,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM3 ,ITS ,BASIS & ,PR9CIPLES 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 SPH]E ( ACTION1 LIFE 9 SOCIETY1 PRODUC]S ( WEAL?1 PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION1 P[]S ( GOV]NM5T1 PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION1 CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY1 NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION4 

,TEXT 3 

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,PHOTO BY ,RAE ,ALL51,C,C ,B,Y ,LIC5SE ,AN>*ISM1 ! NO-GOV]NM5T SY/EM ( SOCIALISM1 HAS A D\BLE ORIG94 ,IT IS AN \TGR[? ( ! TWO GREAT MOVEM5TS ( ?\<T 9 ! ECONOMIC & ! POLITICAL FIELDS :I* *>ACT]IZE ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 & ESPECIALLY ITS SECOND P>T4 ,9 COMMON ) ALL SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/S HOLD ?AT ! PRIVATE [N]%IP ( L&1 CAPITAL1 & MA*9]Y HAS HAD ITS TIME2 ?AT IT IS CONDEMN$ TO DISAPPE>2 & ?AT ALL REQUISITES = PRODUCTION MU/1 & WILL1 BECOME ! COMMON PROP]TY ( SOCIETY1 & BE MANAG$ 9 COMMON BY ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL?4 ,& 9 COMMON ) ! MO/ ADVANC$ REPRES5TATIVES ( POLITICAL RADICALISM1 !Y MA9TA9 ?AT ! IDEAL ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY IS A CONDITION ( ?+S :]E ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T >E R$UC$ TO A M9IMUM1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL RECOV]S HIS FULL LIB]TY ( 9ITIATIVE & ACTION = SATISFY+1 BY MEANS ( FREE GR\PS & F$]ATIONS -- FREELY CON/ITUT$ -- ALL ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ NE$S ( ! HUMAN BE+4  

,AS REG>DS SOCIALISM1 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S >RIVE AT ITS ULTIMATE CONCLUSION1 ?AT IS1 AT A COMPLETE NEGATION ( ! WAGE-SY/EM & AT COMMUNISM4 ,& ) REF]5CE TO POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 BY GIV+ A FUR!R DEVELOPM5T TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ P>T ( ! RADICAL PROGRAM1 !Y >RIVE AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT ! ULTIMATE AIM ( SOCIETY IS ! R$UCTION ( ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T TO NIL -- ?AT IS1 TO A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 TO AN>*Y4 ,! AN>*I/S MA9TA91 MOREOV]1 ?AT SU* BE+ ! IDEAL ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 !Y MU/ NOT REMIT IT TO FUTURE C5TURIES4 BUT ?AT ONLY ?OSE *ANGES 9 \R SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* >E 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! ABOVE D\BLE IDEAL1 & CON/ITUTE AN APPROA* TO IT1 WILL HAVE A *ANCE ( LIFE & BE B5EFICIAL = ! COMMONWEAL?4  

,AS TO ! ME?OD FOLL[$ BY ! AN>*I/ ?9K]1 IT 5TIRELY DIFF]S FROM ?AT FOLL[$ BY ! UTOPI/S4 ,! AN>*I/ ?9K] DOES NOT RESORT TO METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS 7LIKE 0NATURAL RI<TS10 ! 0DUTIES ( ! ,/ATE10 & SO ON7 TO E/ABLI% :AT >E1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! BE/ CONDITIONS = REALIZ+ ! GREATE/ HAPP9ESS ( HUMANITY4 ,HE FOLL[S1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! C\RSE TRAC$ BY ! MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION4 ,HE /UDIES HUMAN SOCIETY AS IT IS N[ & WAS 9 ! PA/2 & )\T EI!R 5D[+ HUMANITY AS A :OLE1 OR SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 ) SUP]IOR QUALITIES :I* !Y DO NOT POSSESS1 HE M]ELY CONSID]S SOCIETY AS AN AGGREGATION ( ORGANISMS TRY+ TO F9D \T ! BE/ WAYS ( COMB9+ ! WANTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ) ?OSE ( COOP]ATION = ! WELF>E ( ! SPECIES4 ,HE /UDIES SOCIETY & TRIES TO DISCOV] ITS T5D5CIES PA/ & PRES5T1 ITS GR[+ NE$S1 9TELLECTUAL & ECONOMIC1 & 9 HIS IDEAL HE M]ELY PO9TS \T 9 :I* DIRECTION EVOLUTION GOES4 ,HE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 ! REAL WANTS & T5D5CIES ( HUMAN AGGREGATIONS & ! ACCID5TS 7WANT ( KN[L$GE1 MIGRATIONS1 W>S1 CONQUE/S7 :I* HAVE PREV5T$ !SE T5D5CIES FROM BE+ SATISFI$4 ,& HE CONCLUDES ?AT ! TWO MO/ PROM95T1 AL?\< (T5 UNCONSCI\S1 T5D5CIES ?R\<\T \R HI/ORY HAVE BE53 FIR/1 A T5D5CY T[>DS 9TEGRAT+ LABOR = ! PRODUCTION ( ALL RI*ES 9 COMMON1 SO AS F9ALLY TO R5D] IT IMPOSSIBLE TO DISCRIM9ATE ! P>T ( ! COMMON PRODUCTION DUE TO ! SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUAL2 & SECOND1 A T5D5CY T[>DS ! FULLE/ FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 ! PROSECUTION ( ALL AIMS1 B5EFICIAL BO? = HIMSELF & = SOCIETY AT L>GE4 ,! IDEAL ( ! AN>*I/ IS ?US A M]E SUMM+ UP ( :AT HE CONSID]S TO BE ! NEXT PHASE ( EVOLUTION4 ,IT IS NO LONG] A MATT] ( FAI?2 IT IS A MATT] = SCI5TIFIC DISCUSSION4  

,9 FACT1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ FEATURES ( ?IS C5TURY IS ! GR[? ( SOCIALISM & ! RAPID SPREAD+ ( SOCIALI/ VIEWS AMONG ! WORK+-CLASSES4 ,H[ C\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,WE HAVE WITNESS$ AN UNP>ALLEL$ SUDD5 9CREASE ( \R P[]S ( PRODUCTION1 RESULT+ 9 AN ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? :I* HAS \T/RIPP$ ! MO/ SANGU9E EXPECTATIONS4 ,BUT [+ TO \R WAGE SY/EM1 ?IS 9CREASE ( WEAL? -- DUE TO ! COMB9$ EF=TS ( M5 ( SCI5CE1 ( MANAG]S1 & WORKM5 AS WELL -- HAS RESULT$ ONLY 9 AN UNPREC$5T$ ACCUMULATION ( WEAL? 9 ! H&S ( ! [N]S ( CAPITAL2 :ILE AN 9CREASE ( MIS]Y = GREAT NUMB]S1 & AN 9SECURITY ( LIFE = ALL1 HAVE BE5 ! LOT ( ! WORKM54 ,! UNSKILL$ LABOR]S1 9 CONT9U\S SE>* = LABOR1 >E FALL+ 9TO AN UNHE>D-( DE/ITUTION4 ,& EV5 ! BE/ PAID >TISANS & SKILL$ WORKM5 LABOR UND] ! P]MAN5T M5ACE ( BE+ ?R[N1 9 !IR TURN1 9TO ! SAME CONDITIONS AS ! UNSKILL$ PAUP]S1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( SOME ( ! CONT9U\S & UNAVOIDABLE FLUCTUATIONS ( 9DU/RY & CAPRICES ( CAPITAL4  

,! *ASM BETWE5 ! MOD]N MILLIONAIRE :O SQU&]S ! PRODUCE ( HUMAN LABOR 9 A GORGE\S & VA9 LUXURY1 & ! PAUP] R$UC$ TO A MIS]ABLE & 9SECURE EXI/5CE1 IS ?US GR[+ WID] & WID]1 SO AS TO BREAK ! V]Y UNITY ( SOCIETY -- ! H>MONY ( ITS LIFE -- & TO 5DANG] ! PROGRESS ( ITS FUR!R DEVELOPM5T4  

,AT ! SAME TIME1 WORK+M5 >E LESS & LESS 9CL9$ TO PATI5TLY 5DURE ?IS DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO TWO CLASSES1 AS !Y !MSELVES BECOME MORE & MORE CONSCI\S ( ! WEAL?-PRODUC+ P[] ( MOD]N 9DU/RY1 ( ! P>T PLAY$ BY LABOR 9 ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 & ( !IR [N CAPACITIES ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 PROPORTION AS ALL CLASSES ( ! COMMUNITY TAKE A MORE LIVELY P>T 9 PUBLIC AFFAIRS1 & KN[L$GE SPREADS AMONG ! MASSES1 !IR LONG+ = EQUALITY BECOMES /RONG]1 & !IR DEM&S = SOCIAL REORGANIZATION BECOME L\D] & L\D]4 ,!Y CAN BE IGNOR$ NO MORE4 ,! WORK] CLAIMS HIS %>E 9 ! RI*ES HE PRODUCES2 HE CLAIMS HIS %>E 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( PRODUCTION2 & HE CLAIMS NOT ONLY SOME ADDITIONAL WELL-BE+1 BUT ALSO HIS FULL RI<TS 9 ! HI<] 5JOYM5TS ( SCI5CE & >T4 ,!SE CLAIMS1 :I* =M]LY W]E UTT]$ ONLY BY ! SOCIAL RE=M]1 BEG9 N[ TO BE MADE BY A DAILY GR[+ M9ORITY ( ?OSE :O WORK 9 ! FACTORY OR TILL ! ACRE4 ,& !Y SO CON=M TO \R FEEL+S ( JU/ICE ?AT !Y F9D SUPPORT 9 A DAILY GR[+ M9ORITY AMONG ! PRIVILEG$ CLASSES !MSELVES4 ,SOCIALISM BECOMES ?US ! IDEA ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY2 & NEI!R CO]CION NOR PSEUDO-RE=MS CAN /OP ITS FUR!R GR[?4  

,MU* HOPE ( IMPROVEM5T WAS PLAC$1 ( C\RSE1 9 ! EXT5SION ( POLITICAL RI<TS TO ! WORK+ CLASSES4 ,BUT !SE CONCESSIONS1 UNSUPPORT$ AS !Y W]E BY CORRESPOND+ *ANGES 9 ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 PROV$ DELUSIONS4 ,!Y DID NOT MAT]IALLY IMPROVE ! CONDITIONS ( ! GREAT BULK ( ! WORKM54 ,!RE=E1 ! WAT*WORD ( SOCIALISM IS3 0,ECONOMIC FRE$OM AS ! ONLY SECURE BASIS = POLITICAL FRE$OM40 ,& AS LONG AS ! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM1 ) ALL ITS BAD CONSEQU5CES1 REMA9S UNALT]$1 ! SOCIALI/ WAT*WORD WILL CONT9UE TO 9SPIRE ! WORKM54 ,SOCIALISM WILL CONT9UE TO GR[ UNTIL IT HAS REALIZ$ ITS PROGRAM4  

,SIDE BY SIDE ) ?IS GREAT MOVEM5T ( ?\<T 9 ECONOMIC MATT]S1 A LIKE MOVEM5T HAS BE5 GO+ ON ) REG>D TO POLITICAL RI<TS1 POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 & ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,GOV]NM5T HAS BE5 SUBMITT$ TO ! SAME CRITICISM AS CAPITAL4 ,:ILE MO/ ( ! RADICALS SAW 9 UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE & REPUBLICAN 9/ITUTIONS ! LA/ WORD ( POLITICAL WISDOM1 A FUR!R /EP WAS MADE BY ! FEW4 ,! V]Y FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T & ! ,/ATE1 AS ALSO !IR RELATIONS TO ! 9DIVIDUAL1 W]E SUBMITT$ TO A %>P] & DEEP] CRITICISM4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAV+ BE5 TRI$ BY EXP]IM5T ON A WIDE FIELD1 ITS DEFECTS BECAME MORE & MORE PROM95T4 ,IT BECAME OBVI\S ?AT !SE DEFECTS >E NOT M]ELY ACCID5TAL BUT 9H]5T 9 ! SY/EM ITSELF4 ,P>LIAM5T & ITS EXECUTIVE PROV$ TO BE UNABLE TO ATT5D TO ALL ! NUMB]LESS AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY & TO CONCILIATE ! V>I$ & (T5 OPPOSITE 9T]E/S ( ! SEP>ATE P>TS ( A ,/ATE4 ,ELECTION PROV$ UNABLE TO F9D \T ! M5 :O MI<T REPRES5T A NATION1 & MANAGE1 O!RWISE ?AN 9 A P>TY SPIRIT1 ! AFFAIRS !Y >E COMPELL$ TO LEGISLATE UPON4 ,!SE DEFECTS BECOME SO /RIK+ ?AT ! V]Y PR9CIPLES ( ! REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM W]E CRITICIZ$ & !IR JU/NESS D\BT$4  

