,AN>*ISM'S ,RELEVANCE TO ,BLACK & ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,/RATEGY 
,DISPELL+ ,T5 ,MY?S 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM HAVE BE5 MAJOR =CES 9T]NATIONALLY 9 ! /RUGGLE ( ! POPUL> CLASSES AGA9/ ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION & DOM9ATION4 ,I MEAN H]E ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! PEASANTRY & ! POOR4 ,& BY WORK+ CLASS1 ,I MEAN ! T]M BROADLY3 ALL ?OSE :O RELY ON WAGES & LACK P[]1 9CLUD+ WORK]S1 ! UNEMPLOY$ & !IR FAMILIES1 & ,I 9CLUDE H]E 0BLUE0 COLL>1 0:ITE0 COLL> & 0P9K0 COLL> WORK]S1 REG>DLESS ( RACE1 E?NICITY1 G5D] OR O!R DIVISION4 ,TO BE WORK+ CLASS IS TO BE EXPLOIT$1 REG>DLESS ( 9COME LEVEL OR SKILL1 & DOM9AT$1 REG>DLESS ( JOB TITLE4 

,( C\RSE1 MO/ P>TS ( ! WORK+ CLASS 7& ! POPUL> CLASSES MORE G5]ALLY7 FACE ADDITIONAL =MS ( OPPRESSION1 NOTABLY 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! RACIAL_/NATIONAL DOM9ATION ?AT AFFECTS ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE4 ,ONLY A BOTTOM-UP1 LIB]T>IAN1 UNIFI$1 CLASS-BAS$ MOVEM5T CAN REALLY 5D ALL EXPLOITATION1 DOM9ATION & OPPRESSION1 & NO SU* MOVEM5T CAN BE BUILT EXCEPT ON ! BASIS ( OPPOS+ ALL =MS ( OPPRESSION1 9CLUD+ RACIAL_/ NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 

,! LEFT TRADITION HAS LONG GRAPPL$ ) ISSUES ( /RATEGY1 TACTICS & PR9CIPLE1 & ?IS HAS BE5 ! BASIS ( MANY DIVISIONS3 !SE DIVISIONS >E NOT SIMPLY MATT]S ( SECT>IANISM OR /UBBORNNESS1 S9CE DIFF]5T POSITIONS HAVE V]Y DIFF]5T IMPLICATIONS = POLITICAL PRACTICE4 

,! AN>*I/ TRADITION - 9 :I* ,I 9CLUDE SYNDICALISM1 :I* IS A V>IANT ( AN>*ISM1 IT IS AN>*I/ TRADE UNIONISM - PROVIDES A COH]5T APPROA* TO ISSUES ( /RATEGY1 TACTICS & PR9CIPLE4 ,IT IS A RI* SET ( RES\RCES ( ! WORK+ CLASS TODAY1 NOT LEA/ ! BLACK WORK+ CLASS 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 :I* REMA9S1 9 IMPORTANT WAYS1 NOT JU/ SUBJECT TO CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATION & /ATE REPRESSION1 BUT ALSO RACIAL_/NATIONAL OPPRESSION4 ,S\? ,AFRICAN CAPITALISM C5T]S ON *EAP BLACK LABOR1 & ?IS REMA9S 9 PLACE4 

,BUT TO HAVE A DISCUSSION AB\T AN>*ISM'S RELEVANCE TO BLACK WORK+ CLASS /RATEGY 9 ! FACE ( ONGO+ CAPITALI/ RE/RUCTUR+1 WE NE$ TO DISPEL MY?S AB\T AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM1 TO RECLAIM ! REVOLUTION>Y CORE ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 

,SO1 LET'S DEAL ) A FEW MY?S1 ONE BY ONE1 BECAUSE UNLESS WE DO ?IS1 WE WILL BE H>D PRESS$ TO SEE :AT AN>*ISM HAS TO DO ) \R /RUGGLE & PEOPLE H]E 9 S\!RN ,AFRICA G5]ALLY3 

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,AN>*ISM IS1 9/EAD1 A =M ( LIB]T>IAN SOCIALISM ?AT OPPOSES SOCIAL & ECONOMIC HI]>*Y & 9EQUALITY - &1 SPECIFICALLY1 CAPITALISM & L&LORDISM1 AS WELL AS ! /ATE - & PROPOSES A /RATEGY ( 9T]NATIONALI/ CLASS /RUGGLE & POPUL> REVOLUTION FROM BEL[ BY A SELF-ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS & PEAS- ANTRY TO CREATE A SELF-MANAG$1 SOCIALI/ & /ATELESS1 SOCIAL ORD]4 

,9 ?IS NEW ORD]1 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM W\LD BE H>MONIZ$ ) COMMUNAL OBLIGATIONS ?R\< EQUALITY & P>TICIPATORY DEMOCRATIC =MS4 ,?IS IS ! OPPOSITE ( SELFI% 9DIVIDUALISM1 :I* IS NOT A FEATURE ( AN>*ISM1 BUT ( ! CAPITALI/ ORD]4 ,& TO A*IEVE ?IS NEW SOCIETY1 COOP]ATION IS NECESS>Y1 9CLUD- + A MASS MOVEM5T = *ANGE ?AT EMBODIES ! FEATURES ( ! SOCIETY TO COME3 DEMOCRACY & PLURALISM1 AS WELL AS SOLID>ITY & HUMANISM1 & A REVOLUTION>Y VISION4 

,?IS PROJECT IS UND]P9N$ BY A RATIONALI/ WORLD VIEW & A COMMITM5T TO SCI5TIFIC ?\<T4 ,SO1 RA!R ?AN SEEK TO REJECT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY & TE*NIQUES1 AN>*I/S >GUE ?AT A SCI5TIFIC ANALYSIS ( MOD]N SOCIETY EXPOSES ITS CLASS *>ACT] & 9EQUITIES- & 9SI/ ?AT MOD]N TE*NOLOGY1 R$ESIGN$ :]E NE$$1 & PLAC$ UND] DEMOCRATIC CONTROL1 CAN PLAY A KEY ROLE 9 5D+ POV]TY1 DRUDG]Y1 5VIRONM5TAL PROBLEMS & 5ABL+ ! R$RESS ( PA/ WRONGS1 LIKE ! ECONOMIC RU9ATION ( ! ,AFRICAN CONT95T CREAT$ BY IMP]IALISM & LOCAL RUL+ CLASSES4 

