,*APT] #g 
,! ,REVOLUTION ,?AT ,NEV] ,WAS3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,*APT] ,SEV5  

 ,! ,REVOLUTION ,?AT ,NEV] ,WAS3  

,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 

  

,AN>*I/S MADE AN ATTEMPT 9 #aibg TO ACQUIRE A VOICE 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 P]HAPS EV5 TO %APE ITS FUTURE4 ,!IR GOAL WAS NOT TO TAKE OV] ! ,GUOM9DANG POLITICALLY1 AS SOME OPPON5TS *>G$1 S9CE !Y REJECT$ POLITICS1 BUT RA!R TO USE ! POSSIBILITIES ! P>TY (F]$ TO *ANNEL ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION 9 A DIRECTION CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ GOALS4 ,9 H9DSI<T1 ! ATTEMPT WAS FUTILE1 A LA/ DESP]ATE1 & SOME:AT OPPORTUNI/IC1 ACT 9 AN>*I/S' EF=TS TO RECAPTURE ! REVOLUTION>Y GR\ND !Y HAD LO/ OV] ! PREVI\S ?REE YE>S TO SUCCESSFUL ,COMMUNI/ 9ROADS AMONG ! MASSES4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS ATTEMPT1 AN>*ISM = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES W\LD DISAPPE> AS A SIGNIFICANT =CE 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,9 ! ATTEMPT1 NO LESS ?AN 9 ! SUPPRESSION IT 9VIT$1 WAS 9SCRIB$ ! COMPLEX LEGACY ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 

,9 HI/ORICAL H9DSI<T1 ! AN>*I/ HOPE TO REMAKE ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 AN AN>*I/ IMAGE AT ! V]Y MOM5T ?AT ! P>TY HAD TURN$ AGA9/ ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A APPE>S1 IF NOT AS AN 9/ANCE ( A SUPREME REVOLUTION>Y OPPORTUNISM1 !N AT BE/ AS ANO!R ILLU/RATION ( ! SEEM+LY LIMITLESS CAPACITY ( AN>*I/S = SELF-DELUSION4 ,?IS WAS NOT NECESS>ILY :AT A CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE YIELD$1 H[EV]4 ,! ,GUOM9DANG1 ALWAYS 9COH]5T AS A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 WAS 9 #aibg 9 GREAT DIS>RAY4 ,TRUE1 ! ,NOR!RN ,EXP$ITION IT HAD LAUN*$ 9 #aibf WAS 9 FULL SW+ & W\LD ONCE AGA9 REUNIFY ! C\NTRY BY #a#i#b#h1 ! P>TY WAS ALREADY 9 ! PROCESS ( E/ABLI%+ ITSELF AS ! NEW NATIONAL GOV]NM5T1 & IT HAD JU/ AV]T$ AN 9T]NAL ?REAT BY BLOODILY T]M9AT+ ITS ?REE-YE>-OLD UNIT$ FRONT ) ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :I* HAD S\<T TO DIRECT ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T T[>D ,COMMUNI/ GOALS4 ,:ILE ! SUPPRESSION ( ,COMMUNI/S HAD COMPROMIS$ ! ,GUOM9DANG AS A REVOLUTION>Y =CE1 IT HAD NOT YET ]AS$ ! POPUL> IMAGE1 OR ! SELF-IMAGE1 ( ! P>TY AS ! =EMO/ =CE 9 ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION4 ,SYMPA?Y = ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 #aibg WAS BY NO MEANS UNIV]SAL1 & ! FULL EXT5T ( ! ,GUOM9DANG C\NT]REVOLUTION W\LD NOT BECOME APP>5T UNTIL AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! ,NOR!RN ,EXP$ITION 9 #aibh & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! NEW NATIONAL GOV]NM5T4 ,BUT AT ITS V]Y MOM5T ( VICTORY1 ! IDEOLOGICAL FUTURE ( ! P>TY SEEM$ MORE UNC]TA9 ?AN EV]4 ,IT WAS DEEPLY DIVID$ 9TO FACTIONS1 RANG+ FROM ,M>XI/S TO HIDEB\ND REACTION>IES1 EA* ONE ( :I* S\<T TO DIRECT ! P>TY'S FUTURE 9 ACCORDANCE ) ITS [N 9T]E/S & IDEOLOGICAL PROCLIVITIES4 ,! FUTURE SEEM$ TO BE UP = GRABS4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ONE ( ! GR\PS ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO GRAB IT4 

,! KEY FIGURES 9 ! ATTEMPT TO TURN ! ,GUOM9DANG ON AN AN>*I/ C\RSE W]E ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI4 ,AFT] ! P>TY REORGANIZATION ( #a#i#b#d1 !Y HELD =MALLY UN(FICIAL BUT ACTUALLY P[]FUL POSITIONS AS MEMB]S ( ! ,C5TRAL ,SUP]VISORY ,COMMITTEE1 A WAT*DOG COMMITTEE 9T5D$ TO KEEP AN EYE ON P>TY AFFAIRS4 ,ALSO ON ! COMMITTEE W]E ,ZHANG ,JI & ,ZHANG ,J+JIANG1 TWO FELL[ AN>*I/S FROM BE=E #a#i#a#a2 ! LATT] HAD F9ANC$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,FRANCE BE=E #a#i#a#a1 & HAD A CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK HIMSELF4 ,FROM ?IS POSITION ,LI & ,WU HAD CRITICIZ$ ! ,GUOM9DANG ALLIANCE ) ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY S9CE ! REORGANIZATION ( #aibd 7:I* HAD ALL[$ ,COMMUNI/S 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG71 & 9 #aibg W]E LEAD]S 9 ! MOVE TO PURGE NOT JU/ ! ,COMMUNI/S BUT ALSO ! ,M>XI/S ON ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT4 ,DUR+ ! SAME P]IOD1 !Y HAD BE5 PRESSUR+ Y\NG] AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S TO JO9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 & ?IS BORE FRUIT 9 #aibg :51 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! FIR/ ,GUOM9DANG PURGE ( ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ,APRIL1 !Y W]E ABLE TO P]SUADE SEV]AL AN>*I/S :O HAD GA9$ PROM95CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN<AI TO COOP]ATE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,LAODONG DAXUE71 :I* W\LD BE ! C5T]1 & ! MO/ IMPORTANT PRODUCT1 ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,SO IMPORTANT WAS ! P>T !Y PLAY$ 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #a#i#b#g-#b#h ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT P]CEIV$ 9 !IR ACTIVITIES ! ?REAT ( AN AN>*I/ TAKEOV] ( ! P>TY4.<#d#e#h.> ,9 HIS SURVEY ( POLITICAL GR\P+S PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#c1 ,SIMA ,XI&AO WAS TO PO9T TO AN>*I/S AS ONE ( ! IMPORTANT POLITICAL GR\PS 9 ,*9A4.<#d#e#i.> 

,IT WAS PRECISELY ?IS RELATION%IP TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 H[EV]1 ?AT ALSO DIVID$ ! LOYALTIES ( ! =EMO/ LEAD]S ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM & DOOM$ ! UND]TAK+ !Y 9ITIAT$ &1 ) IT1 ! AN>*I/S :O FOLL[$ !M4 ,9 ! MID-TW5TIES FEW AN>*I/S LOOK$ ) FAVOR UPON ! POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5TS ( ,LI & ,WU 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,9DE$1 IF OPPOSITION TO ! ,COMMUNI/S UNIT$ ! AN>*I/S 9 ! TW5TIES & 9CREAS+LY %AP$ !IR ATTITUDES T[>D ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! QUE/ION ( !IR RELATION%IP TO ! ,GUOM9DANG WAS TO BE HI<LY DIVISIVE4 ,9 #a#i#b#g1 :5 SOME ( !M FOLL[$ ,LI & ,WU 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 !Y HAD BY NO MEANS AB&ON$ !IR QUALMS AB\T ! ,GUOM9DANG1 OR COME TO %>E ! LATT]'S VIEW ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* QUICKLY APPE>$ 9 ! DIFF]5T MEAN+S !Y ASSIGN$ TO AN>*I/ ACTIVITY )9 ! P>TY4 ,! DIVISIONS1 & ! ?REAT AN>*I/ ACTIVISM PRES5T$ TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 W\LD RESULT QUICKLY 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( AN>*ISM 9 :I* ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S W]E TO PLAY AN ACTIVE IF RELUCTANT ROLE4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S ( ! Y\NG] G5]ATION :O HAD HOP$ 9 #aibg TO USE ! ,GUOM9DANG TO A*IEVE AN>*I/ GOALS DISCOV]$ QUICKLY ?AT )\T A P[] BASE ( !IR [N1 & DEPRIV$ ( ! PROTECTION ( ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S1 !IR SURVIVAL WAS CONT+5T UPON !IR WILL+NESS TO S]VE AS 9/RUM5TS 9 ! P>TY'S ATT5UATION ( REVOLUTION4 ,!IR CRITICISM ( ! ,GUOM9DANG = ITS SUPPRESSION ( REVOLUTION1 & MANIPULATION ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES1 MET ) QUICK REPRISALS4 ,LI & ,WU W\LD CONT9UE TO PLAY C5TRAL ROLES 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 LAT] YE>S1 BUT ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( AN>*ISM 9 ! P>TY1 :I* WAS COMPLETE BY #a#i#b#i1 WAS TO DEAL AN>*I/S A BL[ FROM :I* !Y W\LD NOT RECOV]4 

,AN>*I/S & ! ,GUOM9DANG 

  

,:5 ! AN>*I/S ACQUIR$ AN AUDIBLE VOICE )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #a#i#b#g1 :AT WAS REM>KABLE WAS ! TIM+1 NOT ?AT !Y HAD ACQUIR$ SU* A VOICE4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 #a#i#b#g-#a#i#b#i WAS ! CULM9ATION ( TWO DECADES ( 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 ,LI ,%IZ5G1 & O!RS :O L$ ! WAY 9 #aibg W]E NOT ONLY ,*9A'S FIR/ AN>*I/S1 !Y HAD BE5 E>LY MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,:ILE ON OCCASION !Y HAD BE5 CRITICAL ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS ( ,SUN ,YAT-S51 !Y HAD REMA9$ ,GUOM9DANG MEMB]S & BY ! TW5TIES W]E WIDELY REG>D$ AS P>TY ELD]S4 ,!IR POSITIONS 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,SUP]VISORY ,COMMITTEE W]E 9DICATIVE ( ! RESPECT !Y COMM&$4 

,?IS LONG HI/ORY ( 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,GUOM9DANG DID NOT MAKE ANY ! LESS CONTROV]SIAL ! ROLES ?AT ,LI & ,WU 7& O!R ,P>IS AN>*I/S7 PLAY$ 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG AS MEMB]S ( ?AT COMMITTEE4 ,9 A LETT] HE WROTE TO ,ZHANG ,PUQUAN 7,ZHANG ,JI7 %ORTLY AFT] !Y HAD ASSUM$ !IR NEW POSITIONS1 ! PROM95T AN>*I/ ,HUA ,L9 /AT$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT ! MOM5T ,LI & ,WU 5T]$ !IR RELATION%IP ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 !Y AS GOOD AS /OPP$ BE+ AN>*I/S4.<#d#f.> ,! RELATION%IP W\LD BE A DIVISIVE ISSUE AMONG ! AN>*I/S = ! NEXT ?REE YE>S & W\LD SPL9T] ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AFT] #a#i#b#g4.<#d#f#a.> 

,! FUNDAM5TAL ISSUE WAS POLITICS4 ,! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 LIKE ALL AN>*I/S1 VIEW$ ! OV]?R[ ( ! /ATE AS A PRIM>Y GOAL ( ! AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 & HAD FROM !IR E>LIE/ DAYS =SWORN POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE POLITICS C\LD HAVE BUT ONE GOAL--ACCESS TO /ATE P[]--BUT ALSO BECAUSE !Y BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICS1 AS ! EXPRESSION ( P>TIAL 9T]E/ 9 SOCIETY1 P]PETUAT$ SOCIAL DIVISION & WAS1 !RE=E1 9IMICAL TO ! AN>*I/ GOAL ( ABOLI%+ ALL SOCIAL 9T]E/ & DIVISION4 ,! V>I\S 9=MAL SOCIETIES !Y HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ,*9A 9 ! E>LY DAYS ( ! ,REPUBLIC ALL HAD MADE ! R5UNCIATION ( POLITICS A CONDITION ( MEMB]%IP4 

,! POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 9 O!R WORDS1 CONTRADICT$ !IR [N PR(ESSIONS ( OPPOSITION TO POLITICS4 ,! CONTRADICTION HAD BE5 EASI] TO IGNORE BE=E #a#i#a#a2 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE HAD BE51 AS ! NAME SUGGE/$1 AN ALLIANCE ( REVOLUTION>IES AGA9/ ! MON>*Y1 & AN>*I/ MEMB]%IP DID NOT SIGNIFY MU* BEYOND P>TICIPATION 9 AN ANTIMON>*IC MOVEM5T4 ,?IS CONTRADICTION WAS TO BECOME 9CREAS+LY PROBLEMATIC !REAFT]4 ,! ,GUOM9DANG WAS A POLITICAL P>TY B5T ON ACQUIR+ POLITICAL P[]1 & 9VOLVEM5T ) IT IMPLI$ A TACIT AFFIRMATION ( POLITICS4 ,IT WILL BE RECALL$ ?AT :5 A MEMB] ( ! GR\P1 ,ZHANG ,JI1 HAD ASSUM$ A POLITICAL POSITION 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION1 HE HAD DRAWN ! IRE ( ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/ ,%IFU1 :O HAD 5GAG$ ,WU ,ZHIHUI 9 A DEBATE CONC]N+ ! PROPRIETY ( AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 POLITICS4 ,9 5SU+ YE>S1 ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S HAD ALSO S]V$ AS 9T]M$I>IES BETWE5 ! ,*9ESE & ,FR5* GOV]NM5TS1 FIR/ 9 ! IMPORTATION ( ,*9ESE LABOR]S TO ,EUROPE DUR+ ! W> &1 FOLL[+ ?AT1 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! WORK-/UDY PROGRAM4 ,! ROLES !Y ASSUM$ 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG AFT] #aibd M]ELY CONFIRM$ = O!R AN>*I/S !IR LONG-/&+ WILL+NESS TO COMPROMISE AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 A SIGN1 AT BE/1 ( QUE/IONABLE COMMITM5T TO AN>*ISM1 AT WOR/1 ( POLITICAL OPPORTUNISM4 ,! FRONTISPIECE TO A SPECIAL COMMEMORATIVE ISSUE ON ,%IFU ( ! IMPORTANT AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9 7,M9ZHONG7 9 E>LY #aibg /AT$ PO9T$LY ?AT 9 ,*9A AT ! PRES5T1 !RE IS NO ONE WOR?Y ( \R RESPECT O!R ?AN ,%IFU4.<#d#f#b.> ,:E!R IT WAS SO 9T5D$ OR NOT1 ! /ATEM5T HAD UNCOMPLIM5T>Y IMPLICATIONS = ! AN>*I/ ELD]S FROM :OM ,%IFU HAD LE>N$ HIS AN>*ISM 7,WU ,ZHIHUI WAS A CONTRIBUTOR TO ! ISSUE74 

,AMONG ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI SEEM$ TO BE ! ONE MO/ PREP>$ TO DEF5D AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,GUOM9DANG &1 9 ! #a#i#bS1 TO URGE FELL[ AN>*I/S TO DO ! SAME4.<#d#f#c.> ,9 HIS RESPONSE TO AN>*I/ CRITICS ( SU* 9VOLVEM5T1 ,WU GAVE TWO REASONS :Y AN>*I/S %\LD SUPPORT ! ,GUOM9DANG EF=T4 ,FIR/1 AN>*I/S & ! ,GUOM9DANG 7AS WELL AS O!R REVOLUTION>IES1 9CLUD+ ! ,COMMUNI/S7 %>$ A COMMON 5EMY1 ! W>LORDS1 :OSE OV]?R[ WAS 9 ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ALL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,TO SOO! ! ANXIETIES ( AN>*I/S :O W]E SUSPICI\S ( ,GUOM9DANG MOTIVES 7PROM95T AN>*I/S SU* AS ,MAO ,YIBO BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG %>$ SOME ( ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y *>ACT]I/ICS ( MILIT>I/S & HAD MORE ?AN ITS %>E ( OPPORTUNI/IC POLITICIANS :OSE SOLE GOAL WAS TO BECOME RI* ?R\< (FICE1 %5GGUAN FACAI71.<#d#f#d.> ,WU >GU$ ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 ! #a#i#bS WAS A NEW ,GUOM9DANG1 COMMITT$ TO REVOLUTION4 ,PO9T+ TO ,KROPOTK9'S SUPPORT = ! W> EF=T DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ,WU >GU$ ?AT AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS SUPPORT$ PROGRESSIVE CAUSES1 EV5 :5 ! CAUSE WAS NOT !IR [N4 ,IF ! ,GUOM9DANG AT A LAT] TIME LO/ ITS PROGRESSIVE *>ACT]1 !RE W\LD BE TIME 5\< = AN>*I/S TO OPPOSE IT4 