,AGA91 ! DANG]S ( A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T BECAME /ILL MORE CONSPICU\S :5 ! SOCIALI/S CAME TO ! FRONT & ASK$ = A FUR!R 9CREASE ( ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T BY 5TRU/+ IT ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ! IMM5SE FIELD COV]$ N[ BY ! ECONOMIC RELATIONS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! QUE/ION WAS ASK$ :E!R A GOV]NM5T 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( 9DU/RY & TRADE W\LD NOT BECOME A P]MAN5T DANG] = LIB]TY & PEACE1 & :E!R IT EV5 W\LD BE ABLE TO BE A GOOD MANAG]8  

,! SOCIALI/S ( ! E>LI] P>T ( ?IS C5TURY DID NOT FULLY REALIZE ! IMM5SE DIFFICULTIES ( ! PROBLEM4 ,CONV9C$ AS !Y W]E ( ! NECESSITY ( ECONOMIC RE=MS1 MO/ ( !M TOOK NO NOTICE ( ! NE$ ( FRE$OM = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,& WE HAVE HAD SOCIAL RE=M]S READY TO SUBMIT SOCIETY TO ANY K9D ( !OCRACY1 OR DICTATOR%IP 9 ORD] TO OBTA9 RE=MS 9 A SOCIALI/ S5SE4 ,!RE=E WE HAVE SE5 9 ,5GL& & ALSO ON ! ,CONT95T ! DIVISION ( M5 ( ADVANC$ OP9IONS 9TO POLITICAL RADICALS & SOCIALI/S -- ! =M] LOOK+ ) DI/RU/ ON ! LATT]1 AS !Y SAW 9 !M A DANG] = ! POLITICAL LIB]TIES :I* HAVE BE5 WON BY ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS AFT] A LONG S]IES ( /RUGGLES4 ,& EV5 N[1 :5 ! SOCIALI/S ALL OV] ,EUROPE HAVE BECOME POLITICAL P>TIES1 & PR(ESS ! DEMOCRATIC FAI?1 !RE REMA9S AMONG MO/ IMP>TIAL M5 A WELL-F\ND$ FE> ( ! ,VOLKS/AAT OR 0POPUL> ,/ATE0 BE+ AS GREAT A DANG] TO LIB]TY AS ANY =M ( AUTOCRACY IF ITS GOV]NM5T BE 5TRU/$ ) ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ! SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9CLUD+ ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL?4  

,REC5T EVOLUTION1 H[EV]1 HAS PREP>$ ! WAY = %[+ ! NECESSITY & POSSIBILITY ( A HI<] =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* MAY GU>ANTEE ECONOMIC FRE$OM )\T R$UC+ ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ROLE ( A SLAVE TO ! ,/ATE4 ,! ORIG9S ( GOV]NM5T HAVE BE5 C>EFULLY /UDI$1 & ALL METAPHYSICAL CONCEPTIONS AS TO ITS DIV9E OR 0SOCIAL CONTRACT0 D]IVATION HAV+ BE5 LAID ASIDE1 IT APPE>S ?AT IT IS AMONG US ( A RELATIVELY MOD]N ORIG91 & ?AT ITS P[]S HAVE GR[N PRECISELY 9 PROPORTION AS ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO ! PRIVILEG$ & UNPRIVILEG$ CLASSES WAS GR[+ 9 ! C\RSE ( AGES4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAS ALSO BE5 R$UC$ TO ITS REAL VALUE--?AT ( AN 9/RUM5T :I* HAS R5D]$ S]VICES 9 ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ AUTOCRACY1 BUT NOT AN IDEAL ( FREE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,AS TO ! SY/EM ( PHILOSOPHY :I* SAW 9 ! ,/ATE A LEAD] ( PROGRESS1 IT WAS MORE & MORE %AK5 AS IT BECAME EVID5T ?AT PROGRESS IS ! MO/ EFFECTIVE :5 IT IS NOT *ECK$ BY ,/ATE 9T]F]5CE4 ,IT HAS ?US BECOME OBVI\S ?AT A FUR!R ADVANCE 9 SOCIAL LIFE DOES NOT LIE 9 ! DIRECTION ( A FUR!R CONC5TRATION ( P[] & REGULATIVE FUNCTIONS 9 ! H&S ( A GOV]N+ BODY1 BUT 9 ! DIRECTION ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 BO? T]RITORIAL & FUNCTIONAL -- 9 A SUBDIVISION ( PUBLIC FUNCTIONS ) RESPECT BO? TO !IR SPH]E ( ACTION & TO ! *>ACT] ( ! FUNCTIONS2 IT IS 9 ! AB&ONM5T TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( FREELY CON/ITUT$ GR\PS ( ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS :I* >E N[ CONSID]$ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T4  

,?IS CURR5T ( ?\<T HAS F\ND ITS EXPRESSION NOT M]ELY 9 LIT]ATURE1 BUT ALSO TO A LIMIT$ EXT5T 9 LIFE4 ,! UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 FOLL[$ BY ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNE ( ,C>TAG5A -- A MOVEM5T ( :I* ! HI/ORICAL BE>+ SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 QUITE OV]LOOK$ -- OP5$ A NEW PAGE ( HI/ORY4 ,IF WE ANALYZE NOT ONLY ?IS MOVEM5T 9 ITSELF1 BUT ALSO ! IMPRESSION IT LEFT 9 ! M9DS & ! T5D5CIES MANIFE/$ DUR+ ! COMMUNAL REVOLUTION1 WE MU/ RECOGNIZE 9 IT AN 9DICATION %[+ ?AT 9 ! FUTURE HUMAN AGGLOM]ATIONS :I* >E MORE ADVANC$ 9 !IR SOCIAL DEVELOPM5T WILL TRY TO />T AN 9DEP5D5T LIFE2 & ?AT !Y WILL 5DEAVOR TO CONV]T ! MORE BACKW>D PEOPLE ( A NATION BY EXAMPLE1 9/EAD ( IMPOS+ !IR OP9IONS BY LAW & =CE1 OR SUBMITT+ !MSELVES TO ! MAJORITY-RULE1 :I* ALWAYS IS A M$IOCRITY-RULE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! FAILURE ( REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T )9 ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF PROV$ ?AT SELF-GOV]NM5T & SELF-ADM9I/RATION MU/ BE C>RI$ FUR!R ?AN 9 A M]ELY T]RITORIAL S5SE4 ,TO BE EFFECTIVE !Y MU/ ALSO BE C>RI$ 9TO ! V>I\S FUNCTIONS ( LIFE )9 ! FREE COMMUNITY4 ,A M]ELY T]RITORIAL LIMITATION ( ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( GOV]NM5T WILL NOT DO -- REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T BE+ AS DEFICI5T 9 A CITY AS IT IS 9 A NATION4 ,LIFE GAVE ?US A FUR!R PO9T 9 FAVOR ( ! NO-GOV]NM5T !ORY1 & A NEW IMPULSE TO AN>*I/ ?\<T4  

,AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ! JU/ICE ( BO? ! JU/-M5TION$ T5D5CIES T[>DS ECONOMIC & POLITICAL FRE$OM1 & SEE 9 !M TWO DIFF]5T MANIFE/ATIONS ( ! V]Y SAME NE$ ( EQUALITY :I* CON/ITUTES ! V]Y ESS5CE ( ALL /RUGGLES M5TION$ BY HI/ORY4 ,!RE=E1 9 COMMON ) ALL SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/ SAYS TO ! POLITICAL RE=M]3 0,NO SUB/ANTIAL RE=M 9 ! S5SE ( POLITICAL EQUALITY & NO LIMITATION ( ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T CAN BE MADE AS LONG AS SOCIETY IS DIVID$ 9TO TWO HO/ILE CAMPS1 & ! LABOR] REMA9S1 ECONOMICALLY SPEAK+1 A SLAVE TO HIS EMPLOY]40 ,BUT TO ! /ATE SOCIALI/ WE SAY ALSO3 0,Y\ CANNOT MODIFY ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY )\T DEEPLY MODIFY+ AT ! SAME TIME ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,Y\ MU/ LIMIT ! P[]S ( GOV]NM5T & R5\NCE P>LIAM5T>Y RULE4 ,TO EA* NEW ECONOMIC PHASE ( LIFE CORRESPONDS A NEW POLITICAL PHASE4 ABSOLUTE MON>*Y CORRESPOND$ TO ! SY/EM ( S]FDOM4 ,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T CORRESPONDS TO CAPITAL RULE4 ,BO?1 H[EV]1 >E CLASS-RULE4 ,BUT 9 A SOCIETY :]E ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 CAPITALI/ & LABOR] HAS DISAPPE>$1 !RE IS NO NE$ ( SU* A GOV]NM5T2 IT W\LD BE AN ANA*RONISM1 A NUISANCE4 ,FREE WORK]S W\LD REQUIRE A FREE ORGANIZATION1 & ?IS CANNOT HAVE ANY O!R BASIS ?AN FREE AGREEM5T & FREE COOP]ATION1 )\T SACRIFIC+ ! AUTONOMY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ALL-P]VAD+ 9T]F]5CE ( ! ,/ATE4 ,! NO-CAPITALI/ SY/EM IMPLIES ! NO-GOV]NM5T SY/EM40  

,MEAN+ ?US ! EMANCIPATION ( MAN FROM ! OPPRESSIVE P[]S ( CAPITALISM & GOV]NM5T AS WELL1 ! SY/EM ( AN>*ISM BECOMES A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO P[]FUL CURR5TS ( ?\<T :I* *>ACT]IZE \R C5TURY4  

,9 >RIV+ AT !SE CONCLUSIONS AN>*ISM PROVES TO BE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION4 ,BY BR++ TO LI<T ! PLA/ICITY ( ORGANIZATION1 ! PHILOSOPHY ( EVOLUTION HAS %[N ! ADMIRABLE ADAPTABILITY ( ORGANISMS TO !IR CONDITIONS ( LIFE1 & ! 5SU+ DEVELOPM5T ( SU* FACULTIES AS R5D] MORE COMPLETE BO? ! ADAPTATIONS ( ! AGGREGATES TO !IR SURR\ND+S & ?OSE ( EA* ( ! CON/ITU5T P>TS ( ! AGGREGATE TO ! NE$S ( FREE COOP]ATION4 ,IT HAS FAMILI>IZ$ US ) ! CIRCUM/ANCE ?AT ?R\<\T ORGANIC NATURE ! CAPACITIES = LIFE 9 COMMON GR[ 9 PROPORTION AS ! 9TEGRATION ( ORGANISMS 9TO COMP\ND AGGREGATES BECOMES MORE & MORE COMPLETE2 & IT HAS 5=C$ ?US ! OP9ION ALREADY EXPRESS$ BY SOCIAL MORALI/S AS TO ! P]FECTIBILITY ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT HAS %[N US ?AT1 9 ! LONG RUN ( ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE1 0! FITTE/0 WILL PROVE TO BE ?OSE :O COMB9E 9TELLECTUAL KN[L$GE ) ! KN[L$GE NECESS>Y = ! PRODUCTION ( WEAL?1 & NOT ?OSE :O >E N[ ! RI*E/ BECAUSE !Y1 OR !IR ANCE/ORS1 HAVE BE5 MOM5T>ILY ! /RONGE/4  

,BY %[+ ?AT ! 0/RUGGLE = EXI/5CE0 MU/ BE CONCEIV$ NOT M]ELY 9 ITS RE/RICT$ S5SE ( A /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS = ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE BUT 9 ITS WID] S5SE ( ADAPTATION ( ALL 9DIVIDUALS ( ! SPECIES TO ! BE/ CONDITIONS = ! SURVIVAL ( ! SPECIES1 AS WELL AS = ! GREATE/ POSSIBLE SUM ( LIFE & HAPP9ESS = EA* & ALL1 IS HAS P]MITT$ US TO D$UCE ! LAWS ( MORAL SCI5CE FROM ! SOCIAL NE$S & HABITS ( MANK9D4 ,IT HAS %[N US ! 9F9ITESIMAL ROLE PLAY$ BY POSITIVE LAW 9 MORAL EVOLUTION1 & ! IMM5SE ROLE PLAY$ BY ! NATURAL GR[? ( ALTRUI/IC FEEL+S1 :I* DEVELOP AS SOON AS ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE FAVOR !IR GR[?4 ,IT HAS ?US 5=C$ ! OP9ION ( SOCIAL RE=M]S AS TO ! NECESSITY ( MODIFY+ ! CONDITIONS ( LIFE = IMPROV+ MAN1 9/EAD ( TRY+ TO IMPROVE HUMAN NATURE BY MORAL TEA*+S :ILE LIFE WORKS 9 AN OPPOSITE DIRECTION4 ,F9ALLY1 BY /UDY+ HUMAN SOCIETY FROM ! BIOLOGICAL PO9T ( VIEW1 IT HAS COME TO ! CONCLUSIONS >RIV$ AT BY AN>*I/S FROM ! /UDY ( HI/ORY & PRES5T T5D5CIES AS TO FUR!R PROGRESS BE+ 9 ! L9E ( SOCIALIZATION ( WEAL? & 9TEGRAT$ LABOR COMB9$ ) ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4  