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

,AN>*ISM AIMS AT COLLECTIVE [N]%IP ( ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & A DEMOCRATICALLY PLANN$ ECONOMY ?AT IS RUN ?R\< COMMUNITY & WORK] C\NCILS & ASSEMBLIES4 ,?IS W\LD REPLACE ! /ATE ) BOTTOM-UP GOV]NANCE1 M>KETS & ! COMMODITY =M ) DI/RIBUTION BY NE$ & PLANN+1 & 5ABLE A SOCIETY )\T ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9EQUALITY4 ,?IS ALSO MEANS ?AT AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO ! /ATE RE/S ON DI/9CTIVE GR\NDS FROM O!R =MS ( ANTI-/ATISM1 SU* AS ! NEO-LIB]ALS :O M]ELY DISLIKE /ATE 9T]V5TION 9TO CAPITALISM4 

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,?IS MY? ACTUALLY COMES FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF1 & SEEMS TO HAVE EM]G$ MA9LY FROM ! #a#h#iS4 ,IT'S A POLITICAL MY? ?AT LOCATES AN>*ISM ?R\<\T HI/ORY & TRACES IT BACK 9TO ANCI5T ,ASIA & ,EUROPE4 ,BUT IT'S A MY? CREAT$ BY A V]Y NEW MOVEM5T3 AN>*ISM IS A MOD]N POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ( QUITE REC5T ORIG94 

,AN>*ISM ONLY EM]G$ FROM ! LATE #a#h#fS ONW>DS1 & EM]G$ 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 OR 0,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL10 :I* LA/$ FROM #ahfd TO #a#h#g#g4 ,AN>*ISM WAS FIR/ =MULAT$ BY ! CIRCLES >\ND ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ALLIANCE ( ,SOCIALI/ ,DEMOCRACY1 BETT] KN[N AS ! ,ALLIANCE - ,MIKHAIL ,BAKUN9 & O!RS4 ,!SE CIRCLES DID NOT 9V5T AN>*ISM1 :I* EM]G$ UND] ! PRESSURE ( CLASS /RUGGLES 9 ! CONTEXT ( FI]CE DEBATES ON !ORY & /RATEGY 9 ! RIS+ WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT MOVEM5TS 9T]NATIONALLY ( ! TIME4 ,AN>*ISM WAS CON/ITUT$ 9T]NATIONALLY1 BY ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL SECTIONS & CURR5TS1 NOT JU/ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 BUT 9 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 7NOTABLY ,URUGUAY71 ,NOR? ,AFRICA 7NOTABLY ,EGYPT71 ,ASIA 7NOTABLY ,TURKEY7 & EA/ ,EUROPE 7NOTABLY AMONG ,RUSSIAN EMIGRES74 

,!RE IS NO EVID5CE = AN ET]NAL AN>*ISM1 :I* EXI/S \TSIDE ( DEF9ITE 9TELLECTUAL & SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS4 ,NO SU* IDEAS EXI/1 & !RE IS NO EVID5CE = ?IS AN>*I/ MY?OLOGY1 JU/ AS !RE IS NO EVID5CE =1 = EXAMPLE1 NATIONAL- I/ MY?OLOGIES4 ,SO1 AN>*ISM HAS NO?+ TO DO ) ?9K]S SU* AS ,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,MAX ,/IRN] & ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 :O >E SOMETIMES ID5TIFI$ 9 ! LIT]ATURE AS AN>*I/S4 ,IT HAS EV5 LESS TO DO ) DISSID5T ,*RI/IAN & ,MUSLIM SECTS 9 ! FEUDAL ]A1 PHILOSOPH]S 9 ! ANCI5T ]A1 ETC4 

,& ,I W\LD ADD ?AT :ILE ! AN>*I/S :O 9V5T$ !SE MY?S DID SO = NEW POLITICAL PURPOSES - CREAT+ A LEGITIMIZ+ N>RATIVE = AN EMBATTL$1 REPRESS$ & EXTREMELY CONTROV]SIAL NEW MOVEM5T BY 9V5T+ A TRANSNATIONAL /ORY DAT+ BACK ?\S&S ( YE>S - !SE MY?S DO MORE H>M ?AN GOOD4 ,!Y ONLY WORK IF AN>*ISM IS DEF9$ 9 ! VAGUE/ T]MS1 :I* LEADS TO A LACK ( CL>ITY ON AN>*ISM ITSELF4 ,!Y RE/ ON SLOPPY CLAIMS1 :I* UND]M9ES ! CR$IBILITY ( AN>*I/ ?\<T1 & !Y FLY 9 ! FACE ( ! FACTS4 

,A BE> & A DOG %>E COMMON FEATURES & >E1 9 FACT1 CLOSELY RELAT$ G5ETICALLY4 ,?AT DOES NOT MAKE A BE> ! SAME AS A DOG4 ,AN>*ISM %>ES COMMON FEATURES ) ,M>XISM1 LIB]ALISM1 ,PR\DHONISM1 DISSID5T RELIGI\S SECTS 9 ! FEUDAL P]IOD1 ANCI5T PHILOSOPH]S LIKE ,LAO,TSE & ,Z5O1 BUT ?AT DOES NOT MAKE IT ! SAME AS ANY ( !SE 444 & :ILE Y\ CAN ACTUALLY %[ A 0G5ETIC0 RELATION%IP ) ,M>XISM & ,PR\DHONISM1 !RE IS Z]O 0G5ETIC0 L9K BETWE5 AN>*ISM & #i P]C5T ( E>LI] IDEAS - OR EV5 MORE CONTEMPOR>Y IDEAS ?AT PEOPLE HAVE DUBB$ 0AN>*ISM10 9CLUD+ ,GODW91 ,/IRN] OR ,TOL/OY4 

,AN>*ISM WAS A PRODUCT ( ! MOD]N P]IOD1 NOT ! EXPRESSION ( A UNIV]SAL1 AGELESS URGE = FRE$OM1 & IT EM]G$ FROM )9 ! LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,IT ONLY EM]G$ 9 ! MOD]N WORLD1 :I* IS BAS$ ON CAPITALISM1 MOD]N 9DU/RY & ! MOD]N /ATE1 & ! IDEOLOGICAL BELIEFS ?AT HUMAN PROGRESS IS POSSIBLE & NECESS>Y BY SECUR+ DIRECT CONTROL ( HI/ORY & US+ SCI5CE3 SCI5CE & RATIONALISM1 TOL]ANCE & DEBATE1 & UNIV]SALISM & HUMAN RI<TS W]E ESS5TIAL TO HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 

