,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 

,TAGS 3 *UR* & /ATE1 PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 ACTS ( REVOLT1 MAN ( SCI5CE1 IDEAL ( SOCIETY1 DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 FRE$OM ( ACTION1 /REETS ( P>IS1 CAPITAL & /ATE4 

,TEXT 3 

,A,N,>,*,I,S,M3 
,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & LDEAL4 

,TRANSLAT$ FROM ! ,G]MAN BY ,H>RY ,LYMAN ,KOOPMAN4 

  

,PHOTO BY ,*RI/OPH] ,LUCKA1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE ,EV] REVIL$1 ACCURS$1-N'] UND]/OOD1 

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0,WRECK ( ALL ORD]10 CRY ! MULTITUDE1 

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,O1 LET !M CRY4  ,TO !M ?AT NE'] HAVE /RIV51 

,! TRU? ?AT LIES BEH9D A WORD TO F9D1 

,TO !M ! WORD'S RI<T MEAN+ WAS NOT GIV54 

,!Y %ALL CONT9UE BL9D AMONG ! BL9D4 

,BUT ?\1 ,O WORD1 SO CLE>1 SO /RONG1 SO PURE1 

,?AT SAYE/ ALL :I* ,I = GOAL HAVE TAK54 

,I GIVE !E TO ! FUTURE6 -,?9E SECURE 

,:5 EA* AT LA/ UNTO HIMSELF %ALL WAK54 

,COMES IT 9 SUN%9E8 ,9 ! TEMPE/'S ?RILL8 

,I CANNOT TELL444444BUT IT ! E>? %ALL SEE6 

,I AM AN ,AN>*I/6 ,:]E=E ,I WILL 

,NOT RULE1 & ALSO RUL$ ,I WILL NOT BE6 

-,JOHN ,H5RY ,MACKAY4 

    ,IT IS NOT )\T A C]TA9 HESITATION ?AT ,I HAVE DECID$ TO TAKE ! PHILOSOPHY & IDEAL ( ,AN>*Y AS ! SUBJECT ( ?IS LECTURE4 
  

     
,?OSE :O >E P]SUAD$ ?AT ,AN>*Y IS A COLLECTION ( VISIONS RELAT+ TO ! FUTURE1 & AN UNCONSCI\S /RIV+ T[>D ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL PRES5T CIVILIZATION1 >E /ILL V]Y NUM]\S2 & TO CLE> ! GR\ND ( SU* PREJUDICES ( \R $UCATION AS MA9TA9 ?IS VIEW WE %\LD HAVE1 P]HAPS1 TO 5T] 9TO MANY DETAILS :I* IT W\LD BE DIFFICULT TO EMBODY 9 A S+LE LECTURE4 ,DID NOT ! ,P>ISIAN PRESS1 ONLY TWO OR ?REE YE>S AGO1 MA9TA9 ?AT ! :OLE PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*Y CONSI/$ 9 DE/RUCTION1 & ?AT ITS ONLY >GUM5T WAS VIOL5CE8 
  

     
,NEV]!LESS ,AN>*I/S HAVE BE5 SPOK5 ( SO MU* LATELY1 ?AT P>T ( ! PUBLIC HAS AT LA/ TAK5 TO READ+ & DISCUSS+ \R DOCTR9ES4 ,SOMETIMES M5 HAVE EV5 GIV5 !MSELVES TR\BLE TO REFLECT1 & AT ! PRES5T MOM5T WE HAVE AT LEA/ GA9$ A PO9T3 IT IS WILL+LY ADMITT$ ?AT ,AN>*I/S HAVE AN IDEAL4 ,!IR IDEAL IS EV5 F\ND TOO BEAUTIFUL1 TOO L(TY = A SOCIETY NOT COMPOS$ ( SUP]IOR BE+S4 
   

     
,BUT IS IT NOT PRET5TI\S ON MY P>T TO SPEAK ( A PHILOSOPHY1 :51 ACCORD+ TO \R CRITICS1 \R IDEAS >E BUT DIM VISIONS ( A DI/ANT FUTURE8 ,CAN ,AN>*Y PRET5D TO POSSESS A PHILOSOPHY1 :5 IT IS D5I$ ?AT ,SOCIALISM HAS ONE8 

     
,?IS IS :AT ,I AM AB\T TO ANSW] ) ALL POSSIBLE PRECISION & CLE>NESS1 ONLY ASK+ Y\ TO EXCUSE ME BE=EH& IF ,I REPEAT AN EXAMPLE OR TWO :I* ,I HAVE ALREADY GIV5 AT A ,LONDON LECTURE1 & :I* SEEM TO BE BE/ FITT$ TO EXPLA9 :AT IS MEANT BY ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,AN>*ISM4 

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,Y\ WILL NOT BE> ME ANY ILL WILL IF ,I BEG9 BY TAK+ A FEW ELEM5T>Y ILLU/RATIONS BORR[$ FROM NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,NOT = ! PURPOSE ( D$UC+ \R SOCIAL IDEAS FROM !M -- F> FROM IT2 BUT SIMPLY ! BETT] TO SET (F C]TA9 RELATIONS1 :I* >E EASI] GRASP$ 9 PH5OM5A V]IFI$ BY ! EXACT SCI5CES ?AN 9 EXAMPLES ONLY TAK5 FROM ! COMPLEX FACTS ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4 

     
,WELL1 !N1 :AT ESPECIALLY /RIKES US AT PRES5T 9 EXACT SCI5CES1 IS ! PR(\ND MODIFICATION :I* !Y >E UND]GO+ N[1 9 ! :OLE ( !IR CONCEPTIONS & 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! FACTS ( ! UNIV]SE4 

     
,!RE WAS A TIME1 Y\ KN[1 :5 MAN IMAG9$ ! E>? PLAC$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,SUN1 MOON1 PLANETS & />S SEEM$ TO ROLL R\ND \R GLOBE2 & ?IS GLOBE1 9HABIT$ BY MAN1 REPRES5T$ = HIM ! C5T] ( CREATION4 ,HE HIMSELF -- ! SUP]IOR BE+ ON HIS PLANET -- WAS ! ELECT$ ( HIS ,CREATOR4 ,! SUN1 ! MOON1 ! />S W]E BUT MADE = HIM2 T[>D HIM WAS DIRECT$ ALL ! ATT5TION ( A ,GOD1 :O WAT*$ ! LEA/ ( HIS ACTIONS1 >RE/$ ! SUN'S C\RSE = HIM1 WAFT$ 9 ! CL\DS1 LAUN*+ HIS %[]S OR HIS ?UND]BOLTS ON FIELDS & CITIES1 TO RECOMP5SE ! VIRTUE OR PUNI% ! CRIMES ( MANK9D4 ,= ?\S&S ( YE>S MAN ?US CONCEIV$ ! UNIV]SE4 
   

     
,Y\ KN[ ALSO :AT AN IMM5SE *ANGE WAS PRODUC$ 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY 9 ALL CONCEPTIONS ( ! CIVILIZ$ P>T ( MANK9D1 :5 IT WAS DEMON/RAT$ ?AT1 F> FROM BE+ ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE1 ! E>? WAS ONLY A GRA9 ( S& 9 ! SOL> SY/EM-A BALL1 MU* SMALL] EV5 ?AN ! O!R PLANETS2 ?AT ! SUN ITSELF -- ?\< IMM5SE 9 COMP>ISON TO \R LITTLE E>?1 WAS BUT A /> AMONG MANY O!R C\NTLESS />S :I* WE SEE %9+ 9 ! SKIES & SW>M+ 9 ! ,MILKY ,WAY4 ,H[ SMALL MAN APPE>$ 9 COMP>ISON TO ?IS IMM5SITY )\T LIMITS1 H[ RIDICUL\S HIS PRET5SIONS6 ,ALL ! PHILOSOPHY ( ?AT EPO*1 ALL SOCIAL & RELIGI\S CONCEPTIONS1 FELT ! EFFECTS ( ?IS TRANS=MATION 9 COSMOGONY4 ,NATURAL SCI5CE1 :OSE PRES5T DEVELOPM5T WE >E SO PR\D (1 ONLY DATES FROM ?AT TIME4 
   

     
,BUT A *ANGE1 MU* MORE PR(\ND1 & ) F> WID] REA*+ RESULTS1 IS BE+ EFFECT$ AT ! PRES5T TIME 9 ! :OLE ( ! SCI5CES1 & ,AN>*Y1 Y\ WILL SEE1 IS BUT ONE ( ! MANY MANIFE/ATIONS ( ?IS EVOLUTION4 

     
,TAKE ANY WORK ON A/RONOMY ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 OR ! BEG9N+ ( \RS4 ,Y\ WILL NO LONG] F9D 9 IT1 IT GOES )\T SAY+1 \R T9Y PLANET PLAC$ 9 ! C5T] ( ! UNIV]SE4 ,BUT Y\ WILL MEET AT EV]Y /EP ! IDEA ( A C5TRAL LUM9>Y -- ! SUN -- :I* BY ITS P[]FUL ATTRACTION GOV]NS \R PLANET>Y WORLD4 ,FROM ?IS C5TRAL BODY RADIATES A =CE GUID+ ! C\RSE ( ! PLANETS1 & MA9TA9+ ! H>MONY ( ! SY/EM4 ,ISSU$ FROM A C5TRAL AGGLOM]ATION1 PLANETS HAVE1 SO TO SAY1 BUDD$ FROM IT2 !Y [E !IR BIR? TO ?IS AGGLOM]ATION2 !Y [E EV]Y?+ TO ! RADIANT /> ?AT REPRES5TS IT /ILL3 ! RHY?M ( !IR MOVEM5TS1 !IR ORBITS SET AT WISELY REGULAT$ DI/ANCES1 ! LIFE ?AT ANIMATES !M & ADORNS !IR SURFACES4 ,& :5 ANY P]TURBATION DI/URBS !IR C\RSE & MAKES !M DEVIATE FROM !IR ORBITS1 ! C5TRAL BODY REE/ABLI%ES ORD] 9 ! SY/EM2 IT ASSURES & P]PETUATES ITS EXI/5CE4 
   

     
,?IS CONCEPTION1 H[EV]1 IS ALSO DISAPPE>+ AS ! O!R ONE DID4 ,AFT] HAV+ FIX$ ALL !IR ATT5TION ON ! SUN & ! L>GE PLANETS1 A/RONOM]S >E BEG9N+ TO /UDY N[ ! 9F9ITELY SMALL ONES ?AT PEOPLE ! UNIV]SE4 ,& !Y DISCOV] ?AT ! 9T]PLANET>Y & 9T]/ELL> SPACES >E PEOPL$ & CROSS$ 9 ALL IMAG9ABLE DIRECTIONS BY LITTLE SW>MS ( MATT]1 9VISIBLE1 9F9ITELY SMALL :5 TAK5 SEP>ATELY1 BUT ALL-P[]FUL 9 !IR NUMB]S4 ,AMONG ?OSE MASSES1 SOME1 LIKE ! BOLIDE ?AT FELL 9 ,SPA9 SOME TIME AGO1 >E /ILL RA!R BIG2 O!RS WEI< BUT A FEW \NCES OR GRA9S1 :ILE >\ND !M IS WAFT$ DU/1 ALMO/ MICROSCOPIC1 FILL+ UP ! SPACES4 
  

     
,IT IS TO ?IS DU/1 TO !SE 9F9ITELY T9Y BODIES ?AT DA% ?R\< SPACE 9 ALL DIRECTIONS ) GIDDY SWIFTNESS1 ?AT CLA% ) ONE ANO!R1 AGGLOM]ATE1 DIS9TEGRATE1 EV]Y:]E & ALWAYS1 IT IS TO !M ?AT TODAY A/RONOM]S LOOK = AN EXPLANATION ( ! ORIG9 ( \R SOL> SY/EM1 ! MOVEM5TS ?AT ANIMATE ITS P>TS1 & ! H>MONY ( !IR :OLE4 ,YET ANO!R /EP1 & SOON UNIV]SAL GRAVITATION ITSELF WILL BE BUT ! RESULT ( ALL ! DISORD]$ & 9COH]5T MOVEM5TS ( !SE 9F9ITELY SMALL BODIES -- ( OSCILLATIONS ( ATOMS ?AT MANIFE/ !MSELVES 9 ALL POSSIBLE DIRECTIONS4 ,?US ! C5T]1 ! ORIG9 ( =CE1 =M]LY TRANSF]R$ FROM ! E>? TO ! SUN1 N[ TURNS \T TO BE SCATT]$ & DISSEM9AT$3 IT IS EV]Y:]E & NO:]E4 ,) ! A/RONOM]1 WE P]CEIVE ?AT SOL> SY/EMS >E ! WORK ( 9F9ITELY SMALL BODIES2 ?AT ! P[] :I* WAS SUPPOS$ TO GOV]N ! SY/EM IS ITSELF BUT ! RESULT ( ! COLLISIONS AMONG ?OSE 9F9ITELY T9Y CLU/]S ( MATT]1 ?AT ! H>MONY ( /ELL> SY/EMS IS H>MONY ONLY BECAUSE IT IS AN ADAPTATION1 A RESULTANT ( ALL !SE NUMB]LESS MOVEM5TS UNIT+1 COMPLET+1 EQUILIBRAT+ ONE ANO!R4 
  

     
,! :OLE ASPECT ( ! UNIV]SE *ANGES ) ?IS NEW CONCEPTION4 ,! IDEA ( =CE GOV]N+ ! WORLD1 ( PRE-E/ABLI%$ LAW1 PRECONCEIV$ H>MONY1 DISAPPE>S TO MAKE ROOM = ! H>MONY ?AT ,F\RI] HAD CAU<T A GLIMPSE (3 ! ONE :I* RESULTS FROM ! DISORD]LY & 9COH]5T MOVEM5TS ( NUMB]LESS HO/S ( MATT]1 EA* ( :I* GOES ITS [N WAY & ALL ( :I* HOLD EA* O!R 9 EQUILIBRIUM4 

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,IF IT W]E ONLY A/RONOMY ?AT W]E UND]GO+ ?IS *ANGE6 ,BUT NO2 ! SAME MODIFICATION TAKES PLACE 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ALL SCI5CES )\T EXCEPTION2 ?OSE :I* /UDY NATURE AS WELL AS ?OSE :I* /UDY HUMAN RELATIONS4 
   

     
,9 PHYSICAL SCI5CES1 ! 5TITIES ( HEAT1 MAGNETISM1 & ELECTRICITY DISAPPE>4 ,:5 A PHYSICI/ SPEAKS TODAY ( A HEAT$ OR ELECTRIFI$ BODY1 HE NO LONG] SEES AN 9ANIMATE MASS1 TO :I* AN UNKN[N =CE %\LD BE ADD$4 ,HE /RIVES TO RECOGNIZE 9 ?IS BODY & 9 ! SURR\ND+ SPACE1 ! C\RSE1 ! VIBRATIONS ( 9F9ITELY SMALL ATOMS :I* DA% 9 ALL DIRECTIONS1 VIBRATE1 MOVE1 LIVE1 & BY !IR VIBRATIONS1 !IR %OCKS1 !IR LIFE1 PRODUCE ! PH5OM5A ( HEAT1 LI<T1 MAGNETISM OR ELECTRICITY4 
   

     
,9 SCI5CES ?AT TREAT ( ORGANIC LIFE1 ! NOTION ( SPECIES & ITS V>IATIONS IS BE+ SUB/ITUT$ BY A NOTION ( ! V>IATIONS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! BOTANI/ & ZOOLOGI/ /UDY ! 9DIVIDUAL -- HIS LIFE1 HIS ADAPTATIONS TO HIS SURR\ND+S4 ,*ANGES PRODUC$ 9 HIM BY ! ACTION ( DR\<T OR DAMP1 HEAT OR COLD1 ABUNDANCE OR POV]TY ( N\RI%M5T1 ( HIS MORE OR LESS S5SITIV5ESS TO ! ACTION ( EXT]IOR SURR\ND+S WILL ORIG9ATE SPECIES2 & ! V>IATIONS ( SPECIES >E N[ = ! BIOLOGI/ BUT RESULTANTS -- A GIV5 SUM ( V>IATIONS ?AT HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ 9 EA* 9DIVIDUAL SEP>ATELY4 .<,?IS !ORY1 ,LAM>CKISM1 IS ?OR\<LY DISCR$IT$ TODAY1 & IT ONLY HELD A T5U\S POSITION 9 ! SCI5CE ( EV5 ,KROPOTK9'S DAY4 -- ,&Y ,C>L(F.> ,A SPECIES WILL BE :AT ! 9DIVIDUALS >E1 EA* UND]GO+ NUMB]LESS 9FLU5CES FROM ! SURR\ND+S 9 :I* !Y LIVE1 & TO :I* !Y CORRESPOND EA* 9 HIS [N WAY4 
   