,IT HAS HAPP5$ 9 ! LONG RUN ( AGES ?AT EV]Y?+ :I* P]MITS M5 TO 9CREASE !IR PRODUCTION1 OR EV5 TO CONT9UE IT1 HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY ! FEW4 ,! L&1 :I* D]IVES ITS VALUE PRECISELY FROM ITS BE+ NECESS>Y = AN EV]-9CREAS+ POPULATION1 BELONGS TO ! FEW1 :O MAY PREV5T ! COMMUNITY FROM CULTIVAT+ IT4 ,! COAL PITS1 :I* REPRES5T ! LABOR ( G5]ATIONS1 & :I* ALSO D]IVE !IR VALUE FROM ! WANTS ( ! MANUFACTUR]S & RAILROADS1 FROM ! IMM5SE TRADE C>RI$ ON & ! D5SITY ( POPULATION1 BELONG AGA9 TO ! FEW1 :O HAVE EV5 ! RI<T ( /OPP+ ! EXTRACTION ( COAL IF !Y *OOSE TO GIVE ANO!R USE TO !IR CAPITAL4 ,! LACE-WEAV+ MA*9E1 :I* REPRES5TS1 9 ITS PRES5T /ATE ( P]FECTION1 ! WORK ( ?REE G5]ATIONS ( ,LANCA%IRE WEAV]S1 BELONGS ALSO TO ! FEW2 & IF ! GR&SONS ( ! V]Y SAME WEAV] :O 9V5T$ ! FIR/ LACE-WEAV+ MA*9E CLAIM !IR RI<T TO BR+ ONE ( !SE MA*9ES 9TO MOTION1 !Y WILL BE TOLD1 0,H&S (F6 ?IS MA*9E DOES NOT BELONG TO Y\60 ,! RAILROADS1 :I* MO/LY W\LD BE USELESS HEAPS ( IRON IF NOT = ! PRES5T D5SE POPULATION1 ITS 9DU/RY1 TRADE1 & TRAFFIC1 BELONG AGA9 TO ! FEW -- TO A FEW %>EHOLD]S :O MAY NOT EV5 KN[ :]E ! RAILWAY IS SITUAT$ :I* BR+S !M A YE>LY 9COME L>G] ?AN ?AT ( A M$IEVAL K+4 ,& IF ! *ILDR5 ( ?OSE PEOPLE :O DI$ BY ?\S&S 9 DIGG+ ! TUNNELS %\LD GA!R & GO -- A RAGG$ & />V+ CR[D -- TO ASK BREAD OR WORK FROM ! %>EHOLD]S1 !Y W\LD BE MET ) BAYONETS & BULLETS4  

,:O IS ! SOPHI/ :O WILL D>E TO SAY ?AT SU* AN ORGANIZATION IS JU/8 ,BUT :AT IS UNJU/ CANNOT BE B5EFICIAL TO MANK9D2 & IT IS NOT4 ,9 CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS MON/R\S ORGANIZATION1 ! SON ( A WORKMAN1 :5 HE IS ABLE TO WORK1 F9DS NO ACRE TO TILL1 NO MA*9E TO SET 9 MOTION1 UNLESS HE AGREES TO SELL HIS LABOR = A SUM 9F]IOR TO ITS REAL VALUE4 ,HIS FA!R & GR&FA!R HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO DRA9 ! FIELD1 OR ]ECT ! FACTORY1 TO ! FULL EXT5T ( !IR CAPACITIES -- & NOBODY CAN DO MORE ?AN ?AT--BUT HE COMES 9TO ! WORLD MORE DE/ITUTE ?AN A SAVAGE4 ,IF HE RESORTS TO AGRICULTURE1 HE WILL BE P]MITT$ TO CULTIVATE A PLOT ( L&1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT HE GIVES UP P>T ( HIS PRODUCT TO ! L&LORD4 ,IF HE RESORTS TO 9DU/RY1 HE WILL BE P]MITT$ TO WORK1 BUT ON ! CONDITION ?AT \T ( ! ?IRTY %ILL+S HE HAS PRODUC$1 T5 %ILL+S OR MORE WILL BE POCKET$ BY ! [N] ( ! MA*9E4 ,WE CRY \T AGA9/ ! FEUDAL B>ONS :O DID NOT P]MIT ANYONE TO SETTLE ON ! L& O!RWISE ?AN ON PAYM5T ( ONE QU>T] ( ! CROPS TO ! LORD ( ! MANOR2 BUT WE CONT9UE TO DO AS !Y DID -- WE EXT5D !IR SY/EM4 ,! =MS HAVE *ANG$1 BUT ! ESS5CE HAS REMA9$ ! SAME4 ,& ! WORKMAN IS COMPELL$ TO ACCEPT ! FEUDAL CONDITIONS :I* WE CALL 0FREE CONTRACT10 BECAUSE NO:]E WILL HE F9D BETT] CONDITIONS4 ,EV]Y?+ HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY SOMEBODY2 HE MU/ ACCEPT ! B>GA91 OR />VE4  

,[+ TO ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE1 \R PRODUCTION TAKES A WRONG TURN4 ,IT TAKES NO C>E ( ! NE$S ( ! COMMUNITY2 ITS ONLY AIM IS TO 9CREASE ! PR(ITS ( ! CAPITALI/4 ,& WE HAVE1 !RE=E1 -- ! CONT9U\S FLUCTUATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 ! CRISIS COM+ P]IODICALLY NE>LY EV]Y T5 YE>S1 & ?R[+ \T ( EMPLOYM5T SEV]AL HUNDR$ ?\S& M5 :O >E BR\<T TO COMPLETE MIS]Y1 :OSE *ILDR5 GR[ UP 9 ! GUTT]1 READY TO BECOME 9MATES ( ! PRISON & WORKH\SE4 ,! WORKM5 BE+ UNABLE TO PUR*ASE ) !IR WAGES ! RI*ES !Y >E PRODUC+1 9DU/RY MU/ SE>* = M>KETS ELSE:]E1 AMID ! MIDDLE CLASSES ( O!R NATIONS4 ,IT MU/ F9D M>KETS1 9 ! ,EA/1 9 ,AFRICA1 ANY:]E2 IT MU/ 9CREASE1 BY TRADE1 ! NUMB] ( ITS S]FS 9 ,EGYPT1 9 ,9DIA1 9 ! ,CONGO4 ,BUT EV]Y:]E IT F9DS COMPETITORS 9 O!R NATIONS :I* RAPIDLY 5T] 9TO ! SAME L9E ( 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,& W>S1 CONT9U\S W>S1 MU/ BE F\<T = ! SUPREMACY 9 ! WORLD-M>KET -- W>S = ! POSSESSION ( ! ,EA/1 W>S = GETT+ POSSESSION ( ! SEAS1 W>S = ! RI<T ( IMPOS+ HEAVY DUTIES ON =EIGN M]*&ISE4 ,! ?UND] ( ,EUROPEAN GUNS NEV] CEASES2 :OLE G5]ATIONS >E SLAU<T]$ FROM TIME TO TIME2 & WE SP5D 9 >MAM5TS ! ?IRD ( ! REV5UE ( \R ,/ATES--A REV5UE RAIS$1 ! POOR KN[ ) :AT DIFFICULTIES4  

,& F9ALLY1 ! 9JU/ICE ( \R P>TITION ( WEAL? EX]CISES ! MO/ DEPLORABLE EFFECT ON \R MORALITY4 ,\R PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY SAY3 0,LOVE Y\R NEI<BOR AS Y\RSELF02 BUT LET A *ILD FOLL[ ?IS PR9CIPLE & TAKE (F HIS COAT TO GIVE IT TO ! %IV]+ PAUP]1 & HIS MO!R WILL TELL HIM ?AT HE MU/ NEV] UND]/& MORAL PR9CIPLES 9 !IR DIRECT S5SE4 ,IF HE LIVES ACCORD+ TO !M1 HE WILL GO B>EFOOT1 )\T ALLEVIAT+ ! MIS]Y >\ND HIM6 ,MORALITY IS GOOD ON ! LIPS1 NOT 9 DE$S4 ,\R PREA*]S SAY1 0,:O WORKS1 PRAYS10 & EV]YONE 5DEAVORS TO MAKE O!RS WORK = HIM4 ,!Y SAY1 0,NEV] LIE60 & POLITICS >E A BIG LIE4 ,& WE ACCU/OM \RSELVES & \R *ILDR5 TO LIVE UND] ?IS D\BLE-FAC$ MORALITY1 :I* IS HYPOCRISY1 & TO CONCILIATE \R D\BLE-FAC$NESS BY SOPHI/RY4 ,HYPOCRISY & SOPHI/RY BECOME ! V]Y BASIS ( \R LIFE4 ,BUT SOCIETY CANNOT LIVE UND] SU* A MORALITY4 ,IT CANNOT LA/ SO3 IT MU/1 IT WILL1 BE *ANG$4  

,! QUE/ION IS ?US NO MORE A M]E QUE/ION ( BREAD4 ,IT COV]S ! :OLE FIELD ( HUMAN ACTIVITY4 ,BUT IT HAS AT ITS BOTTOM A QUE/ION ( SOCIAL ECONOMY1 & WE CONCLUDE3 ,! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & ( SATISFACTION ( ALL NE$S ( SOCIETY1 HAV+ BE5 CREAT$ BY ! COMMON EF=TS ( ALL1 MU/ BE AT ! DISPOSAL ( ALL4 ,! PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( REQUISITES = PRODUCTION IS NEI!R JU/ NOR B5EFICIAL4 ,ALL MU/ BE PLAC$ ON ! SAME FOOT+ AS PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S ( WEAL?4 ,?AT WILL BE ! ONLY WAY = SOCIETY TO SEEP \T ( ! BAD CONDITIONS :I* HAVE BE5 CREAT$ BY C5TURIES ( W>S & OPPRESSION4 ,?AT WILL BE ! ONLY GU>ANTEE = FUR!R PROGRESS 9 A DIRECTION ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM1 :I* HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ! REAL1 AL?\< UNSPOK5 GOAL ( HUMANITY4  

,I,I  

,! VIEWS TAK5 9 ! ABOVE AS TO ! COMB9ATION ( EF=TS BE+ ! *IEF S\RCE ( \R WEAL? EXPLA9 :Y MO/ AN>*I/S SEE 9 COMMUNISM ! ONLY EQUITABLE SOLUTION AS TO ! ADEQUATE REMUN]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS4 ,!RE WAS A TIME :5 A FAMILY 5GAG$ 9 AGRICULTURE SUPPLEM5T$ BY A FEW DOME/IC TRADES C\LD CONSID] ! CORN !Y RAIS$ & ! PLA9 WOOL5 CLO? !Y WOVE AS PRODUCTIONS ( !IR [N & NOBODY ELSE'S LABOR4 ,EV5 !N SU* A VIEW WAS NOT QUITE CORRECT3 !RE W]E =E/S CLE>$ & ROADS BUILT BY COMMON EF=TS2 & EV5 !N ! FAMILY HAD CONT9UALLY TO APPLY = COMMUNAL HELP1 AS IS /ILL ! CASE 9 SO MANY VILLAGE COMMUNITIES4 ,BUT N[1 9 ! EXTREMELY 9T]WOV5 /ATE ( 9DU/RY ( :I* EA* BRAN* SUPPORTS ALL O!RS1 SU* AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC VIEW CAN BE HELD NO MORE4 ,IF ! IRON TRADE & ! COTTON 9DU/RY ( ?IS C\NTRY HAVE REA*$ SO HI< A DEGREE ( DEVELOPM5T1 !Y HAVE DONE SO [+ TO ! P>ALLEL GR[? ( ?\S&S ( O!R 9DU/RIES1 GREAT & SMALL2 TO ! EXT5SION ( ! RAILWAY SY/EM2 TO AN 9CREASE ( KN[L$GE AMONG BO? ! SKILL$ 5G9E]S & ! MASS ( ! WORKM52 TO A C]TA9 TRA9+ 9 ORGANIZATION SL[LY DEVELOP$ AMONG PRODUC]S2 &1 ABOVE ALL1 TO ! WORLD-TRADE :I* HAS ITSELF GR[N UP1 ?ANKS TO WORKS EXECUT$ ?\S&S ( MILES AWAY4 ,! ,ITALIANS :O DI$ FROM *OL]A 9 DIGG+ ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL OR FROM 0TUNNEL-DISEASE0 9 ! ,/4 ,GO?>D ,TUNNEL HAVE CONTRIBUT$ AS MU* T[>DS ! 5RI*M5T ( ?IS C\NTRY AS ! ,BRITI% GIRL :O IS PREMATURELY GR[+ OLD 9 S]V+ A MA*9E AT ,MAN*E/]2 & ?IS GIRL AS MU* AS ! 5G9E] :O MADE A LABOR-SAV+ IMPROVEM5T 9 \R MA*9]Y4 ,H[ CAN WE PRET5D TO E/IMATE ! EXACT P>T ( EA* ( !M 9 ! RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ >\ND US8  

