,*APT] #a ,9TRODUCTION3 ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DISC\RSE ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK ,TEXT 3 ,*APT] ,ONE ,9TRODUCTION3 ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DISC\RSE ,AN>*ISM IS NOT ! EASIE/ SUBJECT TO ?9K1 SPEAK1 OR WRITE AB\T )9 A CULTURAL CONTEXT ?AT TAKES HEGEMONY = GRANT$ AS A PR9CIPLE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL 9TEGRATION4 ,! MO/ CONSI/5T & ?OR\*ISM HAS ALSO = ?AT REASON SUFF]$ ! GREATE/ M>G9ALIZATION4 ,O!R RADICALISMS1 TOO1 HAVE 9VOK$ FE> & RIDICULE1 BUT !Y HAVE ACQUIR$ RESPECTABILITY TO ! EXT5T ?AT !Y HAVE COME TO %>E 9 ! PREMISES ( ORGANIZ$ P[]4 ,! FE> ( AN>*ISM1 9 CONTRA/1 IS BUILT 9TO ! WORD ITSELF1 :OSE MEAN+ 7NO RULE7 HAS BE5 SUPPRESS$ 9 EV]YDAY LANGUAGE BY ITS ID5TIFICATION ) DISORD]4 ,TO TAKE A P]T95T REC5T EXAMPLE1 9 ! TELEVISION COV]AGE ( ! TRAGIC EV5TS 9 ,*9A 9 #a#i#h#i1 :AT ,*9ESE LEAD]S SPOKE ( AS GREAT DISORD] 7DALUAN7 WAS CONSI/5TLY R5D]$ 9 ! REPORT+ AS AN>*Y4 7,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,*9ESE LEAD]S !MSELVES >E 9CAPABLE ( ! ID5TIFICATION47 ,BUT FE> MAY NOT BE AS EFFECTIVE AS RIDICULE 9 ! M>G9ALIZATION & DI/ORTION ( AN>*ISM2 TO DISMISS AN>*ISM AS IRRELEVANT WORKS BETT]1 S9CE IT IS ?US REMOV$ FROM ! DOMA9 ( S]I\S POLITICAL DIALOGUE & HI/ORICAL ATT5TION4 ,?IS /UDY DEALS ) A HI/ORICAL OCCASION :5 AN>*ISM F>$ BETT]1 9DE$ WAS C5TRAL TO SPECULATION ON POLITICS3 ,*9A 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY1 :5 AN>*ISM HELD A PLACE 9 ! C5T] ( REVOLUTION>Y ?\GUE NOT ONLY ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION CREAT$ BY ,*9A'S CONFRONTATION ) ! MOD]N WORLD GAVE BIR? TO A RADICAL CULTURE ?AT PROVID$ FECUND GR\NDS = AN>*ISM1 BUT ALSO ?AT AN>*I/S PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! FA%ION+ ( ?IS RADICAL CULTURE4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM1 H[EV]1 W5T BEYOND ! R\*ISM WAS A HIY MOVEM5T4 ,AT A TIME :5 A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE WAS TAK+ %APE1 AN>*I/ IDEAS PLAY$ A CRUCIAL P>T 9 9JECT+ 9TO IT CONC]NS ?AT W\LD LEAVE A LA/+ IMPR9T ON ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 REA*+ BEYOND ! RELATIVELY SMALL GR\P ( AN>*I/S 9TO ! IDEOLOGIES ( O!R REVOLUTION>IES4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM (F]S A P]SPECTIVE FROM :I* TO VIEW ! SUBSEQU5T UNFOLD+ ( ! REVOLUTION & ! WAYS 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION1 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE SUCCESS1 WAS TO SUPPRESS ! V]Y SOCIAL IDEALS ?AT 9ITIALLY GAVE IT MEAN+4 ,) ! SUCCESS ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION 9 ,RUSSIA & ! CONSEQU5T DIFFUSION ( ,L59I/ ,M>XISM WORLDWIDE1 ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM HAS WRITT51 ,IT BECAME H>D TO RECALL ?AT 9 #a#i#e-#a#d1 ! M>XI/ LEFT HAD 9 MO/ C\NTRIES BE5 ON ! FR+E ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 ! MA9 BODY ( M>XI/S HAD BE5 ID5TIFI$ ) A DE FACTO NON-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :ILE ! BULK ( ! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/1 OR AT LEA/ MU* CLOS] TO ! IDEAS & ! MOOD ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM ?AN TO ?AT ( CLASSICAL M>XISM4 ,M>XISM WAS H5CE=? ID5TIFI$ ) ACTIVELY REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS4 ,AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 5T]$ UPON A DRAMATIC & UN9T]RUPT$ DECL9E4.<#a.> ,?IS C\LD S]VE EQUALLY WELL AS A DESCRIPTION ( ! SITUATION ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY1 ) TWO QUALIFICATIONS4 ,!RE WAS NO M>XI/ LEFT TO SPEAK ( 9 ,*9A UNTIL #a#i#b#b#a2 NON-,M>XI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC CURR5TS ?AT APPE>$ 9 ,*9ESE RADICAL ?\LY ON W]E NOT NECESS>ILY 9IMICAL TO AN>*ISM BUT1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 WILL+ TO RECOGNIZE IT AS A COMMON1 IF REMOTE1 IDEAL4 ,:ILE 9 ,*9A1 TOO1 AN>*ISM FELL 9TO DECL9E ) ! APPE>ANCE ( ,L59I/ ,M>XISM 9 #a#i#b#b#a1 & WAS REPUDIAT$ BY ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT1 :I* !REAFT] ID5TIFI$ ) ,M>XISM1 ! RELATION%IP ( ,M>XISM TO AN>*ISM RETA9$ SOME AMBIGUITY4 ,I HAVE >GU$ ELSE:]E ?AT MO/ ( ?OSE :O W]E TO EM]GE AS LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A W5T ?R\< AN AN>*I/ PHASE BE=E !Y BECAME ,M>XI/S4.<#b.> ,I WILL 5DEAVOR TO %[ H]E ?AT !SE AN>*I/ ORIG9S MAY BE IMPORTANT TO AN UND]/&+ ( H[ !Y BECAME ,M>XI/S1 & ALSO ( SOME FEATURES ( ,*9ESE ,M>XISM 7ESPECIALLY 9 ITS ,MAOI/ V]SION7 ?AT DIV]G$ FROM ! ,L59I/ 9T]PRETATION ( ,M>XISM ?AT !Y ESP\S$ =MALLY4 ,?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS MAY HAVE SURVIV$ ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM SUGGE/S1 9 TURN1 ?AT AN>*ISM HAD A DIFF]5T RELATION%IP TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A ?AN 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! =TUNES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A P>ALLEL$ 79DE$1 W]E P>T (7 ! SITUATION ?AT ,HOBSBAWM DESCRIBES4 ,BUT ,*9ESE AN>*ISM WAS B\ND UP FROM ! BEG9N+ ) AN 9CIPI5T REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT WAS ULTIMATELY ! PRODUCT ( ,*9A'S CONFRONTATION ) ! MOD]N WORLD1 & AN>*I/S W]E TO PLAY SOME P>T 9 ! =MULATION ( ?AT DISC\RSE4 ,:ILE AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A WAS ALSO ! IDEOLOGY ( ! REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT1 :I* ID5TIFI$ ITSELF ) :AT IT TOOK TO BE ! MO/ ADVANC$ RADICAL IDEOLOGY ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD1 IT WAS PHRAS$ 7ESPECIALLY 9ITIALLY7 )9 ! LANGUAGE ( ?IS DISC\RSE4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 AN>*I/ IDEAS 5T]$ ?IS DISC\RSE AS ITS CON/ITU5T ELEM5TS4 ,I WILL >GUE ?AT AN>*ISM D]IVES ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 FROM ! DIFFUSION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS ACROSS ! IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>IES ?AT DIVID$ RADICALS4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! AN>*I/ ORIG9 ( !SE IDEAS WAS =GOTT5 AS AN>*ISM GRADUALLY RETREAT$ BE=E ,L59I/ ,M>XISM 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECALL !SE ORIG9S 7! SUBJECT ( ?IS /UDY71 = BO? HI/ORICAL & POLITICAL REASONS4 ,AN>*ISM WAS IMPORTANT HI/ORICALLY 9 A CONTEXTUAL S5SE3 AS ! IDEOLOGY ( ! RADICAL ,LEFT 9 ,*9A = MORE ?AN TWO DECADES AT ! BEG9N+ ( ! C5TURY4 ,BECAUSE ?IS WAS ALSO ! P]IOD :5 A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE EM]G$ ?AT WAS TO %APE ,*9ESE RADICALISM 9 5SU+ YE>S1 ! AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTION TO ! =MULATION ( ?IS DISC\RSE MU/ BE P>T ( ANY ACC\NT ?AT SEEKS A COMPREH5SIVE GRASP ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,! RECALL+ ( AN>*ISM ALSO HAS OBVI\S POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS = \R UND]/&+ ( ! PA/ & PRES5T ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A4 ,! REPUDIATION ( AN>*ISM ) ! ASC5DANCY ( ,L59I/ ,M>XISM ALSO MEANT ! SUPPRESSION ( C]TA9 QUE/IONS CRUCIAL TO SOCIALISM AS A POLITICAL IDEOLOGY9 P>TICUL> ! QUE/ION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! ,COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ,*9A IS 9 A CRISIS TODAY1 :I* NOT ONLY HAS ?R[N 9TO QUE/ION ! CONT9U$ VIABILITY ( SOCIALISM1 BUT HAS %AK5 ! CR$IBILITY ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION4 ,AL?\< ! CRISIS IS IDEOLOGICAL1 P>T ( IT LIES UNQUE/IONABLY 9 ! FAILURE ( ! REGIME TO DELIV] ! DEMOCRATIC PROMISE ( SOCIALISM1 A FAILURE ?AT HAS CAUS$ A NEW G5]ATION ( RADICALS TO LOOK \TSIDE ( SOCIALISM = ALT]NATIVES 9 ! CREATION ( A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY4 ,I W\LD SUGGE/ H]E ?AT TO RECALL AN>*ISM1 :I* ,L59I/ ,M>X ISM SUPPRESS$1 IS TO RECALL ! DEMOCRATIC IDEALS = :I* AN>*ISM1 AMONG ALL ! COMPET+ SOCIALISMS 9 ,*9A'S REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORY1 S]V$ AS ! REPOSITORY4 ,IT IS A REM9D] ?AT ! SOCIALI/ TRADITION 9 ,*9A1 RELEAS$ FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>IES )9 :I* IT HAS BE5 CONF9$1 MAY S]VE AS A S\RCE ( DEMOCRATIC 9SPIRATION & SOCIAL IMAG9ATION4 ,:E!R ! K9D ( DEMOCRACY AN>*I/S 5VISION$ IS FEASIBLE IS BESIDE ! PO9T2 :AT IS IMPORTANT IS ?AT IT AF=DS A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE UPON ! CLAIMS TO DEMOCRACY ( COMPET+ SOCIALI/ & B\RGEOIS ALT]NATIVES ( ! PRES5T & MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO IMAG9E ! FUTURE 9 NEW WAYS4 ,! *ALL5GE ( ! AN>*I/ NOTION ( DEMOCRACY HAS BE5 SWEPT UND] ! RUG BO? BY CAPITALISM & BY SOCIALISM AS IT EXI/S3 H[ TO BE BO? E?ICAL 7& !RE=E DEEPLY M9DFUL ( SOCIAL RELATION%IPS7 & RATIONAL 7& !RE=E ABLE TO OV]COME ! HI]>*ICAL B9D ( CONV5TIONAL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS74 ,?IS WAS ULTIMATELY ! *ALL5GE ?AT AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A1 EV5 IF NONE /AT$ IT ) ! DIRECTNESS ) :I* ,I HAVE EXPRESS$ IT H]E4 ,AT A TIME ( SOCIAL BREAKD[N & 9DIVIDUAL ALI5ATION1 AN>*I/S IMAG9$ A SOCIETY :]E 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM C\LD BE FULFILL$ ONLY ?R\< SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY1 BUT )\T BE+ SACRIFIC$ TO IT1 :I* IS ! ESS5CE ( SOCIALI/ DEMOCRACY & MAY BE C5TRAL TO ANY CONCEPTION ( DEMOCRACY4 ,! *ALL5GE WAS TO RESONATE ) KEY QUE/IONS ( ,*9ESE POLITICS1 :I* MAY ACC\NT = ! REFUSAL ( AN>*ISM TO DISAPPE>1 EV5 :5 IT HAS HAD LITTLE TO SAY AB\T PRACTICAL POLITICS4 ,OV] ! PA/ DECADE !RE HAS BE5 A SURGE ( 9T]E/ 9 ,*9A 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,S*OL>LY J\RNALS REGUL>LY PUBLI% DISCUSSIONS ( ! PLACE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,TWO MAJOR 7& ?OR\<7 COMPILATIONS ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S FROM ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! C5TURY W]E PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#h#d1 :I* HAVE MADE AVAILABLE TO CONTEMPOR>Y READ]S SCATT]$ 7& R>E7 DOCUM5TATION ON ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ?9K+ & PROVID$ DIRECT 5C\NT] ) A LONG-=GOTT5 PHASE 9 A 7/ILL7 UNFOLD+ REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,EV5 A BIOGRAPHY ( ,M4 ,BAKUN9 & A TRANSLATION ( ,P4 ,KROPOTK9'S ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD APPE>$ AT AB\T ! SAME TIME4 ,AS IF 9 ANSW]1 A VOLUM9\S COLLECTION APPE>$ & MADE AVAILABLE EXT5SIVE ,M>XI/ CRITICISMS ( AN>*ISM4 ,A HI/ORY PUBLI%$ 9 #aihi HAS PROVID$ A DETAIL$ COV]AGE ( ! UNFOLD+ ( AN>*ISM1 & O!R WORKS >E 9 PREP>ATION4.<#c.> ,:AT ?IS ACTIVITY ADDS UP TO IS DIFFICULT TO SAY4 ,ESPECIALLY PROBLEMATIC IS ! QUE/ION ( :E!R 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A IS A SIGN ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM ITSELF4 ,WE CAN ONLY SAFELY D$UCE ?AT 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM IS P>T ( A SURGE ( 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A4 ,AN>*ISM IS NOT ! ONLY SOCIALISM TO 5JOY R5EW$ ATT5TION 9 CONTEMPOR>Y ,*9A AMONG HI/ORIANS1 POLITICAL IDEOLOGUES1 & ! G5]AL READ+ PUBLIC ALIKE1 BUT IT DOES APPE> AS ONE PROM95T CRE/ 9 A BROAD WAVE ( 9T]E/ 9 ! PA/ ( ,*9ESE SOCIALISM1 :I* 9CLUDES1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 AN 9T]E/ 9 LONG-=GOTT5 ASPECTS ( ! HI/ORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ITSELF4 ,AN>*ISM HAS A CONTEMPOR>Y RELEVANCE TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT IS IMPLICAT$ 9 ! CURR5T CRISIS ( ,*9ESE SOCIALISM & ( ! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( SOCIALISM4 ,I REF] H]E TO ! CRISIS CREAT$ BY ! REPUDIATION ( ,MAO ,Z$ONG & ( ,MAOI/ COMMUNISM1 :I* HAS CREAT$ A PR(\ND UNC]TA9TY 9 ,*9ESE CONSCI\SNESS CONC]N+ NOT ONLY ! FUTURE BUT ! PA/ ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A4 ,= ! PA/ F\R DECADES1 ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A HAS BE5 ?\\ND ! P>ADIGM ( ,MAO'S P]SONAL BIOGRAPHY 9 ,*9A & ABROAD4 ,! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION 9 P>TICUL> WAS RESPONSIBLE = ELEVAT+ ,MAO'S BIOGRAPHY TO P>ADIGMATIC /ATUS 9 ! CONCEPTUALIZATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIALISM1 AL?\< ! PROCESS WAS ALREADY UND] WAY 9 ! #a#i#dS1 EV5 BE=E ! VICTORY ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 #a#i#d#i4 ,! REPUDIATION ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION FOLL[+ ,MAO'S DEA? 9 #aigf WAS RAPIDLY TO CALL 9TO QUE/ION ,MAOI/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY ( ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION AS WELL4 ,! CRISIS 9 ! HI/ORICAL CONSCI\SNESS ( SOCIALISM ?AT HAS 5SU$ PRES5TS A PR$ICAM5T AS WELL AS NOVEL OPPORTUNITIES4 ,PR$ICAM5T BECAUSE ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM HAS BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ITS REF]5CE 9 ,MAO'S BIOGRAPHY & NE$S TO BE RELOCAT$ 9 TIME 7! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY DOES NOT PROVIDE A READY SUB/ITUTE1 BECAUSE 9 REPUDIAT+ ,MAO IT HAS ALSO DEPRIV$ ITSELF ( ! CLAIM TO HI/ORICAL 9FALLIBILITY74 ,OPPORTUNITY BECAUSE ! REPUDIATION ( ,MAO HAS BUR/ OP5 ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE 9 :I* SOCIALISM HAD LONG BE5 RE/RICT$1 :I* HAS MADE POSSIBLE NEW WAYS ( SEE+ ITS HI/ORY4 ,AN>*ISM HAS HAD A SIGNIFICANT P>T TO PLAY 9 ?IS CRISIS4 ,9 ! IMM$IATE IF BRIEF ATMOSPH]E ( IDEOLOGICAL FRE$OM ?AT FOLL[$ UPON ! (FICIAL REPUDIATION ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 CRITICS ( ,MAOISM FROM ! ,LEFT 9 ! ILL-FAT$ ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T ( #aiIS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4.<#d.> ,! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE IS NOT TO BE CLAIM$ = AN>*ISM1 ( C\RSE1 BECAUSE IT HOLDS AN EQUALLY V5]ABLE PLACE 9 BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y TRADITIONS4 ,BUT ,I SUGGE/ ?AT AS AN 9/ANCE ( A DEMOCRATIC & SELF-GOV]N+ SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 ! ,COMMUNE /&S AT ! 9T]SECTION ( AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y IDEALS1 :]E ! HI/ORICAL OPPOSITION BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM IS BLURR$ 9TO AN AU!NTIC SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 :I* ! OPPOSITION IS DISSOLV$ 9 ! COMMON VISION ( :I* !Y >E ALT]NATIVE PRODUCTS4 ,AL?\<1 AS F> AS ,I AM AW>E1 ! LEFTI/ SOCIALI/S ( ! ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T DID NOT USE ! WORD AN>*ISM 9 !IR DISC\RSE1 ! USE ( ! ,COMMUNE AS A MODEL RECALL$ AN>*ISM1 OR IF NOT AN>*ISM1 !N ?AT >EA ( ,M>XISM :I* OV]LAPS ) AN>*ISM & IS ESPECIALLY PROBLEMATIC FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( ,L59I/ ,M>XISM4 ,TO MAKE MATT]S WORSE1 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE HAD ALSO PROVID$ A MODEL = ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION AT ITS MORE RADICAL MOM5TS4.<#e.> ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+1 !RE=E1 ?AT :5 ! FIR/ WRIT+S ON AN>*ISM BEGAN TO APPE> 9 ,*9ESE PUBLICATIONS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS1 !Y CA/ AN>*ISM 9 A NEGATIVE1 PEJORATIVE MOLD TO ATTACK B\RGEOIS 9DIVIDUALISM1 (T5 CONF\ND+ ! ANTI-,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION DEM&S ( ! ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T ) ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION P]V]SION ( CORRECT ,M>XISM4 ,IT WAS O/5SIBLY ! URGE TO F9D ! KEY TO ?IS P]V]SION1 ULTIMATELY1 ?AT WAS TO SU/A9 ! SURGE ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM4 ,SOME HAVE >GU$ ?AT ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION WAS A PRODUCT ( ! P]SI/5CE ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES ?AT HAD 5T]$ ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY AT ITS V]Y ORIG9S ?R\< ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( ! P>TY1 MANY ( :OM HAD GONE ?R\< AN AN>*I/ PHASE BE=E !Y BECAME ,M>XI/S1 & /UBBORNLY SURVIV$ ! P>TY'S REPEAT$ EF=TS TO PURGE ITSELF ( ITS AN>*I/ BEG9N+S4.<#f.> ,:ILE ! USE ( AN>*ISM 9 SU* WRIT+S IS (T5 VULG>LY SIMPLI/IC1 EQUAT$ ) A PETIT B\RGEOIS PROP5SITY TO M9DLESS 9DIVIDUALISM & DISORD]1 IT HAS NEV]!LESS PROVOK$ A SE>* = AN>*ISM AT ! ORIG9S ( ,*9ESE COMMUNISM &1 BY EXT5SION1 9 ! E>LY P>T ( ! C5TURY4 ,! RESULT HAS BE5 ! R$ISCOV]Y ( ! CRUCIAL P>T AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! C5TURY4 ,ON ! SURFACE1 ?IS R$ISCOV]Y HAS M]ELY CONFIRM$ ! SUP]IORITY ( ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM 7OR ,BOL%EVISM7 TO AN>*ISM4 ,AS ! $ITORS ( ! COMPILATION ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S CONCLUDE FROM ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM 9 ! LATE TW5TIES3 ,NO B\RGEOIS OR PETIT-B\RGEOIS ?9K+ OR !ORY CAN C>RY ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION TO VICTORY2 ONLY ,M>XISM-,L59ISM CAN SAVE ,*9A4 ,M>XISM-,L59ISM HAS UN9T]RUPT$LY GA9$ 9 P[] 9 ITS /RUGGLES ) B\RGEOIS & PETIT-B\RGEOIS ?9K+4.<#g.> ,!RE IS 9 ?IS /ATEM5T1 H[EV]1 A S5SE ( UNEASE1 AS IF IT W]E ADDRESS+ UNNAM$ ANTAGONI/S :O MI*ISM MIXISM-,L59ISM4 ,& :ILE IT W\LD BE AN EXAGG]ATION TO SUGGE/ ?AT !RE >E ?OSE 9 ,*9A TODAY :O PROMOTE AN>*ISM AS AN 9TEGRAL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO READ 9 ! ADVOCACY = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 SU* AS DUR+ ! ,DEMOCRACY ,MOVEM5T1 ! P]SI/5CE ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES4 ,IT IS ALSO DIFFICULT TO AVOID ! IMPRESSION ?AT ! 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM1 EV5 9 ?IS P>TICUL> COMPILATION1 HAS GONE BEYOND ! URGE TO DISCOV] ! S\RCES ( ,M>XISM'S P]V]SION DUR+ ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 9 ORD] TO F9D \T MORE AB\T ?IS E>LY ALT]NATIVE TO ,M>XISM4 ,! 9TELLECTUAL CONTEXT = ! SURGE ( 9T]E/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM IS1 ULTIMATELY1 NOT JU/ ! REPUDIATION ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION BUT ! DISILLUSIONM5T ) ,M>XISM-,L59ISM ?AT IT HAS BR\*ISM MAY BE COMP>$ TO A SIMIL> REVIVAL 9 ,EUROPE FOLL[+ ! EV5TS ( ,MAY #aifh 9 ,FRANCE & ! CONSEQU5T REPUDIATION ( ,/AL9I/ COMMUNISM4 ,!RE MAY ALSO BE A COMP>ISON 9 ! IDEOLOGICAL CONT5T ( ! 9T]E/1 :I* RE/S ON AN>*ISM1 NOT SO MU* AS A SELF-CONTA9$ SUB/ITUTE = ,M>XISM1 BUT AS A S\RCE ( 9SPIRATION = A DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM & ( 9SIXISM ?AT HAS BECOME 9SUFFICI5T TO EXPLA9 ! WORLD & TO CORRECT = ITS ILLS4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 MU/ BE RE9TRODUC$ 9TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE IF IT IS TO BE RELEAS$ FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE IMPOS$ BY ,M>XISM1 ESPECIALLY ,M>XISM-,L59ISM1 & R$IRECT$ T[>D A DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM BETT] ABLE TO ACC\NT = ! PROBLEMS ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y WORLD4.<#h.> ,! CONTEMPOR>Y ,*9ESE 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM PO9TS1 !RE=E1 9 TWO DIRECTIONS4 ,9 A NEGATIVE S5SE1 IT PO9TS TO AN>*ISM AS AN EXPLANATION ( ! P]V]SION ( ,M>XISM :OSE ULTIMATE MANIFE/ATION WAS ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 & IT SEEKS 9 RECALL+ AN>*ISM A MEANS TO PUT ,M>XISM BACK ON ! RI*ISM AS A MEANS ( BREAK+ \T ( ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE IMPOS$ BY A ,M>XI/-,L59I/ PA/1 :I* VIEWS AN>*ISM NOT AS A S\RCE ( P]V]SION ( ,M>XISM-,L59ISM BUT AS A CORRECTIVE TO ! ANTIDEMOCRATIC T5D5CIES ?AT >E IMPLICIT 9 ! LATT]4 ,! ONE S5SE IS RECON/RUCTIVE1 ! O!R DECON/RUCTIVE4 ,! ONE SEEKS TO RE/ORE AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICS2 ! O!R PO9TS T[>D A MORE DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS ! DECON/RUCTIVE S5SE ?AT GUIDES ! P]SPECTIVE ,I BR+ TO ?IS DISCUSSION ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM4 ,MY EVALUATION H]E IS ! OPPOSITE ( ?OSE ,*9ESE WRIT]S ON AN>*ISM :O PRES5T A NEGATIVE PORTRAYAL ( ! P>T AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,NO MATT] :AT WE MAY ?9K ( 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S1 AN>*ISM WAS A S\RCE ( DEMOCRATIC IDEALS 9 ! SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 & IF AN>*I/ 9FLU5CES DID 9DE$ SURVIVE TO LEAD TO NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES DUR+ AN EV5T SU* AS ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION1 IT MAY BE BECAUSE !Y W]E PUT TO USES UN9T5D$ BY ! AN>*I/S & )9 A POLITICAL CONTEXT ( ! K9D ?AT AN>*I/S REJECT$4 ,:ATEV] MAY BE ! %ORTCOM+S ( AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY1 ! UNCONDITIONAL REPUDIATION ( AN>*ISM BY A ,M>XI/-,L59I/ ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS TO DEPRIVE IT ( AN IMPORTANT S\RCE ( DEMOCRATIC IDEALS4 ,RECOGNITION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T HAS TWO BROAD CONSEQU5CES1 AT LEA/ SO LONG AS WE RECOGNIZE A POSITIVE FUNCTION TO AN>*ISM 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T4 ,FIR/1 WE >E COMPELL$ TO REWRITE ! HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A1 :I* MAY NO LONG] BE CONCEIV$ SIMPLY AS A PROGRESSIVE EVOLUTION ( A CORRECT SOCIALISM UND] ! GUIDANCE ( ,MAO ,Z$ONG OR ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 AS ,*9ESE HI/ORIANS W\LD HAVE IT2 IT MU/ BE SE5 ALSO AS A S]IES ( SUPPRESSIONS3 NOT SIMPLY AS ! EVOLUTION ( A /RATEGY & A SET ( POLICIES ?AT BR\Y VISION 9 :OSE NAME ! REVOLUTION WAS CONDUCT$4 ,RECOGNITION ( A HI/ORICAL PRES5CE TO AN>*ISM BR+S 9TO FULL RELIEF :AT ! PRICE W\LD BE4 ,SECOND1 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 NO LESS ?AN ELSE:]E1 DRAWS \R ATT5TION TO ! PROBLEMATIC RELATION%IP BETWE5 ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM4 ,AN IMPORTANT AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,M>XISM 9 ! TW5TIES WAS ?AT 9 ITS URGE TO E/ABLI% A C5T] TO HI/ORY1 EI!R 9 ! PROLET>IAT OR 9 ITS REPRES5TATIVE1 ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ,M>XISM REPRODUC$ ! V]Y P[] /RUCTURES ?AT 9 !ORY IT REJECT$4 ,AS ,I VIEW IT1 ?IS URGE TO DEC5T] P[] DOES NOT NECESS>ILY CALL = A REPUDIATION ( ,M>XISM BUT IS1 RA!R1 A REM9D] TO ,M>XI/S ( !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y PREMISES4 ,IT C]TA9LY IS A CRUCIAL ISSUE ( ! DAY NOT JU/ 9 ,*9A BUT WORLDWIDE1 :]E VOICES O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! PROLET>IAT >E CALL+ UPON ,M>XISM TO RECOGNIZE =MS ( OPPRESSION ?AT >E NOT RE/RICT$ TO ! OPPRESSION ( ! WORK+ CLASS BY ! B\RGEOISIE--OPPRESSION BY ! BUREAUCRATIC /ATE1 & G5D]1 RACIAL1 & NATIONAL OPPRESSION IMM$IATELY COME TO M9D4 ,A S+LE-M9D$ PREOCCUPATION ) CLASS & CAPITALISM 9EVITABLY RESULTS 9 TOTAL OR P>TIAL BL9DNESS TO !SE O!R =MS ( OPPRESSION4 ,SIMIL>LY1 AN UNWAV]+ COMMITM5T TO MOD]NISM 7A UNIL9E> VIEW ( HI/ORY & ITS MAT]IAL BASIS 9 9DU/RIAL & TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS71 :I* IS *>ACT]I/IC ( MA9/REAM ,M>XISM & MO/ C]TA9LY ( EXI/+ SOCIALI/ /ATES1 MAKES = A BL9DNESS TO CONTEMPOR>Y QUE/IONS RELAT$ TO ECOLOGY1 COMMUNITY1 & ALI5ATION1 :I* MAY NO LONG] BE BLAM$ SIMPLY ON CAPITALISM1 BUT >E PRODUCTS ( A MOD]N CULTURE ( :I* ,M>XISM P>TAKES4 ,AN>*ISM1 9 SURPRIS+ WAYS1 MAY HAVE A DEC5T]+ EFFECT ON ,M>XI/ MOD]NISM 7:I* DOES TAKE CAPITALISM AS ! C5TRAL DATUM ( MOD]N HI/ORY7 & ?US MAY 5ABLE US TO ?9K AB\T SOCIALISM 9 NEW WAYS )\T NECESS>ILY AB&ON+ ,M>XISM1 :I* /&S TO ?IS DAY AS ! MO/ ?OR\< CRITIQUE ( CAPITALISM :ILE %>+ ITS MOD]NI/ PREMISES4 ,AS RECOGNITION ( ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A MAY HAVE A DECON/RUCTIVE CONSEQU5CE 9 \R APPRECIATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIALISM BY DEC5T]+ ,M>XISM-,L59ISM & RELEAS+ US FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE IMPOS$ UPON HI/ORY BY ! ,COMMUNI/ VICTORY 9 ,*9A1 SO MAY ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XI/-,L59I/ EF=TS TO E/ABLI% A NEW C5T] TO HI/ORY1 AS ONE EPISODE 9 ! GLOBAL HI/ORY ( SOCIALISM1 BR+ ?AT HI/ORY CLOS] TO ! PRES5T 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y EF=T TO RELEASE SOCIALISM FROM ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT ITS HI/ORY HAS IMPOS$ ON IT GLOBALLY4 ,I WILL N[ ELABORATE ON ! SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM TO AN UND]/&+ ( ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 TW5TIE?-C5TURY ,*9A & DRAW \T FUR!R ITS HI/ORIOGRAPHICAL AS WELL AS ITS POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,PRES5CE 9 ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5T ,! HEYDAY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A W]E ! YE>S BETWE5 #aie & #a#i#c4 ,EXPRESSIONS ( 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM W]E HE>D FIR/ 9 #a#i#c#d4 ,& AN>*I/S W\LD REMA9 ACTIVE AFT] #a#i#c4 ,BUT IT WAS 9 #aif ?AT ! FIR/ AN>*I/ ASSOCIATION CAME 9TO EXI/5CE1 & CONC5TRAT$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITY = ALL PRACTICAL PURPOSES W\LD CEASE AFT] #a#i#c4 ,DUR+ !SE TWO-&-A-HALF DECADES1 H[EV]1 AN>*ISM WAS TO PLAY A C5TRAL P>T 9 >TICULAT+ AN EM]G+ SOCIAL RADICALISM 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,:AT ,HOBSBAWM HAS OBS]V$ ( AN>*ISM WORLDWIDE IS ALSO APPLICABLE1 ,I ?9K1 TO ! CASE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,HOBSBAWM SUGGE/S ?AT AN>*ISM HAS 5JOY$ ! GREATE/ POPUL>ITY AT MOM5TS ( SPONTANE\S REVOLUTION>Y MOBILIZATION :5 REVOLUTION>IES1 RA!R ?AN MAK+ REVOLUTION OR PREP>+ ! CONDITIONS = IT1 HAVE BE5 ABLE TO %>E 9 ! POSSIBILITIES (F]$ BY A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION4 ,HE DI/+UI%ES BETWE5 REVOLUTION AS A HAPP5+ & REVOLUTION AS A PRODUCT ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY3 ,! TE/ ( GREATNESS 9 REVOLUTION>IES HAS ALWAYS BE5 !IR CAPACITY TO DISCOV] ! NEW & UNEXPECT$ *>ACT]I/ICS ( REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS & TO ADAPT !IR TACTICS TO !M4 ,LIKE ! SURF]1 ! REVOLUTION>Y DOES NOT CREATE ! WAVES ON :I* HE RIDES1 BUT BALANCES ON !M4 ,UNLIKE ! SURF] & H]E S]I\S REVOLUTION>Y !ORY DIV]GES FROM AN>*I/ PRACTICE SOON] OR LAT] HE /OPS RID+ ! WAVE & MU/ CONTROL ITS DIRECTION & MOVEM5T4.<#i.> ,! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DUR+ !SE YE>S1 ESPECIALLY DUR+ #a#i#a#e-#a#i#b#e1 WAS A MASS MOBILIZATION TO :I* POLITICAL 7IF NOT SOCIAL7 ORGANIZATION WAS L>GELY IRRELEVANT & :I* BR\Y REORGANIZATION ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY4 ,9 CONTRA/1 :5 ! ,GUOM9DANG RE/OR$ POLITICAL ORD] AFT] #a#i#b#g1 H[EV] SUP]FICIALLY1 & TURN$ ITS BACK ON ITS [N REVOLUTION>Y LEGACY 9 ITS SUPPRESSION ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 REVOLUTION>IES W\LD DEP5D = !IR SUCCESS 7& SURVIVAL7 ON !IR ABILITY TO ORGANIZE A SOCIAL BASIS = REVOLUTION4 ,! DIFF]5CE WAS BETWE5 REVOLUTION AS A HAPP5+ & REVOLUTION AS MADE BY REVOLUTION>IES4 ,AN>*I/S1 WE %ALL SEE1 B5EFIT$ FROM ! =M] SITUATION1 BUT W]E UNABLE--BECAUSE ( !IR [N SELF-LIMITATION--TO COPE ) ! LATT]4 ,?IS DI/9CTION IS NECESS>Y1 ,I ?9K1 TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ! *ANG+ PROBLEMATIC ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A2 BUT IT NE$S SOME QUALIFICATION IF WE >E TO OV]COME /]EOTYP$ NOTIONS ( AN>*ISM4 ,ULTIMATELY1 ! DI/9CTION IS NOT BETWE5 SPONTANEITY & ORGANIZATION1 BUT BETWE5 DIFF]5T K9DS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,:AT AN>*I/S REJECT$ WAS NOT ORGANIZATION P] SE BUT POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 & IF !Y APPE> TO HAVE 9SI/$ ON A SPONTANE\S SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 !Y CONCEIV$ ( SPONTANEITY AS SOCIAL SELF-ACTIVITY ?AT W\LD PRODUCE A NEW SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 ! C\RSE ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T DUR+ ! E>LI] P]IOD WAS NOT SPONTANE\S1 IT WAS ALSO MADE--?\< 9 A RADICALLY DIFF]5T S5SE ?AN AFT] #a#i#b#g--& AN>*I/S PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 MAK+ IT4 ,! QUALIFICATION 5ABLES US TO SEE AN>*I/ ACTIVITY AS SOME?+ O!R ?AN ! HAPHAZ>D ACTIVITY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 OR AS A DIFFUSE RADICALISM )\T COH]5CE4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE TO SPEAK ( AN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A8 ,I ?9K SO1 SO LONG AS ! WORD MOVEM5T IS NOT UND]/OOD JU/ AS ACTIVITIES :OSE MOTIONS >E DET]M9$ FROM AN ID5TIFIABLE C5T]--A RE/RICTIVE /IPULATION ?AT WAS ! OBJECT ( ! AN>*I/ *ALL5GE TO ! O!R SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS ( ! TIME4 ,9 ! IDEOLOGICAL TOPOGRAPHY ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM 9 ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! C5TURY1 AN>*ISM WAS A P]VASIVE PRES5CE )\T A C5T]1 CONC5TRAT$ >\ND NODES ( IDEOLOGICAL DISSEM9ATION & SOCIAL ACTIVITY :OSE LOCATION *ANG$ ) *ANGES 9 ! =TUNES ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< IT WAS A LIABILITY FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( POLITICAL EFFECTIV5ESS1 ?IS DIFFUS5ESS ( AN>*ISM WAS AN ADVANTAGE 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ON SOCIETY ?AT EXPLICITLY REJECT$ POLITICS1 AN>*ISM DID NOT CALL = ALLEGIANCE TO AN IDEOLOGY OR AN ORGANIZATION AS A CONDITION ( ALLEGIANCE TO ITS PR9CIPLES4 ,RECEPTIVITY TO AN>*I/ IDEAS WAS MO/ CONSPICU\SLY A FEATURE ( ,*9ESE RADICALISM :5 QUE/IONS ( SOCIAL & CULTURAL REVOLUTION W]E ITS =EMO/ CONC]NS2 BUT AN>*ISM C\LD ALSO 9FUSE ! ?9K+ ( ?OSE :OSE IDEOLOGICAL CONVICTIONS LAY ELSE:]E1 BECAUSE IT DID NOT *ALL5GE !M AT ! LEVEL ( IDEOLOGY4 ,IT WAS 9 ?IS S5SE A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT CUT ACROSS IDEOLOGICAL DIVIDES 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL DIFFUS5ESS & ORGANIZATIONAL DEC5T]$NESS ( AN>*ISM 7! TWO W]E DIFF]5T SIDES ( ! SAME CO97 MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY AN>*I/S OR TO DEF9E ! CONT\RS ( AN>*ISM AS A MOVEM5T4 ,! APPEALS ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A W]E V>I$4 ,:ILE ALL AN>*I/S %>$ A COMMON SOCIAL IDEALISM ?AT EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 ! REPUDIATION ( AU?ORITY1 ESPECIALLY ( ! /ATE & ! FAMILY1 :AT !Y F\ND 9 AN>*ISM IS ANO!R MATT]4 ,= DIFF]5T AN>*I/S1 AN>*ISM EXPRESS$ EV]Y?