,9TRODUCTION 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

,9TRODUCTION 

  

,AN>*ISM HAS BE5 REC5TLY ASSESS$ BY ,S\? ,KOREAN S*OL>S AS ONE ( ! T5 ?\<TS 7SASANG7 ?AT MOV$ ,KOREA 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4.<#a.> ,?IS POSITIVE EVALUATION CO9CID$ ) ! OV]:ELM+ S*OL>LY ATT5TION GIV5 TO IT UNPREC$5T$LY AS ! SUBJECT ( /UDY S9CE ! #a#i#iS1.<#b.> CORRESPOND+ TO ! COLLAPSE ( SOCIALISM 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA & ,EA/]N ,EUROPE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#iS1 :5 AN>*ISM BEGAN TO BE LABEL$ AS A ?IRD IDEOLOGY OR WAY ?AT C\LD REPLACE BO? CAPITALISM & COMMUNISM4.<#c.> ,TO ! EXT5T ?AT AN>*ISM HAS RECEIV$ S*OL>LY ATT5TION & ! POSITIVE ASSESSM5T1 IT HAS BE5 /ILL TREAT$ SOME:AT UNWISELY )9 ! FRAMEWORK ( NATIONALISM4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IT IS UND]/OOD MA9LY 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! VICTORY ( NATIONALISM 7I4E41 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T7 AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM 9 #a#i#d#e1 & ?US AS P>T ( A NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY4 ,9 SOME CASES IT IS EV5 EXPLA9$ 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! RISE ( ,KOREAN COMMUNISM & COMMUNI/ MOVEM5T4.<#d.> 

,?IS K9D ( MI/REATM5T RESULTS FROM ! FACT ?AT AN>*ISM WAS 9DE$ ACCEPT$ BY ,KOREANS AS A MEANS & PR9CIPLE = 9DEP5D5CE AFT] ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T ( #a#i#a#i1 A MASSIVE1 NATIONWIDE POPUL> PROTE/ AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE 9 ,KOREA S9CE #a#i#a4.<#e.> ,AN>*ISM ITSELF HAD ALREADY BE5 KN[N TO ,KOREANS MU* E>LI] AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 BUT IT WAS ONLY AFT] ! #aiai MASS MOVEM5T ?AT IT 9CREAS+LY GA9$ POPUL>ITY & 9FLU5CE AMONG MANY ,KOREANS1 BO? AT HOME & ABROAD1 AS A GUID+ PR9CIPLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 BO? SOCIAL & POLITICAL S5SES4 ,KOREAN /UD5TS & EXPATRIATES 9 ,JAPAN & ,*9A FIR/ CONV]T$ TO IT 9 ! #a#i#bS & !N ?OSE :O HAD RETURN$ FROM !IR /UDY ABROAD MO/LY FROM ,JAPAN PLAY$ A LEAD+ ROLE 9 9TRODUC+ IT TO & ORGANIZ+ ,KOREANS 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA4 ,?IS IS :Y HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I ,M9ORU DEF9ES ,KOREAN AN>*ISM AS A 0NATIONALI/IC AN>*ISM0 7M9ZOKUDEKI MUSEIFU %UGI71.<#f.> & MANY ,S\? ,KOREAN HI/ORIANS TOO UND]/& ! NATURE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM PR$OM9ANTLY ) REF]5CE TO ! NATIONALI/ IMPULSE4.<#g.> ,NATIONALISM IS ?US (T5 SEP>AT$ FROM AN>*ISM1 :I* IS RA!R CONJO9$ TO ! =M]'S GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE1 AS IF !Y W]E TWO 5TIRELY SEP>ATE IDEAS 9 COLONIES LIKE ,KOREA4 ,( C\RSE1 AN>*ISM WAS 9ITIALLY ACCEPT$ AS A MEANS & PR9CIPLE = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT ?AT DIDN'T DET]M9E ! HORIZON ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,:ILE NATIONALISM WAS UND5IABLY ! MA9 DRIV+ =CE 9 ! RISE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S RECEIV$ AN>*ISM1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 ?IS /UDY1 AS A GUID+ PR9CIPLE = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ! ,KOREAN SOCIETY & ! WORLD AS WELL4 ,TOO MU* EMPHASIS ON NATIONALISM 9 ! /UDY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 HAS RESULT$ 9 OV]LOOK+ ! COMPLEX COLONIAL CONTEXTS 9 :I* NATIONALISM >OSE ) ! RISE & POPUL>ITY ( RADICALISM = SOCIAL *ANGE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! RISE ( NATIONALISM 9 COLONIES OR SEMICOLONIES WAS CLOSELY TI$ ) ! EM]G5CE & SUBSEQU5T POPUL>ITY ( RADICALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 :I* CONNOTES ! COMPLEX RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN EM]G+1 GR[+ NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AGA9/ =EIGN COLONIALISM & RADICAL IDEAS ?AT NOT ONLY RESI/$ IMP]IALISM & =EIGN DOM9ATION BUT ALSO CRITICIZ$ & *ALL5G$ ! EXI/+ /ATE & SOCIAL ORD]_/PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM4 