,WE MAY ADMIRE ! 9V5TIVE G5IUS OR ! ORGANIZ+ CAPACITIES ( AN IRON LORD2 BUT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE ?AT ALL HIS G5IUS & 5]GY W\LD NOT REALIZE ONE-T5? ( :AT !Y REALIZE H]E IF !Y W]E SP5T 9 DEAL+ ) ,MONGOLIAN %EPH]DS OR ,SIB]IAN PEASANTS 9/EAD ( ,BRITI% WORKM51 ,BRITI% 5G9E]S1 & TRU/WOR?Y MANAG]S4 ,AN ,5GLI% MILLIONAIRE :O SUCCE$$ 9 GIV+ A P[]FUL IMPULSE TO A BRAN* ( HOME 9DU/RY WAS ASK$ ! O!R DAY :AT W]E1 9 HIS OP9ION1 ! REAL CAUSES ( HIS SUCCESS8 ,HIS ANSW] WAS3-- 0,I ALWAYS S\<T \T ! RI<T MAN = A GIV5 BRAN* ( ! CONC]N1 & ,I LEFT HIM FULL 9DEP5D5CE -- MA9TA9+1 ( C\RSE1 = MYSELF ! G5]AL SUP]VISION40 0,DID Y\ NEV] FAIL TO F9D SU* M580 WAS ! NEXT QUE/ION4 0,NEV]40 0,BUT 9 ! NEW BRAN*ES :I* Y\ 9TRODUC$ Y\ WANT$ A NUMB] ( NEW 9V5TIONS40 0,NO D\BT2 WE SP5T ?\S&S 9 BUY+ PAT5TS40 ,?IS LITTLE COLLOQUY SUMS UP1 9 MY OP9ION1 ! REAL CASE ( ?OSE 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S :I* >E QUOT$ BY ! ADVOCATES ( 0AN ADEQUATE REMUN]ATION ( 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS0 9 ! %APE ( MILLIONS BE/[$ ON ! MANAG]S ( PROSP]\S 9DU/RIES4 ,IT %[S 9 H[ F> ! EF=TS >E REALLY 09DIVIDUAL40 ,LEAV+ ASIDE ! ?\S& CONDITIONS :I* SOMETIMES P]MIT A MAN TO %[1 & SOMETIMES PREV5T HIM FROM %[+1 HIS CAPACITIES TO !IR FULL EXT5T1 IT MI<T BE ASK$ 9 H[ F> ! SAME CAPACITIES C\LD BR+ \T ! SAME RESULTS1 IF ! V]Y SAME EMPLOY] C\LD F9D NO TRU/WOR?Y MANAG]S & NO SKILL$ WORKM51 & IF HUNDR$S ( 9V5TIONS W]E NOT /IMULAT$ BY ! ME*ANICAL TURN ( M9D ( SO MANY 9HABITANTS ( ?IS C\NTRY4  

,! AN>*I/S CANNOT CONSID]1 LIKE ! COLLECTIVI/S1 ?AT A REMUN]ATION :I* W\LD BE PROPORTIONATE TO ! H\RS ( LABOR SP5T BY EA* P]SON 9 ! PRODUCTION ( RI*ES MAY BE AN IDEAL1 OR EV5 AN APPROA* TO AN IDEAL1 SOCIETY4 ,)\T 5T]+ H]E 9TO A DISCUSSION AS TO H[ F> ! EX*ANGE VALUE ( EA* M]*&ISE IS REALLY MEASUR$ N[ BY ! AM\NT ( LABOR NECESS>Y = ITS PRODUCTION -- A SEP>ATE /UDY MU/ BE DEVOT$ TO ! SUBJECT--WE MU/ SAY ?AT ! COLLECTIVI/ IDEAL SEEMS TO US M]ELY UNREALIZABLE 9 A SOCIETY :I* HAS BE5 BR\<T TO CONSID] ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION AS A COMMON PROP]TY4 ,SU* A SOCIETY W\LD BE COMPELL$ TO AB&ON ! WAGE-SY/EM ALTOGE!R4 ,IT APPE>S IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! MITIGAT$ 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! COLLECTIVI/ S*OOL C\LD CO-EXI/ ) ! P>TIAL COMMUNISM IMPLI$ BY HOLD+ L& & MA*9]Y 9 COMMON -- UNLESS IMPOS$ BY A P[]FUL GOV]NM5T1 MU* MORE P[]FUL ?AN ALL ?OSE ( \R [N TIMES4 ,! PRES5T WAGE SY/EM HAS GR[N UP FROM ! APPROPRIATION ( ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION BY ! FEW2 IT WAS A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! GR[? ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 & IT CANNOT \TLIVE IT1 EV5 IF AN ATTEMPT BE MADE TO PAY TO ! WORK] ! FULL VALUE ( HIS PRODUCE1 & H\RS-(-LABOR-*ECKS BE SUB/ITUT$ = MONEY4 ,COMMON POSSESSION ( ! NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION IMPLIES ! COMMON 5JOYM5T ( ! FRUITS ( ! COMMON PRODUCTION2 & WE CONSID] ?AT AN EQUITABLE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY CAN ONLY >ISE :5 EV]Y WAGE-SY/EM IS AB&ON$1 & :5 EV]YBODY1 CONTRIBUT+ = ! COMMON WELL-BE+ TO ! FULL EXT5T1 ( HIS CAPACITIES1 %ALL 5JOY ALSO FROM ! COMMON /OCK ( SOCIETY TO ! FULLE/ POSSIBLE EXT5T ( HIS NE$S4  

,WE MA9TA91 MOREOV]1 NOT ONLY ?AT COMMUNISM IS A DESIRABLE /ATE ( SOCIETY1 BUT ?AT ! GR[+ T5D5CY ( MOD]N SOCIETY IS PRECISELY T[>DS COMMUNISM -- FREE COMMUNISM -- NOT)/&+ ! SEEM+LY CONTRADICTORY GR[? ( 9DIVIDUALISM4 ,9 ! GR[? ( 9DIVIDUALISM 7ESPECIALLY DUR+ ! LA/ ?REE C5TURIES7 WE SEE M]ELY ! 5DEAVORS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL T[>DS EMANCIPAT+ HIMSELF FROM ! /EADILY GR[+ P[]S ( CAPITAL & ! ,/ATE4 ,BUT SIDE BY SIDE ) ?IS GR[? WE SEE ALSO1 ?R\<\T HI/ORY UP TO \R [N TIMES1 ! LAT5T /RUGGLE ( ! PRODUC]S ( WEAL? TO MA9TA9 ! P>TIAL COMMUNISM ( OLD1 AS WELL AS TO RE9TRODUCE COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES 9 A NEW %APE1 AS SOON AS FAVORABLE CONDITIONS P]MIT IT4 ,AS SOON AS ! COMMUNES ( ! T5?1 ELEV5?1 & TWELF? C5TURIES W]E 5ABL$ TO />T !IR [N 9DEP5D5T LIFE1 !Y GAVE A WIDE EXT5SION TO WORK 9 COMMON1 TO TRADE 9 COMMON1 & TO A P>TIAL CONSUMPTION 9 COMMON4 ,ALL ?IS HAS DISAPPE>$4 ,BUT ! RURAL COMMUNE FI<TS A H>D /RUGGLE TO MA9TA9 ITS OLD FEATURES1 & IT SUCCE$S 9 MA9TA9+ !M 9 MANY PLACES ( ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,SWITZ]L&1 & EV5 ,FRANCE & ,G]MANY2 :ILE NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLES1 NEV] FAIL TO GR[ UP :]EV] IT IS POSSIBLE4  

,NOT)/&+ ! EGOTI/IC TURN GIV5 TO ! PUBLIC M9D BY ! M]*ANT-PRODUCTION ( \R C5TURY1 ! COMMUNI/ T5D5CY IS CONT9UALLY REASS]T+ ITSELF & TRY+ TO MAKE ITS WAY 9TO PUBLIC LIFE4 ,! P5NY BRIDGE DISAPPE>S BE=E ! PUBLIC BRIDGE2 & ! TURNPIKE ROAD BE=E ! FREE ROAD4 ,! SAME SPIRIT P]VADES ?\S&S ( O!R 9/ITUTIONS4 ,MUSEUMS1 FREE LIBR>IES1 & FREE PUBLIC S*OOLS2 P>KS & PLEASURE GR\NDS2 PAV$ & LI<T$ /REETS1 FREE = EV]YBODY'S USE2 WAT] SUPPLI$ TO PRIVATE DWELL+S1 ) A GR[+ T5D5CY T[>DS DISREG>D+ ! EXACT AM\NT ( IT US$ BY ! 9DIVIDUAL2 TRAMWAYS & RAILWAYS :I* HAVE ALREADY BEGUN TO 9TRODUCE ! SEASON TICKET OR ! UNI=M TAX1 & WILL SURELY GO MU* FUR!R 9 ?IS L9E :5 !Y >E NO LONG] PRIVATE PROP]TY3 ALL !SE >E TOK5S %[+ 9 :AT DIRECTION FUR!R PROGRESS IS TO BE EXPECT$4  

,IT IS 9 ! DIRECTION ( PUTT+ ! WANTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL ABOVE ! VALUATION ( ! S]VICE HE HAS R5D]$1 OR MI<T R5D]1 TO SOCIETY2 9 CONSID]+ SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 SO 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ TOGE!R ?AT A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ANY 9DIVIDUAL IS A S]VICE R5D]$ TO ! :OLE SOCIETY4 ,! LIBR>IAN ( ! ,BRITI% ,MUSEUM DOES NOT ASK ! READ] :AT HAVE BE5 HIS PREVI\S S]VICES TO SOCIETY1 HE SIMPLY GIVES HIM ! BOOKS HE REQUIRES2 & = A UNI=M FEE1 A SCI5TIFIC SOCIETY LEAVES ITS G>D5S & MUSEUMS AT ! FREE DISPOSAL ( EA* MEMB]4 ,! CREW ( A LIFEBOAT DO NOT ASK :E!R ! M5 ( A DI/RESS$ %IP >E 5TITL$ TO BE RESCU$ AT A RISK ( LIFE2 & ! ,PRISON]S' ,AID ,SOCIETY DOES NOT 9QUIRE :AT A RELEAS$ PRISON] IS WOR?4 ,H]E >E M5 9 NE$ ( A S]VICE2 !Y >E FELL[ M51 & NO FUR!R RI<TS >E REQUIR$4  

,& IF ?IS V]Y CITY1 SO EGOTI/IC TO-DAY1 BE VISIT$ BY A PUBLIC CALAMITY -- LET IT BE BESIEG$1 = EXAMPLE1 LIKE ,P>IS 9 #a#h#g#a1 & EXP]I5CE DUR+ ! SIEGE A WANT ( FOOD--?IS V]Y SAME CITY W\LD BE UNANIM\S 9 PROCLAIM+ ?AT ! FIR/ NE$S TO BE SATISFI$ >E ?OSE ( ! *ILDR5 & OLD1 NO MATT] :AT S]VICES !Y MAY R5D] OR HAVE R5D]$ TO SOCIETY4 ,& IT W\LD TAKE C>E ( ! ACTIVE DEF5D]S ( ! CITY1 :ATEV] ! DEGREES ( GALLANTRY DISPLAY$ BY EA* ( !M4 ,BUT1 ?IS T5D5CY ALREADY EXI/+1 NOBODY WILL D5Y1 ,I SUPPOSE1 ?AT1 9 PROPORTION AS HUMANITY IS RELIEV$ FROM ITS H>D /RUGGLE = LIFE1 ! SAME T5D5CY WILL GR[ /RONG]4 ,IF \R PRODUCTIVE P[]S W]E FULLY APPLI$ TO 9CREAS+ ! /OCK ( ! /APLE NECESSITIES = LIFE2 IF A MODIFICATION ( ! PRES5T CONDITIONS ( PROP]TY 9CREAS$ ! NUMB] ( PRODUC]S BY ALL ?OSE :O >E NOT PRODUC]S ( WEAL? N[2 & IF MANUAL LABOR RECONQU]$ ITS PLACE ( HONOR 9 SOCIETY1 ! COMMUNI/ T5D5CIES ALREADY EXI/+ W\LD IMM$IATELY 5L>GE !IR SPH]E ( APPLICATION4  

