,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,A4 ,K5T ,MAC,D\GALL 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

,AN>*I/-COMMUNISM HAS BE5 REG>D$ BY O!R AN>*I/ CURR5TS AS A POOR & DESPIS$ RELATION1 AN IDEOLOGICAL TROPHY TO BE EXHIBIT$ ACCORD+ TO ! NE$S ( HAGIOGRAPHY OR POLEMIC BE=E MOV+ ON TO 0S]I\S ?+S0 7! COLLECTIVIZATIONS ( ,SPA91 AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 F$]ALISM OR SELF-MANAGEM5T71 & AS AN 09FANTILE UTOPIA0 MORE CONC]N$ ) DOGMATIC AB/RACTIONS ?AN ) 0ECONOMIC REALITIES04  ,YET1 AN>*I/ COMMUNISM HAS BE5 ! ONLY CURR5T )9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT HAS EXPLICITLY AIM$ NOT ONLY AT 5D+ EX*ANGE VALUE BUT1 AMONG ITS MO/ COH]5T P>TISANS1 AT MAK+ ?IS ! IMM$IATE CONT5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS4  ,WE >E SPEAK+ H]E1 ( C\RSE1 ONLY ( ! CURR5T ?AT EXPLICITLY DESCRIB$ ITSELF AS 0AN>*I/-COMMUNI/01 :]EAS 9 FACT ! T5D5CY 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY TO DRAW UP A /ATELESS COMMUNISM 0UTOPIA0 EXT5D$ BEYOND AN>*ISM PROP]LY SO-CALL$4 

,AN>*I/-COMMUNISM MU/ BE DI/+UI%$ FROM COLLECTIVISM1 :I* WAS BO? A DIFFUSE MOVEM5T 7SEE1 = EXAMPLE1 ! DIFF]5T COMPON5TS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 ! ,GUESDI/S1 & SO ON7 & A SPECIFIC AN>*I/ CURR5T4  ,AS F> AS ! LATT] WAS CONC]N$1 IT WAS ,PR\DHON :O SUPPLI$ ITS !ORETICAL FEATURES3 AN OP5 OPPON5T ( COMMUNISM 7:I*1 = HIM1 WAS ,ETI5NE ,CABET'S 0COMMUNISM071 HE FAVOR$ 9/EAD A SOCIETY 9 :I* EX*ANGE VALUE W\LD FL\RI% -- A SOCIETY 9 :I* WORK]S W\LD BE DIRECTLY & MUTUALLY L9K$ TO EA* O!R BY MONEY & ! M>KET4  ,! ,PR\DHONI/ COLLECTIVI/S ( ! #a#h#f'S & #a#h#g'S 7( :OM ,BAKUN9 WAS ONE71 :O W]E RESOLUTE P>TISANS ( ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( WORK &1 UNLIKE ,PR\DHON1 ( L&1 MA9TA9$ AN ESS5CE ( ?IS COMM]CIAL /RUCTURE 9 ! =M ( GR\PS ( PRODUC]S1 ORGANIZ$ EI!R ON A T]RITORIAL BASIS 7COMMUNES7 OR ON AN 5T]PRISE BASIS 7CO-OP]ATIVES1 CRAFT GR\P+S7 & L9K$ TO EA* O!R BY ! CIRCULATION ( VALUE4  ,COLLECTIVISM WAS ?US DEF9$ -- & /ILL IS -- AS AN EX*ANGE ECONOMY :]E ! LEGAL [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION IS HELD BY A NETWORK ( 0COLLECTIVITIES0 :I* >E SORTS ( WORK]S' JO9T/OCK COMPANIES4  ,MO/ CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*I/S 7/&+1 AS !Y DO1 = A SELF-MANAG$ EX*ANGE ECONOMY7 >E COLLECTIVI/S 9 ?IS N9ETE5?-C5TURY S5SE ( ! T]M1 EV5 ?\< ! T]M HAS N[ COME TO HAVE A SOME:AT DIFF]5T MEAN+ 7/ATE [N]%IP1 I4E4 0/ATE CAPITALISM01 RA!R ?AN [N]%IP BY ANY COLLECTIVITY74 

,9 ! #a#h#g'S & ! #a#h#h'S ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 :O WANT$ TO ABOLI% EX*ANGE VALUE 9 ALL IT'S =MS1 BROKE ) ! COLLECTIVI/S1 & 9 SO DO+ REVIV$ ! TRADITION ( RADICAL COMMUNISM ?AT HAD EXI/$ 9 ,FRANCE 9 ! #a#h#d'S4 

#a#h#d-#f#d 

,9 #a#h#d#c1 UND] ! ,RABELAISIAN MOTTO 0,DO :AT Y\ WILL601 & 9 OPPOSITION TO ,ETI5NE ,CABET1 ,!ODORE ,DEZAMY'S ,CODE DE LA ,COMMUNAUTE LAID ! BASIS = ! PR9CIPLES DEVELOP$ LAT] 9 ! N9ETE5? C5TURY BY COMMUNI/ & AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ !ORETICIANS SU* AS ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE1 ,K>L ,M>X1 ,FR$RICK ,5GELS1 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS & ,PET] ,KROPOTK94  ,!SE PR9CIPLES 9VOLV$ ! ABOLITION ( MONEY & COMM]CIAL EX*ANGE2 ! SUBORD9ATION ( ! ECONOMY TO ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S ( ! :OLE POPULATION2 ! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR 79CLUD+ ! DIVISION BETWE5 ! T[N & C\NTRY & BETWE5 ! CAPITAL & ! PROV9CES72 ! PROGRESSIVE 9TRODUCTION ( ATTRACTIVE WORK2 & ! PROGRESSIVE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE & ( ! FUNCTIONS ( GOV]NM5T1 AS A SEP>ATE DOMA9 ( SOCIETY1 FOLL[+ ! COMMUNIZATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS1 :I* WAS TO BE BR\<T AB\T BY A REVOLUTION>Y GOV]NM5T4  ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT ,DEZAMY ADVOCAT$ ! 'COMMUNITY ( GOODS' & RESOLUTELY OPPOS$ ! SPECIFICALLY COLLECTIVI/ SLOGAN ( 'SOCIALIZATION ( PROP]TY4'  ,9 DO+ SO1 HE ANTICIPAT$ ! CRITICAL ANALYSIS ( PROP]TY :I* ,AMADEO ,BORDIGA MADE MORE ?AN A C5TURY LAT]4 

,BESIDES REJECT+ ,CABET'S UTOPIA1 BECAUSE IT MA9TA9$ ! DIVISION ( LABOR -- 9 P>TICUL> ?AT BETWE5 T[N & C\NTRY -- & S\<T TO ORGANIZE IT RIGIDLY 9 ! NAME ( ECONOMIC 'EFFICI5CY1' ,DEZAMY ALSO REFUS$ TO 9S]T BETWE5 ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION & COMMUNI/ SOCIETY A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( DEMOCRACY :I* W\LD HAVE PU%$ COMMUNISM 9TO ! BACKGR\ND4  ,BY SEEK+ TO E/ABLI% A DIRECT L9K BETWE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS & ! CONT5T ( COMMUNISM1 SO ?AT ! DOM9ANT CLASS )9 CAPITALISM W\LD BE ECONOMICALLY & SOCIALLY EXPROPRIAT$ ?R\< ! IMM$IATE ABOLITION ( MONET>Y CIRCULATION1 ,DEZAMY ANTICIPAT$ :AT WAS TO BE ! S\RCE ( ! BASIC ORIG9ALITY ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 9 P>TICUL> 9 ITS ,KROPOTK9I/ =M4  ,?IS FEATURE WAS ! REJECTION ( ANY 'TRANSITION P]IOD' ?AT DID NOT 5COMPASS ! ESS5CE ( COMMUNISM3 ! 5D ( ! BASIC ACT ( BUY+ & SELL+4  ,AT AB\T ! SAME TIME1 ! COMMUNI/S >\ND ! J\RNAL ,L',HUMANITAIRE1 ,ORGANE DE LA ,SCI5CE ,SOCIALE 7( :I* TWO ISSUES APPE>$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#h#d#a7 ADVOCAT$ A PROGRAM ( ACTION V]Y CLOSE TO ?AT ( ,DEZAMY1 PROPOS+1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! ABOLITION ( M>RIAGE4  ,9 ADDITION1 !Y MADE TRAVEL ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL *>ACT]I/ICS ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 BECAUSE IT W\LD BR+ AB\T MIX+ ( ! RACES & 9T]*ANGE BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES4  ,?IS GR\P ALSO ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) ! ,BAB\VI/ ,SYLVA9 ,M>E*AL = HAV+ PROCLAIM$ 'ANTI-POLITICAL & AN>*I/ IDEAS'4  ,H[EV]1 IT WAS ABOVE ALL ! H\SE-PA9T] ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE 7#a#h#b#b-#f#d7 :O1 UP UNTIL ! F\NDATION ( AN>*I/ COMMUNISM PROP]LY SO-CALL$1 EXPRESS$ 9 A COH]5T WAY ! RADICAL COMMUNISM :I* EM]G$ 9 ,FRANCE FROM ! #a#h#dS AS A CRITICAL APPROPRIATION ( ,F\RI]ISM1 ,[5ISM & NEO-,BAB\VISM4  ,DEJACQUE'S WORK WAS AN EXAM9ATION ( ! LIMITS ( ! #ahdh REVOLUTION & ! REASONS = ITS FAILURE4  ,IT WAS DEVELOP$ >\ND A REJECTION ( TWO ?+S3 ! /ATE1 EV5 IF 'REVOLUTION>Y1' & COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,PR\DHONI/ TYPE4  ,DEJACQUE RE=MULAT$ COMMUNISM 9 A WAY ?AT S\<T TO BE RESOLUTELY FREE FROM ! DOGMATISM1 SECT>IANISM & /ATISM EXHIBIT$ BY ?OSE SU* AS ,CABET & ,LA ,FRAT]NITE DE #a#h#d#e4  ,DEJACQUE SPOKE (3 0,LIB]TY6  ,:I* HAS BE5 SO MISUS$ AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY & :I* IT IS TRUE TO SAY ?AT C]TA9 COMMUNI/ S*OOLS HAVE HELD *EAP40 