     
,& :5 A PHYSIOLOGI/ SPEAKS N[ ( ! LIFE ( A PLANT OR ( AN ANIMAL1 HE SEES RA!R AN AGGLOM]ATION1 A COLONY ( MILLIONS ( SEP>ATE 9DIVIDUALS ?AN A P]SONALITY ONE & 9DIVISIBLE4 ,HE SPEAKS ( A F$]ATION ( DIGE/IVE1 S5SUAL1 N]V\S ORGANS1 ALL V]Y 9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ) ONE ANO!R1 EA* FEEL+ ! CONSEQU5CE ( ! WELL-BE+ OR 9DISPOSITION ( EA*1 BUT EA* LIV+ ITS [N LIFE4 ,EA* ORGAN1 EA* P>T ( AN ORGAN 9 ITS TURN IS COMPOS$ ( 9DEP5D5T CELLULES :I* ASSOCIATE TO /RUGGLE AGA9/ CONDITIONS UNFAVORABLE TO !IR EXI/5CE4 ,! 9DIVIDUAL IS QUITE A WORLD ( F$]ATIONS1 A :OLE UNIV]SE 9 HIMSELF4 

     
,& 9 ?IS WORLD ( AGGREGAT$ BE+S ! PHYSIOLOGI/ SEES ! AUTONOM\S CELLS ( BLOOD1 ( ! TISSUES1 ( ! N]VE-C5T]S2 HE RECOGNIZES ! MILLIONS ( :ITE CORPUSCLES -- ! PHAGOCYTES -- :O W5D !IR WAY TO ! P>TS ( ! BODY 9FECT$ BY MICROBES 9 ORD] TO GIVE BATTLE TO ! 9VAD]S4 ,MORE ?AN ?AT3 9 EA* MICROSCOPIC CELL HE DISCOV]S TODAY A WORLD ( AUTONOM\S ORGANISMS1 EA* ( :I* LIVES ITS [N LIFE1 LOOKS = WELL-BE+ = ITSELF & ATTA9S IT BY GR\P+ & ASSOCIAT+ ITSELF ) O!RS4 ,9 %ORT1 EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS A COSMOS ( ORGANS1 EA* ORGAN IS A COSMOS ( CELLS1 EA* CELL IS A COSMOS ( 9F9ITELY SMALL ONES2 & 9 ?IS COMPLEX WORLD1 ! WELL-BE+ ( ! :OLE DEP5DS 5TIRELY ON ! SUM ( WELL-BE+ 5JOY$ BY EA* ( ! LEA/ MICROSCOPIC P>TICLES ( ORGANIZ$ MATT]4 ,A :OLE REVOLUTION IS ?US PRODUC$ 9 ! PHILOSOPHY ( LIFE4 

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,BUT IT IS ESPECIALLY 9 PSY*OLOGY ?AT ?IS REVOLUTION LEADS TO CONSEQU5CES ( GREAT IMPORTANCE4 
  

     
,QUITE REC5TLY ! PSY*OLOGI/ SPOKE ( MAN AS AN 5TIRE BE+1 ONE & 9DIVISIBLE4 ,REMA9+ FAI?FUL TO RELIGI\S TRADITION1 HE US$ TO CLASS M5 AS GOOD & BAD1 9TELLIG5T & /UPID1 EGOTI/S & ALTRUI/S4 ,EV5 ) MAT]IALI/S ( ! EI<TE5? C5TURY1 ! IDEA ( A S\L1 ( AN 9DIVISIBLE 5TITY1 WAS /ILL UPHELD4 

     
,BUT :AT W\LD WE ?9K TODAY ( A PSY*OLOGI/ :O W\LD /ILL SPEAK LIKE ?IS6 ,! MOD]N PSY*OLOGI/ SEES 9 MAN A MULTITUDE ( SEP>ATE FACULTIES1 AUTONOM\S T5D5CIES1 EQUAL AMONG !MSELVES1 P]=M+ !IR FUNCTIONS 9DEP5D5TLY1 BALANC+1 OPPOS+ ONE ANO!R CONT9UALLY4 ,TAK5 AS A :OLE1 MAN IS NO?+ BUT A RESULTANT1 ALWAYS *ANGEABLE1 ( ALL HIS DIV]SE FACULTIES1 ( ALL HIS AUTONOM\S T5D5CIES1 ( BRA9 CELLS & N]VE C5T]S4 ,ALL >E RELAT$ SO CLOSELY TO ONE ANO!R ?AT !Y EA* REACT ON ALL ! O!RS1 BUT !Y LEAD !IR [N LIFE )\T BE+ SUBORD9AT$ TO A C5TRAL ORGAN -- ! S\L4 

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,)\T 5T]+ 9TO FUR!R DETAILS Y\ ?US SEE ?AT A PR(\ND MODIFICATION IS BE+ PRODUC$ AT ?IS MOM5T 9 ! :OLE ( NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,NOT ?AT ?IS ANALYSIS IS EXT5D$ TO DETAILS =M]LY NEGLECT$4 ,NO6 ,! FACTS >E NOT NEW1 BUT ! WAY ( LOOK+ AT !M IS 9 C\RSE ( EVOLUTION2 & IF WE HAD TO *>ACT]IZE ?IS T5D5CY 9 A FEW WORDS1 WE MI<T SAY ?AT IF =M]LY SCI5CE /ROVE TO /UDY ! RESULTS & ! GREAT SUMS 79TEGRALS1 AS MA!MATICIANS SAY71 TODAY IT /RIVES TO /UDY ! 9F9ITELY SMALL ONES -- ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :I* ?OSE SUMS >E COMPOS$ & 9 :I* IT N[ RECOGNIZES 9DEP5D5CE & 9DIVIDUALITY AT ! SAME TIME AS ?IS 9TIMATE AGGREGATION4 

     
,AS TO ! H>MONY ?AT ! HUMAN M9D DISCOV]S 9 ,NATURE1 & :I* H>MONY IS1 ON ! :OLE1 BUT ! V]IFICATION ( A C]TA9 /ABILITY ( PH5OM5A1 ! MOD]N MAN ( SCI5CE NO D\BT RECOGNIZES IT MORE ?AN EV]4 ,BUT HE NO LONG] TRIES TO EXPLA9 IT BY ! ACTION ( LAWS CONCEIV$ ACCORD+ TO A C]TA9 PLAN PREE/ABLI%$ BY AN 9TELLIG5T WILL4 
  

     
,:AT US$ TO BE CALL$ 0NATURAL LAW0 IS NO?+ BUT A C]TA9 RELATION AMONG PH5OM5A :I* WE DIMLY SEE1 & EA* 0LAW0 TAKES A TEMPOR>Y *>ACT] ( CAUSALITY2 ?AT IS TO SAY3 ,IF SU* A PH5OM5ON IS PRODUC$ UND] SU* CONDITIONS1 SU* ANO!R PH5OM5ON WILL FOLL[4 ,NO LAW PLAC$ \TSIDE ! PH5OM5A3 EA* PH5OM5ON GOV]NS ?AT :I* FOLL[S IT -- NOT LAW4 
   

     
,NO?+ PRECONCEIV$ 9 :AT WE CALL H>MONY 9 ,NATURE4 ,! *ANCE ( COLLISIONS & 5C\NT]S HAS SUFFIC$ TO E/ABLI% IT4 ,SU* A PH5OM5ON WILL LA/ = C5TURIES BECAUSE ! ADAPTATION1 ! EQUILIBRIUM IT REPRES5TS HAS TAK5 C5TURIES TO BE E/ABLI%$2 :ILE SU* ANO!R WILL LA/ BUT AN 9/ANT IF ?AT =M ( MOM5T>Y EQUILIBRIUM WAS BORN 9 AN 9/ANT4 ,IF ! PLANETS ( \R SOL> SY/EM DO NOT COLLIDE ) ONE ANO!R & DO NOT DE/ROY ONE ANO!R EV]Y DAY1 IF !Y LA/ MILLIONS ( YE>S1 IT IS BECAUSE !Y REPRES5T AN EQUILIBRIUM ?AT HAS TAK5 MILLIONS ( C5TURIES TO E/ABLI% AS A RESULTANT ( MILLIONS ( BL9D =CES4 ,IF CONT95TS >E NOT CONT9UALLY DE/ROY$ BY VOLCANIC %OCKS1 IT IS BECAUSE !Y HAVE TAK5 ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( C5TURIES TO BUILD UP1 MOLECULE BY MOLECULE1 & TO TAKE !IR PRES5T %APE4 ,BUT LI<TN+ WILL ONLY LA/ AN 9/ANT2 BECAUSE IT REPRES5TS A MOM5T>Y RUPTURE ( ! EQUILIBRIUM1 A SUDD5 R$I/RIBUTION ( =CE4 
   

     
,H>MONY ?US APPE>S AS A TEMPOR>Y ADJU/M5T1 E/ABLI%$ AMONG ALL =CES ACT+ UPON A GIV5 SPOT -- A PROVISORY ADAPTATION2 & ?AT ADJU/M5T WILL ONLY LA/ UND] ONE CONDITION3 ?AT ( BE+ CONT9UALLY MODIFI$2 ( REPRES5T+ EV]Y MOM5T ! RESULTANT ( ALL CONFLICT+ ACTIONS4 ,LET BUT ONE ( ?OSE =CES BE HAMP]$ 9 ITS ACTION = SOME TIME & H>MONY DISAPPE>S4 ,=CE WILL ACCUMULATE ITS EFFECT2 IT MU/ COME TO LI<T1 IT MU/ EX]CISE ITS ACTION1 & IF O!R =CES H9D] ITS MANIFE/ATION IT WILL NOT BE ANNIHILAT$ BY ?AT1 BUT WILL 5D BY UPSETT+ ! PRES5T ADJU/M5T1 BY DE/ROY+ H>MONY1 9 ORD] TO F9D A NEW =M ( EQUILIBRIUM & TO WORK TO =M A NEW ADAPTATION4 ,SU* IS ! ]UPTION ( A VOLCANO1 :OSE IMPRISON$ =CE 5DS BY BREAK+ ! PETRIFI$ LAVAS :I* H9D]$ !M TO P\R =? ! GASES1 ! MOLT5 LAVAS1 & ! 9C&ESC5T A%ES4 ,SU*1 ALSO1 >E ! REVOLUTIONS ( MANK9D4 

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,AN ANALOG\S TRANS=MATION IS BE+ PRODUC$ AT ! SAME TIME 9 ! SCI5CES ?AT TREAT ( MAN4 ,?US WE SEE ?AT HI/ORY1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 ! HI/ORY ( K+DOMS1 T5DS TO BECOME ! HI/ORY ( NATIONS & !N ! /UDY ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! HI/ORIAN WANTS TO KN[ H[ ! MEMB]S1 ( :I* SU* A NATION WAS COMPOS$1 LIV$ AT SU* A TIME1 :AT !IR BELIEFS W]E1 !IR MEANS ( EXI/5CE1 :AT IDEAL ( SOCIETY WAS VISIBLE TO !M1 & :AT MEANS !Y POSSESS$ TO M>* T[>D ?IS IDEAL4 ,& BY ! ACTION ( ALL ?OSE =CES1 =M]LY NEGLECT$1 HE 9T]PRETS ! GREAT HI/ORICAL PH5OM5A4 
  

     
,SO ! MAN ( SCI5CE :O /UDIES JURISPRUD5CE IS NO LONG] CONT5T ) SU* OR SU* A CODE4 ,LIKE ! E?NOLOGI/ HE WANTS TO KN[ ! G5ESIS ( ! 9/ITUTION ?AT SUCCE$ ONE ANO!R2 HE FOLL[S !IR EVOLUTION ?R\< AGES1 & 9 ?IS /UDY HE APPLIES HIMSELF F> LESS TO WRITT5 LAW ?AN TO LOCAL CU/OMS -- TO ! 0CU/OM>Y LAW0 9 :I* ! CON/RUCTIVE G5IUS ( ! UNKN[N MASSES HAS F\ND EXPRESSION 9 ALL TIMES4 ,A :OLLY NEW SCI5CE IS BE+ ELABORAT$ 9 ?IS DIRECTION & PROMISES TO UPSET E/ABLI%$ CONCEPTIONS WE LE>N$ AT S*OOL1 SUCCE$+ 9 9T]PRET+ HI/ORY 9 ! SAME MANN] AS NATURAL SCI5CES 9T]PRET ! PH5OM5A ( ,NATURE4 
   

     
,&1 F9ALLY1 POLITICAL ECONOMY1 :I* WAS AT ! BEG9N+ A /UDY ( ! WEAL? ( NATIONS1 BECOMES TODAY A /UDY ( ! WEAL? ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,IT C>ES LESS TO KN[ IF SU* A NATION HAS OR HAS NOT A L>GE =EIGN TRADE2 IT WANTS TO BE ASSUR$ ?AT BREAD IS NOT WANT+ 9 ! PEASANT'S OR WORK]'S COTTAGE4 ,IT KNOCKS AT ALL DOORS -- AT ?AT ( ! PALACE AS WELL AS ?AT ( ! HOVEL-& ASKS ! RI* AS WELL AS ! POOR3 ,UP TO :AT PO9T >E Y\R NE$S SATISFI$ BO? = NECESS>IES & LUXURIES8 
  

     
,& AS IT DISCOV]S ?AT ! MO/ PRESS+ NE$S ( N9E-T5?S ( EA* NATION >E NOT SATISFI$1 IT ASKS ITSELF ! QUE/ION ?AT A PHYSIOLOGI/ W\LD ASK HIMSELF AB\T A PLANT OR AN ANIMAL3 -- 0,:I* >E ! MEANS TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ALL ) ! LEA/ LOSS ( P[]8 ,H[ CAN A SOCIETY GU>ANTEE TO EA*1 & CONSEQU5TLY TO ALL1 ! GREATE/ SUM ( SATISFACTION80 ,IT IS 9 ?IS DIRECTION ?AT ECONOMIC SCI5CE IS BE+ TRANS=M$2 & AFT] HAV+ BE5 SO LONG A SIMPLE /ATEM5T ( PH5OM5A 9T]PRET$ 9 ! 9T]E/ ( A RI* M9ORITY1 IT T5DS TO BECOME 7OR RA!R IT ELABORATES ! ELEM5TS TO BECOME7 A SCI5CE 9 ! TRUE S5SE ( ! WORD -- A PHYSIOLOGY ( HUMAN SOCIETIES4 

"9 "9 "9 
   

     
,:ILE A NEW PHILOSOPHY -- A NEW VIEW ( KN[L$GE TAK5 AS A :OLE-IS ?US BE+ WORK$ \T1 WE MAY OBS]VE ?AT A DIFF]5T CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY1 V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ?AT :I* N[ PREVAILS1 IS 9 PROCESS ( =MATION4 ,UND] ! NAME ( ,AN>*Y1 A NEW 9T]PRETATION ( ! PA/ & PRES5T LIFE ( SOCIETY >ISES1 GIV+ AT ! SAME TIME A =ECA/ AS REG>DS ITS FUTURE1 BO? CONCEIV$ 9 ! SAME SPIRIT AS ! ABOVE-M5TION$ 9T]PRETATION 9 NATURAL SCI5CES4 ,AN>*Y1 !RE=E1 APPE>S AS A CON/ITU5T P>T ( ! NEW PHILOSOPHY1 & ?AT IS :Y ,AN>*I/S COME 9 CONTACT1 ON SO MANY PO9TS1 ) ! GREATE/ ?9K]S & POETS ( ! PRES5T DAY4 

