,AN>*ISM1 ,SOCIALISM1 & ,COMMUNISM 

#aibc 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A 

,TEXT 3 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT AN>*I/S & SOCIALI/S HAVE ALWAYS PR(\NDLY DISAGRE$ 9 !IR CONCEPTS ( HI/ORIC EVOLUTION & ! REVOLUTION>Y CRISES ?AT ?IS EVOLUTION CREATES1 & CONSEQU5TLY !Y HAVE H>DLY EV] BE5 9 AGREEM5T ON ! MEANS TO ADOPT1 OR ! OPPORTUNITIES ?AT HAVE EXI/$ FROM TIME TO TIME TO OP5 UP ! WAY T[>DS HUMAN EMANCIPATION4 

,BUT ?IS IS ONLY AN 9CID5TAL & M9OR DISAGREEM5T4 

,!RE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 SOCIALI/S :O HAVE BE5 9 A HURRY1 JU/ AS !RE >E ALSO AN>*I/S :O WANT TO ADVANCE ) LEAD5 FEET1 & EV5 SOME :O DO NOT BELIEVE AT ALL 9 REVOLUTION4 ,! IMPORTANT1 FUNDAM5TAL DISS5SION IS QUITE ANO!R3 SOCIALI/S >E AU?ORIT>IANS1 AN>*I/S >E LIB]T>IANS4 

,SOCIALI/S WANT P[]1 :E!R BY PEACEFUL MEANS OR BY =CE IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE TO !M1 & ONCE 9 (FICE1 WI% TO IMPOSE !IR PROGRAM ON ! PEOPLE BY DICTATORIAL OR DEMOCRATIC MEANS4 ,AN>*I/S 9/EAD MA9TA91 ?AT GOV]NM5T CANNOT BE O!R ?AN H>MFUL1 & BY ITS NATURE IT DEF5DS EI!R AN EXI/+ PRIVILEG$ CLASS OR CREATES A NEW ONE2 & 9/EAD ( ASPIR+ TO TAKE ! PLACE ( ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5T AN>*I/S SEEK TO DE/ROY EV]Y ORGANISM :I* EMP[]S SOME TO IMPOSE !IR [N IDEAS & 9T]E/S ON O!RS1 = !Y WANT TO FREE ! WAY = DEVELOPM5T T[>DS BETT] =MS ( HUMAN FELL[%IP :I* WILL EM]GE FROM EXP]I5CE1 BY EV]YBODY BE+ FREE &1 HAV+1 ( C\RSE1 ! ECONOMIC MEANS TO MAKE FRE$OM POSSIBLE AS WELL AS A REALITY4 

,IT SEEMS UNBELIEVABLE ?AT EV5 TODAY1 AFT] :AT HAS HAPP5$ & IS HAPP5+ 9 ,RUSSIA .<#a#i#b#a.>1 !RE >E /ILL PEOPLE :O IMAG9E ?AT ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S IS ONLY ?AT ( WANT+ ! REVOLUTION SL[LY OR 9 A HURRY4.<#a#f#f.> 

,! DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/ P>TY 444 WAS BORN 9 ,ITALY AS A CONSEQU5CE ( \R MI/AKES & ( ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT AMONG ! PEOPLE2 & IT WILL FALL1 OR BE R$UC$ TO A P>TY ( M]E POLITICIANS1 :5 WE1 HAV+ LE>N$ FROM PA/ FAILURES1 >E ABLE TO BE ACTIVE AMONG ! MASSES1 & CREATE A REVOLUTION>Y SPIRIT 9 ! ,ITALIAN PEOPLE4 

,9 ANY CASE ! DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/S W\LD BE WRONG IF !Y W]E TO SEEK TO DRAW PR(IT FROM !SE 0CONFESSIONS ( AN AN>*I/10 S9CE WE [E \R MI/AKES1 COMMON TO ALL ! OLD REVOLUTION>Y S*OOLS1 9 L>GE MEASURE TO ,M>XI/ !ORIES1 :I* WE AN>*I/S HAVE ALL %>$ AT SOME TIME1 9 A MORE LOGICAL IF LESS OR?ODOX MANN] ?AN ?OSE PR(ESS+ TO BE ,M>XI/S 7NOT EXCLUD+ ,M>X HIMSELF POSSIBLY7 BUT WE HAVE BE5 %$D+ !SE !ORIES AS WE HAVE FRE$ \RSELVES FROM ! ]RORS ( ,M>XISM4.<#a#f#g.> 