,DEJACQUE WAS A FI]CE OPPON5T ( ALL ! POLITICAL GANGS ( ! P]IOD4  ,HE REJECT$ ,BLANQUISM1 :I* WAS BAS$ ON A DIVISION BETWE5 ! 'DISCIPLES ( ! GREAT PEOPLE'S ,>*ITECT' & '! PEOPLE1 OR VULG> H]D1' & WAS EQUALLY OPPOS$ TO ALL ! V>IANTS ( SOCIAL REPUBLICANISM1 TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( ONE MAN & TO '! DICTATOR%IP ( ! LITTLE PRODIGIES ( ! PROLET>IAT4'  ,) REG>D TO ! LA/ ( !SE1 HE WROTE ?AT3 'A DICTATORIAL COMMITTEE COMPOS$ ( WORK]S IS C]TA9LY ! MO/ CONCEIT$ & 9COMPET5T1 & H5CE ! MO/ ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y1 ?+ ?AT CAN BE F\ND4447,IT IS BETT] TO HAVE D\BTFUL 5EMIES 9 P[] ?AN DUBI\S FRI5DS7'4  ,HE SAW 'AN>*IC 9ITIATIVE1' 'REASON$ WILL' & '! AUTONOMY ( EA*' AS ! CONDITIONS = ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 ! FIR/ EXPRESSION ( :I* HAD BE5 ! B>RICADES ( ,JUNE #a#h#d#h4  ,9 ,DEJACQUE'S VIEW1 A GOV]NM5T RESULT+ FROM AN 9SURRECTION REMA9S A REACTION>Y FETT] ON ! FREE 9ITIATIVE ( ! PROLET>IAT4  ,OR RA!R1 SU* FREE 9ITIATIVE CAN ONLY >ISE & DEVELOP BY ! MASSES RIDD+ !MSELVES ( ! 'AU?ORIT>IAN PREJUDICES' BY MEANS ( :I* ! /ATE REPRODUCES ITSELF 9 ITS PRIM>Y FUNCTION ( REPRES5TATION & DELEGATION4  ,DEJACQUE WROTE ?AT3 ',BY GOV]NM5T ,I UND]/& ALL DELEGATION1 ALL P[] \TSIDE ! PEOPLE1' = :I* MU/ BE SUB/ITUT$1 9 A PROCESS :]EBY POLITICS IS TRANSC5D$1 ! 'PEOPLE 9 DIRECT POSSESSION ( !IR SOV]EIGNTY1' OR ! 'ORGANIZ$ COMMUNE4'  ,= ,DEJACQUE1 ! COMMUNI/ AN>*I/ UTOPIA W\LD FULFILL ! FUNCTION ( 9CIT+ EA* PROLET>IAN TO EXPLORE HIS OR H] [N HUMAN POT5TIALITIES1 9 ADDITION TO CORRECT+ ! IGNORANCE ( ! PROLET>IANS CONC]N+ 'SOCIAL SCI5CE4' 

,H[EV]1 !SE VIEWS ON ! FUNCTION ( ! /ATE1 BO? 9 ! 9SURRECTION>Y P]IOD & AS A MODE ( DOM9ATION ( MAN BY MAN1 CAN ONLY BE FULLY UND]/OOD :5 9S]T$ 9TO ,DEJACQUE'S GLOBAL CRITICISM ( ALL ASPECTS ( CIVILIZATION 79 ! ,F\RI]I/ S5SE ( ! T]M74  ,= HIM1 'GOV]NM5T1 RELIGION1 PROP]TY1 FAMILY1 ALL >E L9K$1 ALL CO9CIDE4'  ,! CONT5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ?US TO BE ! ABOLITION ( ALL GOV]NM5TS1 ( ALL RELIGIONS1 & ( ! FAMILY BAS$ ON M>RIAGE1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! P>5TS & ! HUSB&1 & 9H]ITANCE4  ,ALSO TO BE ABOLI%$ W]E 'P]SONAL PROP]TY1 PROP]TY 9 L&1 BUILD+S1 WORK%OPS1 %OPS1 PROP]TY 9 ANY?+ ?AT IS AN 9/RUM5T ( WORK1 PRODUCTION OR CONSUMPTION4'  ,DEJACQUE'S PROPOS$ ABOLITION ( PROP]TY HAS TO BE UND]/OOD AS AN ATTACK ON :AT IS AT ! HE>T ( CIVILIZATION3 POLITICS & EX*ANGE VALUE1 :OSE CELL 79 BO? S5SES7 IS ! CONTRACT4  ,! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! POLITICAL CONTRACT GU>ANTE$ BY ! GOV]NM5T 7LEGALITY71 = :I* AN>*Y IS SUB/ITUT$1 IS L9K$ 9DISSOLUBLY ) ! ABOLITION ( COMM]CE1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! COMM]CIAL CONTRACT1 :I* IS REPLAC$ BY ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS3 ',COMM]CE1444 ?IS SC\RGE ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 HAS DISAPPE>$ AMONG HUMANITY4  ,!RE >E NO LONG] EI!R SELL]S OR SOLD4' 

,DEJACQUE'S G5]AL DEF9ITION ( ! 'AN>*IC COMMUNITY' WAS3 

0! /ATE ( AFFAIRS :]E EA* W\LD BE FREE TO PRODUCE & CONSUME AT WILL & ACCORD+ TO !IR FANTASY1 )\T HAV+ TO EX]CISE OR SUBMIT TO ANY CONTROL :ATSOEV] OV] ANY?+ :ATEV]2 :]E ! BALANCE BETWE5 PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION W\LD E/ABLI% ITSELF1 NO LONG] BY PREV5TIVE & >BITR>Y DET5TION AT ! H&S ( SOME GR\P OR O!R1 BUT BY ! FREE CIRCULATION ( ! FACULTIES & NE$S ( EA*40 

,SU* A DEF9ITION IMPLIES A CRITICISM ( ,PR\DHONSIM1 ?AT IS TO SAY ( ! ,PR\DHONI/ V]SION ( ,RIC>DIAN SOCIALISM1 C5T]$ ON ! REW>D ( LABOR P[] & ! PROBLEM ( EX*ANGE VALUE4  ,9 HIS POLEMIC ) ,PR\DHON ON WOM5'S EMANCIPATION1 ,DEJACQUE URG$ ,PR\DHON TO PU% ON 'AS F> AS ! ABOLITION ( ! CONTRACT1 ! ABOLITION NOT ONLY ( ! SWORD & ( CAPITAL1 BUT ( PROP]TY & AU?ORITY 9 ALL !IR =MS1' & REFUT$ ! COMM]CIAL & WAGES LOGIC ( ! DEM& = A 'FAIR REW>D' = 'LABOR' 7LABOR P[]74  ,DEJACQUE ASK$3 ',AM ,I ?US444 RI<T TO WANT1 AS ) ! SY/EM ( CONTRACTS1 TO MEASURE \T TO EA* -- ACCORD+ TO !IR ACCID5TAL CAPACITY TO PRODUCE -- :AT !Y >E 5TITL$ TO8'  ,! ANSW] GIV5 BY ,DEJACQUE TO ?IS QUE/ION IS UNAMBIGU\S3 'IT IS NOT ! PRODUCT ( HIS OR H] LABOR ?AT ! WORK] HAS A RI<T TO1 BUT TO ! SATISFACTION ( HIS OR H] NE$S1 :ATEV] MAY BE !IR NATURE4' 

