,AN>*ISM 
,FROM ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA 

#aia 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 9T]NATIONAL WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATION1 DEF5CE ( ! T]RITORY1 WORK+ M5'S ASSOCIATION1 DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM1 IDEAS ( PR\DHON1 SUB/ANCE ( AN>*ISM1 WORK+ M51 UNIT$ /ATES1 /ATE SOCIALISM1 ECONOMICAL CONCEPTIONS4 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,M\D ,B>!Z1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C-,S,A ,LIC5SE ,A,N,>,*,I,S,M 7FROM ! ,GR4 881 & 888881 CONTR>Y TO AU?ORITY71 ! NAME GIV5 TO A PR9CIPLE OR !ORY ( LIFE & CONDUCT UND] :I* SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T - H>MONY 9 SU* A SOCIETY BE+ OBTA9$1 NOT BY SUBMISSION TO LAW1 OR BY OB$I5CE TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BUT BY FREE AGREEM5TS CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! V>I\S GR\PS1 T]RITORIAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 FREELY CON/ITUT$ = ! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 AS ALSO = ! SATISFACTION ( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( A CIVILIZ$ BE+4 ,9 A SOCIETY DEVELOP$ ON !SE L9ES1 ! VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS :I* ALREADY N[ BEG9 TO COV] ALL ! FIELDS ( HUMAN ACTIVITY W\LD TAKE A /ILL GREAT] EXT5SION SO AS TO SUB/ITUTE !MSELVES = ! /ATE 9 ALL ITS FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y W\LD REPRES5T AN 9T]WOV5 NETWORK1 COMPOS$ ( AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( GR\PS & F$]ATIONS ( ALL SIZES & DEGREES1 LOCAL1 REGIONAL1 NATIONAL & 9T]NATIONAL  TEMPOR>Y OR MORE OR LESS P]MAN5T - = ALL POSSIBLE PURPOSES3 PRODUCTION1 CONSUMPTION & EX*ANGE1 COMMUNICATIONS1 SANIT>Y >RANGEM5TS1 $UCATION1 MUTUAL PROTECTION1 DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY1 & SO ON2 &1 ON ! O!R SIDE1 = ! SATISFACTION ( AN EV]-9CREAS+ NUMB] ( SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 LIT]>Y & SOCIABLE NE$S4 ,MOREOV]1 SU* A SOCIETY W\LD REPRES5T NO?+ IMMUTABLE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y - AS IS SE5 9 ORGANIC LIFE AT L>GE - H>MONY W\LD 7IT IS CONT5D$7 RESULT FROM AN EV]-*ANG+ ADJU/M5T & READJU/M5T ( EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 ! MULTITUDES ( =CES & 9FLU5CES1 & ?IS ADJU/M5T W\LD BE ! EASI] TO OBTA9 AS NONE ( ! =CES W\LD 5JOY A SPECIAL PROTECTION FROM ! /ATE4  

   ,IF1 IT IS CONT5D$1 SOCIETY W]E ORGANIZ$ ON !SE PR9CIPLES1 MAN W\LD NOT BE LIMIT$ 9 ! FREE EX]CISE ( HIS P[]S 9 PRODUCTIVE WORK BY A CAPITALI/ MONOPOLY1 MA9TA9$ BY ! /ATE2 NOR W\LD HE BE LIMIT$ 9 ! EX]CISE ( HIS WILL BY A FE> ( PUNI%M5T1 OR BY OB$I5CE T[>DS 9DIVIDUALS OR METAPHYSICAL 5TITIES1 :I* BO? LEAD TO DEPRESSION ( 9ITIATIVE & S]VILITY ( M9D4 ,HE W\LD BE GUID$ 9 HIS ACTIONS BY HIS [N UND]/&+1 :I* NECESS>ILY W\LD BE> ! IMPRESSION ( A FREE ACTION & REACTION BETWE5 HIS [N SELF & ! E?ICAL CONCEPTIONS ( HIS SURR\ND+S4 ,MAN W\LD ?US BE 5ABL$ TO OBTA9 ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( ALL HIS FACULTIES1 9TELLECTUAL1 >TI/IC & MORAL1 )\T BE+ HAMP]$ BY OV]WORK = ! MONOPOLI/S1 OR BY ! S]VILITY & 9]TIA ( M9D ( ! GREAT NUMB]4 ,HE W\LD ?US BE ABLE TO REA* FULL 9DIVIDUALIZATION1 :I* IS NOT POSSIBLE EI!R UND] ! PRES5T SY/EM ( 9DIVIDUALISM1 OR UND] ANY SY/EM ( /ATE SOCIALISM 9 ! SO-CALL$ ,VOLK/AAT 7POPUL> /ATE74  

   ,! AN>*I/ WRIT]S CONSID]1 MOREOV]1 ?AT !IR CONCEPTION IS NOT A UTOPIA1 CON/RUCT$ ON ! A PRIORI ME?OD1 AFT] A FEW DESID]ATA HAVE BE5 TAK5 AS PO/ULATES4 ,IT IS D]IV$1 !Y MA9TA91 FROM AN ANALYSIS ( T5D5CIES ?AT >E AT WORK ALREADY1 EV5 ?\< /ATE SOCIALISM MAY F9D A TEMPOR>Y FAVOR ) ! RE=M]S4 ,! PROGRESS ( MOD]N TE*NICS1 :I* WOND]FULLY SIMPLIFIES ! PRODUCTION ( ALL ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE2 ! GR[+ SPIRIT ( 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! RAPID SPREAD ( FREE 9ITIATIVE & FREE UND]/&+ 9 ALL BRAN*ES ( ACTIVITY - 9CLUD+ ?OSE :I* =M]LY W]E CONSID]$ AS ! PROP] ATTRIBUTION ( *UR* & /ATE - >E /EADILY RE9=C+ ! NO-GOV]NM5T T5D5CY4  

   ,AS TO !IR ECONOMICAL CONCEPTIONS1 ! AN>*I/S1 9 COMMON ) ALL SOCIALI/S1 ( :OM !Y CON/ITUTE ! LEFT W+1 MA9TA9 ?AT ! N[ PREVAIL+ SY/EM ( PRIVATE [N]%IP 9 L&1 & \R CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION = ! SAKE ( PR(ITS1 REPRES5T A MONOPOLY :I* RUNS AGA9/ BO? ! PR9CIPLES ( JU/ICE & ! DICTATES ( UTILITY4 ,!Y >E ! MA9 OB/ACLE :I* PREV5TS ! SUCCESSES ( MOD]N TE*NICS FROM BE+ BR\<T 9TO ! S]VICE ( ALL1 SO AS TO PRODUCE G5]AL WELL-BE+4 ,! AN>*I/S CONSID] ! WAGE-SY/EM & CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION ALTOGE!R AS AN OB/ACLE TO PROGRESS4 ,BUT !Y PO9T \T ALSO ?AT ! /ATE WAS1 & CONT9UES TO BE1 ! *IEF 9/RUM5T = P]MITT+ ! FEW TO MONOPOLIZE ! L&1 & ! CAPITALI/S TO APPROPRIATE = !MSELVES A QUITE DISPROPORTIONATE %>E ( ! YE>LY ACCUMULAT$ SURPLUS ( PRODUCTION4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :ILE COMBAT+ ! PRES5T MONOPOLIZATION ( L&1 & CAPITALISM ALTOGE!R1 ! AN>*I/S COMBAT ) ! SAME 5]GY ! /ATE1 AS ! MA9 SUPPORT ( ?AT SY/EM4 ,NOT ?IS OR ?AT SPECIAL =M1 BUT ! /ATE ALTOGE!R1 :E!R IT BE A MON>*Y OR EV5 A REPUBLIC GOV]N$ BY MEANS ( ! REF]5DUM4  