,9 A ,EUROC5TRIC UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM1 NATIONALISM C\LD (T5 BE SEP>AT$ FROM IT1 & ,KOREAN AN>*ISM IS ?US VIEW$ AS ONE ?AT LO/ 0! BASIC PR9CIPLES 9 AN>*ISM10 0DEP>T.<$.> FROM AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES10 & F9ALLY 0R$UC$ 'AN>*ISM' TO A LIB]AL CONCEPT0 OR NATIONALISM4.<#h.> ,! WAN+ FATE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#fS WAS EV5 ATTRIBUT$ BY A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ 9 ,JAPAN TO ITS ORIG9S 9 NATIONALISM4.<#i.> ,S9CE ITS NATIONALI/ ASPECTS >E UND]L9$ MORE ?AN ! TRANSNATIONAL1 SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MESSAGES & GOALS ( AN>*ISM1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S APPE> 9 ! EXI/+ S*OL>%IP NOT AS AN>*I/S BUT RA!R AS NATIONALI/S OR1 AT BE/1 AS ?OSE :OSE AN>*ISM WAS A 0DEVIATION0 7ILTAL7 FROM AN>*ISM1 AB&ON+ ! 0REAL *>ACT]0 7BOLLYEONG7 ( IT 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN ORIG9S--ESPECIALLY AS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SUPPORT$ 9 ! #a#i#cS & '#dS ! IDEAS ( WORK+ ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,*9A & ( SUPPORT+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA AFT] 9DEP5D5CE4.<#a.> ,?IS SIMPLE/1 ,EUROC5TRIC 9T]PRETATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM TOO ACC\NTS = ! REASON :Y ITS HI/ORY HAS LONG BE5 PLAC$ )9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 )\T 5TIC+ ANY S]I\S S*OL>LY *ALL5GE TO ! DOM9ANT L9E ( ITS NATIONALI/ 9T]PRETATION4 