,! 'DIRECT EX*ANGE' !ORIZ$ BY ,PR\DHON CORRESPOND$ TO SUPPOS$ 'ABOLITION' ( ! WAGES SY/EM :I* 9 FACT W\LD HAVE TURN$ GR\PS ( PRODUC]S OR 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC]S 9TO ! LEGAL AG5TS ( CAPITAL ACCUMULATION4  ,= ,DEJACQUE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! COMMUNAL /ATE ( AFFAIRS -- ! PHALAN/]Y ')\T ANY HI]>*Y1 )\T ANY AU?ORITY' EXCEPT ?AT ( ! '/ATI/ICS BOOK' -- CORRESPOND$ TO 'NATURAL EX*ANGE1' I4E4 TO ! 'UNLIMIT$ FRE$OM ( ALL PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION2 ! ABOLITION ( ANY SIGN ( AGRICULTURAL1 9DIVIDUAL1 >TI/IC OR SCI5TIFIC PROP]TY2 ! DE/RUCTION ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL HOLD+ ( ! PRODUCTS ( WORK2 ! DEMON>*ISATION & ! DEMONET>IZATION ( MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL CAPITAL AS WELL AS CAPITAL 9 9/RUM5TS1 COMM]CE & BUILD+S4 

,! ABOLITION ( EX*ANGE VALUE DEP5DS ON ! ANSW] GIV5 TO ! C5TRAL QUE/ION ( '! ORGANIZATION ( WORK' OR1 9 O!R WORDS1 ON ! WAY 9 :I* ?OSE :O PRODUCE >E RELAT$ TO !IR ACTIVITY & TO ! PRODUCTS ( ?AT ACTIVITY4  ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT ! ANSW] ,DEJACQUE GAVE TO ! QUE/ION ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS WAS ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS4  ,BUT ! COMMUNITY HAD FIR/ ( ALL TO BE E/ABLI%$ 9 ! SPH]E ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES !MSELVES4  ,AL?\< ! DISAPPE>ANCE ( ALL 9T]M$I>IES 7P>ASITES7 W\LD ALL[ AN 9CREASE 9 PRODUCTION1 & BY ?IS MEANS W\LD GU>ANTEE ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S1 ! ESS5TIAL REQUIREM5T WAS ! EMANCIPATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL PRODUC] FROM '5SLAV+ SUBORD9ATION TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR' 7,M>X7 &1 PRIM>ILY1 FROM =C$ LABOR4  ,?IS IS :Y ! TRANS=MATION ( WORK 9TO 'ATTRACTIVE WORK' WAS SE5 BY ,DEJACQUE AS ! CONDITION = ! EXI/5CE ( ! COMMUNITY3 ',! ORGANIZATION ( ATTRACTIVE WORK BY S]IES W\LD HAVE REPLAC$ ,MAL?USIAN COMPETITION & REPULSIVE WORK4'  ,?IS ORGANIZATION WAS NOT TO BE SOME?+ EXT]IOR TO PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY4  ,DEJACQUE'S COMMUNI/ AN?ROPOLOGY WAS BAS$ ON ! LIB]ATION ( NE$S1 9CLUD+ ! NE$ TO ACT ON ! WORLD & NATURE1 & MADE NO DI/9CTION BETWE5 NATURAL-TE*NICAL NECESSITIES & HUMAN 5DS4  ,AL?\< ITS VOCABUL>Y WAS BORR[$ FROM ,F\RI] 7H>MONY1 PASSIONS1 S]IES & SO ON71 IT AIM$ AT ! COMMUNITY ( ACTIVITIES MORE ?AN ! ORGANIZ$ DEPLOYM5T ( LABOR P[]3 ',! DIFF]5T S]IES ( WORK]S >E RECRUIT$ ON A VOLUNT>Y BASIS LIKE ! M5 ON A B>RICADE1 & >E COMPLETELY FREE TO /AY !RE AS LONG AS !Y WANT OR TO MOVE ON TO ANO!R S]IES OR B>RICADE4'  ,DEJACQUE'S ',HUMANISPH]E' WAS TO HAVE NO H\RS ( WORK NOR OBLIGATORY GR\P+S4  ,WORK C\LD BE DONE 9 ISOLATION OR O!RWISE4 

,AS TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 ,DEJACQUE PROPOS$ ITS ABOLITION 9 A V]Y ORIG9AL WAY4  ,:AT HE ADVOCAT$ WAS A RECIPROCAL PROCESS ( ! 9TEGRATION ( ! >I/OCRACY 7OR RA!R ( ! >I/OCRATIC 9TELLIG5TSIA7 & ! PROLET>IAT1 EA* GO+ BEYOND ITS [N UNILAT]AL 9TELLECTUAL OR MANUAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,AL?\< HE RECOGNIZ$ ! FUTILITY ( PALLIATIVES1 ,DEJACQUE WAS P]HAPS EXASP]AT$ BY ! GULF BETWE5 ! RESULTS ( HIS UTOPIAN RESE>* & ! CONT5T ( ! CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! #a#h#eS1 & TRI$ TO BRIDGE ?IS GULF ) A !ORY ( TRANSITION4  ,?IS !ORY AIM$ TO FACILITATE ! A*IEVEM5T ( ! /ATE ( COMMUNITY1 :ILE TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! EXI/+ SITUATION4  ,ITS ?REE BASES W]E1 FIR/1 'DIRECT LEGISLATION BY ! PEOPLE' 7'! MO/ DEMOCRATIC =M ( GOV]NM5T1 :ILE AWAIT+ ITS COMPLETE ABOLITION'72 SECOND1 A RANGE ( ECONOMIC MEASURES :I* 9CLUD$ 'DIRECT EX*ANGE' 7EV5 ?\< ,DEJACQUE ADMITT$ ?AT ?IS DEMOCRATIZ$ PROP]TY )\T ABOLI%+ EXPLOITATION71 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ,[5ITE-TYPE 'LABOR BAZA>S1' 'CIRCULATION V\*]S' 7LABOR V\*]S7 & A GRADUAL ATTACK ON PROP]TY2 & ?IRD1 A DEMOCRATIZATION ( ADM9I/RATIVE FUNCTIONS 7REVOCABILITY ( PUBLIC (FICIALS1 :O W\LD BE PAID ON ! BASIS ( ! AV]AGE PRICE ( A DAY'S WORK7 & ! ABOLITION ( ! POLICE & ! >MY4 

,IT IS AN UND5IABLE FACT ?AT ?IS PROGRAM ANTICIPAT$ ?AT ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 AT LEA/ ON C]TA9 PO9TS4  ,BUT ?IS IS ! WEAK SIDE ( ,DEJACQUE :]E HE ACCEPTS ! 'LIMITS' ( ! #ahdh ,REVOLUTION1 AGA9/ :I* HE HAD EX]CIS$ HIS CRITICAL IMAG9ATION4  ,! 'RI<T TO WORK' APPE>$ ALONG ) ! RE/1 & ) IT ! LOGIC ( COMM]CE4  ,IT %\LD BE NOT$ ?AT1 ON ! QUE/ION ( ! TRANSITION1 ,DEJACQUE S+UL>LY LACK$ 'REALISM' S9CE1 EV5 IF ! 9SOLUBLE PROBLEMS POS$ BY ! P]SPECTIVE ( WORK]S MANAG+ ! PROCESS ( VALUE-CAPITAL >E IGNOR$1 HE PROPOS$ GIV+ NOT ONLY WOM51 BUT 'PRISON]S' & ! '9SANE' ! RI<T TO VOTE1 )\T ANY AGE LIMIT4  ,BUT ! TRANSITION WAS ONLY A SECOND BE/ = ,DEJACQUE & HE EXPLICITLY RECOGNIZ$ IT AS SU*4  ,!RE WAS NO AB&ON+ ( UTOPIAN EXPLORATION 9 FAVOR ( ! TRANSITION1 BUT A T5SION BETWE5 ! TWO1 ! OPPOSITE TO :AT WAS TO BE ! CASE ) ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 ) :OM HE C\LD BE SUP]FICIALLY COMP>$4 

,! T5OR ( ,DEJACQUE'S UTOPIA1 ITS MOVE T[>DS BREAK+ ) ALL COMM]CIAL & POLITICAL CON/RA9TS1 ITS DESIRE TO REVIVE ! 9SURRECTION>Y 5]GY ( ! PROLET>IAT1 & ITS IMAG9ATIVE DEP? 7COMP>ABLE TO ?AT ( ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS7 5ABLE ONE TO SEE ?AT IT MADE A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRIBUTION TO ! CRITICAL ELEM5T 9 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4  ,DEJACQUE PROVID$ AN>*I/-COMMUNISM DUR+ ! FIR/ CYCLE ( ITS HI/ORY ) AN ICONOCLA/IC DIM5SION1 ! GLIMM]S ( :I* >E NOT F\ND AGA9 UNTIL ! ,KROPOTK9 ( ! #a#h#h'S OR UNTIL ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 