     
,9 FACT1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT 9 PROPORTION AS ! HUMAN M9D FREES ITSELF FROM IDEAS 9CULCAT$ BY M9ORITIES ( PRIE/S1 MILIT>Y *IEFS & JUDGES1 ALL /RIV+ TO E/ABLI% !IR DOM9ATION1 & ( SCI5TI/S PAID TO P]PETUATE IT1 A CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY >ISES1 9 :I* CONCEPTION !RE IS NO LONG] ROOM = ?OSE DOM9AT+ M9ORITIES4 ,A SOCIETY 5T]+ 9TO POSSESSION ( ! SOCIAL CAPITAL ACCUMULAT$ BY ! LABOR ( PREC$+ G5]ATIONS1 ORGANIZ+ ITSELF SO AS TO MAKE USE ( ?IS CAPITAL 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ALL1 & CON/ITUT+ ITSELF )\T RECON/ITUT+ ! P[] ( ! RUL+ M9ORITIES4 ,IT COMPRISES 9 ITS MID/ AN 9F9ITE V>IETY ( CAPACITIES1 TEMP]AM5TS & 9DIVIDUAL 5]GIES3 IT EXCLUDES NONE4 ,IT EV5 CALLS = /RUGGLES & CONT5TIONS2 BECAUSE WE KN[ ?AT P]IODS ( CONTE/S1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E FREELY F\<T \T1 )\T ! WEI<T ( CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY BE+ ?R[N ON ! ONE SIDE ( ! BALANCE1 W]E P]IODS :5 HUMAN G5IUS TOOK ITS MI<TIE/ FLI<T & A*IEV$ ! GREATE/ AIMS4 ,ACKN[L$G+1 AS A FACT1 ! EQUAL RI<TS ( ALL ITS MEMB]S TO ! TREASURES ACCUMULAT$ 9 ! PA/1 IT NO LONG] RECOGNIZES A DIVISION BETWE5 EXPLOIT$ & EXPLOIT]S1 GOV]N$ & GOV]NORS1 DOM9AT$ & DOM9ATORS1 & IT SEEKS TO E/ABLI% A C]TA9 H>MONI\S COMPATIBILITY 9 ITS MID/ -- NOT BY SUBJECT+ ALL ITS MEMB]S TO AN -AU?ORITY ?AT IS FICTITI\SLY SUPPOS$ TO REPRES5T SOCIETY1 NOT BY TRY+ TO E/ABLI% UNI=MITY1 BUT BY URG+ ALL M5 TO DEVELOP FREE 9ITIATIVE1 FREE ACTION1 FREE ASSOCIATION4 
   

     
,IT SEEKS ! MO/ COMPLETE DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY COMB9$ ) ! HI<E/ DEVELOPM5T ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 9 ALL POSSIBLE DEGREES1 = ALL IMAG9ABLE AIMS2 EV] *ANG+1 EV] MODIFI$ ASSOCIATIONS :I* C>RY 9 !MSELVES ! ELEM5TS ( !IR DURABILITY & CON/ANTLY ASSUME NEW =MS1 :I* ANSW] BE/ TO ! MULTIPLE ASPIRATIONS ( ALL4 
   

     
,A SOCIETY TO :I* PREE/ABLI%$ =MS1 CRYTALIZ$ BY LAW1 >E REPUGNANT2 :I* LOOKS = H>MONY 9 AN EV]-*ANG+ & FUGITIVE EQUILIBRIUM BETWE5 A MULTITUDE ( V>I$ =CES & 9FLU5CES ( EV]Y K9D1 FOLL[+ !IR [N C\RSE1 -- !SE =CES PROMOT+ !MSELVES ! 5]GIES :I* >E FAVORABLE TO !IR M>* T[>D PROGRESS1 T[>D ! LIB]TY ( DEVELOP+ 9 BROAD DAYLI<T & C\NT]-BALANC+ ONE ANO!R4 
   

     
,?IS CONCEPTION & IDEAL ( SOCIETY IS C]TA9LY NOT NEW4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 :5 WE ANALYZE ! HI/ORY ( POPUL> 9/ITUTIONS -- ! CLAN1 ! VILLAGE COMMUNITY1 ! GUILD & EV5 ! URBAN COMMUNE ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES 9 !IR FIR/ /AGES1-WE F9D ! SAME POPUL> T5D5CY TO CON/ITUTE A SOCIETY ACCORD+ TO ?IS IDEA2 A T5D5CY1 H[EV]1 ALWAYS TRAMMEL$ BY DOM9E]+ M9ORITIES4 ,ALL POPUL> MOVEM5TS BORE ?IS /AMP MORE OR LESS1 & ) ! ,ANABAPTI/S & !IR =]UNN]S 9 ! N9? C5TURY WE ALREADY F9D ! SAME IDEAS CLE>LY EXPRESS$ 9 ! RELIGI\S LANGUAGE :I* WAS 9 USE AT ?AT TIME4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 TILL ! 5D ( ! LA/ C5TURY1 ?IS IDEAL WAS ALWAYS TA9T$ BY A !OCRATIC SPIRIT2 & IT IS ONLY N[ADAYS ?AT ! CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY D$UC$ FROM ! OBS]VATION ( SOCIAL PH5OM5A IS RID ( ITS SWADDL+-CLO!S4 
   

     
,IT IS ONLY TODAY ?AT ! IDEAL ( A SOCIETY :]E EA* GOV]NS HIMSELF ACCORD+ TO HIS [N WILL 7:I* IS EVID5TLY A RESULT ( ! SOCIAL 9FLU5CES BORNE BY EA*7 IS AFFIRM$ 9 ITS ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL & MORAL ASPECTS AT ONE & ! SAME TIME1 & ?AT ?IS IDEAL PRES5TS ITSELF BAS$ ON ! NECESSITY ( ,COMMUNISM1 IMPOS$ ON \R MOD]N SOCIETIES BY ! EM95TLY SOCIAL *>ACT] ( \R PRES5T PRODUCTION4 
   

     
,9 FACT1 WE KN[ FULL WELL TODAY ?AT IT IS FUTILE TO SPEAK ( LIB]TY AS LONG AS ECONOMIC SLAV]Y EXI/S4 

     
0,SPEAK NOT ( LIB]TY -- POV]TY IS SLAV]Y60 IS NOT A VA9 =MULA2 IT HAS P5ETRAT$ 9TO ! IDEAS ( ! GREAT WORK+-CLASS MASSES2 IT FILT]S ?R\< ALL ! PRES5T LIT]ATURE2 IT EV5 C>RIES ?OSE ALONG :O LIVE ON ! POV]TY ( O!RS1 & TAKES FROM !M ! >ROGANCE ) :I* !Y =M]LY ASS]T$ !IR RI<TS TO EXPLOITATION4 
  

     
,MILLIONS ( ,SOCIALI/S ( BO? HEMISPH]ES ALREADY AGREE ?AT ! PRES5T =M ( CAPITALI/IC APPROPRIATION CANNOT LA/ MU* LONG]4 ,CAPITALI/S !MSELVES FEEL ?AT IT MU/ GO & D>E NOT DEF5D IT ) !IR =M] ASSURANCE4 ,!IR ONLY >GUM5T IS R$UC$ TO SAY+ TO US3 0,Y\ HAVE 9V5T$ NO?+ BETT]60 ,BUT AS TO D5Y+ ! FATAL CONSEQU5CES ( ! PRES5T =MS ( PROP]TY1 AS TO JU/IFY+ !IR RI<T TO PROP]TY1 !Y CANNOT DO IT4 ,!Y WILL PRACTICE ?IS RI<T AS LONG AS FRE$OM ( ACTION IS LEFT TO !M1 BUT )\T TRY+ TO BASE IT ON AN IDEA4 ,?IS IS EASILY UND]/OOD4 
   

     
,= 9/ANCE1 TAKE ! T[N ( ,P>IS -- A CREATION ( SO MANY C5TURIES1 A PRODUCT ( ! G5IUS ( A :OLE NATION1 A RESULT ( ! LABOR ( TW5TY OR ?IRTY G5]ATIONS4 ,H[ C\LD ONE MA9TA9 TO AN 9HABITANT ( ?AT T[N :O WORKS EV]Y DAY TO EMBELLI% IT1 TO PURIFY IT1 TO N\RI% IT1 TO MAKE IT A C5T] ( ?\<T & >T -- H[ C\LD ONE ASS]T BE=E ONE :O PRODUCES ?IS WEAL? ?AT ! PALACES ADORN+ ! /REETS ( ,P>IS BELONG 9 ALL JU/ICE TO ?OSE :O >E ! LEGAL PROPRIETORS TODAY1 :5 WE >E ALL CREAT+ !IR VALUE1 :I* W\LD BE NIL )\T US8 

     
,SU* A FICTION CAN BE KEPT UP = SOME TIME BY ! SKILL ( ! PEOPLE'S $UCATORS4 ,! GREAT BATTALIONS ( WORK]S MAY NOT EV5 REFLECT AB\T IT2 BUT FROM ! MOM5T A M9ORITY ( ?9K+ M5 AGITATE ! QUE/ION & SUBMIT IT TO ALL1 !RE CAN BE NO D\BT ( ! RESULT4 ,POPUL> OP9ION ANSW]S3 0,IT IS BY SPOLIATION ?AT !Y HOLD !SE RI*ES60 
   

     
,LIKEWISE1 H[ CAN ! PEASANT BE MADE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! B\RGEOIS OR MANORIAL L& BELONGS TO ! PROPRIETOR :O HAS A LEGAL CLAIM1 :5 A PEASANT CAN TELL US ! HI/ORY ( EA* BIT ( L& = T5 LEAGUES >\ND8 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[ MAKE HIM BELIEVE ?AT IT IS USEFUL = ! NATION ?AT ,MR4 ,SO-&-,SO KEEPS A PIECE ( L& = HIS P>K :5 SO MANY NEI<BOR+ PEASANTS W\LD BE ONLY TOO GLAD TO CULTIVATE IT8 
  

     
,&1 LA/LY1 H[ MAKE ! WORK] 9 A FACTORY1 OR ! M9] 9 A M9E1 BELIEVE ?AT FACTORY & M9E EQUITABLY BELONG TO !IR PRES5T MA/]S1 :5 WORK] & EV5 M9] >E BEG9N+ TO SEE CLE>LY ?R\< ,PANAMA SC&ALS1 BRIB]Y1 ,FR5*1 ,TURKI% OR O!R RAILWAYS1 PILLAGE ( ! ,/ATE & LEGAL !FT1 FROM :I* GREAT COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL PROP]TY >E D]IV$8 
  

     
,9 FACT ! MASSES HAVE NEV] BELIEV$ 9 SOPHISMS TAU<T BY ECONOMI/S1 UTT]$ MORE TO CONFIRM EXPLOIT]S 9 !IR RI<TS ?AN TO CONV]T EXPLOIT$6 ,PEASANTS & WORK]S1 CRU%$ BY MIS]Y & F9D+ NO SUPPORT 9 ! WELL-TO-DO CLASSES1 HAVE LET ?+S GO1 SAVE FROM TIME TO TIME :5 !Y HAVE AFFIRM$ !IR RI<TS BY 9SURRECTION4 ,& IF WORK]S EV] ?\<T ?AT ! DAY W\LD COME :5 P]SONAL APPROPRIATION ( CAPITAL W\LD PR(IT ALL BY TURN+ IT 9TO A /OCK ( WEAL? TO BE %>$ BY ALL1 ?IS ILLUSION IS VANI%+ LIKE SO MANY O!RS4 ,! WORK] P]CEIVES ?AT HE HAS BE5 DIS9H]IT$1 & ?AT DIS9H]IT$ HE WILL REMA91 UNLESS HE HAS REC\RSE TO /RIKES OR REVOLTS TO TE> FROM HIS MA/]S ! SMALLE/ P>T ( RI*ES BUILT UP BY HIS [N EF=TS2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 9 ORD] TO GET ?AT LITTLE1 HE ALREADY MU/ IMPOSE ON HIMSELF ! PANGS ( HUNG] & FACE IMPRISONM5T1 IF NOT EXPOSURE TO ,IMP]IAL1 ,ROYAL1 OR ,REPUBLICAN FUSILLADES4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,BUT A GREAT] EVIL ( ! PRES5T SY/EM BECOMES MORE & MORE M>K$2 NAMELY1 ?AT 9 A SY/EM BAS$ ON PRIVATE APPROPRIATION1 ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y TO LIFE & TO PRODUCTION -- L&1 H\S+1 FOOD & TOOLS-HAV+ ONCE PASS$ 9TO ! H&S ( A FEW1 ! PRODUCTION ( NECESSITIES ?AT W\LD GIVE WELL-BE+ TO ALL IS CONT9UALLY HAMP]$4 ,! WORK] FEELS VAGUELY ?AT \R PRES5T TE*NICAL P[] C\LD GIVE ABUNDANCE TO ALL1 BUT HE ALSO P]CEIVES H[ ! CAPITALI/IC SY/EM & ! ,/ATE H9D] ! CONQUE/ ( ?IS WELL-BE+ 9 EV]Y WAY4 
   

     
,F> FROM PRODUC+ MORE ?AN IS NE$$ TO ASSURE MAT]IAL RI*ES1 WE DO NOT PRODUCE 5\<4 ,:5 A PEASANT COVETS ! P>KS & G>D5S ( 9DU/RIAL FILIBU/]S & ,PANAMI/S1 R\ND :I* JUDGES & POLICE M\NT GU>D-:5 HE DREAMS ( COV]+ !M ) CROPS :I*1 HE KN[S1 W\LD C>RY ABUNDANCE TO ! VILLAGES :OSE 9HABITANTS FE$ ON BREAD H>DLY WA%$ D[N ) SLOE W9E-HE UND]/&S ?IS4 
  

     
,! M9]1 =C$ TO BE IDLE ?REE DAYS A WEEK1 ?9KS ( ! TONS ( COAL HE MI<T EXTRACT1 & :I* >E SORELY NE$$ 9 POOR H\SEHOLDS4 

     
,! WORK] :OSE FACTORY IS CLOS$1 & :O TRAMPS ! /REETS 9 SE>* ( WORK1 SEES BRICKLAY]S \T ( WORK LIKE HIMSELF1 :ILE ONE-FIF? ( ! POPULATION ( ,P>IS LIVE 9 9SANIT>Y HOVELS2 HE HE>S %OE-MAK]S COMPLA9 ( WANT ( WORK1 :ILE SO MANY PEOPLE NE$ %OES -- & SO ON4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,9 %ORT1 IF C]TA9 ECONOMI/S DELI<T 9 WRIT+ TREATISES ON OV]-PRODUCTION1 & 9 EXPLA9+ EA* 9DU/RIAL CRISIS BY ?IS CAUSE1 !Y W\LD BE MU* AT A LOSS IF CALL$ UPON TO NAME A S+LE >TICLE PRODUC$ BY ,FRANCE 9 GREAT] QUANTITIES ?AN >E NECESS>Y TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ! :OLE POPULATION4 ,IT IS C]TA9LY NOT CORN3 ! C\NTRY IS OBLIG$ TO IMPORT IT4 ,IT IS NOT W9E EI!R3 PEASANTS DR9K BUT LITTLE W9E1 & SUB/ITUTE SLOE W9E 9 ITS /EAD1 & ! 9HABITANTS ( T[NS HAVE TO BE CONT5T ) ADULT]AT$ /UFF4 ,IT IS EVID5TLY NOT H\SES3 MILLIONS /ILL LIVE 9 COTTAGES ( ! MO/ WRET*$ DESCRIPTION1 ) ONE OR TWO AP]TURES4 ,IT IS NOT EV5 GOOD OR BAD BOOKS1 = !Y >E /ILL OBJECTS ( LUXURY 9 ! VILLAGES4 ,ONLY ONE ?+ IS PRODUC$ 9 QUANTITIES GREAT] ?AN NE$$1 -- IT IS ! BUDGET-DEV\R+ 9DIVIDUAL2 BUT SU* M]*&ISE IS NOT M5TION$ 9 LECTURES BY POLITICAL ECONOMI/S1 AL?\< ?OSE 9DIVIDUALS POSSESS ALL ! ATTRIBUTES ( M]*&ISE1 BE+ EV] READY TO SELL !MSELVES TO ! HI<E/ BIDD]4 

     

,:AT ECONOMI/S CALL OV]-PRODUCTION IS BUT A PRODUCTION ?AT IS ABOVE ! PUR*AS+ P[] ( ! WORK]1 :O IS R$UC$ TO POV]TY BY ,CAPITAL & ,/ATE4 ,N[1 ?IS SORT ( OV]-PRODUCTION REMA9S FATALLY *>ACT]I/IC ( ! PRES5T CAPITALI/ PRODUCTION1 BECAUSE -- ,PR\DHON HAS ALREADY %[N IT-WORK]S CANNOT BUY ) !IR SAL>IES :AT !Y HAVE PRODUC$ & AT ! SAME TIME COPI\SLY N\RI% ! SW>M ( IDL]S :O LIVE UPON !IR WORK4 