,?IS >GUM5T WAS SIMIL> TO ! ONE ?AT HAD E>LI] JU/IFI$ ,P>IS AN>*I/S' MEMB]%IP 9 ! ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE2 !N1 TOO1 ! AN>*I/S HAD OPPOS$ ! NATIONALI/ GOALS ( ! ,ALLIANCE1 BUT SUPPORT$ ITS /RUGGLE ON ! GR\NDS ( A PRIOR NE$ TO OV]?R[ ! ,MAN*U MON>*Y4 ,UND]LY+ ?IS JU/IFICATION WAS A BROAD] CONCEPTION ( ! PROGRESS ( REVOLUTION 9 HI/ORY1 :I* ,WU N[ ADDUC$ AS A SECOND REASON = AN>*I/ SUPPORT ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,P>IS AN>*I/S HAD REPRES5T$ REVOLUTION AS A LONG PROCESS ) A NUMB] ( PROGRESSIVE /AGES2 ! TRANSITION FROM MON>*Y TO A REPUBLIC WAS ONE SU* /AGE & MU/1 !RE=E1 BE SUPPORT$ BY AN>*I/S )\T !IR LOS+ SI<T ( ! AN>*I/ GOALS ( REVOLUTION T[>D :I* !Y MU/ PROPEL ! REVOLUTION AT ALL TIMES4.<#d#f#e.> ,WU ,ZHIHUI /ILL BELIEV$ ?AT AN>*I/ REVOLUTION W\LD TAKE A V]Y LONG TIME 7AT ?IS TIME HE E/IMAT$ #c1 YE>S7.<#d#f#f.> & URG$ HIS Y\NG] COLLEAGUES TO =EGO REVOLUTION>Y PURITY & SUPPORT ! ,GUOM9DANG REVOLUTION>Y EF=T1 :I*1 AS A PROGRESSIVE /EP 9 ! M>* ( REVOLUTION1 W\LD BR+ AN>*ISM ONE /EP CLOS] TO REALIZATION4 

,WU'S >GUM5T DID NOT PROVE TO BE SUFFICI5TLY PLAUSIBLE TO MO/ FELL[ AN>*I/S1 AT LEA/ NOT 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,A L5G?Y REBUTTAL BY ! ,ZHEJIANG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JULY #aibd 9 ! ,%AN<AI AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,FREE ,PEOPLE 7,ZIY\ ]N71 (F]$ C\NT]>GUM5TS ?AT TYPIFI$ AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 ! MID-TW5TIES4 ,:AT MAKES ,%5'S PIECE P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/+ IS NOT ONLY ?AT HE WAS AN >TICULATE SPOKESMAN 9 !SE YE>S AGA9/ AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 BUT ALSO ?AT HE W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! P>TY 9 #a#i#b#g4.<#d#f#g.> 

,%5 WAS IMPRESS$ NEI!R BY ! COMMON 5EMY >GUM5T NOR BY ,WU'S ASSURANCES ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG WAS A NEW ,GUOM9DANG COMMITT$ TO ! CAUSE ( REVOLUTION RA!R ?AN TO USURP+ P[] = ITSELF4 ,! COMMON-5EMY >GUM5T WAS FALLACI\S1 HE BELIEV$1 BECAUSE IT C\LD BE US$ TO JU/IFY ALLIANCE ) ANYONE1 9CLUD+ O!R W>LORDS :O %>$ ! ,GUOM9DANG'S 5EMIES4 ,BESIDES1 HE PO9T$ \T1 AN>*I/S W]E NOT KNI<TS-]RANT ( ! TYPE TO BE F\ND 9 ,*9ESE LIT]ATURE1 READY TO HELP :OEV] REQUIR$ !IR S]VICES2 !Y HAD !IR [N PR9CIPLES & W]E CONC]N$1 NOT JU/ ) MAK+ REVOLUTION1 BUT ) :AT FOLL[$ ! REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/S S\<T TO OV]?R[ NOT ONLY W>LORDS & IMP]IALISM BUT ALSO ! /ATE & CAPITALISM4 ,= !M TO HELP ! ,GUOM9DANG E/ABLI% A NEW /ATE P[] W\LD BE TO HELP ]ECT A MORE P[]FUL OB/ACLE TO AN>*ISM ?AN PRES5TLY EXI/$4 ,BESIDES1 ,WU OV]LOOK$ ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG HAD ITS [N IDEOLOGY 9 ,SUN'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES & REQUIR$ LOYALTY TO !M AS ! PRICE ( ADMISSION 9TO ! P>TY4 ,! ,?REE ,PR9CIPLES W]E 9COMPATIBLE ) AN>*ISM2 AN>*I/S C\LD NOT SWE> LOYALTY TO !M )\T CEAS+ TO BE AN>*I/S4 ,!RE=E1 = AN>*I/S TO 5T] ! ,GUOM9DANG W\LD SIMPLY BE SUICIDE BECAUSE AN>*I/S HAVE EV5 LESS REASON = JO9+ ! ,GUOM9DANG ?AN ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,CONTR>Y TO ,WU1 ,%5 P]CEIV$ 9 ! EXAMPLE ( ,KROPOTK9'S COOP]AT+ ) O!R REVOLUTION>Y P>TIES A LESSON = AN>*I/S TO AVOID REPEAT+ A SIMIL> MI/AKE3 ,KROPOTK9 HAD 9 ! 5D BE5 BETRAY$ BY ! V]Y REVOLUTION>IES HE HAD SUPPORT$4.<#d#f#h.> 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,%5 REJECT$ ,WU'S >GUM5T ?AT ! REVOLUTION PROGRESS$ 9 NECESS>Y /AGES FROM DEMOCRACY TO ! DICTATOR%IP ( LABOR]S TO AN>*ISM4 ,?IS REASON+ WAS A CONSEQU5CE1 HE BELIEV$1 ( A FALLACI\S ANALOGY BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 :I* RESULT$ 9 A DET]M9I/IC VIEW ( REVOLUTION4 ,REVOLUTION ULTIMATELY DEP5D$ ON HUMANK9D'S /RIV+ TO REA* UPW>DS & ITS CAPABILITY TO ORGANIZE 7R5JI&E XIANG%ANG X9 HE ZUZHI LI74 ,IT MI<T BE SL[ OR RAPID ACCORD+ TO ! P[] ( ! DESIRE = PROGRESS OR ! ABILITY TO ORGANIZE1 BUT IT WAS NOT B\ND BY NATURAL LAW4 ,9DE$1 ,WU IGNOR$ ?AT ! /AGES HE PRES5T$ AS NATURAL 9 ! PROGRESS ( REVOLUTION W]E ALSO MUTUALLY CONTRADICTORY4 ,%5 PRES5T$ ! PROBLEM 9 A T]SE =MULA3 ,DEMOCRACY--HAS GOV]NM5T1 HAS PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,DICTATOR%IP ( LABOR]S--HAS GOV]NM5T1 HAS PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,AN>*ISM--NO GOV]NM5T1 NO PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,TO GO ?R\< !SE /AGES TO REA* AN>*ISM1 HE CONCLUD$1 WAS NO DIFF]5T ?AN GO+ S\? 9 ORD] TO GET NOR?4.<#d#f#i.> 

,%5'S REBUTTAL B>ELY CONCEAL$ HIS DISDA9 = :AT HE TOOK TO BE ! OPPORTUNISM ( AN>*I/S :O COOP]AT$ ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,EV5 IF ! ,GUOM9DANG W]E TO BE TAK5 S]I\SLY AS A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 :I* HE OBVI\SLY D\BT$1 ITS GOALS W]E CONTR>Y TO AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & DID NOT ALL[ = COOP]ATION4 ,JUDG+ BY ! AN>*I/ PRESS 9 ! #a#i#bS1 MO/ AN>*I/S %>$ ,%5'S VIEWS4 ,!Y W]E OPPOS$ TO A LIMIT$ REVOLUTION ?AT TOOK AS ITS OBJECTIVES ! ELIM9ATION ( W>LORD & IMP]IALI/ CONTROL ( ,*9A 7:I* W]E ! /AT$ GOALS ( ! UNIT$ FRONT PRES5T$ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY74 ,:ILE !SE W]E GOALS !Y C\LD %>E1 !Y DISAPPROV$ ( ! LIMITATION ( ! REVOLUTION BY ! NATIONALI/IC MOTIVATIONS ?AT 9=M$ IT2 AT ! HEI<T ( ! NATIONALI/IC UPSURGE ?AT SWEPT ,*9A 9 ! MID-TW5TIES1 AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO OPPOSE NATIONALISM1 NOT ONLY BECAUSE IT C\LD ONLY ISSUE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A /RONG] /ATE ?AN BE=E1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE NATIONALISM ONLY S]V$ TO BUILD WALLS >\ND PEOPLE & FUR!R SEP>ATE !M FROM ONE ANO!R4 ,!Y SUPPORT$ ANTI-IMP]IALISM BUT BELIEV$ ?AT ! ANSW] TO ABOLI%+ IMP]IALISM WAS NOT NATIONALISM BUT ! ABOLITION ( CAPITALISM4.<#d#g.> ,SO ADAMANT W]E ! AN>*I/S 9 !IR OPPOSITION TO A NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION ?AT !Y EV5 CAME UND] CRITICISM FROM ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 :O G5TLY REBUK$ !M 9 A LETT] BY REM9D+ !M ?AT DUR+ ,WORLD ,W> ,I HE & ,KROPOTK9 HAD SUPPORT$ NATIONALISM :5 IT WAS CLE>LY 9 A GOOD CAUSE4.<#d#g#a.> 

,SU* PRESSURES DID NOT GO 5TIRELY UNHE$$4 ,SOME AN>*I/S :O W]E OPPOS$ E>LI] TO COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG W]E BY #a#i#b#f-#b#g URG+ !IR COLLEAGUES TO VIEW ! ,GUOM9DANG AS A FRI5DLY P>TY 7Y\DANG7 & JO9 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y EF=T TO OV]?R[ ! P[] ( ! OLD P>TIES4.<#d#g#b.> ,BY ,APRIL #aibg ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU HIMSELF & O!RS ASSOCIAT$ ) HIM W]E READY = COLLABORATION4 

,NOT ALL AN>*I/S W\LD COME >\ND TO VIEW+ ! ,GUOM9DANG AS A FRI5DLY P>TY2 AS F> AS IT IS POSSIBLE TO TELL1 9FLU5TIAL ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,LIANG ,B+XIAN & ,\ ,%5GBAI1 & ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S1 SU* AS ,LI ,FEIGAN 7,BAJ97 & ,LU ,JIANBO1 CONT9U$ TO OPPOSE COLLABORATION4 ,BUT A SUFFICI5T NUMB] COLLABORAT$ TO GIVE ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI ! FOLL[+ !Y NE$$ TO MAKE AN>*ISM A S]I\S PRES5CE 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,!SE 9CLUD$1 9 ADDITION TO ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU1 RADICAL ,HUNANESE AN>*I/S :O HAD BE5 BAS$ 9 ,%AN<AI S9CE #a#i#b#c1 & ,BI ,XIU%AO1 ANO!R ,ZHEJIANG AN>*I/ :O HAD GA9$ VISIBILITY 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,FRANCE4 ,MO/ ( ?OSE :O COLLABORAT$ ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #aibg HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN<AI S9CE #a#i#b#d4 ,O!R AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,GUANGZH\1 MO/ PROM95T AMONG !M ,LIU ,%IX91 W\LD ALSO COLLABORATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG AFT] #a#i#b#g4.<#d#g#c.> 

,IT MAY NOT BE CO9CID5TAL ?AT AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T W\LD PLAY A CONSPICU\S P>T 9 ! COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,!RE >E NOT READY-MADE EXPLANATIONS = ! TURNAB\T 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S' ATTITUDES FROM OPPOSITION TO COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,ONE CAN PO9T1 H[EV]1 TO A CONJUNCTURE ( CIRCUM/ANCES BR\<T AB\T BY *ANGES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 ,*9A ?AT 9CL9$ AN>*I/S TO COLLABORATION1 IF NOT NECESS>ILY TO ! ASSUMPTION ( A ,GUOM9DANG ID5TITY4 

,FIR/ WAS AN 9T5SIFY+ S5SE ( !IR IRRELEVANCE TO ! GA!R+ MOM5TUM ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 :I* WAS EVID5T 9 ! REC$+ ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE NOT ONLY AMONG LABOR BUT ALSO AMONG $UCAT$ Y\? :O W]E 9CREAS+LY DRAWN TO ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE L$ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,! MID-#a#i#bS 7ESPECIALLY FOLL[+ ! ,MAY ,?IRTIE? ,9CID5T 9 ,%AN<AI7 WITNESS$ A VIRTUAL EXPLOSION 9 ! 9FLU5CE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :I* W\LD ULTIMATELY BR+ D[N ! UNIT$ FRONT BUT :I* = ! TIME BE+ WAS MO/ IMPRESSIVE = ! GA9S ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD MADE AT ! EXP5SE ( ! AN>*I/S1 9 :OSE EYES !Y W]E NOT JU/ ! =EMO/ COMPETITORS ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT BUT1 BECAUSE ( !IR ,BOL%EVIK ORI5TATION1 ! =EMO/ 5EMIES ( AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,! SURGE 9 MASS MOBILIZATION1 ESPECIALLY ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 PROVID$ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ) AN OPPORTUNITY = EXP&+ ITS CON/ITU5CY2 ! ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG =MALIZ$ 9 #aibd FACILITAT$ ! ,COMMUNI/S' ABILITY TO CONV]T ?IS OPPORTUNITY TO ACTUALITY4 ,BETWE5 #aibe & #aibg ,COMMUNI/ P>TY MEMB]%IP W\LD 9CREASE FROM AB\T ONE ?\S& TO AB\T FIFTY ?\S&4 ,ALMO/ HALF ! MEMB]%IP1 MOREOV]1 CONSI/$ ( URBAN LABOR]S1 A HI<] P]C5TAGE ?AN ! P>TY W\LD EV] AGA9 COMM& ?R\<\T ITS HI/ORY4 

,! EXPANSION ( ,COMMUNI/ P[] MEANT ! DECL9E ( AN>*I/ HOPES = A*IEV+ LEAD]%IP ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A1 :I* WAS P>TICUL>LY DI/RESS+ TO AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM HAD PEAK$ 9 #a#i#b#b-#b#c1 :5 AN>*I/S C\LD /ILL CLAIM ?AT !RE W]E SEV]AL ?\S& AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 NOT A P>TICUL>LY L>GE NUMB] BUT SIGNIFICANTLY HI<] ?AN :AT ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY C\LD CLAIM AT ! TIME4 ,AN>*I/S1 MOREOV]1 HAD 9ITIAT$ ! MOD]N LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A &1 AS LATE AS #a#i#b#b1 EX]T$ SIGNIFICANT 9FLU5CE AMONG LABOR]S BO? 9 ! S\?1 9 ,GUANGZH\1 & 9 ,HUNAN 9 C5TRAL ,*9A4 ,DRIV5 FROM ,HUNAN BY W>LORD REPRESSION 9 #a#i#b#b-#b#c1 ,HUNANESE AN>*I/S 7ALONG ) AN>*I/S FROM ,ZHEJIANG & ,SI*UAN7 HAD EM]G$ AS KEY FIGURES 9 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,%AN<AI ,SYNDICATES 7,%AN<AI GONGTUAN LIANHE HUI7 ?AT WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #aibd 7:]E !Y COOP]AT$1 AT LEA/ AT ! GR\ND LEVEL1 ) ,GUOM9DANG-RELAT$ LABOR LEAD]S74 ,IT WAS ALSO BECOM+ 9CREAS+LY EVID5T ?AT EV]Y:]E1 9CLUD+ ! AN>*I/ /RON<OLD 9 ,GUANGZH\1 AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE OV] LABOR WAS ON ! DECL9E1 P>TLY BECAUSE ! UNIT$ FRONT ) ! ,GUOM9DANG GAVE ! ,COMMUNI/S MU*-NE$$ PRE/IGE AS NATIONAL REVOLUTION>IES AS WELL AS ! AU?ORITY PROVID$ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 PLACES LIKE ,GUANGZH\1 & P>TLY BECAUSE ( AN 9H]5T WEAKNESS ( ! AN>*I/S 9 !IR 9ABILITY TO ORGANIZE1 :I* MEANT ?AT H[EV] SUCCESSFUL AT ! LOCAL LEVEL1 !Y W]E UNABLE TO COORD9ATE LABOR ACTIVITIES NATIONALLY4 ,9 #a#i#b#b1 :5 ! FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,CONGRESS HAD CONV5$ 9 ,GUANGZH\1 AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE HAD FRU/RAT$ ,COMMUNI/ ORGANIZ]S' EF=TS TO POLITICIZE ! LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,BY #a#i#b#e1 :5 ! ,SECOND ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,CONGRESS CONV5$ 9 ,%AN<AI1 ,COMMUNI/S HAD CLE>LY E/ABLI%$ !IR SUPREMACY 9 !IR LEAD]%IP ( LABOR4.<#d#g#d.> 

,JUDG+ BY AN>*I/ APPEALS TO Y\? 9 #a#i#b#f-#b#g1 ! LOSS ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO LABOR BUT EXT5D$ TO ! IDEALI/IC Y\? :O 9 ! E>LY ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD HAD BE5 ATTRACT$ TO ! AN>*I/ MESSAGE 9 L>GE NUMB]S4 ,! DELUSION ( Y\? :O FELL 9TO ! TRAP ( NATIONALISM WAS A CON/ANT !ME 9 !SE APPEALS1 AS WAS ! PROBLEM ( H[ TO RECOV] AN>*I/ LEAD]%IP ( Y\?1 & O!R SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4.<#d#g#e.> 

