SE T]MS3 9S(> AS ! SOCIETY W]E UNABLE TO RESPOND TO WRONGS 9 A MODE ( NONRETALIATION1 ( NONVIOL5CE ON A ,G&HIAN OR SIMIL> MODEL1 ) WILL+NESS TO MAKE SACRIFICES 9 ORD] TO RE/ORE A HEAL?Y PEACE1 ) UNQUALIFI$ RESPECT = ! HUMANITY ( (F5D]S1 ?AT SOCIETY W\LD FALL %ORT ( ! MORAL IDEAL ( AN>*ISM1 & IF ! PEOPLE ( ! SOCIETY W]E NOT CONC]N$ ) MOV+ AS NE> AS PRACTICAL TO ?AT IDEAL1 ! SOCIETY W\LD BE LACK+ 9 COMMITM5T TO AN AN>*I/ MORALITY4 ,ON ?IS VIEW1 AN>*ISM REPRES5TS1 F9ALLY1 NOT A SPECIFIC SOCIAL DESIGN BUT A MORAL COMMITM5T4 7,RO?B>D'S AN>*ISM ,I TAKE TO BE DIAMETRICALLY OPPOSITE47 ,/AT$ AS AN AB/RACT IDEAL1 AN>*ISM W\LD EXCLUDE ALL =MS ( CO]CION2 SOCIETIES :I* C\LD BE PROP]LY DESCRIB$ AS AN>*I/ W\LD NOT NECESS>ILY ACTUALIZE ?AT IDEAL BUT !Y W\LD SEEK TO ACTUALIZE IT4 ,9 SU* SOCIETIES IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E ! EXI/5CE ( PRISONS1 = !SE1 AS WE KN[ !M1 >E 9/ANCES ( :AT ,I HAVE CALL$ SLAV]Y4 ,ONE W\LD IMAG9E AN EMPHASIS UPON REP>ATION1 :]E REP>ATION W\LD NOT ALWAYS BE EXCLUSIVELY A DEM& MADE UPON A 0GUILTY0 P]SON BUT A TASK = ! COMMUNITY CONCURR5TLY4 ,ONE W\LD IMAG9E ?AT ! )HOLD+ ( SOCIAL PRIVILEGES FROM P]SONS :O OB/RUCT & >E UNCOOP]ATIVE OR IRRESPONSIBLE NE$ NOT BE DEHUMANIZ+4 ,ONE W\LD IMAG9E ?AT SOME?+ LIKE OLD] COMMON LAW OR TRIBAL CU/OM MI<T HAVE A ROLE4 ,BUT 9 SAY+ 0ONE W\LD IMAG9E0 ,I MEAN TO SAY ?AT ONE C\LD /ATE ONLY V]Y T5TATIVELY :AT MI<T BE USEFUL & )9 ! AN>*I/ MORAL SPECTRUM4 

,9 LIEU ( FUR!R DISCUSSION ( ! *>ACT] ?AT AN>*I/ JU/ICE MI<T 9 PRACTICE ASSUME1 ,I WILL TRY TO SUGGE/ :AT MI<T BE ITS CORE4 ,9 WRIT+ ABOVE ?AT 0!Y W\LD TAKE ONE PROBLEM AT A TIME0 & 0TRY TO F9D \T H[ 444 !Y C\LD RE/ORE ! :OL5ESS ( SOCIAL EXI/5CE10 ,I WAS CONSCI\SLY ADOPT+ ! PROBLEM-SOLV+ CONCEPTION ?AT WAS C5TRAL 9 ,JOHN ,DEWEY'S E?ICS4 ,9 SOCIETIES ( P[]1 ( CA/ES & CLASSES1 ( COLLECTIVITIES ?AT >E NONCOM-MUNIT>IAN1 ,DEWEY'S ME?OD DEG5]ATES 9TO A TE*NOCRACY ( SOCIAL-SCI5TIFIC EXP]TS4 ,!RE IS NO COMMON 0WE10 = EXAMPLE1 9 T]MS ( :I* TO SOLVE ! PROBLEMS ( AN ,AM]ICAN CITY1 & NO COMMON 0WE0 9 T]MS ( :I* TO CONSID] ! PROBLEMS ( A Y\? LO/ 9 ! SLUMS ( A CITY4 ,BUT IF AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY IS ONE 9 :I* PEOPLE HAVE1 BY & L>GE1 A S5SE ( LIV+ & WORK+ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ( MUTUAL AID & VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T1 !N IT DOES NOT MAKE S5SE 7IT SEEMS TO ME7 TO ASK :AT IS AB/RACTLY RI<T OR :AT IS TO ! 9T]E/ ( ! GREATE/ NUMB]1 OR TO PROCE$ 9DIVIDUALI/ICALLY TO SOLVE A PROBLEM AFFECT+ MANY4 ,IT MAKES S5SE TO ASK 0,:AT CAN WE DO AB\T ?IS PROBLEM WE HAVE H]E80 ,ACTS ( IMAG9ATION >E CALL$ =1 !N1 TO RECTIFY 9JU/ICE1 TO RESOLVE CONFLICT1 JU/ AS ACTS ( IMAG9ATION >E CALL$ = 9 ! 0NORMAL0 CREATION ( ONGO+ LIFE4 