,TAK+ ALL ?IS 9TO ACC\NT1 & /ILL MORE ! PRACTICAL ASPECTS ( ! QUE/ION AS TO H[ PRIVATE PROP]TY MI<T BECOME COMMON PROP]TY1 MO/ ( ! AN>*I/S MA9TA9 ?AT ! V]Y NEXT /EP TO BE MADE BY SOCIETY1 AS SOON AS ! PRES5T REGIME ( PROP]TY UND]GOES A MODIFICATION1 WILL BE 9 A COMMUNI/ S5SE4 ,WE >E COMMUNI/S4 ,BUT \R COMMUNISM IS NOT ?AT ( ! AU?ORIT>IAN S*OOL3 IT IS AN>*I/ COMMUNISM1 COMMUNISM )\T GOV]NM5T1 FREE COMMUNISM4 ,IT IS A SYN!SIS ( ! TWO *IEF AIMS PURSU$ BY HUMANITY S9CE ! DAWN ( ITS HI/ORY--ECONOMIC FRE$OM & POLITICAL FRE$OM4  

,I HAVE ALREADY SAID ?AT AN>*ISM MEANS NO-GOV]NM5T4 ,WE KN[ WELL ?AT ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 IS ALSO US$ 9 CURR5T PHRASEOLOGY AS SYNONYM\S ) DISORD]4 ,BUT ?AT MEAN+ ( 0AN>*Y10 BE+ A D]IV$ ONE1 IMPLIES AT LEA/ TWO SUPPOSITIONS4 ,IT IMPLIES1 FIR/1 ?AT :]EV] !RE IS NO GOV]NM5T !RE IS DISORD]2 & IT IMPLIES1 MOREOV]1 ?AT ORD]1 DUE TO A /RONG GOV]NM5T & A /RONG POLICE1 IS ALWAYS B5EFICIAL4 ,BO? IMPLICATIONS1 H[EV]1 >E ANY?+ BUT PROV$4 ,!RE IS PL5TY ( ORD] -- WE %\LD SAY1 ( H>MONY -- 9 MANY BRAN*ES ( HUMAN ACTIVITY :]E ! GOV]NM5T1 HAPPILY1 DOES NOT 9T]F]E4 ,AS TO ! B5EFICIAL EFFECTS ( ORD]1 ! K9D ( ORD] ?AT REIGN$ AT ,NAPLES UND] ! ,B\RBONS SURELY WAS NOT PREF]ABLE TO SOME DISORD] />T$ BY ,G>IBALDI2 :ILE ! ,PROTE/ANTS ( ?IS C\NTRY WILL PROBABLY SAY ?AT ! GOOD DEAL ( DISORD] MADE BY ,LU!R WAS PREF]ABLE1 AT ANY RATE1 TO ! ORD] :I* REIGN$ UND] ! ,POPE4 ,:ILE ALL AGREE ?AT H>MONY IS ALWAYS DESIRABLE1 !RE IS NO SU* UNANIMITY AB\T ORD]1 & /ILL LESS AB\T ! 0ORD]0 :I* IS SUPPOS$ TO REIGN 9 \R MOD]N SOCIETIES4 ,SO ?AT WE HAVE NO OBJECTION :ATEV] TO ! USE ( ! WORD 0AN>*Y0 AS A NEGATION ( :AT HAS BE5 (T5 DESCRIB$ AS ORD]4  

,BY TAK+ = \R WAT*WORD AN>*Y 9 ITS S5SE ( NO GOV]NM5T1 WE 9T5D TO EXPRESS A PRON\NC$ T5D5CY ( HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,9 HI/ORY WE SEE ?AT PRECISELY ?OSE EPO*S :5 SMALL P>TS ( HUMANITY BROKE D[N ! P[] ( !IR RUL]S & REASSUM$ !IR FRE$OM W]E EPO*S ( ! GREATE/ PROGRESS1 ECONOMIC & 9TELLECTUAL4 ,BE IT ! GR[? ( ! FREE CITIES1 :OSE UNRIVAL$ MONUM5TS -- FREE WORK ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS ( WORK]S -- /ILL TE/IFY TO ! REVIVAL ( M9D & ( ! WELL-BE+ ( ! CITIZ52 BE IT ! GREAT MOVEM5T :I* GAVE BIR? TO ! ,RE=MATION -- ?OSE EPO*S :5 ! 9DIVIDUAL RECOV]$ SOME P>T ( HIS FRE$OM WITNESS$ ! GREATE/ PROGRESS4 ,& IF WE C>EFULLY WAT* ! PRES5T DEVELOPM5T ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 WE CANNOT FAIL TO DISCOV] 9 IT A M>K$ & EV]-GR[+ MOVEM5T T[>DS LIMIT+ MORE & MORE ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( GOV]NM5T1 SO AS TO LEAVE MORE & MORE LIB]TY TO ! 9ITIATIVE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,AFT] HAV+ TRI$ ALL K9DS ( GOV]NM5T1 & 5DEAVOR$ TO SOLVE ! 9SOLUBLE PROBLEM ( HAV+ A GOV]NM5T 0:I* MI<T COMPEL ! 9DIVIDUAL TO OB$I5CE1 )\T ESCAP+ ITSELF FROM OB$I5CE TO COLLECTIVITY10 HUMANITY IS TRY+ N[ TO FREE ITSELF FROM ! BONDS ( ANY GOV]NM5T :ATEV]1 & TO RESPOND TO ITS NE$S ( ORGANIZATION BY ! FREE UND]/&+ BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS PURSU+ ! SAME COMMON AIMS4  

,HOME ,RULE1 EV5 = ! SMALLE/ T]RITORIAL UNIT OR GR\P1 BECOMES A GR[+ NE$4 ,FREE AGREEM5T IS BECOM+ A SUB/ITUTE = LAW4 ,& FREE COOP]ATION A SUB/ITUTE = GOV]NM5TAL GU>DIAN%IP4 ,ONE AFT] ! O!R ?OSE ACTIVITIES :I* W]E CONSID]$ AS ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T DUR+ ! LA/ TWO C5TURIES >E DISPUT$2 SOCIETY MOVES BETT] ! LESS IT IS GOV]N$4 ,& ! MORE WE /UDY ! ADVANCE MADE 9 ?IS DIRECTION1 AS WELL AS ! 9ADEQUACY ( GOV]NM5TS TO FULFILL ! EXPECTATIONS PLAC$ 9 !M1 ! MORE WE >E B\ND TO CONCLUDE ?AT HUMANITY1 BY /EADILY LIMIT+ ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 IS M>*+ T[>DS R$UC+ !M F9ALLY TO NIL4 ,WE ALREADY =ESEE A /ATE ( SOCIETY :]E ! LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE LIMIT$ BY NO LAWS1 NO BONDS -- BY NO?+ ELSE BUT HIS [N SOCIAL HABITS & ! NECESSITY1 :I* EV]YONE FEELS1 ( F9D+ COOP]ATION1 SUPPORT1 & SYMPA?Y AMONG HIS NEI<BORS4  

,( C\RSE ! NO-GOV]NM5T E?ICS WILL MEET ) AT LEA/ AS MANY OBJECTIONS AS ! NO-CAPITAL ECONOMICS4 ,\R M9DS HAVE BE5 SO NURTUR$ 9 PREJUDICES AS TO ! PROVID5TIAL FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS MU/ BE RECEIV$ ) DI/RU/4 ,\R :OLE $UCATION1 FROM *ILDHOOD TO ! GRAVE1 NURTURES ! BELIEF 9 ! NECESSITY ( A GOV]NM5T & ITS B5EFICIAL EFFECTS4 ,SY/EMS ( PHILOSOPHY HAVE BE5 ELABORAT$ TO SUPPORT ?IS VIEW2 HI/ORY HAS BE5 WRITT5 FROM ?IS /&PO9T2 !ORIES ( LAW HAVE BE5 CIRCULAT$ & TAU<T = ! SAME PURPOSE4 ,ALL POLITICS >E BAS$ ON ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 EA* POLITICIAN SAY+ TO PEOPLE HE WANTS TO SUPPORT HIM3 0,GIVE ME ! GOV]NM5TAL P[]2 ,I WILL1 ,I CAN1 RELIEVE Y\ FROM ! H>D%IPS ( Y\R PRES5T LIFE40 ,ALL \R $UCATION IS P]MEAT$ ) ! SAME TEA*+S4 ,WE MAY OP5 ANY BOOK ( SOCIOLOGY1 HI/ORY1 LAW1 OR E?ICS3 EV]Y:]E WE F9D GOV]NM5T1 ITS ORGANIZATION1 ITS DE$S1 PLAY+ SO PROM95T A P>T ?AT WE GR[ ACCU/OM$ TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! ,/ATE & ! POLITICAL M5 >E EV]Y?+2 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ BEH9D ! BIG /ATESM54 ,! SAME TEA*+S >E DAILY REPEAT$ 9 ! ,PRESS4 ,:OLE COLUMNS >E FILL$ UP ) M9UTE/ RECORDS ( P>LIAM5T>Y DEBATES1 ( MOVEM5TS ( POLITICAL P]SONS4 ,&1 :ILE READ+ !SE COLUMNS1 WE TOO (T5 =GET ?AT BESIDES ?OSE FEW M5 :OSE IMPORTANCE HAS BE5 SO SWOLL5 UP AS TO OV]%AD[ HUMANITY1 !RE IS AN IMM5SE BODY ( M5 -- MANK9D1 9 FACT-GR[+ & DY+1 LIV+ 9 HAPP9ESS OR SORR[1 LABOR+ & CONSUM+1 ?9K+ & CREAT+4  

,& YET1 IF WE REV]T FROM ! PR9T$ MATT] TO \R REAL LIFE1 & CA/ A BROAD GLANCE ON SOCIETY AS IT IS1 WE >E /RUCK ) ! 9F9ITESIMAL P>T PLAY$ BY GOV]NM5T 9 \R LIFE4 ,MILLIONS ( HUMAN BE+S LIVE & DIE )\T HAV+ HAD ANY?+ TO DO ) GOV]NM5T4 ,EV]Y DAY MILLIONS ( TRANSACTIONS >E MADE )\T ! SLI<TE/ 9T]F]5CE ( GOV]NM5T2 & ?OSE :O 5T] 9TO AGREEM5TS HAVE NOT ! SLI<TE/ 9T5TION ( BREAK+ B>GA9S4 ,NAY1 ?OSE AGREEM5TS :I* >E NOT PROTECT$ BY GOV]NM5T 7?OSE ( ! EX*ANGE1 OR C>D DEBTS7 >E P]HAPS BETT] KEPT ?AN ANY O!RS4 ,! SIMPLE HABIT ( KEEP+ ONE'S WORD1 ! DESIRE ( NOT LOS+ CONFID5CE1 >E QUITE SUFFICI5T 9 AN OV]:ELM+ MAJORITY ( CASES TO 5=CE ! KEEP+ ( AGREEM5TS4 ,( C\RSE IT MAY BE SAID ?AT !RE IS /ILL ! GOV]NM5T :I* MI<T 5=CE !M IF NECESS>Y4 ,BUT )\T SPEAK+ ( ! NUMB]LESS CASES :I* C\LD NOT EV5 BE BR\<T BE=E A C\RT1 EV]YONE :O HAS ! SLI<TE/ ACQUA9TANCE ) TRADE WILL UND\BT$LY CONFIRM ! ASS]TION ?AT1 IF !RE W]E NOT SO /RONG A FEEL+ ( HONOR 9 KEEP+ AGREEM5TS1 TRADE ITSELF W\LD BECOME UTT]LY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,EV5 ?OSE M]*ANTS & MANUFACTUR]S :O FEEL NOT ! SLI<TE/ REMORSE :5 POISON+ !IR CU/OM]S ) ALL K9DS ( ABOM9ABLE DRUGS1 DULY LABEL$1 EV5 !Y ALSO KEEP !IR COMM]CIAL AGREEM5TS4 ,BUT IF SU* A RELATIVE MORALITY AS COMM]CIAL HONE/Y EXI/S N[ UND] ! PRES5T CONDITIONS1 :5 5RI*M5T IS ! *IEF MOTIVE1 ! SAME FEEL+ WILL FUR!R DEVELOP V]Y QUICKLY AS SOON AS ROBB+ SOMEONE ( ! FRUITS ( HIS LABOR IS NO LONG] ! ECONOMIC BASIS ( \R LIFE4  