,! ,RE=MULATION ( ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ',9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION' 7,I,W,M,A7 

,! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 OR ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 #ahfd & WAS ACTIVE = SEV]AL YE>S BE=E SPLITT+ 9TO ACRIMONI\S FACTIONS 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4  ,! SPLIT ?AT OCCURR$ 9 ! ,I,W,M,A WAS ESS5TIALLY OV] ! DETAILS ( COLLECTIVISM & OV] ! WAYS ( >RIV+ AT A 'CLASSLESS SOCIETY' :OSE NECESS>ILY ANTI-COMM]CIAL NATURE WAS NEV] /AT$ 7EXCEPT 9 ,M>X'S ,CAPITAL71 OR RA!R NEV] PLAY$ ANY P>T 9 %AP+ ! PRACTICE ( ! ORGANIZATION4  ,BAKUN9 HIMSELF1 A LEFT-W+ ,PR\DHONI/ = :OM ! ABOLITION ( EX*ANGE VALUE W\LD HAVE BE5 AN AB]RATION1 PURELY & SIMPLY ID5TIFI$ COMMUNISM ) A SOCIALI/IC ,JACOB9 T5D5CY &1 MOREOV]1 G5]ALLY US$ ! T]M 'AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM' AS A PLEONASM TO DESCRIBE IT4 

,9 ,AUGU/ #a#h#g#f1 A PAMPHLET BY ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME 5TITL$ ,IDEES SUR ,L'ORGANIZATION ,SOCIALE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,G5EVA4  ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS TEXT LIES NOT 9 ITS SUCC9CT PRES5TATION ( ! FRAMEWORK ( A COLLECTIVI/ SOCIETY1 BUT 9 ! RELATION SET \T BY ,GUILLAUME BETWE5 SU* A SOCIETY & COMMUNISM4  ,/>T+ \T FROM ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION1 ?AT IS TO SAY FROM ! [N]%IP ( BY EA* 'CORPORATION ( WORK]S 9 SU* & SU* AN 9DU/RY' & BY EA* AGRICULTURAL GR\P+1 & H5CE FROM ! [N]%IP BY EA* ( !SE GR\PS ( !IR [N PRODUCTS1 ,GUILLAUME 5DS UP AT 'COMMUNISM'1 OR -- S9CE HE DOES NOT EMPLOY ?IS T]M -- AT ! SUB/ITUTION ( FREE DI/RIBUTION = EX*ANGE4  ,! TRANSITION TO FREE DI/RIBUTION IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ORGANICALLY L9K$ TO ! SOCIETY DESCRIB$ BY ,GUILLAUME1 EV5 ?\< IT IS A SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ >\ND ! EX*ANGE ( PRODUCTS AT !IR VALUE1 BECAUSE ( ! GU>ANTEE REPRES5T$ BY ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION4  ,! ESS5TIAL PO9T H]E IS ?AT COMMUNISM IS R$UC$ TO ! /ATUS ( A MORAL NORM1 :I* IT W\LD BE A GOOD ?+ TO MOVE T[>DS1 & IS MADE TO APPE> AS ! NATURAL DEVELOPM5T ( A COLLECTIVI/ 7& WAGE7 SOCIETY1 ) ITS RIGID DIVISION BETWE5 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PRODUC]S1 ITS POLICY ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & ITS PAYM5T ( LABOR P[]4 

,9 MAK+ ! PRECONDITION = COMMUNISM A SOCIAL RELATION%IP BUILT ON WAGE SY/EM1 & BY SEE+ ?IS AS ! BASIS = ! /ATE BECOM+ SUP]FLU\S1 ,GUILLAUME LAID ! F\NDATION = ! REGRESSION ?AT WAS TO OV]TAKE AN>*I/-COMMUNISM & ( :I* ,MALATE/A WAS TO BE ONE ( ! PR9CIPLE REPRES5TATIVES4  ,ACCORD+ TO ,GUILLAUME1 ! PRECONDITIONS = COMMUNISM W]E A PROGRESSIVE APPE>ANCE ( AN ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCTS1 :I* W\LD ALL[ CALCULATION 9 T]MS ( VALUE TO BE AB&ON$ & AN IMPROVEM5T 9 ! 'MORAL S5SE' ( ! WORK]S TO OCCUR4  ,?IS 9 TURN W\LD 5ABLE ! PR9CIPLE ( 'FREE ACCESS' TO BE IMPLEM5T$4  ,GUILLAUME 5VISAG$ ?IS TRA9 ( EV5TS AS BE+ BR\<T AB\T BY ! DEVELOPM5T ( COMM]CIAL ME*ANISMS1 ) ! WORK+ CLASS ACT+ AS !IR RECOGNIZ$ AG5T BY VIRTUE ( ! 9TRODUCTION ( COLLECTIVE PROP]TY & ! GU>ANTE$ WAGE4  ,:AT UND]LAY ALL ?IS WAS ! IMPLICATION ?AT ! ACT ( SELL+ IS NO LONG] ANY?+ BUT A SIMPLE1 TE*NICAL1 TRANSITIONAL1 RATION+ MEASURE4 

,IT WAS PRECISELY 9 OPPOSITION TO ?IS V>IANT ( ,PR\DHONISM ?AT AN>*I/-COMMUNISM ASS]T$ ITSELF 9 :AT WAS LEFT ( ! ,I,W,M,A T[>DS ! 5D ( ! #a#h#g'S4  ,9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#h#g#f1 ,SAVOY>D ,FRANCOIS ,DUM>!RAY 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#c#a7 PUBLI%$ 9 ,G5EVA A PAMPHLET ,AUX ,TRAVAILLEURS ,MANUALS ,P>TISANS DE ,L'ACTION ,POLITIQUE1 'CORRESPOND+ TO ! T5D5CIES ( ! SECTION 0,L',AV5IR01 AN 9DEP5D5T GR\P ( REFUGEES FROM 9 P>TICUL> ,LYONS444  ,= ! FIR/ TIME AN>*I/-COMMUNISM WAS M5TION$ 9 A PR9T$ TEXT4' ,ON ,M>* #a#h-#a#i? ( ! SAME YE>1 AT A MEET+ ORGANIZ$ 9 ,LAUSANNE BY MEMB]S ( ! ,I,W,M,A & ,COMMUNALI/S1 ,ELISEE ,RECLUS DELIV]$ A SPEE* 9 :I* HE RECOGNIZ$ ! LEGITIMACY ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4  ,/ILL 9 #a#h#g#f1 A NUMB] ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S ALSO DECID$ TO ADOPT AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 BUT ! WAY !Y =MULAT$ ?IS *ANGE 9DICAT$ !IR LIMITATIONS AS F> AS ! QUE/ION ( COLLECTIVISM WAS CONC]N$3 ',! ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION CONSID]S ! COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! PRODUCT ( LABOR AS ! NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T ( ! COLLECTIVI/ PROGRAM4'  ,ALSO1 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#h#g#g1 ! ,/ATUT5 D] ,DEUTS*EI5D5 ,AN>*IS*KOMMUNI/IS*5 ,P>TEI APPE>$ 9 ,B]NE4 

,! QUE/ION ( COMMUNISM REMA9$ UNSETTL$ AT ! ,V]VI]S ,CONGRESS ( ! 'ANTI-AU?ORIT>IAN' ,I,W,M,A 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#h#g#g1 :5 ! P>TISANS ( COMMUNISM 7,CO/A1 ,BR\SSE7 & ! ,SPANI% COLLECTIVI/S CONFRONT$ EA* O!R1 ) ,GUILLAUME REFUS+ TO COMMIT HIMSELF4  ,H[EV]1 ! ,JURA ,F$]ATION1 :I* WAS AN AN>*I/ GR\P+ ?AT HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! ,FR5*-SPEAK+ >EA ( ,SWITZ]L& ?R\<\T ! #a#h#g'S1 WAS WON OV] TO ! VIEWS ( ,RECLUS1 ,CAFI]O & ,KROPOTK91 & 9TEGRAT$ COMMUNISM 9TO ITS PROGRAM AT ITS ,CONGRESS 9 ,OCTOB] #a#h#h4  ,AT ?IS ,CONGRESS1 ,C>LO ,CAFI]O PRES5T$ A REPORT ?AT WAS LAT] PUBLI%$ 9 ,LE ,REVOLTE UND] ! TITLE ',AN>*IE ET ,COMMUNISME'4  ,9 ?IS REPORT1 ,CAFI]O SUCC9CTLY EXPOS$ ! PO9TS ( RUPTURE ) COLLECTIVISM3 REJECTION ( EX*ANGE VALUE2 OPPOSITION TO TRANSF]R+ [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION TO WORK]S' CORPORATIONS2 & ELIM9ATION ( PAYM5T = PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES4  ,FUR!RMORE1 ,CAFI]O BR\<T \T ! NECESS>Y *>ACT] ( COMMUNISM1 & H5CE DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( A TRANSITIONAL P]IOD ( ! TYPE 5VISAG$ BY ,GUILLAUME 9 HIS #ahgf PAMPHLET4  ,CAFI]O >GU$ ?AT1 ON ! ONE H&1 ! DEM& = COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & '! 9DIVIDUAL APPROPRIATION ( ! PRODUCTS ( LABOR' W\LD CAUSE ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL & ! DIVISION ( SOCIETY 9TO CLASSES TO REAPPE>4  ,ON ! O!R H&1 HE MA9TA9$ ?AT RETA9+ SOME =M ( PAYM5T = 9DIVIDUAL LABOR P[] W\LD CONFLICT ) ! SOCIALIZ$ *>ACT] 79DIVISIBILITY ( PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITIES7 ALREADY IMPR9T$ ON PRODUCTION BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4  ,AS TO ! NE$ = RATION+ PRODUCTS1 :I* MI<T OCCUR AFT] ! REVOLUTION>Y VICTORY1 NO?+ W\LD PREV5T SU* RATION+ FROM BE+ CONDUCT$ 'NOT ACCORD+ TO M]ITS1 BUT ACCORD+ TO NE$S'4 