,?IS COMPLEX ( IDEAS IS (T5 CALL$ ! 0,5LI<T5M5T10 :I* HAS BE51 9 MANY ACC\NTS1 PRES5T$ AS A BASICALLY ,WE/]N ,EUROPEAN PH5OM5ON1 & AS PRIM>ILY ! PROJECT ( A FEW 9TELLECTUALS4 ,) ?IS /ORY 9 PLACE1 DEBATES ON ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 HAVE T5D$ TO BE QUITE N>R[2 P>TLY AB\T :I* FIGURES TO 9CLUDE1 P>TLY AB\T ID5TIFY+ CONTRADICTION 9 ! WORKS ( !SE ?9K]S1 & P>TLY AB\T ! EXT5T TO :I* ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 - READ (F !SE FIGURES - WAS EMB$D$ 9 ! WIDESPREAD RACISM 9 ! EXP&+ ,EUROPEAN EMPIRES ( ! TIME1 & SO %[$ A 0,EUROC5TRIC0 OR AN ELITI/1 RACI/1 RI* MAN'S WORLD VIEW4 

,BUT !SE FRAM+S >E MISLEAD+4 ,AT ONE LEVEL1 ! IDEAS ( ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 %AP$1 & W]E %AP$ BY1 MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y PROCESSES1 NOTABLY ! ,AM]ICAN1 ,FR5* & ,HAITIAN ,REVOLUTIONS ( ! LATE #a#gS1 & !N ! DECOLONIZATION /RUGGLES ACROSS ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA 9TO ! #a#h#bS1 ) IMPORTANT IMPACTS ELSE:]E4 ,& ! POPUL> CLASSES ( ! TIME W]E C5TRAL TO !SE /RUGGLES1 & TO ! CREATION & ELABORATION ( 0,5LI<T5M5T0 IDEAS4 

,SO IT'S MISLEAD+ TO SEE ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 AS A SIMPLE 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T1 OR TO PRES5T IT AS A N>R[LY ,EUROPEAN SET ( IDEAS4 ,IT IS NOT REASONABLE TO CA/ ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 9 0,EUROC5TRIC0 T]MS1 & !N CA/IGATE ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 = BE+ 0,EUROC5TRIC40 ,ANY REASONABLE HI/ORY ( ! 0,5LI<T5M5T0 MU/ BE A WORLD HI/ORY1 AS WELL AS A SOCIAL HI/ORY1 & 9 ?IS /ORY FIGURES LIKE ,T\SSA9T ,L',OV]TURE1 ,TOM ,PA9E & ,SIMON ,BOLIV> MU/ BE C5TRAL4 ,& :ILE !RE IS NO D\BT ?AT MANY 0,5LI<T5M5T0 9TELLECTUALS DID1 AT TIMES1 EXPRESS RACI/ OR IMP]IALI/ VIEWS1 !SE VIEWS W]E NOT 9TEGRAL TO - BUT RADICALLY CONTRADICT$ - CORE 0,5LI<T5M5T0 PROPOSITIONS4 

,AN>*ISM IS1 9 ?IS S5SE1 A *ILD ( ! REVOLTS & REVOLUTIONS & DRAMATIC *ANGES ( ! MOD]N P]IOD - NONE ( :I*1 TO REIT]ATE1 W]E CONF9$ TO ANY ONE C\NTRY OR CONT95T4 ,AS KEY WORKS LIKE ,L9EBAU< & ,R$IK]'S 0,MANY-,HEAD$ ,HYDRA0 HAVE %[N1 ! MULTI-RACIAL1 MULTI-NATIONAL POPUL> CLASSES W]E MAK]S & %AP]S ( ?IS MOD]N WORLD & ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

,IT WAS ! FAIL$ PROMISE ( ! MOD]N WORLD - ( ADVANC$ TE*NOLOGY ALONGSIDE POV]TY1 ( SCI5CE 5SLAV$ TO ! RUL+ CLASSES1 ( IMP]IALISM & OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATION ALONGSIDE DOCTR9ES ( HUMAN RI<TS & PROGRESS - ?AT IMPELL$ ! RISE ( ! MOD]N WORK+ CLASS4 ,& IT WAS FROM ?AT CLASS1 ABOVE ALL1 ?AT AN>*ISM WAS BORN1 DRAW+ ON1 9 P>T1 ! IDEAS ( ! ,5LI<T5M5T4 

,IT /&S = ! BELIEF 9 DEMOCRACY 7RA!R ?AN ! DIV9E RULE ( K+S71 9 MOD]N TE*NOLOGY 7:I* MAKES MASSIVE IMPROVEM5TS 9 LIFE POSSIBLE71 9 SCI5CE 7:I* IMPROVES LIFE & EXP&S KN[L$GE1 AS OPPOS$ TO BL9D FAI?71 9 PROGRESS & HUMAN CONTROL 7?AT PEOPLE CAN *ANGE ! WORLD1 DIRECTLY & DELIB]ATELY = ! BETT]1 RA!R ?AN ACCEPT+ ! WORLD AS IT IS74 

,SO1 AN>*ISM WAS BORN 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 AN 9T]NATIONAL COALITION ( UNIONS1 POLITICAL P>TIES & O!R GR\PS1 =M$ 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#h#f#d4 ,! AN>*I/S EM]G$ AS A NEW CURR5T1 AS A L>GE MAJORITY ( ! ORGANIZATION CAME TO OPPOSE ,K>L ,M>X - 9ITIALLY A MAJOR LEAD] - :O WANT$ A /ATE DICTATOR%IP TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 

,9 #a#h#g#b1 !RE WAS A BIG SPLIT4 ,! VA/ MAJORITY ( GR\PS JO9$ ! AN>*I/ SIDE2 A M]E TWO G5U9E 0NATIONAL0 7C\NTRY7 SECTIONS JO9$ ,M>X4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T GREW QUICKLY 9 ! #a#h#gS1 & BY ! #a#h#hS AN>*I/ GR\PS EXI/$ ACROSS ,EUROPE1 9CLUD+ ,EA/ ,EUROPE & ,RUSSIA1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA1 ,S\? ,AM]ICA & ! ,C>IBBEAN1 & P>TS ( ,NOR? ,AFRICA & C5TRAL ,ASIA4 ,! FIR/ ACTIVE AN>*I/ 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA WAS AN ,5GLI%MAN1 A WORK] CALL$ ,H5RY ,GLASSE1 :O LIV$ 9 ,PORT ,ELIZABE? FROM ! #a#h#hS4 