,FROM #a#h#g#a1 :5 WE BEGAN \R PROPAG&A 9 ,ITALY1 WE HAVE ALWAYS BE51 & HAVE ALWAYS CALL$ \RSELVES SOCIALI/-AN>*I/S4 ,9 CONV]SATION1 WE W\LD ALSO CALL \RSELVES JU/ AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE IT WAS UND]/OOD ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E SOCIALI/S1 JU/ AS 9 E>LI] DAYS1 :5 WE W]E ! ONLY SOCIALI/S 9 ,ITALY1 WE (T5 CALL$ \RSELVES SIMPLY SOCIALI/S1 S9CE IT WAS G5]ALLY UND]/OOD ?AT SOCIALI/S W]E ALSO AN>*I/S4 ,WE HAVE ALWAYS BE5 ( ! OP9ION ?AT SOCIALISM & AN>*Y >E TWO WORDS :I* BASICALLY HAVE ! SAME MEAN+1 S9CE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO HAVE ECONOMIC EMANCIPATION 7ABOLITION ( PROP]TY7 )\T POLITICAL EMANCIPATION 7ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T7 & VICE V]SA4.<#a#f#h.> 

,SOCIAL DEMOCRATS />T (F FROM ! PR9CIPLE ?AT ! ,/ATE1 GOV]NM5T1 IS NONE O!R ?AN ! POLITICAL ORGAN ( ! DOM9ANT CLASS4 ,9 A CAPITALI/IC SOCIETY1 !Y SAY1 ! ,/ATE NECESS>ILY S]VES ! 9T]E/S ( ! CAPITALI/S & 5SURES = !M ! RI<T TO EXPLOIT ! WORK]S2 BUT ?AT 9 A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY1 :5 PRIVATE PROP]TY W]E TO BE ABOLI%$1 & ) ! DE/RUCTION ( ECONOMIC PRIVILEGE CLASS DI/9CTIONS W\LD DISAPPE>1 !N ! ,/ATE W\LD REPRES5T EV]YBODY & BECOME ! IMP>TIAL ORGAN REPRES5T+ ! SOCIAL 9T]E/S ( ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 

,H]E A DIFFICULTY IMM$IATELY >ISES4 ,IF IT BE TRUE ?AT ,GOV]NM5T IS NECESS>ILY1 & ALWAYS1 ! 9/RUM5T ( ?OSE :O POSSESS ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 H[ CAN ?IS MIRACLE ( A SOCIALI/ GOV]NM5T >IS+ 9 ! MIDDLE ( A CAPITALI/ REGIME ) ! AIM ( ABOLI%+ CAPITALISM1 COME AB\T8 ,WILL IT BE AS ,M>X & ,BLANQUI WI%$ BY MEANS ( A DICTATOR%IP IMPOS$ BY REVOLUTION>Y MEANS1 BY A C\P DE =CE1 :I* BY REVOLUTION DECREES & IMPOSES ! CONFISCATION ( PRIVATE PROP]TY 9 FAVOR ( ! /ATE1 AS REPRES5TATIVE ( ! 9T]E/S ( ! COLLECTIVITY8 ,OR WILL IT BE1 AS APP>5TLY ALL ,M>XI/S1 & MO/ MOD]N ,BLANQUI/S BELIEVE1 BY MEANS ( A SOCIALI/ MAJORITY ELECT$ TO ,P>LIAM5T BY UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE8 ,WILL ONE PROCE$ 9 ONE /EP TO ! EXPROPRIATION ( ! RUL+ CLASS BY ! ECONOMICALLY SUBJECT$ CLASS1 OR WILL ONE PROCE$ GRADUALLY 9 OBLIG+ PROP]TY [N]S & CAPITALI/S TO ALL[ !MSELVES TO BE DEPRIV$ ( ALL !IR PRIVILEGES A BIT AT A TIME8 

,ALL ?IS SEEMS /RANGELY 9 CONTRADICTION ) ! !ORY ( 0HI/ORIC MAT]IALISM0 :I* IS A FUNDAM5TAL DOGMA = ,M>XI/S4444.<#a#f#i.> 

0,COMMUNISM IS ! ROAD ?AT LEADS 9 ! DIRECTION ( AN>*ISM40 ,?IS IS ! !ORY ( ! ,BOL%EVIKS2 ! !ORY ( ,M>XI/S & AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIALI/S ( ALL S*OOLS4 ,ALL RECOGNIZE ?AT AN>*Y IS A SUBLIME IDEAL1 ?AT IT IS ! GOAL T[>DS :I* MANK9D IS1 OR %\LD1 BE MOV+1 BUT !Y ALL WANT TO BECOME ! GOV]NM5T1 TO OBLIGE ! PEOPLE TO TAKE ! RI<T ROAD4 ,AN>*I/S SAY 9/EAD1 ?AT AN>*Y IS ! WAY ?AT LEADS TO COMMUNISM 444 OR ELSE:]E4 