,ANO!R /RIK+ FEATURE ( \R C5TURY TELLS 9 FAVOR ( ! SAME NO-GOV]NM5T T5D5CY4 ,IT IS ! /EADY 5L>GEM5T ( ! FIELD COV]$ BY PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE1 & ! REC5T GR[? ( L>GE ORGANIZATIONS RESULT+ M]ELY & SIMPLY FROM FREE AGREEM5T4 ,! RAILWAY NET ( ,EUROPE -- A CONF$]ATION ( SO MANY SCORES ( SEP>ATE SOCIETIES -- & ! DIRECT TRANSPORT ( PASS5G]S & M]*&ISE OV] SO MANY L9ES :I* W]E BUILT 9DEP5D5TLY & F$]AT$ TOGE!R1 )\T EV5 SO MU* AS A ,C5TRAL ,BO>D ( ,EUROPEAN ,RAILWAYS1 IS A MO/ /RIK+ 9/ANCE ( :AT IS ALREADY DONE BY M]E AGREEM5T4 ,IF FIFTY YE>S AGO SOMEBODY HAD PR$ICT$ ?AT RAILWAYS BUILT BY SO MANY SEP>ATE COMPANIES F9ALLY W\LD CON/ITUTE SO P]FECT A NET AS !Y DO TODAY1 HE SURELY W\LD HAVE BE5 TREAT$ AS A FOOL4 ,IT W\LD HAVE BE5 URG$ ?AT SO MANY COMPANIES1 PROSECUT+ !IR [N 9T]E/S1 W\LD NEV] AGREE )\T AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,BO>D ( ,RAILWAYS1 SUPPORT$ BY AN ,9T]NATIONAL ,CONV5TION ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,/ATES1 & 5D[$ ) GOV]NM5TAL P[]S4 ,BUT NO SU* BO>D WAS RESORT$ TO1 & ! AGREEM5T CAME NEV]!LESS4 ,! ,DUT* ASSOCIATIONS ( %IP & BOAT [N]S >E N[ EXT5D+ !IR ORGANIZATIONS OV] ! RIV]S ( ,G]MANY & EV5 TO ! %IPP+ TRADE ( ! ,BALTIC4 ,! NUMB]LESS AMALGAMAT$ MANUFACTUR]S' ASSOCIATIONS1 & ! SYNDICATES ( ,FRANCE1 >E SO MANY 9/ANCES 9 PO9T4 ,IF IT BE >GU$ ?AT MANY ( !SE ORGANIZATIONS >E ORGANIZATIONS = EXPLOITATION1 ?AT PROVES NO?+1 BECAUSE1 IF M5 PURSU+ !IR [N EGOTI/IC1 (T5 V]Y N>R[1 9T]E/S CAN AGREE TOGE!R1 BETT] 9SPIR$ M51 COMPELL$ TO BE MORE CLOSELY CONNECT$ ) O!R GR\PS1 WILL NECESS>ILY AGREE /ILL MORE EASILY & /ILL BETT]4  

,BUT !RE ALSO IS NO LACK ( FREE ORGANIZATIONS = NOBL] PURSUITS4 ,ONE ( ! NOBLE/ A*IEVEM5TS ( \R C5TURY IS UND\BT$LY ! ,LIFEBOAT ,ASSOCIATION4 ,S9CE ITS FIR/ HUMBLE />T1 IT HAS SAV$ NO LESS ?AN ?IRTY-TWO ?\S& HUMAN LIVES4 ,IT MAKES APPEAL TO ! NOBLE/ 9/9CTS ( MAN2 ITS ACTIVITY IS 5TIRELY DEP5D5T UPON DEVOTION TO ! COMMON CAUSE1 :ILE ITS 9T]NAL ORGANIZATION IS 5TIRELY BAS$ UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! LOCAL COMMITTEES4 ,! ,HOSPITALS ,ASSOCIATION & HUNDR$S ( LIKE ORGANIZATIONS1 OP]AT+ ON A L>GE SCALE & COV]+ EA* A WIDE FIELD1 MAY ALSO BE M5TION$ UND] ?IS HEAD4 ,BUT1 :ILE WE KN[ EV]Y?+ AB\T GOV]NM5TS & !IR DE$S1 :AT DO WE KN[ AB\T ! RESULTS A*IEV$ BY FREE COOP]ATION8 ,?\S&S ( VOLUME' HAVE BE5 WRITT5 TO RECORD ! ACTS ( GOV]NM5TS2 ! MO/ TRIFL+ AMELIORATION DUE TO LAW HAS BE5 RECORD$2 ITS GOOD EFFECTS HAVE BE5 EXAGG]AT$1 ITS BAD EFFECTS PASS$ BY 9 SIL5CE4 ,BUT :]E IS ! BOOK RECORD+ :AT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ BY FREE COOP]ATION ( WELL-9SPIR$ M58 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 HUNDR$S ( SOCIETIES >E CON/ITUT$ EV]Y DAY = ! SATISFACTION ( SOME ( ! 9F9ITELY V>I$ NE$S ( CIVILIZ$ MAN4 ,WE HAVE SOCIETIES = ALL POSSIBLE K9DS ( /UDIES -- SOME ( !M EMBRAC+ ! :OLE FIELD ( NATURAL SCI5CE1 O!RS LIMIT$ TO A SMALL SPECIAL BRAN*2 SOCIETIES = GYMNA/ICS1 = %OR?&-WRIT+1 = ! /UDY ( A SEP>ATE AU?OR1 = GAMES & ALL K9DS ( SPORTS1 = =W>D+ ! SCI5CE ( MA9TA9+ LIFE1 & = FAVOR+ ! >T ( DE/ROY+ IT2 PHILOSOPHICAL & 9DU/RIAL1 >TI/IC & ANTI->TI/IC2 = S]I\S WORK & = M]E AMUSEM5T -- 9 %ORT1 !RE IS NOT A S+LE DIRECTION 9 :I* M5 EX]CISE !IR FACULTIES )\T COMB9+ TOGE!R = ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( SOME COMMON AIM4 ,EV]Y DAY NEW SOCIETIES >E =M$1 :ILE EV]Y YE> ! OLD ONES AGGREGATE TOGE!R 9TO L>G] UNITS1 F$]ATE ACROSS ! NATIONAL FRONTI]S1 & COOP]ATE 9 SOME COMMON WORK4  

,! MO/ /RIK+ FEATURE ( !SE NUMB]LESS FREE GR[?S IS ?AT !Y CONT9UALLY 5CROA* ON :AT WAS =M]LY ! DOMA9 ( ! ,/ATE OR ! ,MUNICIPALITY4 ,A H\SEHOLD] 9 A ,SWISS VILLAGE ON ! BANKS ( ,LAKE ,LEMAN BELONGS N[ TO AT LEA/ A DOZ5 DIFF]5T SOCIETIES :I* SUPPLY HIM ) :AT IS CONSID]$ ELSE:]E AS A FUNCTION ( ! MUNICIPAL GOV]NM5T4 ,FREE F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES = TEMPOR>Y OR P]MAN5T PURPOSES LIES AT ! V]Y BOTTOM ( ,SWISS LIFE1 & TO !SE F$]ATIONS MANY A P>T ( ,SWITZ]L& IS 9DEBT$ = ITS ROADS & F\NTA9S1 ITS RI* V9EY>DS1 WELL-KEPT =E/S1 & MEAD[S :I* ! =EIGN] ADMIRES4 ,& BESIDES !SE SMALL SOCIETIES1 SUB/ITUT+ !MSELVES = ! ,/ATE )9 SOME LIMIT$ SPH]E1 DO WE NOT SEE O!R SOCIETIES DO+ ! SAME ON A MU* WID] SCALE8  

,ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE SOCIETIES :I* HAS REC5TLY >IS5 IS UND\BT$LY ! ,R$ ,CROSS ,SOCIETY4 ,TO SLAU<T] M5 ON ! BATTLE-FIELDS1 ?AT REMA9S ! DUTY ( ! ,/ATE2 BUT !SE V]Y ,/ATES RECOGNIZE !IR 9ABILITY TO TAKE C>E ( !IR [N W\ND$3 !Y AB&ON ! TASK1 TO A GREAT EXT5T1 TO PRIVATE 9ITIATIVE4 ,:AT A DELUGE ( MOCK]IES W\LD NOT HAVE BE5 CA/ OV] ! POOR 0,UTOPI/0 :O %\LD HAVE D>$ TO SAY TW5TY-FIVE YE>S AGO ?AT ! C>E ( ! W\ND$ MI<T BE LEFT TO PRIVATE SOCIETIES6 0,NOBODY W\LD GO 9TO ! DANG]\S PLACES6 ,HOSPITALS W\LD ALL GA!R :]E !RE WAS NO NE$ ( !M6 ,NATIONAL RIVALRIES W\LD RESULT 9 ! POOR SOLDI]S DY+ )\T ANY HELP1 & SO ON10--SU* W\LD HAVE BE5 ! \TCRY4 ,! W> ( #ahga HAS %[N H[ P]SPICACI\S ?OSE PROPHETS >E :O NEV] BELIEVE 9 HUMAN 9TELLIG5CE1 DEVOTION1 & GOOD S5SE4  

,!SE FACTS -- SO NUM]\S & SO CU/OM>Y ?AT WE PASS BY )\T EV5 NOTIC+ !M -- >E 9 \R OP9ION ONE ( ! MO/ PROM95T FEATURES ( ! SECOND HALF ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY4 ,! JU/-M5TION$ ORGANISMS GREW UP SO NATURALLY1 !Y SO RAPIDLY EXT5D$ & SO EASILY AGGREGAT$ TOGE!R1 !Y >E SU* UNAVOIDABLE \TGR[?S ( ! MULTIPLICATION ( NE$S ( ! CIVILIZ$ MAN1 & !Y SO WELL REPLACE ,/ATE 9T]F]5CE1 ?AT WE MU/ RECOGNIZE 9 !M A GR[+ FACTOR ( \R LIFE4 ,MOD]N PROGRESS IS REALLY T[>DS ! FREE AGGREGATION ( FREE 9DIVIDUALS SO AS TO SUPPLANT GOV]NM5T 9 ALL ?OSE FUNCTIONS :I* =M]LY W]E 5TRU/$ TO IT1 & :I* IT MO/LY P]=M$ SO BADLY4  

,AS TO P>LIAM5T>Y RULE & REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T ALTOGE!R1 !Y >E RAPIDLY FALL+ 9TO DECAY4 ,! FEW PHILOSOPH]S :O ALREADY HAVE %[N !IR DEFECTS HAVE ONLY TIMIDLY SUMM$ UP ! GR[+ PUBLIC DISCONT5T4 ,IT IS BECOM+ EVID5T ?AT IT IS M]ELY /UPID TO ELECT A FEW M5 & TO 5TRU/ !M ) ! TASK ( MAK+ LAWS ON ALL POSSIBLE SUBJECTS1 ( :I* SUBJECTS MO/ ( !M >E UTT]LY IGNORANT4 ,IT IS BECOM+ UND]/OOD ?AT MAJORITY RULE IS AS DEFECTIVE AS ANY O!R K9D ( RULE2 & HUMANITY SE>*ES & F9DS NEW *ANNELS = RESOLV+ ! P5D+ QUE/IONS4 ,! ,PO/AL ,UNION DID NOT ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL PO/AL P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO MAKE LAWS = ALL PO/AL ORGANIZATIONS ADH]5T TO ! ,UNION4 ,! RAILWAYS ( ,EUROPE DID NOT ELECT AN 9T]NATIONAL RAILWAY P>LIAM5T 9 ORD] TO REGULATE ! RUNN+ ( ! TRA9S & ! P>TITION ( ! 9COME ( 9T]NATIONAL TRAFFIC4 ,& ! ,METEOROLOGICAL & ,GEOLOGICAL ,SOCIETIES ( ,EUROPE DID NOT ELECT EI!R METEOROLOGICAL OR GEOLOGICAL P>LIAM5TS TO PLAN POL> /ATIONS1 OR TO E/ABLI% A UNI=M SUBDIVISION ( GEOLOGICAL =MATIONS & A UNI=M COLORATION ( GEOLOGICAL MAPS4 ,!Y PROCE$$ BY MEANS ( AGREEM5T4 ,TO AGREE TOGE!R !Y RESORT$ TO CONGRESSES2 BUT1 :ILE S5D+ DELEGATES TO !IR CONGRESSES !Y DID NOT SAY TO !M1 0,VOTE AB\T EV]Y?+ Y\ LIKE -- WE %ALL OBEY40 ,!Y PUT =EWORD QUE/IONS & DISCUSS$ !M FIR/ !MSELVES2 !N !Y S5T DELEGATES ACQUA9T$ ) ! SPECIAL QUE/ION TO BE DISCUSS$ AT ! CONGRESS1 & !Y S5T DELEGATES -- NOT RUL]S4 ,!IR DELEGATES RETURN$ FROM ! CONGRESS ) NO LAWS 9 !IR POCKETS1 BUT ) PROPOSALS ( AGREEM5TS4 ,SU* IS ! WAY ASSUM$ N[ 7! V]Y OLD WAY1 TOO7 = DEAL+ ) QUE/IONS ( PUBLIC 9T]E/-NOT ! WAY ( LAW-MAK+ BY MEANS ( A REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T4  

,REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T HAS ACCOMPLI%$ ITS HI/ORICAL MISSION2 IT HAS GIV5 A MORTAL BL[ TO C\RT-RULE2 & BY ITS DEBATES IT HAS AWAK5$ PUBLIC 9T]E/ 9 PUBLIC QUE/IONS4 ,BUT TO SEE 9 IT ! GOV]NM5T ( ! FUTURE SOCIALI/ SOCIETY IS TO COMMIT A GROSS ]ROR4 ,EA* ECONOMIC PHASE ( LIFE IMPLIES ITS [N POLITICAL PHASE2 & IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO T\* ! V]Y BASIS ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC LIFE -- PRIVATE PROP]TY -- )\T A CORRESPOND+ *ANGE 9 ! V]Y BASIS ( ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,LIFE ALREADY %[S 9 :I* DIRECTION ! *ANGE WILL BE MADE4 ,NOT 9 9CREAS+ ! P[]S ( ! ,/ATE1 BUT 9 RESORT+ TO FREE ORGANIZATION & FREE F$]ATION 9 ALL ?OSE BRAN*ES :I* >E N[ CONSID]$ AS ATTRIBUTES ( ! ,/ATE4  

,! OBJECTIONS TO ! ABOVE MAY BE EASILY =ESE54 ,IT WILL BE SAID ( C\RSE3 0,BUT :AT IS TO BE DONE ) ?OSE :O DO NOT KEEP !IR AGREEM5TS8 ,:AT ) ?OSE :O >E NOT 9CL9$ TO WORK8 ,:AT ) ?OSE :O W\LD PREF] BREAK+ ! WRITT5 LAWS ( SOCIETY1 OR -- ON ! AN>*I/ HYPO!SIS -- ITS UNWRITT5 CU/OMS8 ,AN>*ISM MAY BE GOOD = A HI<] HUMANITY1 -- NOT = ! M5 ( \R [N TIMES40  

,FIR/ ( ALL1 !RE >E TWO K9DS ( AGREEM5TS3 !RE IS ! FREE ONE :I* IS 5T]$ UPON HUMANITY1 -- NOT BY FREE CONS5T1 AS A FREE *OICE BETWE5 DIFF]5T C\RSES EQUALLY OP5 TO EA* ( ! AGREE+ P>TIES4 ,& !RE IS ! 5=C$ AGREEM5T1 IMPOS$ BY ONE P>TY UPON ! O!R1 & ACCEPT$ BY ! LATT] FROM %E] NECESSITY2 9 FACT1 IT IS NO AGREEM5T AT ALL1 IT IS A M]E SUBMISSION TO NECESSITY4 ,UNHAPPILY1 ! GREAT BULK ( :AT >E N[ DESCRIB$ AS AGREEM5TS BELONG TO ! LATT] CATEGORY4 ,:5 A WORKMAN SELLS HIS LABOR TO AN EMPLOY] & KN[S P]FECTLY WELL ?AT SOME P>T ( ! VALUE ( HIS PRODUCE WILL BE UNJU/LY TAK5 BY ! EMPLOY]2 :5 HE SELLS IT )\T EV5 ! SLI<TE/ GU>ANTEE ( BE+ EMPLOY$ SO MU* AS SIX CONSECUTIVE MON?S1 IT IS A SAD MOCK]Y TO CALL ?AT A FREE CONTRACT4 ,MOD]N ECONOMI/S MAY CALL IT FREE1 BUT ! FA!R ( POLITICAL ECONOMY -- ,ADAM ,SMI? -- WAS NEV] GUILTY ( SU* A MISREPRES5TATION4 ,AS LONG AS ?REE-QU>T]S ( HUMANITY >E COMPELL$ TO 5T] 9TO AGREEM5TS ( ?AT DESCRIPTION1 =CE IS ( C\RSE NECESS>Y1 BO? TO 5=CE ! SUPPOS$ AGREEM5TS & TO MA9TA9 SU* A /ATE ( ?+S4 ,=CE -- & A GREAT DEAL ( =CE -- IS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! LABOR]S FROM TAK+ POSSESSION ( :AT !Y CONSID] UNJU/LY APPROPRIAT$ BY ! FEW2 & =CE IS NECESS>Y TO CONT9UALLY BR+ NEW 0UNCIVILIZ$ NATIONS0 UND] ! SAME CONDITIONS4  

,BUT WE DO NOT SEE ! NECESSITY ( =CE = 5=C+ AGREEM5TS FREELY 5T]$ UPON4 ,WE NEV] HE>D ( A P5ALTY IMPOS$ ON A MAN :O BELONG$ TO ! CREW ( A LIFEBOAT & AT A GIV5 MOM5T PREF]R$ TO AB&ON ! ASSOCIATION4 ,ALL ?AT HIS COMRADES W\LD DO ) HIM1 IF HE W]E GUILTY ( A GROSS NEGLECT1 W\LD PROBABLY BE TO REFUSE TO HAVE ANY?+ FUR!R TO DO ) HIM4 ,NOR DID WE HE> ( F9ES IMPOS$ ON A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! DICTION>Y = A DELAY 9 HIS WORK1 OR ( G5D>MES DRIV+ ! VOLUNTE]S ( ,G>IBALDI TO ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,FREE AGREEM5TS NE$ NOT BE 5=C$4  

,AS TO ! SO-(T5 REPEAT$ OBJECTION ?AT NO ONE W\LD LABOR IF HE W]E NOT COMPELL$ TO DO SO BY %E] NECESSITY1 WE HE>D 5\< ( IT BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( SLAVES 9 ,AM]ICA1 AS WELL AS BE=E ! EMANCIPATION ( S]FS 9 ,RUSSIA4 ,& WE HAVE HAD ! OPPORTUNITY ( APPRECIAT+ IT AT ITS JU/ VALUE4 ,SO WE %ALL NOT TRY TO CONV9CE ?OSE :O CAN BE CONV9C$ ONLY BY ACCOMPLI%$ FACTS4 ,AS TO ?OSE :O REASON1 !Y \<T TO KN[ ?AT1 IF IT REALLY WAS SO ) SOME P>TS ( HUMANITY AT ITS L[E/ /AGES1 OR IF IT IS SO ) SOME SMALL COMMUNITIES1 OR SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 BR\<T TO %E] DESPAIR BY ILL SUCCESS 9 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS1 IT IS NOT SO ) ! BULK ( ! CIVILIZ$ NATIONS4 ,) US1 WORK IS A HABIT1 & IDL5ESS AN >TIFICIAL GR[?4 ,( C\RSE :5 TO BE A MANUAL WORK] MEANS TO BE COMPELL$ TO WORK ALL ONE'S LIFE LONG = T5 H\RS A DAY1 & (T5 MORE1 AT PRODUC+ SOME P>T ( SOME?+ -- A P9'S HEAD1 = 9/ANCE2 :5 IT MEANS TO BE PAID WAGES ON :I* A FAMILY CAN LIVE ONLY ON ! CONDITION ( ! /RICTE/ LIMITATION ( ALL ITS NE$S2 :5 IT MEANS TO BE ALWAYS UND] ! M5ACE ( BE+ ?R[N TOMORR[ \T ( EMPLOYM5T -- & WE KN[ H[ FREQU5T >E ! 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 & :AT MIS]Y !Y IMPLY2 :5 IT MEANS1 9 A V]Y GREAT NUMB] ( CASES1 PREMATURE DEA? 9 A PAUP]S' 9FIRM>Y1 IF NOT 9 ! WORKH\SE2 :5 TO BE A MANUAL WORK] SIGNIFIES TO WE> A LIFELONG /AMP ( 9F]IORITY 9 ! EYES ( ?OSE V]Y PEOPLE :O LIVE ON ! WORK ( !SE 0H&S20 :5 IT ALWAYS MEANS ! R5UNCIATION ( ALL ?OSE HI<] 5JOYM5TS ?AT SCI5CE & >T GIVE TO MAN -- OH1 !N !RE IS NO WOND] ?AT EV]YBODY -- ! MANUAL WORK]S AS WELL -- HAS BUT ONE DREAM3 ?AT ( RIS+ TO A CONDITION :]E O!RS W\LD WORK = HIM4  

,OV]WORK IS REPULSIVE TO HUMAN NATURE -- NOT WORK4 ,OV]WORK = SUPPLY+ ! FEW ) LUXURY -- NOT WORK = ! WELL BE+ ( ALL4 ,WORK IS A PHYSIOLOGICAL NECESSITY1 A NECESSITY ( SP5D+ ACCUMULAT$ BODILY 5]GY1 A NECESSITY :I* IS HEAL? & LIFE ITSELF4 ,IF SO MANY BRAN*ES ( USEFUL WORK >E SO RELUCTANTLY DONE N[1 IT IS M]ELY BECAUSE !Y MEAN OV]WORK1 OR !Y >E IMPROP]LY ORGANIZ$4 ,BUT WE KN[ -- OLD ,FRANKL9 KNEW IT -- ?AT F\R H\RS ( USEFUL WORK EV]Y DAY W\LD BE MORE ?AN SUFFICI5T = SUPPLY+ EV]YBODY ) ! COM=T ( A MOD]ATELY WELL-TO-DO MIDDLE-CLASS H\SE1 IF WE ALL GAVE \RSELVES TO PRODUCTIVE WORK1 & IF WE DID NOT WA/E \R PRODUCTIVE P[]S AS WE DO WA/E !M N[4  

,AS TO ! *ILDI% QUE/ION1 REPEAT$ = FIFTY YE>S3 0,:O W\LD DO DISAGREEABLE WORK80 FRANKLY ,I REGRET ?AT NONE ( \R SAVANTS HAS EV] BE5 BR\<T TO DO IT1 BE IT = ONLY ONE DAY 9 HIS LIFE4 ,IF !RE IS /ILL WORK :I* IS REALLY DISAGREEABLE 9 ITSELF1 IT IS ONLY BECAUSE \R SCI5TIFIC M5 HAVE NEV] C>$ TO CONSID] ! MEANS ( R5D]+ IT LESS SO4 ,!Y HAVE ALWAYS KN[N ?AT !RE W]E PL5TY ( />V+ M5 :O W\LD DO IT = A FEW C5TS A DAY4  

,AS TO ! ?IRD -- ! *IEF -- OBJECTION1 :I* MA9TA9S ! NECESSITY ( A GOV]NM5T = PUNI%+ ?OSE :O BREAK ! LAW ( SOCIETY1 !RE IS SO MU* TO SAY AB\T IT ?AT IT H>DLY CAN BE T\*$ 9CID5TALLY4 ,! MORE WE /UDY ! QUE/ION1 ! MORE WE >E BR\<T TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT SOCIETY IS RESPONSIBLE = ! ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S P]PETRAT$ 9 ITS MID/1 & ?AT NO PUNI%M5T1 NO PRISONS1 & NO HANGM5 CAN DIM9I% ! NUMB]S ( SU* DE$S2 NO?+ %ORT ( A REORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF4  

,?REE QU>T]S ( ALL ! ACTS :I* >E BR\<T BE=E \R C\RTS EV]Y YE> HAVE !IR ORIG91 EI!R DIRECTLY OR 9DIRECTLY 9 ! PRES5T DISORGANIZ$ /ATE ( SOCIETY ) REG>D TO ! PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION ( WEAL? -- NOT 9 P]V]SITY ( HUMAN NATURE4 ,AS TO ! RELATIVELY FEW ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S :I* RESULT FROM ANTI-SOCIAL 9CL9ATIONS ( SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS1 IT IS NOT BY ! PRISONS1 NOR EV5 BY ! RESORT+ TO ! HANGM51 ?AT WE CAN DIM9I% !IR NUMB]S4 ,BY \R PRISONS1 WE M]ELY MULTIPLY !M R5D] !M WORSE4 ,BY \R DETECTIVES1 \R 0PRICE ( BLOOD10 \R EXECUTIONS1 & \R JAILS1 WE SPREAD 9 SOCIETY SU* A T]RIBLE FL[ ( BASE/ PASSIONS & HABITS1 ?AT HE :O %\LD REALIZE ! EFFECTS ( !SE 9/ITUTIONS TO !IR FULL EXT5T W\LD BE FRI<T5$ BY :AT SOCIETY IS DO+ UND] ! PRETEXT ( MA9TA9+ MORALITY4 ,WE MU/ SE>* = O!R REM$IES1 & ! REM$IES HAVE BE5 9DICAT$ LONG S9CE4  