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,!RE W]E NO GR\PS 9 MO/ ( SUB- ,SAH>AN ,AFRICA & MU* ( ,ASIA OR ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ AT ?IS TIME1 MA9LY BECAUSE !SE REGIONS W]E ONLY />T+ TO BE AFFECT$ BY CAPITALISM & ! MOD]N /ATE4 

,ONCE L>GE WORK+ CLASSES EM]G$ 9 ?OSE >EAS1 AN>*ISM FOLL[$4 ,9 ! E>LY #a#iS1 SUB/ANTIAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS EM]G$ 9 ,AU/RALIA2 ,EA/ ,ASIA ESPECIALLY 9 ,*9A 1 ,KOREA1 ,JAPAN & ,VIETNAM1 &1 TO SOME EXT5T1 ! ,PHILIPP9ES2 AS WELL AS S\?- ]N ,AFRICA1 MA9LY 9 ,MOZAMBIQUE & ,S\? ,AFRICA2 & 9 ,S\? ,ASIA1 MA9LY 9 ,9DIA4 ,9 ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 AN>*ISM WAS MA9LY A =CE 9 ! ,OTTOMAN 7,TURKI%7 ,EMPIRE4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 L>GE MOVE- M5TS CONT9U$ TO EXI/ 9 AN>*ISM'S TRADITIONAL /RON<OLDS 9 ! ,AM]ICAS1 ! ,C>IBBEAN & ,EUROPE4 

,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 !RE W]E A NUMB] ( GR\PS 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM3 !SE 9CLUD$ POLITICAL GR\PS LIKE ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE & ! ,9DU/RIAL ,SOCIALI/ ,LEAGUE1 & REVOLU- TION>Y UNIONS LIKE ! ,CLO?+ ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION1 ! ,HORSE ,DRIV]S' ,UNION1 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ,AFRICA1 ! ,9DIAN ,WORK]S' ,9DU/RIAL ,UNION & ! ,SWEET & ,JAM ,WORK]S' ,UNION4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS /RONGE/ 9 ! #a#i#aS1 & MA9LY BAS$ 9 ,CAPE ,T[N1 ,DURBAN & ,KIMB]LEY1 & ON ! ,WITWAT]SR&4 ,IT WAS />T$ BY :ITE WORK]S1 ALMO/ ALL ( :OM W]E IMMIGRANTS1 SU* AS ,BILL ,&REWS1 ,&REW ,DUNB> & ,DAVID LVON ,JONES1 = ! MO/ P>T1 BUT BECAME MULTIRACIAL1 9CLUD+ BLACK ,AFRICAN ACTIVI/S LIKE ,HAMILTON ,KRAAI & ,REUB5 ,CETIWE1 ,COLOR$S LIKE ,JOHNNY ,GOMAS & ,F]D ,PI5A>1 & ,9DIANS LIKE ,B]N>D ,SIGAMONEY & ,R,K ,MOODLEY4 

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,AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E DEF9$ AGA9/1 & MU/ BE UND]/OOD )9 ! CONTEXT (1 RIVAL IDEOLOGIES SU* AS LIB]ALISM1 ,M>XISM & NATIONALISM4 ,ALL AN>*I/S AGREE ?AT ! /RUGGLES ( ! L[] CLASSES - ! POPUL> CLASSES1 MEAN+ ! WORK+ CLASS :I* WORKS = WAGES1 & ! PEASANTS1 MEAN+ SMALL FAMILY F>M]S :O DO NOT EMPLOY O!RS - >E ! =CES TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 

,ONLY !SE CLASSES HAVE A BASIC 9T]E/ 9 *ANG+ SOCIETY4 ,! RUL+ CLASS - ! L&LORDS1 ! CAPITALI/S1 ! /ATE MANAG- ]S1 ! MILIT>Y LEAD]S - B5EFIT FROM ! CURR5T SY/EM4 ,! 0MIDDLE CLASS0 IS TOO WEAK TO *ANGE SOCIETY1 & G5]ALLY B5EFITS1 AL?\< NOT ALWAYS4 ,! MIDDLE CLASS IS NOT JU/ ANYBODY ) AN OKAY 9COME3 IT MEANS MIDDLE MANAG]S1 PR(ESSIONALS LIKE LAWY]S1 DOCTORS1 TEA*]S & SMALL BUS9ESSPEOPLE4 

,ONLY ! POPUL> CLASSES HAVE ! NUMB]S TO *ANGE SOCIETY4 ,ONLY EXPLOIT$ CLASSES CAN MAKE A SOCIETY )\T EXPLOITATION1 BECAUSE ONLY !SE CLASSES DO NOT NE$ EXPLOITATION TO EXI/4 

,H[EV]1 !RE IS A BASIC SPLIT 9 AN>*ISM BETWE5 TWO MA9 APPROA*ES TO MOBILIZ+ ! POPUL> CLASSES4 ,! M9ORITY1 9SURRECTIONI/ APPROA* REG>DS /RUGGLES = IMM$IATE GA9S AS1 AT BE/1 P]PETUAT+ ! CURR5T SOCIAL ORD] & AS1 !RE=E1 A POSITIVE DANG] TO ! REVOLUTION & 9 VIOLATION ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,TRADE UNIONS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 >E SE5 AS C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & AN>*I/ UNION WORK A FUTILE & DANG]\S ACTIVITY2 AN>*I/S MU/ DIRECTLY1 & )\T M$IATION1 W9 ! MASSES TO AN>*ISM ?R\< WORD & DE$4 

,9 PRACTICE1 ! D5IGRATION ( 0RE=MS10 ! DISMISSAL ( MASS ORGANIZATIONS1 & ! FRU/RATIONS ( AB/RACT PROPAG&A ( ! WORD HAVE L$ 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/S FROM PROPAG&A ( ! WORD 9TO 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$03 SPECTACUL> & USUALLY VIOL5T 

ACTIONS DESIGN$ TO R\SE ! MASSES FROM !IR SLUMB]1 9CLUD+ BANK ROBB]IES TO RAISE FUNDS1 LABEL$ 0EXPROPRIATION10 & RETRIBU- TIVE ASSASS9ATIONS & BOMB+S4 ,IT WAS FROM ! 9SURRECTIONI/ AN>*I/ TRADITION ?AT ! 0AN>*I/ T]RORISM0 ?AT PEAK$ 9 ! #a#h#iS & E>LY #a#iS ISSU$4 ,?IS MEANS1 IRONICALLY1 ?AT ! M9ORITY 9SURRECTIONI/ CURR5T HAS (T5 BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) ! 5TIRE AN>*I/ TRADITION 9 ! POPUL> M9D4 

