,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,NAZI ,G]MANY 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,ALB]T ,MELTZ] 

,TEXT 3 

,AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 ! POLICE >*IVES W]E TAK5 BY ! ,AM]ICANS & :5 !SE W]E OP5$ TO S*OL>S !Y F\ND ?AT ,G]MAN AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE ?R\< ! AGES HAD BE5 EXTREMELY L>GE4 ,!RE HAD BE5 AN EXTREMELY ACTIVE & 9FLU5TIAL WORK+ CLASS AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 A L9E FROM ?AT UND] ,BISM>CK TO ?AT UND] ,HITL]4 ,IT HAD BE5 IGNOR$ BY HI/ORIANS BECAUSE WORK]S 9 G5]AL1 LIKE WOM5 9 P>TICUL>1 ONLY EXI/ = !M 9 RELATION TO P[] POLITICS OR 9TELLECTUAL CURR5TS 7ALSO1 P]HAPS1 BECAUSE IT 5TAILS SOME REAL RESE>* AS DI/9CT FROM LOOK+ UP O!R PEOPLE'S BOOKS74 ,H]E WE CAN ONLY GIVE SOME PO9T]S TO RESE>*4 

,MU* ( ! OLD AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T1 9 ! ,F,A,U,D 7LAT] CRU%$ BY ,HITL]71 WAS C5T]$ 9 ! ,RH9EL& & ! ,RUHR1 :]E IT HAD A BASE 9 ! M9ES & 9 HEAVY 9DU/RY & HAD BUILT ON ! EXP]I5CE ( WORK]S C\NCILS 9 #a#i#a#h4 ,9 ,BAV>IA1 ! WORK]S MOVEM5T WAS MU* MORE FICKLE4 ,BAV>IAN NATIONALISM OBSCUR$ ! ISSUE3 9 ,MUNI*1 ! PEOPLE TURN$ \T ALMO/ 9 MASS TO M\M ! DEA? ( ! LOCAL H]$IT>Y PETTY RUL]1 BUT )9 MON?S !Y W]E RIS+ 9 MASS AGA9/ ! B\RGEOISIE & UPP] CLASS1 ?\< P]HAPS SOME SAW IT AS AGA9/ ,PRUSSIAN DOM9ATION4 ,A 'SOVIET' WAS =M$-) ! P>TICIPATION ( AN>*I/ 9TELLECTUALS -- TO BE CRU%$ BY ! VICI\S B\RGEOIS-,*RI/IAN DICTATOR%IP4 ,HITL]'S NEW P>TY WAS 9 DUE C\RSE SUBJECT TO !SE FLUCTUATIONS ( SYMPA?Y1 AT FIR/ BECAUSE IT WAS ?\<T TO BE ',BAV>IAN MON>*I/'4 ,ITS COMIC-OP]A RIS+ 9 #aibc WAS MILDLY PUT D[N BY ! SAME GOVEMMM5T :I* HAD MASSACR$ ! WORK]S 9 ! ,COMMUNE ( ,MUNI*4 ,9 SOME PLACES LIKE ,WURTTEMB]G !RE W]E UND] ! ,WEIM> ,REPUBLIC ACTIVE SECTIONS ( ! ,F,A,U,D1 MA9LY RAILWAY WORK]S :O HAD ESCAP$ FROM ,MUNI*4 

,9 ,B]L9 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S W]E P>T ( A MU* WID] AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & OP]AT$ )9 A DI/9CT SOCIALI/IC CULTURE1 BITT]LY DIVID$ BETWE5 OR?ODOX ,SOCIALI/S & ,COMMUNI/S :I* M9IMALIS$ ! EFFECT ( AN>*ISM4 ,! SUCCESS ( ,HITL]'S P>TY HAD A %ATT]+ & P>ALYZ+ EFFECT ON ! WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T4 ,= YE>S IT HAD BE5 ?\<T1 EV5 BY ?OSE :O OPPOS$ ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 ?AT ITS ,R$ ,FRONT_/,>MY W\LD PUT UP A FI<T4 ,IT WAS EXPECT$ ?AT ! /RUGGLE W\LD COME ) ITS SUCCESS1 NOT ) ITS FAILURE4 ,?IS ATTITUDE WAS +RA9$ EV5 ) ?OSE :O ADVOCAT$ ,SOCIALI/-,COMMUNI/ UNITY AGA9/ ,NAZISM4 ,?\< WORK+ CLASS =MATIONS HAD LONG S9CE BATTL$ 9 ! /REETS AGA9/ ,HITL]ISM1 NOBODY ANTICIPAT$ ! /RUGGLE W\LD BE GIV5 UP )\T A %OT OR A BL[4 