     
,! V]Y ESS5CE ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM IS1 ?AT ! WORK] CAN NEV] 5JOY ! WELL-BE+ HE HAS PRODUC$1 & ?AT ! NUMB] ( ?OSE :O LIVE AT HIS EXP5SE WILL ALWAYS AUGM5T4 ,! MORE A C\NTRY IS ADVANC$ 9 9DU/RY1 ! MORE ?IS NUMB] GR[S4 ,9EVITABLY1 9DU/RY IS DIRECT$1 & WILL HAVE TO BE DIRECT$1 NOT T[>DS :AT IS NE$$ TO SATISFY ! NE$S ( ALL1 BUT T[>DS ?AT :I*1 AT A GIV5 MOM5T1 BR+S 9 ! GREATE/ TEMPOR>Y PR(IT TO A FEW4 ,( NECESSITY1 ! ABUNDANCE ( SOME WILL BE BAS$ ON ! POV]TY ( O!RS1 & ! /RAIT5$ CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! GREAT] NUMB] WILL HAVE TO BE MA9TA9$ AT ALL CO/S1 ?AT !RE MAY BE H&S TO SELL !MSELVES = A P>T ONLY ( ?AT :I* !Y >E CAPABLE ( PRODUC+2 )\T :I*1 PRIVATE ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL IS IMPOSSIBLE6 

     
,!SE *>ACT]I/ICS ( \R ECONOMICAL SY/EM >E ITS V]Y ESS5CE4 ,)\T !M1 IT CANNOT EXI/2 =1 :O W\LD SELL HIS LABOR P[] = LESS ?AN IT IS CAPABLE ( BR++ 91 IF HE W]E NOT =C$ !RETO BY ! ?REAT ( HUNG]8 

     
,& ?OSE ESS5TIAL TRAITS ( ! SY/EM >E ALSO ITS MO/ CRU%+ CONDEMNATION4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,AS LONG AS ,5GL& & ,FRANCE W]E PIONE]S ( 9DU/RY1 9 ! MID/ ( NATIONS BACKW>D 9 !IR TE*NICAL DEVELOPM5T1 & AS LONG AS NEI<BORS PUR*AS$ !IR WOOLS1 !IR COTTON GOODS1 !IR SILKS1 !IR IRON & MA*9ES1 AS WELL AS A :OLE RANGE ( >TICLES ( LUXURY1 AT A PRICE ?AT ALL[$ !M TO 5RI* !MSELVES AT ! EXP5SE ( !IR CLI5TS1 -- ! WORK] C\LD BE BUOY$ UP BY HOPE ?AT HE1 TOO1 W\LD BE CALL$ UPON TO APPROPRIATE AN EV] & EV] L>G] %>E ( ! BOOTY TO HIMSELF4 ,BUT !SE CONDITIONS >E DISAPPE>+4 ,9 !IR TURN1 ! BACKW>D NATIONS ( ?IRTY YE>S AGO HAVE BECOME GREAT PRODUC]S ( COTTON GOODS1 WOOLS1 SILKS1 MA*9ES & >TICLES ( LUXURY4 ,9 C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( 9DU/RY !Y HAVE EV5 TAK5 ! LEAD1 & NOT ONLY DO !Y /RUGGLE ) ! PIONE]S ( 9DU/RY & COMM]CE 9 DI/ANT L&S1 BUT !Y EV5 COMPETE ) ?OSE PIONE]S 9 !IR [N C\NTRIES4 ,9 A FEW YE>S ,G]MANY1 ,SWITZ]L&1 ,ITALY1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,RUSSIA & ,JAPAN HAVE BECOME GREAT 9DU/RIAL C\NTRIES4 ,MEXICO1 ! ,9DIES1 EV5 ,S]VIA1 >E ON ! M>* -- & :AT WILL IT BE :5 ,*9A BEG9S TO IMITATE ,JAPAN 9 MANUFACTUR+ = ! WORLD'S M>KET8 
  

     
,! RESULT IS1 ?AT 9DU/RIAL CRISES1 ! FREQU5CY & DURATION ( :I* >E ALWAYS AUGM5T+1 HAVE PASS$ 9TO A *RONIC /ATE 9 MANY 9DU/RIES4 ,LIKEWISE1 W>S = ,ORI5TAL & ,AFRICAN M>KETS HAVE BECOME ! ORD] ( ! DAY S9CE SEV]AL YE>S2 IT IS N[ TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ?AT ! SWORD ( W> HAS BE5 SUSP5D$ OV] ,EUROPEAN /ATES4 ,& IF W> HAS NOT BUR/ =?1 IT IS ESPECIALLY DUE TO 9FLU5TIAL F9ANCI]S :O F9D IT ADVANTAGE\S ?AT ,/ATES %\LD BECOME MORE & MORE 9DEBT$4 ,BUT ! DAY ON :I* MONEY WILL F9D ITS 9T]E/ 9 FOM5T+ W>1 HUMAN FLOCKS WILL BE DRIV5 AGA9/ O!R HUMAN FLOCKS1 & WILL BUT*] ONE ANO!R TO SETTLE ! AFFAIRS ( ! WORLD'S MA/]-F9ANCI]S4 

     
,ALL IS L9K$1 ALL HOLDS TOGE!R UND] ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 & ALL T5DS TO MAKE ! FALL ( ! 9DU/RIAL & M]CANTILE SY/EM UND] :I* WE LIVE 9EVITABLE4 ,ITS DURATION IS BUT A QUE/ION ( TIME ?AT MAY ALREADY BE C\NT$ BY YE>S & NO LONG] BY C5TURIES4 ,A QUE/ION ( TIME -- & 5]GETIC ATTACK ON \R P>T6 ,IDL]S DO NOT MAKE HI/ORY3 !Y SUFF] IT6 

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,?AT IS :Y SU* P[]FUL M9ORITIES CON/ITUTE !MSELVES 9 ! MID/ ( CIVILIZ$ NATIONS1 & L\DLY ASK = ! RETURN TO ! COMMUNITY ( ALL RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ BY ! WORK ( PREC$+ G5]ATIONS4 ,! HOLD+ 9 COMMON ( L&1 M9ES1 FACTORIES1 9HABIT$ H\SES1 & MEANS ( TRANSPORT IS ALREADY ! WAT*WORD ( !SE IMPOS+ FACTIONS1 & REPRESSION -- ! FAVORITE WEAPON ( ! RI* & P[]FUL -- CAN NO LONG] DO ANY?+ TO >RE/ ! TRIUMPHAL M>* ( ! SPIRIT ( REVOLT4 ,& IF MILLIONS ( WORK]S DO NOT RISE TO SEIZE ! L& & FACTORIES FROM ! MONOPOLI/S BY =CE1 BE SURE IT IS NOT = WANT ( DESIRE4 ,!Y BUT WAIT = A FAVORABLE OPPORTUNITY -- A *ANCE1 SU* AS PRES5T$ ITSELF 9 #a#h#d#h1 :5 !Y WILL BE ABLE TO />T ! DE/RUCTION ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 ) ! HOPE ( BE+ SUPPORT$ BY AN ,9T]NATIONAL MOVEM5T4   

     
,?AT TIME CANNOT BE LONG 9 COM+2 = S9CE ! ,9T]NATIONAL WAS CRU%$ BY GOV]NM5TS 9 #ahgb -- ESPECIALLY S9CE !N-IT HAS MADE IMM5SE PROGRESS ( :I* ITS MO/ >D5T P>TISANS >E H>DLY AW>E4 ,IT IS1 9 FACT1 CON/ITUT$ -- 9 IDEAS1 9 S5TIM5TS1 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( CON/ANT 9T]COMMUNICATION4 ,IT IS TRUE ! ,FR5*1 ,5GLI%1 ,ITALIAN & ,G]MAN PLUTOCRATS >E SO MANY RIVALS1 & AT ANY MOM5T CAN EV5 CAUSE NATIONS TO W> ) ONE ANO!R4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BE SURE :5 ! ,COMMUNI/ & ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION DOES TAKE PLACE 9 ,FRANCE1 ,FRANCE WILL F9D ! SAME SYMPA?IES AS =M]LY AMONG ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,G]MANS1 ,ITALIANS & ,5GLI%4 ,& :5 ,G]MANY1 :I*1 BY ! WAY1 IS NE>] A REVOLUTION ?AN IS ?\<T1 WILL PLANT ! FLAG -- UN=TUNATELY A ,JACOB9 ONE-( ?IS REVOLUTION1 :5 IT WILL ?R[ ITSELF 9TO ! REVOLUTION ) ALL ! >DOR ( Y\? 9 AN ASC5DANT P]IOD1 SU* AS IT IS TRAV]S+ TODAY1 IT WILL F9D ON ?IS SIDE ( ! ,RH9E ALL ! SYMPA?IES & ALL ! SUPPORT ( A NATION ?AT LOVES ! AUDACITY ( REVOLUTIONI/S & HATES ! >ROGANCE ( PLUTOCRACY4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,DIV]SE CAUSES HAVE UP TILL N[ DELAY$ ! BUR/+ =? ( ?IS 9EVITABLE REVOLUTION4 ,! POSSIBILITY ( A GREAT ,EUROPEAN W> IS NO D\BT P>TLY ANSW]ABLE = IT4 ,BUT !RE IS1 IT SEEMS TO ME1 ANO!R CAUSE1 A DEEP]-ROOT$ ONE1 TO :I* ,I W\LD CALL Y\R ATT5TION4 ,!RE IS GO+ ON JU/ N[ AMONG ! ,SOCIALI/S -- MANY TOK5S LEAD US TO BELIEVE IT-A GREAT TRANS=MATION 9 IDEAS1 LIKE ! ONE ,I SKET*$ AT ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS LECTURE 9 SPEAK+ ( G5]AL SCI5CES4 ,& ! UNC]TA9TY ( ,SOCIALI/S !MSELVES CONC]N+ ! ORGANIZATION ( ! SOCIETY !Y >E WI%+ =1 P>ALYZES !IR 5]GY UP TO A C]TA9 PO9T4 

     
,AT ! BEG9N+1 9 ! =TIES1 ,SOCIALISM PRES5T$ ITSELF AS ,COMMUNISM1 AS A REPUBLIC ONE & 9DIVISIBLE1 AS A GOV]NM5TAL & ,JACOB9 DICTATOR%IP1 9 ITS APPLICATION TO ECONOMICS4 ,SU* WAS ! IDEAL ( ?AT TIME4 ,RELIGI\S & FREE?9K+ ,SOCIALI/S W]E EQUALLY READY TO SUBMIT TO ANY /RONG GOV]NM5T1 EV5 AN IMP]IAL ONE1 IF ?AT GOV]NM5T W\LD ONLY REMODEL ECONOMIC RELATIONS TO ! WORK]'S ADVANTAGE4 
   

     
,A PR(\ND REVOLUTION HAS S9CE BE5 ACCOMPLI%$1 ESPECIALLY AMONG ,LAT9 & ,5GLI% PEOPLES4 ,GOV]NM5TAL ,COMMUNISM1 LIKE !OCRATIC ,COMMUNISM1 IS REPUGNANT TO ! WORK]4 ,& ?IS REPUGNANCE GAVE RISE TO A NEW CONCEPTION OR DOCTR9E -- ?AT ( ,COLLECTIVISM -- 9 ! ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,?IS DOCTR9E AT FIR/ SIGNIFI$ ! COLLECTIVE POSSESSION ( ! 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION 7NOT 9CLUD+ :AT IS NECESS>Y TO LIVE71 & ! RI<T ( EA* GR\P TO ACCEPT SU* ME?OD ( REMUN]ATION1 :E!R COMMUNI/IC OR 9DIVIDUALI/IC1 AS PLEAS$ ITS MEMB]S4 ,LITTLE BY LITTLE1 H[EV]1 ?IS SY/EM WAS TRANS=M$ 9TO A SORT ( COMPROMISE BETWE5 COMMUNI/IC & 9DIVIDUALI/IC WAGE REMUN]ATION4 ,TODAY ! ,COLLECTIVI/ WANTS ALL ?AT BELONGS TO PRODUCTION TO BECOME COMMON PROP]TY1 BUT ?AT EA* %\LD BE 9DIVIDUALLY REMUN]AT$ BY LABOR *ECKS1 ACCORD+ TO ! NUMB] ( H\RS HE HAS SP5T 9 PRODUCTION4 ,!SE *ECKS W\LD S]VE TO BUY ALL M]*&ISE 9 ! ,SOCIALI/ /ORES AT CO/ PRICE1 :I* PRICE W\LD ALSO BE E/IMAT$ 9 H\RS ( LABOR4 
  

     
,BUT IF Y\ ANALYZE ?IS IDEA Y\ WILL [N ?AT ITS ESS5CE1 AS SUMM$ UP BY ONE ( \R FRI5DS1 IS R$UC$ TO ?IS3 
   

     
,P>TIAL ,COMMUNISM 9 ! POSSESSION ( 9/RUM5TS ( PRODUCTION & $UCATION4 ,COMPETITION AMONG 9DIVIDUALS & GR\PS = BREAD1 H\S+ & CLO?+4 ,9DIVIDUALISM = WORKS ( >T & ?\<T4 ,! ,SOCIALI/IC ,/ATE'S AID = *ILDR51 9VALIDS & OLD PEOPLE4 

     
,9 A WORD -- A /RUGGLE = ! MEANS ( EXI/5CE MITIGAT$ BY *>ITY4 ,ALWAYS ! ,*RI/IAN MAXIM3 0,W\ND TO HEAL AFT]W>DS60 ,& ALWAYS ! DOOR OP5 TO 9QUISITION1 9 ORD] TO KN[ IF Y\ >E A MAN :O MU/ BE LEFT TO /RUGGLE1 OR A MAN ! ,/ATE MU/ SUCCOR4 

     
,! IDEA ( LABOR *ECKS1 Y\ KN[1 IS OLD4 ,IT DATES FROM ,ROB]T ,[52 ,PR\DHON COMM5D$ IT 9 #a#h#d#h2 ,M>XI/S HAVE MADE 0,SCI5TIFIC ,SOCIALISM0 ( IT TODAY4 

     
,WE MU/ SAY1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS SY/EM SEEMS TO HAVE LITTLE HOLD ON ! M9DS ( ! MASSES2 IT W\LD SEEM !Y =ESAW ITS DRAWBACKS1 NOT TO SAY ITS IMPOSSIBILITY4 ,FIR/LY1 ! DURATION ( TIME GIV5 TO ANY WORK DOES NOT GIVE ! MEASURE ( SOCIAL UTILITY ( ! WORK ACCOMPLI%$1 & ! !ORIES ( VALUE ?AT ECONOMI/S HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO BASE1 FROM ,ADAM ,SMI? TO ,M>X1 ONLY ON ! CO/ ( PRODUCTION1 VALU$ 9 LABOR TIME1 HAVE NOT SOLV$ ! QUE/ION ( VALUE4 ,AS SOON AS !RE IS EX*ANGE1 ! VALUE ( AN >TICLE BECOMES A COMPLEX QUANTITY1 & DEP5DS ALSO ON ! DEGREE ( SATISFACTION :I* IT BR+S TO ! NE$S -- NOT ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 AS C]TA9 ECONOMI/S /AT$ =M]LY1 BUT ( ! :OLE ( SOCIETY1 TAK5 9 ITS 5TIRETY4 ,VALUE IS A SOCIAL FACT4 ,BE+ ! RESULT ( AN EX*ANGE1 IT HAS A D\BLE ASPECT3 ?AT ( LABOR1 & ?AT ( SATISFACTION ( NE$S1 BO? EVID5TLY CONCEIV$ 9 !IR SOCIAL & NOT 9DIVIDUAL ASPECT4 
  

     
,ON ! O!R H&1 :5 WE ANALYZE ! EVILS ( ! PRES5T ECONOMIC SY/EM1 WE SEE -- & ! WORK] KN[S IT FULL WELL -- ?AT !IR ESS5CE LIES 9 ! =C$ NECESSITY ( ! WORK] TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]4 ,NOT HAV+ ! :]E)AL TO LIVE = ! NEXT =TNI<T1 & BE+ PREV5T$ BY ! ,/ATE FROM US+ HIS LABOR P[] )\T SELL+ IT TO SOMEONE1 ! WORK] SELLS HIMSELF TO ! ONE :O UND]TAKES TO GIVE HIM WORK2 HE R5\NCES ! B5EFITS HIS LABOR MI<T BR+ HIM 92 HE AB&ONS ! LION'S %>E ( :AT HE PRODUCES TO HIS EMPLOY]2 HE EV5 ABDICATES HIS LIB]TY2 HE R5\NCES HIS RI<T TO MAKE HIS OP9ION HE>D ON ! UTILITY ( :AT HE IS AB\T TO PRODUCE & ON ! WAY ( PRODUC+ IT4 
   