+ FROM TRIVIAL ACTS ( ANTIAU?ORIT>IANISM TO REBELLION AGA9/ ! SUFFOCAT+ AU?ORITY ( ! FAMILY1 ( ! OPPRESSION ( WOM5 BY M5 & ( Y\? BY !IR ELD]S1 TO AN ES!TIC PROMISE ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]ATION1 ALL ! WAY TO ! PURSUIT ( A SOCIAL & ECONOMIC EQUALITY ?AT WAS B>ELY DI/+UI%ABLE FROM ?AT ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4 ,EV5 AMONG ! SOCIAL AN>*I/S1 ! MA9 CONC]N H]E1 AN>*ISM PROVID$ A REFUGE = MOD]NI/S :O ID5TIFI$ IT ) ! TRU? ( MOD]N SCI5CE & UNCOMPROMIS+LY REJECT$ A PRESCI5TIFIC PA/1 AS WELL AS = ANTIMOD]NI/S :O1 9 !IR FRU/RATION ) MOD]N SOCIETY1 S\LY TW5TIES1 AN>*I/ IDEALS W]E DIFFUS$ BROADLY 9 RADICAL ?9K+2 EV5 ?OSE :O 9 #aiba W\LD E/ABLI% ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ( ,*9A %>$ ! \TLOOK ( AN>*ISM BE=E ?AT TIME1 IF !Y DID NOT ACTUALLY ID5TIFY !MSELVES AS AN>*I/S1 & W\LD RETA9 AN>*I/ AFF9ITIES AFT] !IR CONV]SION TO ,BOL%EVISM4 ,SOME ( ! MO/ DI/+UI%$ AN>*I/S W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG1 EV5 ?\< 9 !ORY !Y REJECT$ POLITICS1 & W\LD PLAY AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( ,COMMUNI/S 7& ( AN>*I/S7 9 ! LATE TW5TIES4 ,AN>*I/ COMMITM5TS HAD SU* AN EVANESC5T QUALITY ?AT EV5 AN>*I/S W]E ON OCCASION UNSURE ( ! S]I\SNESS ( COMMITM5T1 NOT JU/ ( RANK-&-FILE1 FLY-BY-NI*I/S1 BUT ( ?OSE ) LEAD]%IP ROLES 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*I/ ATTITUDES T[>D ORGANIZATION COMP\ND$ 7WE MIABLE IDEOLOGICAL DIFFUS5ESS AMONG ,M>XI/S 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 IS ( NO HELP 9 DEL9EAT+ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BECAUSE AN>*I/S REPUDIAT$ ! SUBJECTION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL TO ! ORGANIZATION & ( ! P]IPH]IES ( ! MOVEM5T TO A C5T]2 JEAL\S ( LOCAL AUTONOMY 7LOCALIZ$ ULTIMATELY AT ! 9DIVIDUAL LEVEL71 AN>*I/S W]E AT ONE 9 REJECT+ C5TRALIZ$ REGULATION ( !IR ?9K+ & ACTIVITIES4 ,AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONAL RULES1 RA!R ?AN REQUIR+ MEMB]S TO SUBSCRIBE TO A WELL-DEF9$ SET ( RULES1 (T5 /IPULAT$ ONLY ?AT !Y DO NOT OPPOSE ! REVOLUTION>Y GOALS ( AN>*ISM1 :I* W]E (T5 V]Y VAGUELY /AT$4.<#a.> ,ACCORD+ TO ONE WRIT]1 !RE W]E 9 ! E>LY TW5TIES SEV]AL ?\S& AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A 7AN E/IMATE ?AT PROBABLY 9CLUD$ FLY-BY-NI*I/S74.<#a#a.> ,!SE AN>*I/S HAD !IR [N LOCAL ORGANIZATIONS & PURSU$ !IR [N LOCALIZ$ ACTIVITIES1 :I* NOT ONLY DIFF]$ FROM ONE ANO!R BUT W]E1 9 SOME CASES1 ANTI!TICAL4 ,BETWE5 #aiai & #a#i#b#e1 N9ETY-TWO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS CAME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 ,*9A 7SOME ONLY %ORT-LIV$74.<#a#b.> ,EVID5CE ( ! WIDESPREAD POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM1 ! PROLIF]ATION ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS IS 9DICATIVE ALSO ( ! ABS5CE ( A C5T] TO AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,9 ! ABS5CE ( ORGANIZ$ DIRECTION1 9DIVIDUAL LOYALTY & S]I\SNESS HAD TO ASSUME ! BURD5 = IDEOLOGICAL 9TEGRITY & CONSI/5CY ( PURPOSE4 ,NOT ONLY WAS AN>*ISM 9DIVIDUALIZ$1 IT ALSO MADE GREAT DEM&S UPON 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* 9 ! 5D ONLY A FEW W]E ABLE TO MEET4 ,IT DOES NOT FOLL[1 H[EV]1 ?AT !RE WAS NO LOGIC OR PATT]N TO AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,?\< ! MOVEM5T LACK$ A C5T]1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO ID5TIFY A NUMB] ( NODES ( IDEOLOGICAL & SOCIAL ACTIVITY ?AT W]E MORE C5TRAL ?AN ! O!RS 7?IS WAS ESPECIALLY ! CASE = ! SOCIAL AN>*I/S UND] DISCUSSION74 ,!SE NODES1 & ! 9DIVIDUALS ACTIVE 9 !M1 PROVID$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ) CONT9UITY OV] ! YE>S1 AS WELL AS ) SOME MEASURE ( IDEOLOGICAL COH]5CE & AN ID5TIFIABLE PATT]N ( ACTIVITY4 ,!Y W]E CRUCIAL 9 ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY4 ,& !Y S]V$ BO? 9 ORGANIZATION & 9 ACTIVITY AS MODELS = AN>*I/S ALL OV] ,*9A4 ,C]TA9 9DIVIDUALS APPE> ) REGUL>ITY 9 AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS & SOCIAL ACTIVITY & W]E GIV5 RECOGNITION 9 ! MOVEM5T AS ITS LEAD]S1 NOT BY ORGANIZATIONAL REGULATION BUT BY ! ACCLAIM ( !IR FELL[ AN>*I/S4 ,! C5T]S ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM 9 ITS ORIG9S LAY \TSIDE ( ! PHYSICAL B\ND>IES ( ,*9A1 9 OV]SEAS ,*9ESE COMMUNITIES 9 ,P>IS & ,TOKYO4 ,ONE C5T] WAS ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM 7,%EHUIZHUYI JIANGXI HUI71 :I* WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,TOKYO 9 #aig BY ! CLASSICAL S*OL> ,LIU ,%IPEI & HIS WIFE1 ,HE ,ZH54 ,! ANTIMOD]NI/1 AGR>IAN-ORI5T$ AN>*ISM ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S PROMOT$ 9 ! TWO J\RNALS !Y PUBLI%$ W\LD HAVE A LA/+ EFFECT ON ! ?9K+ ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 BUT ?IS SOCIETY WAS 9 EXI/5CE = ONLY A BRIEF P]IOD1 & ITS IMPACT ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T P] SE WAS LIMIT$4 ,MORE IMPORTANT 9 ?IS REG>D WAS ! ,WORLD ,SOCIETY 7,%IJIE %E71 :I* WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #aif & W\LD S]VE = DECADES AS A CONDUIT BETWE5 ,EUROPEAN & ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,ITS F\ND]S & LEAD]S1 ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 W]E AMONG ! DOY5S ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,!Y W]E ALSO CLOSE ASSOCIATES ( ,SUN ,YAT-S5 7,SUN ,ZHONG%AN7 & W]E IMPORTANT MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG1 9 :I* CAPACITY !Y W\LD PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! #a#i#bS 9 AN>*I/ ANTICOMMUNISM1 AS WELL AS 9 ! PROBLEMATIC RELATION%IP ! AN>*I/S W\LD 5T] 9TO ) ! ,GUOM9DANG AFT] #a#i#b#g4 ,! MOD]NI/1 EV5 SCI5TI/IC1 AN>*ISM !Y PROMOT$ 79SPIR$ BY ,KROPOTK97 W\LD FA%ION ! ?9K+ OV] ! YE>S ( MO/ ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,! DILIG5T-WORK FRUGAL--/UDY PROGRAM !Y 9ITIAT$ AFT] #aiab TO $UCATE ,*9ESE /UD5TS 9 ,EUROPE WAS TO S]VE AS A RECRUIT+ GR\ND = AN>*I/S 7?\<1 IRONICALLY1 AMONG ITS GRADUATES W]E SOME ( ,*9A'S MO/ PROM95T ,COMMUNI/S1 9CLUD+ ,ZH\ ,5LAI & ,D5G ,XIAOP+74 ,?IS PROGRAM1 :I* NOT ONLY S\ ,I TO WORK 9 ,EUROPEAN >MIES & FACTORIES1 ALSO ?R\< ! 9T]M$IACY ( ,LI & ,WU7 WAS TO HAVE A F>-REA*+ IMPACT ON ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,IF AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A APPE>S AT FIR/ SIILY A S\!RN ,*9ESE1 SPECIFICALLY ,GUANGZH\ 7,CANTON71 PH5OM5ON1 ?IS IMPRESSION1 :I* IS AT LEA/ P>TIALLY VALID1 IS A PRODUCT ( ! IMPORTANT ROLE ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S W]E TO PLAY = TWO DECADES1 NOT JU/ 9 ! S\? BUT ALL OV] ,*9A1 AS WELL AS 9 ,*9ESE COMMUNITIES 9 ,S\!A/ ,ASIA & AS F> AWAY AS ,SAN ,FRANCISCO & ,VANC\V] 7,CANADA74 ,! F\ND+ FA!R ( ,GUANGZH\ AN>*ISM WAS ,LIU ,SIFU1 BETT] KN[N UND] HIS ADOPT$ NAME1 ,%IFU1 :O AT HIS DEA? 9 #aiae WAS TO LEAVE BEH9D AN IMAGE AS ! P>ADIGMATIC AN>*I/1 AS WELL AS A DEVOT$ FOLL[+ DET]M9$ TO COMPLETE ! TASK HE HAD 9ITIAT$4 ,:ILE !RE MAY HAVE BE5 AN>*I/S 9 ,GUANGZH\ BE=E #a#i#a#a1 ! ORIG9S ( ,GUANGZH\ AN>*ISM GO BACK TO ! ,CONSCI5CE ,SOCIETY 7,X9%E71 :I* ,%IFU HAD E/ABLI%$ SOON AFT] HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM4 ,9 #aiad HE & HIS FOLL[]S MOV$ TO ,%AN*O-,COMMUNI/ ,COMRADES 7,WUZH5GFU GONG*AN ZHUYI TONGZHI HUI74 ,?IS SOCIETY S]V$ AS A MODEL = SIMIL> SOCIETIES E/ABLI%$ %ORTLY !REAFT] 9 ,GUANGZH\ 7L$ BY ,%IFU'S BRO!R1 ,LIU ,%IX97 & ,NANJ+2 ,LIU ,%IX9'S GR\P 9CLUD$ ,\ ,%5GBAI1 ,LIANG ,B+XIAN1 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 & ,HUANG ,ZUN%5G1 ALL ( :OM W]E TO A*IEVE PROM95CE AS LEAD]S 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,MAY ,F\R? P]IOD4 ,! ,SOCIETY'S J\RNAL1 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE 7,M9%5G71 PUBLI%$ UNTIL #aibb 7IRREGUL>LY AFT] ,%IFU'S DEA?71 WAS TO PROVIDE MU*-NE$$ CONT9UITY 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,MEMB]S OR ASSOCIATES ( ,%IFU'S GR\P W]E ALSO RESPONSIBLE = 9ITIAT+ A SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A2 9 #aiag !Y W]E ABLE TO ORGANIZE B>B]S & TEA-H\SE CL]KS 9 ,GUANGZH\ 9TO ,*9A'S FIR/ MOD]N LABOR UNIONS1 & 9 #aiah !Y L$ ! WAY 9 ,*9A'S FIR/ ,MAY ,DAY CELEBRATION 9 ,GUANGZH\4 ,ACCORD+ TO ONE ACC\NT1 AN ASSOCIATE ( ,%IFU'S GR\P1 ,LIANG ,B+XIAN1 WAS ! $ITOR ( ! FIR/ LABOR J\RNAL TO BE PUBLI%$ 9 ,*9A1 ,LABOR 7,LAODONG71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,%AN*I/S HAD ORGANIZ$ AT LEA/ =TY UNIONS 9 ,GUANGZH\4.<#a#c.> ,AFT] ,%IFU'S DEA? !RE WAS NO S+LE FIGURE TO MAT* HIM 9 /ATURE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,BUT ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO PLAY LEAD]%IP ROLES 9 ! MOVEM5T1 BO? 9 ,GUANGZH\ & 9 O!R P>TS ( ,*9A TO :I* ! /UD5T F]M5T ( ! LATE #a#i#aS TOOK !M4 ,9 ,GUANGZH\1 ,%IFU'S BRO!R1 ,LIU ,%IX91 & O!R MEMB]S ( ! GR\P1 SU* AS ,HUANG ,ZUN%5G1 EM]G$ AS LABOR LEAD]S4 ,AN>*I/S FROM ,GUANGZH\1 MO/ PROM95T AMONG !M ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 ,ZH5G ,PEIGANG1 ,YUAN ,ZH5Y+1 & ,HUA ,L91 W]E TO F\ND ! FIR/ AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,BEIJ+1 :]E !Y HAD CONGREGAT$ 9 #aiag AS /UD5TS & TEA*]S AT ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY4 ,! SOCIETY !Y E/ABLI%$1 ,TRU? ,SOCIETY 7,%I%E71 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 9FUS+ AN>*I/ IDEAS 9TO ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T L$ BY ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY PR(ESSORS & /UD5TS4 ,9 E>LY #aiai ,TRU? ,SOCIETY M]G$ ) O!R AN>*I/ SOCIETIES 9 ,GUANGZH\ & ,NANJ+ TO E/ABLI% AN UMBRELLA ORGANIZATION1 ,EVOLUTION ,SOCIETY 7,J9HUA %E74 ,! SOCIETY'S J\RNAL ( ! SAME NAME WAS $IT$ BY ,*5 ,YANNIAN1 :O WROTE UND] A PSEUDONYM >TICLES CRITICAL ( HIS FAM\S FA!R1 ,*5 ,DUXIU1 LEAD] ( ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T & LAT] ! FIR/ SECRET>Y-G5]AL ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 :O HAD LITTLE PATI5CE = AN>*I/S 7,*5 ,YANNIAN W\LD NOT CONV]T TO ,M>XISM UNTIL #a#i#b#c74 ,9 E>LY #aib WE F9D ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S 9 ,ZHANGZH\ 9 ,FUJIAN PROV9CE1 :I* !REAFT] S]V$ AS A C5T] = ! DISSEM9ATION ( AN>*ISM 9 ITS [N RI 7,M9X+71 :I* ! AN>*I/S PUBLI%$ 9 ,FUJIAN4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,LIU ,%IX91 DUR+ !SE YE>S AN>*I/ RANKS W]E SWELL$ BY SPL9T] GR\PS FROM ! ,*9ESE ,SOCIALI/ P>TY 7,ZHONGGUO %EHUI ZHUYI DANG1 E/ABLI%$ #aiaa BY ,JIANG ,KAN*ISM & COMPLEM5T$ ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S ) AN>*I/ ASSOCIATIONS ( !IR [N 7SU* AS ! ,MASSES ,SOCIETY1 ,QUN%E1 9 ,NANJ+74.<#a#d.> ,! YE> FOLL[+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T ( #aiai WAS A TURN+ PO9T 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM1 AS WELL AS 9 ! =TUNES ( AN>*ISM4 ,?\< ! MOVEM5T WAS A PRODUCT ( PATRIOTIC RES5TM5T AGA9/ ! ,V]SAILLES ,TREATY1 ! MASS MOBILIZATION ?AT ACCOMPANI$ IT1 ESPECIALLY ! POLITICAL EM]G5CE ( ,*9ESE LABOR1 MADE SOCIALISM AN IMM$IATE ISSUE 9 ,*9ESE POLITICS4 ,9 AN IMM$IATE S5SE1 AN>*I/S W]E B5EFICI>IES ( ?IS TURN 9 ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 ,AN>*ISM WAS ! MO/ POPUL> & P]VASIVE ( ALL SOCIALISMS 9 ,*9A 9 #a#i#a#i1 AS WAS EVID5C$ BY ! RAPID PROLIF]ATION ( AN>*I/ SOCIETIES ALL OV] ,*9A1 & ALSO BY ! DIFFUSION ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ! ?9K+ EV5 ( ?OSE :O W]E NOT AN>*I/S4 ,OV] ! YE> FOLL[+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#a#i1 AN>*I/ IDEAS BECAME PREVAL5T 9 ! CULTURE ( RADICALISM1 :I* AMONG Y\? DISPLAY$ ITSELF 9 A FL\RI%+ COMMUNAL MOVEM5T1 ! SO-CALL$ ,NEW ,LIFE ,MOVEM5T 7,X9 %5*I/ IDEAS APPE>$ NOT SO MU* AS COMPON5TS ( A =MAL IDEOLOGY BUT AS PR9CIPLES ( EV]YDAY LIFE4 ,! EFFECTS ON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( Y\?1 ,I SUGGE/1 W]E ALL ! MORE PR(\ND1 = ! NEW G5]ATION ( Y\? ASSIMILAT$ AN>*ISM1 NOT AS A SET ( FLEET+ IDEAS1 BUT AS P>T ( QUOTIDIAN CULTURE4 ,AMONG ?OSE 5GAG$ 9 ! COMMUNAL MOVEM5T W]E ?OSE :O )9 ! YE> W\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,! COMMUNAL MOVEM5T WAS TO HAVE A LONG-LA/+ EFFECT ON REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS1 TRANSC5D+ QUE/IONS ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE4 ,ALSO AT ?IS TIME ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS BEGAN TO %[ A G5U9E 9T]E/ 9 ,M>XISM AS AN IDEOLOGY ( REVOLUTION4 ,COM9T]N 9ITIATIVES TO PROMOTE COMMUNISM 9 ,*9A1 />T+ 9 #a#i#a#i1 TURN$ RADICALS TO CONSID]ATION ( A POLITICAL ORGANIZATION TO GUIDE ! GR[+ MASS MOVEM5T4 ,?IS DEVELOPM5T W\LD PRES5T ! AN>*I/S1 ) !IR OPPOSITION TO POLITICS1 ) AN UNPREC$5T$ *ALL5GE FROM ! LEFT4 ,TO APPRECIATE ! SIGNIFICANCE = AN>*I/S ( !SE NEW DEVELOPM5TS1 WE MU/ REMEMB] ?AT !RE W]E NO COMMITT$ ,M>XI/S OR ,M>XIAN ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,*9A 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,A ,COMMUNI/ POLITICAL ID5TITY W\LD NOT ASSUME RECOGNIZABLE =M AMONG ,*9ESE RADICALS UNTIL AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,COMMUNI/ POLITICAL ORGANIZATION 9 LATE #a#i#b4 ,AS ( #a#i#a#i1 ,*9ESE RADICALS1 9CLUD+ ! LAT] F\ND]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 7) ! SOLE EXCEPTION ( ,*5 ,DUXIU71 DISPLAY$ A DIFFUSE RADICALISM 9 :I* AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E MO/ PROM95T2 COMMUNISM WAS /ILL UND]/OOD BY MO/ AS AN>*O-COMMUNISM4 ,ALSO1 AN>*I/S W]E /ILL ! MO/ READILY ID5TIFIABLE GR\P ON ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ,LEFT1 :I* MAY ACC\NT = ! EAG]NESS ( ! ,COM9T]N TO 9CLUDE AN>*I/S 9 ! POLITICAL ORGANIZATION IT S\*I/ ,ZH5G ,PEIGANG1 9ITIAL ,COM9T]N OV]TURES BORE FRUIT 9 LATE SUMM] #aiai 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SOCIALI/ ALLIANCES 7%EHUI ZHUYIZHE TONGM5G7 9 MAJOR CITIES4.<#a#e.> ,9 ,BEIJ+1 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG COOP]AT$ ) HIS COLLEAGUES AT ,BEIDA 7& LAT] LEAD]S ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY71 ,*5 ,DUXIU & ,LI ,DAZHAO1 TO E/ABLI% ! FIR/ ( !SE ALLIANCES4 ,RADICALS 9 O!R P>TS ( ,*9A FOLL[$ SUIT4 ,!SE ALLIANCES W]E TO S]VE AS ! BASIS 9 #aib = ! ,M>XI/ /UDY SOCIETIES ?AT SPR\T$ 9 ,*9ESE CITIES FOLL[+ ! >RIVAL 9 ,M>* ( ! ,COM9T]N REPRES5TATIVE ,GREGORY ,VOIT9SKY1 :I* 9ITIAT$ ! F\ND+ ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY4 ,AN>*I/S W]E PROM95T 9 !SE SOCIETIES2 !Y CON/ITUT$ ! MAJORITY 9 ! ,BEIJ+ ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,M>XI/ ,!ORY4 ,9 ,GUANGZH\1 ! ,M>XI/ GR\P 9ITIALLY CONSI/$ 5TIRELY ( AN>*I/S & TWO ,COM9T]N ADVIS]S4 ,AN>*I/S ALSO ASSUM$ ! RESPONSIBILITY 9 !SE GR\PS = ! CRUCIAL TASK ( $IT+ ! LABOR J\RNALS :I* ! GR\PS />T$4 ,!SE SOCIETIES W]E TO PROVIDE ! BUILD+ BLOCKS = ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY ( ,*9A4 ,DUR+ ! FALL ( #a#i#b1 />T+ 9 ,%ANXI/ /UDY SOCIETIES BEGAN !IR CONV]SION 9TO ,COMMUNI/ CELLS4 ,AL?\< ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY WAS NOT F\ND$ (FICIALLY UNTIL ,JULY #a#i#b#a1 BY ,NOVEMB] #aib AN EMBRYONIC P>TY ORGANIZATION HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE4 ,! NEW ORGANIZATION ADOPT$ ,BOL%EVIK RULES = ITS OP]ATION1 & A ,BOL%EVIK PROGRAM :OSE CORN]/ONE WAS ! CREATION ( A DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT4 ,AN>*I/S1 :O W]E OPPOS$ BO? TO HI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION & TO PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP1 ABRUPTLY LEFT ! ORGANIZATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ORGANIZATION ( ! P>TY GAVE RISE TO ! FIR/ POLEMICS BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S1 ) ! BASIC GOAL ( DRAW+ A CLE> DI/9CTION BETWE5 ! TWO PHILOSOPHIES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,! ORGANIZATION ( ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY1 ) ITS DEM& = EXCLUSIVE LOYALTY TO ! P>TY & ITS IDEOLOGY1 9EVITABLY SPLIT ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ALLIANCE ( ! PREVI\S YE>4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ! SPLIT WAS NOT F9AL UNTIL SOMETIME 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#b2 EV5 !N1 EF=TS TO OV]COME DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,COMMUNI/S & AN>*I/S W]E NOT COMPLETELY AB&ON$4 ,AN>*I/S W]E AMONG ?OSE 9VIT$ TO ATT5D ! ,CONGRESS ( ! ,TOIL]S ( ! ,EA/ 9 ,MOSC[ 9 SPR+ #a#i#b#b1 & ACCORD+ TO ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 ,*5 ,DUXIU TOLD HIM 9 ! SUMM] ( #aibb ?AT AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S >E ! LEAD]S ( RE=M+ SOCIETY2 !Y CAN ONLY ADVANCE 9 UNITY1 & %\LD NOT DIVIDE TO OPPOSE ONE ANO!R4.<#a#f.> ,HIS 9VITATION WAS PROBABLY NOT MADE \T ( OP5-M9D$NESS4 ,AN>*I/ POPUL>ITY WAS /ILL ON ! RISE 9 #aibb 7IT W\LD PEAK 9 #a#i#b#b#b#c71 & ! FIR/ ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,CONGRESS1 REC5TLY CONV5$ 9 ,GUANGZH\1 HAD JU/ REVEAL$ ! EXT5T ( AN>*I/ 9FLU5CE 9 LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,S\?4 ,SOME AMONG ! AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO HOPE ?AT ,COMMUNI/S C\LD BE BR\\ND TO ! AN>*I/ CAUSE1 OR AT LEA/ P]SUAD$ TO COOP]ATE ) AN>*I/S4 ,AN>*I/S :O FELT CLOSE TO ! ,COMMUNI/ CAUSE REFUS$ TO AB&ON HOPES ( AN>*I/-,BOL%EVIK COOP]ATION 7ANBU HEZUO OR ANBU XI%\1 LIT]ALLY1 H&-9-H&71 & AS LATE AS #a#i#b#c1 9 ! LA/ 9/ALLM5T ( HIS POLEMICS ) ,*5 ,DUXIU1 :I* HAD GOTT5 UND] WAY 9 #a#i#b1 ,\ ,%5GBAI WROTE3 ,UND] ! EVIL CIRCUM/ANCES ( PRES5T-DAY ,*9ESE SOCIETY1 ,M>XI/S & ,KROPOTK9I/S WILL BO? DO4 ,LET EA* SEEK 9 ITS [N WAY TO OV]?R[ ! =CES ( OLD SOCIETY4 ,WE CAN RESOLVE ! QUE/ION ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION 9 PRACTICE :5 ! TIME COMES4.<#a#g.> ,AN>*I/S C\LD SEE ! WRIT+ ON ! WALL1 BUT !Y W]E RELUCTANT TO READ IT4 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E NOT MU* DIFF]5T 9 ?IS REG>D FROM AN>*I/S SU* AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 :O CONT9U$ TO HOPE1 AGA9/ ALL AVAILABLE EVID5CE 7:I* !Y WITNESS$ AT FIR/ H&71 ?AT ! ,BOL%EVIK LEAD]%IP W\LD COME >\ND TO ! ORIG9AL PROMISE ( A POPUL> SOCIAL REVOLUTION ONCE ! CRISIS ( ! NEW ,SOVIET /ATE HAD BE5 AV]T$2 AN>*I/S1 LIKE O!R SOCIALI/S1 HAD 9VE/$ A GREAT DEAL 9 ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION AS ! BEG9N+ ( A NEW AGE 9 HI/ORY & W]E UNWILL+ TO AB&ON HOPES 9 ITS PROMISE4 ,9DE$1 ! F9AL REPUDIATION ( ,BOL%EVISM BY ,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN HAD MU* TO DO ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' LOSS ( HOPE = AN ALLIANCE ) ! ,COMMUNI/ P>TY 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,9 ! POLEMICS AGA9/ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,BOL%EVISM ?AT ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LAUN*$ AFT] #a#i#b#b1 !IR WRIT+S W]E TO PLAY A CRUCIAL P>T4 ,= !IR P>T1 ! ,COMMUNI/S & !IR ,COM9T]N ADVIS]S W\LD SEEM TO HAVE DROPP$ !IR QUE/ = CONV]T+ AN>*I/S ONCE !Y HAD F\ND MORE P[]FUL ALLIES 9 ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,! EF=T TO CONV]T 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S NEV] /OPP$1 BUT AN>*I/S W]E ONLY A B>ELY VISIBLE ,COMMUNI/ CONC]N AFT] ! P>TY EMB>K$ ON E/ABLI%+ A UNIT$ FRONT ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 LATE #a#i#b#b4 ,9 E>LY #aibb AN>*I/S ONCE AGA9 TURN$ !IR ATT5TION TO ORGANIZ+ AN 9DEP5D5T AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,) ! RISE 9 POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM DUR+ ! ,MAY ,F\R? ,MOVEM5T1 AN>*I/ SOCIETIES HAD PROLIF]AT$ ALL ACROSS ,*9A4 ,:ILE ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S RETA9$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 MOREOV]1 AN>*I/S FROM O!R P>TS ( ,*9A1 ESPECIALLY FROM ,HUNAN & ,SI*UAN1 9CREAS+LY DI/+UI%$ !MSELVES AS LEAD+ VOICES4 ,! NATIONWIDE DIFFUSION ( AN>*ISM EV5 FUR!R DEC5TRALIZ$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & MADE IT MORE DIFFICULT = ! HI/ORIAN TO ID5TIFY A C5T] TO ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 NEV]!LESS1 TO PO9T TO A NUMB] ( AN>*I/ SOCIETIES AT ?IS TIME1 IF NOT AS LEAD]S1 AT LEA/ AS CLE>+H\SES 9 ! PROPAGATION ( AN>*I/ IDEOLOGY1 & = ! P>T !Y PLAY$ 9 SETT+ ! TONE = AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,!SE SOCIETIES W]E DI/+UI%$ = !IR LONGEVITY 7&1 !RE=E1 ! P>T !Y PLAY$ 9 SU/A9+ AN>*I/ ACTIVITY71 ! ORIG9ALITY & 9T5SITY ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 & ! G5]AL E/EEM 9 :I* AN>*I/S ACROSS ! C\NTRY HELD ! 9DIVIDUALS :O PLAY$ LEAD+ ROLES 9 !M4 ,9 SPR+ #aibb MORE ?AN FIFTY AN>*I/S MET 9 ,GUANGZH\ TO E/ABLI% AN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7DESCRIB$ SIMPLY AS ,A,F74 ,E>LI] PROM95T ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S HAD MET ) ,*5 ,DUXIU & O!R ,COMMUNI/ LEAD]S 9 ,GUANGZH\ TO DISCUSS ! POSSIBILITY ( COOP]ATION2 ! F$]ATION MAY HAVE BE5 F\ND$ 9 RESPONSE TO ! HOPELESSNESS ( COMPROMISE BETWE5 ! TWO GR\PS4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ! F$]ATION 9CLUD$ ,\ ,%5GBAI1 ,LIANG ,B+XIAN1 & ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 ! MO/ PROM95T ,GUANGZH\ AN>*I/S4 ,A KEY ROLE WAS PLAY$ 9 ! ORGANIZATION BY A C]TA9 ,RUSSIAN :O HAD REC5TLY APPE>$ 9 ,GUANGZH\1 ,DIKEBUO 7,DIKEBOV871 :O APP>5TLY SUGGE/$ ! F\ND+ ( A F$]ATION4 ,! F$]ATION WAS ORGANIZ$ AS A SECRET CONSPIRACY1 COMPLETE ) CODE NAMES & PASSWORDS4.<#a#h.> ,! F$]ATION DID NOT LA/ V]Y LONG4 ,! B>B>IC BEHAVIOR ( ,DIKEBUO1 :O S\IS & ,HUANG ,L+%UANG AT ,CL>K ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,MASSA*USETTS7 BR\*I/S1 H[EV]1 DID NOT GIVE UP4 ,BY ,AUGU/ #aibc !Y HAD E/ABLI%$ A NEW F$]ATION1 BAS$ ON ! ,REALITY ,SOCIETY 7,ZH5%E74.<#a#i.> ,F\ND$ BY ! AN>*I/S ,WANG ,SIW5G1 ,LI ,%AOL+1 ,ZH5G ,ZH5H5G1 & ,XIE ,JUEXIAN1 ,REALITY ,SOCIETY BEGAN PUBLICATION 9 ,OCTOB] #aibc ( A NEW J\RNAL1 ,SPR+ ,?UND] 7,*UNLEI71 :I* ) SOME METAMORPHOSES W\LD S]VE = TWO YE>S AS AN IMPORTANT ORGAN ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,! NEW F$]ATION HAD TWO IMPORTANT SECTIONS1 G5]AL & PROPAG&A4 ,! LATT] WAS SUBDIVID$ 9TO ?REE >EAS ?AT REFLECT$ ! CONC]NS ( F$]ATION WORK3 PEASANT1 WORK]1 & $UCATION BUREAUS4 ,CLOSELY ASSOCIAT$ ) !SE ACTIVITIES WAS ANO!R ,GUANGDONG AN>*I/ SOCIETY ?AT HAD COME 9TO EXI/5CE 9 #a#i#b#b1 ! ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9 ,SOCIETY 7,M+ZHONG %E71 L$ BY ,LI ,%AOL+ & ,LI ,JIANM94 ,AT FIR/ A LOCAL SOCIETY1 ?IS SOCIETY HAD EXP&$ ITS SCOPE 9 RESPONSE TO ! F\ND+ ( ! FIR/ F$]ATION 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,! J\RNAL ?AT ! SOCIETY BEGAN TO PUBLI% 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#b1 ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS91 W\LD BE ! LONGE/-LIV$ 7UN9T]RUPT$7 J\RNAL 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,IT WAS PUBLI%$ = FIVE YE>S TO ! MON?1 MO/LY 9 ,GUANGDONG UNTIL IT WAS MOV$ TO ,%ANS1 ,BI ,XIU%AO1 ,FAN ,TIANJUN1 & ,LI ,TAIYI PLAY$ IMPORTANT P>TS 9 BO? ! SOCIETY & ! J\RNAL4 ,! CONTRIBUTORS TO ! J\RNAL 9CLUD$ ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS3 ,\ ,%5GBAI1 ,HUANG ,L+%UANG1 ,LIANG ,B+XIAN1 ,LI ,FEIGAN 7,BAJ971 ,Q9 ,BAOPU1 ,J+ ,MEIJIU1 ,WEI ,HUIL91 & O!RS1 :OSE NAMES APPE>$ FREQU5TLY 9 AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS BUT >E NOT ID5TIFIABLE BEYOND ! PSEUDONYMS !Y EMPLOY$ 7,KULI & ,ZHIP+74 ,ITS SPECIAL ISSUES ON ,KROPOTK9 9 #aibc & ,%IFU 9 #aibg W]E L&M>K EV5TS = AN>*I/S & DREW CONTRIBUTIONS NOT ONLY FROM ?OSE LI/$ ABOVE BUT FROM ! DOY5S ( AN>*ISM1 ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI4 ,IT WAS NOT ONLY AN IMPORTANT ORGAN = ! AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( COMMUNISM1 IT WAS ALSO AT ?AT TIME ! =EMO/ S\RCE = ! WRIT+S ( ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/S SU* AS ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 ,KROPOTK91 ,JEAN ,GRAVE1 & ,V>LAAM ,*]KEZOV4.<#b.> ,:5 ! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#b1 IT S5T ,HUANG ,L+%UANG TO ,%AN*I/S !RE 9TO ! F$]ATION4 ,! GR\P 9 ,%AN*I/S1 ,ZH5G ,PEIGANG & ,LIU ,WUD5G 7,%IFU'S SI/] & ,ZH5G'S LOV]71 AS WELL AS ,D5G ,M5GXIAN & A WOMAN AN>*I/ FROM ,HUNAN1 ,ZH\ ,DUNHU1 A LABOR ORGANIZ] & ASSOCIATE ( ,HUANG ,AI & ,P5G ,R5QUAN1 :O HAD REC5TLY BE5 MURD]$ = !IR LABOR ACTIVITIES4 ,9 #aibc ?IS GR\P />T$ PUBLI%+ ITS [N J\RNAL1 ! %ORT-LIV$ ,MUTUAL ,AID 7,HUZHU71 $IT$ BY ,D5G ,M5GXIAN1 AS P>T ( F$]ATION ACTIVITY4 ,!Y ALSO P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! REVIVAL ( ,FRE$OM 7,ZIY\71 $IT$ BY ,J+ ,MEIJIU1 :I* HAD BE5 SUSP5D$ BY ! AU?ORITIES 9 #a#i#b#b4 ,FRE$OM ,SOCIETY W\LD ALSO S]VE 9 5SU+ YE>S AS A S\RCE ( AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE4.<#b#a.> ,! ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION ALSO CORRESPOND$ ) ! ,P>IS AN>*I/ J\RNAL1 ,AFT] ,WORK 7,GONGYU71 :I* BETWE5 #aibb & #aibe WAS AN IMPORTANT AN>*I/ ORGAN 9 ! POLEMICS AGA9/ ! ,COMMUNI/S 9 ,FRANCE4 ,IT WAS $IT$ AT FIR/ BY ,*5 ,DUXIU'S SONS1 :O1 UNTIL !IR CONV]SION TO COMMUNISM 9 #a#i#b#c1 L$ ! POLEMICS AGA9/ !IR FA!R'S P>TY 7REPRES5T$ 9 ,P>IS BY ,Y\? .<,%AONIAN.>1 9 :I* ,ZH\ ,5LAI DEF5D$ ,BOL%EVISM AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S74 ,AFT] #aibc ,LI ,ZHUO & ,BI ,XIU%AO PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 ?IS J\RNAL4 ,9 #a#i#b#e1 :5 ,BI RETURN$ TO ,*9A1 ,AFT] ,WORK WAS M]G$ ) ,FREE ,PEOPLE 7,ZIY\R571 $IT$ BY ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU1 :O1 LIKE ,BI1 WAS FROM ,ZHEJIANG PROV9CE4.<#b#b.> 7,BI ALSO BECAME ! $ITOR1 BRIEFLY1 ( ,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS9 :5 IT WAS MOV$ TO ,%AN*I/S & ! F$]ATION1 W]E TO PLAY IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 EI!R AS DISSEM9ATORS ( AN>*ISM OR AS NODES ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITY4 ,FIR/ WAS ! ,FREE ,PEOPLE ,SOCIETY F\ND$ 9 ,%AN*I/ ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU & ONE ,*9U 7A PSEUDONYM74 ,! IMPORTANCE ( ?IS SOCIETY D]IV$ ABOVE ALL FROM ITS 9VOLVEM5T 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN*I/S1 :O W]E AN IMPORTANT =CE 9 ! ,%AN*I/ ,KUANG ,HU%5G4 ,IT WAS POSSIBLY \T ( ?IS ASSOCIATION ?AT A PLAN EM]G$ AT ?IS TIME TO E/ABLI% A ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,LAODONG DAXUE71 :I* WAS REALIZ$ ?REE YE>S LAT]4 ,! ,FREE ,PEOPLE ,SOCIETY CORRESPOND$ ) ,SPR+ ,?UND] 9 ,GUANGZH\ & W\LD1 9 #a#i#b#e1 M]GE ) ,AFT] ,WORK 7( !SE ACTIVITIES1 MORE BEL[74.<#b#c.> ,A SECOND IMPORTANT SOCIETY 9 ,%AND 7,M9F5G7 ,SOCIETY1 9 :I* ! ,SI*UAN AN>*I/S ,LU ,JIANBO & ,MAO ,YIBO PLAY$ LEAD+ ROLES4 ,! SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,NANJ+ 9 #aibc & PUBLI%$ !RE A J\RNAL ( ! SAME NAME BE=E MOV+ TO ,%ANLI] BE5 ACTIVE 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,SI*UAN & HAD SOME ASSOCIATION 9 ,%ANT 9 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,%AN*O-COMMUNI/S 7,ZHONGGUO %AONIAN WUZH5GFU GONG*AN ZHUYIZHE LIANM5G74 ,HE HAD TO LEAVE ,%AN*I/-,GUOM9DANG COOP]ATION 7HE WAS ACCUS$ BY ,GUOM9DANG-RELAT$ AN>*I/S ( BE+ A ,BOL%EVIZ$-AN>*I/74 ,9 ! LATE ?IRTIES HE WAS BACK 9 ,SI*UAN1 PUBLI%+ ANO!R AN>*I/ P]IODICAL4.<#b#d.> ,F9ALLY1 ! MO/ ACTIVE AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 NOR!RN ,*9A WAS ! ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ ,SOCIETY 7,XUEHUI %E71 :I* PUBLI%$ A SUPPLEM5T ( ! SAME NAME TO ! ,NATIONAL ,CU/OMS ,DAILY 7,GU(5G RIBAO71 $IT$ BY ! ,%ANXI AN>*I/ ,J+ ,MEIJIU4 ,ONE ( ! ELD]S ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM AT ! TIME1 ,J+ HAD CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! DAYS BE=E ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION4 ,J+ POSSIBLY HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! AGR>IAN AN>*ISM ?AT ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S HAD PROPAGAT$4 ,9 ADDITION TO DISSEM9AT+ AN>*ISM 9 ! ,NOR?1 MEMB]S ( ! ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ ,SOCIETY W]E ALSO ACTIVE 9 ! PROMOTION ( AN>*ISM 9 RURAL >EAS4.<#b#e.> ,FUR!R RESE>* MAY REVEAL ?AT O!R AN>*I/ SOCIETIES PLAY$ EQUALLY1 POSSIBLY MORE1 IMPORTANT ROLES 9 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ACTIVE EV]Y:]E1 9VOLV$ 9 !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONS ( O!RS1 :O NEV]!LESS GAVE ! AN>*I/S ROOM 9 !IR [N PUBLICATIONS 7SU* AS ! SUPPLEM5T TO ! ,CURR5T ,AFFAIRS ,DAILY .<,%I%I X9BAO.> ( ! ANTIREVOLUTION>Y ,RESE>* ,CLIQUE1 ,LIN+ .<,XU$5G.>1 AN IMPORTANT =UM = AN>*I/ WRIT+S ON ! ,SOVIET ,UNION74 ,!IR ACTIVITIES RANG$ FROM ! DI/RIBUTION ( AN>*I/ PAMPHLETS TO MORE SU/A9$ IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AS WELL AS ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES AMONG LABOR & ! AGR>IAN POPULATION4.<#b#f.> ,! DISP]S$ NATURE ( !SE ACTIVITIES MAKES RISKY ANY G5]ALIZATIONS AB\T !SE SOCIETIES OR !IR RELATION%IP TO ONE ANO!R4 ,! SOCIETIES W]E DI/+UI%$ BY ! SU/A9$ NATURE ( !IR ACTIVITIES1 :I* MADE !M SOME:AT MORE VISIBLE AS C5T]S ( ACTIVITY4 ,9 SPITE ( !IR ASSUMPTION ( SU* APPELLATIONS AS F$]ATION1 !SE SOCIETIES W]E L>GELY 9DEP5D5T ( ONE ANO!R 9 !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,:AT GAVE !M SOME SEMBLANCE ( UNITY WAS ! CORRESPOND5CE 9 :I* !Y 5GAG$ & ! RELATIVELY FREQU5T CONTACT BETWE5 ?OSE :O PLAY$ LEAD]%IP ROLES )9 !M4 ,9 ! 5D1 = !SE SOCIETIES1 AS WELL AS = NUM]\S O!RS 9 BO? RURAL & URBAN ,*9A1 AN>*ISM BECAME A MOVEM5T ?R\< ! MOTION ( 9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S1 (T5 BUT NOT ALWAYS ALONG ! SAME G5]AL DIRECTION4 ,ONE ?