,9 A T[N LIKE ,COLOGNE1 ONLY MON?S BE=E ,HITL] TOOK P[] AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S HAD ORGANIZ$ A DEMON/RATION1 RECEIV+ HUGE POPUL> SUPPORT1 AGA9/ ! VISIT BY ,DR ,GOEBBELS1 :O BITT]LY COMPLA9$ HE WAS '*AS$ \T ( HIS NATIVE T[N LIKE A CRIM9AL'4 ,IT WAS A *ALL5GE TO ! L>G] T5D5CIES1 :O FELT OBLIG$ TO ORGANIZE SIMIL> DEMON/RATIONS1 MAK+ ,NAZI PROPAG&A T\RS1 AT ! HEI<T ( ! ,DEPRESSION 7& !RE=E :5 'HI/ORIANS' LAT] CLAIM$ !Y W]E BUILD+ SUPPORT7 RISKY 9 ! EXTREME4 ,HITL] TOOK TO TRAVEL+ BY PLANE 7!N CONSID]$ HAZ>D\S7 AS ! LESS] DANG]4 

,9 ,B]L91 M>*ES BY ,NAZIS W]E SURR\ND$ & HEAVILY PROTECT$ BY POLICE 7LIKE FASCI/ M>*ES 9 ,BRITA974 ,I%]WOOD1 AS A Y\NG OBS]V] A FEW MON?S BE=E ! ,NAZIS TOOK P[]1 NOT$ H[ ! HO/ILE CR[DS 9 ! ,MOABIT WORK+ CLASS DI/RICT LAU<$ :5 AN ELD]LY & PORTLY ,S,S CAPTA9 C\LD NOT SU/A9 ! PACE1 & F9D+ HIMSELF ON HIS [N1 FRANTICALLY TRI$ TO CAT* UP ) ! PROTECTIVE CORDON4 7,A FEW MON?S LAT] & ?AT CAPTA9 W\LD PROBABLY BE 9VE/$ ) ! P[] ( LIFE & DEA? OV] ! SC(F]S74 

,! ,NAZI MURD] GANGS ATTACK$ 9DIVIDUAL OPPON5TS \T ON !IR [N 7SOME?+ 9 ! NATURE ( CONTEMPOR>Y GAY-BA%]S7 BUT %I$ 9 ! MA9 FROM OP5 CONFRONTATION4 ,ONE GANG1 TO :I* ,HOR/ ,WESSEL BELONG$1 TRI$ IT ON & HE BECAME A ,NAZI M>TYR4 ,! ,NAZI 7PREP[]7 ,JEW-BAIT+ ACTIVITIES W]E AGA9/ PR(ESSIONAL PEOPLE OR WRIT]S1 (T5 :5 SITT+ >\ND 9 CAFES1 & PETTY %OPKEEP]S1 ON !IR [N4 

,IT NEV] OCCURR$ TO PEOPLE1 LEA/ ( ALL ORGANIZ$ WORK]S LIV+ 9 PROLET>IAN DI/RICTS1 !RE !Y TOO W\LD BECOME ISOLAT$4 ,AFT] ,HITL] TOOK P[] -- WAS H&$ P[] BY ,H9D5BURG1 ) ! TACIT APPROVAL ( MO/ P>TIES -- ! P[] ( ! ,S,S DRAMATICALLY 9CREAS$4 