   ,! /ATE ORGANIZATION1 HAV+ ALWAYS BE51 BO? 9 ANCI5T & MOD]N HI/ORY 7,MAC$ONIAN ,EMPIRE1 ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE1 MOD]N ,EUROPEAN /ATES GR[N UP ON ! RU9S ( ! AUTONOM\S CITIES71 ! 9/RUM5T = E/ABLI%+ MONOPOLIES 9 FAVOR ( ! RUL+ M9ORITIES1 CANNOT BE MADE TO WORK = ! DE/RUCTION ( !SE MONOPOLIES4 ,! AN>*I/S CONSID]1 !RE=E1 ?AT TO H& OV] TO ! /ATE ALL ! MA9 S\RCES ( ECONOMICAL LIFE - ! L&1 ! M9ES1 ! RAILWAYS1 BANK+1 9SURANCE1 & SO ON - AS ALSO ! MANAGEM5T ( ALL ! MA9 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY1 9 ADDITION TO ALL ! FUNCTIONS ALREADY ACCUMULAT$ 9 ITS H&S 7$UCATION1 /ATE-SUPPORT$ RELIGIONS1 DEF5SE ( ! T]RITORY1 ETC471 W\LD MEAN TO CREATE A NEW 9/RUM5T ( TYRANNY4 ,/ATE CAPITALISM W\LD ONLY 9CREASE ! P[]S ( BUREAUCRACY & CAPITALISM4 ,TRUE PROGRESS LIES 9 ! DIRECTION ( DEC5TRALIZATION1 BO? T]RITORIAL & FUNCTIONAL1 9 ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPIRIT ( LOCAL & P]SONAL 9ITIATIVE1 & ( FREE F$]ATION FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMP\ND1 9 LIEU ( ! PRES5T HI]>*Y FROM ! C5T] TO ! P]IPH]Y4  

   ,9 COMMON ) MO/ SOCIALI/S1 ! AN>*I/S RECOGNIZE ?AT1 LIKE ALL EVOLUTION 9 NATURE1 ! SL[ EVOLUTION ( SOCIETY IS FOLL[$ FROM TIME TO TIME BY P]IODS ( ACCEL]AT$ EVOLUTION :I* >E CALL$ REVOLUTIONS2 & !Y ?9K ?AT ! ]A ( REVOLUTIONS IS NOT YET CLOS$4 ,P]IODS ( RAPID *ANGES WILL FOLL[ ! P]IODS ( SL[ EVOLUTION1 & !SE P]IODS MU/ BE TAK5 ADVANTAGE ( - NOT = 9CREAS+ & WID5+ ! P[]S ( ! /ATE1 BUT = R$UC+ !M1 ?R\< ! ORGANIZATION 9 EV]Y T[N%IP OR COMMUNE ( ! LOCAL GR\PS ( PRODUC]S & CONSUM]S1 AS ALSO ! REGIONAL1 & EV5TUALLY ! 9T]NATIONAL1 F$]ATIONS ( !SE GR\PS4  

   ,9 VIRTUE ( ! ABOVE PR9CIPLES ! AN>*I/S REFUSE TO BE P>TY TO ! PRES5T /ATE ORGANIZATION & TO SUPPORT IT BY 9FUS+ FRE% BLOOD 9TO IT4 ,!Y DO NOT SEEK TO CON/ITUTE1 & 9VITE ! WORK+ M5 NOT TO CON/ITUTE1 POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ! P>LIAM5TS4 ,ACCORD+LY1 S9CE ! F\NDATION ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 9 #a#h#f#d-#a#h#f#f1 !Y HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO PROMOTE !IR IDEAS DIRECTLY AMONG ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS & TO 9DUCE ?OSE UNIONS TO A DIRECT /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITAL1 )\T PLAC+ !IR FAI? 9 P>LIAM5T>Y LEGISLATION4  

,! HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM 

  ,! CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY JU/ SKET*$1 & ! T5D5CY :I* IS ITS DYNAMIC EXPRESSION1 HAVE ALWAYS EXI/$ 9 MANK9D1 9 OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]N+ HI]>*IC CONCEPTION & T5D5CY - N[ ! ONE & N[ ! O!R TAK+ ! UPP] H& AT DIFF]5T P]IODS ( HI/ORY4 ,TO ! =M] T5D5CY WE [E ! EVOLUTION1 BY ! MASSES !MSELVES1 ( ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS - ! CLAN1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! GUILD1 ! FREE M$IEVAL CITY - BY MEANS ( :I* ! MASSES RESI/$ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ! CONQU]ORS & ! P[]-SEEK+ M9ORITIES4 ,! SAME T5D5CY ASS]T$ ITSELF ) GREAT 5]GY 9 ! GREAT RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS ( M$IEVAL TIMES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY MOVEM5TS ( ! RE=M & ITS =]UNN]S4 ,AT ! SAME TIME IT EVID5TLY F\ND ITS EXPRESSION 9 ! WRIT+S ( SOME ?9K]S1 S9CE ! TIMES ( ,LAO-TSZE1 AL?\<1 [+ TO ITS NON-S*OLA/IC & POPUL> ORIG91 IT OBVI\SLY F\ND LESS SYMPA?Y AMONG ! S*OL>S ?AN ! OPPOS$ T5D5CY4  

   ,AS HAS BE5 PO9T$ \T BY ,PR(4 ,ADL] 9 HIS ,GES*I*TE DES ,SOZIALISMUS UND ,KOMMUNISMUS1 ,>I/IPPUS 7B4 C4 #dc ,B,C71 ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( ! ,CYR5AIC S*OOL1 ALREADY TAU<T ?AT ! WISE MU/ NOT GIVE UP !IR LIB]TY TO ! /ATE1 & 9 REPLY TO A QUE/ION BY ,SOCRATES HE SAID ?AT HE DID NOT DESIRE TO BELONG EI!R TO ! GOV]N+ OR ! GOV]N$ CLASS4 ,SU* AN ATTITUDE1 H[EV]1 SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 DICTAT$ M]ELY BY AN ,EPICUREAN ATTITUDE T[>DS ! LIFE ( ! MASSES4  