,! O!R1 MAJORITY1 APPROA* IS ?AT :I* MAY BE REF]R$ TO AS1 P]HAPS CLUMSILY1 0MASS0 AN>*ISM4 ,! AIM ( MASS AN>*ISM IS TO IMPLANT AN>*ISM )9 POPUL> SOCIAL MOVEM5TS1 SU* AS ! TRADE UNIONS1 AIM+ TO RADICALIZE !SE MOVEM5TS1 TO SPREAD AN>*I/ IDEAS & AIMS1 & TO FO/] A CULTURE ( SELF-MANAGEM5T & DIRECT ACTION1 ) ! HOPE ?AT SU* MOVEM5TS W\LD PROVIDE A MI<TY LEV] ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 &1 9 SOME WAY1 HELP CREATE ! AN>*I/ FUTURE4 

,= MASS AN>*ISM1 /RUGGLES = IMM$IATE RE=MS1 WAG$ ?R\< DIRECT ACTION1 & ORGANIZ$ ?R\< RADICALLY DEMOCRATIC & P>TICIPATORY /RUCTURES1 >E ESS5TIAL4 ,!SE IMM$IATE /RUGGLES HELP ORGANIZE ! POPUL> CLASSES1 EMBOLD5 !M & RAISE !IR CONFID5CE & EXPECTATIONS 1 & CREATE /RUCTURES & MOVEM5TS ?AT PREFIGURE ! FUTURE SOCIETY1 /RUCTURES & MOVEM5TS ?AT CAN PLAY A C5TRAL ROLE AS LEV]S ( A TRULY POPUL> SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,! MA9 APPROA* ADOPT$ BY MASS AN>*I/S - AL?\< NOT ACCEPT$ BY ALL - WAS ?AT ( SYNDICALISM4 ,SYNDICALISM C5T]$ ON ! IDEA ?AT UNIONS C\LD PLAY A DUAL ROLE3 FIR/LY1 FI<T+ = RE=MS & IMM$IATE DEM&S1 & TRY+ TO ORGANIZE ! MASS ( WORK]S 9TO GIGANTIC UNIONS2 SECONDLY1 ! UNIONS C\LD PLAY A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! OV]?R[ ( CAPITALISM & ! /ATE1 ) ! UNION /RUCTURES ALSO =M+ ! NUCLEUS ( A SELF-MANAG$ SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,DESPITE ?IS FOCUS ON TRADE UNIONISM1 SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5TS HAVE G5]ALLY RAIS$ A WIDE RANGE ( POLITICAL ISSUES & HAVE TYPICALLY BE5 LOCAT$ )9 L>G] POPUL> SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9VOLV+ WORK+ CLASS COMMUNITIES1 WOM5 & Y\?4 

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,SYNDICALI/ IDEAS W]E FIR/ DEVELOP$ BY ,BAKUN9 & ! ,ALLIANCE 9 ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS1 & W]E FIR/ APPLI$ ON A L>GE SCALE 9 ! #a#h#gS & #a#h#hS1 9 ,CUBA1 ,MEXICO1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,SPA94 ,?IS WAS ! 0FIR/ WAVE0 ( SYNDICALISM4 ,IT WAS C5TRAL TO ! AN>*I/ W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,!RE WAS A 0SECOND WAVE0 9 FROM ! #a#h#iS ONW>DS4 ,?IS />T$ 9 ,FRANCE1 & LA/$ 9TO ! #a#i#cS4 ,IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 CALL$ ! 0GLORI\S P]IOD0 ( SYNDICALISM1 & SAW A MASSIVE EXPANSION ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 ! LABOR & SOCIALI/ MOVEM5TS1 SPANN+ ,EA/ ,ASIA1 ,EUROPE1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 ,NOR? ,AM]ICA & P>TS ( ,AFRICA4 ,! MOVEM5T 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 = EXAMPLE1 WAS MA9LY SYNDICALI/1 & CONNECT$ TO A BIG RISE ( SYNDICALISM 9 ,AU/RALIA & ,BRITA94 

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,MO/ BOOKS ON AN>*ISM HAVE FOCUS$ ON ,WE/ ,EUROPE1 &1 )9 ! ,WE/ ,EUROPEAN CONTEXT1 ON ,SPA94 ,P>T ( ! REASON IS ?AT ,SPA9 HAD A V]Y L>GE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 LA/+ FROM ! #a#h#gS TO ! #a#i#cS4 ,H[EV]1 MANY WRIT]S HAVE JUMP$ TO ! CONCLUSION ?AT ONLY ,SPA9 HAD A BIG AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 & ?AT !RE=E1 !RE MU/ HAVE BE5 SOME?+ ODD AB\T ,SPA9 TO EXPLA9 :Y ?IS HAPP5$4 

,?IS IDEA1 :I* ,I WILL CALL 0,SPANI% EXCEPTIONALISM10 BUILD+ ON ,J4 ,ROM]O ,MAURA1.<#a.> IS TOTALLY WRONG4 ,9 ! 0GLORI\S P]IOD10 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9FLU5C$ L>GE MOVEM5TS1 P>TICUL>LY UNIONS1 9 C\NTRIES AS V>I$ AS ,ALG]IA1 ,>G5T9A1 ,AU/RALIA1 ,BOLIVIA1 ,BRAZIL1 ,BULG>IA1 ,CANADA1 ,*ILI1 ,*9A1 ,COLOMBIA1 ,CO/A ,RICA1 ,CUBA1 ,ECUADOR1 ,EGYPT1 ,EL ,SALVADOR 1 ,FRANCE1 ,G]MANY1 ,GUATEMALA1 ,IREL&1 ,ITALY1 ,JAPAN1 ,MEXICO1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,NEW ,ZEAL&1 ,P>AGUAY1 ,P]U1 ,POL&1 ,PORTUGAL1 ,SPA91 ,SW$51 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,URUGUAY & ,V5EZUELA4 