,ALMO/ OV]NI<T ! TOP-HEAVY ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK]S COLLAPS$ ) ! :OLESALE >RE/S1 QUITE ILLEGAL1 ( !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,NO?+ DISAPPE>$ MORE IGNOM9I\SLY ?AN ! ,R$ ,FRONT >MY1 ONE DAY P>AD+ ?R\< ! /REETS ) ITS ,MOSC[ -- TRA9$ G5]ALS1 ! NEXT DAY LANGUI%+ 9 HOLES & CELL>S 9 ! HA/ILY =M$ CONC5TRATION CAMPS 7AT FIR/1 CONV]T$ D]ELICT W>EH\SES7 )\T /RIK+ A BL[ 7! DESPIS$ ,AU/RIAN RE=MI/ ,SOCIAL-,DEMOCRATS AT LEA/ F\<T IT \T TO ! LA/ AGA9/ ,DOLFUSS74 

,! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY BECAME ILLEGALIZ$1 ! ,SOCIALI/S & TRADE UNION MOVEM5T TRI$ TO MAKE !IR PEACE & NI*E & W]E SL[LY ILLEGALIZ$ -- AFT] :I* SOCIAL DEMOCRACY HAD NO?+ TO TO (F]4 ,TRADE UNION LEAD]S S\<T TO TRANSF] !IR FUNDS TO W> VET]ANS' ORGANIZATIONS 7:]E = IDEOLOGICAL REASONS ! ,NAZIS C\LD NOT SEQUE/RATE !M1 BUT CONTROLL$ !M ANYWAY74 ,! WORK+ CLASS AS A :OLE WAS /UNN$ AT ! FACT ?AT ! 5TIRE DEF5SE !Y HAD BUILT >\ND !MSELVES HAD GONE ) ! W9D4 

,?IS OV]CAME ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/S TOO1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( ! ,RH9EL&1 IT BECAME A M>G9ALIZ$ DISS5T MOVEM5T1 UNABLE TO SPEAK & !RE=E TO GR[4 ,! ,RH5I% WORK]S W]E SL[] TO ACCEPT ! SITUATION1 !Y W]E NOT 9ITIALLY PROVOK$ TO 9DU/RIAL ACTION BY ! ,NAZIS1 BUT AS PROPAG&A CONTACTS VANI%$1 !Y TOO SUCCUMB$ ?\< NEV] COMPLETELY74 ,DUR+ ! TWELVE YE>S ( ,NAZI DICTATOR%IP1 A FEW ISOLAT$1 ESPECIALLY 9DU/RIALLY BAS$1 GR\PS1 REMA9$ CON/ANT4 ,BUT ANY CONC]T$ ACTION WAS NEV] POSSIBLE1 ?\< 9 ,MADRID DUR+ ! CIVIL W> PEOPLE QUEU$ TO SEE A DUD ,G]MAN %ELL DISPLAY$ 9 ! W9D[ ( A L>GE /ORE1 BE>+ A SAGE1 ',COMRADES6 ,! %ELLS ,I MAKE DO NOT EXPLODE'4 7,IT MAY HAVE BE5 9DICATIVE ( SABOTAGE1 :I* C]TA9LY W5T ON1 OR IT MAY BE5 PROPAG&A SET UP 9 ,SPA9 -- :O CAN TELL 87 

,:]E ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/S1 & ! C\NCIL-COMMUNI/S 7:O DUR+ ! :OLE ,NAZI P]IOD SUNK !IR DIFF]5CES1 NEV] GREAT7 RESI/$ WAS BY 9DIVIDUAL ACTION4 ,IT IS ONE ( ! IRONIES ( HI/ORY1 ?\< TYPICAL1 ?AT ! ONLY ATTEMPT AGA9/ ,HITL] ?\<T WOR?Y ( COMMEMORATION IS ?AT BY ! UPP]-CLASS G5]ALS :O BACK$ HIS W> EF=T UNTIL IT WAS LOS+ 7:ILE SU* 9TELLECTUALS AS ,RUDOLF ,ROCK] & ,AUGU/9 ,S\*Y )9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S ,ASSOCIATION DECL9$ AFT] ! ,W> TO SUPPORT DOCUM5TATION ON AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS ON ,HITL]'S LIFE ON ! UND\BT$LY TRUE GR\NDS1 SU* ACTIVITY IS :AT BR+S ! AN>*I/ 9TO DISREPUTE'674 