   ,! BE/ EXPON5T ( AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY 9 ANCI5T ,GREECE WAS ,Z5O 7#c#d#b-#b#f#g OR #bg ,B,C71 FROM ,CRETE1 ! F\ND] ( ! ,/OIC PHILOSOPHY1 :O DI/9CTLY OPPOS$ HIS CONCEPTION ( A FREE COMMUNITY )\T GOV]NM5T TO ! /ATE-UTOPIA ( ,PLATO4 ,HE REPUDIAT$ ! OMNIPOT5CE ( ! /ATE1 ITS 9T]V5TION & REGIM5TATION1 & PROCLAIM$ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! MORAL LAW ( ! 9DIVIDUAL - REM>K+ ALREADY ?AT1 :ILE ! NECESS>Y 9/9CT ( SELF-PRES]VATION LEADS MAN TO EGOTISM1 NATURE HAS SUPPLI$ A CORRECTIVE TO IT BY PROVID+ MAN ) ANO!R 9/9CT - ?AT ( SOCIABILITY4 ,:5 M5 >E REASONABLE 5\< TO FOLL[ !IR NATURAL 9/9CTS1 !Y WILL UNITE ACROSS ! FRONTI]S & CON/ITUTE ! COSMOS4 ,!Y WILL HAVE NO NE$ ( LAW-C\RTS OR POLICE1 WILL HAVE NO TEMPLES & NO PUBLIC WOR%IP1 & USE NO MONEY - FREE GIFTS TAK+ ! PLACE ( ! EX*ANGES4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! WRIT+S ( ,Z5O HAVE NOT REA*$ US & >E ONLY KN[N ?R\< FRAGM5T>Y QUOTATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACT ?AT HIS V]Y WORD+ IS SIMIL> TO ! WORD+ N[ 9 USE1 %[S H[ DEEPLY IS LAID ! T5D5CY ( HUMAN NATURE ( :I* HE WAS ! M\?PIECE4  

   ,9 M$IEVAL TIMES WE F9D ! SAME VIEWS ON ! /ATE EXPRESS$ BY ! ILLU/RI\S BI%OP ( ,ALBA1 ,M>CO ,GIROLAMO ,VIDA1 9 HIS FIR/ DIALOGUE ,DE DIGNITATE REIPUBLICAE 7,F]D4 ,CAVALLI1 9 ,MEM4 DELL',I/ITUTO ,V5ETO1 XIII42 ,DR ,E4 ,NYS1 ,RESE>*ES 9 ! ,HI/ORY ( ,ECONOMICS74 ,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 SEV]AL E>LY ,*RI/IAN MOVEM5TS1 BEG9N+ ) ! N9? C5TURY 9 ,>M5IA1 & 9 ! PREA*+S ( ! E>LY ,HUSSITES1 P>TICUL>LY ,*OJECKI1 & ! E>LY ,ANABAPTI/S1 ESPECIALLY ,HANS ,D5K 7CF4 ,KELL]1 ,E9 ,APO/EL D] ,WI$]TAUF]71 ?AT ONE F9DS ! SAME IDEAS =CIBLY EXPRESS$ - SPECIAL /RESS BE+ LAID ( C\RSE ON !IR MORAL ASPECTS4  

   ,RABELAIS & ,F5ELON1 9 !IR UTOPIAS1 HAVE ALSO EXPRESS$ SIMIL> IDEAS1 & !Y W]E ALSO CURR5T 9 ! EI<TE5? C5TURY AMONG ! ,FR5* ,5CYCLOP$I/S1 AS MAY BE CONCLUD$ FROM SEP>ATE EXPRESSIONS OCCASIONALLY MET ) 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,R\SSEAU1 FROM ,DID]OT'S ,PREFACE TO ! ,VOYAGE ( ,B\GA9VILLE1 & SO ON4 ,H[EV]1 9 ALL PROBABILITY SU* IDEAS C\LD NOT BE DEVELOP$ !N1 [+ TO ! RIGOR\S C5SOR%IP ( ! ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC ,*UR*4  

   ,!SE IDEAS F\ND !IR EXPRESSION LAT] DUR+ ! GREAT ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,:ILE ! ,JACOB9S DID ALL 9 !IR P[] TO C5TRALIZE EV]Y?+ 9 ! H&S ( ! GOV]NM5T1 IT APPE>S N[1 FROM REC5TLY PUBLI%$ DOCUM5TS1 ?AT ! MASSES ( ! PEOPLE1 9 !IR MUNICIPALITIES & 'SECTIONS'1 ACCOMPLI%$ A CONSID]ABLE CON/RUCTIVE WORK4 ,!Y APPROPRIAT$ = !MSELVES ! ELECTION ( ! JUDGES1 ! ORGANIZATION ( SUPPLIES & EQUIPM5T = ! >MY1 AS ALSO = ! L>GE CITIES1 WORK = ! UNEMPLOY$1 ! MANAGEM5T ( *>ITIES1 & SO ON4 ,!Y EV5 TRI$ TO E/ABLI% A DIRECT CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ! #c#f1 COMMUNES ( ,FRANCE ?R\< ! 9T]M$I>Y ( A SPECIAL BO>D1 \TSIDE ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 7CF4 ,SIGISMUND ,LACROIX1 ,ACTES DE LA COMMUNE DE ,P>IS74  

   ,IT WAS ,GODW91 9 HIS ,9QUIRY CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#b VOLS41 #a#g#i#c71 :O WAS ! FIR/ TO =MULATE ! POLITICAL & ECONOMICAL CONCEPTIONS ( AN>*ISM1 EV5 ?\< HE DID NOT GIVE ?AT NAME TO ! IDEAS DEVELOP$ 9 HIS REM>KABLE WORK4 ,LAWS1 HE WROTE1 >E NOT A PRODUCT ( ! WISDOM ( \R ANCE/ORS3 !Y >E ! PRODUCT ( !IR PASSIONS1 !IR TIMIDITY1 !IR JEAL\SIES & !IR AMBITION4 ,! REM$Y !Y (F] IS WORSE ?AN ! EVILS !Y PRET5D TO CURE4 ,IF & ONLY IF ALL LAWS & C\RTS W]E ABOLI%$1 & ! DECISIONS 9 ! >IS+ CONTE/S W]E LEFT TO REASONABLE M5 *OS5 = ?AT PURPOSE1 REAL JU/ICE W\LD GRADUALLY BE EVOLV$4 ,AS TO ! /ATE1 ,GODW9 FRANKLY CLAIM$ ITS ABOLITION4 ,A SOCIETY1 HE WROTE1 CAN P]FECTLY WELL EXI/ )\T ANY GOV]NM5T3 ONLY ! COMMUNITIES %\LD BE SMALL & P]FECTLY AUTONOM\S4 ,SPEAK+ ( PROP]TY1 HE /AT$ ?AT ! RI<TS ( EV]Y ONE 'TO EV]Y SUB/ANCE CAPABLE ( CONTRIBUT+ TO ! B5EFIT ( A HUMAN BE+' MU/ BE REGULAT$ BY JU/ICE ALONE3 ! SUB/ANCE MU/ GO 'TO HIM :O MO/ WANTS IT'4 ,HIS CONCLUSION WAS COMMUNISM4 ,GODW91 H[EV]1 HAD NOT ! C\RAGE TO MA9TA9 HIS OP9IONS4 ,HE 5TIRELY REWROTE LAT] ON HIS *APT] ON PROP]TY & MITIGAT$ HIS COMMUNI/ VIEWS 9 ! SECOND $ITION ( ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#hVO1 #a#g#i#f74 