,! REC5T POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ,S\? ,KOREA = ! PA/ YE>S UND] ! CONS]VATIVE1 RI<TI/ REGIMES HAS PREV5T$ ,S\? ,KOREAN HI/ORIANS FROM TAK+ AN>*ISM 79 G5]AL1 RADICALISM7 S]I\SLY1 PLAC+ ! ACADEMICS UND] ! PRESSURE ( POLITICAL RISKS 9 WRIT+ AB\T & SPEAK+ 9 FAVOR ( RADICAL OR AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,UND] ! SITUATION1 AN>*ISM IS /ILL UND]/OOD MA9LY AS A NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY & SCRUT9IZ$ MO/LY 9 RELATION TO & )9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 NATIONAL HI/ORY1 RA!R ?AN )9 ! HI/ORY ( RADICALISM OR SOCIALISM 9 ,KOREA OR ! REGION4 ,)9 ! CONTEXT ( ! RISE ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS 9 COLONIAL SITUATIONS1 H[EV]1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 AN>*ISM & NATIONALISM C\LD BE MORE COMPLICAT$ ?AN IT WAS 9 ,EUROPE4 ,! COMPLEX1 COLONIAL CONTEXT HAS BE5 SIMPLY MISS+ OR PUT ASIDE1 ALBEIT ?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT AN>*ISM CAN BE R$UC$ TO NATIONALISM & VICE V]SA4.<#a#a.> ,9 %ORT1 ONE ( ! TASKS ?IS BOOK UND]TAKES IS TO *ALL5GE ! CONV5TIONAL UND]/&+ ?AT ! ROLE ( AN>*ISM WAS TO S]VE ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPAN1 :I* DEPICTS IT AS P>T ( A NATIONALI/ IDEOLOGY )\T EXPLA9+ ITS COMPLEX RELATION%IP ) NATIONALISM 

,FUR!RMORE1 MANY HI/ORIANS T5D TO ID5TIFY ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ) ITS E>LI] EMPHASIS ON 0T]RORI/ ACTIONS0 ?AT W]E UND\BT$LY MOTIVAT$ BY ! GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM & !RE=E RECOGNIZ$ AS JU/IFIABLE DUE TO ! RI<TE\S CAUSE ( ANTICOLONIALISM4 ,AS A RESULT1 RA!R ?AN UND]/OOD AS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEA ?AT S]V$ ! GOAL ( NOT ONLY NATIONAL LIB]ATION BUT A RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION ( ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 AN>*ISM IS /ILL /UDI$ 9 ! EXI/+ S*OL>%IP MA9LY AS AN IDEA ?AT WAS ADOPT$1 = EXAMPLE1 BY 0RADICAL NATIONALI/S0 :O 9 ! PROCESS ( PURSU+ NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE US$ VIOL5CE RI<TE\SLY & 0UTILIZ$0 AN>*I/ IDEAS MA9LY TO A*IEVE !IR NATIONAL GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE4.<#a#b.> ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ADOPT$ & US$ 9 MANY CASES 0T]RORISM0 AS A MEANS & EV5 A CONCRETE =M ( DIRECT ACTION TO RESI/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM1 BUT1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 ?IS /UDY1 !Y NEV]!LESS DID SO ) ! VISION & PROGRAMS TO FO/] 9 ! 5D ! IMPLEM5TATION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ALWAYS !IR EV5TUAL DE/9ATION1 NO MATT] H[ IT WAS PURSU$ & 5VISION$4 

,:5 NATIONALISM EVID5TLY WAS AN 9ITIAL =CE TO DRAW MO/ ,KOREAN RADICALS & 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S TO AN>*ISM1 !Y ALL CAME TO FACE A QUE/ION ( H[ TO DEAL ) ! UNIV]SAL MESSAGES ( AN>*ISM :ILE /ILL PURSU+ !IR IMM$IATE NATIONAL GOAL4 ,?IS K9D ( QUE/ION CONT9U$ TO >ISE AS !Y CAME TO REALIZE ! NATURE ( !IR CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & WORLD AT ! TIME4 ,= 9/ANCE1 ! SUFF]+S & MALTREATM5T ,*9ESE FEMALE WORK]S RECEIV$ FROM ! ,WE/]N CAPITALI/ EMPLOY]S W]E TO RAISE A QUE/ION AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S REG>D+ ! PLI<T ( ! MASSES 9 CAPITALI/ SY/EM & HELP !M REALIZE ! TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY 9 COLONIAL & SEMICOLONIAL SOCIETIES 9CLUD+ ,KOREA1 F9ALLY G5]AT+ A S5SE ( A %>$ FATE AMONG COLONIZ$ PEOPLES4 ,?IS WAS EXACTLY :AT OCCURR$ TO ,JEONG ,HWAAM 7#a#h#i#f-#a#i#h#a71 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A BE=E #a#i#d#e1 & AN ACTIVE P>TICIPANT 9 V>I\S AN>*I/ & SOCIALISM-ORI5T$ POLITICAL P>TIES 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AFT] #a#i#d#e4.<#a#c.> ,JEONG RECALLS ?AT BETWE5 LATE #aibd & E>LY #aibe HE WITNESS$ ! MALTREATM5T ( ,*9ESE FEMALE WORK]S AT A ,BRITI%-[N$ FACTORY 9 ,%AN<AI & BEGAN TO HAVE A 0S5SE0 ?AT ! GOAL = LIB]ATION ( ! OPPRESS$ PEOPLES WAS ! SAME AS ?AT ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,REMOV+ SU* SOCIAL & ECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS 9 A COLONY UND] CAPITALISM AS EXCESSIVE WORK H\RS & UNEQUAL TREATM5T ( WORK]S WAS1 HE CAME TO CONCLUDE1 A GOAL ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,HIS REALIZATION ( SU* SOCIAL PROBLEMS & ILLS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY SUBSEQU5TLY PROMPT$ HIM TO ACTIVELY SUPPORT ! ACTIVITIES ( ,*9ESE & ,TAIWANESE AN>*I/S1 LET ALONE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A4.<#a#d.> 