,AT ! HEI<T ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A1 ( :I* !Y HAD BE5 ! FIR/ & ! =EMO/ ADVOCATES1 AN>*I/S WAT*$ ) A S5SE ( DESPAIR !IR IRRELEVANCE TO ! ACTUALITIES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,BY LATE #aibf !Y W]E OP5LY SELF-CRITICAL AB\T !IR 9ABILITY TO ORGANIZE1 :I*1 !Y BELIEV$1 CURTAIL$ AN>*I/ ABILITY TO 9FLU5CE ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,ULTIMATELY1 H[EV]1 !Y TRAC$ !IR 9CREAS+ IRRELEVANCE TO A REVOLUTION>Y PURISM1 :I* ACC\NT$ = ! AN>*I/ REFUSAL TO 5GAGE 9 CONCRETE REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY SO LONG AS ! REVOLUTION DID NOT CORRESPOND TO AN>*I/ DESIRES4 

,?IS WAS ! ?RU/ ( A DISCUSSION PROM95T ,*9ESE AN>*I/S UND]TOOK 9 LATE #aibf & #aibg CONC]N+ AN>*I/ RELATION%IP TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! RESULTS ( :I* W]E PUBLI%$ 9 #aibg UND] ! HEAD+ ( ,AN>*ISM & ! ,QUE/ION ( ,PRACTICE 7,WUZH5GFU ZHUYI YU %IJI W5TI74 ,! DISCUSSION AS PUBLI%$ 9CLUD$ ONLY ?REE ESSAYS1 BY ,FEIGAN 7,BAJ971 ,HUIL9 7,WEI ,HUIL971 & ,JUN ,YI 7,WU ,KEGANG71 :]EAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,LU ,JIANBO1 O!R AN>*I/S HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 IT ORIG9ALLY1 9CLUD+ HIMSELF4.<#d#g#f.> ,! BASIC ISSUE WAS :E!R AN>*I/S %\LD CONT9UE TO 5GAGE 9 AN ACADEMIC PROPAGATION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS1 DIVORC$ FROM ! MASSES & ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS ( REVOLUTION1 OR P>TICIPATE 9 ! REVOLUTION TO GUIDE IT T[>D AN>*I/ GOALS4 ,! LATT] 9EVITABLY RAIS$ ! QUE/IONS ( H[ TO P>TICIPATE &1 BY IMPLICATION1 ( AN>*I/ RELATION%IP TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I*1 JUDG+ BY ! CONCLUSIONS ( ! V>I\S ESSAYS1 WAS =EMO/ 9 ! M9DS ( ! P>TICIPANTS 9 ! DISCUSSION4 

,!RE WAS AGREEM5T OV] ! FIR/ ISSUE1 BUT NOT OV] ! SECOND4 ,ALL AGRE$ ?AT ! CONC]N = REVOLUTION>Y PURITY NOT ONLY MADE AN>*I/S IRRELEVANT TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 BUT 9 SOME WAYS L$ TO ! BETRAYAL ( AN>*I/S' IDEALS 9 ! PRIORITY IT GAVE TO REVOLUTION>Y AB/RACTIONS OV] A G5U9E CONC]N = ! PEOPLE4 ,! ]ROR1 !Y SUGGE/$1 RE/$ 9 A CONFUSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ) ! P>TIES ?AT L$ IT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T !N 9 PROGRESS WAS NOT A REVOLUTION ( ! ,GUOM9DANG OR ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 BUT A G5U9E REVOLUTION ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT WAS ! OBLIGATION ( AN>*I/S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! POPUL> REVOLUTION1 SUCCOR ! PEOPLE1 & GUIDE !M T[>D AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,BAJ9 PUT IT3  
  

,*9A HAS ALREADY 5T]$ A REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AT ! PRES5T IS NOT A MOVEM5T ( ! ,GUOM9DANG BUT A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T ( ! MASSES4 ,T5S ( ?\S&S ( WORK]S >E ON /RIKE1 C\NTLESS Y\? >E ON ! BATTLEGR\ND READY TO RISK !IR LIVES AT ! H&S ( ! :ITE T]ROR OR 5D UP 9 JAIL4 ,I AM COMPLETELY OPPOS$ TO ?OSE :O SAY ?AT !Y >E M]E BL9D FOLL[]S ( A FEW LEAD]S1 ?AT !Y JU/ DESIRE TO A*IEVE WEAL? ?R\< (FICE1 ?AT !Y >E RUNN+ DOGS ( ! NEW W>LORDS1 ?AT !Y >E DISCIPLES ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES1 OR ?AT !Y M]ELY WI% TO E/ABLI% A B\RGEOIS GOV]NM5T4 ,! ,NOR!RN ,EXP$ITION ( ! NATIONAL >MIES IS ONE ?+1 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T IS /ILL ANO!R ?+4 ,! /RUGGLE = LIB]ATION ( A SEMI-COLONIAL NATION MAY NOT BE ! GOAL ( AN>*ISM1 BUT AN>*I/S CANNOT OPPOSE IT1 !Y CAN ONLY /RIVE TO MAKE IT GO FUR!R4 ,SIMIL>LY1 WE MAY NOT OPPOSE ! ANTI-IMP]IALI/ MOVEM5T JU/ BECAUSE CAPITALISM HAS NOT YET BE5 ABOLI%$4 ,I HATE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 BUT ,I HATE ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S EV5 MORE2 ,I HATE ! ,GUOM9DANG1 BUT ,I HATE ! NOR!RN W>LORDS EV5 MORE--BECAUSE ! ,SOVIET ,UNION IS NO:]E NE> AS BAD AS ! IMP]IALI/ P[]S1 NOR IS ! ,GUOM9DANG BIRDS ( A FEA!R ) ! NOR!RN W>LORDS4 ,IF WE CAN (F] ! MASSES SOME?+ BETT]1 SO MU* ! BETT]2 BUT TO /ICK ONE'S H&S UP ONE'S SLEEVES & 5GAGE 9 OPPOSITION FROM ! SIDEL9ES1 :ILE P]FECTLY ALL RI<T = B\RGEOIS S*OL>S1 IS NO LESS ?AN A CRIME = REVOLUTION>IES4 ,IT IS ALL RI<T = AN 9DIVIDUALI/ TO SAY1 ,IF IT IS NOT COMPLETE1 IT IS BETT] NOT TO HAVE IT1 BUT A REVOLUTION>Y CANNOT SAY ANY SU* ?+ BECAUSE ?AT IS NOT :AT ! MASSES DEM&4 ,IF WE DO NOT HAVE MU* 9FLU5CE 9 ! PRES5T MOVEM5T1 IT IS \R [N FAULT4 ,RI<T-W+ NATIONALI/S & ! ,RESE>* ,CLIQUE MU/ TAKE GREAT PLEASURE 9 WAT*+ US /& ON ! SIDEL9ES & ABUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T AS JU/ A POLITICAL /RUGGLE OR A W> BETWE5 W>LORDS1 OR MAKE ! ,GUOM9DANG 9TO BIRDS ( A FEA!R ) ,ZHANG ,ZUOL94.<#d#g#g.>  
  

,BAJ9 HIMSELF WAS OPPOS$ TO COLLABORATION1 AL?\< SOME ( HIS REM>KS MI<T HAVE SUGGE/$ AT LEA/ A CONT+5T APPROVAL ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,O!R AN>*I/S W]E MORE WILL+ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG /RUGGLE SO LONG AS !Y RETA9$ AN AN>*I/ ID5TITY & C\LD PU% ! ,GUOM9DANG T[>D ! MAXIMIZATION ( REVOLUTION>Y GOALS4 ,WU ,KEGANG1 :O 9 #aibd HAD OPPOS$ ,WU ,ZHIHUI'S URG+S = AN>*I/S TO JO9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 HAD 9 ! MEANTIME ASSUM$ A MORE POSITIVE ATTITUDE T[>D COLLABORATION4 ,HE CONCLUD$ HIS CONTRIBUTION TO ! DISCUSSION ) ! WORDS3  
  

,9 MY OP9ION1 H[EV] BAD ! ,GUOM9DANG MAY BE1 !RE >E MANY 9 IT :OSE GOAL IS NOT TO A*IEVE WEAL? ?R\< (FICE BUT TO C>RY \T ! REVOLUTION4 ,MOREOV]1 ! /RUGGLE !Y >E 9VOLV$ 9 N[ TO OV]?R[ =EIGN AGGRESSION & ! NOR!RN W>LORDS IS SOME?+ ?AT AN>*I/S !MSELVES DESIRE & %\LD BE DO+4 ,:5 IT SUCCE$S ! ,GUOM9DANG WILL /ILL BE F> FROM AN>*ISM1 BUT IT IS ! HEI<T ( IGNORANCE AB\T REVOLUTION TO SUGGE/ ?AT ! COMMON PEOPLE WILL BE WORSE (F ?AN !Y >E N[4.<#d#g#h.>  
  

,WU BY !N WAS ONE ( ! ADVOCATES ( ! NE$ = AN>*I/S TO VIEW ! ,GUOM9DANG AS A FRI5DLY P>TY4 

,JUDG+ BY ! COLLABORATION ?AT WAS TO FOLL[ %ORTLY AFT] !SE L9ES W]E PUBLI%$1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SUGGE/ ?AT BY E>LY #aibg MANY IF NOT ALL AN>*I/S %>$ SOME ( !SE S5TIM5TS4 ,WE %\LD NOTE TWO O!R CONDITIONS ?AT HAD TO BE FULFILL$ BE=E COLLABORATION BECAME A REALITY4 ,FIR/1 ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI HAD TO REASSURE AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S ?AT 9 COLLABORAT+ ) ! ,GUOM9DANG !Y NE$ NOT AB&ON !IR AN>*ISM TO 9FLU5CE ! FUTURE ( ! P>TY4 ,?IS IS AT BE/ A GUESS1 BUT ONE = :I* !RE IS SOME CIRCUM/ANTIAL EVID5CE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,BI ,XIU%AO1 :O WAS TO PLAY AN 9/RUM5TAL ROLE 9 BR++ AB\T ! COLLABORATION & AFT]W>DS 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 ! MEET+ 9 ,APRIL #aibg ?AT 9ITIAT$ ! COLLABORATION WAS PREC$$ BY MORE ?AN HALF A YE> ( MEET+S ) IMPORTANT ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,ZHANG ,JI1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 & F9ALLY ,LI ,%IZ5G1 :O 9 #a#i#b#g-#b#h W\LD BECOME ! GODFA!R ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! P>TY4 ,:AT W5T ON 9 !SE MEET+S ,BI DOES NOT SAY 7EXCEPT 9 ! CASE ( ,ZHANG ,JI1 :O BITT]LY COMPLA9$ AB\T HIS POPUL> IMAGE AS A REACTION>Y71 BUT BY ! FALL ( #aibf ! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,C5TRAL ,SUP]VISORY ,COMMITTEE W]E ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 EF=TS TO T]M9ATE ! ALLIANCE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S1 & !Y PROBABLY AT LEA/ HELD \T TO AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S ! PROMISE ( FUTURE LEAD]%IP 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T2 LABOR1 WE %ALL SEE1 WAS ! FIR/ ITEM ON ! AG5DA ( ! COLLABORATION AFT] ,APRIL #a#i#b#g4 ,FUR!RMORE1 ! COLLABORATION WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A *ANGE 9 ! PUBLIC /ANCE ( ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S !MSELVES4 ,:ILE ,LI & ,WU 7& ,ZHANG ,JI7 HAD MADE NO SECRET ( !IR AN>*ISM OV] ! YE>S1 !IR ADVOCACY ( AN>*ISM AS AN OPTION = ! ,GUOM9DANG WAS QUITE NOVEL1 ESPECIALLY !IR OP5 ADVOCACY ?AT ! SACROSANCT ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES C\LD BE 9T]PRET$ FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE4 ,WE HAVE NO WAY ( KN[+ IF !Y CONVEY$ !IR 9T5TION TO OP5LY PROMOTE AN>*ISM 9 ! P>TY TO ,BI & O!RS 9 ORD] TO DRAW !M 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 BUT BY ,MAY #aibg !Y W]E ALREADY DO+ SO4 ,F9ALLY1 !RE IS LITTLE QUE/ION ?AT AN>*I/S :O JO9$ ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #aibg BEHAV$ ) A SURPRIS+ 9DEP5D5CE1 MAK+ NO EF=T TO CONCEAL ?AT !IR GOAL WAS TO BR+ AN>*ISM 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,EV5 AS !Y 5T]$ ! COLLABORATION 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#g1 !Y CONT9U$ TO CRITICIZE ! NATIONALI/ GOALS ( ! ,GUOM9DANG REVOLUTION1 & !Y W]E UNCOMPROMIS+ 9 !IR ADVOCACY ( ! CAUSE ( URBAN & RURAL LABOR]S4 ,9DE$1 READ+ ?R\< !IR PROTE/S 9 #aibh AGA9/ ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( MASS MOVEM5TS 7& SUBSEQU5TLY ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY )9 ! P>TY71 IT IS H>D NOT TO DETECT A S5SE ?AT !Y FELT BETRAY$ NOT JU/ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG BUT BY ! AN>*I/S :O HAD BR\<T !M 9TO ! COLLABORATION4 

,! SECOND CONDITION WAS ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNISM4 ,IT MAY BE NO CO9CID5CE ?AT ! MEET+ 9 ,%AN<AI AT :I* AN>*I/S DREW UP !IR PLANS = ACTIVITY )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG FOLL[$ %ORTLY ON ! HEELS ( ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK'S SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNISM1 FOLL[$ BY A MASSACRE NOT ONLY ( ,COMMUNI/S BUT ( ,%AN<AI LABOR]S AS WELL4 ,?IS1 ( C\RSE1 WAS TO TA9T FROM ! BEG9N+ ! WILL+NESS ( ! AN>*I/S TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 = 9 !IR HATR$ = ! ,COMMUNI/S1 !Y W]E WILL+ TO CLOSE !IR EYES TO ! VICTIMIZATION ( ! V]Y LABOR]S :OSE CASE !Y HOP$ TO PURSUE 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,IT WAS ?IS PROMISE ABOVE ALL ?AT DREW !M 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 & ! SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNISM PROVID$ !M ) !IR OPPORTUNITY4 

,:Y !Y %\LD HAVE FELT ?AT !Y !MSELVES W\LD BE IMMUNE TO A SIMIL> SUPPRESSION IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,POSSIBLY IT WAS ASSURANCES FROM ,LI & ,WU ?AT REASSUR$ !M2 OR IT MAY HAVE BE5 !IR BELIEF ?AT S9CE !Y 9T5D$ TO HELP ! LABOR]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES RA!R ?AN TO USE LABOR TO !IR [N POLITICAL 5DS1 AS !Y BELIEV$ ! ,COMMUNI/S HAD DONE1 !Y C\LD AVOID A SIMIL> FATE4 ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU'S PROPHECY ?AT COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG W\LD PROVE SUICIDAL = AN>*I/S W\LD COME TRUE )9 ! YE>4 ,BUT 9 ! EXCITEM5T ( ! POSSIBILITY (F]$ BY ! ,GUOM9DANG ( ONCE AGA9 CAPTUR+ LEAD]%IP ( ! MASS MOVEM5TS1 ,%5 HIMSELF WAS WILL+ TO OV]LOOK HIS QUALMS ( ?REE YE>S E>LI]4 

,! PLANS = ! COLLABORATION W]E DRAWN AT A MEET+ 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ,APRIL 9 :I* ! P>TICIPANTS W]E ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 ,KUANG ,HU%5G1 & ,LU ,W5HAN4.<#d#g#i.> ,! CORN]/ONE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY WAS TO BE A ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY TO TRA9 A NEW K9D ( LABOR LEAD] & A NEW K9D ( 9TELLECTUAL1 :I* W\LD TRANS=M NOT ONLY ! ,GUOM9DANG BUT ULTIMATELY ! :OLE NATION4 ,ALONG ) ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY1 AN>*I/S W\LD PUBLI% A NEW P]IODICAL1 ,REVOLUTION 7OR ,REVOLUTION ,WEEKLY1 ,GEM+ ZH\BAO71 9 :I* !Y W\LD PROPAGATE AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 A =M APPROPRIATE TO ! COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,LI & ,WU W\LD ATT5D TO ! (FICIAL ASPECTS ( ! COOP]ATION 7,LI ALSO AGRE$ TO F9ANCE ! :OLE UND]TAK+ 9ITIALLY72 ! Y\NG] ACTIVI/S W\LD T5D TO ! OP]ATION ( ! NEW UNIV]SITY1 AS WELL AS TO ! PUBLICATION ( ! J\RNAL4 ,! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( ! COOP]ATION WAS TO BE1 ACCORD+ TO ANO!R AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 ,%AN<AI AT ! TIME1 TO USE ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM 7LIT]ALLY1 TAKE ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES AS MEANS1 AN>*ISM AS GOAL1 YI SANM9 ZHUYI WEI %\DUAN1 YI WUZH5GFU ZHUYI WEI MUBIAO74.<#d#h.> 

,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 

  