   ,PR\DHON WAS ! FIR/ TO USE1 9 #ahd 7,QU'E/-CE QUE LA PROPRIETE8 FIR/ MEMOIR71 ! NAME ( AN>*Y ) APPLICATION TO ! NO GOV]NM5T /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,! NAME ( 'AN>*I/S' HAD BE5 FREELY APPLI$ DUR+ ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION BY ! ,GIRONDI/S TO ?OSE REVOLUTION>IES :O DID NOT CONSID] ?AT ! TASK ( ! ,REVOLUTION WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ) ! OV]?R[ ( ,L\IS ,X,V,I1 & 9SI/$ UPON A S]IES ( ECONOMICAL MEASURES BE+ TAK5 7! ABOLITION ( FEUDAL RI<TS )\T R$EMPTION1 ! RETURN TO ! VILLAGE COMMUNITIES ( ! COMMUNAL L&S 5CLOS$ S9CE #a#f#f#i1 ! LIMITATION ( L&$ PROP]TY TO #ab ACRES1 PROGRESSIVE 9COME-TAX1 ! NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( EX*ANGES ON A JU/ VALUE BASIS1 :I* ALREADY RECEIV$ A BEG9N+ ( PRACTICAL REALIZATION1 & SO ON74  

  ,N[ ,PR\DHON ADVOCAT$ A SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 & US$ ! WORD AN>*Y TO DESCRIBE IT4 ,PR\DHON REPUDIAT$1 AS IS KN[N1 ALL S*EMES ( COMMUNISM1 ACCORD+ TO :I* MANK9D W\LD BE DRIV5 9TO COMMUNI/IC MONA/]IES OR B>RACKS1 AS ALSO ALL ! S*EMES ( /ATE OR /ATE-AID$ SOCIALISM :I* W]E ADVOCAT$ BY ,L\IS ,BLANC & ! COLLECTIVI/S4 ,:5 HE PROCLAIM$ 9 HIS FIR/ MEMOIR ON PROP]TY ?AT ',PROP]TY IS !FT'1 HE MEANT ONLY PROP]TY 9 ITS PRES5T1 ,ROMAN-LAW1 S5SE ( 'RI<T ( USE & ABUSE'2 9 PROP]TY-RI<TS1 ON ! O!R H&1 UND]/OOD 9 ! LIMIT$ S5SE ( POSSESSION1 HE SAW ! BE/ PROTECTION AGA9/ ! 5CROA*M5TS ( ! /ATE4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE DID NOT WANT VIOL5TLY TO DISPOSSESS ! PRES5T [N]S ( L&1 DWELL+-H\SES1 M9ES1 FACTORIES & SO ON4 ,HE PREF]R$ TO ATTA9 ! SAME 5D BY R5D]+ CAPITAL 9CAPABLE ( E>N+ 9T]E/2 & ?IS HE PROPOS$ TO OBTA9 BY MEANS ( A NATIONAL BANK1 BAS$ ON ! MUTUAL CONFID5CE ( ALL ?OSE :O >E 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION1 :O W\LD AGREE TO EX*ANGE AMONG !MSELVES !IR PRODUCES AT CO/-VALUE1 BY MEANS ( LABOR *ECKS REPRES5T+ ! H\RS ( LABOR REQUIR$ TO PRODUCE EV]Y GIV5 COMMODITY4 ,UND] SU* A SY/EM1 :I* ,PR\DHON DESCRIB$ AS ',MUTUELLISME'1 ALL ! EX*ANGES ( S]VICES W\LD BE /RICTLY EQUIVAL5T4 ,BESIDES1 SU* A BANK W\LD BE 5ABL$ TO L5D MONEY )\T 9T]E/1 LEVY+ ONLY SOME?+ LIKE #a P]C5T1 OR EV5 LESS1 = COV]+ ! CO/ ( ADM9I/RATION4 ,EV]YONE BE+ ?US 5ABL$ TO BORR[ ! MONEY ?AT W\LD BE REQUIR$ TO BUY A H\SE1 NOBODY W\LD AGREE TO PAY ANY MORE A YE>LY R5T = ! USE ( IT4 ,A G5]AL 'SOCIAL LIQUIDATION' W\LD ?US BE R5D]$ EASY1 )\T VIOL5T EXPROPRIATION4 ,! SAME APPLI$ TO M9ES1 RAILWAYS1 FACTORIES & SO ON4  

   ,9 A SOCIETY ( ?IS TYPE ! /ATE W\LD BE USELESS4 ,! *IEF RELATIONS BETWE5 CITIZ5S W\LD BE BAS$ ON FREE AGREEM5T & REGULAT$ BY M]E ACC\NT KEEP+4 ,! CONTE/S MI<T BE SETTL$ BY >BITRATION4 ,A P5ETRAT+ CRITICISM ( ! /ATE & ALL POSSIBLE =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 & A DEEP 9SI<T 9TO ALL ECONOMIC PROBLEMS1 W]E WELL-KN[N *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,PR\DHON'S WORK4  

   ,IT IS WOR? NOTIC+ ?AT ,FR5* MUTUALISM HAD ITS PRECURSOR 9 ,5GL&1 9 ,WILLIAM ,?OMPSON1 :O BEGAN BY MUTUALISM BE=E HE BECAME A COMMUNI/1 & 9 HIS FOLL[]S ,JOHN ,GRAY 7,A ,LECTURE ON ,HUMAN ,HAPP9ESS1 #a#h#b#e2 ,! ,SOCIAL ,SY/EM1 #a#h#c#a7 & ,J4 ,F4 ,BRAY 7,LABOR'S ,WRONGS & ,LABOR'S ,REM$Y1 #a#h#c#i74 ,IT HAD ALSO ITS PRECURSOR 9 ,AM]ICA4 ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 :O WAS BORN 9 #agih 7CF4 ,W4 ,BAILIE1 ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 ! ,FIR/ ,AM]ICAN ,AN>*I/1 ,BO/ON1 #a#i71 & BELONG$ TO ,[5'S ',NEW ,H>MONY'1 CONSID]$ ?AT ! FAILURE ( ?IS 5T]PRISE WAS *IEFLY DUE TO ! SUPPRESSION ( 9DIVIDUALITY & ! LACK ( 9ITIATIVE & RESPONSIBILITY4 ,!SE DEFECTS1 HE TAU<T1 W]E 9H]5T TO EV]Y S*EME BAS$ UPON AU?ORITY & ! COMMUNITY ( GOODS4 ,HE ADVOCAT$1 !RE=E1 COMPLETE 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 ,9 #ahbg HE OP5$ 9 ,C9C9NATI A LITTLE C\NTRY /ORE :I* WAS ! FIR/ 'EQUITY /ORE'1 & :I* ! PEOPLE CALL$ 'TIME /ORE'1 BECAUSE IT WAS BAS$ ON LABOR BE+ EX*ANG$ H\R = H\R 9 ALL SORTS ( PRODUCE4 ',CO/ - ! LIMIT ( PRICE'1 & CONSEQU5TLY 'NO 9T]E/'1 WAS ! MOTTO ( HIS /ORE1 & LAT] ON ( HIS 'EQUITY VILLAGE'1 NE> ,NEW ,YORK1 :I* WAS /ILL 9 EXI/5CE 9 #a#h#f#e4 ,MR ,KEI?'S ',H\SE ( ,EQUITY' AT ,BO/ON1 F\ND$ 9 #a#h#e#e1 IS ALSO WOR?Y ( NOTICE4 