+ ?AT UNIFI$ ! AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS WAS !IR OPPOSITION TO ,BOL%EVISM4 ,! QUE/ION ( AN>*I/S' RELATION%IP TO ! ,GUOM9DANG1 H[EV]1 WAS A DIVISIVE ISSUE4 ,! DOY5S ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM1 SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 HAD ALSO BE5 MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG S9CE ITS E/ABLI%M5T1 & ) ! P>TY REORGANIZATION ( #aibd 7:]EBY ,COMMUNI/S W]E ALL[$ TO BECOME MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG71 !Y ASSUM$ P[]FUL ALBEIT UN(FICIAL ROLES 9 ! P>TY4 ,! Y\NG]1 MORE RADICAL AMONG AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S W]E 9ITIALLY OPPOS$ TO ANY 9VOLVEM5T ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ) ! ,GUOM9DANG SUPPRESSION ( ,COMMUNI/S 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! LATT] SUSP5D$ !IR OPPOSITION TO ! ,GUOM9DANG & FOLL[$ ! LEAD ( ,LI & ,WU TO 5T] ! P>TY1 HOP+ !REBY TO RECAPTURE MASS MOVEM5TS--9 P>TICUL> LABOR--= AN>*ISM4 ,! RESULT WAS A %ORT-LIV$ BUT SIGNIFICANT AN>*I/ ALLIANCE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,MO/ IMPORTANT 9 ! ALLIANCE W]E ! ,GUOM9DANG AN>*I/S & RADICAL ACTIVI/S FROM ,SI*UAN & ,ZHEJIANG :O HAD BE5 ACTIVE DUR+ PREC$+ YE>S 9 ! SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,%ANTS ( ,*9A1 SU* AS ,GUANGZH\1 AN>*I/S MADE AN ATTEMPT TO RECAPTURE ! LABOR MOVEM5T UND] ,GUOM9DANG AUSPICES2 EV5 ! BRO!R ( ! V5]ABLE ,%IFU1 ,LIU ,%IX91 WAS WILL+ TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG 9 ! LATE TW5TIES4 ,! 9/ITUTIONAL C5T]S ( AN>*I/ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG W]E ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,LAODONG DAXUE7 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,%AN*I/S PUBLI%$ WEEKLY 9 CONJUNCTION ) ! UNIV]SITY1 ,GEM+ ZH\BAO 7,REVOLUTION1 H]EAFT]1 SIMPLY ,GEM+74 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY1 :I* WAS TO LA/ = NE>LY FIVE YE>S1 WAS 9T5D$ TO FULFILL ! LONG-/&+ AN>*I/ DREAM ( CREAT+ A NEW K9D ( ,*9ESE1 :OLE P]SONS EQUALLY ADEPT AT M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR1 UPON :OM AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO RE/ !IR HOPES = ! SOLUTION ( ! MO/ PR(\ND CULTURAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS 7:I* !Y TOOK TO BE ID5TICAL7 FAC+ ,*9A4 ,! IMM$IATE PURPOSE WAS TO TRA9 A NEW K9D ( LABOR LEAD] 9 ,*9A1 :O W\LD BE ABLE TO GUIDE LABOR MOVEM5TS )\T SUBJECTION TO POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,REVOLUTION1 :I* WAS TO BE ! LA/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ J\RNAL 9 ,*9A1 PUBLICIZ$ !SE GOALS ( ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY4 ,! COLLABORATION LA/$ ONLY AB\T A YE>4 ,BY #aibh ! ,GUOM9DANG HAD COMPLET$ ITS TASK ( UNIFY+ ! C\NTRY ONCE AGA9 & WAS NO LONG] 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONT9UATION ( MASS MOVEM5TS1 9 :I* IT P]CEIV$ A *ALL5GE TO ITS NEW /ATUS QUO4 ,MASS MOVEM5TS W]E SUSP5D$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#b#h4 ,= ! ACTIVI/ AN>*I/S1 ?IS WAS A MAJOR BL[1 & EV5 AS !Y CONT9U$ TO COLLABORATE ) ! ,GUOM9DANG1 !Y N[ TURN$ !IR CRITICISMS FROM ! ,COMMUNI/S TO ! ,GUOM9DANG LEAD]%IP1 9CLUD+ !IR AN>*I/ LEAD]S 9 ! P>TY4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ! ,GUOM9DANG CURTAIL$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITY )9 ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY & 9 FALL #aibi PROSCRIB$ ,REVOLUTION4 ,! PROSCRIPTION EFFECTIVELY BR\*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A4 ,9DIVIDUAL AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO BE ACTIVE 9 ! ?IRTIES1 BUT AFT] ?IS PROSCRIPTION IT BECOMES DIFFICULT TO SPEAK ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A AS A MOVEM5T1 OR EV5 AS AN EFFECTIVE VOICE 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*ISM HAD FL\RI%$ DUR+ ! PREVI\S TWO DECADES UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ( POLITICAL DIS9TEGRATION & MASS MOBILIZATION4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( A NEW POLITICAL ORD]1 IRONICALLY UND] A REVOLUTION>Y P>TY1 WAS TO DEPRIVE AN>*I/S ( SPACE = ACTIVITY4 ,AFT] #aibg ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A WAS TO PASS 9TO ! H&S ( ?OSE :O W]E WILL+ TO MAKE REVOLUTION1 IF NECESS>Y BY >M$ =CE1 :I* REQUIR$ ! K9D ( ORGANIZATION ?AT AN>*I/S W]E UNWILL+ TO CONDONE & UNABLE TO PUT TOGE!R4 ,! DAYS ( AN>*ISM AS A =CE 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W]E OV]4 ,DUR+ !SE YE>S ,*9ESE AN>*I/S VIEW$ !MSELVES AS P>T ( A WORLDWIDE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! FIR/ ,*9ESE AN>*I/S [$ !IR CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM TO CONTACT ) =EIGN AN>*I/S4 ,LI ,%IZ5G1 F\ND] ( ! ,WORLD ,SOCIETY 9 ,P>IS1 CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM AS A CONSEQU5CE ( HIS CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ! FAMILY ( ! FAM\S ,FR5* AN>*I/ ,ELISEE ,RECLUS2 ! ,RECLUS FAMILY W\LD 9 5SU+ YE>S RETA9 A CLOSE ASSOCIATION ) ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A4 ,A SIMIL> P>T WAS PLAY$ 9 ,TOKYO BY ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,KOTOKU ,%USUI1 :O WAS ! KEYNOTE SPEAK] AT ! FIR/ MEET+ ( ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM4 ,9 ! MID-TE5S1 ! AN>*I/ ,HUA ,L9 EV5 CALL$ UPON ,KROPOTK9 HIMSELF 9 ,LONDON4.<#b#g.> ,! SOCIALI/ ALLIANCES F\ND$ 9 #aiai W]E PRODUCTS ( A CONF]5CE ( ,F> ,EA/]N SOCIALI/S HELD 9 ,%AN*I/ ,OSUGI ,SAKAE WAS A P>TICIPANT 7A POLICE REPORT EV5 REPORT$ ]RONE\SLY ?AT ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN WAS 9 ,%AN ,*9ESE AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 ! E>LY TW5TIES E/ABLI%$ CONTACT NOT ONLY ) ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S1 BUT ALSO ) =EIGN AN>*I/S 9 ,RUSSIA1 SU* AS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN2 \T ( !SE CONTACTS W\LD EM]GE ! LIFELONG ASSOCIATION BETWE5 ,GOLDMAN & ! AN>*I/ WRIT] ,BAJ94 ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 JU/ BE=E HIS MURD] 9 ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#b#c1 BRIEFLY VISIT$ ,*9A AGA9 ON HIS WAY TO AN 9T]NATIONAL AN>*I/ CONF]5CE 9 ,EUROPE4.<#b#i.> ,MEAN:ILE1 AN>*I/S 9 ,FRANCE RETA9$ !IR RELATION%IP ) LEAD]S ( ! ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 SU* AS ,JEAN ,GRAVE2 & :5 ,MME ,KROPOTK9 MET ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/S 9 ,P>IS AFT] LEAV+ ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 9 #a#i#b#c1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E AMONG !M4 ,9 ! LATE TW5TIES1 AS AN>*I/S 9 ,FUJIAN PREP>$ = A RURAL 9SURRECTION1 !Y W]E JO9$ BY AN>*I/S FROM ,JAPAN & ,KOREA :O BELIEV$ ?AT ,FUJIAN C\LD S]VE AS ! BASE = AN ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/ 9SURRECTION4.<#c.> ,!SE CONTACTS SUGGE/ ?AT ! =TUNES ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A W]E TI$ 91 NOT ONLY ) ! P>TICUL> CONDITIONS ( ,*9ESE SOCIETY & POLITICS1 BUT ) ! =TUNES ( AN>*ISM AS A GLOBAL MOVEM5T4 ,AN>*ISM FL\RI%$ 9 ,*9A :5 IT WAS ALSO ! =EMO/ IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION GLOBALLY4 ,AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A DREW BO? !IR VITALITY & MU* ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL 9SPIRATION FROM AN>*ISM AS A GLOBAL MOVEM5T4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! DECL9E ( AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 9 ! LATE TW5TIES CORRESPOND$ TO A WORLDWIDE RECESSION ( AN>*ISM AS ,M>XISM1 N[ 9 A ,L59I/ GUISE1 ONCE AGA9 TOOK OV] FROM AN>*ISM AS ! =EMO/ IDEOLOGY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,OCTOB] ,REVOLUTION4 ,!SE 9TIMATE TIES ) ! =TUNES ( GLOBAL AN>*ISM W]E ALSO REFLECT$ 9 SUBTLE %IFTS 9 ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T = REVOLUTION4 ,?R\<\T1 ! AN>*ISM ( ,P4 ,KROPOTK91 AS REFRACT$ ?R\< ! 9T]PRETATIONS ( ,RECLUS & ,GRAVE1 WAS ! =EMO/ S\RCE = ,*9ESE AN>*ISM4 ,BUT A ,TOL/OYAN AN>*ISM ALSO F\ND ITS WAY 9TO ,*9ESE AN>*ISM ?R\< ! AG5CY ( ! ,TOKYO AN>*I/S4 ,9 ! #a#i#bS ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S' WRIT+S PROVID$ MU* ( ! BASIS = AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,M>XISM4 ,9 ! LATE TW5TIES ,P-,J4 ,PR\DHON'S IDEAS BRIEFLY ACQUIR$ PROM95CE 9 ! AN>*I/ COLLABORATION ) ! ,GUOM9DANG4 ,9 ! LATE ?IRTIES1 LONG AFT] ! HEYDAY ( AN>*ISM1 ,SPANI% AN>*ISM PROVID$ SOME 9SPIRATION BE=E ! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION WAS EXT+UI%$ BY ! =CES ( FASCISM4 ,:]EAS ,*9ESE AN>*ISM WAS L>GELY D]IVATIVE ( !SE =EIGN S\RCES1 ! IDEAS ?AT GA9$ CURR5CY 9 ,*9A W]E CLOSELY B\ND UP ) ! P>TICUL> CONC]NS ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,CONTRIBUTION TO ,RADICAL ,IDEOLOGY ,DUR+ ! P]IOD #a#i#e-#a#i#c AN>*ISM S]V$ AS A S\RCE ( REVOLUTION>Y IDEAS ?AT PLAC$ AN>*I/S 9 ! =EFRONT ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T OR RE9=C$ IMPORTANT ELEM5TS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+1 :I* W]E NOT NECESS>ILY ( AN>*I/ ORIG9 BUT 9 !IR CO9CID5CE ) BASIC AN>*I/ IDEAS 5ABL$ ! AN>*I/S TO PLAY A C5TRAL P>T 9 MA9/REAM RADICAL ACTIVITY4 ,FROM #aig UNTIL WELL 9TO ! TW5TIES1 ( ALL ! COMPET+ RADICAL PHILOSOPHIES IMPORT$ 9TO ,*9ESE ?9K+1 ONLY AN>*ISM WAS AVAILABLE 9 ANY COMPREH5SIVE COV]AGE & 5JOY$ WIDESPREAD DI/RIBUTION AMONG ! READ+ PUBLIC4 ,MO/ ( ! CLASSICS ( AN>*ISM W]E ALREADY AVAILABLE 9 ,*9ESE TRANSLATION BY ! E>LY #a#i#aS 7:I* C\LD NOT BE SAID ( ANY IMPORTANT ,M>XI/ WORK UNTIL #a#i#b71 & SOME MADE !IR WAY BEYOND RADICAL P]IODICALS TO MA9/REAM J\RNALS & NEWSPAP]S4 ,!SE TRANSLATIONS S]V$ AS ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* C5TRAL CONC]NS ( ,EUROPEAN RADICAL ?9K+ W]E TRANSMITT$ TO ,*9A1 9CLUD+ PROBLEMS ( POLITICAL & ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY1 ECONOMIC EQUALITY & JU/ICE1 ! RELATION%IP ( ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 ! PLACE ( ! FAMILY 9 SOCIETY1 ! PLACE ( WOM5 9 SOCIETY1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 $UCATION & DEMOCRACY1 SCI5CE & SOCIAL ?\*I/S W]E 9 ! VANGU>D ( ! CALLS = A UNIV]SAL $UCATION1 = ! TRANS=MATION ( ! FAMILY & ! CULTURE ?AT SU/A9$ ! OLD FAMILY1 & = ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 & ! LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 :I* BY ! MID-#a#i#aS W]E COMMONPLACES ( RADICAL ?9K+ 9 ,*9A4 ,!Y C\LD ALSO CLAIM A FEW IMPORTANT FIR/S ( !IR [N1 :I* PREFIGUR$ ! TURN ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD TAKE AS IT ASSUM$ A SOCIAL *>ACT] 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ! F\ND]S ( ! FIR/ MOD]N LABOR UNIONS 9 ,*9A 79 #a#i#a#g74 ,!Y ALSO SPE>HEAD$ ! TRANSMISSION ( ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T TO RURAL >EAS4 ,!Y W]E ! FIR/ TO EXP]IM5T ) NEW =MS ( $UCATION AS WELL AS NEW =MS 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( PRODUCTION4 ,F9ALLY1 :E!R ) !SE EXP]IM5TS OR ) ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES 9 ! CITY OR ! C\NTRYSIDE1 !Y E/ABLI%$ PATT]NS ( ACTIVITY ?AT W\LD 9 ! LONG RUN PROVIDE MODELS = O!R REVOLUTION>IES3 ! CREATION ( AN $UCATIONAL & 9/ITUTIONAL CONTEXT :]EBY 9DIVIDUALS & SOCIAL GR\PS 7/UD5TS1 WOM51 WORK]S1 OR PEASANTS7 C\LD 5GAGE 9 SOCIAL ACTIVITY4 ,BO? AN>*I/ ACTIVITY & ! PATT]NS ?AT IT FOLL[$ W]E DIRECT (F%OOTS ( ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION & ! PHILOSOPHICAL \TLOOK ?AT UND]LAY IT4 ,TO CLE> UP TWO BASIC MISCONCEPTIONS CONC]N+ ! AN>*I/ \TLOOK3 AN>*I/S DID NOT ELEVATE ! 9DIVIDUAL ABOVE SOCIETY--!Y ONLY REPUDIAT$ SOCIAL >RANGEM5TS ?AT IGNOR$ ! 9DIVIDUAL2 !Y DID NOT REJECT ALL SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS--!Y REJECT$ ONLY ?OSE ?AT W]E CO]CIVE4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT CO]CIVE 9/ITUTIONS DI/ORT$ ! ESS5TIAL SOCIABILITY ( HUMAN BE+S1 SET !M AGA9/ ONE ANO!R 9 ! PURSUIT ( 9DIVIDUAL OR GR\P 9T]E/S1 TURN$ SOCIETY FROM A REALM ( AU!NTICALLY SOCIAL EXI/5CE 9TO A REALM ( CONFLICT BETWE5 P>TIAL 9T]E/S1 :I* !N C\LD BE OV]COME ONLY ?R\< ! FUR!R USE ( CO]CION4 ,! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS TO BREAK 9TO ?IS VICI\S CYCLE4 ,! LIB]ATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WAS 9T5D$ TO FREE ! 9DIVIDUAL1 NOT FROM ANY SOCIAL RE/RA9T1 BUT FROM ?IS P>TICUL> SOCIAL CONDITION1 :I* R5D]$ IMPOSSIBLE A TRULY SOCIAL EXI/5CE BY ALI5AT+ BO? ! RIY ASSOCIATION4 ,ONLY FREE PEOPLE C\LD E/ABLI% AU!NTICALLY SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS2 & ONLY ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS F\ND$ ON FRE$OM C\LD NURTURE AU!NTICALLY SOCIABLE 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! AN>*I/ REPUDIATION ( POLITICS1 ! /ATE1 & O!R 9/ITUTIONS ( AU?ORITY WAS 9T5D$ TO REMOVE ! /RUCTURES ?AT 9T]M$IAT$ 9 ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS SO AS TO GIVE FREE PLAY TO ! DIALECTIC BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY4 ,?IS REQUIR$ A TWO-PRONG$ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY3 A SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO REMOVE AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES1 & A CULTURAL REVOLUTION TO PURGE 9DIVIDUALS ( HABITS ( AU?ORITY & SUBMISSION :I* HAD BECOME SECOND NATURE 9 A LONG HI/ORY ( LIV+ UND] CO]CION4 ,! TWO W]E NOT SEP>ATE OP]ATIONS BUT P>T ( ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS2 = AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES C\LD NOT BE ABOLI%$ SO LONG AS HABITS ( AU?ORITY & SUBMISSION P]SI/$1 & ?OSE HABITS W\LD BE P]PETUAT$ SO LONG AS AU?ORIT>IAN /RUCTURES LA/$4 ,?IS 9SI/5CE ON ! 9SEP>ABILITY ( ! SOCIAL & ! CULTURAL WAS ! DI/+UI%+ FEATURE ( ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/S C\LD JU/IFIABLY CLAIM1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT !Y W]E ! FIR/ )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A TO RAISE ! ISSUE ( CULTURAL REVOLUTION1 ) F>-REA*+ IMPLICATIONS 9 ! UNFOLD+ ( ?AT DISC\RSE4 ,?OSE IMPLICATIONS >E NOT CLE>1 H[EV]1 UNLESS WE LOOK MORE CLOSELY AT ! CONSEQU5CES = REVOLUTION>Y ?9K+ ( ! RELATION%IP !Y E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! CULTURAL4 ,! RELATION%IP1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 MADE = AN ACUTE CONSCI\SNESS ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! 5DS & MEANS ( REVOLUTION4 ,S9CE ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS NOT JU/ TO SUB/ITUTE NEW 9/ITUTIONS = OLD1 BUT TO *ANGE ! CULTURAL HABITS ?AT 9=M$ ALL 9/ITUTIONAL /RUCTURES--:I* ULTIMATELY MEANT *ANG+ ! LANGUAGE 9 :I* PEOPLE SPOKE & ?\Y GOALS3 REVOLUTION C\LD NOT BE A*IEV$ ?R\< ME?ODS ?AT CONTRAV5$ ITS GOALS4 ,! QUE/ION WAS NOT SIMPLY A MORAL ONE 7?AT IS1 ! REJECTION ( IMMORAL MEANS TO A*IEVE MORAL 5DS71 OR EV5 A MATT] ( REVOLUTION>Y AU!NTICITY--?