     
,?US RESULTS ! ACCUMULATION ( CAPITAL1 NOT 9 ITS FACULTY ( ABSORB+ SURPLUS VALUE BUT 9 ! =C$ POSITION ! WORK] IS PLAC$ TO SELL HIS LABOR P[]3 ! SELL] BE+ SURE 9 ADVANCE ?AT HE WILL NOT RECEIVE ALL ?AT HIS /R5G? CAN PRODUCE1 ( BE+ W\ND$ 9 HIS 9T]E/S1 & ( BECOM+ ! 9F]IOR ( ! BUY]4 ,)\T ?IS ! CAPITALI/ W\LD NEV] HAVE TRI$ TO BUY HIM2 :I* PROVES ?AT TO *ANGE ! SY/EM IT MU/ BE ATTACK$ 9 ITS ESS5CE3 9 ITS CAUSE -- SALE & PUR*ASE1 -- NOT 9 ITS EFFECT -- ,CAPITALISM4 

     
,WORK]S !MSELVES HAVE A VAGUE 9TUITION ( ?IS1 & WE HE> !M SAY (T5] & (T5] ?AT NO?+ WILL BE DONE IF ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION DOES NOT BEG9 ) ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTS1 IF IT DOES NOT GU>ANTEE ! NECESSITIES ( LIFE TO ALL -- ?AT IS TO SAY1 H\S+1 FOOD & CLO?+4 ,& WE KN[ ?AT TO DO ?IS IS QUITE IMPOSSIBLE1 ) ! P[]FUL MEANS ( PRODUCTION AT \R DISPOSAL4 

     
,IF ! WORK] CONT9UES TO BE PAID 9 WAGES1 HE NECESS>ILY WILL REMA9 ! SLAVE OR ! SUBORD9ATE ( ! ONE TO :OM HE IS =C$ TO SELL HIS LABOR =CE -- BE ! BUY] A PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL OR ! ,/ATE4 ,9 ! POPUL> M9D -- 9 ?AT SUM TOTAL ( ?\S&S ( OP9IONS CROSS+ ! HUMAN BRA9-IT IS FELT ?AT IF ! ,/ATE W]E TO BE SUB/ITUT$ = ! EMPLOY]1 9 HIS ROLE ( BUY] & OV]SE] ( LABOR1 IT W\LD /ILL BE AN ODI\S TYRANNY4 ,A MAN ( ! PEOPLE DOES NOT REASON AB\T AB/RACTIONS1 HE ?9KS 9 CONCRETE T]MS1 & ?AT IS :Y HE FEELS ?AT ! AB/RACTION1 ! ,/ATE1 W\LD = HIM ASSUME ! =M ( NUMB]LESS FUNCTION>IES1 TAK5 FROM AMONG HIS FACTORY & WORK%OP COMRADES1 & HE KN[S :AT IMPORTANCE HE CAN ATTA* TO !IR VIRTUES3 EXCELL5T COMRADES TODAY1 !Y BECOME UNBE>ABLE =EM5 TOMORR[4 ,& HE LOOKS = A SOCIAL CON/ITUTION ?AT WILL ELIM9ATE ! PRES5T EVILS )\T CREAT+ NEW ONES4   

     
,?AT IS :Y ,COLLECTIVISM HAS NEV] TAK5 HOLD ( ! MASSES1 :O ALWAYS COME BACK TO ,COMMUNISM -- BUT A ,COMMUNISM MORE & MORE /RIPP$ ( ! ,JACOB9 !OCRACY & AU?ORIT>IANISM ( ! =TIES - TO ,FREE ,COMMUNISM - ,AN>*Y4 
  

     
,NAY MORE3 9 CALL+ TO M9D ALL WE HAVE SE5 DUR+ ?IS QU>T] ( A C5TURY 9 ! ,EUROPEAN ,SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T1 ,I CANNOT HELP BELIEV+ ?AT MOD]N ,SOCIALISM IS =C$ TO MAKE A /EP T[>DS ,FREE ,COMMUNISM2 & ?AT SO LONG AS ?AT /EP IS NOT TAK51 ! 9C]TITUDE 9 ! POPUL> M9D ?AT ,I HAVE JU/ PO9T$ \T WILL P>ALYZE ! EF=TS ( ,SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A4 
   

     
,SOCIALI/S SEEM TO ME TO BE BR\<T1 BY =CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ! MAT]IAL GU>ANTEE ( EXI/5CE ( ALL ! MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY %ALL BE ! FIR/ ACT ( ! ,SOCIAL ,REVOLUTION4 
   

     
,BUT !Y >E ALSO DRIV5 TO TAKE ANO!R /EP4 ,!Y >E OBLIG$ TO RECOGNIZE ?AT ?IS GU>ANTEE MU/ COME1 NOT FROM ! ,/ATE1 BUT 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! ,/ATE1 & )\T ITS 9T]V5TION4 
  

     
,WE HAVE ALREADY OBTA9$ ! UNANIM\S ASS5T ( ?OSE :O HAVE /UDI$ ! SUBJECT1 ?AT A SOCIETY1 HAV+ RECOV]$ ! POSSESSION ( ALL RI*ES ACCUMULAT$ 9 ITS MID/1 CAN LIB]ALLY ASSURE ABUNDANCE TO ALL 9 RETURN = F\R OR FIVE H\RS EFFECTIVE & MANUAL WORK A DAY1 AS F> AS REG>DS PRODUCTION4 ,IF EV]YBODY1 FROM *ILDHOOD1 LE>N$ :5CE CAME ! BREAD HE EATS1 ! H\SE HE DWELLS 91 ! BOOK HE /UDIES1 & SO ON2 & IF EA* ONE ACCU/OM$ HIMSELF TO COMPLETE M5TAL WORK BY MANUAL LABOR 9 SOME BRAN* ( MANUFACTURE1 -- SOCIETY C\LD EASILY P]=M ?IS TASK1 TO SAY NO?+ ( ! FUR!R SIMPLIFICATION ( PRODUCTION :I* A MORE OR LESS NE> FUTURE HAS 9 /ORE = US4 
  

     
,9 FACT1 IT SUFFICES TO RECALL = A MOM5T ! PRES5T T]RIBLE WA/E1 TO CONCEIVE :AT A CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY CAN PRODUCE ) BUT A SMALL QUANTITY ( LABOR IF ALL %>E 9 IT1 & :AT GR& WORKS MI<T BE UND]TAK5 ?AT >E \T ( ! QUE/ION TODAY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 ! METAPHYSICS CALL$ POLITICAL ECONOMY HAS NEV] TR\BL$ AB\T ?AT :I* %\LD HAVE BE5 ITS ESS5CE -- ECONOMY ( LABOR4 
  

     
,!RE IS NO LONG] ANY D\BT AS REG>DS ! POSSIBILITY ( WEAL? 9 A ,COMMUNI/ SOCIETY1 >M$ ) \R PRES5T MA*9]Y & TOOLS4 ,D\BTS ONLY >ISE :5 ! QUE/ION AT ISSUE IS1 :E!R A SOCIETY CAN EXI/ 9 :I* MAN'S ACTIONS >E NOT SUBJECT TO ,/ATE CONTROL2 :E!R1 TO REA* WELL-BE+1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y = ,EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES TO SACRIFICE ! LITTLE P]SONAL LIB]TY !Y HAVE RECONQU]$ AT ! CO/ ( SO MANY SACRIFICES DUR+ ?IS C5TURY8 ,A SECTION ( ,SOCIALI/S BELIEVE ?AT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ATTA9 SU* A RESULT )\T SACRIFIC+ P]SONAL LIB]TY ON ! ALT> ( ! ,/ATE4 ,ANO!R SECTION1 TO :I* WE BELONG1 BELIEVES1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT IT IS ONLY BY ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 BY ! CONQUE/ ( P]FECT LIB]TY BY ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BY FREE AGREEM5T1 ASSOCIATION1 & ABSOLUTE FREE F$]ATION ?AT WE CAN REA* ,COMMUNISM -- ! POSSESSION 9 COMMON ( \R SOCIAL 9H]ITANCE1 & ! PRODUCTION 9 COMMON ( ALL RI*ES4 

     
,?AT IS ! QUE/ION \TWEI<+ ALL O!RS AT PRES5T1 & ,SOCIALISM MU/ SOLVE IT1 ON PA9 ( SEE+ ALL ITS EF=TS 5DANG]$ & ALL ITS ULT]IOR DEVELOPM5T P>ALYZ$4 

     
,LET US1 !RE=E1 ANALYZE IT ) ALL ! ATT5TION IT DES]VES4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,IF EV]Y ,SOCIALI/ WILL C>RY HIS ?\<TS BACK TO AN E>LI] DATE1 HE WILL NO D\BT REMEMB] ! HO/ ( PREJUDICES >\S$ 9 HIM :51 = ! FIR/ TIME1 HE CAME TO ! IDEA ?AT ABOLI%+ ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM & PRIVATE APPROPRIATION ( L& & CAPITAL HAD BECOME AN HI/ORICAL NECESSITY4 
  

     
,! SAME FEEL+S >E TODAY PRODUC$ 9 ! MAN :O = ! FIR/ TIME HE>S ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE1 ITS LAWS1 ITS 5TIRE SY/EM ( MANAGEM5T1 GOV]NM5TALISM & C5TRALIZATION1 ALSO BECOMES AN HI/ORICAL NECESSITY3 ?AT ! ABOLITION ( ! ONE )\T ! ABOLITION ( ! O!R IS MAT]IALLY IMPOSSIBLE4 ,\R :OLE $UCATION -- MADE1 BE IT NOT$1 BY ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 9 ! 9T]E/S ( BO? -- REVOLTS AT ?IS CONCEPTION4 
  

     
,IS IT LESS TRUE = ?AT8 ,& %ALL WE ALL[ \R BELIEF 9 ! ,/ATE TO SURVIVE ! HO/ ( PREJUDICES WE HAVE ALREADY SACRIFIC$ = \R EMANCIPATION8 
  

     
,IT IS NOT MY 9T5TION TO CRITICIZE TONI<T ! ,/ATE4 ,?AT HAS BE5 DONE & R$ONE SO (T51 & ,I AM OBLIG$ TO PUT (F TO ANO!R LECTURE ! ANALYSIS ( ! HI/ORICAL P>T PLAY$ BY ! ,/ATE4 ,A FEW G5]AL REM>KS WILL SUFFICE4 

     
,TO BEG9 )1 IF MAN1 S9CE HIS ORIG91 HAS ALWAYS LIV$ 9 SOCIETIES1 ! ,/ATE IS BUT ONE ( ! =MS ( SOCIAL LIFE1 QUITE REC5T AS F> AS REG>DS ,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES4 ,M5 LIV$ ?\S&S ( YE>S BE=E ! FIR/ ,/ATES W]E CON/ITUT$2 ,GREECE & ,ROME EXI/$ = C5TURIES BE=E ! ,MAC$ONIAN & ,ROMAN ,EMPIRES W]E BUILT UP1 & = US MOD]N ,EUROPEANS ! C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATES DATE BUT FROM ! SIXTE5? C5TURY4 ,IT WAS ONLY !N1 AFT] ! DEFEAT ( ! FREE M$IAEVAL ,COMMUNES HAD BE5 COMPLET$ ?AT ! MUTUAL 9SURANCE COMPANY BETWE5 MILIT>Y1 JUDICIAL1 L&LORD1 & CAPITALI/ AU?ORITY :I* WE CALL 0,/ATE10 C\LD BE FULLY E/ABLI%$4 
   

     
,IT WAS ONLY 9 ! SIXTE5? C5TURY ?AT A MORTAL BL[ WAS DEALT TO IDEAS ( LOCAL 9DEP5D5CE1 TO FREE UNION & ORGANIZATION1 TO F$]ATION ( ALL DEGREES AMONG SOV]EIGN GR\PS1 POSSESS+ ALL FUNCTIONS N[ SEIZ$ UPON BY ! ,/ATE4 ,IT WAS ONLY !N ?AT ! ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,*UR* & ! NASC5T P[] ( ,ROYALTY PUT AN 5D TO AN ORGANIZATION1 BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLE ( F$]ATION1 :I* HAD EXI/$ FROM ! N9? TO ! FIFTE5? C5TURY1 & :I* HAD PRODUC$ 9 ,EUROPE ! GREAT P]IOD ( FREE CITIES ( ! MIDDLE AGES1 :OSE *>ACT] HAS BE5 SO WELL UND]/OOD 9 ,FRANCE BY ,SISMONDI & ,AUGU/9 ,?I]RY -- TWO HI/ORIANS UN=TUNATELY TOO LITTLE READ N[ADAYS4 
  

     
,WE KN[ WELL ! MEANS BY :I* ?IS ASSOCIATION ( ! LORD1 PRIE/1 M]*ANT1 JUDGE1 SOLDI]1 & K+ F\ND$ ITS DOM9ATION4 ,IT WAS BY ! ANNIHILATION ( ALL FREE UNIONS3 ( VILLAGE COMMUNITIES1 GUILDS1 TRADES UNIONS1 FRAT]NITIES1 & M$IAEVAL CITIES4 ,IT WAS BY CONFISCAT+ ! L& ( ! COMMUNES & ! RI*ES ( ! GUILDS2 IT WAS BY ! ABSOLUTE & F]OCI\S PROHIBITION ( ALL K9DS ( FREE AGREEM5T BETWE5 M52 IT WAS BY MASSACRE1 ! :EEL1 ! GIBBET1 ! SWORD1 & ! FIRE ?AT ,*UR* & ,/ATE E/ABLI%$ !IR DOM9ATION1 & ?AT !Y SUCCE$$ H5CE=? TO REIGN OV] AN 9COH]5T AGGLOM]ATION ( SUBJECTS1 :O HAD NO DIRECT UNION MORE AMONG !MSELVES4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,IT IS N[ H>DLY ?IRTY OR =TY YE>S AGO ?AT WE BEGAN TO RECONQU]1 BY /RUGGLE1 BY REVOLT1 ! FIR/ /EPS ( ! RI<T ( ASSOCIATION1 ?AT WAS FREELY PRACTIC$ BY ! >TISANS & ! TILL]S ( ! SOIL ?R\< ! :OLE ( ! MIDDLE AGES4 
  

     
,&1 ALREADY N[1 ,EUROPE IS COV]$ BY ?\S&S ( VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATIONS = /UDY & TEA*+1 = 9DU/RY1 COMM]CE1 SCI5CE1 >T1 LIT]ATURE1 EXPLOITATION1 RESI/ANCE TO EXPLOITATION1 AMUSEM5T1 S]I\S WORK1 GRATIFICATION & SELF-D5IAL1 = ALL ?AT MAKES UP ! LIFE ( AN ACTIVE & ?9K+ BE+4 ,WE SEE !SE SOCIETIES RIS+ 9 ALL NOOKS & CORN]S ( ALL DOMA9S3 POLITICAL1 ECONOMIC1 >TI/IC1 9TELLECTUAL4 ,SOME >E AS %ORTLIV$ AS ROSES1 SOME HOLD !IR [N S9CE SEV]AL DECADES1 & ALL /RIVE -- :ILE MA9TA9+ ! 9DEP5D5CE ( EA* GR\P1 CIRCLE1 BRAN*1 OR SECTION -- TO F$]ATE1 TO UNITE1 ACROSS FRONTI]S AS WELL AS AMONG EA* NATION2 TO COV] ALL ! LIFE ( CIVILIZ$ M5 ) A NET1 ME%ES ( :I* >E 9T]SECT$ & 9T]WOV54 ,!IR NUMB]S CAN ALREADY BE RECKON$ BY T5S ( ?\S&S1 !Y COMPRISE MILLIONS ( ADH]5TS -- AL?\< LESS ?AN FIFTY YE>S HAVE ELAPS$ S9CE ,*UR* & ,/ATE BEGAN TO TOL]ATE A FEW ( !M -- V]Y FEW1 9DE$4 
  

     
,!SE SOCIETIES ALREADY BEG9 TO 5CROA* EV]Y:]E ON ! FUNCTIONS ( ! ,/ATE1 & /RIVE TO SUB/ITUTE FREE ACTION ( VOLUNTE]S = ?AT ( A C5TRALIZ$ ,/ATE4 ,9 ,5GL& WE SEE >ISE 9SURANCE COMPANIES AGA9/ !FT2 SOCIETIES = COA/ DEF5SE1 VOLUNTE] SOCIETIES = L& DEF5SE1 :I* ! ,/ATE 5DEAVORS TO GET UND] ITS ?UMB1 !REBY MAK+ !M 9/RUM5TS ( DOM9ATION1 AL?\< !IR ORIG9AL AIM WAS TO DO )\T ! ,/ATE4 ,W]E IT NOT = ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 FREE SOCIETIES W\LD HAVE ALREADY CONQU]$ ! :OLE ( ! IMM5SE DOMA9 ( $UCATION4 ,&1 9 SPITE ( ALL DIFFICULTIES1 !Y BEG9 TO 9VADE ?IS DOMA9 AS WELL1 & MAKE !IR 9FLU5CE ALREADY FELT4 