,NOBODY EV] ASSUM$ ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,HITL] W\LD 5TAIL AUTOMATIC DEFEAT ( ,NAZISM4 ,BUT SU* WAS ! CONC5TRAT$ H]O WOR%IP ( ! ,FUHR]1 IT W\LD HAVE DE/ABILIZ$ ! 5TIRE ,NAZI P>TY1 & GIV5 A REVIVAL ( CONFID5CE TO ! ANTI-,NAZI MAJORITY TO ASS]T ITSELF ONCE MORE1 IF M]ELY DEF5SIVELY4 

,!RE W]E NEV] AS MANY ATTEMPTS ON ,HITL] AS ON ,MUSSOL9I BY ! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S1 BUT F> MORE ?AN G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 ,ONLY A FEW >E LI/$ H]E1 & WE HAVE NOT EV5 7= WANT ( DETAIL$ KN[L$GE7 T\*$ ON O!R ASPECTS ( ! RESI/ANCE SU* AS ?AT ( ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S AT ,DUISBURG4 ,NO ATTEMPT HAS EV] BE5 MADE 9 G5U9E RESE>* BY ?OSE 9 A POSITION TO C>RY IT \T 7LE/ IT DETRACT FROM ! LA/-DIT* PLOT1 TO SAVE ! ,REI*1 ( ! G5]ALS & ! ,PRUSSIAN >I/OCRATS87 

,! PIONE] ATTEMPT 79 FACT1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! ,REI*/AG1 NOT AN ASSASS9ATION PLOT7 WAS ?AT ( VAN D] ,LUBBE1 A C\NCIL-COMMUNI/4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ! BURN+ ( ! P>LIAM5T ( ,NAZIS & ?OSE :O HAD C$$ !M VICTORY W\LD BE A SIGNAL = ! PROLET>IAT TO RISE4 ,?\< SUCCESSFUL AS F> AS ! BURN+ W5T HE WAS D5\NC$ BY WORLD COMMUNISM & ITS LIB]AL ALLIES AS A ,NAZI AG5T4 ,! SUGGE/ION WAS ?AT ! ,NAZIS DID IT !MSELVES TO DISCR$IT ! ,COMMUNI/S 7A TYPICAL LIB]AL RESPONSE TO ACTION74 

,! ,S*W>ZROTGRUPPE 7,BLACK & ,R$ ,GR\P71 ORIG9ALLY BAS$ 9 ,DUSSELDORF1 WAS ! FIR/ & MO/ P]SI/5T ( GR\PS ADVOCAT+ & PLANN+ ! ASSASS9ATION ( ,HITL]4 ,!Y FELT ?AT ! MI/AKE MADE 9 ! ,REI*/AG ,FIRE WAS ! 9VOLVEM5T ( A MAN ( ,DUT* ORIG91 BE>+ 9 M9D ! HATR$ ( =EIGN]S PRESUM$ TO BE GR[+ 9 ,G]MANY ) ,NAZI BRA9WA%+ 7?\< 9 A TOTALIT>IAN C\NTRY ONE IS 9CL9$ TO ?9K ?AT EV]YONE ELSE IS ?9K+ & ACT+ ! SAME74 

,!Y TWICE SET UP NE>-SUCCESSFUL ATTEMPTS1 ONCE 9 ! ,MUNI* BE]HALL :]E ! NONEV5T ( ! ,NAZI PUTS* ( #aibc WAS BE+ CELEBRAT$1 ANO!R TIME AT ! ,NUREMB]G OP]A4 ,BO? W]E FOIL$ AT ! LA/ MOM5T1 BUT AS ! P]PETRATORS ESCAP$4 