  ,:ILE ! ECONOMICAL1 & ESPECIALLY ! MUTUAL-BANK+1 IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON F\ND SUPPORT]S & EV5 A PRACTICAL APPLICATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HIS POLITICAL CONCEPTION ( AN>*Y F\ND BUT LITTLE E*O 9 ,FRANCE1 :]E ! ,*RI/IAN SOCIALISM ( ,LAM5NAIS & ! ,F\RI]I/S1 & ! /ATE SOCIALISM ( ,L\IS ,BLANC & ! FOLL[]S ( ,SA9T-,SIMON1 W]E DOM9AT+4 ,!SE IDEAS F\ND1 H[EV]1 SOME TEMPOR>Y SUPPORT AMONG ! LEFT-W+ ,HEGELIANS 9 ,G]MANY1 ,MOSES ,HESS 9 #a#h#d#c1 & ,K>L ,GRUN 9 #a#h#d#e1 :O ADVOCAT$ AN>*ISM4 ,BESIDES1 ! AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM ( ,WILHELM ,WEITL+ HAV+ GIV5 ORIG9 TO OPPOSITION AMONG ! ,SWISS WORK+ M51 ,WILHELM ,M>R GAVE EXPRESSION TO IT 9 ! =TIES4  

 ,ON ! O!R SIDE1 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM F\ND1 ALSO 9 ,G]MANY1 ITS FULLE/ EXPRESSION 9 ,MAX ,/IRN] 7,KASP> ,S*MIDT71 :OSE REM>KABLE WORKS 7,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM & >TICLES CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ,RHE9IS*E ,ZEITUNG7 REMA9$ QUITE OV]LOOK$ UNTIL !Y W]E BR\<T 9TO PROM95CE BY ,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY4  

 ,PR(4 ,V4 ,BAS*1 9 A V]Y ABLE 9TRODUCTION TO HIS 9T]E/+ BOOK1 ,L'LNDIVIDUALISME AN>*I/E3 ,MAX ,/IRN] 7#a#i#d71 HAS %[N H[ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! ,G]MAN PHILOSOPHY FROM ,KANT TO ,HEGEL1 & '! ABSOLUTE' ( ,S*ELL+ & ! ,GEI/ ( ,HEGEL1 NECESS>ILY PROVOK$1 :5 ! ANTI-,HEGELIAN REVOLT BEGAN1 ! PREA*+ ( ! SAME 'ABSOLUTE' 9 ! CAMP ( ! REBELS4 ,?IS WAS DONE BY ,/IRN]1 :O ADVOCAT$1 NOT ONLY A COMPLETE REVOLT AGA9/ ! /ATE & AGA9/ ! S]VITUDE :I* AU?ORIT>IAN COMMUNISM W\LD IMPOSE UPON M51 BUT ALSO ! FULL LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FROM ALL SOCIAL & MORAL BONDS - ! REHABILITATION ( ! ',I'1 ! SUPREMACY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 COMPLETE 'AMORALISM'1 & ! 'ASSOCIATION ( ! EGOTI/S'4 ,! F9AL CONCLUSION ( ?AT SORT ( 9DIVIDUAL AN>*ISM HAS BE5 9DICAT$ BY ,PR(4 ,BAS*4 ,IT MA9TA9S ?AT ! AIM ( ALL SUP]IOR CIVILIZATION IS1 NOT TO P]MIT ALL MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY TO DEVELOP 9 A NORMAL WAY1 BUT TO P]MIT C]TA9 BETT] 5D[$ 9DIVIDUALS 'FULLY TO DEVELOP'1 EV5 AT ! CO/ ( ! HAPP9ESS & ! V]Y EXI/5CE ( ! MASS ( MANK9D4 ,IT IS ?US A RETURN T[>DS ! MO/ COMMON 9DIVIDUAL ISM1 ADVOCAT$ BY ALL ! W\LD-BE SUP]IOR M9ORITIES1 TO :I* 9DE$ MAN [ES 9 HIS HI/ORY PRECISELY ! /ATE & ! RE/1 :I* !SE 9DIVIDUALI/S COMBAT4 ,!IR 9DIVIDUALISM GOES SO F> AS TO 5D 9 A NEGATION ( !IR [N />T+-PO9T - TO SAY NO?+ ( ! IMPOSSIBILITY = ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ATTA9 A REALLY FULL DEVELOPM5T 9 ! CONDITIONS ( OPPRESSION ( ! MASSES BY ! 'BEAUTIFUL >I/OCRACIES'4 ,HIS DEVELOPM5T W\LD REMA9 UNILAT]AL4 ,?IS IS :Y ?IS DIRECTION ( ?\<T1 NOT)/&+ ITS UND\BT$LY CORRECT & USEFUL ADVOCACY ( ! FULL DEVELOPM5T ( EA* 9DIVIDUALITY1 F9DS A HE>+ ONLY 9 LIMIT$ >TI/IC & LIT]>Y CIRCLES4  

,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION 

 ,A G5]AL DEPRESSION 9 ! PROPAG&A ( ALL FRACTIONS ( SOCIALISM FOLL[$1 AS IS KN[N1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,P>IS WORK+ M5 9 ,JUNE #ahdh & ! FALL ( ! ,REPUBLIC4 ,ALL ! SOCIALI/ PRESS WAS GAGG$ DUR+ ! REACTION P]IOD1 :I* LA/$ FULLY TW5TY YE>S4 ,NEV]!LESS1 EV5 AN>*I/ ?\<T BEGAN TO MAKE SOME PROGRESS1 NAMELY 9 ! WRIT+S ( ,BELLEG>RIQUE 7,CAEURD]OY71 & ESPECIALLY ,JOSEPH ,DEJACQUE 7,LES ,LAZ>EACUTE'5NES1 ,L ',HUMANISPH]E1 AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ UTOPIA1 LATELY DISCOV]$ & REPR9T$74 ,! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T REVIV$ ONLY AFT] #a#h#f#d1 :5 SOME ,FR5* WORK+ M51 ALL 'MUTUALI/S'1 MEET+ 9 ,LONDON DUR+ ! ,UNIV]SAL ,EXHIBITION ) ,5GLI% FOLL[]S ( ,ROB]T ,[51 F\ND$ ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,?IS ASSOCIATION DEVELOP$ V]Y RAPIDLY & ADOPT$ A POLICY ( DIRECT ECONOMICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM1 )\T 9T]F]+ 9 ! POLITICAL P>LIAM5T>Y AGITATION1 & ?IS POLICY WAS FOLL[$ UNTIL #a#h#g#a4 ,H[EV]1 AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,G]MAN ,W>1 :5 ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,ASSOCIATION WAS PROHIBIT$ 9 ,FRANCE AFT] ! UPRIS+ ( ! ,COMMUNE1 ! ,G]MAN WORK+ M51 :O HAD RECEIV$ MANHOOD SUFFRAGE = ELECTIONS TO ! NEWLY CON/ITUT$ IMP]IAL P>LIAM5T1 9SI/$ UPON MODIFY+ ! TACTICS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL1 & BEGAN TO BUILD UP A ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL P>TY4 ,?IS SOON L$ TO A DIVISION 9 ! ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 & ! ,LAT9 F$]ATIONS1 ,SPANI%1 ,ITALIAN1 ,BELGIAN & ,JURASSIC 7,FRANCE C\LD NOT BE REPRES5T$71 CON/ITUT$ AMONG !MSELVES A ,F$]AL UNION :I* BROKE 5TIRELY ) ! ,M>XI/ G5]AL C\NCIL ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,)9 !SE F$]ATIONS DEVELOP$ N[ :AT MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS MOD]N AN>*ISM4 ,AFT] ! NAMES ( ',F$]ALI/S' & ',ANTI-AU?ORIT>IANS' HAD BE5 US$ = SOME TIME BY !SE F$]ATIONS ! NAME ( 'AN>*I/S'1 :I* !IR ADV]S>IES 9SI/$ UPON APPLY+ TO !M1 PREVAIL$1 & F9ALLY IT WAS REV9DICAT$4  