,9 ! PROCESS ( SU* A REALIZATION1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E TO COMMONLY CONFRONT A T5SION BETWE5 A UNIV]SAL IDEA ?AT PROMIS$ AS ITS ULTIMATE GOAL1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ ,YI ,JEONGGYU 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#h#d71 A WORLD ( 0GREAT UNITY0 7DA$ONG 9 ,KOREAN OR DATONG 9 ,*9ESE71 ?AT IS1 A COSMOPOLITAN WORLD1.<#a#e.> & NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS TO A*IEVE AN IMM$IATE GOAL ( RETAK+ 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,AN>*I/ ,SIM ,YONG*EOL 7#a#i#a#d-871 ONE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ACTIVE 9 ,*9A BUT :O BECAME A ,*9ESE CITIZ51 DESCRIBES ! T5SION 9 ! FOLL[+ T]MS3 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 S9CE !Y W]E SLAVES :O LO/ !IR C\NTRY1 HAD TO RELY ) AFFECTION ON NATIONALISM & PATRIOTISM & ?US HAD DIFFICULTIES 9 PRACTICE 9 DISC]N+ :I* WAS !IR MA9 IDEA & :I* WAS !IR SECOND>Y IDEA4 ,! REASON .<= ! DIFFICULTIES.> WAS DUE TO ?AT !IR 5EMY WAS ! ONLY ONE--,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 ,MY LIFE IS ONE ?AT HAS DRIFT$ ALONG ) ?IS K9D ( CONTRADICTION 9SIDE4.<#a#f.> 

,:AT WE SEE H]E IS A COMB9ATION ( ! UNIV]SAL IDEA & ! NATIONALI/ GOAL1 ) :I* ,SIM LIV$1 :I* WAS 9DICATIVE ( ! COMPLEX RELATION%IP 79 ,SIM'S WORD1 ! 0CONTRADICTION07 9 COLONIAL CONTEXT BETWE5 NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS & TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS4 ,HI/ORIAN ,H5RY ,EM1 9 HIS /UDY ( ,%9 ,*AEHO 7#a#h#h-#a#i#c#f71 A PROM95T ,KOREAN HI/ORIAN1 J\RNALI/1 WRIT]1 & AN>*I/1 ALSO 9DICATES A POSSIBILITY ( ! T5SION BETWE5 ,%9'S E>LI] WRIT+S ON ! NATION 7M9JOK7 & HIS LAT] EMPHASIS ON ! PEOPLE 7M9JUNG71 9 :I* NOT ONLY ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE BUT ALSO ! 0HAVE NOTS0 ( ! WORLD W]E 9CLUD$4.<#a#g.> 