\< BO? W]E PRES5T 9 AN>*I/ ?9K+4 ,MORE IMPORTANT >E ITS IMPLICATIONS = REVOLUTION AS A PROCESS ( *ANGE4 ,! URGE TO MAKE REVOLUTION>Y ME?ODS CONSI/5T ) REVOLUTION>Y GOALS BR\*I/ UTOPIA WAS NOT SOME:]E \T !RE 9 ! FUTURE1 IT WAS AN 9=M+ PR9CIPLE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS--A DIFF]5T WAY ( SAY+ ?AT AN>*I/S UTOPIANIZ$ ! REVOLUTION>Y PROCESS ITSELF4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*I/S AT ALL TIMES LIV$ UP TO !IR [N PREMISES1 = !Y DID NOT4 ,BUT ! UTOPIANIZATION ( REVOLUTION 7A FAI? 9 ! ABILITY ( REVOLUTION TO CREATE REVOLUTION>Y 9/ITUTIONS 9 ITS V]Y PROCESSES7 WAS TO BE A DYNAMIC ELEM5T ( REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A4 ,SECOND1 & EV5 MORE BASIC1 ! RELATION%IP AN>*I/S E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! SOCIAL & ! CULTURAL PRESUPPOS$ A P]CEPTION ( ! PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION AS A DISCURSIVE PROBLEM3 MEAN+FUL REVOLUTION IMPLI$ ! TRANS=MATION ( ! SOCIAL DISC\RSES--WAYS ( ?9K+ & TALK+ AB\T SOCIETY--?AT CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ 9 ,*9A TO CALL = A CULTURAL REVOLUTION2 MORE IMPORTANT1 !Y CONCEIV$ CULTURE SOCIALLY1 AS QUOTIDIAN CULTURE ?AT CON/ITUT$ SOCIAL RELATIONS AT ! LEVEL ( EV]YDAY 9T]ACTIONS & WAS ITSELF REPRODUC$ DAILY4 ,IT IS NOT SURPRIS+ !N ?AT AN>*I/S TOOK $UCATION TO BE ! CORN]/ONE ( REVOLUTION--$UCATION NOT 9 A =MAL S5SE BUT AS A PROCESS ( TRANS=MATION ( EV]YDAY HABITS4 ,:E!R 9 ! $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS !Y 9ITIAT$1 OR 9 LABOR & PEASANT ORGANIZATION1 ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE ( AN>*I/ REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY WAS TO CREATE SPACES :]E9 PEOPLE C\LD ?9K DIFF]5TLY AB\T SOCIETY BY LIV+ DIFF]5TLY4 ,! DIALECTIC BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIETY1 ! FUNDAM5TAL PREMISE ( ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( REVOLUTION1 WAS >TICULAT$ AT ! LEVEL ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE 9 TWO IDEAS ?AT AN>*I/S 9TRODUC$ 9TO ,*9ESE $UCATION1 :I* MAY ALSO BE ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ CONTRIBUTIONS TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,ONE WAS ! CREATION ( :OLE 9DIVIDUALS1 :I* CONCRETELY MEANT ! COMB9ATION ( LABOR & LE>N+ 9 ! $UCATION PROCESS4 ,AN>*I/S P]CEIV$ 9 ! SEP>ATION ( M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR NOT ONLY A CAUSE ( ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL BUT ! FUNDAM5TAL BASIS ( SOCIAL 9EQUALITY AS WELL2 OV]COM+ ! DI/9CTION WAS1 !RE=E1 ! KEY TO ! CREATION ( A DIFF]5T WAY ( LIFE--& A DIFF]5T WAY ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIETY4 ,! SECOND IDEA WAS ! CREATION ( SOCIAL SPACES 9 :I* ?IS BASIC DIVISION ( LABOR C\LD BE OV]COME1 & ! 9DIVIDUAL 9 VOLUNT>Y P>TICIPATION 9 ! GR\P C\LD REALIZE HIS OR H] SOCIAL POT5TIAL4 ,AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ ADVOCATES 9 ,*9A ( COMMUNAL ORGANIZATION ?AT W\LD ABOLI% ! DIVISION BETWE5 CITY & C\NTRY1 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE1 MANUAL & M5TAL LABOR4 ,! ABOLITION ( ! DI/9CTION BETWE5 MANUAL & M5TAL LABOR AT ! LEVEL ( ! 9DIVIDUAL HAD ITS C\NT]P>T AT ! SOCIAL LEVEL 9 ! ORGANIZATION ( /UD5T COMMUNES1 VILLAGE ASSOCIATIONS1 & LABOR SYNDICATES2 *ANGE AT ! ONE LEVEL WAS ! CONDITION ( *ANGE AT ! O!R4 ,!SE >E IDEAS ?AT >E FAMILI> TO /UD5TS ( ,*9A AS KEY ELEM5TS 9 ,MAO'S ,M>XISM ?AT BECAME P>TICUL>LY PROM95T DUR+ ! P]IOD ( ! ,CULTURAL ,REVOLUTION4.<#c#a.> ,9 PO9T+ TO !IR AN>*I/ ORIG91 ,I DO NOT SUGGE/ ?AT ,MAO OR ANYONE ELSE :O UPHOLDS !SE IDEAS IS1 !RE=E1 AN AN>*I/1 OR ?AT AN>*ISM HAS AN EXCLUSIVE CLAIM UPON !M4 ,SIMIL> IDEAS >E TO BE F\ND 9 ! WORKS ( ,M>X1 & IT IS >GUABLE ?AT ,M>XISM 7AT LEA/ ! ,M>XISM ( ,M>X7 IS QUITE COGNIZANT ( !IR BASIC PREMISE3 ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION ULTIMATELY 5TAILS A TRANS=MATION ( CONSCI\SNESS BECAUSE ! /RUCTURES ?AT GIVE =M TO SOCIETY >E REPRODUC$ AT ! LEVEL ( EV]YDAY SOCIAL 9T]ACTIONS--& EV5 )9 LANGUAGE1 :I* ,M>X REF]R$ TO ON ONE OCCASION AS PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS4.<#c#b.> ,:ILE IT IS IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE ! OV]LAP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM :]E !SE IDEAS >E CONC]N$1 IT IS ALSO NECESS>Y TO DI/+UI% !M ON BO? HI/ORICAL & !ORETICAL GR\NDS4 ,HI/ORICALLY1 IT WAS ?R\< ! AG5CY ( AN>*ISM ?AT !SE IDEAS 5T]$ ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A1 &1 AT LEA/ 9ITIALLY1 !Y W]E ID5TIFI$ ) AN>*ISM4 ,:5 A ,M>XIAN COMMUNISM 5T]$ ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 IT E/ABLI%$ ITS ID5TITY BY REPUDIAT+ !SE IDEAS = BE+ IRRELEVANT TO IMM$IATE PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 DUR+ ! IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLES ?AT ACCOMPANI$ ! POLITICAL CONFLICTS ( ! TW5TIES1 !SE SAME IDEAS PROVID$ 9TELLECTUAL AMMUNITION = ! OPPON5TS ( ,M>XISM4 ,?AT !SE IDEAS %\LD SURVIVE ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T TO BE LODG$ 9 LOCATIONS AS DIV]SE 9 REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS AS ,MAO'S ,M>XISM & ! ,GUOM9DANG %[S ?AT !Y HAD BECOME SIGNIFICANT COMPON5TS ( A REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT CUT ACROSS P>TY OR IDEOLOGICAL B\ND>IES2 BUT !IR ORIG9 HI/ORICALLY IS TRACEABLE TO ! AN>*I/S4 ,MORE IMPORTANT1 ?AT ! SAME IDEAS >E TO BE F\ND 9 BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM DOES NOT IMPLY ?AT !Y C>RI$ ! SAME MEAN+ )9 ! TWO IDEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS2 IT ONLY PO9TS TO ! >EA ( ,M>XISM ?AT OV]LAPP$ ) AN>*ISM1 ) DISRUPTIVE CONSEQU5CES = ITS !ORETICAL /RUCTURE4 ,:ATEV] ! RESEMBLANCE BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ IDEAS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! TWO IDEAS >RANG$ ! PRIORITIES ( REVOLUTION>Y PRACTICE DIFF]5TLY4 ,:ILE $UCATION & CULTURAL TRANS=MATION HELD A PLACE ( PRIM>Y SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ,M>XI/S GAVE PRIORITY TO ! TRANS=MATION ( /RUCTURAL RELATIONS 9 SOCIETY4 ,! DIFF]5CE MAY BE ILLU/RAT$ BY REF]5CE TO ANO!R CONCEPT ?AT WAS C5TRAL TO BO? IDEAS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION3 ! CONCEPT ( CLASS4 ,:ILE ,M>XI/S P]CEIV$ ! NURTUR+ ( CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS ! KEY TO REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT ONLY ! ABOLITION ( CONSCI\SNESS ( CLASS C\LD YIELD TO G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE 9 SOCIETY4 ,:E!R ! ,M>XI/ IDEA ( IDEOLOGY MAY BE R$UC$ TO AN 5D[M5T ( CLASS WILL BE DISCUSS$ LAT]2 ,I SUGGE/ H]E ?AT :ILE ,M>XISM1 TOO1 RECOGNIZES CULTURE & CONSCI\SNESS AS A PROBLEM ( QUOTIDIAN LIFE1 ?IS RECOGNITION IS %AP$ BY ANO!R CONCEPTION ( CULTURE AS A FUNCTION ( SOCIAL /RUCTURE TO :I* CLASS IS C5TRAL--:I* POSSIBLY ACC\NTS = ! !ORETICAL RI*NESS ( ,M>XISM AGA9/ ! !ORETICAL PRIMITIVISM 79 ,HOBSBAWM'S WORDS7 ( AN>*ISM4 ,I SUGGE/1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT ! !ORETICAL COMPLEXITY ( ,M>XISM 7(T5 TO ! PO9T ( =GETT+ ! REVOLUTION>Y GOALS ( !ORETICAL ACTIVITY7 HAS ALSO BL9D$ ,M>XI/S TO ! RI* 9SI*I/ PREMISE ?AT REVOLUTION MU/ TAKE AS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL ! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL DISC\RSES--( ! V]Y LANGUAGE ( ?9K+ AB\T SOCIETY4 ,IF AN>*ISM HAS NOT PAID SUFFICI5T ATT5TION TO /RUCTURAL TRANS=MATION1 ! ,M>XI/ PREOCCUPATION ) /RUCTURAL TRANS=MATION HAS DIV]T$ ,M>XISM FROM ! EQUALLY CRUCIAL TASK ( TRANS=M+ SOCIAL DISC\RSES--9DE$ HAS OB/RUCT$ ! LATT] BY ]ECT+ FUR!R /RUCTURES 9IMICAL TO ?IS GOAL4 ,HOBSBAWM1 = 9/ANCE1 MISSES ! PO9T AB\T ?IS PROBLEM :5 HE /ATES ?AT ,M>XI/S MAY HAVE SOME?+ TO LE>N FROM AN>*I/ SPONTANEITY3 ,! V]Y ORGANIZATIONAL FEEBL5ESS ( AN>*I/ & AN>*IZ+ MOVEM5TS HAS =C$ !M TO EXPLORE ! MEANS ( DISCOV]+ OR SECUR+ ?AT SPONTANE\S CONS5SUS AMONG MILITANTS & MASSES :I* PRODUCES ACTION4.<#c#c.> ,?IS IS TO MISS :AT ! AN>*I/S CLE>LY RECOGNIZ$3 ?AT !RE IS NO?+ SPONTANE\S AB\T ! MASSES4 ,!RE IS1 RA!R1 A DIFF]5T DISC\RSE AB\T SOCIETY1 :I* RADICALS MU/ ASSIMILATE 9 !IR V]Y EF=TS TO TRANS=M ! MASSES4 ,IT IS NOT ACCID5TAL ?AT AN>*I/S W]E ! FIR/ TO COMPILE A DICTION>Y ( POPUL> LANGUAGE1 :I* !Y BELIEV$ MI*I/S DID NOT TURN TO ?IS 5DEAVOR BECAUSE !IR ACTIVITIES W]E ORGANIZATIONALLY FEEBLE2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 !Y BELIEV$ ?AT ORGANIZATION WAS UNDESIRABLE TO ! EXT5T ?AT IT CREAT$ AN OB/ACLE TO SU* COMMUNICATION 7OR1 MORE PRECISELY1 BECAUSE IT TURN$ COMMUNICATION1 :I* MU/ BE TWO-WAY IF IT IS TO BE G5U9ELY REVOLUTION>Y1 9TO ! IMPOSITION ( ! WILL ( ! REVOLUTION>IES UPON ! MASSES1 :I* FROM ! BEG9N+ DOOM$ REVOLUTION TO A BETRAYAL ( ITS [N PREMISES74 ,BE=E ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>IES1 FAC$ ?IS PROBLEM ( TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION AS A PRACTICAL TASK1 :I* !Y W\LD 9 ! #a#i#cS :5 ! REVOLUTION WAS =C$ TO MOVE TO ! C\NTRYSIDE1 AN>*I/S HAD 9TRODUC$ IT 9TO ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE AS A C5TRAL PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION4 ,?IS AW>5ESS BR\*I/S CONSID]ABLE SUCCESS 9 REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY--BUT ONLY AT ! LOCAL LEVEL4 ,IT WAS AT ! LEVEL ( MORE COMPREH5SIVE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION ?AT AN>*I/S FAIL$ AS REVOLUTION>IES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ! SUCCESS ( O!R REVOLUTION>IES AT ?IS O!R LEVEL W\LD 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES BE> \T AN>*I/ FE>S ( ! FATE ( REVOLUTION ?AT SUBJECT$ ! CRUCIAL TASK ( DISCURSIVE TRANS=MATION TO GOALS =MULAT$ AT ! LEVEL ( POLITICS4 ,AN>*ISM & ,REVOLUTION>Y ,DISC\RSE ,:E!R WE RECOGNIZE 9 AN>*ISM A LA/+ SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION DEP5DS L>GELY UPON :E!R WE RECOGNIZE ! IMPORTANCE ( ! IDEA ( ! SOCIAL 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM RE/S ULTIMATELY UPON ITS 9SI/5CE ON ! PRIORITY ( ! SOCIAL 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE ?AT TOOK %APE DUR+ ! YE>S :5 AN>*ISM 5JOY$ ITS GREATE/ POPUL>ITY 9 ,*9ESE ?9K+ ON REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*I/S W]E NOT ! FIR/ 9 ,*9A TO RAISE ! QUE/ION ( ! SOCIAL1 NOR W]E !Y ! ONLY ONES 9 5SU+ YE>S TO 9SI/ ON ! ESS5TIALNESS ( A SOCIAL COMPON5T TO REVOLUTION4 ,! QUE/ION WAS A PRODUCT ( AN EM]G+ NATIONALI/ CONSCI\SNESS1 :I* AT ! TURN ( ! C5TURY FIR/ RAIS$ ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 /ATE & SOCIETY1 PO9T+ TO SOCIAL TRANS=MATION AS ! ESS5TIAL MOM5T ( BUILD+ A NATION-/ATE ?AT1 UNLIKE ! MON>*Y IT WAS TO REPLACE1 C\LD CLAIM NO TRANSC5D5TAL OR TRAN%I/ORICAL MORAL SANCTION BUT DEP5D$ = ITS LEGITIMACY ON ITS TIES TO ! SOCIETY IT CLAIM$ TO REPRES5T4 ,CALL+ SOCIETY 9TO ! S]VICE ( ! /ATE AS ITS LEGITIMAT+ PR9CIPLE REVEAL$ NOT ONLY A NEW PROBLEMATIC ( POLITICS1 BUT PROBLEMATIZ$ ! NOTION ( SOCIETY AS WELL4 ,:ILE ?IS WAS TO BECOME1 & HAS REMA9$1 ! ESS5TIAL QUE/ION ( ,*9ESE POLITICS1 IT WAS ?R\< SOCIALISM--:I* OV] ! YE>S WAS ID5TIFI$ ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION--?AT ! PROBLEM WAS >TICULAT$ ) ! GREATE/ EXPLICITNESS & CONSI/5CY4 ,! 9SI/5CE ON A SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS A COMMON FEATURE ( ALL SOCIALI/ DISC\RSE & SPILL$ OV] TO NONSOCIALI/ ADVOCACIES ( *ANGE AS WELL4 ,DIFF]5T GR\PS MEANT DIFF]5T ?+S BY SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 DEP5D+ ON ! S\RCES = ! IDEA BUT MORE IMPORTANTLY ON !IR CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL4 ,BY ! E>LY TW5TIES MO/ PROM95T 9 ADDITION TO AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ! SOCIAL W]E ,COMMUNI/ & ,GUOM9DANG IDEAS ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS P]VASIV5ESS ( ! IDEA ( ! SOCIAL ?AT 5D[S ) HI/ORICAL SIGNIFICANCE ! AN>*I/ ADVOCACY ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I* O!RWISE W\LD HAVE BE5 CONDEMN$ TO A QUA9T M>G9ALITY4 ,I MEAN ?IS 9 TWO S5SES4 ,FIR/1 ! DISC\RSE ON ! SOCIAL 9 ITS UNFOLD+ N\RI%$ (F A NUMB] ( COMPET+ 7& CONFLICT+7 IDEOLOGIES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 :I*1 NEV]!LESS1 9T]SECT$ ON ! T]RA9 ( ! DISC\RSE1 ) CONSID]ABLE 9T]*ANGE AMONG !M4 ,H5CE WE F9D ?AT 9 SPITE ( SIGNIFICANT DIFF]5CES 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION !Y ADVOCAT$1 !RE WAS ALSO SIGNIFICANT OV]LAP AMONG AN>*I/1 ,COMMUNI/1 & ,GUOM9DANG NOTIONS ( ! SOCIAL4 ,?AT ! DISC\RSE DREW ON ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM 9 ITS LANGUAGE GU>ANTE$ SU* OV]LAP BECAUSE1 9 SPITE ( ITS DIS9TEGRATION 9TO NUM]\S FACTIONS BY ! TURN ( ! C5TURY1 SOCIALISM 9 ,EUROPE RETA9$ ! COMMON LANGUAGE ( ITS ORIG9S & WAS EV5 BLURR$ AT ITS $GES 9TO LIB]AL OR B\RGEOIS IDEAS ( SOCIAL *ANGE4.<#c#d.> ,)9 ! ,*9ESE CONTEXT1 MOREOV]1 DISCURSIVE CONFLICTS W]E CONTA9$ )9 A NATIONAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T :I*1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! FIR/ ?REE DECADES ( ! C5TURY1 R5D]$ HET]OG5E\S IDEAS ( ! SOCIAL 9TO DIFF]5T ASPECTS ( A COMMON REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT2 H5CE DISCURSIVE OV]LAP EXPRESS$ A REVOLUTION>Y SITUATION 9 :I* DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS W]E P>TICIPANTS 9 ! SAME REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T3 NOT ONLY IDEAS W]E 9T]*ANGE--ABLE--SO WAS ACTUAL MEMB]%IP 9 DIFF]5T REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS4 ,AS A CON/ITU5T ( ?IS DISC\RSE1 AN>*I/ IDEAS ACQUIR$ A WIDE CURR5CY BEYOND ! RELATIVELY SMALL NUMB] ( RADICALS COMMITT$ TO AN>*ISM AS AN 9TEGRAL IDEOLOGY4 ,SECOND1 GIV5 ! P]VASIV5ESS ( ! CONC]N ) ! SOCIAL )9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 ! P>TICUL> AN>*I/ CONCEPTION ( ! SOCIAL ?AT UNEQUIVOCALLY ASS]T$ ! CLAIMS ( SOCIETY AGA9/ ! /ATE 7& POLITICS 9 G5]AL7 DREW ITS SIGNIFICANCE FROM ITS IMPLICATIONS = ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE AS A :OLE4 ,AMONG ALL ! ADVOCATES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S W]E DI/+UI%$ BY !IR UNCOMPROMIS+ 7& EXCLUSIVE7 9SI/5CE ON ! SOCIAL3 A TRUE REVOLUTION C\LD BE NO?+ BUT SOCIAL2 A REVOLUTION ?AT WAS NOT SOCIAL C\LD NOT QUALIFY AS A REVOLUTION2 & A REVOLUTION ?AT COMPROMIS$ ! SOCIAL BY SUBJECT+ IT TO POLITICAL CONSID]ATIONS COMPROMIS$ ITSELF AS A REVOLUTION4 ,9 AN IMM$IATE S5SE1 )9 ! HI/ORICAL CONTEXT 9 :I* ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE TOOK %APE1 ?IS UNCOMPROMIS+ 9SI/5CE ON ! SOCIAL DISRUPT$ ! B\ND>IES ( POLITICAL DEBATE BY UND]L9+ ! LIMITATIONS9DE$1 ! IDEOLOGICAL OPPRESSIV5ESS( POLITICS AGA9/ ! HORIZON ( ! SOCIAL2 AGA9/ ! PROSPECT ( TOTAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION POLITICS1 ANY POLITICS1 APPE>$ AS SO MU* IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE TO CONTA9 ! SOCIAL4 ,! RESULT WAS TO =CE ! DISC\RSE ON REVOLUTION \T ( ITS POLITICAL B\ND>IES ONTO ! UNC]TA9 T]RA9 ( ! SOCIAL4 ,:E!R !Y SUBSCRIB$ TO AN>*I/ IDEAS1 OR EV5 F\ND ANY?+ ( WOR? 9 ! AN>*I/ IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ALL ADVOCATES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,*9A HAD TO COME TO T]MS ) ?IS IDEA ( ! SOCIAL4 ,?AT MANY ALSO 9T]NALIZ$ AN>*I/ IDEAS ( ! SOCIAL OR SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! PROCESS MAY NOT BE AS IMPORTANT AS !IR IMPLICIT OR EXPLICIT ADMISSION ?AT !SE IDEAS PO9T$ TO AN IRR$UCIBLE HORIZON ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE1 :I* C\LD BE D5I$ ONLY BY RESORT+ TO AN >GUM5T BAS$ ON NECESSITY3 ?AT REVOLUTION C\LD SUCCE$ HI/ORICALLY ONLY BY SUPPRESS+ ITS HI/ORICAL ORIG9S1 BY CONTA9+ )9 POLITICALLY ACCEPTABLE LIMITS ! VISION ?AT WAS ITS MOTIVAT+ 9T5TION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE4 ,! ,COMMUNI/S ADMITT$ TO ?IS RE/RICTION ( VISION :5 !Y >GU$ AGA9/ ! AN>*I/S ?AT BE=E ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEAL C\LD BE REALIZ$1 :I* WAS ! COMMON GOAL ( BO? AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM1 A POLITICAL DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT MU/ BE 9T]POS$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( REVOLUTION1 EV5 IF IT MEANT A TEMPOR>Y SUSP5SION OR EV5 BETRAYAL ( REVOLUTION>Y ASPIRATIONS4 ,SO DID ,SUN ,YAT-S51 :O WAS NO AN>*I/1 :5 HE DECLAIM$ 9 #aibd ?AT ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( HIS ,PR9CIPLE ( ,PEOPLE'S ,LIVELIHOOD WAS COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM1 AL?