,! COMP>ATIVE 9FLU5CE ( ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION 9 !SE DIFF]5T C\NTRIES MAY1 9 P>T1 BE JUDG$ BY EXAM9+ ! SIZE ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ BODIES RELATIVE TO ! SIZE ( ! LOCAL WORK+ CLASS1 & ! ORGANIZ$ 7UNIONIZ$7 WORK+ CLASS1 SPECIFICALLY4 ,! L>GE/ SYNDICALI/ UNION1 9 PURELY NUM]ICAL T]MS1 WAS C]TA9LY ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 9 ,SPA91 ) P]HAPS #b MILLION MEMB]S AT ITS PEAK 9 A C\NTRY ( SLI<TLY MORE ?AN #ae MILLION PEOPLE4 

,H[EV]1 9 RELATIVE T]MS ! ,SPANI% ,C,N,T WAS NOT ! L>GE/ ( ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS - IT WAS ALWAYS *ALL5G$ BY ! ,G5]AL ,UNION ( ,LABOR 7,U,G,T71 A MOD]ATE SOCIALI/ UNION ( EQUIVAL5T SIZE1 MEAN+ ?AT R\<LY HALF ( ! ORGANIZ$ WORK+ CLASS WAS AN>*I/ OR SYNDICALI/4 ,BY CONTRA/1 ! SYNDICALI/ ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 9 ,PORTUGAL4 ) #a1 MEMB]S AT ITS HEI<T 9 A C\NTRY ( #g#e11 HAD NO TRADE UNION RIVALS AT ALL1 & WAS1 9 RELATIVE T]MS1 L>G] ?AN ! ,SPANI% MOVE5T4 ,! ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,SECRET>IAT 7,N,A,S7 9 ! ,NE!RL&S WAS ALSO BRIEFLY ! DOM9ANT UNION MOVEM5T 9 ?AT C\NTRY1 :ILE ! ,G5]AL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,G,T7 9 ,FRANCE WAS ALSO SYNDICALI/ FROM ! MID-#a#h#iS ONW>DS1 & DOM9AT$ ! 5TIRE LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,EV5 )9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ITSELF1 !N1 ! ,SPANI% MOVEM5T WAS LESS 0EXCEPTIONAL0 ?AN HAS BE5 SUPPOS$4 ,ONCE ! GLOBAL HI/ORY ( ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION IS NOT$1 ! NO- TION ( ,SPANI% EXCEPTIONALISM BECOMES EV5 LESS CONV9C+4 ,9 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 ,*ILI1 ,CUBA1 ,PORTUGAL1 ,MEXICO1 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,P]U & ,URUGUAY1 = EXAMPLE1 SYNDICALISM DOM9AT$ ! L>GE/ UNION C5T]S1 :ILE L>GE SYNDICALI/ M9ORITY CURR5TS EXI/$ 9 MANY O!R C\NTRIES4 ,>G5T9A IS A GOOD EXAMPLE4 ,!RE W]E ?REE MA9 UNION F$]ATIONS1 SIMIL> TO ! SITUATION 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA TODAY4 ,BUT EV]Y ONE ( !SE F$]ATIONS WAS )9 ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION6 

,9 A NUMB] ( C\NTRIES1 ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION DOM9AT$ ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT1 EV5 IF IT DID NOT DOM9ATE ! UNIONS4 ,9 MANY CASES1 0! M>XI/ LEFT HAD 9 MO/ C\NTRIES BE5 ON ! FR+E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! MA9 BODY ( M>XI/S HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A DE FACTO NON-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :ILE ! BULK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 OR AT LEA/ MU* CLOS] TO ! IDEAS & ! MOOD ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ?AN TO ?AT ( CLASSICAL M>XISM4440.<#b.> ,AMONG ! C\NTRIES ?AT W\LD FIT 9TO ?IS CATEGORY >E ,*9A1 ,KOREA & ,S\? ,AFRICA4 

,M,Y,? _?#h3 ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,W,A,S ,R,E,A,L,L,Y ,A ,M,O,V,E,M,5,T ,( ,M,>,G,9,A,L ,G,R,\,P,S1 ,S,U,* ,A,S ,/,U,D,5,T,S1 ,T,R,A,M,P,S1 ,C,R,I,M,9,A,L,S ,& ,! ,L,O,N,G-,T,],M ,U,N,E,M,P,L,O,Y,$ 

,! L>GE/ MOVEM5TS 9 ! BROAD AN>*I/ TRADITION W]E ! SYNDICALI/ TRADE UNIONS ( ! #a#h#gS TO ! #a#i#dS1 & ! MAJORITY ( PEOPLE =MALLY 5ROLL$ 9TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T W]E WAG$ WORK]S4 ,! GREAT /RON<OLDS ( AN>*I/ P[] W]E1 9 A GREAT MANY CASES1 URBAN 9DU/RIAL C5T]S4 ,! BA/IONS ( AN>*ISM 9 ! LATE #a#hS & ! FIR/ QU>T] ( ! #a#iS W]E ! GREAT CITIES ( ,ALEX&RIA1 ,B>CELONA1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,*ICAGO1 ,GUANGZH\1 ,HAVANA1 ,HUNAN1 ,LIMA1 ,LISBON1 ,MADRID1 ,MONTEVIDEO1 ,MEXICO ,CITY1 ,PORTO ,ALEGRE1 ,RIO DE ,JANEIRO1 ,SAO ,PAULO1 ,SANTIAGO1 ,%AN<AI & ,TOKYO4 

,B>CELONA1 KN[N TO MANY AN>*I/S AS ! 0FI]Y ROSE0 ( ! MOVEM5T1 WAS WIDELY REG>D$ AS ! AN>*I/ WORLD CAPITAL1 & !RE IS MORE ?AN A LITTLE TRU? 9 ?IS VIEW4 ,H[EV]1 IT WAS SIMPLY FIR/ AMONG EQUALS1 ONE ( A S]IES ( /RON<OLDS ( RADICAL WAGE LABOR1 USUALLY URBAN1 & ORGANIZ$ PR$OM9ANTLY UND] ! R$-&-BLACK BANN]S ( AN>*ISM4 

,AN>*ISM'S FIR/ & GREATE/ APPEAL WAS AMONG WAGE LABOR]S1 :]E IT ASSUM$ ! =M ( RADICAL UNIONISM4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SAY ?AT AN>*ISM IGNOR$ ! RURAL >EAS1 :]E AN>*ISM ALSO ATTRACT$ L>GE NUMB]S ( WAGE LABOR]S1 MA9LY ! F>M WORK- ]S ( L>GE E/ATES & COMM]CIAL F>MS1 BUT ALSO SMALL PEASANTS4 