,E*OES TO ,SIM'S DESCRIPTION ( HIS COMPLEX LIFE AS BO? AN AN>*I/ & A NATIONALI/ CAN BE F\ND 9 ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S RECALL4 ,YI1 A PROM95T AN>*I/ ACTIVE 9 V>I\S $UCATIONAL & RURAL MOVEM5TS BE=E & AFT] #a#i#d#e1 TOO POSES HIS LIFE AS ONE ) SU* A T5SION BUT1 9 HIS CASE1 %IFT+ FUR!R T[>D AN>*ISM ?AT (F]$ HIM A VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 RA!R ?AN SIMPLY A NATIONALISM-DRIV5 POLITICAL REVOLUTION ?AT AIM$ M]ELY AT NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,YI EXPLA9S ! %IFT ?AT OCCURR$ 9 HIS LIFE AS FOLL[S3 

,! FIR/ HALF ( MY LIFE HAD GONE ?R\< A LIFE = /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 & .<!N 9 ! SECOND HALF.> TURN$ = A MOVEM5T = SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( AN IDEOLOGICAL IDEA .<SIC.> ?AT HAS BE5 VIEW$ 9 ?IS WORLD1 )\T ANY GOOD REASON1 AS TOO EXTREME4 .<,! SECOND HALF HAS BE5.> A LIFE AS ONE ( ! PIONE]S1 :O HAS BE5 9DULG$ 9 AN>*ISM1 ?AT IS1 NO-GOV]NM5T MOVEM5T .<MUJEONGBU JUUI UNDONG.>4.<#a#h.> 

,UND\BT$LY1 ! GOAL ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T WAS TO REGA9 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM1 TO :I* ,YI HAD DEVOT$ HIMSELF ) AN>*ISM4 ,H[EV]1 HE BEGAN TO MOVE GRADUALLY AWAY FROM A SIMPLE1 POLITICAL NATIONALI/ 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 GO+ BEYOND ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE & !N /EPP+ FUR!R T[>D ! REALIZATION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS ?AT 9EVITABLY EMBRAC$ SOCIAL DIM5SIONS ( REVOLUTION4 ,YI'S LIFE AFT] #aide C]TA9LY DEMON/RATES HIS 5DEAVORS TO IMPLEM5T AN>*I/ IDEALS MA9LY ?R\< ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES1 AS ,I EXAM9E 9 *APT] #e4 ,?IS %IFT OR T5SION 9 ! CASES ( ,SIM1 ,%91 & ,YI HAS LONG BE5 DISREG>D$ AS UNIMPORTANT OR MISS+ 9 \R UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA4 ,AS ,XIOAQUN ,XU >GUES 9 HIS /UDY ( ! ,*5BAO FUJUAN 7,MORN+ ,NEWS ,SUPPLEM5T71 !RE WAS1 AMONG ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS 9 ! #a#i#bS1 0! T5SION BETWE5 COSMOPOLITANISM AS CULTURAL LONG+ & NATIONALISM AS POLITICAL IMP]ATIVE10.<#a#i.> A T5SION ?AT ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TOO HAD 9 ! PROCESS ( RECEIV+ AN>*ISM & CONCRETIZ+ !IR IDEALS = !IR C\NTRY & ! WORLD4 ,! TRANSNATIONALITY 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM CAN BE BE/ DESCRIB$ ) ! T5SION ?AT SOMETIMES ALL[$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO RESI/ !IR NATIONAL B\ND>IES & EV5 REJECT ! EXI/5CE ( ! /ATE OR 0FA!RL&10 BUT O!R TIMES PROVID$ A SPACE = RECONFIGURATION ( IDEAS & PRACTICES = !IR NATIONAL GOAL 9 PLACE-BAS$ SETT+ ) !IR CONFIRMATION ( ! SIGNIFICANCE ( NATIONAL GOAL & B\ND>IES4 