\< HE 9SI/$ ?AT PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD MU/ S]VE AS ! MEANS TO FULFILL ! GOALS ( REVOLUTION4 ,! RELEGATION ( AN>*ISM TO A DI/ANT FUTURE RATIONALIZ$ ! REASS]TION ( ! PRIMACY ( POLITICS 9 ! IMM$IATE HI/ORICAL CONTEXT1 BUT NOT )\T AN ACKN[L$GM5T ?AT ! REVOLUTION ?US A*IEV$ W\LD BE AN 9COMPLETE REVOLUTION SO LONG AS IT DID NOT KEEP ITS SI*ISM EXT5D$ ! FRONTI]S ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE BY PO9T+ TO A SOCIAL PROJECT ?AT NEGAT$ ! B\ND>IES E/ABLI%$ BY A POLITICAL CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY2 & ITS V]Y PRES5CE 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE R5D]$ PROBLEMATIC ANY EF=T T[>D AN IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ( ! SOCIAL BY ! POLITICAL4 ,SIMIL>LY1 9 HI/ORICAL P]SPECTIVE1 RECOGNITION ( ! AN>*I/ PRES5CE 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE IS A REM9D] ( ! IDEOLOGICAL APPROPRIATION ( ! DISC\RSE ON ! SOCIAL AS SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS H>NESS$ 9 ! S]VICE ( POLITICAL GOALS4 ,?IS P]SPECTIVE CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ! CLAIMS ON HI/ORY ( SUCCESSFUL REVOLUTION>IES--:OSE SUCCESS1 !RE=E1 MAY NOT BE VIEW$ SIMPLY AS A FULFILLM5T ( ! SOCIAL ASPIRATIONS ( ! REVOLUTION BUT MU/ BE UND]/OOD SIMULTANE\SLY AS ! SUPPRESSION 7IF NOT ! TOTAL ELIM9ATION7 ( ! SOCIAL IMAG9ATION ?AT MOTIVAT$ ITS HI/ORY4 ,?IS EVALUATION ( AN>*ISM'S SIGNIFICANCE PRESUPPOSES A C]TA9 CONCEPTION ( ! PROBLEM ( IDEOLOGY--9 ?IS CASE A SPECIFICALLY SOCIALI/ IDEOLOGY--?AT NE$S TO BE SPELL$ \T BRIEFLY BE=E WE DISCUSS ! CONCRETE CONTRIBUTIONS ( AN>*ISM TO REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A4 ,( SPECIAL IMPORTANCE IS A DI/9CTION ,I %\LD LIKE TO DRAW BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & DISC\RSE1 A C]TA9 WAY ( TALK+ AB\T A SPECIFIC SET ( OBJECTS4.<#c#e.> ,! C5TRAL PROBLEM CONC]NS ! RELATION%IP ( IDEOLOGY TO ITS BROAD] SOCIAL & 9TELLECTUAL CONTEXT4 ,! DI/9CTION BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & DISC\RSE IS 9T5D$ TO OV]COME ! DILEMMA PRES5T$ BY A R$UCTIONI/ CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY1 :I* R$UCES IDEAS TO EXPRESSIONS ( CLASS OR O!R GR\P 9T]E/S & IS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = MO/ PO/-,M>XI/ DISCUSSION ( IDEOLOGY4 ,IF IDEAS OR S5TIM5TS >E EXPRESSIONS ( CLASS OR O!R 9T]E/S1 H[ DO WE ACC\NT = ! FACT ?AT !Y >E %>$ WIDELY BY ?OSE \TSIDE ( ! CLASS OR GR\P :OSE 9T]E/S !Y >E PURPORT$ TO EXPRESS8 ,:ILE ! DEBATE T\*$ (F BY ?IS QUE/ION IS TOO COMPLEX = SUMM>Y H]E1 ,I ?9K ?AT ! ANSW]S HAVE UNFOLD$ 9 TWO BROAD DIRECTIONS4 ,FIR/ IS ! SUB/ITUTION ( A TOTALI/IC = A R$UCTIONI/ CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY2 ! SEM9AL EXAMPLE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! WORK ( ,CLIF=D ,GE]TZ1 :O /RESSES ! 9TEGRATIVE FUNCTION ( IDEOLOGY AS A SET ( SYMBOLIC =MULATIONS ?AT >E %>$ COMMONLY 9 A CULTURAL SY/EM ACROSS CLASS & O!R P>TIAL 9T]E/S4.<#c#f.> ,SECOND >E ?OSE ATTEMPTS TO RE9TRODUCE 9TO ?IS 9TEGRATIVE CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY A CRITICAL ,M>XI/ P]SPECTIVE BY UNCOV]+ )9 ! SYMBOLIC =MS ( IDEOLOGY AS A CULTURAL SY/EM ! PATT]NS ( AU?ORITY & DOM9ATION ?AT *>ACT]IZE MO/ KN[N SOCIAL SY/EMS1 :I* CON/ITUTE ! IDEOLOGY4 ,AS ,PAUL ,RICOEUR PUTS IT 9 A REC5T WORK1 ,:ILE IDEOLOGY S]VES--AS ! CODE ( 9T]PRETATION ?AT SECURES 9TEGRATION1 IT DOES SO BY JU/IFY+ ! PRES5T SY/EM ( AU?ORITY4.<#c#g.> ,?IS PO/-,M>XI/ DEBATE HAS ALSO BR\TICULAT$ IDEAS1 BUT 9 EV]YDAY SPEE* & ACTIVITY4 ,:ILE ! DEBATE HAS REPUDIAT$ A R$UCTIONI/ ,M>XI/ NOTION ( IDEOLOGY1 9 O!R WORDS1 IT ALSO REPRES5TS A RETURN TO AN ALT]NATIVE CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY 9 ! WORK ( ,M>X IMPLICIT 9 ,M>X'S DESCRIPTION ( LANGUAGE AS PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS4 ,! PROBLEM1 !N1 IS TW(OLD3 7#a7 H[ TO RECONCILE ! TWO NOTIONS ( IDEOLOGY--! 9TEGRATIVE NOTION ?AT R5D]S IDEOLOGY AS A COMMONLY %>$ SET ( SYMBOLS & IDEAS1 & ! DISSIMULATIVE NOTION 9 :I* !SE COMMONLY %>$ SYMBOLS & IDEAS CONCEAL RELATION%IPS ( P[] & DOM9ATION--BO? ( :I* HAVE COMPELL+ PLAUSIBILITY2 &1 7#b7 :]E TO LOOK = IDEOLOGY4 ,AN ADDITIONAL PROBLEM IS ?AT ( CLASS 7OR O!R SOCIAL 9T]E/S74 ,JOHN ,?OMPSON HAS >GU$ ?AT TO A*IEVE A G5U9ELY CRITICAL CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO RE9TRODUCE CLASS 9TO ! DISCUSSION4.<#c#h.> ,IT IS FAIR TO SAY1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT ,RICOEUR1 = EXAMPLE1 :ILE HE RE/ORES ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & P[] 9 PO9T+ \T ?AT IDEOLOGY AS A CULTURAL SY/EM ALSO JU/IFIES ! PRES5T SY/EM ( AU?ORITY1 DOES NOT MAKE ! ISSUE ( CLASS OR SOCIAL 9T]E/ A C5TRAL CONC]N ( HIS ANALYSIS4 ,?IS NOT ONLY IGNORES H[ ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S 9 DIFF]5T CONTEXTS IMP+ES UPON ! P>TICUL> =MS ASSUM$ BY ! /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY &1 !RE=E1 ( IDEOLOGY1 BUT1 EV5 MORE S]I\S1 R5D]S IDEOLOGY 9TO A SEAMLESS 5TITY AGA9/ A CONCEPTION ( IT AS AN >5A ( CONFLICT BETWE5 SOCIAL 9T]E/S :O %>E 9 ! IDEOLOGY & ALSO SEEK TO 9T]PRET 7OR APPROPRIATE7 IT 9 ACCORDANCE ) !IR [N 9T]E/S4 ,IT IS CURI\S ?AT ,RICOEUR'S DISCUSSION ( IDEOLOGY1 :ILE COMPREH5SIVE1 IGNORES ! WORK ( ! ONE ,M>XI/ ?9K] :OSE WORK NOT ONLY =E%AD[$ MANY ( !SE PROBLEMS BUT ALSO HAS HAD 5ORM\S 9FLU5CE 9 %AP+ REC5T CONCEPTUALIZATIONS ( IDEOLOGY1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 :OSE CONCEPT ( HEGEMONY S\ILY CLASSES 9 HIS PRES5TATION7 S\TICUL>LY IMPORTANT = DEAL+ ) REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS :5 CONFLICT 79CLUD+ ! CONFLICT OV] LANGUAGE7 ASSUMES AN ACUTE =M1 :5 ! *ALL5GE TO ! EXI/+ SY/EM ( AU?ORITY PRESUPPOSES = ITS SUCCESS ! APPROPRIATION ( HEGEMONY BY REVOLUTION>IES1 :]EBY !Y ASSIMILATE TO !IR [N IDEOLOGY ! 9T]E/S ( CLASSES & GR\PS \TSIDE ( !IR [N CLASS4.<#c#i.> ,FROM ?IS BRIEF DISCUSSION WE MAY 9F] ?AT 9 CONFRONT+ ! PROBLEM ( IDEOLOGY1 WE NE$ TO ACC\NT = TWO QUE/IONS3 7#a7 IDEOLOGY AS ! >TICULATION ( CLASS OR O!R SOCIAL 9T]E/S2 7#b7 IDEOLOGY AS ! >TICULATION ( A BROAD] SY/EM ( AU?ORITY /RUCTUR$ BY ! 9T]ACTION ( !SE MORE N>R[ 9T]E/S FROM :I* IDEOLOGY AS AN 9TEGRATIVE CULTURAL SY/EM D]IVES ITS =M4 ,BECAUSE ( ! CONFUSION CREAT$ BY ! APPLICATION ( ! T]M IDEOLOGY TO BO? !SE >TICULATIONS1 :I* >E RELAT$ & YET DI/9CT1 ,I W\LD DESCRIBE ! LATT] AS DISC\RSE & RES]VE IDEOLOGY = ! =M]4 ,DISC\RSE1 A WAY ( ?9K+ & TALK+ AB\T ?+S1 COMMON TO SOCIETY AS A :OLE & EVID5T AT ! MO/ BASIC LEVEL 9 EV]YDAY SPEE* & CULTURE1 IS 9TEGRATIVE BECAUSE ( A COMMON LANGUAGE & ALSO DISSIMULATIVE BECAUSE EMB$D$ 9 ! COMMON LANGUAGE >E RELATION%IPS ( P[] & DOM9ATION1 AS ,MI*EL ,F\CAULT & ,RAYMOND ,WILLIAMS HAVE REM9D$ US2 IT IS ALSO1 !RE=E1 ! >5A = IDEOLOGICAL CONFLICT :]EBY DIFF]5T SOCIAL GR\PS SEEK TO ASSIMILATE ! DISC\RSE TO !IR [N WAY ( LIFE & 9T]E/S4.<#d.> ,?IS APPROPRIATION ( DISC\RSE IS :]E IDEOLOGY BECOMES MANIFE/ AS A SOCIAL & HI/ORICAL PH5OM5ON4 ,AS ,H>RY ,H>OOTUNIAN HAS PUT IT1 9 REF]5CE TO ! UNFOLD+ ( NATIVISM 9 ,JAPAN1 :5 ! 9T]ACTION ( KN[L$GE & 9T]E/ DISPLAC$ BASE_/SUP]/RUCTURE1 =M & CONT5T1 KN[L$GE1 OR DISC\RSE--A C]TA9 WAY ( TALK+ AB\T A SPECIFIC SET ( OBJECTS BECAME IDEOLOGICAL4.<#d#a.> ,! PROC$URE IS ONE ?AT ,FR$RIC ,JAMESON HAS DESCRIB$ AS A /RATEGY ( CONTA9M5T1 :I* HE P]CEIVES AS ! GOAL ( IDEOLOGICAL ACTIVITY4.<#d#b.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! IDEOLOGICAL APPROPRIATION ( DISC\RSE APPE>S AS A CONTA9M5T ( ! DISC\RSE 9 ACCORDANCE ) SPECIFIC SOCIAL 9T]E/S OR \TLOOKS4 ,CONTA9M5T IS ALSO PRIM>ILY A PROC$URE ( EXCLUSION1 A SIL5C+ ( ?OSE ELEM5TS ( ! DISC\RSE ?AT >E 9IMICAL TO ! 9T]E/S ( ! GR\P4 ,BUT IT MAY ALSO MEAN1 ,I SUGGE/1 A RE>RANGEM5T ( ! T]MS ( ! DISC\RSE SO AS TO DEF9E ITS PRIORITIES 9 KEEP+ ) SU* 9T]E/S4 ,! CRITICAL CONCEPTION ( IDEOLOGY1 :I* HAS EVOLV$ \T ( ANALYSIS ( ! USE ( IDEOLOGY )9 ! CONTEXT ( E/ABLI%$ SY/EMS 7CAPITALISM 9 P>TICUL>7 TO P]PETUATE ! SY/EM1 IS EQUALLY APPLICABLE1 ,I ?9K1 TO ! PROBLEM ( IDEOLOGY 9 SOCIALISM AS A RADICAL MOVEM5T1 AS 9TIMAT$ 9 ! DI/9CTION ,I HAVE DRAWN ) REF]5CE TO ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE & IDEOLOGY4 ,! DISC\RSE IS :AT SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES 7& NOT JU/ SOCIALI/ REVOLUTION>IES7 %>$ 9 COMMON4 ,! DISC\RSE ON ! SOCIAL1 AS ,I HAVE ALREADY OBS]V$1 DREW ON DISP>ATE IDEOLOGICAL S\RCES 9 ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM 7EV5 ON LIB]AL IDEOLOGIES ?AT S\Y MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A1 !SE IDEOLOGICAL S\RCES W]E 9TEGRAT$1 H[EV] UNEASILY1 9TO ! LANGUAGE ( A COMMON DISC\RSE ON REVOLUTION1 & ?IS EXPLA9S ! OV]LAP BETWE5 O!RWISE CONFLICT+ NOTIONS ( ! SOCIAL4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 WE MAY ALSO VIEW ! EF=TS ( DIFF]5T GR\PS ( REVOLUTION>IES--AN>*I/S ,BOL%EVIKS1 ,GUOM9DANG SOCIALI/S1 AMONG O!RS TO APPROPRIATE ! DISC\RSE1 A WAY ( TALK+ AB\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS ALT]NATIVE /RATEGIES ( CONTA9M5T AS DIFF]5T WAYS ( 9T]PRET+ ! DISC\RSE BY RE>RANG+ ITS T]MS1 ?R\< :I* !Y S\Y MOVEM5T4 ,:ILE ! IMPORTANCE ( REVOLUTION>Y HEGEMONY = REVOLUTION>Y SUCCESS IS SELF-EVID5T1 ! CRITICAL QUE/ION = ! FUTURE ( REVOLUTION IS :E!R HEGEMONY IS MORE DESIRABLE BECAUSE IT IS REVOLUTION>Y--ESPECIALLY S9CE REVOLUTION1 IF SUCCESSFUL1 E/ABLI%ES ITSELF AS A NEW ORD]4 ,IS IT NOT LIKELY ?AT A REVOLUTION ?AT TAKES AS ITS PREMISE ! HEGEMONY ( REVOLUTION>IES WILL RESULT 9 A NEW /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY1 REPRODUC+ 9 ITS V]Y HEGEMONY ?AT HIDD5 RELATION%IP BETWE5 IDEOLOGY & P[] TO OV]?R[ :I* WAS ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 AGA9/ :I* ! ONLY GU>ANTEE IS ! GOOD WILL ( ! REVOLUTION>IES OR !IR CLAIM TO A SCI5TIFIC DISCOV]Y ( ! PA? TO LIB]ATION8 ,IS ?IS NOT ! PO9T 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE AT :I* REVOLUTION1 :I* SEEKS TO DISPOSE ( IDEOLOGY1 ITSELF BECOMES IDEOLOGICAL BECAUSE IT DISSIMULATES 9 ITS DISC\RSE ITS RELATION%IP TO P[]8 ,AT ITS MO/ BASIC1 AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A D]IV$ ITS SIGNIFICANCE FROM ! FACT ?AT AN>*I/S W]E ! ONLY ONES AMONG SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES TO RAISE !SE QUE/IONS CONSI/5TLY4 ,!IR 9SI/5CE ?AT REVOLUTION C\LD NOT A*IEVE ITS GOALS ?R\< ME?ODS CONTR>Y TO ITS ASPIRATIONS WAS A CON/ANT REM9D] ( ?IS BASIC PROBLEM ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,! QUE/IONS (F] A CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON ! C\RSE ! REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T W\LD EV5TUALLY TAKE 9 ,*9A4 ,!Y ALSO REM9D US ( ! L9KS BETWE5 ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T & ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEMS ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 G5]AL4 ,9 ONE S5SE1 AN>*I/S W]E AS IDEOLOGICAL AS ANY ( !IR SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y COMPETITORS4 ,!Y NOT ONLY S\Y PREMISES1 BUT 9 SOME CASES DISPLAY$ CONSID]ABLE IDEOLOGICAL OPPORTUNISM 9 DO+ SO4 ,SOME ( ! MAJOR FIGURES 9 ,*9ESE AN>*ISM W]E ALSO MEMB]S ( POLITICAL P>TIES1 9 P>TICUL> ! ,GUOM9DANG1 BETRAY+ 9 PRACTICE !IR =MAL REPUDIATION ( POLITICS2 WORSE1 !Y W]E WILL+ TO 9/RUM5TALIZE AN>*ISM 9 ! S]VICE ( POLITICAL P[]4 ,MORE FUNDAM5TALLY1 9 CLAIM+ = AN>*ISM ! /ATUS ( SCI5TIFIC TRU? 7FOLL[+ ,KROPOTK971 AN>*I/S1 LIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 S\*ISM1 !REBY EXCLUD+ FROM CONSID]ATION CRUCIAL ISSUES ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,IF !Y W]E NOT SUCCESSFUL 9 DO+ SO1 IT WAS BECAUSE !IR ORGANIZATIONAL DIFFUS5ESS UND]CUT !IR EF=TS TO =MULATE A COH]5T /RATEGY ( CONTA9M5T1 :I* IDEOLOGICAL APPROPRIATION ( ! DISC\RSE PRESUPPOS$4 ,& YET ?IS 9ABILITY TO APPROPRIATE ! DISC\RSE BY CONTA9+ IT WAS NOT ACCID5TAL1 OR ! PRODUCT ( 9TELLECTUAL FAILURE1 BUT ! RESULT ( A CONSCI\S REFUSAL TO DO SO1 :I* WAS B\ND UP ) ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL PREMISES ( AN>*ISM1 :I* W]E DECON/RUCTIVE RA!R ?AN RECON/RUCTIVE4 ,IT IS ?IS O!R1 DECON/RUCTIVE1 ASPECT ( AN>*ISM1 :I* HAS BE5 SUPPRESS$ 9 HI/ORICAL MEMORY1 ?AT PO9TS TO ITS SIGNIFICANCE 9 ! DISC\RSE ON REVOLUTION4 ,MY CONC]N H]E IS NOT TO *RONICLE :AT ! AN>*I/S A*IEV$ OR DID NOT A*IEVE1 OR TO EVALUATE !IR S9C]ITY 9 UPHOLD+ ! IDEAS !Y PR(ESS$1 BUT TO RECALL FROM ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( IDEOLOGY & ITS IMPLICATIONS = REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,AL?\< ( CONSID]ABLE SIGNIFICANCE BO? 9 ITS IMM$IATE CONTEXT & 9 ! !MES IT CONTRIBUT$ TO ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION1 AN>*ISM FROM A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE WAS 9 ! LONG RUN IRRELEVANT1 & IT CAN BE DISMISS$ AS A TRANSI5T 9TELLECTUAL FAD ?AT [$ ITS PASS+ POPUL>ITY TO A NAIVE UTOPIANISM ?AT PREVAIL$ = A BRIEF REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD4 ,IT IS PRECISELY ?IS ISSUE ( ! SUFFICI5CY ( A POLITICAL P]SPECTIVE ON REVOLUTION ?AT AN>*ISM RAIS$1 H[EV]1 BY UNCOMPROMIS+LY REPUDIAT+ POLITICS & PO9T+ TO ! REALM ( ! SOCIAL AS ! ONLY PROP] OBJECT ( REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE4 ,9 DO+ SO1 AN>*I/S OP5$ UP A P]SPECTIVE ON REVOLUTION ?AT WAS =ECLOS$ BY ! POLITICAL & SUPPRESS$ EV5 9 ! ?9K+ ( REVOLUTION>IES1 :O 9SI/$ ON A SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT C\LD NOT CONCEIVE ( ! SOCIAL AP>T FROM ! POLITICAL TASKS ( REVOLUTION4 ,TO AFFIRM ! FUNDAM5TAL SIGNIFICANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE IS NOT TO PRIVILEGE AN>*ISM P] SE1 BUT TO REAFFIRM ! 9DISP5SABILITY ( AN ANTIPOLITICAL CONCEPTION ( SOCIETY 9 RAIS+ FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS AB\T ! NATURE ( DOM9ATION & OPPRESSION1 :I* >E O!RWISE EXCLUD$ FROM BO? ! ANALYSIS ( IDEOLOGY & HI/ORICAL ANALYSIS 9 G5]AL4 ,9 DECL>+ POLITICS--ALL POLITICS1 9CLUD+ REVOLUTION>Y POLITICS--TO BE 9IMICAL TO ! CAUSE ( AN AU!NTIC SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AN>*I/S PO9T$ TO ! POLITICIZATION ( ! SOCIAL AS AN IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT NOT ONLY DISGUIS$ ! FACT ?AT REVOLUTION>Y HEGEMONY ITSELF PRESUPPOS$ A /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY ?AT CONTRADICT$ ITS [N GOALS1 BUT ALSO COV]$ UP >EAS ( SOCIAL OPPRESSION ?AT W]E NOT IMM$IATELY VISIBLE 9 ! REALM ( POLITICS 7! FAMILY & G5D] OPPRESSION W]E !IR PRIM>Y CONC]NS74 ,MORE FUNDAM5TAL AN>*I/S EXPLA9$ ?AT ! REVOLUTION>Y URGE TO RE/ORE POLITICAL ORD] WAS A CONSEQU5CE ( ! NATURALIZATION ( POLITICS--! 