,! 9/ITUTIONAL C5T] ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG 7AS WELL AS ITS MO/ SIGNIFICANT PRODUCT7 WAS ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,LAODONG DAXUE7 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ! FALL ( #a#i#b#g4 ,MODEL$ AFT] A SOCIALI/ UNIV]SITY = LABOR]S ?AT HAD BE5 F\ND$ 9 #aib 9 ,*>L]OI1 ,BELGIUM1 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY [$ ITS 9SPIRATION & CONCEPTION TO AN>*I/ IDEAS ( $UCATION 7IT WAS A DIRECT \TGR[? ( AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS 9 ,%AN<AI &1 E>LI]1 ( ! LABOR-LE>N+ PROGRAM 9 ,EUROPE74 ,ITS GOALS W]E 5COMPASS$ 9 ! SLOGAN ,TURN S*OOLS 9TO FIELDS & FACTORIES1 FIELDS & FACTORIES 9TO S*OOLS 7XUEXIAO NONG*ANG GONG*ANHUA1 NONG*ANG GONG*AN XUEXIAOHUA74.<#d#h#a.> ,ITS BASIC GOAL WAS TO REALIZE A LONG/&+ AN>*I/ DREAM3 TO COMB9E LABOR & LE>N+ 9 $UCATION TO CREATE A NEW K9D ( 9DIVIDUAL1 A LABOR+ 9TELLECTUAL1 OR AN 9TELLECTUAL LABOR]4 ,?IS1 ! AN>*I/S BELIEV$1 W\LD ABOLI% A FUNDAM5TAL DI/9CTION BETWE5 SOCIAL CLASSES1 A*IEVE A PEACEFUL SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & LAUN* ,*9ESE SOCIETY T[>D AN AN>*I/ FUTURE4 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS ! FIR/ /EP 9 ! REVOLUTIONIZATION ( ,*9ESE $UCATION1 & ! KEY TO A G5U9E SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,ITS IMM$IATE GOAL WAS TO TRA9 LABOR LEAD]S ( A NEW K9D :O C\LD %[ LABOR ! WAY TO TAKE *>GE ( ITS [N FUTURE4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT AN>*I/S CONCEIV$ ( IT AS A CRUCIAL /EP 9 ! F$]ALI/ REORGANIZATION ( ,*9A4 

,PREP>ATIONS = ! NEW UNIV]SITY BEGAN 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b#g1 L$ BY A COMMITTEE HEAD$ BY NO LESS ?AN ,CAI ,YUANPEI1 ! =EMO/ FIGURE 9 ,*9ESE $UCATION & *AIR ( ! NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,UNIV]SITY ,C\NCIL 7,DAXUE YUAN7 ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG 9T5D$ TO SUP]VISE ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( ! HI<]-$UCATION SY/EM4 ,CAI1 :O COMM&$ IMM5SE PRE/IGE = HIS RE=M ( ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY A DECADE E>LI]1 WAS HIMSELF A PHILOSOPHICAL AN>*I/ :O HAD LONG BE5 9VOLV$ 9 AN>*I/ $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES 9 ,EUROPE1 :O WAS A =EMO/ ADVOCATE ( COMB9+ LABOR & LE>N+ 9 $UCATION1 & :O WAS ACTIVE AFT] #aibf 9 ! ANTI-,COMMUNI/ ACTIVITIES ( ! ,C5TRAL ,SUP]VISORY ,COMMITTEE 9 COOP]ATION ) FELL[ ,GUOM9DANG ELD]S & AN>*I/S ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 & ,ZHANG ,J+JIANG4 

,! RAPIDITY ) :I* ! PLANN+ COMMITTEE COMPLET$ ITS TASK TE/IFIES TO ! P[] & 9FLU5CE ( ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S4 ,YI ,PEIJI1 PROM95T ,HUNANESE $UCATOR 7& ANO!R ASSOCIATE ( ! GR\P7 & PA/ PR9CIPAL ( ,HUNAN ,FIR/ ,NORMAL1 WAS APPO9T$ PRESID5T ( ! NEW UNIV]SITY4 ,A PHYSICAL PLANT WAS PUR*AS$ 9 ,%AN<AI SUBURBS AS ! SITE = ! UNIV]SITY4 ,GOV]NM5T SUPPORT WAS SECUR$ TO F9ANCE BO? ! PUR*ASE & ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! PHYSICAL PLANT & O!R OP]AT+ EXP5SES4 ,BASIC TO ! CONCEPTION ( ! UNIV]SITY WAS ! RECRUITM5T ( /UD5TS ( LABOR] & PEASANT BACKGR\ND1 :O C\LD ILL AF=D AN $UCATION1 TO PUT AN 5D TO ! MONOPOLIZ+ ( $UCATION BY ! WEAL?I] CLASSES4 ,TO ?IS 5D1 IT WAS DECID$ ?AT ALL /UD5TS W\LD BE PUBLIC 7GONGFEI7 /UD5TS4 ,! GOV]NM5T W\LD PAY = !IR $UCATION AS WELL4.<#d#h#b.> ,! UNIV]SITY W\LD COMPRISE ?REE COLLEGES3 AN ,9DU/RIAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE 7,LAOGONG XUEYUAN71 AN ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE 7,LAONONG XUEYUAN71 & A ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE 7,%EHUI KEXUE XUEYUAN74 ,! *OICE ( ! ?IRD >EA REFLECT$ ! AN>*I/ BELIEF ?AT SOCIAL SCI5CE & SOCIAL REVOLUTION W]E 9SEP>ABLE4.<#d#h#c.> ,! PLAN ALSO 9CLUD$ TRA9+ 7XUNLIAN7 & NORMAL 7%IFAN7 COMPON5TS 9 ! UNIV]SITY ) AN EYE TO ! TRA9+ ( LABOR LEAD]S4 ,EV5TUALLY1 ELEM5T>Y & MIDDLE S*OOLS W]E TO BE ADD$ TO CREATE A COMPREH5SIVE $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION4 

,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS =MALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aibg & OP5$ ITS DOORS TO 9/RUCTION 9 ,OCTOB] ) ! ,9DU/RIAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 HEAD$ BY ! ,ZHEJIANG AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU4 ,PREP>ATIONS = ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE W]E COMPLET$ ! FOLL[+ MON? ) ! PUR*ASE ( ADDITIONAL L&1 & BY ,NOVEMB] ?AT TOO WAS 9 OP]ATION ) ITS [N CAMPUS4 ,/ILL ANO!R CAMPUS 7ON ! SITE ( ! =M] ,%AN<AI ,UNIV]SITY7 WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #aibh = ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE4 ,BY MID-#a#i#b#h ! O!R COMPON5TS ( ! UNIV]SITY W]E 9 PLACE & IT WAS 9 FULL OP]ATION4 ,AS ( MID-#a#i#b#h1 ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES HAD A TOTAL ( #bhi /UD5TS 7AB\T HALF ! NUMB] PLANN$ =74 ,TWO ?\S& LABOR]S WORK$ = ! UNIV]SITY 9 ITS AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL UND]TAK+S1 & ! S*OOL ALREADY HAD A LIBR>Y ) MORE ?AN =TY ?\S& VOLUMES ( ,*9ESE & =EIGN WORKS4 

,CONSID]+ ! RELATIVELY SMALL SIZE ( ! /UD5T BODY1 ! 9VE/M5T 9 ! UNIV]SITY 9 ITS 9ITIAL PHASE WAS HI<LY IMPRESSIVE BO? 9 T]MS ( F9ANCIAL RES\RCES & 9 T]MS ( ! $UCATIONAL-POLITICAL ATT5TION IT DREW4 ,! EXP5DITURES P] /UD5T W]E EV5 HI<] ?AN 9 ,*9A'S PREMI] $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS1 ,BEIJ+ & ,Q+HUA UNIV]SITIES4.<#d#h#d.> ,EV5 MORE IMPRESSIVE WAS ! $UCATIONAL P]SONNEL 9VOLV$4 ,! COMMITTEE ( OV]SE]S 9CLUD$1 9 ADDITION TO ! PRESID5T1 ,YI ,PEIJI1 ! F\R ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/ ELD]S1 ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 ,CAI ,YUANPEI1 & ,ZHANG ,J+JIANG 79 #aic ,YI WAS REPLAC$ AS PRESID5T BY ,*9A'S =M] AMBASSADOR TO ,BELGIUM1 ,WANG ,J+QI74 ,! PR(ESSORS AT ! UNIV]SITY 9CLUD$ SOME ( ! MO/ PROM95T FIGURES 9 CONTEMPOR>Y NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CES 7AL?\< MANY ( !M W]E P>T-TIME71 & ! LI/ ( SPEAK]S 9 #aibgaibi READS LIKE A :O'S :O ( ,*9ESE $UCATION & POLITICS1 RANG+ FROM ,DAI ,JITAO & ,%AO ,YUAN*ONG ( ! ,GUOM9DANG ,RI<T TO ! DEAN ( ,*9ESE LIT]ATURE1 ,LU ,XUN1 ON ! ,LEFT4.<#d#h#e.> ,:AT IT MEANT TO ,*9ESE $UCATORS WAS SPELL$ \T BY ,CAI ,YUANPEI 9 A SPEE* HE GAVE AT ! UNIV]SITY 9 #aic 7BY :I* TIME1 IRONICALLY1 ! UNIV]SITY HAD ALREADY UND] GOV]NM5T PRESSURE DEP>T$ FROM ITS ORIG9AL MISSION71 5TITL$ ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & ! ,RESPONSIBILITIES ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY ,/UD5TS 7,LAODONG DAXU$E YISI HE ,LAODONG XUE%5GDE Z]574 ,HAV+ \TL9$ ! MEAN+ ( LABOR 9 $UCATION & SOCIETY AT L>GE1 ,CAI W5T ON TO SAY3  
  

,S9CE ,*9A BEGAN TO ADOPT ! $UCATIONAL SY/EMS ( =EIGN C\NTRIES1 !RE HAS BE5 MANY A SPECIAL S*OOL ( AGRICULTURE OR 9DU/RY1 OR 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL DEP>TM5TS 9 UNIV]SITIES4 ,SU* S*OOLS W]E ORIG9ALLY 9T5D$ TO COMB9E LE>N+ ) PRACTICE2 BUT ONCE 9 ,*9A1 !IR NATURE *ANG$4 ,?OSE :O ATT5D$ !M WANT$ JU/ TO READ BOOKS )\T ANY PRACTICE1 & QUICKLY BECAME LE>N$ G5TLEM54 ,! *ILDR5 ( PEASANTS :O W5T TO S*OOL RETURN$ HOME TO LOOK D[N ON !IR P>5TS2 ! SAME ) WORK]S4 ,H5CE A PROPOSAL WAS MADE TO E/ABLI% A LABOR UNIV]SITY4 ,AL?\< ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY HAS MU* 9 COMMON ) 9DU/RIAL S*OOLS1 WE CAN SAY ?AT IT IS REVOLUTION>Y BECAUSE ITS EMPHASIS IS ON PRACTICE2 :AT GOES ON 9 ! CLASSROOM IS M]ELY SUPPLEM5T>Y TO ?IS PRIM>Y GOAL /UD5TS >E NOT RE/RICT$ TO WORK]S & PEASANTS BECAUSE EV5 ?OSE :O COME FROM MONEY$ BACKGR\NDS >E WELCOME IF !Y >E WILL+ TO LABOR4 ,! PREMISE ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY IS ?AT /UD5TS MU/ DO PRACTICAL WORK1 ?AT LABOR IS ! ONLY WORK4 ,9 ! FUTURE :5 LABOR UNIV]SITIES >E F\ND$ ALL OV] ! C\NTRY1 !Y WILL NE$ ! /UD5TS H]E TO MANAGE !M2 IF /UD5TS H]E HAVE NOT LABOR$1 H[ WILL !Y UND]TAKE SU* RESPONSIBILITY8 ,WE MU/ /RIVE TO LABOR N[ SO ?AT !RE IS A F\NDATION = ! FUTURE4 ,!RE IS ANO!R CONSID]ATION4 ,! /UD5TS AT ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 5JOY SPECIAL PRIVILEGES ( :I* MANY ON ! \TSIDE >E 5VI\S4 ,!Y SAY ?AT ! PRIVILEGES ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS >E COMP>ABLE TO ?OSE ( ! NOBILITY DUR+ ! ,Q+ DYNA/Y4 ,WE CAN ANSW] ?AT WE PRODUCE1 ?AT ! S*OOL WANTS US TO LABOR1 SO WE LABOR1 & HAV+ FULFILL$ \R OBLIGATIONS 5JOY ! PRIVILEGES2 ?AT IS ! ANSW]4 ,IF ON ! O!R H& WE JU/ READ BOOKS & DO NO PRACTICAL LABOR1 WE WILL BE NO DIFF]5T FROM OLD-/YLE AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL S*OOLS1 :I* IS NOT RI<T4 ,! RESPONSIBILITY ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS IS TO WORK2 ?IS IS TRUE NOT JU/ = /UD5TS 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL & ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGES1 BUT ALSO = /UD5TS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE1 :O MU/ /RIVE TO RESOLVE ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD2 ?AT IS ! PROBLEM ( ! DI/RIBUTION ( PRODUCTION4 ,\R IDEAL IS ?AT ! WORLD 9 ! FUTURE WILL CONSI/ ONLY ( PEASANTS & WORK]S4 ,! PROBLEM ( ! PEASANT & ! WORK] IS ! SOCIAL PROBLEM4 ,WE HAVE A ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE SO ?AT WE CAN TRA9 9DIVIDUALS :O HAVE A PRACTICAL UND]/&+ ( ! DIFFICULTIES ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 :O CAN GO AMONG ! WORK]S & PEASANT MASSES TO BE ONE ) !M1 & SOLVE !IR PROBLEMS4 ,9 CONCLUSION1 LABOR IS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE & ! F\NDATION = ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY2 ALL MU/ LABOR REG>DLESS ( COLLEGE OR SPECIALIZATION4.<#d#h#f.>  
  

,! AN>*I/S :O W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! DAY-TO-DAY OP]ATION ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY %>$ ! FEEL+S EXPRESS$ 9 ?IS SPEE*4 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 :O WAS A KEY FIGURE 9 ! 9CEPTION ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & HELD A LEAD+ POSITION UND] ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE1 CRITICIZ$ CONTEMPOR>Y ,*9ESE $UCATION 7AT LEA/ ?REE DECADES AHEAD ( ,MAO ,Z$ONG7 = ITS CONT9U$ EMPHASIS ON READ+ DEAD BOOKS 7DU SI%U7 & ADVOCAT$ 9/EAD A LIV+ $UCATION 7OR AN $UCATION 9 LIFE1 %5<UODE JIAOYU72 KEY TO A LIV+ $UCATION WAS ! PRACTICE ( LABOR4.<#d#h#g.> ,BI RECALL$ 9 LAT] YE>S ?AT ,%5 9 P>TICUL> WAS ANXI\S TO SET A GOOD EXAMPLE TO ! /UD5TS & REQUIR$ ! /AFF TO WORK LONG] & H>D] ?AN O!RS AT LESS PAY4.<#d#h#h.> 

,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO E/IMATE ! NUMB] ( AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ 9 TEA*+ & O!R WORK AT ! UNIV]SITY4 ,AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 !Y PLAY$ A SIGNIFCANT P>T 9 ! ,9DU/RIAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE UND] ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU & ,BI ,XIU%AO4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO CON/ITUT$ AN IMPORTANT GR\P 9 ! SOCIAL SCI5CES 9 ,*9A 9 ! LATE TW5TIES1 & !Y MAY HAVE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE AS WELL4.<#d#h#i.> ,L$ BY ! ,HUNANESE AN>*I/ ,KUANG ,HU%5G1 !Y W]E ALSO ACTIVE 9 ! ELEM5T>Y & MIDDLE S*OOLS 9 ! UNIV]SITY4.<#d#i.> ,ALSO PROM95T 9 ! UNIV]SITY W]E =EIGN AN>*I/S RECRUIT$ TO TEA* !RE1 CONSPICU\S AMONG !M ,JACQUES ,RECLUS1 GR&-NEPHEW TO ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 FROM :OM ,LI ,%IZ5G HAD LE>N$ HIS AN>*ISM4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ALSO 9VOLV$ 9 ! UNIV]SITY 9 O!R ?AN (FICIAL CAPACITIES2 ! RADICAL ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S ( ! ,PEOPLE'S ,VANGU>D ,SOCIETY 7,M9F5G %E71 :O OPPOS$ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 W]E ACTIVE AMONG FACULTY & /UD5TS1 5C\RAG+ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,LU ,JIANBO RECALLS ?AT A MEET+ !Y HELD TO DISCUSS ?IS /RUGGLE WAS ATT5D$ BY SEV]AL T5S ( 9DIVIDUALS4.<#d#i#a.> 

,!RE IS LESS QUE/ION CONC]N+ ! CURRICULUM :I*1 9 ! 9ITIAL PHASE ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY'S EXI/5CE1 WAS %AP$ BY ! AN>*I/S' COMMITM5T TO ! COMB9ATION ( LABOR & LE>N+4 ,/UD5TS W]E EXPECT$ TO DO AT LEA/ ?REE H\RS ( MANUAL LABOR EV]Y DAY4 ,ZHAO ,ZH5P5G1 :O 5ROLL$ 9 ! UNIV]SITY 9 #a#i#b#g1 RECALL$ ?AT  
  

9 ! MORN+1 /UD5TS ATT5D$ CLASSES4 ,9 ! AFT]NOON1 !Y W]E L$ BY ! DIRECTORS ( PRACTICAL WORK TO FIELDS & FACTORIES TO LABOR2 /UD5TS ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE TO WORK ON MA*9]Y 9 ! MA*9E %OP OR TO SET TYPE 9 ! PR9T %OP1 /UD5TS ( ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE TO TILL ! FIELDS OR WORK ON IRRIGATION1 /UD5TS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE TO CONDUCT SURVEYS 9 NE>BY VILLAGES1 ALL ( :I* TRULY COMB9$ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 CLASS WORK & PRACTICE4.<#d#i#b.>  
  