     
,& :5 WE M>K ! PROGRESS ALREADY ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 9 SPITE ( & AGA9/ ! ,/ATE1 :I* TRIES BY ALL MEANS TO MA9TA9 ITS SUPREMACY ( REC5T ORIG92 :5 WE SEE H[ VOLUNT>Y SOCIETIES 9VADE EV]Y?+ & >E ONLY IMP$$ 9 !IR DEVELOPM5T BY ! ,/ATE1 WE >E =C$ TO RECOGNIZE A P[]FUL T5D5CY1 A LAT5T =CE 9 MOD]N SOCIETY4 ,& WE ASK \RSELVES ?IS QUE/ION3 ,IF1 FIVE1 T51 OR TW5TY YE>S H5CE -- IT MATT]S LITTLE -- ! WORK]S SUCCE$ BY REVOLT 9 DE/ROY+ ! SAID MUTUAL 9SURANCE SOCIETY ( L&LORDS1 BANK]S1 PRIE/S1 JUDGES1 & SOLDI]S2 IF ! PEOPLE BECOME MA/]S ( !IR DE/9Y = A FEW MON?S1 & LAY H&S ON ! RI*ES !Y HAVE CREAT$1 & :I* BELONG TO !M BY RI<T -- WILL !Y REALLY BEG9 TO RECON/ITUTE ?AT BLOOD-SUCK]1 ! ,/ATE8 ,OR WILL !Y NOT RA!R TRY TO ORGANIZE FROM ! SIMPLE TO ! COMPLEX1 ACCORD+ TO MUTUAL AGREEM5T & TO ! 9F9ITELY V>I$1 EV]-*ANG+ NE$S ( EA* LOCALITY1 9 ORD] TO SECURE ! POSSESSION ( ?OSE RI*ES = !MSELVES1 TO MUTUALLY GU>ANTEE ONE ANO!R'S LIFE1 & TO PRODUCE :AT WILL BE F\ND NECESS>Y = LIFE8 
  

     
,WILL !Y FOLL[ ! DOM9ANT T5D5CY ( ! C5TURY1 T[>DS DEC5TRALIZATION1 HOME RULE & FREE AGREEM5T2 OR WILL !Y M>* CONTR>Y TO ?IS T5D5CY & /RIVE TO RECON/ITUTE DEMOLI%$ AU?ORITY8 

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,$UCAT$ M5 -- 0CIVILIZ$10 AS ,F\RI] US$ TO SAY ) DISDA9 -- TREMBLE AT ! IDEA ?AT SOCIETY MI<T SOME DAY BE )\T JUDGES1 POLICE1 OR JAIL]S4 
  

     
,BUT1 FRANKLY1 DO Y\ NE$ !M AS MU* AS Y\ HAVE BE5 TOLD 9 MU/Y BOOKS8 ,BOOKS WRITT51 BE IT NOT$1 BY SCI5TI/S :O G5]ALLY KN[ WELL :AT HAS BE5 WRITT5 BE=E !M1 BUT1 = ! MO/ P>T1 ABSOLUTELY IGNORE ! PEOPLE & !IR EV]YDAY LIFE4 
   

     
,IF WE CAN W&]1 )\T FE>1 NOT ONLY 9 ! /REETS ( ,P>IS1 :I* BRI/LE ) POLICE1 BUT ESPECIALLY 9 RU/IC WALKS :]E Y\ R>ELY MEET PASS]S BY1 IS IT TO ! POLICE ?AT WE [E ?IS SECURITY8 ,OR RA!R TO ! ABS5CE ( PEOPLE :O C>E TO ROB OR MURD] US8 ,I AM EVID5TLY NOT SPEAK+ ( ! ONE :O C>RIES MILLIONS AB\T HIM4 ,?AT ONE -- A REC5T TRIAL TELLS US -- IS SOON ROBB$1 BY PREF]5CE 9 PLACES :]E !RE >E AS MANY POLICEM5 AS LAMP PO/S4 ,NO1 ,I SPEAK ( ! MAN :O FE>S = HIS LIFE & NOT = HIS PURSE FILL$ ) ILL-GOTT5 SOV]EIGNS4 ,>E HIS FE>S REAL8 
   

     
,BESIDES1 HAS NOT EXP]I5CE DEMON/RAT$ QUITE REC5TLY ?AT ,JACK ! ,RIPP] P]=M$ HIS EXPLOITS UND] ! EYE ( ! ,LONDON POLICE-A MO/ ACTIVE =CE-& ?AT HE ONLY LEFT (F KILL+ :5 ! POPULATION ( ,:ITE*APEL ITSELF BEGAN TO GIVE *ASE TO HIM8 
   

     
,& 9 \R EV]YDAY RELATIONS ) \R FELL[ CITIZ5S1 DO Y\ ?9K ?AT IT IS REALLY JUDGES1 JAIL]S1 & POLICE ?AT H9D] ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS FROM MULTIPLY+8 ,! JUDGE1 EV] F]OCI\S1 BECAUSE HE IS A MANIAC ( LAW1 ! ACCUS]1 ! 9=M]1 ! POLICE SPY1 ALL ?OSE 9T]LOP]S ?AT LIVE FROM H& TO M\? >\ND ! ,LAW ,C\RTS1 DO !Y NOT SCATT] DEMORALIZATION F> & WIDE 9TO SOCIETY8 ,READ ! TRIALS1 GLANCE BEH9D ! SC5ES1 PU% Y\R ANALYSIS FUR!R ?AN ! EXT]IOR FACADE ( LAW C\RTS1 & Y\ WILL COME \T SICK5$4 
   

     
,HAVE NOT PRISONS -- :I* KILL ALL WILL & =CE ( *>ACT] 9 MAN1 :I* 5CLOSE )9 !IR WALLS MORE VICES ?AN >E MET ) ON ANY O!R SPOT ( ! GLOBE -- ALWAYS BE5 UNIV]SITIES ( CRIME8 ,IS NOT ! C\RT ( A TRIBUNAL A S*OOL ( F]OCITY8 ,& SO ON4 

     
,:5 WE ASK = ! ABOLITION ( ! ,/ATE & ITS ORGANS WE >E ALWAYS TOLD ?AT WE DREAM ( A SOCIETY COMPOS$ ( M5 BETT] ?AN !Y >E 9 REALITY4 ,BUT NO2 A ?\S& TIMES1 NO4 ,ALL WE ASK IS ?AT M5 %\LD NOT BE MADE WORSE ?AN !Y >E1 BY SU* 9/ITUTIONS6 

     
,ONCE A ,G]MAN JURI/ ( GREAT R5[N1 .<,RUDOLPH ,VON.> ,IH]+1 WANT$ TO SUM UP ! SCI5TIFIC WORK ( HIS LIFE & WRITE A TREATISE1 9 :I* HE PROPOS$ TO ANALYZE ! FACTORS ?AT PRES]VE SOCIAL LIFE 9 SOCIETY4 0,PURPOSE 9 ,LAW0 7,D] ,ZWECK IM ,RE*TE71 SU* IS ! TITLE ( ?AT BOOK1 :I* 5JOYS A WELL-DES]V$ REPUTATION4 
   

     
,HE MADE AN ELABORATE PLAN ( HIS TREATISE1 &1 ) MU* ]UDITION1 DISCUSS$ BO? CO]CIVE FACTORS :I* >E US$ TO MA9TA9 SOCIETY3 WAG$OM & ! DIFF]5T =MS ( CO]CION :I* >E SANCTION$ BY LAW4 ,AT ! 5D ( HIS WORK HE RES]V$ TWO P>AGRAPHS ONLY TO M5TION ! TWO NON-CO]CIVE FACTORS -- ! FEEL+ ( DUTY & ! FEEL+ ( MUTUAL SYMPA?Y -- TO :I* HE ATTA*$ LITTLE IMPORTANCE1 AS MI<T BE EXPECT$ FROM A WRIT] 9 LAW4 
   

     
,BUT :AT HAPP5$8 ,AS HE W5T ON ANALYZ+ ! CO]CIVE FACTORS HE REALIZ$ !IR 9SUFFICI5CY4 ,HE CONSECRAT$ A :OLE VOLUME TO !IR ANALYSIS1 & ! RESULT WAS TO LESS5 !IR IMPORTANCE6 ,:5 HE BEGAN ! LA/ TWO P>AGRAPHS1 :5 HE BEGAN TO REFLECT UPON ! NON-CO]CIVE FACTORS ( SOCIETY1 HE P]CEIV$1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !IR IMM5SE1 \TWEI<+ IMPORTANCE2 & 9/EAD ( TWO P>AGRAPHS1 HE F\ND HIMSELF OBLIG$ TO WRITE A SECOND VOLUME1 TWICE AS L>GE AS ! FIR/1 ON !SE TWO FACTORS3 VOLUNT>Y RE/RA9T & MUTUAL HELP2 & YET1 HE ANALYZ$ BUT AN 9F9ITESIMAL P>T ( !SE LATT] -- ?OSE :I* RESULT FROM P]SONAL SYMPA?Y -- & H>DLY T\*$ FREE AGREEM5T1 :I* RESULTS FROM SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 
  

     
,WELL1 !N1 LEAVE (F REPEAT+ ! =MULAE :I* Y\ HAVE LE>N$ AT S*OOL2 M$ITATE ON ?IS SUBJECT2 & ! SAME ?+ ?AT HAPP5$ TO ,IH]+ WILL HAPP5 TO Y\3 Y\ WILL RECOGNIZE ! 9F9ITESIMAL IMPORTANCE ( CO]CION1 AS COMP>$ TO ! VOLUNT>Y ASS5T1 9 SOCIETY4 
  

     
,ON ! O!R H&1 IF BY FOLL[+ ! V]Y OLD ADVICE GIV5 BY ,B5?AM YON BEG9 TO ?9K ( ! FATAL CONSEQU5CES -- DIRECT1 & ESPECIALLY 9DIRECT -- ( LEGAL CO]CION1 LIKE ,TOL/OY1 LIKE US1 Y\ WILL BEG9 TO HATE USE ( CO]CION1 & Y\ WILL BEG9 TO SAY ?AT SOCIETY POSSESSES A ?\S& O!R MEANS = PREV5T+ ANTISOCIAL ACTS4 ,IF IT NEGLECTS ?OSE MEANS TODAY1 IT IS BECAUSE1 BE+ $UCAT$ BY ,*UR* & ,/ATE1 \R C[>DICE & APA?Y ( SPIRIT H9D] US SEE+ CLE>LY ON ?IS PO9T4 ,:5 A *ILD HAS COMMITT$ A FAULT1 IT IS SO EASY TO HANG A MAN -- ESPECIALLY :5 !RE IS AN EXECUTION] :O IS PAID SO MU* = EA* EXECUTION -- & IT DISP5SES US FROM ?9K+ ( ! CAUSE ( CRIMES4 

"9 "9 "9 

     
,IT IS (T5 SAID ?AT ,AN>*I/S LIVE 9 A WORLD ( DREAMS TO COME1 & DO NOT SEE ! ?+S :I* HAPP5 TODAY4 ,WE DO SEE !M ONLY TOO WELL1 & 9 !IR TRUE COLORS1 & ?AT IS :AT MAKES US C>RY ! HAT*ET 9TO ! =E/ ( PREJUDICE ?AT BESETS US4 
  

     
,F> FROM LIV+ 9 A WORLD ( VISIONS & IMAG9+ M5 BETT] ?AN !Y >E1 WE SEE !M AS !Y >E2 & ?AT IS :Y WE AFFIRM ?AT ! BE/ ( M5 IS MADE ESS5TIALLY BAD BY ! EX]CISE ( AU?ORITY1 & ?AT ! !ORY ( ! 0BALANC+ ( P[]S0 & 0CONTROL ( AU?ORITIES0 IS A HYPOCRITICAL =MULA1 9V5T$ BY ?OSE :O HAVE SEIZ$ P[]1 TO MAKE ! 0SOV]EIGN PEOPLE10 :OM !Y DESPISE1 BELIEVE ?AT ! PEOPLE !MSELVES >E GOV]N+4 ,IT IS BECAUSE WE KN[ M5 ?AT WE SAY TO ?OSE :O IMAG9E ?AT M5 W\LD DEV\R ONE ANO!R )\T ?OSE GOV]NORS3 0,Y\ REASON LIKE ! K+1 :O1 BE+ S5T ACROSS ! FRONTI]1 CALL$ \T1 ',:AT WILL BECOME ( MY POOR SUBJECTS )\T ME8'0 

     
,AH1 IF M5 W]E ?OSE SUP]IOR BE+S ?AT ! UTOPIANS ( AU?ORITY LIKE TO SPEAK TO US (1 IF WE C\LD CLOSE \R EYES TO REALITY1 & LIVE1 LIKE !M1 9 A WORLD ( DREAMS & ILLUSIONS AS TO ! SUP]IORITY ( ?OSE :O ?9K !MSELVES CALL$ TO P[]1 P]HAPS WE ALSO %\LD DO LIKE !M2 P]HAPS WE ALSO %\LD BELIEVE 9 ! VIRTUES ( ?OSE :O GOV]N4 
   

     
,) VIRTU\S MA/]S1 :AT DANG]S C\LD SLAV]Y (F]8 ,DO Y\ REMEMB] ! SLAVE-[N] ( :OM WE HE>D SO (T51 H>DLY ?IRTY YE>S AGO8 ,WAS HE NOT SUPPOS$ TO TAKE PAT]NAL C>E ( HIS SLAVES8 0,HE ALONE10 WE W]E TOLD1 0C\LD H9D] !SE LAZY1 9DOL5T1 IMPROVID5T *ILDR5 DY+ ( HUNG]4 ,H[ C\LD HE CRU% HIS SLAVES ?R\< H>D LABOR1 OR MUTILATE !M BY BL[S1 :5 HIS [N 9T]E/ LAY 9 FE$+ !M WELL1 9 TAK+ C>E ( !M AS MU* AS ( HIS [N *ILDR56 ,& !N1 DID NOT '! LAW' SEE TO IT ?AT ! LEA/ SW]V+ ( A SLAVE-[N] FROM ! PA? ( DUTY WAS PUNI%$80 ,H[ MANY TIMES HAVE WE NOT BE5 TOLD SO6 ,BUT ! REALITY WAS SU* ?AT1 HAV+ RETURN$ FROM A VOYAGE TO ,BRAZIL1 ,D>W9 WAS HAUNT$ ALL HIS LIFE BY ! CRIES ( AGONY ( MUTILAT$ SLAVES1 BY ! SOBS ( MOAN+ WOM5 :OSE F+]S W]E CRU%$ 9 ?UMBSCREWS6 
  

     
,IF ! G5TLEM5 9 P[] W]E REALLY SO 9TELLIG5T & SO DEVOT$ TO ! PUBLIC CAUSE1 AS PANEGYRI/S ( AU?ORITY LOVE TO REPRES5T1 :AT A PRETTY GOV]NM5T & PAT]NAL UTOPIA WE %\LD BE ABLE TO CON/RUCT6 ,! EMPLOY] W\LD NEV] BE ! TYRANT ( ! WORK]2 HE W\LD BE ! FA!R6 ,! FACTORY W\LD BE A PALACE ( DELI<T1 & NEV] W\LD MASSES ( WORK]S BE DOOM$ TO PHYSICAL DET]IORATION4 ,! ,/ATE W\LD NOT POISON ITS WORK]S BY MAK+ MAT*ES ) :ITE PHOSPHORUS1 = :I* IT IS SO EASY TO SUB/ITUTE R$ PHOSPHORUS4.<#a.> ,A JUDGE W\LD NOT HAVE ! F]OCITY TO CONDEMN ! WIFE & *ILDR5 ( ! ONE :OM HE S5DS TO PRISON TO SUFF] YE>S ( HUNG] & MIS]Y & TO DIE SOME DAY ( ANEMIA2 NEV] W\LD A PUBLIC PROSECUTOR ASK = ! HEAD ( ! ACCUS$ = ! UNIQUE PLEASURE ( %[+ (F HIS ORATORICAL TAL5T2 & NO:]E W\LD WE F9D A JAIL] OR AN EXECUTION] TO DO ! BIDD+ ( JUDGES1 :O HAVE NOT ! C\RAGE TO C>RY \T !IR S5T5CES !MSELVES4 ,:AT DO ,I SAY6 ,WE %\LD NEV] HAVE 5\< ,PLUT>*S TO PRAISE ! VIRTUES ( ,MEMB]S ( ,P>LIAM5T :O W\LD ALL HOLD ,PANAMA *ECKS 9 HORROR6 ,BIRIBI.<#b.> W\LD BECOME AN AU/]E NURS]Y ( VIRTUE1 & P]MAN5T >MIES W\LD BE ! JOY ( CITIZ5S1 AS SOLDI]S W\LD ONLY TAKE UP >MS TO P>ADE BE=E NURSEMAIDS1 & TO C>RY NOSEGAYS ON ! PO9T ( !IR BAYONETS6 