9ABILITY1 !RE=E1 TO IMAG9E SOCIETY )\T POLITICS--AS ONE ( ! MO/ DEEPLY +RA9$ IDEOLOGICAL HABITS ?AT P]PETUAT$ RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION 9 SOCIETY4 ,! EXPLANATION MOV$ !M PA/ ! REALM ( IDEOLOGY TO ! REALM ( SOCIAL DISC\RSES AS ! LOCATION = HABITS ( AU?ORITY & SUBMISSION ?AT SU/A9$ BO? POLITICAL & SOCIAL OPPRESSION4 ,H5CE 9 ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T ! PROJECT ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS 9EXTRICABLY B\ND UP ) CULTURAL REVOLUTION 7RA!R ?AN A POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 AS ) !IR COMPETITORS73 ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS1 AT ITS MO/ FUNDAM5TAL1 TO TRANS=M ! SOCIAL DISC\RSES ?AT CON/ITUT$ SOCIETY ON A DAILY BASIS4.<#d#c.> ,! ]ADICATION ( HABITS ( AU?ORITY & SUBMISSION FROM SOCIAL DISC\RSES WAS ! KEY TO A*IEV+ ! LIB]AT+ PROMISE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y PROJECT4 ,! WAY AN>*I/S CONCEIV$ IT1 ! GOAL ( REVOLUTION WAS NOT TO CREATE A NEW HEGEMONY1 :I* IMPLI$ ! CONT9UATION ( SOCIAL DIVISION & CONFLICT1 BUT TO ABOLI% ALTOGE!R ! NOTION ( HEGEMONY4 ,!Y SAW SOCIAL DIVISION AS ! CONSEQU5CE ( /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY ?AT DI/ORT$ ! NATURAL PROP5SITY ( HUMAN BE+S TO COOP]ATION & SOCIABILITY2 ! ELIM9ATION ( AU?ORITY W\LD1 !RE=E1 ]ADICATE SOCIAL DIVISION AS WELL4 ,REVOLUTION WAS NOT JU/ A LIB]AT+ PROJECT2 9 ELIM9AT+ IDEOLOGY FROM SOCIAL DISC\RSE1 IT W\LD ALSO CREATE ! CONDITIONS = HUMAN 9TEGRATION ON A NEW BASIS ( EQUALITY4 ,! AFF9ITY ( ! AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE ON ! SOCIAL ) ?AT UND]LY+ PO/-,M>XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY IMPLIES ONLY EQUIVAL5CE1 NOT SAM5ESS2 TO SUGGE/ O!RWISE W\LD BE NOT ONLY R$UCTIONI/ BUT ALSO CIRCUL>4 ,EA* NEV]!LESS HAS SOME?+ TO TELL US AB\T ! O!R4 ,SO LONG AS ,M>XISM IS B\ND TO PREMISES ( ECONOMIC DET]M9ATION OR TO A POLITICAL PROJECT ?AT MAKES CLASS ! C5TRAL DATUM ( HI/ORY1 IT VIEWS AN>*ISM AS A VACU\S UTOPIANISM ?AT HAS LITTLE TO SAY AB\T ! PROCESSES ( REVOLUTION4 ,UTOPIANISM IS NOT TO BE DISMISS$ SO CAVALI]LY1 = IT MAY HAVE SOME?+ ESS5TIAL TO SAY AB\T REVOLUTION4 ,REFLECT+ ON ! MEAN+ ( ! T]M NO:]E1 ,RICOEUR HAS OBS]V$ REC5TLY ?AT P]HAPS A FUNDAM5TAL /RUCTURE ( ! REFLEXIVITY WE MAY APPLY TO \R SOCIAL ROLES IS ! ABILITY TO CONCEIVE ( AN EMPTY PLACE FROM :I* TO LOOK AT \RSELVES4.<#d#d.> ,TO CONCEIVE ! POSSIBILITY ( A NO:]E IMPLIES AN ABILITY TO FREE SOCIAL IMAG9ATION2 & DOES NOT REVOLUTION NEGATE ITS [N UND]TAK+ :5 IT D5IES ?IS FRE$OM8 ,BUT AN>*ISM WAS NOT M]ELY UTOPIAN & APPE>S SO ONLY BECAUSE IT IS WEAKLY !ORIZ$4 ,AN>*I/S RE/$ !IR CASE ON ! ASSUMPTION ( ! NATURAL SOCIABILITY ( HUMAN BE+S2 !RE=E1 !Y TOOK SOCIAL DIVISION & CONFLICT TO BE A CONSEQU5CE ( ! DI/ORTION ( HUMANITY BY /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY4 ,! TASK ( SOCIAL 7& !RE=E CULTURAL7 REVOLUTION WAS TO PEEL (F LAY]S ( ACCUMULAT$ OPPRESSION TO REVEAL ! HUMAN CORE )91 & TO CREATE ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ?AT W\LD 5ABLE HUMANITY TO REALIZE ITS NATURAL PROP5SITY TO COOP]ATION4 ,CULTURAL REVOLUTION WAS ! KEY TO RE/OR+ TO HUMANITY CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS ESS5TIAL NATURE4 ,! AN>*I/ >GUM5T PROCE$$ LESS BY SOCIAL ANALYSIS ?AN BY ANALOGY BETWE5 NATURE & SOCIETY1 :I* OBVIAT$ ! NE$ = EXT5SIVE !ORIZATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 BECAUSE AN>*I/S TOOK NATURE RA!R ?AN SOCIETY AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = !IR CRITICISM ( P[] & AU?ORITY1 !Y HAD A MORE COMPREH5SIVE GRASP ?AN !IR ,M>XI/ COMPETITORS ( ! PROBLEM ( OPPRESSION2 = RA!R ?AN SEEK \T KEY SOCIAL RELATION%IPS OR 9/ITUTIONS AS EXPLANATIONS = P[]1 !Y FOCUS$ ON ! SOCIAL TOTALITY AS ! REALM ( OPPRESSION3 ALL SOCIAL RELATION%IPS W]E >TIFICES ( P[] &1 !RE=E1 EQUALLY COMPLICIT 9 OPPRESSION1 EV5 ?\< ! /ATE AS ! EMBODIM5T ( ! SOCIAL TOTALITY HAD A P>TICUL>LY IMPORTANT ROLE TO PLAY 9 P]PETUAT+ ! /RUCTURE7S7 ( AU?ORITY4 ,H5CE !IR APPRECIATION ( SOCIAL DISC\RSES AS ! ULTIMATE REALM ( AU?ORITY BECAUSE ! SOCIAL TOTALITY DREW ITS PLAUSIBILITY FROM ! REPRODUCTION ( /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY & SUBMISSION 9 QUOTIDIAN 5C\NT]S4 ,! APP>5TLY METAPHYSICAL JUXTAPOSITION ( NATURE & SOCIETY BECAME 9 ! PROCESS ! S\RCE ( A COMPREH5SIVE SOCIAL CRITICISM1 9CLUD+ ! CRITICISM ( SOCIETY = ITS ANTAGONISM TO ITS NATURAL ROOTS4 ,IT IS ALSO TRUE1 H[EV]1 ?AT ?IS CRITICISM WAS BURI$ )9 MORALI/IC PROTE/S AGA9/ SOCIETY = ITS DEVIATION FROM NATURE1 & 9 ! ABS5CE ( A RIGOR\S !ORETICAL ELABORATION ( !IR 9SI*I/S SUFF]$ FROM A SOCIAL AMBIGUITY ?AT 9 PRACTICE FRU/RAT$ !IR EF=TS TO AGREE UPON PROC$URES ( REVOLUTION>Y ACTIVITY & MADE AN>*ISM A GA!R+ PLACE = ! SOCIALLY DISAFFECT$1 RANG+ FROM ! MO/ S]I\S ADVOCATES ( RADICAL *ANGE TO ATAVI/IC NIHILI/S 9 P]SONAL REBELLION AGA9/ SOCIETY4 ,IRONICALLY1 IT IS ! HIXI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY1 MU* ( :I* DRAWS UPON ,M>XISM1 ?AT 5ABLES US TO GRASP ! !ORETICAL IMPORT ( ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T4 ,AN>*ISM 9 TURN MAY HELP US GRASP ! SOCIAL & POLITICAL CONDITIONS ?AT HAVE MADE ?IS CRITICISM POSSIBLE4 ,FROM AN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 ,M>XISM 9 ITS POLITICAL GUISES APPE>S AS ANO!R =M ( IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ON ! SOCIAL1 NOT ONLY 9CAPABLE ( GRASP+ ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T BUT 9IMICAL TO IT4 ,! V]Y AFF9ITY ( PO/-,M>XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY ) ! AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE 7:I* 5ABLES IT TO GRASP ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! LATT]7 MAY SUGGE/ ?AT IT HAS BR\XISM CLOS] TO AN>*ISM1 NOT 9 A =MAL S5SE--= IT DRAWS ON DIV]SE 9TELLECTUAL S\RCES & IS 9=M$ BY ! HI/ORY ( ,M>XISM S9CE ,M>X--BUT 9 PRY+ OP5 ?IS IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT LONG HAS CUT (F ! ,M>XI/ IDEA ( ! SOCIAL FROM ?AT ( AN>*ISM4 ,TWO DEVELOPM5TS 9 P>TICUL> HAVE BE5 ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE4 ,FIR/ IS ! REOP5+ ( ! QUE/ION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 POLITICS & SOCIETY 9 RESPONSE TO ! POLITICAL EXP]I5CES ( ,M>XI/-L$ REVOLUTIONS1 :I* HAVE NOT FULFILL$ !IR LIB]AT+ PROMISE4 ,! SECOND IS ! 9TRUSION UPON ! CONSCI\SNESS ( OPPRESSION ( A :OLE SET ( PROBLEMS ?AT >E NOT READILY R$UCIBLE TO CLASS OPPRESSION2 ! 9CREAS+ IMPORTANCE1 9 O!R WORDS1 ( =MS ( OPPRESSION ?AT HAVE COME TO OV]%AD[ CLASS OPPRESSION4 ,?AT !SE DEVELOPM5TS HAVE REVIV$ 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM IS NOT TO BE DISPUT$1 AS ! FOLL[+ /ATEM5T BY A CONTEMPOR>Y EC(EM9I/ ILLU/RATES3 ,MANY ( US :O BEGAN ! EC(EM9I/ MOVEM5T W]E /RONGLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 & ACCEPT$ ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( ,M>XISM1 = ITS ECONOMISM1 OPPORTUNISM1 ANTI-ECOLOGICAL VIEWPO9TS1 & A RADICAL SEP>ATION ( MEANS & 5DS4.<#d#e.> ,! QUE/ION IS :E!R ! RE9TRODUCTION ( AN>*ISM (F]S ANY?+ 9 ! WAY ( A BETT] GRASP ( ! PO/-,M>XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY & P[]4 ,?IS QUE/ION MAY BE ANSW]$ 9 ! NEGATIVE2 = IT IS POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ! ,M>XI/ TRADITION CONTA9S )9 IT ALL ?AT IS NECESS>Y = A CRITIQUE ( ! HI/ORICAL UNFOLD+ ( ,M>XISM1 TO PRY OP5 ! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE ?AT HI/ORICAL ,M>XISM HAS IMPOS$ UPON ! DISC\RSE 9 ,M>X'S TEXTS4 ,IT IS >GUABLE ?AT ,M>X HIMSELF DID NOT HOLD A R$UCTIONI/ CONCEPT ( IDEOLOGY ?AT R$UC$ IDEOLOGY TO CLASS 9T]E/1 BUT RA!R P]CEIV$ IT 9 ITS DISCURSIVE GUISE 7= EXAMPLE1 LANGUAGE AS PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS7 9 EV]YDAY RELATIONS ( DOM9ATION ?AT TOOK A DIFF]5T =M )9 ! CONTEXT ( DIFF]5T SOCIAL RELATION%IPS4 ,IT IS ALSO >GUABLE ?AT ,M>XISM ITSELF IS A DISC\RSE ON ! SOCIAL1 :I* NOT ONLY GAVE PRIORITY TO ! SOCIAL OV] ! POLITICAL BUT ALSO %>$ ) AN>*ISM ! COMMON GOAL ( ABOLI%+ POLITICS4 ,C]TA9LY 9 ! REVOLUTION>Y DISC\RSE 9 ,*9A !RE W]E BROAD >EAS ( OV]LAP BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/ CONCEPTIONS ( ! SOCIAL & SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT MAKE IT DIFFICULT TO ID5TIFY SOME IDEAS AS ,M>XI/ OR AN>*I/4 ,?IS /RATEGY ( PRIVILEG+ TEXT OV] HI/ORY1 & C]TA9 P>TS ( ! TEXT OV] O!RS1 H[EV]1 DISGUISES 9 ITS REF]5CES TO ! TEXT ITS [N 9T]PRETIVE UND]TAK+1 :I* IS 9=M$ BY ITS [N HI/ORICAL SITUATION4 ,:ILE IT IS 9DE$ NECESS>Y TO SEP>ATE ,M>X FROM SUBSEQU5T ,M>XI/ TRADITIONS 7:I* IS BUT A RECOGNITION ( !IR HI/ORICAL SITUATIONS71 TO PORTRAY ! LATT] AS D5IALS ( ,M>X OR DEVIATIONS FROM AN AU!NTIC ,M>XISM IS TO D5Y ! MULTIPLICITY ( 9T]PRETATIONS ?AT ,M>X'S TEXTS (F]4 ,L59ISM MAY NOT BE A NECESS>Y PRODUCT ( ,M>XISM1 BUT AS ,L59 HIMSELF UND]/OOD1 IT IS ONE POSSIBLE PRODUCT4 ,LIKEWISE1 TO SUGGE/ ?AT ,M>X HAD ANTICIPAT$ 9 HIS TEXTS ! DISCURSIVE ASSUMPTIONS ( PO/-,M>XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY IS TO DRAW ATT5TION TO ?OSE ASPECTS ( HIS TEXTS AGA9/ O!RS ?AT YIELD DIFF]5T CONCLUSIONS4 ,IF WE EXAM9E ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM FROM ?IS P]SPECTIVE1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT :ILE ,M>XISM & AN>*ISM MAY CO9CIDE ON C]TA9 BASIC ISSUES1 ,M>XISM CALLS = A DIFF]5T >RANGEM5T ( ! ELEM5TS ( ! DISC\RSE ON SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AN DOES AN>*ISM1 ?AT EV5 AS ,M>X RECOGNIZ$ ! MULTIFACET$ *>ACT] ( DOM9ATION HE ASSIGN$ ! /RATEGIC PRIORITIES ( REVOLUTION DIFF]5TLY 7) A PRIM>Y EMPHASIS ON CLASS7 & ASSIGN$ TO POLITICS A C5TRAL P>T 9 REVOLUTION1 :I* TOGE!R 5D[ ,M>XISM ) AN IDEOLOGICAL VISAGE DIFF]5T FROM AN>*ISM4 ,! SAME ,M>X :O RECOGNIZ$ LANGUAGE AS PRACTICAL CONSCI\SNESS1 :O F\ND 9 ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE A P>ADIGM ( DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION 7AS DID ! AN>*I/S71 & :O LOOK$ TO ! ABOLITION ( ! /ATE AS ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( REVOLUTION C\LD SAY ( ,BAKUN9 ?AT ?IS ASS CANNOT EV5 UND]/& ?AT ANY CLASS MOVEM5T1 AS SU*1 IS NECESS>ILY--A POLITICAL MOVEM5T4.<#d#f.> ,EV5 MORE FUNDAM5TAL1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO REMEMB] ?AT :]EAS ,KROPOTK9--! MAJOR S\RCE ( AN>*I/ !ORETICAL DISC\RSE--COMPOS$ HIS ,MUTUAL ,AID TO DISPROVE ,D>W9IAN NOTIONS AB\T NATURE & SOCIETY1 ,M>X F\ND 9 ,D>W9 A CONFIRMATION ( ! SCI5TIFICITY ( HIS SOCIAL !ORY4 ,UNLIKE ! AN>*I/ REPUDIATION ( SOCIAL DIVISION & CONFLICT1 ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ,M>XISM IS ! SOCIAL SY/EM AS A REALM ( CONFLICT1 :I* IS TO BE COMPREH5D$ NOT 9 CONTRA/S ) NATURE BUT BY REF]5CE TO ITS [N HI/ORY4 ,P[]1 9/EAD ( BE+ AN UNNATURAL 9TRUSION UPON SOCIETY ( SOME?+ ?AT IS EXTR9SIC TO IT1 IS AN 9/RUM5T ( SOCIAL CONFLICT ?AT MAY BE UND]/OOD ONLY HI/ORICALLY1 9 ! DIFF]5T =MS IT ASSUMES 9 DIFF]5T HI/ORICAL CONTEXTS4 ,TO MORALIZE AGA9/ IT1 OR EV5 TO SPEAK ( IT1 IS MEAN+LESS1 !RE=E1 EXCEPT 9 RELATION TO ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT4 ,UNTIL CONFLICT HAS BE5 ELIM9AT$ FROM ! SOCIAL SY/EM 7:I* REQUIRES ABOLITION ( SOCIAL 9T]E/S EMB$D$ 9 ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION1 :OSE AG5T IS TO BE ! PROLET>IAT71 P[] MAY HAVE AN 9TEGRATIVE ROLE TO PLAY 9 SOCIETY1 :I* MAY O!RWISE BREAK AP>T UND] ! PRESSURE ( CONFLICT+ SOCIAL 9T]E/S4 ,UNLIKE ! AN>*I/ >GUM5T :]E LIB]ATION 7! ABOLITION ( P[]7 & 9TEGRATION APPE> AS P>TS ( ! SAME PROCESS1 ,M>XI/ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGY SETS !M AP>T 9 ! IMM$IATE FUTURE ( REVOLUTION 9 ANTAGONISM TO ONE ANO!R3 P[] IS NECESS>Y TO SECURE ! 9TEGRATION ?AT LIB]ATION ?REAT5S4 ,! IMM$IATE PROBLEM1 !RE=E1 IS NOT TO ABOLI% P[] BUT TO REORGANIZE IT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ITS ULTIMATE ABOLITION4 ,H5CE1 :]EAS ! AN>*I/ PROBLEMATIC ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS %AP$ BY ! PROBLEM ( CULTURAL REVOLUTION--! TRANS=MATION ( SOCIAL DISC\RSES--,M>XISM HAS PLAC$ ! PRIM>Y EMPHASIS ON ! RE/RUCTUR+ ( P[]1 TO :I* ! TRANS=MATION ( CLASS RELATION%IPS IS ESS5TIAL4 ,! NE$ TO RE/RUCTURE P[]1 AS ! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = !ORETICAL ACTIVITY1 ACC\NTS = ! COMPLEXITY ( ,M>XI/ & PO/-,M>XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY1 :I* HAS A MU* MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ APPRECIATION ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 P[] & IDEOLOGY ?AN ! AN>*I/S HAD1 ) !IR PROP5SITY TO DISMISS ! PROBLEMS IT PRES5TS BECAUSE !Y W]E 9T]E/$ MA9LY 9 ABOLI%+ P[]1 NOT RE/RUCTUR+ IT1 :I* !Y ?\XISM HAS GA9$ 9 COMPLEXITY ) ! PROBLEMATIZATION ( POLITICS & A CONSEQU5T RECOGNITION ( P[] AS A PROBLEM NOT M]ELY ( POLITICS OR CLASS BUT RA!R ( CULTURE 79 ! S5SE ( CULTURE AS SOCIAL DISC\RSE71 IT HAS MOV$ ONCE AGA9 CLOS] TO ! AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( P[] AS AN 5D[M5T ( ! /RUCTURE ( AU?ORITY ( ! SOCIAL TOTALITY4 ,AN>*ISM HELPS US UND]/& :Y4 ,! IDEOLOGICAL CLOSURE IMPLICIT 9 A POLITICAL OR CLASS-BAS$ NOTION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ALSO IMPLI$1 AS AN>*I/S 9SI/$1 A REPRODUCTION 9 DIFF]5T GUISE ( ! /RUCTURES ( AU?ORITY ?AT ! REVOLUTION S\XI/ CRITICISM ( IDEOLOGY HAS OP5$ UP ?IS CLOSURE & TURN$ ATT5TION TO ! SOCIAL TOTALITY AS ! REALM ( AU?ORITY4 ,! DECON/RUCTIVE CONSEQU5CES ( ?IS DEC5T]+ RECALLS ! DECON/RUCTIVE IMPLICATIONS ( ! AN>*I/ 9SI/5CE ON ! SOCIAL AGA9/ ! POLITICAL4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT AN>*ISM & ,M>XISM HAVE BECOME ONE2 BUT IT IS NOT 9CID5TAL ?AT ! DECON/RUCTION HAS RETURN$ ,M>XISM TO ?OSE TEXTS ( ,M>X ?AT HAVE ! MO/ 9 COMMON ) AN>*ISM4 ,MY READ+ ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM 9 ! FOLL[+ PAGES !N IS GUID$ BY TWO CONSID]ATIONS BEYOND ! HI/ORICAL4 ,)9 ! SPECIFICALLY ,*9ESE CONTEXT1 AN>*I/S DEM& \R ATT5TION1 NOT = :O !Y W]E OR :AT !Y ACCOMPLI%$1 BUT BECAUSE AGA9/ REVOLUTION>Y /RATEGIES ?AT PRESUPPOS$ A NECESS>Y COMPROMISE ( REVOLUTION>Y GOALS 9 ORD] TO CONFRONT ! EXIG5CIES ( IMM$IATE NECESSITY !Y REAFFIRM$ A REVOLUTION>Y CONSCI\SNESS 7OR %\LD WE SAY1 CONSCI5CE7 ?AT PROVIDES AN 9DISP5SABLE CRITICAL P]SPECTIVE FROM ! ,LEFT ON ! UNFOLD+ ( ! ,*9ESE REVOLUTION4 ,SECOND1 ?\< ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S >E REMOTE 9 TIME OR SPACE 7AL?\< NOT SO REMOTE AS !Y ONCE SEEM$71 :AT !Y HAD TO SAY AB\T REVOLUTION 9 ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT REVOLUTION>Y HI/ORICAL CONTEXTS ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY MAY HAVE MU* TO TELL US AB\T REVOLUTION AT A TIME :5 ! CRISIS ( SOCIALISM 7& SOCIETY7 IS DEEP] ?AN EV]--OR AT LEA/ AS DEEP AS IT HAS EV] BE54 ,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 ,*RONOLOGY 3 ,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #bbb 3 ,*APT] #a -- ,UPDAT$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/