,TWO MA9 CATEGORIES ( WORK]S W]E MO/ /RONGLY REPRES5T$ 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS ( ! #a#h#iS ONW>DS3 FIR/LY1 CASUAL & SEASONAL LABOR]S1 SU* AS CON/RUCTION WORK]S1 DOCK]S1 F>M WORK- ]S & GAS WORK]S1 &1 SECONDLY1 WORK]S 9 HEAVY 9DU/RIES SU* AS FACTORY WORK]S1 M9]S & RAILWAY WORK]S4 ,9 ADDITION TO !SE MA9 CATEGORIES1 !RE W]E ALSO SMALL] NUMB]S ( :ITE-COLL> WORK]S & PR(ESSIONALS1 NOTABLY TEA*]S1 NURSES & DOCTORS1 9 ! SYNDICALI/ UNIONS4 ,9 ALL CASES1 ! EM]G5CE ( GIGANTIC CORPORATIONS PROVID$ A P[]FUL IMPETUS TO ATTEMPTS TO CREATE GIGANTIC TRADE UNIONS4 

,! SECOND SET ( SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL CIRCUM/ANCES 9 :I* AN>*ISM EM]G$ AS A POPUL> MOVEM5T WAS AMONG PEASANTRIES EXP]I5C+ ! LONG-T]M RE/RUCTUR+ ( FEUDAL RELATION%IPS UND] ! IMPACT ( CAPITALISM - AN IMPACT ?AT COMB9$ ) MORE IMM$IATE FACTORS & ! PRES5CE ( AN>*I/ MILITANTS TO G5]ATE L>GE-SCALE1 TYPICALLY 9SURRECTION>Y1 AN>*I/ PEAS- ANT MOVEM5TS4 ,! GREATE/ SUCCESSES ( ! AN>*I/S AMONG ! PEASANTRY 9CLUDE ,GREECE1 ,MEXICO1 ,SPA91 ! ,UKRA9E & ,MAN*URIA4 ,9 EA* CASE ?IS AN>*I/ CURR5T WAS ABLE TO ORGANIZE L>GE-SCALE PEASANT MOVEM5TS1 9 SOME CASES1 UPRIS+S3 9 ,MEXICO 9 #a#h#f#i1 #ah< & #a#i#a2 ,GREECE FROM #ahie ONW>DS2 9 ,SPA91 MO/ NOTABLY 9 #aicf TO #a#i#c#i2 ,UKRA9E FROM #aiah TO #a#i#b#a2 ,KOREA_/ ,MAN*URIA FROM #a#i#b#e2 ,JAPAN 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS 444 ,IT ALSO HAD SOME 9FLU5CE ON O!R PEASANT-BAS$ MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ORIG9AL ,ZAPATI/AS 9 #a#i#aS ,MEXICO & ! ORIG9AL ,S&9I/AS 9 #a#i#bS & E>LY #a#i#cS ,NIC>AGUA4 

,M,Y,? _?#i3 ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,D,I,$ ,9 ,S,P,A,9 ,9 #aici ,& ,O,N,L,Y ,R,E,E,M,],G,$ ,9 ,! #a#i#i,S 

,ONE ( ! GREAT MOM5TS 9 AN>*I/ HI/ORY WAS ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f-#a#i#c#i1 :I* SAW MILLIONS ( WORK]S & PEAS- ANTS TAKE OV] ! FACTORIES & ! L&1 EQUAL RI<TS = WOM51 & ! =MATION ( A L>GE POPUL> MILITIA4 ,A HUGE ROLE WAS PLAY$ BY ! ,NATIONAL ,CONF$]ATION ( ,LABOR 7,C,N,T7 1 A MASSIVE AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ UNION MOVEM5T4 ,?IS WAS ONE ( A CYCLE ( ?REE BIG AN>*I/ REVOLUTIONS OV] TW5TY YE>S3 !RE WAS ONE 9 ,UKRA9E FROM #a#i#a#h1 & ONE 9 ,KOREA_/,MAN*URIA FROM #a#i#b#g4 

,IT IS QUITE TRUE ?AT AN>*ISM WAS AT A L[ PO9T 9 ! TW5TY TO ?IRTY YE>S ?AT FOLL[$ ! DEFEAT 9 ,SPA9 9 #a#i#c#i4 ,AS Y\ CAN SEE MANY ( MY MA9 EXAMPLES >E FROM BE=E ! #a#i#dS4 ,! MASSIVE REPRESSION SE5 ) ! DEFEAT ( ! E>LI] AN>- *I/ REVOLUTIONS & AN>*I/-9FLU5C$ MOVEM5TS1 ! RISE ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 SM>T] /ATES1 & HUGE MI/AKES BY ! AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S ALL PLAY$ A ROLE4 

,! IDEA ?AT ! MOVEM5T DISAPPE>$ & !N ONLY REEM]G$ 9 ! #a#i#iS IS WRONG4 ,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM REMA9$ IMPORTANT WORK+ CLASS & PEASANT CURR5TS 9 MANY CONTEXTS AFT] #a#i#c#i4 ,?IS 9CLUD$1 = EXAMPLE1 IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ,FRANCE & ,POL& 9 ! #a#i#dS1 ,BOLIVIA & ,*9A 9TO ! #a#i#eS1 ,>G5T9A1 ,BRAZIL1 ,*ILI & ,CUBA 9TO ! #a#i#fS1 ,MEXICO & ,KOREA 9TO ! #a#i#gS1 ) MAJOR REVIVALS ELSE:]E 9 ! /RUGGLES ( 0#a#i#f#h0 & ! #a#i#gS4 ,A /]L+ EXAMPLE IS ! ,URUGUAYAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,F,A,U71 :I* HAS REMA9$ A MAJOR =CE FROM ITS =MATION 9 #aief UNTIL ! PRES5T1 9CLUD+ A NOTABLE >M$ /RUGGLE & WORK 9 UNIONS & /UD5T MOVEM5TS4 

,BUT IT IS ALSO IMPORTANT TO HI<LI<T ! ONGO+ P[] ( ! SYNDICALI/S H]E4 ,9 ,FRANCE 9 ! #a#i#dS1 = EXAMPLE1 !RE WAS AN IMPORTANT UPSURGE 9 9FLU5CE 9 ! UNIONS1 :ILE 9 ,BOLIVIA & ,CUBA1 = EXAMPLE1 ! MOVEM5T CONT9U$ TO LEAD MAJOR UNIONS 9 ! #a#i#eS & E>LY #a#i#fS4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI% DICTATOR- %IP FELL 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS1 ! ,C,N,T EM]G$ ) HUGE PRE/IGE1 ONE RALLY ATTRACT+ #b#e1 PEOPLE4 