 ,BAKUN9 7Q4V47 SOON BECAME ! LEAD+ SPIRIT AMONG !SE ,LAT9 F$]ATIONS = ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM1 :I* HE DID 9 A NUMB] ( WRIT+S1 PAMPHLETS & LETT]S4 ,HE DEM&$ ! COMPLETE ABOLITION ( ! /ATE1 :I* -- HE WROTE -- IS A PRODUCT ( RELIGION1 BELONGS TO A L[] /ATE ( CIVILIZATION1 REPRES5TS ! NEGATION ( LIB]TY1 & SPOILS EV5 ?AT :I* IT UND]TAKES TO DO = ! SAKE ( G5]AL WELL-BE+4 ,! /ATE WAS AN HI/ORICALLY NECESS>Y EVIL1 BUT ITS COMPLETE EXT9CTION WILL BE1 SOON] OR LAT]1 EQUALLY NECESS>Y4 ,REPUDIAT+ ALL LEGISLATION1 EV5 :5 ISSU+ FROM UNIV]SAL SUFFRAGE1 ,BAKUN9 CLAIM$ = EA* NATION1 EA* REGION & EA* COMMUNE1 FULL AUTONOMY1 SO LONG AS IT IS NOT A M5ACE TO ITS NEI<BORS1 & FULL 9DEP5D5CE = ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ADD+ ?AT ONE BECOMES REALLY FREE ONLY :51 & 9 PROPORTION AS1 ALL O!RS >E FREE4 ,FREE F$]ATIONS ( ! COMMUNES W\LD CON/ITUTE FREE NATIONS4  

 ,AS TO HIS ECONOMICAL CONCEPTIONS1 ,BAKUN9 DESCRIB$ HIMSELF1 9 COMMON ) HIS ,F$]ALI/ COMRADES ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL 7,CES> ,DE ,PAEPE1 ,JAMES ,GUILLAUME1 ,S*WITZGUEBEL71 A 'COLLECTIVI/ AN>*I/' - NOT 9 ! S5SE ( ,VIDAL & ,PECQUEUR 9 ! #a#h#dS1 OR ( !IR MOD]N ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC FOLL[]S1 BUT TO EXPRESS A /ATE ( ?+S 9 :I* ALL NECESS>IES = PRODUCTION >E [N$ 9 COMMON BY ! LABOR GR\PS & ! FREE COMMUNES1 :ILE ! WAYS ( RETRIBUTION ( LABOR1 COMMUNI/ OR O!RWISE1 W\LD BE SETTL$ BY EA* GR\P = ITSELF4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! NE> APPROA* ( :I* WAS =ETOLD AT ?AT TIME BY ALL SOCIALI/S1 W\LD BE ! MEANS ( BR++ 9TO LIFE ! NEW CONDITIONS4  

 ,! ,JURASSIC1 ! ,SPANI% & ! ,ITALIAN F$]ATIONS & SECTIONS ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION1 AS ALSO ! ,FR5*1 ! ,G]MAN & ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ GR\PS1 W]E = ! NEXT YE>S ! *IEF C5T]S ( AN>*I/ ?\<T & PROPAG&A4 ,!Y REFRA9$ FROM ANY P>TICIPATION 9 P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS1 & ALWAYS KEPT 9 CLOSE CONTACT ) ! LABOR ORGANIZATIONS4 ,H[EV]1 9 ! SECOND HALF ( ! 'EI<TIES & ! E>LY 'N9ETIES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY1 :5 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! AN>*I/S BEGAN TO BE FELT 9 /RIKES1 9 ! #a/ ( ,MAY DEMON/RATIONS1 :]E !Y PROMOT$ ! IDEA ( A G5]AL /RIKE = AN EI<T H\RS' DAY1 & 9 ! ANTI-MILIT>I/ PROPAG&A 9 ! >MY1 VIOL5T PROSECUTIONS W]E DIRECT$ AGA9/ !M1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,LAT9 C\NTRIES 79CLUD+ PHYSICAL TORTURE 9 ! ,B>CELONA ,CA/LE7 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7! EXECUTION ( FIVE ,*ICAGO AN>*I/S 9 #a#h#h#g74 ,AGA9/ !SE PROSECUTIONS ! AN>*I/S RETALIAT$ BY ACTS ( VIOL5CE :I* 9 !IR TURN W]E FOLL[$ BY MORE EXECUTIONS FROM ABOVE1 & NEW ACTS ( REV5GE FROM BEL[4 ,?IS CREAT$ 9 ! G5]AL PUBLIC ! IMPRESSION ?AT VIOL5CE IS ! SUB/ANCE ( AN>*ISM1 A VIEW REPUDIAT$ BY ITS SUPPORT]S1 :O HOLD ?AT 9 REALITY VIOL5CE IS RESORT$ TO BY ALL P>TIES 9 PROPORTION AS !IR OP5 ACTION IS OB/RUCT$ BY REPRESSION1 & EXCEPTIONAL LAWS R5D] !M \TLAWS4 7,CF4 ,AN>*ISM & ,\TRAGE1 BY ,C4 ,M4 ,WILSON1 & ,REPORT ( ! ,SPANI% ,ATROCITIES ,COMMITTEE1 9 ',FRE$OM ,PAMPHLETS'2 ,A ,CONCISE ,HI/ORY ( ! ,GREAT ,TRIAL ( ! ,*ICAGO ,AN>*I/S1 BY ,DY] ,LUM 7,NEW ,YORK1 #a#h#h#f72 ,! ,*ICAGO ,M>TYRS3 ,SPEE*ES1 ETC474  

 ,AN>*ISM CONT9U$ TO DEVELOP1 P>TLY 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,PR\DHONIAN 'MUTUELLISME'1 BUT *IEFLY AS COMMUNI/-AN>*ISM1 TO :I* A ?IRD DIRECTION1 ,*RI/IAN-AN>*ISM1 WAS ADD$ BY ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 & A F\R?1 :I* MI<T BE ASCRIB$ AS LIT]>Y-AN>*ISM1 BEGAN AMONG SOME PROM95T MOD]N WRIT]S4  