,EMPHASIZ+ ! COLONIAL CONTEXTS ( :I* ,KOREAN AN>*ISM WAS A PRODUCT1 ,I >GUE ?AT IT HAD ! ULTIMATE TRANSNATIONAL GOAL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,C5TRAL TO IT WAS ! VISION ( & ! AGREEM5T ON SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ! KEY = ! LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA & ITS MASSES FROM ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM1 &1 SUBSEQU5TLY1 = ! LIB]ATION ( ! EXPLOIT$1 OPPRESS$ MASSES ( ! WORLD FROM CAPITALISM4 ,JU/ LIKE !IR ,*9ESE C\NT]P>TS1.<#b.> ,KOREAN AN>*I/S PRIORITIZ$ SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO POLITICAL REVOLUTION OR POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 S9CE ! LATT]1 9 !IR M9DS1 W\LD 5D UP ONLY A*IEV+ 9DEP5D5CE 7OR AT BE/ RE=M UND] COLONIAL CONDITION7 ) ALL SOCIAL PROBLEMS & POLITICAL_/REVOLUTION>Y QUE/IONS UNANSW]$ & UNSOLV$4 ,9 FACT1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E DRAWN TO AN>*ISM ?R\< !IR CONTACTS & ASSOCIATIONS ) ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S OR !IR READ+S ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S1 EI!R 9 ORIG9AL TEXTS OR TRANSLATION 9 ,*9ESE &_/OR ,JAPANESE1 :I* EVID5CES ! ROLE PLAY$ BY TRANSNATIONAL ELEM5TS FROM ! 9CEPTION 9 ! RISE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4.<#b#a.> ,AS A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE1 ,KOREAN RADICALS &_/OR /UD5TS EI!R W]E EXIL$ TO ,*9A TO TAKE POLITICAL REFUGE OR W5T TO ,JAPAN = !IR /UDY ABROAD1 :]E !Y ALL CONTACT$1 W]E EXPOS$1 & ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM VIA !IR 9T]ACTIONS1 DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 ) ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,9 %ORT1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' 9T]ACTIONS 9 ! =MS ( 9TRODUCTION TO1 ACCEPTANCE (1 >TICULATION ( AN>*ISM1 AS WELL AS ( JO9T ACTIVITIES1 BO? ORGANIZATIONAL & PUBLICATION1 ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS 9 SU* LOCATIONS AS ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI1 W]E1 ,I >GUE1 ONE ( ! DECISIVE ELEM5TS ?AT DISPOS$ !M TO TAKE S]I\SLY ! TRANSNATIONAL & COSMOPOLITAN MESSAGES AN>*I/ IDEALS (F]$ &1 9 TURN1 TO UND]/& !M 9 !IR NATIONAL CONTEXT4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S' IDEA ON SOCIAL REVOLUTION IS ( SIGNIFICANCE AS EVID5CE ( !IR %>$ & TRANSNATIONAL VISION 9 AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 :I* 9 MO/ CASES DROVE !M TO TAKE ACTIONS ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,A*IEV+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION HAD BROAD] CONSEQU5CES ?AN A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BE=E #aide PLAC$ ! =M] )9 A BROAD] CONTEXT ( LIB]AT+ ! MASSES ( PEOPLE GLOBALLY FROM !IR DOM9ATION & EXPLOITATION UND] CAPITALISM4.<#b#b.> ,!IR CONCRETE1 V>I\S ME?ODS TO BUILD A FUTURE WORLD SEEM$ TO BE %>$ ) O!R ,EA/]N ,ASIAN AN>*I/S AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! FOLL[+ *APT]S 9 SU* JO9T ACTIVITIES & %>$ IDEALS 9 $UCATION & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T /RATEGIES ?AT 9T5D$ TO COMB9E M5TAL & PHYSICAL LABORS 9 $UCATION & BUILD+ AUTONOM\S LOCAL COMMUNITIES ?R\< ! COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE = ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T4 ,AL?\< !Y V>I$ ACCORD+ TO ! TIME & SPACE !Y W]E PLAC$ 91 !SE IDEAS = AN ALT]NATIVE $UCATION & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T SEEM$ TO BE WIDELY %>$ AS CRUCIAL = AN IDEAL SOCIETY ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 5VISION$1 & !Y EV5 EXP]IM5T$ (T5 AMONG AN>*I/S 9 ! REGION1 :I* PO9TS TO !IR AN>*ISM AS A PRODUCT ( REGIONAL AN>*ISM4 ,! PO/-#a#i#d#e ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ALSO DEMON/RATE ! DEEP TIES 9 IDEALS & PRACTICES BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & O!R AN>*I/S CIRCULAT$ 9 ! REGION BE=E #a#i#d#e4 ,I WILL EXPLA9 ! REGIONAL ASPECT ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 MORE DETAIL BEL[4 