,KROPOTK9'S CONTRIBUTION 9 FAVOR ( COMMUNISM AT ! #ahh ,CONGRESS WAS ! CULM9ATION ( A SL[ EVOLUTION ( HIS POSITION FROM /RICT COLLECTIVISM TO COMMUNISM1 BY WAY ( AN 9T]M$IATE POSITION :]E HE SAW COLLECTIVISM AS A SIMPLE TRANSITIONAL /AGE4  ,KROPOTK9'S !ORY ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 :I* WAS DRAWN UP 9 ITS ESS5TIALS DUR+ ! #a#h#h'S1 IS AN ELABORATION ( ! !SES PRES5T$ BY ,CAFI]O 9 #ahh ON ! CONDITIONS MAK+ COMMUNISM POSSIBLE & ON ! NECESSITY ( A*IEV+ ?IS SOCIAL =M1 FROM :I* EX*ANGE VALUE W\LD DISAPPE>4  ,AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS PRES5T$ AS A SOLUTION TO CRISIS-RIDD5 B\RGEOIS SOCIETY1 :I* IS TORN BETWE5 ! UND]-CONSUMPTION ( ! PROLET>IAT1 UND]-PRODUCTION & SOCIALIZ$ LABOR4  ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS SE5 AS ! REALIZATION ( T5D5CIES T[>DS COMMUNISM & ! FREE ASSOCIATION ( 9DIVIDUALS :I* >E ALREADY PRES5T 9 ! OLD SOCIETY4  ,9 ?IS S5SE1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS A SOCIAL =M1 :I* REE/ABLI%ES ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY ?AT EXI/S 9 TRIBAL SOCIETIES4 

,KROPOTK9'S AN>*I/-COMMUNISM HAS ! G5]AL *>ACT]I/IC ( BE+ BAS$ ON ! SATISFACTION ( ! NE$S -- 'NECESSITIES' & 'LUXURIES' -- ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 I4E41 ON ! RI<T TO ! '5TIRE PRODUCT ( ONE'S LABOR'1 :I* FEATUR$ 9 ! COLLECTIVI/S' POLICY ( FULL EMPLOYM5T & ! GU>ANTE$ WAGE4  ,?IS SATISFACTION ( NE$S WAS TO BE GU>ANTE$ BY A NUMB] ( MEASURES3 FREE DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS WAS TO REPLACE COMMODITY EX*ANGE2 PRODUCTION WAS TO BECOME ABUNDANT2 9DU/RIAL DEC5TRALIZATION WAS TO BE IMPLEM5T$2 ! DIVISION ( LABOR WAS TO BE OV]COME2 & REAL ECONOMIES W]E TO BE REALIZ$ BY ! R$UCTION ( WORK+ TIME & ! ELIM9ATION ( WA/E CAUS$ BY ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION4  ,KROPOTK9 WROTE3 'A SOCIETY1 HAV+ RECOV]$ ! POSSESSION ( ALL RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ 9 ITS MID/1 CAN LIB]ALLY ASSURE ABUNDANCE TO ALL 9 RETURN = F\R OR FIVE H\RS EFFECTIVE MANUAL WORK A DAY1 AS F> AS REG>DS PRODUCTION4' 

,YET ! QUE/ION >ISES :E!R ! APPROPRIATION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION BY ! PRODUC]S1 AS CONSUM]S1 & BY CONSUM]S1 AS PRODUC]S1 REF]R$ TO A NEW LEGAL =M ( PROP]TY [N]%IP OR TO ! ABOLITION ( PROP]TY 9 ALL =MS4  ,AL?\< ! ,AN>*I/ ,CONGRESS HELD 9 ,LONDON 9 #ahha PRON\NC$ 9 FAVOR ( '! ABOLITION ( ALL PROP]TY1 9CLUD+ COLLECTIVE'1 & AL?\< ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF CONTRA/$ 'COMMON USE' TO '[N]%IP'1 HE /ILL DID NOT GO BEYOND ! COLLECTIVI/ P]SPECTIVE ( ! TRANSF] ( PROP]TY TO A NEW AG5T 7I4E41 = HIM1 TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE1 RA!R ?AN TO 9DU/RIAL & TRAD+ COMM]CIAL COLLECTIVES74  ,H5CE1 HE WROTE3 ',= ASSOCIATION TO BE USEFUL TO ! WORK]S1 ! =M ( PROP]TY MU/ BE *ANG$'4 

,! SAME AMBIGUITY IS F\ND OV] ! RELAT$ QUE/ION ( ! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR4  ,C]TA9LY1 ! DESCRIPTION :I* ,KROPOTK9 GAVE ( ! CONT5T ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY 9 ?IS RESPECT IS P]FECTLY CLE>3 9TEGRATION ( MANUAL & 9TELLECTUAL LABOR2 ATTRACTIVE & VOLUNT>Y WORK2 & FUSION ( AGRICULTURE1 9DU/RY & >T )9 '9DU/RIAL VILLAGES'4  ,BUT A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY :I* PUTS =W>D ! CORPORATI/ SLOGAN ( ',! L& TO ?OSE :O CULTIVATE IT1 ! FACTORY TO ! WORK]S'1 PRESUPPOSES MA9TA9+ ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! 9/ITUTION ( ! 5T]PRISE & CAN BE SAID NOT TO GO BEYOND ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A WORK]S' & PEASANTS' SOCIETY :I* W\LD /ILL BE A =M ( COLLECTIVISM4 

,! ORGANIZATION ( ! NEW SOCIETY1 9 ITS TWO ASPECTS -- COMMUNI/ & AN>*I/ 79 VIEW ( ! NECESS>Y CONNECTION BETWE5 A MODE ( PRODUCTION & ITS POLITICAL =M7 -- WAS TO BE BAS$ ON ! 'COMMUNI/ COMMUNE' 7RA!R ?AN ON ! 'FREE COMMUNE' ( ! ,COMMUNALI/S71 F$]ALISM 7DEC5TRALIZATION & ECONOMIC SELF-SUFFICI5CY ( REGIONS OR PRODUC+ >EAS7 & NEI<BORHOOD ASSEMBLIES4  ,KROPOTK9 DI/+UI%$ ?REE POSSIBLE ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION3 ON A T]RITORIAL BASIS 7F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T COMMUNES72 ON A BASIS ( SOCIAL FUNCTION 7F$]ATION ( TRADES72 & ?AT :I* HE GAVE ALL HIS ATT5TION1 & :I* HE HOP$ W\LD EXP&1 ON ! BASIS ( P]SONAL AFF9ITY4  ,9 FACT1 ! 'FREE & SPONTANE\S GR\P+ ( 9DIVIDUALS FUNCTION+ 9 H>MONY' SEEM$ TO HIM TO BE ! ESS5TIAL *>ACT]I/IC ( ! P>TICUL> SOCIAL RELATION%IP ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4 

,BUT ! IMPORTANT PO9T LIES MORE 9 ! =MS & CONT5T ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS1 ( :I* ALL ?IS WAS TO BE ! 5D RESULT4  ,! REVOLUTION WAS SE5 AS AN 9T]NATIONAL PROCESS1 />T+ ) A LONG P]IOD ( 9SURRECTION1 :OSE MODEL ,KROPOTK9 F\ND 9 ! REPEAT$ PEASANT 9SURRECTIONS ?AT HAD PREC$$ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4  ,SU* A REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS W\LD 5D 9 A PHASE ( G5]AL EXPROPRIATION1 :I* W\LD M>K ! BEG9N+ ( '! RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIETY'3 