,IT MAY SEEM IRONICAL TO TAKE ,DEWEY1 ! CONSCI\S !ORI/ ( DEMOCRACY1 SO NEGATIVE T[>D 0UTOPIAN0 ?9K+1 AS A K9D ( PROPHET ( ! E?ICS ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,! TRU?1 ,I BELIEVE1 IS ?AT ,DEWEY WAS1 UNTIL LATE 9 LIFE1 EXCE$+LY UNREALI/IC & IDEALIZ+1 9 ! MANN] ( N9ETE5?-C5TURY EVOLUTION>Y OPTIMISM1 AB\T ! IMM$IATE POT5TIALITIES ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY & AB\T ! ONGO+ =CE ( OLD] ,NEW ,5GL& TRADITIONS2 EV5 9 HIS LAT] PESSIMISM HE DID NOT TAKE COGNIZANCE NE>LY ADEQUATELY ( ! REALITIES ( ECONOMIC & RACIAL OPPRESSION -- ?AT IS1 ( ! FRACTUR$ *>ACT] ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY4 ,AS A LIB]AL HE EXPECT$ CONCILIATION ( CONFLICTS1 AS IF !RE C\LD BE COMMON GR\ND = CONCILIATION SO LONG AS ! V>I\S RELATIONS ( CA/E1 CLASS1 & P[] REMA9$ 9 PLACE4 ,! VALUES ?AT ,DEWEY HOP$ TO BE REALIZ$ 9 A DEMOCRACY1 ,I SUGGE/1 >E REALIZABLE ONLY 9 SOME?+ APPROA*+ AN>*Y1 & ! ME?OD HE PROPOS$ = DEAL+ ) SOCIAL PROBLEMS W\LD HAVE ITS PROP] CONTEXT ONLY 9 SU* A SOCIETY4 

,I CAN IMAG9E ?AT MY REM>KS 9 ?IS SECTION MI<T BE TAK5 AS NO?+ O!R ?AN ! LIB]TIES ( ?\<T :5 ONE ASKS ONESELF FANCIFULLY2 ,:AT MI<T ! BE/ ( SOCIETIES1 MO/ PLEAS+ TO IMAG9ATION1 BE LIKE8 ,P>TICUL>LY MI<T ONE EXPECT ?IS RESPONSE BECAUSE ,I MAKE V>I\S ASSUMPTIONS AB\T A*IEV$ SOCIAL HABITS ( COOP]ATION1 AB\T RECOGNITION ( ! P]SONHOOD ( O!RS1 & SO ON1 ?AT REPRES5T A CONDITION F> REMOV$ FROM ! EXI/+4 ,PR(ESSOR ,RO?B>D1 BY COMP>ISON1 CAN APPEAL TO SELF-9T]E/ ( ! SORT ) :I* WE >E FAMILI>1 & HE IS NO MORE 0UTOPIAN0 ?AN TO SUGGE/ EXT5D+ TO ! POLITICAL REALM ! PR9CIPLES ( ! ECONOMIC REALM4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ,I DO NOT SEE MU* JU/ICE 9 ?IS LATT] SOCIETY4 ,AS CONC]NS ! MORE USUAL AN>*I/ VISION ( A FREE SOCIETY1 ?IS IS R$EEM$ FROM ! REALM ( FANCIFUL SPECULATION TO ! EXT5T ?AT !RE IS /R5G? 9 ! !SIS ?AT :AT /&S BETWE5 US & SOME APPROXIMATION ( A FREE SOCIETY IS ! PREVAL5CE ( RELATIONS & 9/ITUTIONS ( P[]1 DOM9ANCE1 HI]>*Y1 0SLAV]Y10 MANY ( :I* -- = EXAMPLE1 ! PATT]NS ( MALE-FEMALE RELATIONS1 ( P>5T-*ILD RELATIONS1 ( TEA*]-/UD5T RELATIONS -- HAVE ONLY REC5TLY & P>TIALLY COME TO RECOGNITION AS CRUCIALLY SUPPORTIVE ASPECTS ( ! NETWORKS ( P[] TO :I* EV]Y G5]ATION1 9 EA* ( ITS MEMB]S1 IS OBLIG$ TO ADAPT4 ,! AN>*I/S' RADICAL ANALYSIS ( ! /ATE HAS H>DLY BE5 GIV5 S]I\S CONSID]ATION BY MANY EV5 ( ?OSE :O C\NT !MSELVES AS RADICAL4 ,IF ! AN>*I/ ANALYSIS ( P[] IS FUNDAM5TALLY S\ND1 IT WILL TELL1 AT ! LEA/1 :AT W\LD HAVE TO BE RESOLV$ BE=E A FREE SOCIETY1 9 ! /RONG AN>*I/ S5SE ( ! T]M1 C\LD BE A*IEV$2 & IT MI<T ALSO TELL SOME?+ AB\T ! WAY4 

  

.<#a.> 0,! ,NEGATIVITY ( ,AN>*ISM10 9 ,9T]ROGATIONS3 ,REVUE ,9T]NATIONALE DE ,RE*]*E ,AN>*I/E1 ,P>IS1 ,FRANCE1 ,NO4 #e 7,DECEMB] #a#i#g#e74 ,BUT ?IS IS NOT YET A COMPLETE =MULATION ( MY VIEW ( AN>*ISM AS A HI/ORICAL IDEA EMBODI$ 9 SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aigg 3 ,AN>*I/ ,JU/ICE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
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,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*I/ ,JU/ICE -- ,UPDAT$4 

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