 ,! IDEAS ( ,PR\DHON1 ESPECIALLY AS REG>DS MUTUAL BANK+1 CORRESPOND+ ) ?OSE ( ,JOSIAH ,W>R51 F\ND A CONSID]ABLE FOLL[+ 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 CREAT+ QUITE A S*OOL1 ( :I* ! MA9 WRIT]S >E ,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS1 ,WILLIAM ,G]NE1 ,LYS&] ,SPOON] 7:O BEGAN TO WRITE 9 #a#h#e1 & :OSE UNF9I%$ WORK1 ,NATURAL ,LAW1 WAS FULL ( PROMISE71 & SEV]AL O!RS1 :OSE NAMES WILL BE F\ND 9 ,DR ,NETTLAU'S ,BIBLIOGRAPHIE DE L'AN>*IE4  

 ,A PROM95T POSITION AMONG ! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S 9 ,AM]ICA HAS BE5 OCCUPI$ BY ,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK]1 :OSE J\RNAL ,LIB]TY WAS />T$ 9 #ahha & :OSE CONCEPTIONS >E A COMB9ATION ( ?OSE ( ,PR\DHON ) ?OSE ( ,H]B]T ,SP5C]4 ,/>T+ FROM ! /ATEM5T ?AT AN>*I/S >E EGOTI/S1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 & ?AT EV]Y GR\P ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BE IT A SECRET LEAGUE ( A FEW P]SONS1 OR ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 HAS ! RI<T TO OPPRESS ALL MANK9D1 PROVID$ IT HAS ! P[] TO DO SO1 ?AT EQUAL LIB]TY = ALL & ABSOLUTE EQUALITY \<T TO BE ! LAW1 & 'M9D EV]Y ONE Y\R [N BUS9ESS' IS ! UNIQUE MORAL LAW ( AN>*ISM1 ,TUCK] GOES ON TO PROVE ?AT A G5]AL & ?OR\< APPLICATION ( !SE PR9CIPLES W\LD BE B5EFICIAL & W\LD (F] NO DANG]1 BECAUSE ! P[]S ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL W\LD BE LIMIT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( ! EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL O!RS4 ,HE FUR!R 9DICAT$ 7FOLL[+ ,H4 ,SP5C]7 ! DIFF]5CE :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! 5CROA*M5T ON SOMEBODY'S RI<TS & RESI/ANCE TO SU* AN 5CROA*M5T2 BETWE5 DOM9ATION & DEF5SE3 ! =M] BE+ EQUALLY CONDEMNABLE1 :E!R IT BE 5CROA*M5T ( A CRIM9AL UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL1 OR ! 5CROA*M5T ( ONE UPON ALL O!RS1 OR ( ALL O!RS UPON ONE2 :ILE RESI/ANCE TO 5CROA*M5T IS DEF5SIBLE & NECESS>Y4 ,= !IR SELF-DEF5SE1 BO? ! CITIZ5 & ! GR\P HAVE ! RI<T TO ANY VIOL5CE1 9CLUD+ CAPITAL PUNI%M5T4 ,VIOL5CE IS ALSO JU/IFI$ = 5=C+ ! DUTY ( KEEP+ AN AGREEM5T4 ,TUCK] ?US FOLL[S ,SP5C]1 &1 LIKE HIM1 OP5S 79 ! PRES5T WRIT]'S OP9ION7 ! WAY = RECON/ITUT+ UND] ! HEAD+ ( 'DEF5SE' ALL ! FUNCTIONS ( ! /ATE4 ,HIS CRITICISM ( ! PRES5T /ATE IS V]Y SE>*+1 & HIS DEF5SE ( ! RI<TS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL V]Y P[]FUL4 ,AS REG>DS HIS ECONOMICAL VIEWS ,B4 ,R4 ,TUCK] FOLL[S ,PR\DHON4  

 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,PR\DHONIANS F9DS1 H[EV]1 BUT LITTLE SYMPA?Y AMONG ! WORK+ MASSES4 ,?OSE :O PR(ESS IT - !Y >E *IEFLY '9TELLECTUALS' - SOON REALIZE ?AT ! 9DIVIDUALIZATION !Y SO HI<LY PRAISE IS NOT ATTA9ABLE BY 9DIVIDUAL EF=TS1 & EI!R AB&ON ! RANKS ( ! AN>*I/S1 & >E DRIV5 9TO ! LIB]AL 9DIVIDUALISM ( ! CLASSICAL ECONOMI/ OR !Y RETIRE 9TO A SORT ( ,EPICUREAN AMORALISM1 OR SUP]MAN !ORY1 SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,/IRN] & ,NIETZS*E4 ,! GREAT BULK ( ! AN>*I/ WORK+ M5 PREF] ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ IDEAS :I* HAVE GRADUALLY EVOLV$ \T ( ! AN>*I/ COLLECTIVISM ( ! ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK+ ,M5'S ,ASSOCIATION4 ,TO ?IS DIRECTION BELONG - TO NAME ONLY ! BETT] KN[N EXPON5TS ( AN>*ISM  ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 ,EMILE ,P\GET 9 ,FRANCE2 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A & ,COVELLI 9 ,ITALY2 ,R4 ,MELLA1 ,A4 ,LOR5ZO1 & ! MO/LY UNKN[N AU?ORS ( MANY EXCELL5T MANIFE/OS 9 ,SPA92 ,JOHN ,MO/ AMONG ! ,G]MANS2 ,SPIES1 ,P>SONS & !IR FOLL[]S 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & SO ON2 :ILE ,DOMELA ,NIEUW5HUIS OCCUPIES AN 9T]M$IATE POSITION 9 ,HOLL&4 ,! *IEF AN>*I/ PAP]S :I* HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ S9CE #ahh ALSO BELONG TO ?AT DIRECTION2 :ILE A NUMB] ( AN>*I/S ( ?IS DIRECTION HAVE JO9$ ! SO-CALL$ SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T- ! ,FR5* NAME = ! NONPOLITICAL LABOR MOVEM5T1 DEVOT$ TO DIRECT /RUGGLE ) CAPITALISM1 :I* HAS LATELY BECOME SO PROM95T 9 ,EUROPE4  