,!RE WAS REAL 9C5TIVE = LABOR2 PRACTICAL WORK CON/ITUT$ =TY P]C5T ( A /UD5T'S GRADE & WAS CRUCIAL TO ADVANCEM5T FROM ONE GRADE TO ! NEXT4 ,/UD5TS 9 ! ,AGRICULTURAL ,LABOR ,COLLEGE W]E NOTABLY SUCCESSFUL 9 ! CULTIVATION ( TOMATOES & CAULIFL[]4 ,/UD5TS 9 ! ,SOCIAL ,SCI5CES ,COLLEGE MADE SURVEYS ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS & LABOR /RIKES2 ONE P>TICUL>LY IMPRESSIVE PRODUCT WAS A SURVEY ( LIV+ CONDITIONS 9 ,HANGZH\4.<#d#i#c.> ,NOR DID CLASSROOM WORK & MANUAL LABOR 9T]F]E ) SOCIAL & CULTURAL ACTIVITIES4 ,! S*OOL 5C\RAG$ /UD5TS TO E/ABLI% CLUBS & P>TICIPATE 9 EXTRACURRICUL> ACTIVITIES2 EA* COLLEGE HAD ITS [N !AT] GR\P :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,ZHAO1 PROVID$ MU* TAL5T = ! ,*9ESE !AT] 9 ! ?IRTIES4 

,ALL WAS NOT WELL1 H[EV]4 ,! NUMB] ( /UD5TS :O 5ROLL$ 9 ! UNIV]SITY WAS BEL[ :AT ITS F\ND]S HAD ORIG9ALLY PLANN$1 & ?OSE :O 5ROLL$ W]E ( QUE/IONABLE QUALIFICATION1 AT LEA/ ACCORD+ TO CRITICS4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 AS ONE ( ! AN>*I/S 9VOLV$ AV]R$ BITT]LY 9 MID-#a#i#b#h1 ?AT ! UNIV]SITY WAS UND]M9$ BY ! V]Y /IGMA ATTA*$ TO LABOR ?AT IT WAS 9T5D$ TO OV]COME1 :I* AFFECT$ BO? ! NUMB] & ! QUALITY ( ITS /UD5TS4.<#d#i#d.> ,AS ,CAI ,YUANPEI'S SPEE* 9 #aic 9TIMAT$1 ! UNIV]SITY WAS UND] ATTACK FROM ! \TSIDE ALMO/ FROM ! BEG9N+4 ,GIV5 ! EMPHASIS ON LABOR1 & ! EF=T TO RECRUIT /UD5TS FROM UND]PRIVILEG$ BACKGR\NDS1 9 /RICT ACADEMIC T]MS ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY /UD5TS W]E NOT ON A P> ) !IR PE]S 9 REGUL> ACADEMIC 9/ITUTIONS1 :I* DEEP5$ 5VY & RES5TM5T OV] ! RES\RCES IT 5JOY$4.<#d#i#e.> 

,?IS MADE ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY AN EASY T>GET 9 ! POLITICS ( $UCATION4 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS 9SPIR$ BY ! ,FR5* SY/EM ( $UCATION 7,FR5* WAS ALSO ! FIR/ =EIGN LANGUAGE TAU<T72 AS ,CAI & HIS ,FRANCOPHILE COLLEAGUES SAW IT1 IT WAS CONCEIV$ AS A /EP 9 REORGANIZ+ ,*9ESE $UCATION ALONG A ,FR5* MODEL4 ,IT WAS ALSO A RADICAL $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION MODEL$ AFT] SOCIALI/ $UCATION1 :I* TOOK $UCATION NOT AS AN 5D 9 ITSELF BUT AS AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL RE=M4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,ZHAO1 AMONG ITS *IEF CRITICS W]E ,AM]ICAN-$UCAT$ $UCATORS :O DID NOT %>E ! AN>*I/S' VIEWS ON ! PLACE ( LABOR 9 $UCATION4 ,SO LONG AS ,CAI ,YUANPEI & ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/ ELD]S HELD SWAY 9 ! $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 ! CRITICS C\LD BE RESI/$4 ,9 #a#i#b#h1 H[EV]1 ! ,GUOM9DANG DECID$ TO REVAMP ! ,*9ESE $UCATIONAL SY/EM TO BR+ IT UND] ITS [N POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL CONTROL4.<#d#i#f.> ,! DEC5TRALIZ$1 REGIONALLY BAS$ UNIV]SITY SY/EM ?AT ,CAI HAD SPE>HEAD$ WAS TO BE REPLAC$ BY A C5TRALIZ$ SY/EM ( $UCATION UND] ! SUP]VISION ( A M9I/RY ( $UCATION1 :I* REPLAC$ ! ,UNIV]SITY ,C\NCIL4 ,:ILE SUPPORT]S ( ! UNIV]SITY RETA9$ IMPORTANT POSITIONS 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 ! *ANGES 9 ! ADM9I/RATION ( $UCATION UND]CUT !IR ABILITY TO F5D (F CRITICS ( ! UNIV]SITY4 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY W\LD REMA9 9 OP]ATION UNTIL E>LY #a#i#c#b1 BUT AFT] #aic 7:5 ,WANG ,J+QI TOOK OV] ! PRESID5CY7 ITS ACCESS TO FUNDS & RES\RCES WAS SEV]ELY CURTAIL$4 

,AS F> AS ! 9ITIAL AN>*I/ MISSION ( ! UNIV]SITY WAS CONC]N$1 H[EV]1 MORE IMPORTANT W]E ! 9T5TIONS UND]LY+ ! ,GUOM9DANG CONCEPTION ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY1 :I* HAD ALREADY COMPROMIS$ ITS MISSION BY #a#i#b#h4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S W]E QUITE OP5 BY MID-#a#i#b#h 9 PO9T+ TO ! FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION BETWE5 ! AN>*I/ PREMISES ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & ITS (FICIAL TIES TO ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,! AU?OR :O COMPLA9$ AB\T ! UNWILL+NESS ( ! /UD5TS AT ! UNIV]SITY TO 5GAGE 9 LABOR COMPLA9$ ALSO AB\T ! 9CREAS+ BUREAUCR>IZATION ( ! UNIV]SITY4 ,!SE DEVELOPM5TS W]E PRODUCTS1 HE BELIEV$1 ( ! CONTRADICTORY GOALS ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY :I* W]E IMPLICIT 9 ITS V]Y NAME3 A NATIONAL 7GUOLI7 UNIV]SITY ) AN>*I/ ASPIRATIONS WAS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4.<#d#i#g.> 

,! CONTRADICTION WAS NOT BETWE5 AN>*I/S & AN EXT]NAL =CE1 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 BUT WAS 9T]NAL TO ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES ) !IR SIMULTANE\S LOYALTIES TO AN>*ISM & ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,AS AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ! /ATE ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9T5SIFI$ 9 #a#i#b#h1 IT WAS EXT5D$ NOT JU/ TO ! ,GUOM9DANG BUT TO ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S :O HAD F\ND$ ! UNIV]SITY4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS HAD BE5 !RE FROM ! BEG9N+1 BUT ROSE TO ! SURFACE 9 RESPONSE TO ,GUOM9DANG POLICIES ?AT TOOK %APE AS ! P>TY CONSOLIDAT$ ITS HOLD OV] POLITICAL P[]4 ,ONE DEVELOPM5T WAS ! EM]G5CE ( AN (FICIAL V]SION ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES ?AT DID NOT TOL]ATE ALT]NATIVE 9T]PRETATIONS ( ! K9D AN>*I/S PROPOS$2 ! ,*9ESE $UCATIONAL SY/EM1 AS IT WAS REVAMP$1 WAS CONV]T$ 9TO AN 9/RUM5T = ! PROPAGATION ( ?IS (FICIAL IDEOLOGY1 :I* 9CREAS$ (FICIAL PRESSURE ON ! UNIV]SITY4 ,ANO!R DEVELOPM5T WAS ! (FICIAL SUPPRESSION ( MASS MOVEM5TS 9 #a#i#b#h1 :I* MADE CLE> TO ! AN>*I/S ! FUTILITY ( EF=TS TO ORGANIZE MASS MOVEM5TS ( AN AN>*I/ NATURE UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES4 ,! CONTRADICTIONS PRES5T$ BY !SE DEVELOPM5TS W]E >TICULAT$ 9 ! CONFLICTS AMONG AN>*I/S !MSELVES OV] ! MEAN+ ( !IR P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* W]E TO RESULT 9 ! SUPPRESSION ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 #a#i#b#i4 

,IDEOLOGICAL ,CONTRADICTIONS3 ,AN>*ISM ,& ,! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES 

  

,! PREMISE ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG WAS US+ ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM4 ,AS ! $ITORIAL TO ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,GEM+ EXPLA9$1 ,SUN ,YAT-S5'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES W]E QUITE BROAD 9 SCOPE &1 !RE=E1 FLEXIBLE 9 MEAN+1 :I* ALL[$ DIFF]5T 9T]PRETATIONS ) *ANG+ CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,AN>*I/S %\LD 9T]PRET !M FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE & PROPEL ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION 9 A DIRECTION CONSONANT ) !IR GOALS4.<#d#i#h.> 

,:AT DI/+UI%$ ! AN>*I/S WAS NOT ?AT !Y S\<T TO 9T]PRET ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N GOALS1 BUT ! FRANKNESS ) :I* !Y /AT$ !IR 9T5TIONS4 ,9 #aibg ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES S]V$ AS AN IDEOLOGICAL BATTLEGR\ND ON :I* DIFF]5T FACTIONS )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG S\<T TO A*IEVE A VICTORY = !IR [N P>TICUL> IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATIONSFROM ! ,GUOM9DANG ,RI<T1 :I* VIEW$ ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE EXCLUSIVELY 9 T]MS ( ! CONQUE/ ( /ATE P[] = ! P>TY1 TO ! ,M>XI/S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT1 :O ?\<T ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AN UNAVOIDABLE COMPON5T ( ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL UNITY4 ,! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES1 MOREOV]1 W]E AS BROAD AS ! AN>*I/S CLAIM$ & JU/IFI$ MULTIPLE 9T]PRETATION4 ,AN>*I/ CLAIMS ON ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES W]E NOT AS VACU\S AS !Y MI<T SEEM FROM A P]SPECTIVE ?AT EMPHASIZES ,SUN'S NATIONALISM4 ,9 HIS LECTURES ON ! ,?REE ,PR9CIPLES BE=E HIS DEA? 9 #a#i#b#e1 ,SUN HAD ON OCCASION D[NPLAY$ ! DIFF]5CES ( HIS REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY FROM ?OSE ( ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES ON ! ,LEFT1 AS :5 HE HAD /AT$ ?AT ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES WAS COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM4 ,EV5 ! IDEA ?AT ! ,?REE ,PR9CIPLES MI<T S]VE AS A MEANS TO A*IEVE AN>*ISM WAS IMPLICIT 9 HIS /ATEM5T ?AT MY DI/9CTION BETWE5 ,PEOPLE'S ,LIVELIHOOD1 & COMMUNISM RE/S UPON ?IS3 COMMUNISM IS ! IDEAL ( ,PEOPLE'S ,LIVELIHOOD1 ,PEOPLE'S ,LIVELIHOOD IS ! REALIZATION ( COMMUNISM2 ! TWO >E DI/9CT ONLY 9 ME?OD4 ,TO CL>IFY :AT HE MEANT BY ME?OD1 HE HAD ADD$ ?AT ,M>XISM IS NOT REAL COMMUNISM1 REAL COMMUNISM IS :AT ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN9 ADVOCAT$4.<#d#i#i.> ,!SE /ATEM5TS W]E TO PROVIDE A TEXTUAL BASIS 9 ! AN>*I/ EF=T TO APPROPRIATE ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES = AN>*ISM4 

,:AT AN>*I/S OV]LOOK$1 H[EV]1 WAS ?AT ! APPROPRIATION ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES = AN>*ISM ALSO MADE POSSIBLE ! APPROPRIATION ( AN>*ISM BY ! ORGANIZATIONAL IDEOLOGY ( ! ,GUOM9DANG AS ?AT TOOK %APE ) ! CONSOLIDATION ( P>TY P[]4 ,! USE ( AN>*I/ CONCEPTS TO READ ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES REQUIR$ ADJU/M5T ( ! CONCEPTS !MSELVES TO BR+ !M TO CLOS] CORRESPOND5CE ) ! TEXT AT H&4 ,?IS LIKELIHOOD WAS RE9=C$ BY AN IMBALANCE 9 P[]2 LACK+ 9/ITUTIONAL P[] ( !IR [N1 9DE$ HAV+ 9CORPORAT$ !MSELVES 9TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 AN>*I/S HAD TO MAKE !IR P>TICUL> READ+ ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES PALATABLE TO ?OSE :O CONTROLL$ ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,?AT AN>*I/ LEAD]S SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI W]E DIVID$ 9 !IR LOYALTIES ALMO/ GU>ANTE$ ! ULTIMATE SUBJECTION ( AN>*I/ TO ,GUOM9DANG GOALS4 ,?IS FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION1 PRES5T 9 ! AN>*I/ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG FROM ! BEG9N+1 W\LD 9 ! 5D DIVIDE ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES & DOOM !IR UND]TAK+ EV5 BE=E ! ,GUOM9DANG ACTUALLY /EPP$ 9 TO BR+ IT TO AN 5D4 

,LI ,%IZ5G WAS 9 MANY WAYS ! GUID+ SPIRIT BEH9D AN>*I/ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #a#i#b#g-#b#h 7EV5 ?\< IT WAS ,WU ,ZHIHUI :O BY #aibh DREW ! FIRE ( OPPON5TS AS ! SYMBOL ( AN AN>*I/ TAKEOV] ( ! ,P>TY74 ,LI VIEW$ HIMSELF AT ! TIME AS A DEF5D] ( ! SACR$ T]M REVOLUTION4.<#e.> ,AN ESSAY HE PUBLI%$1 BEG9N+ ) ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,GEM+ & CONT9U+ = ! NEXT FEW ISSUES1 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,PRES5T-DAY ,REVOLUTION 7,XIANJ9 GEM+ZHI YIYI71 :I* READS 9 RETROSPECT LIKE AN AG5DA = AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 PROVIDES A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = A CLOSE EXAM9ATION ( ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 AN>*I/-,GUOM9DANG COLLABORATION4.<#e#a.> 

,LI'S ESSAY WAS 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE A METAHI/ORICAL JU/IFICATION = AN AN>*I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES4 ,S9CE HIS E>LIE/ WRIT+S ON REVOLUTION 9 ! ,NEW ,]A 7,X9 %IJI7 9 ,P>IS1 ,LI HAD P]CEIV$ 9 REVOLUTION ! KEY TO PROGRESS1 :I* HE VIEW$ 9 BIOLOGICAL T]MS AS A UNIV]SAL & NATURAL 5D[M5T ( HUMANK9D 9 HI/ORY4 ,HE N[ EXPLA9$ ?AT PRES5T-DAY REVOLUTION MEANT NO?+ MORE ?AN PRES5T-DAY PROGRESS4 ,REVOLUTION1 AS PROGRESS1 SIGNIFI$ ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANK9D FROM BAD TO GOOD1 SIMPLE TO COMPLEX4.<#e#b.> 

,SU* PROGRESS WAS MANIFE/$ 9 HI/ORY 9 ! EVOLUTION ( HUMANK9D ?R\< A NUMB] ( POLITICAL /AGES1 ( :I* ,LI ID5TIFI$ F\R3MON>*ICAL REVOLUTION 7JUNZHU GEM+1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) A PALACE REVOLUTION1 GONGT+ GEM+1 & A REVOLUTION ( DESPOTISM1 ZHUANZH5G GEM+72 REVOLUTION = PEOPLE'S SOV]EIGNTY 7M9QUAN GEM+1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 GUOJIA GEM+1 & POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 ZH5GZHI GEM+72 CLASS REVOLUTION 7JIEJI GEM+1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) PROP]TY REVOLUTION1 CAI*AN GEM+1& ECONOMIC REVOLUTION1 J+JI GEM+72 &1 F9ALLY1 REVOLUTION = PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD 7M9%5G GEM+1 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 %EHUI GEM+1 & A REVOLUTION = GREAT UNITY1 DATONG GEM+74 ,!SE REVOLUTIONS TOOK SEV]AL ?\S& YE>S & FOLL[$ A C]TA9 ORD]4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,%ANG & ,ZH\ DYNA/IES 9 ,*9A 7! ORIG9S ( ! ,*9ESE /ATE ?REE MILL5NIA E>LI]1 9 O!R WORDS7 BELONG$ 9 ! FIR/ TYPE 7/AGE7 ( REVOLUTION1 ! ,AM]ICAN & ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTIONS AS WELL AS ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A BELONG$ 9 ! SECOND TYPE1 & ! ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION ( ,L59 9 ,RUSSIA BELONG$ 9 ! ?IRD TYPE4 ,9 ! F\R? TYPE ( REVOLUTION1 A REVOLUTION = WORLD UNITY 7%IJIE DATONG71 BELONG$ ! REVOLUTION = A NEW ]A 7X9 %IJI GEM+7 ADVOCAT$ BY ,P4 ,J4 ,PR\DHON & ! REVOLUTION = PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD ADVOCAT$ BY ,SUN ,YAT-S54.<#e#c.> 