0,EXPROPRIATION1 SU* !N IS ! PROBLEM :I* HI/ORY HAS PUT BE=E ! PEOPLE ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY3 ! RETURN TO ,COMMUNISM 9 ALL ?AT M9I/]S TO ! WELL-BE+ ( HUMANITY444  BY TAK+ IMM$IATE & EFFECTIVE POSSESSION ( ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO 5SURE ! WELL-BE+ ( ALL40 

,IMM$IATE EXPROPRIATION DEF9$ ! :OLE LOGIC ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS = ,KROPOTK94  ,BASICALLY1 IT IS H]E ?AT ! ESS5CE ( HIS WORK LIES4  ,! REAL ANSW] TO ! OBJECTION ?AT CAN BE MADE AGA9/ HIM 7REG>D+ HIS OPTIMI/IC ASSUMPTIONS AB\T HUMAN NATURE1 ! ABUNDANCE ( PRODUCTS1 & SO ON7 LIES 9 ! ALT]NATIVES ?AT HE POS$3 EI!R ! IMM$IATE COMMUNIZATION ( SOCIAL RELATIONS OR ! WAGES SY/EM 9 ONE =M OR ANO!R4  ,IF PRO( ( ! />K NATURE ( !SE ALT]NATIVES WAS EV] REQUIR$1 HI/ORY HAS PROVID$ SU* PRO( 9 ABUNDANCE4  ,= ,KROPOTK91 ! CRITIQUE ( ! WAGES SY/EM WAS 9DISSOLUBLY L9K$ ) ! CRITIQUE ( COLLECTIVISM 7,PR\DHONI/ OR ,GUESDI/74  ,HE WROTE3 ',! MO/ PROM95T *>ACT]I/IC ( \R PRES5T CAPITALISM IS ! WAGE SY/EM'4  ,KROPOTK9 SAW ! WAGES SY/EM AS PRESUPPOS+ ! SEP>ATION ( ! PRODUC]S FROM ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION & AS BE+ BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE 'TO EA* ACCORD+ TO !IR DE$S'3 

0,IT WAS BY PROCLAIM+ ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT WAG$OM BEGAN1 TO 5D 9 ! GL>+ 9EQUALITIES & ALL ! ABOM9ATIONS ( ! PRES5T SOCIETY2 BECAUSE1 FROM ! MOM5T WORK DONE BEGAN TO BE APPRAIS$ 9 CURR5CY1 OR 9 ANY O!R =M ( WAGE444 ! :OLE HI/ORY ( A ,/ATE-AID$ ,CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WAS AS GOOD AS WRITT540 

,! COLLECTIVI/S FAVOR$ ! 'RI<T TO WORK'1 :I* IS '9DU/RIAL P5AL S]VITUDE'4  ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S VIEW1 !IR PRO-WORK] POLICY S\<T TO 'H>NESS TO ! SAME C>T ! WAGES SY/EM & COLLECTIVE [N]%IP'1 9 P>TICUL> ?R\< !IR !ORY ( LABOR V\*]S4  ,KROPOTK9 OPPOS$ LABOR V\*]S ON ! GR\NDS ?AT !Y SEEK TO MEASURE ! EXACT VALUE ( LABOR 9 AN ECONOMY ?AT1 BE+ SOCIALIZ$1 T5DS TO ELIM9ATE ALL DI/9CTIONS AS F> AS CONTRIBUTION ( EA* WORK] CONSID]$ 9 ISOLATION IS CONC]N$4  ,FUR!RMORE1 ! EXI/5CE ( LABOR V\*]S W\LD CONT9UE TO MAKE SOCIETY 'A COMM]CIAL COMPANY BAS$ ON DEBIT & CR$IT'4  ,H5CE HE D5\NC$ LABOR V\*]S 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 ',! IDEA444 IS OLD4  ,IT DATES FROM ,ROB]T ,[54  ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ IT 9 #a#h#d#h4  ,TODAY1 IT HAS BECOME 0SCI5TIFIC SOCIALISM04 

,KROPOTK9 MADE EQUALLY /R+5T CRITICISMS ( ! COLLECTIVI/S' ATTITUDES T[>DS ! DIVISION ( LABOR & ! ,/ATE4  ,) REG>D TO ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 HE WROTE3 ',TALK TO !M .<! COLLECTIVI/ SOCIALI/S.> AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK DUR+ ! ,REVOLUTION1 & !Y ANSW] ?AT ! DIVISION ( LABOR MU/ BE MA9TA9$4'  ,AS = ! ,/ATE1 IT WAS SIGNIFICANT ?AT AS SOON AS ,KROPOTK9 HAD COME \T 9 FAVOR ( 'DIRECT1 IMM$IATE COMMUNI/ AN>*ISM AT ! MOM5T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION'1 HE CRITICIZ$ ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE AS AN EXAMPLE ( A REVOLUTION :]E1 9 ! ABS5CE ( ! COMMUNI/ P]SPECTIVE1 ! PROLET>IAT HAD BECOME BOGG$ D[N 9 PROBLEMS ( P[] & REPRES5TATION4  ,KROPOTK9 BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ILLU/RAT$ WELL H[ ! 'REVOLUTION>Y /ATE' ACTS AS A SUB/ITUTE = COMMUNISM & PROVIDES A NEW =M ( DOM9ATION L9K$ TO ! WAGES SY/EM4  ,9 CONTRA/ TO ?IS1 'IT IS BY REVOLUTION>Y SOCIALI/ ACTS1 BY ABOLI%+ 9DIVIDUAL PROP]TY1 ?AT ! ,COMMUNES ( ! COM+ REVOLUTION WILL AFFIRM & E/ABLI% !IR 9DEP5D5CE'4  ,FUR!R1 COMMUNISM W\LD TRANS=M ! NATURE ( ! ,COMMUNE ITSELF3 

0,= US1 ',COMMUNE' IS NO LONG] A T]RITORIAL AGGLOM]ATION2 IT IS RA!R A G5]IC N\N1 SYNONYM ( A GR\P+ ( EQUALS :I* KN[S NEI!R FRONTI]S NOR WALLS4  ,! SOCIAL COMMUNE WILL SOON CEASE TO BE CLE>LY-DEF9$ :OLE40 

,= ,KROPOTK91 :AT *>ACT]IZES ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS IS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 G5]AL EXPROPRIATION1 ! TAK+ POSSESSION ( ALL 'RI*ES' 7MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 PRODUCTS1 H\SES & SO ON71 ) ! AIM ( IMM$IATELY IMPROV+ ! MAT]IAL SITUATION ( ! :OLE POPULATION4  ,HE WROTE3 ') ?IS WAT*WORD ( ,BREAD = ,ALL ! ,REVOLUTION WILL TRIUMPH'4  ,S9CE ,KROPOTK9 =ESAW ?AT A REVOLUTION W\LD 9 ! BEG9N+ MAKE MILLIONS ( PROLET>IANS UNEMPLOY$1 ! SOLUTION W\LD BE TO TAKE OV] ! :OLE ( PRODUCTION SO AS TO 5SURE ! SATISFACTION ( FOOD & CLO?+ NE$S4  ,FIR/ ( ALL1 ! POPULATION '%\LD TAKE IMM$IATE POSSESSION ( ALL FOOD ( ! 9SURG5T COMMUNES'1 DRAW UP AN 9V5TORY1 & ORGANIZE A PROVISIONS S]VICE BY /REETS & DI/RICTS :I* W\LD DI/RIBUTE FOOD FREE1 ON ! PR9CIPLE3 'NO /9T ( LIMIT TO :AT ! COMMUNITY POSSESSES 9 ABUNDANCE1 BUT EQUAL %>+ & DIVID+ ( ?OSE ?+S :I* >E SC>CE OR APT TO RUN %ORT'4  ,AS = H\S+3 

0,IF ! PEOPLE ( ! ,REVOLUTION EXPROPRIATE ! H\SES & PROCLAIM FREE LODG+S -- ! COMMUNALIZ+ ( H\SES & ! RI<T ( EA* FAMILY A DEC5T DWELL+ -- !N ! ,REVOLUTION WILL HAVE ASSUM$ A COMMUNI/IC *>ACT] FROM ! FIR/444 ! EXPROPRIATION ( DWELL+S CONTA9S 9 G]M ! :OLE SOCIAL REVOLUTION40 