 ,AS ONE ( ! AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ DIRECTION1 ! PRES5T WRIT] = MANY YE>S 5DEAVOR$ TO DEVELOP ! FOLL[+ IDEAS3 TO %[ ! 9TIMATE1 LOGICAL CONNECTION :I* EXI/S BETWE5 ! MOD]N PHILOSOPHY ( NATURAL SCI5CES & AN>*ISM2 TO PUT AN>*ISM ON A SCI5TIFIC BASIS BY ! /UDY ( ! T5D5CIES ?AT >E APP>5T N[ 9 SOCIETY & MAY 9DICATE ITS FUR!R EVOLUTION2 & TO WORK \T ! BASIS ( AN>*I/ E?ICS4 ,AS REG>DS ! SUB/ANCE ( AN>*ISM ITSELF1 IT WAS ,KROPOTK9'S AIM TO PROVE ?AT COMMUNISM  AT LEA/ P>TIAL - HAS MORE *ANCES ( BE+ E/ABLI%$ ?AN COLLECTIVISM1 ESPECIALLY 9 COMMUNES TAK+ ! LEAD1 & ?AT FREE1 OR AN>*I/-COMMUNISM IS ! ONLY =M ( COMMUNISM ?AT HAS ANY *ANCE ( BE+ ACCEPT$ 9 CIVILIZ$ SOCIETIES2 COMMUNISM & AN>*Y >E !RE=E TWO T]MS ( EVOLUTION :I* COMPLETE EA* O!R1 ! ONE R5D]+ ! O!R POSSIBLE & ACCEPTABLE4 ,HE HAS TRI$1 MOREOV]1 TO 9DICATE H[1 DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 A L>GE CITY - IF ITS 9HABITANTS HAVE ACCEPT$ ! IDEA  C\LD ORGANIZE ITSELF ON ! L9ES ( FREE COMMUNISM2 ! CITY GU>ANTEE+ TO EV]Y 9HABITANT DWELL+1 FOOD & CLO?+ TO AN EXT5T CORRESPOND+ TO ! COM=T N[ AVAILABLE TO ! MIDDLE CLASSES ONLY1 9 EX*ANGE = A HALF-DAY'S1 OR FIVE-H\RS' WORK2 & H[ ALL ?OSE ?+S :I* W\LD BE CONSID]$ AS LUXURIES MI<T BE OBTA9$ BY EV]YONE IF HE JO9S = ! O!R HALF ( ! DAY ALL SORTS ( FREE ASSOCIATIONS PURSU+ ALL POSSIBLE AIMS - $UCATIONAL1 LIT]>Y1 SCI5TIFIC1 >TI/IC1 SPORTS & SO ON4 ,9 ORD] TO PROVE ! FIR/ ( !SE ASS]TIONS HE HAS ANALYZ$ ! POSSIBILITIES ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RIAL WORK1 BO? BE+ COMB9$ ) BRA9 WORK4 ,& 9 ORD] TO ELUCIDATE ! MA9 FACTORS ( HUMAN EVOLUTION1 HE HAS ANALYZ$ ! P>T PLAY$ 9 HI/ORY BY ! POPUL> CON/RUCTIVE AG5CIES ( MUTUAL AID & ! HI/ORICAL ROLE ( ! /ATE4  

   ,)\T NAM+ HIMSELF AN AN>*I/1 ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 LIKE HIS PR$ECESSORS 9 ! POPUL> RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS ( ! FIFTE5? & SIXTE5? C5TURIES1 ,*OJECKI1 ,D5K & MANY O!RS1 TOOK ! AN>*I/ POSITION AS REG>DS ! /ATE & PROP]TY RI<TS1 D$UC+ HIS CONCLUSIONS FROM ! G5]AL SPIRIT ( ! TEA*+S ( ! ,*RI/ & FROM ! NECESS>Y DICTATES ( REASON4 ,) ALL ! MI<T ( HIS TAL5T HE MADE 7ESPECIALLY 9 ,! ,K+DOM ( ,GOD 9 ,Y\RSELVES7 A P[]FUL CRITICISM ( ! *UR*1 ! /ATE & LAW ALTOGE!R1 & ESPECIALLY ( ! PRES5T PROP]TY LAWS4 ,HE DESCRIBES ! /ATE AS ! DOM9ATION ( ! WICK$ ONES1 SUPPORT$ BY BRUTAL =CE4 ,ROBB]S1 HE SAYS1 >E F> LESS DANG]\S ?AN A WELL-ORGANIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,HE MAKES A SE>*+ CRITICISM ( ! PREJUDICES :I* >E CURR5T N[ CONC]N+ ! B5EFITS CONF]R$ UPON M5 BY ! *UR*1 ! /ATE & ! EXI/+ DI/RIBUTION ( PROP]TY1 & FROM ! TEA*+S ( ! ,*RI/ HE D$UCES ! RULE ( NONRESI/ANCE & ! ABSOLUTE CONDEMNATION ( ALL W>S4 ,HIS RELIGI\S >GUM5TS >E1 H[EV]1 SO WELL COMB9$ ) >GUM5TS BORR[$ FROM A DISPASSIONATE OBS]VATION ( ! PRES5T EVILS1 ?AT ! AN>*I/ PORTIONS ( HIS WORKS APPEAL TO ! RELIGI\S & ! NON-RELIGI\S READ] ALIKE4 

   ,IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO REPRES5T H]E1 9 A %ORT SKET*1 ! P5ETRATION1 ON ! ONE H&1 ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9TO MOD]N LIT]ATURE1 & ! 9FLU5CE1 ON ! O!R H&1 :I* ! LIB]T>IAN IDEAS ( ! BE/ CONTEMPOR>Y WRIT]S HAVE EX]CIS$ UPON ! DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM4 ,ONE \<T TO CONSULT ! T5 BIG VOLUMES ( ! ,SUPPLEM5T ,LITT]AIRE TO ! PAP] ,LA ,REVOLTE & LAT] ! ,TEMPS ,N\VEAUX1 :I* CONTA9 REPRODUCTIONS FROM ! WORKS ( HUNDR$S ( MOD]N AU?ORS EXPRESS+ AN>*I/ IDEAS1 9 ORD] TO REALIZE H[ CLOSELY AN>*ISM IS CONNECT$ ) ALL ! 9TELLECTUAL MOVEM5T ( \R [N TIMES4 ,J4 ,S4 ,MILL'S ,LIB]TY1 ,SP5C]'S ,9DIVIDUAL V]SUS ! ,/ATE1 ,M>C ,GUYAU'S ,MORALITY )\T ,OBLIGATION OR ,SANCTION1 & ,F\ILLEE'S ,LA ,MORALE1 ,I'>T ET LA RELIGION1 ! WORKS ( ,MULTATULI 7,E4 ,D\WES ,DEKK]71 ,RI*>D ,WAGN]'S ,>T & ,REVOLUTION1 ! WORKS ( ,NIETZS*E1 ,EM]SON1 ,W4 ,LLOYD ,G>RISON1 ,?OREAU1 ,ALEX&] ,H]Z51 ,$W>D ,C>P5T] & SO ON2 & 9 ! DOMA9 ( FICTION1 ! DRAMAS ( ,IBS51 ! POETRY ( ,WALT ,:ITMAN1 ,TOL/OY'S ,W> & ,PEACE1 ,ZOLA'S ,P>IS & ,LE ,TRAVAIL1 ! LATE/ WORKS ( ,M]EZHKOVSKY1 & AN 9F9ITY ( WORKS ( LESS KN[N AU?ORS1 >E FULL ( IDEAS :I* %[ H[ CLOSELY AN>*ISM IS 9T]WOV5 ) ! WORK ?AT IS GO+ ON 9 MOD]N ?\<T 9 ! SAME DIRECTION ( 5FRAN*ISEM5T ( MAN FROM ! BONDS ( ! /ATE AS WELL AS FROM ?OSE ( CAPITALISM4  

0,AN>*ISM01 
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,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aii 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM -- ,UPDAT$4 

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