,TO A*IEVE COMMUNISM BE=E AN>*Y1 ?AT IS BE=E HAV+ CONQU]$ COMPLETE POLITICAL & ECONOMIC LIB]TY1 W\LD MEAN 7AS IT HAS MEANT 9 ,RUSSIA7 /ABILIZ+ ! MO/ HATEFUL TYRANNY1 TO ! PO9T :]E PEOPLE LONG = ! B\RGEOIS REGIME1 & TO RETURN LAT] 7AS WILL HAPP5 9 ,RUSSIA7 TO A CAPITALI/IC SY/EM AS A RESULT ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ A SOCIAL LIFE :I* IS BE>ABLE & AS A REACTION ( ! SPIRIT ( LIB]TY :I* IS NOT A PRIVILEGE ( ! 0LAT9 SPIRIT0 AS ! ,COMMUNI/ FOOLI%LY ACCUSES ME ( SAY+1 BUT A NECESSITY ( ! HUMAN SPIRIT = ACTION 9 ,RUSSIA NO LESS ?AN 9 ,ITALY4 

,H[EV] MU* WE DETE/ ! DEMOCRATIC LIE1 :I* 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PEOPLE0 OPPRESSES ! PEOPLE 9 ! 9T]E/S ( A CLASS1 WE DETE/ EV5 MORE1 IF ?AT IS POSSIBLE1 ! DICTATOR%IP :I*1 9 ! NAME ( ! 0PROLET>IAT0 PLACES ALL ! /R5G? & ! V]Y LIVES ( ! WORK]S 9 ! H&S ( ! CREATURES ( A SO-CALL$ COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :O WILL P]PETUATE !IR P[] & 9 ! 5D RECON/RUCT ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM = !IR [N ADVANTAGE4.<#a#g.> 

,:5 ,F4 ,5GELS1 P]HAPS TO C\NT] AN>*I/ CRITICISMS1 SAID ?AT ONCE CLASSES DISAPPE> ! ,/ATE AS SU* HAS NO RAISON D'ETRE & TRANS=MS ITSELF FROM A GOV]NM5T OV] M5 9TO AN ADM9I/RATION ( ?+S1 HE WAS M]ELY PLAY+ ) WORDS4 ,:OEV] HAS P[] OV] ?+S HAS P[] OV] M52 :OEV] GOV]NS PRODUCTION ALSO GOV]NS ! PRODUC]S2 :O DET]M9ES CONSUMPTION IS MA/] OV] ! CONSUM]4 

,?IS IS ! QUE/ION2 EI!R ?+S >E ADM9I/]$ ON ! BASIS ( FREE AGREEM5T AMONG ! 9T]E/$ P>TIES1 & ?IS IS AN>*Y2 OR !Y >E ADM9I/]$ ACCORD+ TO LAWS MADE BY ADM9I/RATORS & ?IS IS GOV]NM5T1 IT IS ! ,/ATE1 & 9EVITABLY IT TURNS \T TO BE TYRANNICAL4 

,IT IS NOT A QUE/ION ( ! GOOD 9T5TIONS OR ! GOOD WILL ( ?IS OR ?AT MAN1 BUT ( ! 9EVITABILITY ( ! SITUATION1 & ( ! T5D5CIES :I* MAN G5]ALLY DEVELOPS 9 GIV5 CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#a#g#a.> 

,:AT IS ! TRUE BASIS ( ! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ,/ATE COMMUNI/S8 ,WE >E = FRE$OM1 = ! WIDE/ & MO/ COMPLETE FRE$OM ( ?\<T1 ORGANIZATION1 & ACTION4 ,WE >E = ! FRE$OM ( ALL1 & IT IS !RE=E OBVI\S1 & NOT NECESS>Y TO CONT9UALLY SAY SO1 ?AT EV]YONE 9 EX]CIS+ HIS RI<T TO FRE$OM MU/ RESPECT ! EQUAL FRE$OM ( EV]YBODY ELSE3 O!RWISE !RE IS OPPRESSION ON ONE SIDE & ! RI<T TO RESI/ & TO REBEL ON ! O!R4 