     
,OH1 ! BEAUTIFUL UTOPIA1 ! LOVELY ,*RI/MAS DREAM WE CAN MAKE AS SOON AS WE ADMIT ?AT ?OSE :O GOV]N REPRES5T A SUP]IOR CA/E1 & HAVE H>DLY ANY OR NO KN[L$GE ( SIMPLE MORTALS' WEAKNESSES6 ,IT W\LD !N SUFFICE TO MAKE !M CONTROL ONE ANO!R 9 HI]>*ICAL FA%ION1 TO LET !M EX*ANGE FIFTY PAP]S1 AT MO/1 AMONG DIFF]5T ADM9I/RATORS1 :5 ! W9D BL[S D[N A TREE ON ! NATIONAL ROAD4 ,OR1 IF NE$ BE1 !Y W\LD HAVE ONLY TO BE VALU$ AT !IR PROP] WOR?1 DUR+ ELECTIONS1 BY ?OSE SAME MASSES ( MORTALS :I* >E SUPPOS$ TO BE 5D[$ ) ALL /UPIDITY 9 !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS BUT BECOME WISDOM ITSELF :5 !Y HAVE TO ELECT !IR MA/]S4 

     
,ALL ! SCI5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 IMAG9$ BY ?OSE :O GOV]N1 IS IMBIB$ ) !SE UTOPIAS4 ,BUT WE KN[ M5 TOO WELL TO DREAM SU* DREAMS4 ,WE HAVE NOT TWO MEASURES = ! VIRTUES ( ! GOV]N$ & ?OSE ( ! GOV]NORS2 WE KN[ ?AT WE \RSELVES >E NOT )\T FAULTS & ?AT ! BE/ ( US W\LD SOON BE CORRUPT$ BY ! EX]CISE ( P[]4 ,WE TAKE M5 = :AT !Y >E WOR? -- & ?AT IS :Y WE HATE ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN1 & ?AT WE WORK ) ALL \R MI<T -- P]HAPS NOT /RONG 5\<-TO PUT AN 5D TO IT4 

     
,BUT IT IS NOT 5\< TO DE/ROY4 ,WE MU/ ALSO KN[ H[ TO BUILD1 & IT IS [+ TO NOT HAV+ ?\<T AB\T IT ?AT ! MASSES HAVE ALWAYS BE5 L$ A/RAY 9 ALL !IR REVOLUTIONS4 ,AFT] HAV+ DEMOLI%$ !Y AB&ON$ ! C>E ( RECON/RUCTION TO ! MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE1 :O POSSESS$ A MORE OR LESS PRECISE CONCEPTION ( :AT !Y WI%$ TO REALIZE1 & :O CONSEQU5TLY RECON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY TO !IR [N ADVANTAGE4 
  

     
,?AT IS :Y ,AN>*Y1 :5 IT WORKS TO DE/ROY AU?ORITY 9 ALL ITS ASPECTS1 :5 IT DEM&S ! ABROGATION ( LAWS & ! ABOLITION ( ! ME*ANISM ?AT S]VES TO IMPOSE !M1 :5 IT REFUSES ALL HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION & PREA*ES FREE AGREEM5T -- AT ! SAME TIME /RIVES TO MA9TA9 & 5L>GE ! PRECI\S K]NEL ( SOCIAL CU/OMS )\T :I* NO HUMAN OR ANIMAL SOCIETY CAN EXI/4 ,ONLY1 9/EAD ( DEM&+ ?AT ?OSE SOCIAL CU/OMS %\LD BE MA9TA9$ ?R\< ! AU?ORITY ( A FEW1 IT DEM&S IT FROM ! CONT9U$ ACTION ( ALL4 
  

     
,COMMUNI/ CU/OMS & 9/ITUTIONS >E ( ABSOLUTE NECESSITY = SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO SOLVE ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES1 BUT ALSO TO MA9TA9 & DEVELOP SOCIAL CU/OMS ?AT BR+ M5 9 CONTACT ) ONE ANO!R2 !Y MU/ BE LOOK$ TO = E/ABLI%+ SU* RELATIONS BETWE5 M5 ?AT ! 9T]E/ ( EA* %\LD BE ! 9T]E/ ( ALL2 & ?IS ALONE CAN UNITE M5 9/EAD ( DIVID+ !M4 

     
,9 FACT1 :5 WE ASK \RSELVES BY :AT MEANS A C]TA9 MORAL LEVEL CAN BE MA9TA9$ 9 A HUMAN OR ANIMAL SOCIETY1 WE F9D ONLY ?REE SU* MEANS3 ! REPRESSION ( ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS2 MORAL TEA*+2 & ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL HELP ITSELF4 ,& AS ALL ?REE HAVE ALREADY BE5 PUT TO ! TE/ ( PRACTICE1 WE CAN JUDGE !M BY !IR EFFECTS4 

,AS TO ! IMPOT5CE ( REPRESSION -- IT IS SUFFICI5TLY DEMON/RAT$ BY ! DISORD] ( PRES5T SOCIETY & BY ! NECESSITY ( A REVOLUTION ?AT WE ALL DESIRE OR FEEL 9EVITABLE4 ,9 ! DOMA9 ( ECONOMY1 CO]CION HAS L$ US TO 9DU/RIAL S]VITUDE2 9 ! DOMA9 ( POLITICS TO ! ,/ATE2 ?AT IS TO SAY1 TO ! DE/RUCTION ( ALL TIES ?AT =M]LY EXI/$ AMONG CITIZ5S1 & TO ! NATION1 :I* BECOMES NO?+ BUT AN 9COH]5T MASS ( OB$I5T SUBJECTS ( A C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 

,NOT ONLY HAS A CO]CIVE SY/EM CONTRIBUT$ & P[]FULLY AID$ TO CREATE ALL ! PRES5T ECONOMIC1 POLITICAL1 & SOCIAL EVILS1 BUT IT HAS GIV5 PRO( ( ITS ABSOLUTE IMPOT5CE TO RAISE ! MORAL LEVEL ( SOCIETIES2 IT HAS NOT EV5 BE5 ABLE TO MA9TA9 IT AT ! LEVEL IT HAD ALREADY REA*$4 ,IF A B5EVOL5T FAIRY C\LD ONLY REVEAL TO \R EYES ALL ! CRIMES ?AT >E COMMITT$ EV]Y DAY1 EV]Y M9UTE1 9 A CIVILIZ$ SOCIETY1 UND] COV] ( ! UNKN[N1 OR ! PROTECTION ( LAW ITSELF -- SOCIETY W\LD %UDD] AT ?AT T]RIBLE /ATE ( AFFAIRS4 ,! AU?ORS ( ! GREATE/ POLITICAL CRIMES1 LIKE ?OSE ( ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I'S C\P D'ETAT1 OR ! BLOODY WEEK 9 ,MAY AFT] ! FALL ( ! ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a1 NEV] >E >RAIGN$4 

,PRACTIC$ = C5TURIES1 REPRESSION HAS SO BADLY SUCCE$$ ?AT IT HAS BUT L$ US 9TO A BL9D ALLEY FROM :I* WE CAN ONLY ISSUE BY C>RY+ TOR* & HAT*ET 9TO ! 9/ITUTIONS ( \R AU?ORIT>IAN PA/4 

,F> BE IT FROM US NOT TO RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! SECOND FACTOR1 MORAL TEA*+ -- ESPECIALLY ?AT :I* IS UNCONSCI\SLY TRANSMITT$ 9 SOCIETY & RESULTS FROM ! :OLE ( ! IDEAS & COMM5TS EMITT$ BY EA* ( US ON FACTS & EV5TS ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,BUT ?IS =CE CAN ONLY ACT ON SOCIETY UND] ONE CONDITION1 ?AT ( NOT BE+ CROSS$ BY A MASS ( CONTRADICTORY IMMORAL TEA*+S RESULT+ FROM ! PRACTICE ( 9/ITUTIONS4 

,9 ?AT CASE1 ITS 9FLU5CE IS NIL OR BANEFUL4 ,TAKE ,*RI/IAN MORALITY3 :AT O!R TEA*+ C\LD HAVE HAD MORE HOLD ON M9DS ?AN ?AT SPOK5 9 ! NAME ( A CRUCIFI$ ,GOD1 & C\LD HAVE ACT$ ) ALL ITS MY/ICAL =CE1 ALL ITS POETRY ( M>TYRDOM1 ITS GR&EUR 9 =GIV+ EXECUTION]S8 ,& YET ! 9/ITUTION WAS MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! RELIGION4 ,SOON ,*RI/IANITY -- A REVOLT AGA9/ IMP]IAL ,ROME WAS CONQU]$ BY ?AT SAME ,ROME2 IT ACCEPT$ ITS MAXIMS1 CU/OMS1 & LANGUAGE4 ,! ,*RI/IAN *UR* ACCEPT$ ! ,ROMAN LAW AS ITS [N1 & AS SU* -- ALLI$ TO ! ,/ATE -- IT BECAME 9 HI/ORY ! MO/ FURI\S 5EMY ( ALL SEMI-COMMUNI/ 9/ITUTIONS1 TO :I* ,*RI/IANITY APPEAL$ AT ITS ORIG94 

,CAN WE = A MOM5T BELIEVE ?AT MORAL TEA*+1 PATRONIZ$ BY CIRCUL>S FROM M9I/]S ( PUBLIC 9/RUCTION1 W\LD HAVE ! CREATIVE =CE ?AT ,*RI/IANITY HAS NOT HAD8 ,& :AT C\LD ! V]BAL TEA*+ ( TRULY SOCIAL M5 DO1 IF IT W]E C\NT]ACT$ BY ! :OLE TEA*+ D]IV$ FROM1 9/ITUTIONS BAS$1 AS \R PRES5T 9/ITUTIONS ( PROP]TY & ,/ATE >E1 UPON UNSOCIAL PR9CIPLES8 

,! ?IRD ELEM5T ALONE REMA9S -- ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF1 ACT+ 9 SU* A WAY AS TO MAKE SOCIAL ACTS A /ATE ( HABIT & 9/9CT4 ,?IS ELEM5T -- HI/ORY PROVES IT -- HAS NEV] MISS$ ITS AIM1 NEV] HAS IT ACT$ AS A D\BLE-BLAD$ SWORD2 & ITS 9FLU5CE HAS ONLY BE5 WEAK5$ :5 CU/OM /ROVE TO BECOME IMMOVABLE1 CRY/ALLIZ$ TO BECOME 9 ITS TURN A RELIGION NOT TO BE QUE/ION$ :5 IT 5DEAVOR$ TO ABSORB ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TAK+ ALL FRE$OM ( ACTION FROM HIM & COMPELL+ HIM TO REVOLT AGA9/ ?AT :I* HAD BECOME1 ?R\< ITS CRY/ALLIZATION1 AN 5EMY TO PROGRESS4 

,9 FACT1 ALL ?AT WAS AN ELEM5T ( PROGRESS 9 ! PA/ OR AN 9/RUM5T ( MORAL & 9TELLECTUAL IMPROVEM5T ( ! HUMAN RACE IS DUE TO ! PRACTICE ( MUTUAL AID1 TO ! CU/OMS ?AT RECOGNIZ$ ! EQUALITY ( M5 & BR\<T !M TO ALLY1 TO UNITE1 TO ASSOCIATE = ! PURPOSE ( PRODUC+ & CONSUM+1 TO UNITE = PURPOSES ( DEF5SE1 TO F$]ATE & TO RECOGNIZE NO O!R JUDGES 9 FI<T+ \T !IR DIFF]5CES ?AN ! >BITRATORS !Y TOOK FROM !IR [N MID/4 

,EA* TIME !SE 9/ITUTIONS1 ISSU$ FROM POPUL> G5IUS1 :5 IT HAD RECONQU]$ ITS LIB]TY = A MOM5T1 EA* TIME !SE 9/ITUTIONS DEVELOP$ 9 A NEW DIRECTION1 ! MORAL LEVEL ( SOCIETY1 ITS MAT]IAL WELL-BE+1 ITS LIB]TY1 ITS 9TELLECTUAL PROGRESS1 & ! AFFIRMATION ( 9DIVIDUAL ORIG9ALITY MADE A /EP 9 ADVANCE4 ,&1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 EA* TIME ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY1 :E!R FOLL[+ UPON A =EIGN CONQUE/1 OR :E!R BY DEVELOP+ AU?ORIT>IAN PREJUDICES1 M5 BECOME MORE & MORE DIVID$ 9TO GOV]NORS & GOV]N$1 EXPLOIT]S & EXPLOIT$1 ! MORAL LEVEL FELL1 ! WELL-BE+ ( ! MASSES DECREAS$ 9 ORD] TO 9SURE RI*ES TO A FEW1 & ! SPIRIT ( ! AGE DECL9$4 

,HI/ORY TEA*ES US ?IS1 & FROM ?IS LESSON WE HAVE LE>N$ TO HAVE CONFID5CE 9 FREE COMMUNI/ 9/ITUTIONS TO RAISE ! MORAL LEVEL ( SOCIETIES1 DEBAS$ BY ! PRACTICE ( AU?ORITY4 

,TODAY WE LIVE SIDE BY SIDE )\T KN[+ ONE ANO!R4 ,WE COME TOGE!R AT MEET+S ON AN ELECTION DAY3 WE LI/5 TO ! LY+ OR FANCIFUL PR(ESSIONS ( FAI? ( A C&IDATE1 & WE RETURN HOME4 ,! ,/ATE HAS ! C>E ( ALL QUE/IONS ( PUBLIC 9T]E/2 ! ,/ATE ALONE HAS ! FUNCTION ( SEE+ ?AT WE DO NOT H>M ! 9T]E/S ( \R NEI<BOR1 &1 IF IT FAILS 9 ?IS1 ( PUNI%+ US 9 ORD] TO REPAIR ! EVIL4 

,\R NEI<BOR MAY DIE ( HUNG] OR MURD] HIS *ILDR51 IT IS NO BUS9ESS ( \RS2 IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( ! POLICEMAN4 ,Y\ H>DLY KN[ ONE ANO!R1 NO?+ UNITES Y\1 EV]Y?+ T5DS TO ALI5ATE Y\ FROM ONE ANO!R1 & F9D+ NO BETT] WAY1 Y\ ASK ! ,ALMI<TY 7=M]LY IT WAS A ,GOD1 N[ IT IS ! ,/ATE7 TO DO ALL ?AT LIES )9 HIS P[] TO /OP ANTI-SOCIAL PASSIONS FROM REA*+ !IR HI<E/ CLIMAX4 

,9 A COMMUNI/ SOCIETY SU* E/RANGEM5T1 SU* CONFID5CE 9 AN \TSIDE =CE1 C\LD NOT EXI/4 ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT BE LEFT TO BE CON/RUCT$ BY LEGISLATIVE BODIES CALL$ P>LIAM5TS1 MUNICIPAL OR COMMUNAL C\NCILS4 ,IT MU/ BE ! WORK ( ALL1 A NATURAL GR[?1 A PRODUCT ( ! CON/RUCTIVE G5IUS ( ! GREAT MASS4 ,COMMUNISM CANNOT BE IMPOS$ FROM ABOVE2 IT C\LD NOT LIVE EV5 = A FEW MON?S IF ! CON/ANT & DAILY COOP]ATION ( ALL DID NOT UPHOLD IT4 ,IT MU/ BE FREE4 

,IT CANNOT EXI/ )\T CREAT+ A CONT9UAL CONTACT BETWE5 ALL = ! ?\S&S & ?\S&S ( COMMON TRANSACTIONS2 IT CANNOT EXI/ )\T CREAT+ LOCAL LIFE1 9DEP5D5T 9 ! SMALLE/ UNITIES1 ! BLOCK ( H\SES1 ! /REET1 ! DI/RICT1 ! COMMUNE4 ,IT W\LD NOT ANSW] ITS PURPOSE IF IT DID NOT COV] SOCIETY ) A NETWORK ( ?\S&S ( ASSOCIATIONS TO SATISFY ITS ?\S& NE$S3 ! NECESS>IES ( LIFE1 >TICLES ( LUXURY1 ( /UDY1 5JOYM5T1 AMUSEM5TS4 ,& SU* ASSOCIATIONS CANNOT REMA9 N>R[ & LOCAL2 !Y MU/ NECESS>ILY T5D 7AS IS ALREADY ! CASE ) LE>N$ SOCIETIES1 CYCLI/ CLUBS1 HUMANIT>IAN SOCIETIES & ! LIKE7 TO BECOME 9T]NATIONAL4 