,MU* ( ! DISCUSSION ?AT FOLL[$ CONSI/$ ( A CRITICISM ( ,BOL%EVISM & ( ,M>XI/ 9FLU5CE 9 ,*9A4 ,( 9T]E/ H]E IS ?AT1 AS ,LI P]CEIV$ IT1 :AT R5D]$ ,M>XISM UNDESIRABLE WAS ?AT AT ! PRES5T /AGE ( REVOLUTION IT WAS A REGRESSIVE =CE BECAUSE REVOLUTION HAD ALREADY MOV$ PA/ ! ?IRD /AGE 9 :I* ,M>XISM BELONG$ 7CONV5I5TLY OV]LOOK+ ?AT ,*9A HAD NOT YET GONE ?R\< ?AT /AGE74 ,AS /AGES ( HI/ORICAL DEVELOPM5T OV]LAPP$1 H[EV]1 ! PRES5T /ILL REQUIR$ A /RUGGLE TO ELIM9ATE ! 9FLU5CE ( ,M>XISM4 ,WORLDWIDE1 ! /RUGGLE WAS BETWE5 ,PR\DHONISM & ,M>XISM1 CORRESPOND+ RESPECTIVELY TO ! LEFT W+ & ! RI<T W+ 9 PREVAIL+ IDEOLOGIES ( REVOLUTION4 ,9 ,*9A ! CORRESPOND+ /RUGGLE WAS BETWE5 ,SUN'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES & ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4.<#e#d.> 

,9 E>LI] DAYS ,LI'S AN>*ISM HAD BE5 D]IVATIVE ( ,P4 ,KROPOTK94 ,BY #a#i#b#g1 H[EV]1 HE HAD COME TO VIEW ,PR\DHON AS ! LA/ WORD NOT ONLY 9 AN>*ISM BUT 9 SOCIAL !ORY 9 G5]AL4 ,DUR+ ! NEXT TWO YE>S ,LI W\LD EM]GE 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG AS ! =EMO/ ADVOCATE ( A F$]ALI/ REORGANIZATION ( ,*9A ?AT DREW DIRECTLY UPON ,PR\DHON'S ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION4 ,! SWIT* MAY HAVE BE5 A CONSEQU5CE ( ! GREAT] PRACTICALITY ( ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS1 S9CE ,PR\DHON HAD DIRECTLY ADDRESS$ ! QUE/ION ( A NEW POLITICAL ORGANIZATION4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT AS AN ADD$ ATTRACTION ,PR\DHON'S S*EME WAS MORE MOD]ATE 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS & !RE=E MORE PALATABLE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :]EAS ,KROPOTK9 HAD REJECT$ ! /ATE & CALL$ = A TOTAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( LIFE AT ! QUOTIDIAN LEVEL4 ,PR\DHON'S S*EME RETA9$ ! /ATE1 ALBEIT 9 A REORGANIZ$ =M ?AT ALL[$ = GREAT] LOCAL AUTONOMY & !RE=E LIB]TY4.<#e#e.> 

,( IMM$IATE RELEVANCE H]E1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT ,LI E/ABLI%$ A DIRECT CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,SUN'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES4 ,AS HE PUT IT 9 A FOOTNOTE TO ! ESSAY1 ,! UNIFICATION ( ! FOLL[]S ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES & ( AN>*I/S TO MAKE W> UPON ,COMMUNI/S 9 ! PRES5T /AGE ( REVOLUTION FOLL[S FROM ! CLOSE CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES & AN>*ISM 9 !IR FUNDAM5TALS4.<#e#f.> ,HE W\LD S\ND A SIMIL> !ME 9 O!R ESSAYS PUBLI%$ 9 ,GEM+4 ,9 HIS ,S*OOLS ( ,POLITICAL ,PHILOSOPHY 7,ZH5GZHI ZHEXU$E DANGPAI GUAN71 PUBLI%$ 9 LATE #a#i#b#g1 HE NOT ONLY FUR!R /RESS$ ! AFF9ITY BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES1 BUT ALSO MADE AN ATTEMPT TO BR+ BO? 9TO CORRESPOND5CE ) PREMOD]N S*OOLS ( ?\<T 9 ,*9A4 ,9 ?IS ESSAY1 HE DIVID$ POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY 9TO ?REE MAJOR S*OOLS3 ADVOCATES ( NAK$ =CE 7QIANGQUAN1 :I* AN>*I/S ALSO EQUAT$ ) AU?ORITY7 :O RECOGNIZ$ NO MORALITY 9 POLITICS2 ADVOCATES ( HUMANE POLITICS 7R5ZH5G7 & PEACE :O S\<T TO COMB9E MORALITY & POLITICS2 & ADVOCATES ( HUMANIT>IANISM 7R5DAO7 & MORALITY :O REPUDIAT$ POLITICS4 ,9 ,*9A1 ,LEGALI/S1 ,CONFUCIANS1 & ,DAOI/S 7AS WELL AS ,BUDDHI/S7 EMBODI$ !SE ?REE S*OOLS RESPECTIVELY4 ,9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 ,FASCI/S & ,COMMUNI/ DESPOTISM P>TOOK ( ! SPIRIT ( ! FIR/2 ,SUN ,YAT-S5 9 ,*9A & ,R\SSEAU 9 ! ,WE/ P>TOOK ( ! SPIRIT ( ! SECOND4 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & ,TOL/OY & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS 9 ! ,WE/ P>TOOK ( ! SPIRIT ( ! ?IRD4 ,DIFF]5T GR\PS DISPLAY$ SOME OV]LAP 9 !IR BELIEFS BUT US$ ! ALT]NATIVE >GUM5TS TO !IR [N 5DS 7= EXAMPLE1 ,COMMUNI/S US$ ! SECOND & ?IRD TO CREATE ! FIR/74 ,SUN'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES P>TOOK ( ! SPIRIT ( ALL ?REE BUT S\<T TO A*IEVE ! ?IRD1 :I* PROVID$ A BASIS = AN>*I/ COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4.<#e#g.> 

,REF]R+ 9 !IR /UDY ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM TO A T5D5CY ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S E>LY ON TO UTILIZE ! PA/ AS A REF]5CE = AN>*ISM1 ,ROB]T ,SCALAP9O & ,GEORGE ,YU HAVE OBS]V$3 ,AS LONG AS ,*9ESE TRADITIONALISM WAS 5LI/$1 SELECTIVELY1 9 ! S]VICE ( ,WE/]N RADICALISM1 AS LONG AS ?AT RADICALISM C\LD BE BUTTRESS$ BY REF]5CE TO ! ,*9ESE PA/1 ! POLITICAL P5DULUM = SOME RADICALS C\LD ALWAYS SW+ BACK UND] C]TA9 CONDITIONS1 CAUS+ !M TO REV]T TO OR?ODOXY4 ,! CONSID]ABLE /AY+ P[] ( ,*9ESE TRADITIONALISM W]E NEV] MORE CLE>LY ILLU/RAT$ ?AN UND] SU* CIRCUM/ANCES4.<#e#h.> ,! PO9T IS WELL TAK5 BUT MISLEAD+ 9 ITS VAGU5ESS BECAUSE IT DOES NOT SPECIFY ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! REF]5CE TO ! PA/4 ,LI'S REF]5CE TO ! PA/ TO RATIONALIZE AN>*ISM & DEMON/RATE AN AFF9ITY BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES ULTIMATELY HAD A CLE> IDEOLOGICAL GOAL3 TO MAKE AN>*ISM PALATABLE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG ,RI<T 7HE & ! O!R AN>*I/S W]E OPPOS$ TO ! ,LEFT1 AS WE %ALL SEE71 :I* WAS ALREADY 5GAG$ 9 A TRADITIONALI/IC 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES TO JU/IFY ! SUPPRESSION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,MU* LESS ?AN AN ILLU/RATION ( ! HOLD ( TRADITION EV5 ON RADICAL M9DS1 IT ILLU/RAT$ AN AN>*I/ EF=T TO 9CORPORATE AN>*ISM 9TO AN EM]G+ HEGEMONIC 9T]PRETATION ( ! ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES4 ,BUT 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS = AN>*ISM1 IT WAS 9DE$ A SW+ BACK ( ! P5DULUM4 

,\T ( ,LI'S ELABORATE REASON+ W\LD EM]GE TWO !MES ?AT 9=M$ ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY 9 #a#i#b#g#b#h4 ,ONE WAS ! ADVOCACY ( F$]ALISM ?R\< :I* AN>*I/S HOP$ TO %APE ! FUTURE ( ,*9A UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,! O!R1 ( :I* ,WU ,ZHIHUI W\LD BECOME ! MO/ VOCIF]\S ADVOCATE1 WAS ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM9 GEM+74 ,9 ,! ,MEAN+ ( ,PRES5T-DAY ,REVOLUTION ,LI HAD CRITICIZ$ ! ,RUSSIFI$ ,WUHAN GOV]NM5T 7,WUHANZHI ,IHUA ZH5GFU71 REF]R+ TO ! /ILL LEGITIMATE ,GUOM9DANG ,C5T] UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT 9 ,WUHAN1 :I* CONT9U$ TO COOP]ATE ) ! ,COMMUNI/S PA/ ! ,%AN<AI SUPPRESSION 9 ,APRIL2 CONTRA/+ ,%AN<AI & ,WUHAN1 HE /AT$3 ,! ,P>TY ,PROTECTION ,MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN<AI N[ /RESSES ! PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD-BAS$ REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM9 GEM+71 :I* IS A REVOLUTION ?AT IS RELATIVELY NEW & SUP]IOR1 TO REPLACE ! REVOLUTION L$ BY ,WUHAN4.<#e#i.> ,AT FIR/ DIRECT$ AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S = !IR ADVOCACY ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 ?IS IDEA W\LD EM]GE BY #aibh AS A WEAPON 9 ! ATTACKS ON ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT4 ,UNLIKE ! O!R AN>*I/ ADVOCACY1 A F$]ATIONAL REORGANIZATION ( ,*9A1 :I* REPRES5T$ A RADICAL AN>*I/ 9PUT 9TO POLITICAL DEBATE1 ! NOTION ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE HAD C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS & W\LD ULTIMATELY UND]CUT AN>*ISM ITSELF4 

,JUDG+ BY CURR5TLY AVAILABLE DISCUSSIONS ( ! PROBLEM1 ,LI'S ADVOCACY ( F$]ATION WAS RADICAL NOT BECAUSE HE CONCEIV$ IT 9 P>TICUL>LY NOVEL WAYS1 OR BECAUSE HE CALL$ = AN IMM$IATE AN>*I/ REORGANIZATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY1 BUT BECAUSE HE C\NT]POS$ IT TO ! PREOCCUPATION ) C5TRALIZATION ?AT DOM9AT$ ! ,GUOM9DANG 7,RI<T & ,LEFT7 9 ! LATE TW5TIES4 ,LI SP5T MORE TIME DEF5D+ ! LEGITIMACY ( F$]ATION AGA9/ ITS CRITICS ?AN 9 DESCRIB+ ) ANY PRECISION :AT HE HIMSELF MEANT BY IT1 BUT ! \TL9ES ( ! IDEA MAY BE GLEAN$ FROM HIS REF]5CES TO IT AS WELL AS DISCUSSIONS BY HIS SUPPORT]S4 ,LI MADE NO SECRET ( ! AN>*I/ ORIG9S ( HIS ADVOCACY ( F$]ATION 9 ,PR\DHON'S ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION4 ,! P>TICUL> T]M HE US$ = F$]ATION1 F5ZHI HEZUO 7LIT]ALLY1 DIVID$-GOV]NANCE COOP]ATION71 HE TRAC$ TO A COMB9ATION ( 79 ! ,FR5* ORIG9AL7 REGIONALISME & F$]ALISME4.<#e#a.> ,9 PRACTICE ?IS MEANT A COMB9ATION ( LOCAL & C5TRAL GOV]NM5T3 AS 9 ,PR\DHON'S ORIG9AL S*EME1 A HI]>*Y ( UNITS ( GOV]NM5T ?AT 9 ,*9A W\LD EXT5D FROM VILLAGES OR DI/RICTS 7XIAN7 TO PROV9CES1 REGIONAL C\NCILS1 & F9ALLY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! BASIC PURPOSE WAS TO DEC5TRALIZE P[] BY DI/RIBUT+ SOV]EIGNTY TO REGIONAL UNITS1 :I* W\LD !N ASSOCIATE FREELY 9 A RIS+ HI]>*Y ( GOV]NM5T4 ,SOME ( ! AN>*I/S ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ?IS WAS A TEMPOR>Y COMPROMISE1 A MEANS TO LIMIT C5TRAL P[] UNTIL ! CONDITIONS W]E REALIZ$ = ! ABOLITION ( GOV]NM5T ALTOGE!R4 ,:5 AN>*ISM WAS A*IEV$1 F$]ATION W\LD BE WORLDWIDE1 & ! NATION-/ATE W\LD BECOME JU/ ANO!R LOCAL UNIT 9 A WORLDWIDE HI]>*Y ( GOV]N+ UNITS4 ,UNTIL ?AT CONDITION >RIV$1 H[EV]1 AN>*I/S W]E WILL+ TO LODGE CONSID]ABLE P[] 9 ! H&S ( ! /ATE1 9CLUD+1 9 ADDITION TO MILIT>Y P[]1 ! DISPOSITION ( F9ANCES & ! MANAGEM5T ( HEAVY 9DU/RIES4.<#e#a#a.> ,LI HIMSELF SUGGE/$ ?AT HIS IDEA ( F$]ATION WAS QUITE FLEXIBLE & ?AT ! EXACT LOCATION ( GOV]N+ UNITS C\LD V>Y 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! DEM&S ( ! ?REE-/AGE 7MILIT>Y1 TUTELAGE1 & CON/ITUTIONAL GOV]NM5T7 REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAM ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4.<#e#a#b.> 

,:ILE ACKN[L$G+ ! AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION & 9T5TIONS ( HIS ADVOCACY ( F$]ATION1 ,LI SP>$ NO EF=T 9 REPRES5T+ IT AS AN IDEA ?AT HAD BE5 CONSI/5T NOT ONLY ) MU* ( ! ,*9ESE POLITICAL ?9K+ S9CE #a#i#a#a1 BUT ALSO1 & MORE IMPORTANT1 ) ,SUN ,YAT-S5'S EMPHASIS ON LOCAL GOV]NM5T & CONF$]ATION 7LIANBANG72 :ILE ! T]MS W]E DIFF]5T1 ! SPIRIT WAS ESS5TIALLY ! SAME1 S9CE ,SUN TOO HAD BELIEV$ 9 ! DI/RIBUTION ( SOV]EIGNTY 7JUNQUAN74.<#e#a#c.> ,:AT HAD GIV5 ! IDEA A BAD NAME WAS ! W>LORDS' MANIPULATION ( F$]ATION TO P]PETUATE !IR [N REGIONAL P[]2 HIS IDEA ( F5ZHI HEZUO1 H[EV]1 WAS V]Y DIFF]5T FROM ! W>LORD ADVOCACY ( PROV9CIAL F$]ATION 7LIAN%5G7 & V]Y CLOSE TO ,SUN'S IDEA ( ,JUNQUAN1 BECAUSE ITS GOAL WAS TO A*IEVE LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5T 7DIFANG ZIZHI74 ,LI BELIEV$ LOCAL GOV]NM5T TO BE CONSI/5T NOT ONLY ) ! 9CL9ATIONS ( ! ,*9ESE PEOPLE & ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( ! MASSES1 BUT ALSO ) ! MO/ ADVANC$ ?9K+ 9 POLITICS4 ,9 A /ATEM5T ?AT MAY HAVE >\S$ ! IRE ( HIS CRITICS 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG1 HE OBS]V$ ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG HAD BE5 = LOCAL GOV]NM5T S9CE ITS ORIG9S1 & ONLY 9 REC5T YE>S HAD TURN$ TO C5TRALISM 7JIQUAN ZHUYI7 BECAUSE IT HAD BE5 POISON$ BY ,BOL%EVIK C5TRALISM1 :I* WAS NO?+ BUT A MODIFI$ CZ>I/ DESPOTISM 7A REF]5CE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT1 :I* OPPOS$ ! S*EME74 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 CO-OPT+ ,SUN ,YAT-S5 = HIS POSITION1 HE OBS]V$ ?AT ,SUN 7! FA!R & ! MO!R ( ! ,GUOM9DANG7 HAD BE5 WELL AW>E ( ! AN>*I/ ORIG9 ( HIS IDEAS BUT HAD NOT F\ND !M 9 ANY WAY OBJECTIONABLE4.<#e#a#d.> 