,BUT ,/ATE COMMUNI/S1 TO AN EV5 GREAT] EXT5T ?AN ALL O!R AU?ORIT>IANS1 >E 9CAPABLE ( CONCEIV+ FRE$OM & ( RESPECT+ = ALL HUMAN BE+S ! DIGNITY ?AT !Y EXPECT1 OR %\LD EXPECT1 FROM O!RS4 ,IF ONE SPEAKS TO !M ( FRE$OM !Y IMM$IATELY ACCUSE ONE ( WANT+ TO RESPECT1 OR AT LEA/ TOL]ATE1 ! FRE$OM TO OPPRESS & EXPLOIT ONE'S FELL[ BE+S4 ,& IF Y\ SAY ?AT Y\ REJECT VIOL5CE :5 IT EXCE$S ! LIMITS IMPOS$ BY ! NE$S ( DEF5SE1 !Y ACCUSE Y\ ( 444 PACIFISM1 )\T UND]/&+ ?AT VIOL5CE IS ! :OLE ESS5CE ( AU?ORIT>IANISM1 JU/ AS ! REPUDIATION ( VIOL5CE IS ! :OLE ESS5CE ( AN>*ISM4.<#a#g#b.> 

,MON>*Y IS ! MO/ SUITABLE POLITICAL =M TO IMPOSE RESPECT = ! PRIVILEGES ( A CLOS$ CA/E2 & ?US EV]Y >I/OCRACY1 :ATEV] ! CIRCUM/ANCE BY :I* IT HAS COME 9TO BE+1 T5DS TO E/ABLI% A MON>*ICAL REGIME1 OP5LY OR DISGUIS$2 JU/ AS EV]Y MON>*Y1 T5DS TO CREATE & P]PETUATE AN ALL-P[]FUL >I/OCRACY4 ,! ,P>LIAM5T>Y SY/EM1 ?AT IS ! REPUBLIC 7S9CE CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y IS 9 FACT ONLY A HALF-WAY SY/EM 9 :I* ! FUNCTION ( P>LIAM5T IS /ILL CLUTT]$ UP ) MON>*ICAL & >I/OCRATIC HANGOV]S7 IS ! MO/ CONV5I5T SY/EM = ! B\RGEOISIE2 & EV]Y REPUBLIC T5DS 9 ! DIRECTION ( ! CON/ITUTION ( A B\RGEOIS CLASS1 JU/ AS1 ON ! O!R H&1 AT HE>T1 IF NOT 9 APPE>ANCES1 ! B\RGEOISIE IS ALWAYS REPUBLICAN4 

,BUT :I* IS ! POLITICAL =M MO/ READILY ADAPTABLE TO ! REALIZATION ( ! PR9CIPLE ( SOLID>ITY 9 HUMAN RELATIONS8 ,:AT IS ! ME?OD :I* MO/ SURELY CAN LEAD US TO ! COMPLETE & DEF9ITE TRIUMPH ( SOCIALISM8 

,( C\RSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ANSW] ?IS QUE/ION ) ABSOLUTE C]TA9TY BECAUSE ONE IS DEAL+ ) ?+S ?AT HAVE NOT YET TAK5 PLACE1 & LOGICAL D$UCTIONS NECESS>ILY LACK ! EVID5CE ( EXP]I5CE4 ,ONE MU/ !RE=E BE SATISFI$ ) ! SOLUTION :I* SEEMS TO (F] ! GREATE/ POSSIBILITIES ( SUCCESS4 ,BUT ?AT ELEM5T ( D\BT1 :I* ALWAYS REMA9S 9 ! HUMAN SPIRIT :5 IT IS A QUE/ION ( HI/ORICAL PR$ICTION1 & :I* IS LIKE A DOOR :I* HAS BE5 LEFT OP5 9 ! HUMAN BRA9 TO RECEIVE NEW TRU?S1 MU/ MAKE US MORE TOL]ANT & MORE DISPOS$ TO BE CORDIALLY SYMPA!TIC T[>DS ?OSE :O SEEK ! SAME GOALS BUT BY O!R ROADS1 )\T1 H[EV]1 P>ALYZ+ \R ACTION OR PREV5T+ US FROM *OOS+ \R WAY & FOLL[+ IT RESOLUTELY4 

,! BASIC *>ACT]I/IC ( SOCIALISM IS ITS EQUAL APPLICATION TO ALL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 ,= ?IS REASON NO ONE MU/ BE 9 A POSITION TO EXPLOIT ! LABOR ( ANO!R BY CAPTUR+ ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION1 & NO ONE MU/ BE ABLE TO IMPOSE HIS WILL ON O!RS BY MEANS ( BRUTE =CE1 OR1 :I* IS ! SAME ?+1 BY CAPTUR+ POLITICAL P[]3 ECONOMIC EXPLOITATION & POLITICAL DOM9ATION BE+ TWO CONT9UALLY 9T]ACT+ ASPECTS ( ! SAME ?+--! SUBJECTION ( MAN BY MAN4 