,& ! SOCIABLE CU/OMS ?AT COMMUNISM -- W]E IT ONLY P>TIAL AT ITS ORIG9-MU/ 9EVITABLY 5G5D] 9 LIFE1 W\LD ALREADY BE A =CE 9COMP>ABLY MORE P[]FUL TO MA9TA9 & DEVELOP ! K]NEL ( SOCIABLE CU/OMS ?AN ALL REPRESSIVE MA*9]Y4 

,?IS1 !N1 IS ! =M -- SOCIABLE 9/ITUTION -- ( :I* WE ASK ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! SPIRIT ( H>MONY ?AT *UR* & ,/ATE HAD UND]TAK5 TO IMPOSE ON US -- ) ! SAD RESULT WE KN[ ONLY TOO WELL4 ,& !SE REM>KS CONTA9 \R ANSW] TO ?OSE :O AFFIRM ?AT COMMUNISM & AN>*ISM CANNOT GO TOGE!R4 ,!Y >E1 Y\ SEE1 A NECESS>Y COMPLEM5T TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! MO/ P[]FUL DEVELOPM5T ( 9DIVIDUALITY1 ( 9DIVIDUAL ORIG9ALITY -- AS ONE ( \R COMRADES HAS SO WELL SAID1 -- CAN ONLY BE PRODUC$ :5 ! FIR/ NE$S ( FOOD & %ELT] >E SATISFI$2 :5 ! /RUGGLE = EXI/5CE AGA9/ ! =CES ( NATURE HAS BE5 SIMPLIFI$2 :5 MAN'S TIME IS NO LONG] TAK5 UP 5TIRELY BY ! MEAN] SIDE ( DAILY SUBSI/5CE -- !N ONLY1 HIS 9TELLIG5CE1 HIS >TI/IC TA/E1 HIS 9V5TIVE SPIRIT1 HIS G5IUS1 CAN DEVELOP FREELY & EV] /RIVE TO GREAT] A*IEVEM5TS4 

,COMMUNISM IS ! BE/ BASIS = 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T & FRE$OM2 NOT ?AT 9DIVIDUALISM :I* DRIVES MAN TO ! W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL -- ?IS IS ! ONLY ONE KN[N UP TILL N[1 -- BUT ?AT :I* REPRES5TS ! FULL EXPANSION ( MAN'S FACULTIES1 ! SUP]IOR DEVELOPM5T ( :AT IS ORIG9AL 9 HIM1 ! GREATE/ FRUITFULNESS ( 9TELLIG5CE1 FEEL+ & WILL4 

,SU* BE+ \R IDEAL1 :AT DOES IT MATT] TO US ?AT IT CANNOT BE REALIZ$ AT ONCE6 

,\R FIR/ DUTY IS TO F9D \T BY AN ANALYSIS ( SOCIETY1 ITS *>ACT]I/IC T5D5CIES AT A GIV5 MOM5T ( EVOLUTION & TO /ATE !M CLE>LY4 ,!N1 TO ACT ACCORD+ TO ?OSE T5D5CIES 9 \R RELATIONS ) ALL ?OSE :O ?9K AS WE DO4 ,&1 F9ALLY1 FROM TODAY & ESPECIALLY DUR+ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD1 WORK = ! DE/RUCTION ( ! 9/ITUTIONS1 AS WELL AS ! PREJUDICES ?AT IMP$E ! DEVELOPM5T ( SU* T5D5CIES4 

,?AT IS ALL WE CAN DO BY PEACEABLE OR REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS1 & WE KN[ ?AT BY FAVOR+ ?OSE T5D5CIES WE CONTRIBUTE TO PROGRESS1 :ILE ?OSE :O RESI/ !M IMP$E ! M>* ( PROGRESS4 

,NEV]!LESS M5 (T5 SPEAK ( /AGES TO BE TRAVEL$ ?R\<1 & !Y PROPOSE TO WORK TO REA* :AT !Y CONSID] TO BE ! NE>E/ /ATION & ONLY !N TO TAKE ! HI<ROAD LEAD+ TO :AT !Y RECOGNIZE TO BE A /ILL HI<] IDEAL4 

,BUT REASON+ LIKE ?IS SEEMS TO ME TO MISUND]/& ! TRUE *>ACT] ( HUMAN PROGRESS & TO MAKE USE ( A BADLY *OS5 MILIT>Y COMP>ISON4 ,HUMANITY IS NOT A ROLL+ BALL1 NOR EV5 A M>*+ COLUMN4 ,IT IS A :OLE ?AT EVOLVES SIMULTANE\SLY 9 ! MULTITUDE ( MILLIONS ( :I* IT IS COMPOS$4 ,& IF Y\ WI% = A COMP>ISON Y\ MU/ RA!R TAKE IT 9 ! LAWS ( ORGANIC EVOLUTION ?AN 9 ?OSE ( AN 9ORGANIC MOV+ BODY4 

,! FACT IS ?AT EA* PHASE ( DEVELOPM5T ( A SOCIETY IS A RESULTANT ( ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( ! 9TELLECTS :I* COMPOSE ?AT SOCIETY2 IT BE>S ! IMPR9T ( ALL ?OSE MILLIONS ( WILLS4 ,CONSEQU5TLY :ATEV] MAY BE ! /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T ?AT ! TW5TIE? C5TURY IS PREP>+ = US1 ?IS FUTURE /ATE ( SOCIETY WILL %[ ! EFFECTS ( ! AWAK5+ ( LIB]T>IAN IDEAS :I* IS N[ TAK+ PLACE4 ,& ! DEP? ) :I* ?IS MOVEM5T WILL BE IMPRESS$ UPON TW5TIE?-C5TURY 9/ITUTIONS WILL DEP5D ON ! NUMB] ( M5 :O WILL HAVE BROK5 TODAY ) AU?ORIT>IAN PREJUDICES1 ON ! 5]GY !Y WILL HAVE US$ 9 ATTACK+ OLD 9/ITUTIONS1 ON ! IMPRESSION !Y WILL MAKE ON ! MASSES1 ON ! CLE>NESS ) :I* ! IDEAL ( A FREE SOCIETY WILL HAVE BE5 IMPRESS$ ON ! M9DS ( ! MASSES4 

,N[ IT IS ! WORK]S' & PEASANTS' 9ITIATIVE ?AT ALL P>TIES-! SOCIALI/ AU?ORIT>IAN P>TY 9CLUD$ -- HAVE ALWAYS /IFL$1 WITT+LY OR NOT1 BY P>TY DISCIPL9E4 ,COMMITTEES1 C5T]S1 ORD]+ EV]Y?+2 LOCAL ORGANS HAV+ BUT TO OBEY1 0SO AS NOT TO PUT ! UNITY ( ! ORGANIZATION 9 DANG]40 ,A :OLE TEA*+1 9 A WORD2 A :OLE FALSE HI/ORY1 WRITT5 TO S]VE ?AT PURPOSE1 A :OLE 9COMPREH5SIBLE PSEUDO-SCI5CE ( ECONOMICS1 ELABORAT$ TO ?IS 5D4 

,WELL1 !N1 ?OSE :O WILL WORK TO BREAK UP !SE SUP]ANNUAT$ TACTICS1 ?OSE :O WILL KN[ H[ TO R\SE ! SPIRIT ( 9ITIATIVE 9 9DIVIDUALS & 9 GR\PS1 ?OSE :O WILL BE ABLE TO CREATE 9 !IR MUTUAL RELATIONS A MOVEM5T & A LIFE BAS$ ON ! PR9CIPLES ( FREE UND]/&+ ?OSE ?AT WILL UND]/& ?AT V>IETY1 CONFLICT EV51 IS LIFE & ?AT UNI=MITY IS DEA?1 -- !Y WILL WORK1 NOT = FUTURE C5TURIES1 BUT 9 GOOD E>NE/ = ! NEXT REVOLUTION1 = \R [N TIMES4 

,WE NE$ NOT FE> ! DANG]S & 0ABUSES0 ( LIB]TY4 ,IT IS ONLY ?OSE :O DO NO?+ :O MAKE NO MI/AKES4 ,AS TO ?OSE :O ONLY KN[ H[ TO OBEY1 !Y MAKE JU/ AS MANY1 & MORE MI/AKES ?AN ?OSE :O /RIKE \T !IR [N PA? 9 TRY+ TO ACT 9 ! DIRECTION !IR 9TELLIG5CE & !IR SOCIAL $UCATION SUGGE/ TO !M4 ,! IDEAL ( LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL -- IF IT IS 9CORRECTLY UND]/OOD [+ TO SURR\ND+S :]E ! NOTION ( SOLID>ITY IS 9SUFFICI5TLY ACC5TUAT$ BY 9/ITUTIONS -- CAN C]TA9LY LEAD ISOLAT$ M5 TO ACTS ?AT >E REPUGNANT TO ! SOCIAL S5TIM5TS ( HUMANITY4 ,LET US ADMIT ?AT IT DOES HAPP53 IS IT1 H[EV]1 A REASON = ?R[+ ! PR9CIPLE ( LIB]TY OV]BO>D8 ,IS IT A REASON = ACCEPT+ ! TEA*+ ( ?OSE MA/]S :O1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T 0DIGRESSIONS10 REE/ABLI% ! C5SURE ( AN 5FRAN*IS$ PRESS & GUILLOT9E ADVANC$ P>TIES TO MA9TA9 UNI=MITY & DISCIPL9E -- ?AT :I*1 :5 ALL IS SAID1 WAS 9 #agic ! BE/ MEANS ( 9SUR+ ! TRIUMPH ( REACTION8  

,! ONLY ?+ TO BE DONE :5 WE SEE ANTI-SOCIAL ACTS COMMITT$ 9 ! NAME ( LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 IS TO REPUDIATE ! PR9CIPLE ( 0EA* = HIMSELF & ,GOD = ALL10 & TO HAVE ! C\RAGE TO SAY AL\D 9 ANYONE'S PRES5CE :AT WE ?9K ( SU* ACTS4 ,?IS CAN P]HAPS BR+ AB\T A CONFLICT2 BUT CONFLICT IS LIFE ITSELF4 ,& FROM ! CONFLICT WILL >ISE AN APPRECIATION ( ?OSE ACTS F> MORE JU/ ?AN ALL ?OSE APPRECIATIONS :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 PRODUC$ UND] ! 9FLU5CE ( OLD-E/ABLI%$ IDEAS4 

,IT IS EVID5T ?AT SO PR(\ND A REVOLUTION PRODUC+ ITSELF 9 PEOPLE'S M9DS CANNOT BE CONF9$ TO ! DOMA9 ( IDEAS )\T EXP&+ TO ! SPH]E ( ACTION4 ,AS WAS SO WELL EXPRESS$ BY ! SYMPA!TIC Y\NG PHILOSOPH]1 TOO E>LY SNAT*$ BY DEA? FROM \R MID/1 ,M>K ,GUYAU1.<#c.> 9 ONE ( ! MO/ BEAUTIFUL BOOKS PUBLI%$ = ?IRTY YE>S1 !RE IS NO ABYSS BETWE5 ?\<T & ACTION1 AT LEA/ = ?OSE :O >E NOT US$ TO MOD]N SOPHI/RY4 ,CONCEPTION IS ALREADY A BEG9N+ ( ACTION4 

,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! NEW IDEAS HAVE PROVOK$ A MULTITUDE ( ACTS ( REVOLT 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 UND] ALL POSSIBLE CONDITIONS3 FIR/1 9DIVIDUAL REVOLT AGA9/ CAPITAL & ,/ATE2 !N COLLECTIVE REVOLT -- /RIKES & WORK+-CLASS 9SURRECTIONS -- BO? PREP>+1 9 M5'S M9DS AS 9 ACTIONS1 A REVOLT ( ! MASSES1 A REVOLUTION4 ,9 ?IS1 SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM HAVE ONLY FOLL[$ ! C\RSE ( EVOLUTION1 :I* IS ALWAYS ACCOMPLI%$ BY =CE -- IDEAS AT ! APPROA* ( GREAT POPUL> RIS+S4 

,?AT IS :Y IT W\LD BE WRONG TO ATTRIBUTE ! MONOPOLY ( ACTS ( REVOLT TO AN>*ISM4 ,&1 9 FACT1 :5 WE PASS 9 REVIEW ! ACTS ( REVOLT ( ! LA/ QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 WE SEE !M PROCE$+ FROM ALL P>TIES4 

,9 ALL ,EUROPE WE SEE A MULTITUDE ( RIS+S ( WORK+ MASSES & PEASANTS4 ,/RIKES1 :I* W]E ONCE 0A W> ( FOLD$ >MS10 TODAY EASILY TURN+ TO REVOLT1 & SOMETIMES TAK+ ! PROPORTIONS ( VA/ 9SURRECTIONS4 ,9 ! NEW & OLD WORLDS IT IS BY ! DOZ5 ?AT WE C\NT ! RIS+S ( /RIK]S HAV+ TURN$ TO REVOLTS4 

,IF Y\ WI%1 LIKE US1 ?AT ! 5TIRE LIB]TY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 HIS LIFE BE RESPECT$1 Y\ >E NECESS>ILY BR\<T TO REPUDIATE ! GOV]NM5T ( MAN BY MAN1 :ATEV] %APE IT ASSUMES2 Y\ >E =C$ TO ACCEPT ! PR9CIPLES ( AN>*ISM ?AT Y\ HAVE SPURN$ SO LONG4 ,Y\ MU/ !N SE>* ) US ! =MS ( SOCIETY ?AT CAN BE/ REALIZE ?AT IDEAL & PUT AN 5D TO ALL ! VIOL5CE ?AT R\SES Y\R 9DIGNATION4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a4 ,! MAK+ ( MAT*ES IS A ,/ATE'S MONOPOLY 9 ,FRANCE4 

#b4 ,BIRIBI IS ! NAME GIV5 9 ,FRANCE TO ! PUNI%M5T BATTALIONS 9 ,ALG]IA4 ,EV]Y Y\NG MAN :O HAS BE5 9 PRISON BE=E HE BEG9S HIS MILIT>Y S]VICE1 IS S5T TO SU* A BATTALION4 ,MANY SOLDI]S1 = WANT ( DISCIPL9E1 UND]GO ! SAME PUNI%M5T4 ,! TREATM5T 9 !SE PLACES IS SO HORRID ?AT NO ,5GLI%MAN W\LD BELIEVE IT POSSIBLE4 ,A V]Y FEW YE>S AGO1 ! PE> %AP$ HOLE 9 ! GR\ND1 :]E M5 W]E LEFT = WEEKS1 & SOME W]E ACTUALLY DEV\R$ BY V]M91 WAS AN HABITUAL PUNI%M5T4 ,AT ! PRES5T TIME1 IT IS QUITE HABITUAL TO LET A MAN1 H&CUFF$ & *A9$1 LAY = A =TNI<T ON ! GR\ND1 COV]$ BY A BIT ( CLO?1 UND] ! SCOR*+ SUN ( ,ALG]IA & ?R\< ! BITT]LY COLD NI<TS1 COMPELL$ TO EAT HIS FOOD & TO LAP HIS WAT] LIKE A DOG4 ,SCORES ( ! MO/ T]RIBLE FACTS BECAME KN[N LATELY1 S9CE ,GEORGES ,D>I5 PUBLI%$ HIS BOOK 0,BIRIBI0 7,P>IS1 #a#h#i1 ,SAV9E PUBLI%]7 BAS$ ON ACTUAL EXP]I5CE1 & FULL ( ! MO/ HORRIBLE REVELATIONS4 ,ONE ( MY ,CLAIRVAUX COMPANIONS HAD TO SP5D TWO YE>S ( MILIT>Y S]VICE 9 SU* A BATTALION-HIS CONDEMNATION AT ,LYONS1 AS ! $ITOR ( AN ,AN>*I/ PAP]1 BE+ ALREADY A REASON TO BE TRANSPORT$ TO ,ALG]IA4 ,HE FULLY CONFIRM$1 ON HIS RELEASE4 ALL ?AT WAS WRITT5 BY ,D>I54 

#c4 ,LA MORALE SANS OBLIGATION NI SANCTION1 P> ,M4 ,GUYAU4 

,FROM3 0,AN>*ISM3 ITS PHILOSOPHY & IDEAL40 ,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,FREE ,SOCIETY1 #a#h#i#h4  

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #ahig 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bag 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL -- ,ADD$4 
,DECEMB] #c1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,ITS ,PHILOSOPHY & ,IDEAL -- ,UPDAT$4 

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