,A SECOND *>ACT]I/IC ( ,KROPOTK9'S VISION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS WAS TO 9TEGRATE ! C\NTRYSIDE 9TO ! PROCESS ( COMMUNIZATION1 BY MAK+ AN AGREEM5T ') ! FACTORY WORK]S1 ! NECESS>Y RAW MAT]IALS GIV5 !M1 & ! MEANS ( SUBSI/5CE ASSUR$ TO !M1 :ILE !Y WORK$ TO SUPPLY ! NE$S ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION'4  ,KROPOTK9 REG>D$ ! 9TEGRATION ( T[N & C\NTRY AS ( FUNDAM5TAL IMPORTANCE1 S9CE IT BORE ON ! NECESSITY TO 5SURE ! SUBSI/5CE ( ! POPULATION & W\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ BY ! BEG9N+ ( ! ABOLITION ( ! DIVISION ( LABOR1 />T+ FROM ! 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4  ,HE ?\<T ?AT ',! L>GE T[NS1 AS WELL AS ! VILLAGES1 MU/ UND]TAKE TO TILL ! SOIL'1 9 A PROCESS ( IMPROVEM5T & EXT5SION ( CULTIVAT$ >EAS4  ,9 ,KROPOTK9'S VIEW1 ! AGR>IAN QUE/ION WAS ?US DECISIVE RI<T FROM ! BEG9N+ ( ! REVOLUTION4  ,KROPOTK9'S EXPOSITION ( ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! L& = ! B5EFIT ( SOCIETY 7! L& TO BELONG TO EV]YONE7 WAS NOT1 H[EV]1 FREE FROM ! AMBIGUITY WE M5TION$ ABOVE4  ,TO MAKE L& -- AS ) ALL ELSE -- A PROP]TY QUE/ION AM\NTS TO PLAC+ PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY ABOVE ! SATISFACTION ( NE$S1 TO 9S]T+ A SOCIAL ACTOR BETWE5 ! POPULATION & ! SATISFACTION ( !IR NE$S4  ,PROP]TY CAN ONLY BE PRIVATE4 

,?IS 9ABILITY TO BREAK DEF9ITIVELY ) COLLECTIVISM 9 ALL ITS =MS ALSO EXHIBIT$ ITSELF OV] ! QUE/ION ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* DIVID$ AN>*I/-COMMUNISM 9TO A NUMB] ( T5D5CIES4  ,TO SAY ?AT ! 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL PROLET>IAT IS ! NATURAL BE>] ( ! REVOLUTION & COMMUNIZATION DOES NOT TELL US UND] :AT =M IT IS OR %\LD BE SO4  ,9 ! !ORY ( ! REVOLUTION :I* WE HAVE JU/ SUMM>IZ$1 IT IS ! RIS5 PEOPLE :O >E ! REAL AG5T & NOT ! WORK+ CLASS ORGANIZ$ 9 ! 5T]PRISE 7! CELLS ( ! CAPITALI/ MODE ( PRODUCTION7 & SEEK+ TO ASS]T ITSELF AS LABOR P[]1 AS A MORE 'RATIONAL' 9DU/RIAL BODY OR SOCIAL BRA9 7MANAG]7 ?AN ! EMPLOY]S4  ,BETWE5 #ahh & #a#h#i1 ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 ) !IR P]SPECTIVE ( AN IMMAN5T REVOLUTION1 W]E OPPOS$ TO ! (FICIAL WORK]S' MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS !N 9 ! PROCESS ( =MATION 7G5]AL ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIZATION74  ,!Y W]E OPPOS$ NOT ONLY TO POLITICAL 7/ATI/7 /RUGGLES BUT ALSO TO /RIKES :I* PUT =W>D WAGE OR O!R CLAIMS1 OR :I* W]E ORGANIZ$ BY TRADE UNIONS4  ,:ILE !Y W]E NOT OPPOS$ TO /RIKES AS SU*1 !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO TRADE UNIONS & ! /RUGGLE = ! EI<T-H\R DAY4  ,?IS ANTI-RE=MI/ T5D5CY WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY AN ANTI-ORGANIZATIONAL T5D5CY1 & ITS P>TISANS DECL>$ !MSELVES 9 FAVOR ( AGITATION AMONG ! UNEMPLOY$ = ! EXPROPRIATION ( FOOD/UFFS & O!R >TICLES1 = ! EXPROPRIATORY /RIKE &1 9 SOME CASES1 = '9DIVIDUAL RECUP]ATION' OR ACTS ( T]RORISM4 

,FROM ! #a#h#i'S1 H[EV]1 ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 & ,KROPOTK9 9 P>TICUL>1 W]E TO BEG9 TO 9TEGRATE !MSELVES DIRECTLY 9TO ! LOGIC ( ! WORK]S' MOVEM5T 7REPRODUCTION ( WAG$ LABOR P[]74  ,9 #a#h#i1 ,KROPOTK9 'WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ TO DECL>E ! URG5CY ( 5T]+ TRADE UNIONS'1 AS A MEANS ( TRY+ TO OV]COME ! DILEMMA 9 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM RISK$ TRAPP+ ITSELF4  ,KROPOTK9 SAW ?IS DILEMMA 9 T]MS ( EI!R JO9+ ) ! RE=MI/ WORK]S' MOVEM5T OR /]ILE & SECT>IAN )DRAWAL4  ',WORKM5'S ORGANIZATIONS >E ! REAL =CE CAPABLE ( ACCOMPLI%+ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION'1 HE WAS TO DECL>E LAT]4 

,CO9CID+ ) ! BIR? ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM & REVOLUTION>Y UNIONISM1 ?REE T5D5CIES EM]G$ )9 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4  ,FIR/1 !RE WAS ! T5D5CY REPRES5T$ BY ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF & ,LES ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX 7,JEAN ,GRAVE74  ,SECOND1 !RE W]E A NUMB] ( GR\PS :I* W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,KROPOTK9 BUT :I* W]E LESS RES]V$ ?AN HIM T[>DS ! TRADE UNIONS 7= EXAMPLE1 ,KHLEB I ,VOLIA 9 ,RUSSIA74  ,F9ALLY1 !RE WAS ! ANTI-SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 :O 9 ,FRANCE W]E GR\P$ >\ND ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE'S ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE4  ,FROM #aie ONW>DS1 ! ,RUSSIAN C\NT]P>TS ( !SE ANTI-SYNDICALI/ AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S BECOME P>TISANS ( ECONOMIC T]RORISM & ILLEGAL 'EXPROPRIATIONS'4 

,C]TA9LY1 IT W\LD BE AN 'ILLUSION TO SEEK TO DISCOV] OR TO CREATE A SYNDICALI/ ,KROPOTK9'1 AT LEA/ 9 ! /RICT S5SE ( ! T]M1 IF ONLY BECAUSE HE REJECT$ ! !ORY ( ! TRADE UNION AS ! EMBRYO ( FUTURE SOCIETY -- :I* DID NOT PREV5T HIM FROM WRIT+ A PREFACE 9 #aiaa = ! BOOK WRITT5 BY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ,EMILE ,PATAUD & ,EMILE ,P\GET1 ,SYNDICALISM & ! ,COOP]ATIVE ,COMMONWEAL? 7,H[ ,WE ,%ALL ,BR+ ,AB\T ,! ,REVOLUTION74  ,BUT HE SAW ! TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T AS A NATURAL MILIEU = AGITATION1 :I* IT W\LD BE POSSIBLE TO USE 9 ! ATTEMPT TO F9D A SOLUTION TO ! RE=MISM-SECT>IANISM DILEMMA4  ,AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO ! /RATEGY ( ! ,RUSSIAN 'ILLEGALI/' AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S1 ,KROPOTK9 5VISAG$ ! =MATION ( 9DEP5D5T AN>*I/ TRADE UNIONS :OSE AIM W\LD BE TO C\NT]ACT ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATS4  ,HE DEF9$ HIS /RATEGY 9 ONE S5T5CE 9 ! #aid 9TRODUCTION TO ! ,ITALIAN $ITION ( ,P>OLES D'UN ,REVOLTE3 ',EXPROPRIATION AS ! AIM1 & ! G5]AL /RIKE AS ! MEANS TO P>ALYZE ! B\RGEOIS WORLD 9 ALL C\NTRIES AT ! SAME TIME4' 

,AT ! 5D ( HIS LIFE ,KROPOTK9 SEEMS TO HAVE AB&ON$ HIS PREVI\S RES]VATIONS & TO HAVE GONE SO F> AS TO SEE 9 SYNDICALISM ! ONLY 'GR\NDWORK = ! RECON/RUCTION ( ,RUSSIAN ECONOMY'4  ,9 ,MAY #a#i#b1 HE DECL>$ ?AT3 '! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T444 WILL EM]GE AS ! GREAT =CE 9 ! C\RSE ( ! NEXT FIFTY YE>S1 LEAD+ TO ! CREATION ( ! COMMUNI/ /ATELESS SOCIETY'4  ,HE WAS EQUALLY OPTIMI/IC AB\T ! PROSPECTS FAC+ ! COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T4  ,REM>KS SU* AS !SE OP5$ ! WAY = !ORETICAL REGRESSION ?AT WAS TO MAKE AN>*I/-COMMUNISM A SIMPLE V>IANT ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 BAS$ ON ! COLLECTIVE MANAGEM5T ( 5T]PRISES4  ,R$UC$ TO ! LEVEL ( C>ICATURE1 'AN>*I/-COMMUNISM' EV5 BECAME AN EMPTY PHRASE LIKE ! ,SPANI% 'LIB]T>IAN COMMUNISM' ( ! #a#i#c'S1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y USE TO :I* ?IS LATT] T]M IS PUT4 