,( C\RSE N[1 :5 A MO!R 9 SE>* ( FOOD & %ELT] = H] *ILDR5 MU/ PASS BY %OPS FILL$ ) ! MO/ REF9$ DELICACIES ( REF9$ GLUTTONY2 :5 GORGE\S & 9SOL5T LUXURY IS DISPLAY$ SIDE BY SIDE ) ! MO/ EXECRABLE MIS]Y2 :5 ! DOG & ! HORSE ( A RI* MAN >E F> BETT] C>$ = ?AN MILLIONS ( *ILDR5 :OSE MO!RS E>N A PITIFUL SAL>Y 9 ! PIT OR MANUFACTORY2 :5 EA* 0MODE/0 EV5+ DRESS ( A LADY REPRES5TS EI<T MON?S1 OR ONE YE>1 ( HUMAN LABOR2 :5 5RI*M5T AT SOMEBODY ELSE'S EXP5SE IS ! AV[$ AIM ( ! 0UPP] CLASSES10 & NO DI/9CT B\ND>Y CAN BE TRAC$ BETWE5 HONE/ & DI%ONE/ MEANS ( MAK+ MONEY -- !N =CE IS ! ONLY MEANS ( MA9TA9+ SU* A /ATE ( ?+S4 ,!N AN >MY ( POLICEM51 JUDGES1 & HANGM5 BECOMES A NECESS>Y 9/ITUTION4  

,BUT IF ALL \R *ILDR5 -- ALL *ILDR5 >E \R *ILDR5 -- RECEIV$ A S\ND 9/RUCTION & $UCATION -- & WE HAVE ! MEANS ( GIV+ IT2 IF EV]Y FAMILY LIV$ 9 DEC5T HOME -- & !Y C\LD AT ! PRES5T HI< PIT* ( \R PRODUCTION2 IF EV]Y BOY & GIRL W]E TAU<T A H&ICRAFT AT ! SAME TIME AS HE OR %E RECEIVES SCI5TIFIC 9/RUCTION1 & NOT TO BE A MANUAL PRODUC] ( WEAL? W]E CONSID]$ AS A TOK5 ( 9F]IORITY2 IF M5 LIV$ 9 CLOS] CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R1 & HAD CONT9UALLY TO COME 9TO CONTACT ON ?OSE PUBLIC AFFAIRS :I* N[ >E VE/$ 9 ! FEW2 & IF1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( A CLOS] CONTACT1 WE W]E BR\<T TO TAKE AS LIVELY AN 9T]E/ 9 \R NEI<BORS' DIFFICULTIES & PA9S AS WE =M]LY TOOK 9 ?OSE ( \R K9SFOLK -- !N WE %\LD SORT TO POLICEM5 & JUDGES1 TO PRISONS & EXECUTIONS4 ,ANTI-SOCIAL DE$S W\LD BE NIPP$ 9 ! BUD1 NOT PUNI%$4 ,! FEW CONTE/S :I* W\LD >ISE W\LD BE EASILY SETTL$ >BITRATORS & NO MORE =CE W\LD BE NECESS>Y TO IMPOSE DECISIONS ?AN IS REQUIR$ N[ = 5=C+ ! DECISIONS ( ! FAMILY TRIBUNALS ( ,*9A4  

,& H]E WE >E BR\<T TO CONSID] A GREAT QUE/ION3 :AT W\LD BECOME ( MORALITY 9 A SOCIETY :I* RECOGNIZ$ LAWS & PROCLAIM$ ! FULL FRE$OM ( ! 9DIVIDUAL8 ,! ANSW] IS PLA94 ,PUBLIC MORALITY IS 9DEP5D5T FROM1 ANT]IOR TO1 LAW & RELIGION4 ,UNTIL N[1 ! TEA*+S ( MORALITY HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) RELIGI\S TEA*+S4 ,BUT 9FLU5CE :I* RELIGI\S TEA*+S =M]LY EX]CIS$ ON M9D HAS FAD$ ( LATE1 & ! SANCTION :I* MORALITY D]IV$ FROM RELIGION HAS NO LONG] ! P[] IT =M]LY HAD4  ,MILLIONS & MILLIONS GR[ 9 \R CITIES :O HAVE ! OLD FAI?4 ,IS IT A REASON = ?R[+ MORALITY OV] & = TREAT+ IT ) ! SAME S>CASM AS PRIMITIVE COSMOGONY8 

,OBVI\SLY NOT4 ,NO SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE )\T C]TA9 ( MORALITY G5]ALLY RECOGNIZ$4 ,IF EV]YONE GREW ACCU/OM$ TO DECEIV+ HIS FELL[-M52 IF WE NEV] C\LD RELY ON EA* O!R'S PROMISE & WORDS2 IF EV]YONE TREAT$ HIS FELL[ AS AN 5EMY1 AGA9/ :OM EV]Y MEANS ( W>S JU/IFIABLE -- NO SOCIETY C\LD EXI/4 ,& WE SEE1 9 ?AT NOT)/&+ ! DECAY ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS1 ! PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY REMA9 UN%AK54 ,WE EV5 SEE IRRELIGI\S PEOPLE TRY+ TO RAISE ! CURR5T /&>D ( MORALITY4 ,! FACT IS ?AT MORAL PR9CIPLES >E 9DEP5D5T ( RELIGI\S BELIEFS3 !Y >E ANT]IOR TO !M4 ,! PRIMITIVE ,T*UKT*IS HAVE NO RELIGION3 !Y HAVE ONLY SUP]/ITIONS & FE> ( ! =CES ( NATURE2 & NEV]!LESS WE F9D ) !M ! V]Y SAME PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY :I* >E TAU<T BY ,*RI/IANS & ,BUDDHI/S1 ,MUSSULMANS & ,HEBREWS4 ,NAY1 SOME ( !IR PRACTICES IMPLY A MU* HI<] /&>D ( TRIBAL MORALITY ?AN ?AT :I* APPE>S 9 \R CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT1 EA* NEW RELIGION TAKES ITS MORAL PR9CIPLES FROM ! ONLY REAL /OCK ( MORALITY--! MORAL HABITS :I* GR[ ) M5 AS SOON AS !Y UNITE TO LIVE TOGE!R 9 TRIBES1 CITIES1 OR NATIONS4 ,NO ANIMAL SOCIETY IS POSSIBLE )\T RESULT+ 9 A GR[? ( C]TA9 MORAL HABITS ( MUTUAL SUPPORT & EV5 SELF-SACRIFICE = ! COMMON WELL-BE+4 ,!SE HABITS >E A NECESS>Y CONDITION = ! WELF>E ( ! SPECIES 9 ITS /RUGGLE = LIFE -- COOP]ATION ( 9DIVIDUALS BE+ A MU* MORE IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 ! /RUGGLE = ! PRES]VATION ( ! SPECIES ?AN ! SO-MU*-SPOK5-( PHYSICAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE4 ,! 0FITTE/0 9 ! ORGANIC WORLD >E ?OSE :O GR[ ACCU/OM$ TO LIFE 9 SOCIETY2 & LIFE 9 SOCIETY NECESS>ILY IMPLIES MORAL HABITS4 ,AS TO MANK9D1 IT HAS DUR+ ITS LONG EXI/5CE DEVELOP$ 9 ITS MID/ A NUCLEUS ( SOCIAL HABITS1 ( MORAL HABITS1 :I* CANNOT DISAPPE> AS LONG AS HUMAN SOCIETIES EXI/4 ,& !RE=E1 NOT)/&+ ! 9FLU5CES TO ! CONTR>Y :I* >E N[ AT WORK 9 CONSEQU5CE ( \R PRES5T ECONOMIC RELATIONS1 ! NUCLEUS ( \R MORAL HABITS CONT9UES TO EXI/4 ,LAW & RELIGION ONLY =MULATE !M & 5DEAVOR TO 5=CE !M BY !IR SANCTION4  

,:ATEV] ! V>IETY ( !ORIES ( MORALITY1 ALL CAN BE BR\<T UND] ?REE *IEF CATEGORIES3 ! MORALITY ( RELIGION2 ! UTILIT>IAN MORALITY2 ! !ORY ( MORAL HABITS RESULT+ FROM ! V]Y NE$S ( LIFE 9 SOCIETY4 ,EA* RELIGI\S MORALITY SANCTIFIES ITS PRESCRIPTIONS BY MAK+ !M ORIG9ATE FROM REVELATION2 & IT TRIES TO IMPRESS ITS TEA*+S ON ! M9D BY A PROMISE ( REW>D1 OR PUNI%M5T1 EI!R 9 ?IS OR 9 A FUTURE LIFE4 ,! UTILIT>IAN MORALITY MA9TA9S ! IDEA ( REW>D1 BUT IT F9DS IT 9 MAN HIMSELF4 ,IT 9VITES M5 TO ANALYZE !IR PLEASURES1 TO CLASSIFY !M1 & TO GIVE PREF]5CE TO ?OSE :I* >E MO/ 9T5SE & MO/ DURABLE4 ,WE MU/ RECOGNIZE1 H[EV]1 ?AT1 AL?\< IT HAS EX]CIS$ SOME 9FLU5CE1 ?IS SY/EM HAS BE5 JUDG$ TOO >TIFICIAL BY ! GREAT MASS ( HUMAN BE+S4 ,& F9ALLY -- :ATEV] ITS V>IETIES -- !RE IS ! ?IRD SY/EM ( MORALITY :I* SEES 9 MORAL ACTIONS-9 ?OSE ACTIONS :I* >E MO/ P[]FUL 9 R5D]+ M5 BE/ FITT$ = LIFE 9 SOCIETY -- A M]E NECESSITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO 5JOY ! JOYS ( HIS BRE?R51 TO SUFF] :5 SOME ( HIS BRE?R5 >E SUFF]+2 A HABIT & A SECOND NATURE1 SL[LY ELABORAT$ & P]FECT$ BY LIFE 9 SOCIETY4 ,?AT IS ! MORALITY ( MANK9D2 & ?AT IS ALSO ! MORALITY ( AN>*ISM4  

,SU* >E1 9 A V]Y BRIEF SUMM>Y1 ! LEAD+ PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM4 ,EA* ( !M HURTS MANY A PREJUDICE1 & YET EA* ( !M RESULTS FROM AN ANALYSIS ( ! V]Y T5D5CIES DISPLAY$ BY HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,EA* ( !M IS RI* 9 CONSEQU5CES & IMPLIES A ?OR\< REVISION ( MANY A CURR5T OP9ION4 ,& AN>*ISM IS NOT A M]E 9SI<T 9TO A REMOTE FUTURE4 ,ALREADY N[1 :ATEV] ! SPH]E ( ACTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 HE CAN ACT1 EI!R 9 ACCORDANCE ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES OR ON AN OPPOSITE L9E4 ,& ALL ?AT MAY BE DONE 9 ?AT DIRECTION WILL BE DONE 9 ! DIRECTION TO :I* FUR!R DEVELOPM5T GOES4 ,ALL ?AT MAY BE DONE 9 ! OPPOSITE WAY WILL BE AN ATTEMPT TO =CE HUMANITY TO GO :]E IT WILL NOT GO4  

,ADDITIONAL ,NOTE TO 0,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM0 
  

,KROPOTK9'S E>LI] WRIT+S AS TO ! ME?ODS ( ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION & DI/RIBUTION AFT] A REVOLUTION>Y SEIZURE ( PROP]TY W]E BAS$ ON ! ASSUMPTION ?AT !RE W\LD BE SUFFICI5CY ( GOODS = EA* TO TAKE :AT HE NE$$ & TO WORK AS MU* AS HE FELT ABLE4 ,AFT] HIS EXP]I5CE ) ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HE CAME TO A QUITE CONTR>Y CONCLUSION4 ,HE RECOGNIZ$ ! OB/ACLES TO PRODUCTION ON A NEW BASIS AS WELL AS ! POV]TY ( ! CAPITALI/ WORLD & EXPRESS$ HIS *ANG$ OP9ION 9 A PO/SCRIPT TO ! ,RUSSIAN $ITION ( ,WORDS ( A ,REBEL1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,HIS ME?OD = ORGANIZ+ PRODUCTION FOLL[S HIS PREVI\S TEA*+1 BUT HIS /ATEM5T ( IT AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ADDS 9T]E/ TO IT4 7,R4,N4,B47  

7,S\RCE3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,KROPOTK9'S ,REVOLUTION>Y ,PAMPHLETS4 ,ROG] ,N4 ,BALDW91 $ITOR4 ,VANGU>D ,PRESS1 ,9C4 #a#i#b#g47 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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