,TO ATTA9 TO1 & CONSOLIDATE SOCIALISM IT W\LD SEEM ?AT A MEANS IS NE$$ :I* CANNOT AT ! SAME TIME BE A S\RCE ( EXPLOITATION & DOM9ATION & LEAD TO A =M ( ORGANIZATION :I* IS MO/ READILY ADAPTABLE TO ! DIFF]5T & V>I$ 9T]E/S & PREF]5CES ( 9DIVIDUALS & HUMAN GR\PS4 ,?IS MEANS IT CANNOT BE DICTATOR%IP 7MON>*Y1 CAES>ISM1 ETC47 S9CE IT REPLACES ! WILL & 9TELLIG5CE ( ALL BY ?AT ( ONE OR A FEW2 IT T5DS TO IMPOSE ON EV]YBODY UNIV]SAL RULES 9 SPITE ( A DIFF]5CE 9 CONDITIONS2 IT CREATES ! NECESSITY = AN >M$ =CE TO IMPOSE OB$I5CE ON RECALCITRANTS2 IT GIVES RISE TO RIVAL 9T]E/S AMONG ! MASSES & ?OSE :O >E CLOSE/ TO P[]2 & IT 5DS EI!R ) SUCCESSFUL REBELLION OR 9 ! CONSOLIDATION ( A RUL+ CLASS1 :I*1 ( C\RSE1 ALSO BECOMES ! [N+ CLASS4 ,NEI!R DOES P>LIAM5T>ISM 7DEMOCRACY1 REPUBLIC7 APPE> TO BE A GOOD MEANS S9CE IT TOO SUB/ITUTES ! WILL ( A FEW = ?AT ( ALL1 & IF ON ! ONE H& IT ALL[S A LITTLE MORE FRE$OM ?AN DICTATOR%IP1 ON ! O!R IT CREATES GREAT] ILLUSIONS1 & 9 ! NAME ( A FICTITI\S COLLECTIVE 9T]E/1 RIDES R\<%OD OV] EV]Y REAL 9T]E/1 & BY MEANS ( ELECTIONS & ! VOTE1 DISREG>DS ! WI%ES ( EA* & EV]YONE4 

,!RE REMA9S FREE ORGANIZATION1 FROM BEL[ UPW>DS1 FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 ?R\< FREE AGREEM5T & ! F$]ATION ( ASSOCIATIONS ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 ?AT IS AN>*Y4 ,& ?IS IS ! MEANS WE PREF]4 

,= US1 !N1 SOCIALISM & AN>*Y >E NEI!R ANTAGONI/IC NOR EQUIVAL5T T]MS2 BUT !Y >E T]MS :I* >E CLOSELY L9K$1 JU/ AS ! 5DS IS L9K$ TO ITS NECESS>Y MEANS1 JU/ AS ! SUB/ANCE IS L9K$ TO ! =M IT EMBODIES4 

,SOCIALISM )\T AN>*Y1 ?AT IS ,/ATE SOCIALISM1 SEEMS IMPOSSIBLE TO US1 S9CE IT W\LD BE DE/ROY$ BY ! V]Y ORGANISM DE/9$ TO SUPPORT IT4 ,AN>*Y )\T SOCIALISM SEEMS EQUALLY IMPOSSIBLE TO US1 = 9 SU* A CASE IT C\LD NOT BE O!R ?AN ! DOM9ATION ( ! /RONGE/1 & W\LD !RE=E SET 9 MOTION RI<T AWAY ! ORGANIZATION & CONSOLIDATION ( ?IS DOM9ION1 ?AT IS TO ! CON/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T4.<#a#g#c.> 

.<#a#f#f.> ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,SEPTEMB] #c1 #aiba 

.<#a#f#g.> L',AGITAZIONE1 ,SEPTEMB] #b#c1 #ahig 

.<#a#f#h.> L',AN>*IA1 ,AUGU/ #ahif 

.<#a#f#i.> L',AGITAZIONE1 ,MAY #a#e1 #ahig 

.<#a#g.> ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 ,AUGU/ #c#a1 #aiba 

.<#a#g#a.> L',AGITAZIONE1 ,MAY #a#e1 #ahig 

.<#a#g#b.> ,F$E61 ,OCTOB] #b#h1 #aibc 

.<#a#g#c.> L',AN>*IA1 ,AUGU/ #ahif 

7,S\RCE3 ,TEXT FROM ,LIFE & ,IDEAS3 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,WRIT+S ( ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 #bae ,$ITION1 $IT$ & TRANSLAT$ BY ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 PUBLI%$ BY ,P,M ,PRESS -- PLEASE SUPPORT ! PUBLI%]67 

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