,LI DID NOT SEEM TO NOTICE ANY CONTRADICTION 9 AN AN>*I/'S ADOPT+ ! LEAD] ( A POLITICAL P>TY AS HIS FA!R & MO!R4 ,NOT ALL AN>*I/S W]E HAPPY ) HIS CONF\ND+ ( ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( F$]ATION ) ,SUN'S & O!R IDEAS ( F$]AL GOV]NM5T ?AT HAD BE5 CURR5T 9 ,*9ESE POLITICS ESPECIALLY 9 ! E>LY TW5TIES4 ,ONE CONTRIBUTOR TO ,GEM+ OBS]V$ ?AT F5ZHI HEZUO OR F$]ALISME 79 ! ,FR5* ORIG9AL7 WAS A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ IDEA BECAUSE IT WAS D]IV$ FROM ,PR\DHON1 :O HAD BE5 A *AMPION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE 7PIMGM974.<#e#a#e.> ,BUT ON ! :OLE1 !RE SEEM$ TO BE COMMON AGREEM5T AMONG ! AN>*I/S ON ?IS ISSUE1 & ON ! SURFACE AT LEA/1 ! CONTROV]SY PROVOK$ BY ! IDEA ( F$]ALISM WAS NOT AMONG AN>*I/S BUT BETWE5 AN>*I/S & O!RS 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 

,?IS WAS NOT SO ) ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ( ! :OLE PEOPLE1 :I* WAS TO DIVIDE ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES4 ,!RE WAS LITTLE AMBIGUITY CONC]N+ ! MEAN+ ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 OR QUANM9 GEM+4 ,AS ! /ATEM5T BY ,LI CIT$ ABOVE EXPRESSLY PUT IT1 A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE WAS ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S' ANSW] TO ! ADVOCACY ( CLASS /RUGGLE BY ,BOL%EVIKS & ,BOL%EVIZ$ MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG1 ?AT IS1 ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT1 :I* CONT9U$ TO 9SI/ EV5 AFT] ! SUPPRESSION ( ! ,COMMUNI/S ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG REPRES5T ! 9T]E/S ( ! OPPRESS$ CLASSES 9 ,*9ESE SOCIETY 7:I* 9CLUD$ WORK]S1 PEASANTS1 & ! PETIT-B\RGEOISIE7 AGA9/ CAPITAL & L&LORDS4 ,! T]M W\LD GA9 CURR5CY 9 #a#i#b#h-#b#i 9 ! POLEMICS ,WU ,ZHIHUI CONDUCT$ AGA9/ !ORI/S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT1 9 P>TICUL> ,*5 ,GONGBO & ,%I ,CUNTONG 7:O HAD BE5 AMONG ! F\ND]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#b#a1 BE=E !Y *ANG$ !IR ALLEGIANCE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG74 ,ITS EXPRESS 9T5TION WAS TO REPUDIATE CLASS /RUGGLE & TO UNITE ALL ! PEOPLE ( ALL CLASSES UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG UMBRELLA TO COMPLETE ! TASKS ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,AS ,WU ,ZHIHUI PUT IT1 ,MR4 ,SUN ,YAT-S5 DID NOT AGREE ) ,M>X'S CLASS REVOLUTION2 REVOLUTION IS NOT JU/ = ONE OR TWO CLASSES BUT = ALL ! COMMON PEOPLE 7P+M9DE QUANTI71 9CLUD+ ! 9TELLECTUAL1 WORK]1 PEASANT1 & M]*ANT CLASSES4 ,?IS IS CLE>LY /AT$ 9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,FIR/ ,CONGRESS4 ,IT C\NTS AS A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM9 GEM+7 IF IT CLE>S AWAY ! H>M TO ALL ! MASSES 7QUANTI M9ZHONG71 IF IT UNITES ALL F\R HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE 9 A REVOLUTION>Y >MY 9 :I* NOT EV5 ONE IS MISS+4.<#e#a#f.> 

,9 ! POLEMICS ?AT 5SU$1 ,WU 7& SOME ( ! AN>*I/S :O SUPPORT$ HIS POSITION7 REPEAT$LY REF]R$ TO ! PHRASE P+M9DE QUANTI AS ! TEXTUAL JU/IFICATION = HIS ADVOCACY ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM9 GEM+74 ,NEV]!LESS1 !RE WAS A SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ALL ( ! COMMON PEOPLE 7P+M9DE QUANTI7 & ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM971 :I* HE CONV5I5TLY IGNOR$4 ,AMBIVAL5T AS ! ,GUOM9DANG REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY AFT] #aibd HAD BE5 ON ! QUE/ION ( CLASSES1 UNTIL #aibg A REVOLUTION ( ! COMMON PEOPLE HAD JU/IFI$ A MASS-BAS$ REVOLUTION :OSE F\NDATION HAD BE5 ! REVOLUTION>Y MASSES4 ,! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE ABOLI%$ ALL DI/9CTIONS AMONG ! F\R HUNDR$ MILLION PEOPLE ( ,*9A & MADE ! ,GUOM9DANG ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ALL ! PEOPLE2 A BULW>K1 9 O!R WORDS1 ( ! EXI/+ SOCIAL /ATUS QUO4 ,9 ! TRANS=MATION ( ! T]M9OLOGY WAS EXPRESS$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 #aibg FROM A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY TO ! RUL] ( ! ,*9ESE /ATE1 :I* IS :AT CONC]N$ !ORI/S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT :O DID NOT VIEW ! SOCIAL TASKS ( ! REVOLUTION AS HAV+ BE5 COMPLET$4 ,9DE$1 )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! POLITICAL LANGUAGE ( ! #a#i#bS1 ! T]M REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE 7QUANM9 GEM+7 NOT ONLY WAS ANTIREVOLUTION>Y BUT HAD A CLE>LY C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y SIGNIFICATION4 ,AS ,WU'S CRITICS PO9T$ \T 7& HE C\LD NOT POSSIBLY BE UNAW>E71 QUANM9 GEM+ WAS ! T]M ?AT ! ULTRANATIONALI/ ,*9ESE ,Y\? P>TY 7,ZHONGGUO Q+NI&ANG7 HAD US$ TO CRITICIZE ! ,GUOM9DANG-,COMMUNI/ /RATEGY ( REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#b#d-#a#i#b#g4.<#e#a#g.> ,9 ADOPT+ ! T]M9OLOGY ( A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y P>TY ?AT HAD OPPOS$ ,SUN ,YAT-S5'S SOCIAL PROGRAM1 9DE$ ANY SOCIAL PROGRAM1 9 ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 ,WU 9 EFFECT ASS5T$ TO ! REPUDIATION ( SOCIAL TRANS=MATION AS P>T ( ! PROCESS ( A NATIONAL REVOLUTION1 :I*1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 WAS PECULI> = AN AN>*I/4 ,PECULI>1 YES1 BUT NOT 5TIRELY UNEXPECT$1 = ?\< ,WU MAY HAVE C>RI$ ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE TO A C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y EXTREME1 HE WAS NOT ALONE 9 ADVOCAT+ IT4 ,LI ,%IZ5G %>$ ! IDEA1 AS WE HAVE SE51 & O!R AN>*I/S W\LD RU% TO ,WU'S DEF5SE :5 HE CAME UND] CRITICISM FROM ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT4 

,AL?\< IT W\LD BE UNFAIR TO HOLD AN>*ISM RESPONSIBLE = ! C\NT]REVOLUTION>Y IMPLICATIONS ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE1 ! IDEA ITSELF WAS CONSI/5T ) AN>*I/ VIEWS ON REVOLUTION4 ,WU C>RI$ TO A LOGICAL EXTREME A SUSPICION ( CLASS /RUGGLE ?AT HAD LONG *>ACT]IZ$ ! ?9K+ ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,NOT ALL AN>*I/S W]E OPPOS$ TO CLASS /RUGGLE2 9DE$1 RADICAL AN>*I/S :O BELIEV$ CLASS /RUGGLE TO BE A NECESS>Y COMPON5T ( REVOLUTION HAD REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,GUOM9DANG & CONT9U$ TO CRITICIZE ?OSE ( !IR FELL[ AN>*I/S :O DID SO4 ,BUT EV5 !Y W]E SUSPICI\S ( CLASS /RUGGLE AS AN EXPRESSION ( P>TIAL 9T]E/ 9 SOCIETY 7?AT IS1 ! 9T]E/ ( A S+LE CLASS7 & BELIEV$ ?AT ! TASK ( REVOLUTION WAS NOT TO >TICULATE CLASS 9T]E/ BUT TO ABOLI% CLASSES & PUT AN 5D TO ! CLASS-BAS$ ?9K+ ?AT DIVID$ PEOPLE4 ,SU* ?9K+ HAD BE5 A MAJOR S\RCE 9 ! MID-TW5TIES ( AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO COMMUNISM4 

,!RE WAS A FUNDAM5TAL CONTRADICTION 9 ! PRACTICAL PURSUIT BY AN>*I/S ( ! CAUSE ( LABOR]S & PEASANTS1 & !IR OPPOSITION TO CLASS /RUGGLE AS AN EXPRESSION ( SELFI% 9T]E/S & AN OB/ACLE TO ! REALIZATION ( A HUMANE SOCIETY2 ?IS WAS NO:]E MORE EVID5T 9 #a#i#b#g-#b#h ?AN 9 ! CONTRA/S BETWE5 ! WORK !Y C>RI$ \T 9 CONJUNCTION ) ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & ! IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE 9 ! PAGES ( ,GEM+ AGA9/ ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT = !IR ADVOCACY ( CLASS /RUGGLE4 ,AS ,BI ,XIU%AO WROTE 9 #a#i#b#g1 :5 ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS /ILL 9 ! PROCESS ( E/ABLI%M5T3  
  

,! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WILL BE ! HE>T ( ! PEASANT & LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A 9 ! FUTURE4 ,ITS GOAL1 & ! RESPONSIBILITY IT HAS ASSUM$1 >E TO PLAN = ! WELF>E ( WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,IT SEEKS TO OV]?R[ ALL ?9K+ ?AT AIDS ! B\RGEOISIE1 & TO HELP PEASANTS & WORK]S APPRECIATE ! TRUE VALUE ( LABOR4 ,IT SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ! EVILS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 5C\RAGE WORK]S & PEASANTS TO OV]?R[ ALL ?9K+ ?AT AIDS ! B\RGEOISIE1 & HELP PEASANTS & WORK]S APPRECIATE ! TRUE VALUE ( LABOR4 ,IT SEEKS TO ELIM9ATE ! EVILS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 5C\RAGE WORK]S & PEASANTS TO OV]?R[ IT BY MEANS RADICAL OR MOD]ATE1 & TO REPLACE IT ) A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS MORE RATIONAL & CONSONANT ) HUMAN NATURE4 ,IT SEEKS TO GUIDE ! C\RSE ( ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 /IR UP ! IDEALS ( LABOR]S1 RAISE !IR LEVEL ( KN[L$GE1 TRA9 !M 9 GR\P LIFE 7TUANTI %5<UO71 & CULTIVATE !IR ABILITY = SELF-GOV]NM5T4.<#e#a#h.>  
  

,YET ! SAME ,BI WAS OPPOS$ TO ,M>XI/ IDEAS ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 D5I$ ?AT CLASS /RUGGLE WAS AN IMPORTANT DATUM ( HI/ORY1 & P]CEIV$ ! MO/ BASIC GOALS ( REVOLUTION TO BE MORAL & SPIRITUAL1 = :I* HE WAS CRITICIZ$ EV5 BY ! MORE RADICAL AMONG ! AN>*I/S4.<#e#a#i.> ,! CONTRADICTION MAY NOT HAVE BE5 APP>5T TO ! AN>*I/S1 :O BELIEV$ ?AT1 UNLIKE ! ,COMMUNI/S1 :O US$ WORK]S & PEASANTS TO !IR [N POLITICAL 5DS1 !IR SOLE GOAL WAS TO HELP WORK]S & PEASANTS CULTIVATE !IR ABILITY = SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,& YET !Y SEEM TO HAVE OV]LOOK$1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 ?AT SO F> AS ! B\RGEOISIE WAS CONC]N$1 IT MI<T NOT MAKE ANY DIFF]5CE ?AT !IR GOALS W]E DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE ( ! ,COMMUNI/S AS LONG AS !SE 5TAIL$ ! PRIVILEG+ ( WORK]S & PEASANTS OV] O!R CLASSES1 OR ?AT ! ,GUOM9DANG UND] :OSE UMBRELLA !Y WORK$ MI<T NOT APPRECIATE ! UND]M9+ ( ITS P[] BY PEASANT & WORK] SELF-GOV]NM5T4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 :E!R OR NOT !Y PROMOT$ CLASS /RUGGLE1 !IR PROMOTION ( ! CAUSE ( WORK]S & PEASANTS MI<T ACTUALLY ISSUE 9 CLASS /RUGGLE4 

,! TWI/ ,WU ,ZHIHUI GAVE ! IDEA ( A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE REPRES5T$ ONE RESOLUTION ( ?IS CONTRADICTION1 ONE ?AT WAS CONSONANT ) ! GOALS ( ! ,GUOM9DANG 7& ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S71 :I* ALL[$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! P>TY1 NOT TO FOM5T /RUGGLE AMONG CLASSES BUT TO BR+ TO AN 5D ! CLASS CONFLICT ?AT HAD APPE>$ ) ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#b#d-#a#i#b#g4 ,! ,GUOM9DANG'S GOAL 9 SUPPORT+ A ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY HAD BE5 TO TRA9 LEAD]S = A LABOR MOVEM5T SUBS]VI5T TO IT1 NOT AN 9DEP5D5T LABOR MOVEM5T ( ! K9D ?AT AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S HAD 5VISAG$4 

,! CONTRADICTION WAS BR\<T \T 9TO ! OP5 ) ! DECISION ( ! P>TY 9 ! SPR+ ( #aibh TO T]M9ATE MASS MOVEM5TS1 :I*1 ! REASON+ W5T1 W]E NO LONG] NE$$ N[ ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY WAS 9 /ATE P[]4 ,! SUPPRESSION ( CLASS /RUGGLE1 :I* ! AN>*I/S HAD FAVOR$ SO LONG AS IT HAD BE5 DIRECT$ AGA9/ O!RS1 N[ BECAME AN ISSUE = ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES4 ,:ILE !Y CONT9U$ TO OPPOSE CLASS /RUGGLE1 SOME ( ! AN>*I/S BEGAN TO COMPLA9 9 MID#a#i#b#h AB\T ! BETRAYAL ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY'S MISSION & QUICKLY EXT5D$ ! COMPLA9T TO A CRITICISM ( ! ,GUOM9DANG'S POLICIES ON LABOR & PEASANTS4 ,AMONG !IR T>GETS WAS ,WU ,ZHIHUI4 ,A REVOLUTION ( ALL ! PEOPLE MAY HAVE BE5 A LOGICAL CONCLUSION ( AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO CLASS /RUGGLE1 BUT C>RI$ TO ITS LOGICAL CONCLUSION1 IT REB\ND$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S !MSELVES & BR\<T 9TO ! OP5 ! CONTRADICTION ?AT HAD BE5 IMPLICIT 9 ! AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,GUOM9DANG FROM ! V]Y />T4 

,! ,SUPPRESSION ( ,AN>*ISM 

  

,! L>G] CONTEXT = AN>*I/ COMPLA9TS AB\T ! MANAGEM5T ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS ! APP>5T SUPPRESSION ( MASS MOVEM5TS BY ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* DEPRIV$ ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY ( ! MEAN+ AN>*I/S ATTA*$ TO IT4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ ?AT CRITICISM ( ! C\RSE ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY HAD TAK5 WAS JO9$ BY AN 9CREAS+LY AUDIBLE CRITICISM ( ,GUOM9DANG POLICIES T[>D ! MASSES4 

,?R\<\T ! SUMM] & FALL ( #a#i#b#h1 ,GEM+ TOOK UP ! QUE/ION ( ! ,GUOM9DANG'S RELATION%IP TO ! MASSES4 ,AT FIR/ ! EMPHASIS WAS ON SPECIFIC 9CID5TS1 SU* AS ! KILL+ ( /RIK+ LABOR]S 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ,JUNE #aibh :]E ! MURD]]S W5T UNPUNI%$1 PRO( TO AN>*I/S ( A COLLUSION BETWE5 CAPITALI/S & ! EXI/+ POLITICAL SY/EM4.<#e#b.> ,AN>*I/S ALSO OBS]V$ ) DISMAY ?AT W>LORDS1 LOCAL DESPOTS1 & ! G5TRY1 :O HAD BE5 ! T>GETS ( ! REVOLUTION1 HAD N[ JO9$ ! REVOLUTION &1 MASQU]AD+ AS REVOLUTION>IES1 W]E BUSY MASSACR+ REAL REVOLUTION>IES :O HAD N[ BE5 LABEL$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES4.<#e#b#a.> 

,SU* CRITICISMS GRADUALLY TOOK A MORE ANALYTICAL TURN1 TRAC+ 9CID5TS SU* AS ! ABOVE TO ! ,GUOM9DANG'S BETRAYAL ( REVOLUTION4 ,AS AN>*I/S SAW IT1 ! REVOLUTION HAD AFT] ALL TAK5 A PURELY POLITICAL TURN1 AB&ON+ ITS SOCIAL GOALS4 ,AS A CONSEQU5CE1 ITS SUCCESS WAS N[ ID5TIFI$ ) ! GOOD ( ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,:5 ! PEOPLE CALL$ = FRE$OM & ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR LIVES1 !Y W]E LABEL$ C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES BY ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* S\<T M]ELY TO PRES]VE ITS [N P[] & ?AT ( ! B\RGEOISIE4 ,! ONLY SOLUTION1 SOME CONCLUD$1 MI<T BE = ! MASSES TO >ISE & TAKE !IR FATE 9 !IR [N H&S4.<#e#b#b.> 