,S]V+ ! GOAL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AN>*ISM C]TA9LY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT P>T 9 RADICAL POLITICS 9 ,KOREA4 ,H[EV]1 LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T IT \TSIDE ,KOREAN-LANGUAGE CIRCLES1 NOT TO M5TION ITS REGIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL ASPECTS4 ,AS ,I EMPHASIZE ! TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] ( AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA1 ,I W\LD LIKE TO (F] 9 ?IS BOOK A HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA ) P>TICUL> ATT5TION TO ITS ,EA/ ,ASIAN REGIONAL CONTEXT4 ,H5CE1 MY APPROA* BEL[ EMPLOYS A TRANSNATIONAL & REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE ) EMPHASIS ON ! V>I\S 9T]ACTIONS AMONG AN>*I/S ACROSS BORD]S4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,I LOOK 9TO ! WAYS ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E 9TRODUC$1 UND]/OOD1 & RECEIV$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 FIR/ 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 & !N BY EXAM9+ ! 9T]ACTIONS 9 V>I\S =MS BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN BE=E #a#i#d#e4 ,I ALSO EXAM9E H[ ! TRANSNATIONAL & REGIONAL *>ACT]S PLAY$ \T 9 V>I\S AN>*I/ V5TURES & EXP]IM5TS 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,MY TRANSNATIONAL & REGIONAL APPROA* H]E MAY TELL US AB\T ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ,EA/]N ,ASIAN AN>*ISM & AN>*ISM 9 ITS ,EUROPEAN ORIG9S1 &1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 AB\T REGIONAL AN>*ISM & ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 BO? ( :I* WILL ACC\NT = ! COMPLEXITIES 9 UND]/&+ & ACCEPTANCE ( AN>*ISM 9 NON-,EUROPEAN SOCIETIES4 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 9 O!R WORDS1 ,I >GUE1 MU/ BE UND]/OOD 9 A BROAD] REGIONAL CONTEXT1 AS ,>IF ,DIRLIK NOTES1 ?AT UND]SCORES 09T]ACTIONS AMONG RADICALS0 ?AT >E 0ABS5T FROM OR M>G9AL TO NATIONALLY BAS$ ACC\NTS40.<#b#c.> 

,LOCATIONS >E IMPORTANT 9 UND]/&+ ! REGIONAL ASPECT ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,KOREANS W]E 9TRODUC$ & CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS \TSIDE ! ,KOREAN P59SULA1 SU* AS ,TOKYO1 ,OSAKA1 ,BEIJ+1 & ,%AN<AI1 & TOOK ACTIONS TOGE!R !RE 9 MO/ CASES 9 LEAGUE ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,:AT IS PROBLEMATIC 9 ! EXI/+ S*OL>%IP1 !RE=E1 IS ! LACK ( CONSID]ATIONS ( H[ AN>*ISM WAS FIR/ RECEIV$ BY ,KOREAN RADICALS ABROAD & !N PRACTIC$ !RE ACCORD+LY BY !M :O W]E SCATT]$ SPATIALLY H]E & !RE 9 ! REGION 7& EV5 )9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA AS WELL74.<#b#d.> ,UND5IABLE IS ?AT AN>*ISM WAS FIR/ ACCEPT$ BY ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A & RADICAL /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS 9 ,JAPAN4.<#b#e.> ,! REGIONAL CONTEXT HAS LONG BE5 OPT$ \T 9 NATIONALI/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY4 