,?OSE CONC]N$ FL$ TO ,GLASG[ 7:]E !Y W]E GIV5 %ELT] BY ! LATE ,FRANK ,LEE*1 A WELL-KN[N ,AN>*I/1 9 :OSE H\SE ,I MET !M 9 #a#i#c#g74 ,!Y DEEM$ IT PRUD5T TO GO TO ,BIRM+HAM 7:I* HAD AN 9T]E/+ SEQUEL :51 A G5]ATION LAT]1 ! ,G]MAN POLICE BY SOME CONFUSION 7NO D\BT CAUS$ BY ! LOSS ( !IR MA9 FILES TO ,WA%+TON7 ?\<T ! ,R$ & ,BLACK ,GR\P 7,5GLI% AN>*O-PACIFI/7 !N EXI/+ WAS ! SAME GR\P AS ! ,S*W>ZROT 7,BLACK ,R$7 GR\P1 LONG S9CE DEAD OR DISP]S$1 & NAM$ !M1 TO !IR 9T5SE SURPRISE1 AS RESPONSIBLE = ! KILL+ ( AN EX-,NAZI BANK]4 

,!RE WAS AN IMM$IATE RESPONSE TO !SE TWO FAIL$ ATTEMPTS 9 AN 5TIRELY 9DIVIDUAL PLOT TO %OOT ,HITL] AT A RALLY 9 ,COLOGNE1 BUT AS ! MAN RESPONSIBLE WAS CAU<T1 !RE MAY BE NO RECORD4 ,?IS L$ TO MASS >RE/S AMONG ,RH5I% WORK]S & CAUS$ A P>ALYZES 9 ACTIVITY4 ,( ! MANY O!R ATTEMPTS ?AT W]E ALSO MADE1 ONE ( :I* WE HAVE MORE FACTS IS ?AT ( ,HILDA ,MONTE4 ,%E WAS BO? 9 ! AN>*I/ & C\NCIL COMMUNI/ MOVEM5TS1 & HAD BE5 ACTIVE 9 TWO OR ?REE ( ! ACTIVE RESI/ANCE UNITS4 

,AN EXTREMELY DET]M9$ P]SON1 %E WAS DISAPPO9T$ ?AT ! ,S*W>ZROT PEOPLE HAD NOT US$ H] 7!Y FELT H] ,JEWI% ORIG9 W\LD BE EXPLOIT$ BY ! ,NAZIS1 AS IT C]TA9LY WAS 9 ! LAT] CASE ( ,H]S*EL ,GRYNSZPAN :OSE ASSASS9ATION ( VOM ,RA? L$ TO ! NOTORI\S ',CRY/AL ,NI<T' POGROM74 ,9 ORD] TO WORK MORE FREELY1 %E BECAME A ,BRITI% SUBJECT1 BY ! DEVICE ( M>RY+ A GAY ACTIVI/1 ,JOHN ,OLDAY1 :O1 ?\< A ,G]MAN RESID5T FROM BIR?1 HAD A ,BRITI% PASSPORT ?R\< A ,CANADIAN FA!R4 

,%E WAS 9VOLV$ 9 PLANS = ANO!R ATTEMP ON ,HITL]'S LIFE AT A RALLY & N>R[LY ESCAP$ TO ,5GL&4 ,OLDAY WAS DEPORT$ AS A RESULT4 ,!RE ! GR\P ) :I* %E HAD BE5 9VOLV$ =MULAT$ ! PLANS :I* HAD BE5 ?W>T$ BY M]E *ANCE 7,HITL] HADN'T TURN$ UP74 ,!Y W]E FUND$ ORIG9ALLY BY A WEAL?Y 9DU/RIALI/1 ,GEORGE ,/RAUSS1 A ,LABOR ,M,P 7LAT] ,FA!R ( ! ,H\SE74 ,HILDA ,MONTE RETURN$ TO ,G]MANY1 BUT PRESUMABLY ! PLAN W5T WRONG & %E >RIV$ BACK 9 ,LONDON BE=E W> BROKE \T4 