,AN OP5 LETT] TO ,GEM+ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aibh BY A MELAN*OLY ,*5 C>RI$ ! CRITICISM TO ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI4 ,*51 :O DESCRIB$ HIMSELF AS A /UD5T TURN$ WORK]1 OBS]V$ ?AT EV5 AS C\NT]REVOLUTION>IES JO9$ ! ,GUOM9DANG & TURN$ IT AGA9/ ! REVOLUTION1 ,LI & ,WU SEEM$ TO BE 9CREAS+ !IR (FICIAL POSITIONS2 ,WU 9 P>TICUL>1 HE NOT$1 C\LD NOT SEEM TO TE> HIMSELF AWAY FROM ! P[]FUL & SP5T HIS TIME FOLL[+ ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK >\ND1 :ILE MILIT>I/S ALL >\ND ! C\NTRY 5GAG$ 9 T]ROR AGA9/ REVOLUTION>IES4 ,HE HAD LONG IDOLIZ$ BO? ,LI & ,WU1 HE /AT$1 BUT WAS N[ FULL ( D\BTS AB\T !IR COMMITM5T TO REVOLUTION4 ,! ONLY WAY !Y C\LD R$EEM !MSELVES 9 ! EYES ( REVOLUTION>IES WAS TO REL9QUI% !IR (FICES & CEASE !IR POLITICAL ACTIVITIES4.<#e#b#c.> 

,! $ITORIAL RESPONSE TO ,*5'S LETT] WAS TO BLAME ! ,GUOM9DANG ,LEFT = ! RUMORS CONC]N+ ,LI & ,WU1 BUT CRITICISMS DID NOT /OP4 ,9 #a#i#b#h-#b#i ,GEM+ WAS ALREADY PROSCRIB$ 9 C]TA9 P>TS ( ,*9A4 ,! J\RNAL WAS F9ALLY %UT D[N 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#i1 BY :I* TIME IT HAD EXHAU/$ ITS USEFULNESS & BECOME AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S4 ,ITS F9AL ISSUE BADE A T\*+ F>EWELL TO ITS READ]%IP4 ,! $ITORIAL /AT$ ) IRONY ?AT :ILE WE 7?AT IS1 ! AN>*I/S7 HAD SURVIV$ ! ,COMMUNI/S & ! ,NOR!RN ,EXP$ITION1 ! J\RNAL F9ALLY SUCCUMB$ TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 :I* HAD PROMIS$ FRE$OM ( SPEE* TO ALL4 ,IT GAVE FIVE REASONS = ! J\RNAL'S CLOS+2 =EMO/ AMONG !M WAS ! DEG5]ATION ( ! REVOLUTION 9TO A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,AS 9 ALL POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS1 9 ?IS REVOLUTION1 TOO1 ! LEAD+ P>TY HAD MADE ALL K9DS ( PROMISES TO ! PEOPLE1 :I* IT BETRAY$ AS SOON AS IT HAD A*IEV$ P[] = ITSELF4 ,IT WAS NOT CO9CID5TAL ?AT ,GEM+ HAD BE5 BORN DUR+ ! P]IOD ( MILIT>Y /RUGGLE ONLY TO P]I% UND] ,GUOM9DANG TUTELAGE4 ,) REACTION ON ! UPSURGE1 NOT ONLY WAS IT NO LONG] NE$$ BUT ITS /RUGGLE AGA9/ C\NT]REVOLUTION HAD BECOME UNDESIRABLE4 

,! O!R REASONS ALL HAD TO DO ) AN>*I/ OPPOSITION TO GOV]NM5T4 ,! J\RNAL HAD REFUS$ TO B[ TO ! GOV]NM5T1 :I* WAS DESPOTIC BY ITS V]Y NATURE4 ,OPPOSITION TO ! GOV]NM5T'S QUE/ = P[] & ITS H&L+ ( ! PEOPLE WAS ! F9AL /RAW4 ,AN>*I/S :O HAD BE5 ADVOCAT+ PEACE W]E N[ *>G$ ) S$ITI\S ACTIVITY AGA9/ ! GOV]NM5T1 & ! J\RNAL HAD TO CLOSE D[N4.<#e#b#d.> 

,!RE WAS SOME GRA9 ( TRU? 9 ! LATT] *>GE1 BUT ONLY A GRA94 ,AS WAS NOT$ ABOVE1 AN>*I/S :O HAD REFUS$ TO JO9 ! ,GUOM9DANG CONT9U$ TO CONDUCT RADICAL ACTIVITY 9 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY1 & !IR DECL>ATIONS ADVOCAT+ ! OV]?R[ ( ! ,GUOM9DANG F\ND !IR WAY 9TO *>GES ( AN AN>*I/ CONSPIRACY TO TAKE OV] ! P>TY4.<#e#b#e.> ,ULTIMATELY1 IMPLICATIONS BY RADICALS ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG W]E RESPONSIBLE = ! PROSCRIPTION4 ,AN>*I/S1 :O HAD BE5 AMONG ! =EMO/ 5EMIES ( COMMUNISM = ! PREVI\S TWO YE>S1 N[ F\ND ?AT !Y W]E LABEL$ ,COMMUNI/S4 ,BI ,XIU%AO RECALLS ?AT ,LI & ,WU W]E W>N$ BY P>TY AU?ORITIES TO KEEP !IR W>DS UND] CONTROL4.<#e#b#f.> ,RADICAL AN>*I/S HAD BECOME NOT ONLY A ?ORN 9 ! SIDE ( ! ,GUOM9DANG BUT AN EMB>RASSM5T TO ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S !MSELVES4 

,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS TO SURVIVE ,GEM+ BY ANO!R TWO YE>S EV5 ?\< IT HAD LO/ MU* ( ITS ORIG9AL AN>*I/ 9T5TIONS BY #a#i#b#h4 ,! RESURG5CE ( /UD5T ACTIVISM FOLL[+ ! BEG9N+ ( ,JAPANESE AGGRESSION AGA9/ ,*9A 9 #aica AFFECT$ ! /UD5TS 9 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY AS WELL4 ,IT WAS ALREADY CLOS$ D[N BY ! AU?ORITIES 9 E>LY #aicb :5 ! ,JAPANESE ATTACK ON ,%AN<AI 9 ,JANU>Y #aicb DEALT IT ! C\P DE GRACE BY DE/ROY+ MU* ( ITS PHYSICAL PLANT4 

,EPILOGUE 

  

,! SUPPRESSION ( #aibi DID NOT 5D AN>*I/ COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG COMPLETELY4 ,9 ! S\?1 ,LIU ,%IX9 & O!RS CONT9U$ TO COOP]ATE ) ,GUOM9DANG-L$ LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 :O HAD BE5 ! $ITOR ( ,GEM+1 CONT9U$ TO COOP]ATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG WELL 9TO ! P]IOD ( ! W> ) ,JAPAN 7#a#i#c#g#a#i#d#e74 ,O!R AN>*I/S FOLL[$ ! ,GUOM9DANG TO ,TAIWAN AFT] #a#i#d#i4 

,AN>*I/ COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 UNLIKELY AS IT APPE>S !ORETICALLY1 MADE SOME S5SE 9 #a#i#b#g4 ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU HAD BE5 CORRECT 9 PR$ICT+ ?AT JO9+ ! ,GUOM9DANG W\LD BE SUICIDAL = ! AN>*I/S1 BUT )9 ! CONTEXT ( AN>*I/ DESP]ATION 9 #a#i#b#f-#b#g OV] ! 9CREAS+ IRRELEVANCE ( AN>*ISM TO ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 EV5 HE WAS UNABLE TO RESI/ ! PROMISE ( ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S ?AT H]E WAS AN UNPREC$5T$ OPPORTUNITY = AN>*I/S TO %APE ! FUTURE ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 

,AL?\< ! AN>*I/ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG WAS ! HI< PO9T 9 AN>*I/S' 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! P>TY1 AS ! CASES ( ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI SUGGE/1 ! COLLABORATION WAS NOT RE/RICT$ TO ?IS P]IOD ( DESPAIR4 ,LI & ,WU HAD BE5 9VOLV$ ) ! ,GUOM9DANG ALL ALONG & CONT9U$ !IR 9VOLVEM5T ?R\<\T !IR LIVES2 & !Y W]E NOT ! ONLY ONES4 

,AN>*I/ POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,GUOM9DANG MAY BE TRAC$ TO ! IMPORTANT ROLE P]SONAL RELATION%IPS PLAY$ 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 :I* FREQU5TLY OV]RODE IDEOLOGICAL DIFF]5CES4 ,! P]SONAL RELATION%IPS ( ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S ) ,SUN ,YAT-S5 &1 9 LAT] YE>S1 ) ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK WAS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR 9 !IR 9VOLVEM5T ) ! P>TY4 ,NOR W]E !Y ! ONLY ONES AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S :O1 9 SPITE ( !IR =MAL REPUDIATION ( POLITICS1 F\ND !MSELVES FLIRT+ ) POLITICAL AU?ORITIES4 ,9 #aiab ,%IFU HAD CRITICIZ$ ,WU ,ZHIHUI & ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S = !IR ACTIVITIES )9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,%IFU'S [N AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,GUANGZH\1 H[EV]1 RETA9$ = A DECADE AFT] #aiab A CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ! ,GUANGZH\ MILIT>I/ ,*5 ,JIONGM+ ) :OM ,%IFU HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ BE=E #aiaa 9 ! ,*9A ,ASSASS9ATION ,CORPS4 

,IMPORTANT ?\< P]SONAL RELATION%IPS W]E1 !Y %\LD BE VIEW$ )9 ! CONTEXT ( A REVOLUTION>Y 5VIRONM5T *>ACT]IZ$ BY PR(\ND AMBIGUITIES 9 REVOLUTION>Y GOALS & IDEOLOGY :]E REVOLUTION>IES1 EV5 ?\< !Y MADE ALT]NATIVE IDEOLOGICAL CLAIMS UPON ! REVOLUTION1 ALSO %>$ 9 A COMMON REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT C\LD S]VE AS ! BASIS = COMMON ACTIVITY 7( :I* ! MO/ PROM95T EXAMPLE SURELY IS ! ,COMMUNI/ COOP]ATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG ON MORE ?AN ONE OCCASION74 ,:ILE DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES ) DIFF]5T1 (T5 CONFLICT+1 IDEOLOGIES1 !Y W]E ALSO B\ND TOGE!R BY ?IS DISC\RSE ( :I* !IR IDEOLOGIES W]E AT ONCE CON/ITU5TS & PRODUCTS3 CON/ITU5TS BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ITS UNFOLD+ DREW UPON DIFF]5T1 & DISP>ATE1 IDEOLOGICAL S\RCES AS IT S\<T TO DEF9E A REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY ?AT C\LD MEET ! *ALL5GE ( ! MULTIFACET$ PROBLEMS ?AT FAC$ ,*9ESE SOCIETY2 & PRODUCTS BECAUSE ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE AS IT EM]G$ PROVOK$ R$EF9ITION & RECONSID]ATION ( REVOLUTION>Y PRIORITIES1 :I* CALL$ = A LESS AMBIGU\S DEL9EATION ( IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS )9 IT4 ,AN>*I/S SU* AS ,WU ,ZHIHUI [$ !IR RADICALIZATION TO NATIONALI/ RES5TM5T AGA9/ =EIGN 5CROA*M5T ON ,*9A1 :I* IRONICALLY ISSU$ NOT 9 A P>O*IAL NATIONALISM BUT 9 A MORAL UTOPIANISM1 :I* MADE REVOLUTION ITSELF A UTOPIA & F\ND AN ANSW] 9 AN>*ISM4 ,SUN ,YAT-S51 :OSE FIR/ LOYALTY HAD BE5 TO ! REVOLUTION AGA9/ ! ,MAN*U MON>*Y1 WAS ALSO ! FIR/ ADVOCATE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! NATIONAL REVOLUTION C\LD BE SECUR$ ONLY ?R\< SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD PREV5T ! EM]G5CE ( CLASS CONFLICT UND] ! FUTURE REPUBLIC ?AT HE 5VISION$4 ,%IFU & ,*5 ,JIONGM+ HAD />T$ !IR REVOLUTION>Y C>E]S 7UND] ,REVOLUTION>Y ,ALLIANCE AUSPICES7 AS MEMB]S ( ! ,*9A ,ASSASS9ATION ,CORPS1 :I* S\<T TO TOPPLE ! ,MAN*US ?R\< VIOL5CE2 ! ONE WAS TO 5D UP AS A MILIT>I/1 ! O!R AS AN AN>*I/4 ,! MILIT>I/ ,*5 ALSO HAD A REPUTATION = SOCIAL PROGRESSIVISM4 ,9 #a#i#a#i-#b1 :5 HE WAS 9 CONTROL ( ! ,ZHANGZH\ REGION ( ,FUJIAN PROV9CE 7:]E HE HAD BE5 =C$ TO MOVE UND] PRESSURE FROM O!R MILIT>I/S1 ACCOMPANI$ BY AN>*I/S ( ,%IFU'S GR\P71 ! >EA UND] HIS CONTROL WAS KN[N AS ! ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA ( S\!RN ,FUJIAN1 & A HOTB$ ( AN>*I/ RADICAL ACTIVITY 7:I* WAS CONFUS$ AT ! TIME ) ,BOL%EVISM74 ,HE WAS ONE ( ! FIR/ ,*9ESE LEAD]S CONTACT$ BY ! ,COM9T]N EMISS>Y ,GREGORY ,VOIT9SKY :5 HE >RIV$ 9 ,*9A 9 ! SPR+ ( #aib TO 9ITIATE A ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4 ,9 ALL ( !SE CASES1 :ILE REVOLUTION>Y EXP]I5CE 7NOT TO SAY SOCIAL 9T]E/ & IDEOLOGICAL PROCLIVITY7 L$ TO ID5TIFICATION ) DIFF]5T IDEOLOGIES1 ! DISC\RSE %>$ BY ! REVOLUTION>IES ALSO PROVID$ A BASIS = COOP]ATION & SOME BLURR+ ( B\ND>IES BETWE5 DIFF]5T IDEOLOGICAL POSITIONS4 

,9 ! CASE ( ! AN>*I/S1 !RE MAY HAVE BE5 AN ADDITIONAL ELEM5T EMB$D$ 9 ! AN>*I/ PHILOSOPHY ( REVOLUTION 7& NOT JU/ = ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S74 ,IRONICALLY1 ! V]Y REPUDIATION ( POLITICS BY ! AN>*I/S MAY HAVE MADE IT EASI] = !M TO COLLABORATE ) O!R POLITICAL P>TIES1 SO LONG AS !Y W]E NOT CALL$ UPON TO SUBSCRIBE EXCLUSIVELY TO ! POLITICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! P>TY 7SOME?+ ?AT PRECLUD$ COOP]ATION ) ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ) ITS ,BOL%EVIK ORGANIZATION & IDEOLOGY74 ,CONFLICT+ POLITICAL 9T]E/S1 :I* MI<T HAVE DIVID$ POLITICAL P>TIES ) !IR [N 9T]E/S1 W]E NOT AN ISSUE = ! AN>*I/S1 :O CLAIM$ ?AT !Y HAD NO POLITICAL ASPIRATIONS ( !IR [N & :O VIEW$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y GOALS 9 EXCLUSIVELY SOCIAL T]MS1 :I* 9 ! CASE ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S APPE>$ PRIM>ILY 9 ! GUISE ( ! $UCATION & CULTURAL TRANS=MATION ( ! OPPRESS$4 ,?IS1 IT WILL BE REMEMB]$1 HAD *>ACT]IZ$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ! E>LY ,REPUBLIC4 ,WU ,ZHIHUI HAD SUGGE/$ TO HIS AN>*I/ CRITICS 9 #aibd ?AT S9CE AN>*I/S HAD NO POLITICAL AIMS ( !IR [N1 !RE WAS NO REASON :Y !Y C\LD NOT WORK = ! REVOLUTION UND] ! ,GUOM9DANG UMBRELLA4 ,&1 9 H9DSI<T1 IT IS CLE> ?AT AN>*I/S W]E WILL+ & ABLE TO DO SO 9 #a#i#b#g-#b#h SO LONG AS !Y C\LD WORK ) ! ,GUOM9DANG AS AN>*I/S4 ,IT WAS ONLY :5 ! ,GUOM9DANG IMPOS$ ITS [N DEM&S UPON ! AN>*I/S ?AT ! CONTRADICTION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & ! ,GUOM9DANG BECAME APP>5T & =C$ UPON ! =M] A *OICE !Y HAD BE5 ABLE TO AVOID E>LI]4 

,! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( AN>*I/S 9 #aibi DID NOT BR+ ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A TO AN 5D4 ,DUR+ ! E>LY P>T ( ! W> ) ,JAPAN1 ,LU ,JIANBO & O!R ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S W]E EV5 ABLE TO PUBLI% 9 ,SI*UAN 7:]E ! ,GUOM9DANG GOV]NM5T HAD MOV$ 9 RETREAT FROM ! ,JAPANESE >MIES7 AN AN>*I/ J\RNAL ?AT ADVOCAT$ A POPUL> W> TO RESI/ ,JAPAN4 ,O!R AN>*I/S PUBLI%$ %ORT-LIV$ J\RNALS1 W]E ACTIVE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5T1 OR PURSU$ !IR ACTIVITIES 9DIVIDUALLY1 MO/LY AS TEA*]S 9 COLLEGES & UNIV]SITIES4 ,AN>*I/ IDEAS W\LD LIVE ON 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 BUT AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T HAD CEAS$ TO EXI/4 

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