,! ,5D ( ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM8 

,KROPOTK9'S LA/ CONTRIBUTION1 NOT TO AN>*I/-COMMUNISM BUT TO ITS TRANS=MATION 9TO AN IDEOLOGY1 WAS ! 9TRODUCTION ( ! MY/IFY+ CONCEPT ( ,RUSSIAN '/ATE COMMUNISM'4  ,FAC$ ) ! EV5TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A CAPITALI/ /ATE FRE$ FROM ! FETT]S ( ,CZ>ISM1 ,KROPOTK9 %\LD LOGICALLY HAVE SE5 ! NEW /ATE AS A =M ( COLLECTIVISM4  ,HE %\LD HAVE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT ITS *>ACT] WAS DET]M9$ BY ! WAGES SY/EM1 AS ) O!R V>IETIES ( COLLECTIVISM ?AT HE HAD PREVI\SLY EXPOS$4  ,9 FACT1 HE LIMIT$ HIMSELF TO CRITICIZ+ ! ,BOL%EVIKS' ME?ODS1 )\T DRAW+ ATT5TION TO ! FACT ?AT ! OBJECT T[>DS :I* ?OSE ME?ODS W]E DIRECT$ HAD NO?+ TO DO ) COMMUNISM4  ,A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ?IS IS ! QUE/ION ?AT HE DIRECT$ AT ,L59 9 ! AUTUMN ( #a#i#b3 

0,>E Y\ SO BL9D1 SO MU* A PRISON] ( Y\R AU?ORIT>IAN IDEAS1 ?AT Y\ DO NOT REALIZE ?AT1 BE+ AT ! HEAD ( ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNISM1 Y\ HAVE NO RI<T TO SOIL ! IDEAS :I* Y\ DEF5D BY %AMEFUL ME?ODS44480 

,AFT] ,KROPOTK9'S DEA?1 ! !ORY ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM SURVIV$1 BUT WAS CONSIGN$ TO ISOLATION BY ! UNFOLD+ C\NT]-REVOLUTION FROM ! #a#i#b'S ONW>DS4  ,UNLIKE ! ,ITALIAN ,LEFT & ! ,G]MAN-,DUT* C\NCIL COMMUNI/S 7! LATT] ABOVE ALL1 ) !IR CRITICISM ( ! :OLE WORK]S' MOVEM5T & !IR ANALYSIS ( ! G5]AL T5D5CY = A UNIFICATION ( LABOR1 CAPITAL & ! /ATE71 ! P>TISANS ( AN>*I/-COMMUNISM DID NOT REALLY TRY TO DISCOV] ! CAUSES ( ?IS C\NT]-REVOLUTION2 NOR DID !Y P]CEIVE ITS EXT5T4  ,AS A RESULT1 !IR CONTRIBUTIONS AM\NT$ TO LITTLE MORE ?AN A =MAL DEF5SE ( PR9CIPLES1 )\T ANY CRITICAL DEP?4  ,MOREOV]1 !SE CONTRIBUTIONS CEAS$ RAPIDLY4  ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE'S ,MON ,COMMUNISME APPE>$ 9 #a#i#b#a1 ,LUIGI ,GALLEANI'S ,! ,5D ( ,AN>*ISM8 9 #aibe & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN'S ,:AT IS ,COMMUNI/ ,AN>*ISM8 7BETT] KN[N 9 ITS ABRIDG$ =M AS ! ,A,B,C ( ,AN>*ISM7 9 #a#i#b#i4 

,FROM ?IS DATE ON1 IF WE EXCLUDE ! M9ORITY CURR5T 9 ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR1 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,SYNDICALI/ 7,C,G,T,S,R71 :OSE POSITIONS W]E MADE CLE> BY ,GA/ON ,BRITEL1 ! CRITICAL =CE ?AT AN>*I/-COMMUNISM HAD REPRES5T$ LEFT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO REAPPE> ) ! DISSID5T ,BORDIGI/ ,RA\L ,BREMOND 7SEE HIS ,LA ,COMMUNAUTE1 :I* WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c#h7 & C]TA9 COMMUNI/ CURR5TS ?AT >OSE 9 ! #a#i#g'S4  ,REPRES5TATIVE ( !SE LATT] WAS ! GR\P ?AT PUBLI%$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #aige ! PAMPHLET ,UN ,MONDE SANS ,>G5T3 ,LE ,COMMUNISME4 

,AS A PRACTICAL MOVEM5T1 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM CAME TO AN 5D 9 ,MEXICO & ,RUSSIA4  ,9 ,MEXICO BE=E ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 ! ,PATRIDO ,LIB]AL ,MEXICANO 7,P,L,M7 ( ! BRO!RS ,5RIQUE & ,RIC>DO ,FLORES ,MAGON1 SUPPORT$ BY A MOVEM5T ( PEASANTS & 9DIG5\S PEOPLES1 :I* AIM$ TO EXPROPRIATE ! L&1 TRI$ TO A*IEVE AN>*I/-COMMUNISM4  ,! ,P,L,M'S OBJECTIVE WAS TO REVIVE ! COMMUNITY TRADITIONS ( ! EJIDOS -- COMMON L&S -- & ULTIMATELY TO EXT5D ! EFFECTS ( ?IS ESS5TIALLY AGR>IAN REBELLION TO ! 9DU/RIAL >EAS4  ,! ,P,L,M CAME TO CONTROL ! GREAT] P>T ( ,L[] ,CALI=NIA & WAS JO9$ BY A NUMB] ( ,I,W,W ',WOBBLIES' & ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S4  ,BUT IT WAS UNABLE TO IMPLEM5T ITS PROJECT ( AGRICULTURAL CO-OP]ATIVES ORGANIZ$ ON AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ PR9CIPLES & WAS EV5TUALLY DEFEAT$ MILIT>ILY4 

,! #aiag REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA GAVE IMPETUS TO A PROCESS ?AT HAD BEGUN BE=E1 :]EBY AN>*I/-COMMUNISM WAS ABSORB$ OR REPLAC$ BY AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4  ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS1 9 C]TA9 CASES AN>*I/-COMMUNI/S ALL[$ !MSELVES TO BE 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE4  ,IT IS TRUE ?AT A FEW GR\PS REFUS$ ALL SUPPORT1 EV5 'CRITICAL'1 = ! ,BOL%EVIKS & COMBAT$ !M ) T]RORISM1 BUT !Y EXP]I5C$ 9CREAS+ ISOLATION4  ,= ! LA/ TIME 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY A SOCIAL MOVEM5T ( SOME SIZE -- 9 P>TICUL> 9 ,PETROGRAD :]E ! ,F$]ATION ( ,AN>*I/S 7,COMMUNI/S7 HAD CONSID]ABLE 9FLU5CE BE=E ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#g1 ! DATE :5 ! EXIL$ SYNDICALI/S RETURN$ -- CONSCI\SLY PROPOS$ TO REMOVE 'GOV]NM5T & PROP]TY1 PRISONS & B>RACKS1 MONEY & PR(IT' & U%] 9 'A /ATELESS SOCIETY ) A NATURAL ECONOMY'4  ,BUT !IR PROGRAM ( SY/EMATIC EXPROPRIATIONS 7AS OPPOS$ TO WORK]S' CONTROL71 'EMBRAC+ H\SES & FOOD1 FACTORIES & F>MS1 M9ES & RAILROADS'1 WAS LIMIT$ 9 REALITY TO SEV]AL AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ GR\PS AFT] ! ,FEBRU>Y ,REVOLUTION EXPROPRIAT+ 'A NUMB] ( PRIVATE RESID5CES 9 ,PETROGRAD1 ,MOSC[1 & O!R CITIES'4 

,AS = ! ,MAKHNOVI/ 9SURRECTION>Y MOVEM5T1 AL?\< IT WAS 9 FAVOR ( COMMUNISM 9 ! LONG RUN1 & AL?\< IT DECL>$ ?AT 'ALL =MS ( ! WAGES SY/EM MU/ BE IRR$EEMABLY ABOLI%$'1 IT NEV]!LESS DREW UP A TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM :I* PRES]V$ ! ESS5TIAL FEATURES ( ! COMMODITY ECONOMY )9 A FRAMEWORK ( CO-OP]ATIVES4  ,WAGES1 COMP>ISON ( PRODUCTS 9 T]MS ( VALUE1 TAXES1 A 'DEC5TRALIZ$ SY/EM ( G5U9E PEOPLE'S BANKS' & DIRECT TRADE BETWE5 WORK]S W]E ALL 9 EVID5CE 9 ?IS TRANSITIONAL PROGRAM4 

,AS A CONCLUSION1 WE WILL RECALL ,KROPOTK9'S W>N+3 ',! ,REVOLUTION MU/ BE COMMUNI/ OR IT WILL BE DR[N$ 9 BLOOD4' 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*I/-,COMMUNISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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