,?IS REVOLUTION>Y CONT9UITY HELP$ LAY ! BASIS = ! UPSURGE ( ! #a#i#iS4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,F,A,U APPROA*1 CALL$ ESPECIFISMO1 IS TODAY A MAJOR 9FLU5CE ON ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM1 & ON ! ,AN>KISMO NETWORK =M$ 9 ! #bS1 :I* AT ITS HEI<T BR\<T TOGE!R OV] #be =MATIONS 9 F\R CONT95TS4 ,! REEM]G5CE ( ! ,C,N,T 9 ! MID-#a#i#gS REACTIVAT$ SYNDICALISM ELSE:]E4 ,9 ! #a#i#iS1 AN>*ISM WAS P>T ( ! NEW 0ANTI-GLOBALIZATION0 MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/ BUT ?IS WAS ONLY P>T ( A MU* L>G] PROCESS ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ GR[?4 

,M,Y,? _?#a3 ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M ,W,A,S ,A,B,S,5,T ,9 ,A,N,T,I-,R,A,C,I,/1 ,A,N,T,I-,I,M,P,],I,A,L,I,/ ,& ,N,A,T,I,O,N,A,L ,L,I,B,],A,T,I,O,N ,/,R,U,G,G,L,E,S 

,!RE IS A QUITE A BIT MORE ,I C\LD SAY1 BUT LET ME RAISE ONE LA/ ISSUE4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS NEV] SOME N>R[ FACTORY-BAS$ OR F>M]-BAS$ MOVEM5T1 BUT RA!R RAIS$ A V]Y WIDE RANGE ( ISSUES4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ,CUBA1 ACTIVE FROM ! #a#h#hS1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 FI<T+ ANTI-BLACK RACISM & !N 9 ! #a#h#iS W> ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,AM]ICA1 !Y ACTIVELY OP- POS$ RACI/ SEGREGATION & ORGANIZ$ BLACK WORK]S4 ,! MOVEM5TS 9 ,KOREA & ,UKRA9E1 & 9 ,MEXICO1 W]E P>T ( L>G] ANTI-IMP]IALI/ /RUGGLES - AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS AT A DIFF]5T =M ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 :]E ! MASSES - NOT NEW ELITES - W]E 9 *>GE4 ,AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S PIONE]$ BLACK UNIONS 9 S\!RN ,AFRICA1 & DEVELOP$ A COMPREH5SIVE PROGRAM = FRE$OM4,O!R KEY EXAMPLES 9CLUDE ,ALG]IA1 ,EGYPT1 ,*9A1 ,CZE*OSLOVAKIA1 ,IREL&1 ,MAC$ONIA1 ,PU]TO ,RICO & ,POL& - MEAN:ILE MOVEM5TS 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM OR SYNDICALISM LIKE ! ORIG9AL ,ZAPATI/AS1 ,S&9I/AS & ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,COMM]CIAL ,WORK]S ,UNION ( ,AFRICA 9 S\!RN ,AFRICA W]E ALSO CRUCIAL4 

,C,O,N,C,L,U,S,I,O,N,S3 ,B,A,C,K ,T,O ,! ,F,U,T,U,R,E8 

,H[EV]1 AN>*ISM HAS GR[N S9CE ! #a#i#gS4 ,FROM #aihi ONW>DS1 ! MY? ( COMMUNISM WAS %ATT]$ & AN>*ISM REEM]G$ 9 ITS OLD /RON<OLDS1 AS WELL AS 9 NEW >EAS1 SU* AS ,NIG]IA4 ,! MOVEM5T IS EXP&+1 & WE CAN EXPECT IT TO BE A MAJOR REVOLUTION>Y TRADITION WORLDWIDE 9 ! NEXT #b YE>S OR SO IF WE DO ! JOB RI<T1 & REBUILD C>EFULLY4 

,BUT IT IS P]FECTLY POSSIBLE ! MOVEM5T CAN & WILL ?R[ AWAY ITS *ANCES1 BY ORGANIZ+ LOOSELY1 RA!R ?AN 9 COH]5T =MATIONS ) TACTICAL & !ORETICAL UNITY2 BY NOT LE>N+ FROM PA/ MI/AKES2 BE WEAK5$ BY UNCRITICALLY ABSORB+ FA%IONABLE NON-AN>*I/ & ANTI-REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS LIKE PO/-MOD]NISM1 LIB]ALISM & CRUDE ID5TITY POLITICS1 DEF9+ ITSELF AS DIFF]5T PURELY BY ! VIOL5CE ( ITS LANGUAGE OR ACTIONS1 OR GETT+ WRAPP$ UP 9 B\RGEOIS AG5DAS2 5GAG+ 9 DE/RUCTIVE SECT>IANISM & ULTRA-LEFT PO/UR+1 CREAT+ T9Y AN>*I/ 9W>D-FOCUS$ MILIEUS RA!R ?AN AN AN>*I/ PRES5CE AMONG ! POPUL> CLASSES1 ! MASSES4 ,AN>*ISM IS FROM ! 0BELOV$ COMMON PEOPLE0 7,BAKUN971 & )\T !M IT DIES1 ,IT MU/ GO TO ! PEOPLE1 M]G+ ) ! MASSES & !IR /RUGGLES4 ,TODAY1 AN>*ISM REMA9S BASICALLY A WORK+ CLASS MOVEM5T 9 ! COMPOSITION ( ITS CORE MILITANTS1 BUT CAN IT REA* MO/ ( ! CLASS8 

,WE %ALL SEE4 

.<#a.> ,J4 ,ROM]O ,MAURA1 #a#i#g#a1 0,! ,SPANI% ,CASE10 9 ,J4 ,JOLL & ,D4 ,APT] 7$S471 0,AN>*ISM ,TODAY10 ,MACMILLAN4 

.<#b.> ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM1 #a#i#i#c1 0,BOL%EVISM & ! ,AN>*I/S10 9 HIS 0,REVOLUTION>IES10 ,ABACUS1 PP4 #g#b-#g#c4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#b1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM'S ,RELEVANCE TO ,BLACK & ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,/RATEGY -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #f1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM'S ,RELEVANCE TO ,BLACK & ,WORK+ ,CLASS ,/RATEGY -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/