,! AU?ORITIES W]E SUSPICI\S ( A ,G]MAN :O HAD TURN$ UP JU/ BE=E HO/ILITIES1 EV5 ?\< %E HAD A REC5TLY-ACQUIR$ ,BRITI% HUSB& ) :OM %E HAD NEV] LIV$6 ,%E WAS 9T]N$1 & LIKE MANY ANTI-FASCI/S1 FELT ! HUMILIATION KE5LY4 ,CONTACT+ ,BRITI% AN>*I/S1 %E FELT SURE H] PLAN W\LD GO ?R\< IF %E C\LD GET BACK AGA94 ,/RAUSS BY N[ HAD BACK$ \T ( ! ASSOCIATION1 ?\< HIS CONNECTIONS W\LD HAVE BE5 USEFUL 7HE POSSIBLY ?\<T HE WAS BE+ 9VEIGL$ 9TO A ,NAZI PLOT ?\< AFT] ! W> HE ACKN[L$G$ HIS E>LI] HELP74 ,! P]SON ,HILDA ,MONTE F\ND1 BY CO9CID5CE1 :O WAS PREP>$ TO BACK H] F9ANCIALLY & ) (FICIAL CONTACTS WAS A FILM /> 7:O1 :E!R BY *ANCE OR DISCOV]Y1 WAS ASSASS9AT$ BY ! ,NAZIS 9 ,PORTUGAL74 

,%E WAS ALL[$ TO RETURN 7H[1 ,I HAVE NO MEANS ( KN[+7 :]E %E CONTACT$ H] GR\P1 WAS CAPTUR$ BY ! ,GE/APO & MURD]$ -- FAIRLY HORRIBLY1 ONE ASSUMES4 ,A SOCIALI/ COMRADE 9=MS ME ?AT ,DET ,SGT ,JONES1 ( ,SPECIAL ,BRAN*1 SPOKE TO HIM DUR+ ! W> ( HIS CONC]N AB\T ! RECKLESS WAY 9 :I* ,HILDA HAD BE5 ALL[$ TO RETURN & HIS ADMIRATION = H] AUDACITY4 ,IT W\LD SEEM ,9TELLIG5CE DECID$ TO CLE> H] ( ANY SUSPICION ( WANT+ TO HELP ,HITL]1 & LET H] GET ON ) H] [N ?+4 ,%E IS NOT M5TION$ 9 ANY LI/ ( ,ALLI$ AG5TS S5T 9TO ,G]MANY 7SOME SUGGE/ BECAUSE ( H] RACIAL ORIG91 OR BECAUSE ( H] SEX BUT MORE PROBABLY BECAUSE %E WAS 9DEP5D5T ( ,GOV]NM5T S]VICE73 H] ACTION IS COMMEMORAT$ 9 ,ISRAEL 7:]E >*IVES ON H] CASE >E KEPT7 ?\< %E WAS NEV] A ,ZIONI/4 

,DUR+ ! W> :5 ,HITL] MET ,FRANCO !RE WAS ANO!R PLAN TO ASSASS9ATE ! PAIR ( !M TOGE!R1 BY ,SPANI% AN>*I/S ?IS TIME1 ?\< ) SOME ,FR5* & ,G]MAN 9VOLVEM5T4 ,?IS C]TA9LY W\LD HAVE *ANG$ ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 & C]TA9LY HAVE BE5 A HI<SPOT ( AN>*I/ RESI/ANCE1 HAD IT BE5 SUCCESSFUL4 ,?OSE :O SNE] AT SU* ATTEMPTS AS AMATEUR %\LD BE> 9 M9D ?AT ?OSE CONC]N$ W]E NOT PR(ESSIONAL ASSASS9S BUT ORD9>Y WORK]S LIV+ UND] 9TOL]ABLE OPPRESSION4 ,AT ! V]Y LEA/1 !SE EV5TS %\LD BE MADE PUBLIC & NOT HIDD54 ,!Y W]E REPRES5TATIVE ( ! REAL FEEL+S ( WORK]S DUR+ ! YE>S ( CLASS DEFEAT :5 !IR RUL]S W]E DRAGG+ !IR NAME 9 FIL?4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #h1 #bba 3 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,NAZI ,G]MANY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,NAZI ,G]MANY -- ,UPDAT$4 

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