,!RE HAS ALREADY BE5 GR[+ S*OL>LY ATT5TION TO REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE4 ,REC5T WORKS ON ! =MATION ( RADICAL POLITICS 9 ,*9A1 = 9/ANCE1 HAVE REVEAL$ ! USEFULNESS ( REGIONAL P]SPECTIVES ON1 & ! IMPORTANCE ( TRANSNATIONAL APPROA*ES TO ! HI/ORY ( MOD]N ,EA/ ,ASIAN HI/ORY4 ,UNLIKE E>LI] /UDIES ( REGIONALISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA1 :I* FOCUS$ ON ! CULTURAL >5A1 !SE UND]L9E ! IMPORTANCE ( DIRECT & 9DIRECT 9T]ACTIONS AMONG RADICALS CIRCULAT+ 9 ! REGION &1 AS A RESULT1 ! ROLE ( TRANSNATIONALISM 9 ! =MATION ( NATIONAL DISC\RSES4 ,>IF ,DIRLIK HAS PO9T$ TO ! IMPORTANCE ( A REGIONAL CONTEXT 9 UND]/&+ ! UPS & D[NS ( SOCIALISM 9 ,*9A4.<#b#f.> ,REBECCA ,E4 ,K>L'S /UDY ( LATE ,Q+ RADICALISM AT ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY LIKEWISE HAS REVEAL$ ! IMPORTANCE ( REGIONAL 9T]ACTIONS 9 ! =MATION ( RADICAL NATIONAL DISC\RSES1.<#b#g.> :ILE ,*RI/OPH] ,E4 ,GOS*A HAS DEMON/RAT$ ! IMPORTANCE ( A REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE 9 ! /UDY ( ! RISE ( ,VIETNAMESE COMMUNISM4.<#b#h.> ,DRAW+ ON !SE WORKS1 ,I HAVE ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM S9CE #aiai BE UND]/OOD AS A PRODUCT ( REGIONAL RADICALISM1 MORE SPECIFICALLY REGIONAL AN>*ISM4.<#b#i.> ,BY REGIONAL AN>*ISM ,I DON'T MEAN ?AT !RE WAS A SUB/ANTIAL EXI/5CE ?AT CAN BE CALL$ REGIONAL OR 0,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*ISM10 BUT WANT TO 9DICATE ?AT ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ! TW5TIE? C5TURY W]E PRODUCTS ( ! DIRECT & 9DIRECT 9T]ACTIONS1 BO? PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL1 BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & O!R AN>*I/S CIRCULAT+ 9 ! REGION1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ?OSE CITIES 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S %>$ MANY COMMON CONC]NS1 GOALS1 & EV5 SOLUTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! =M] EMBRAC$ MANY ( ?OSE TRANSNATIONAL GOALS & IDEAS ( ! LATT]1 & 9 SOME CASES EXP]IM5T$ ) !M TOGE!R4 ,AS ,I DEMON/RATE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONT9U\SLY MAT]IALIZ$ & EXP]IM5T$ ) ! GOALS & IDEALS1 EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e1 9 ! PROCESS ( CONCRETIZ+ & EV5TUALLY ,KOREANIZ+ !IR V]SION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,I DO NOT SUGGE/1 H[EV]1 ?AT !RE WAS UNI=MITY AMONG ALL REGIONAL 7& ,KOREAN7 AN>*I/S OR NO CONC]N = !IR [N DI/9CTIVE NATIONAL_/LOCAL PROBLEMS1 TO :I* ,I N[ TURN4 

,9 RELATION TO MY REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE1 ,I TAKE UP1 BEL[1 ! QUE/ION ( PLACE 9 ! PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,I >GUE ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM NE$S TO BE CON/RUCT$ AS P>T ( REGIONAL AN>*ISM1 ) SPECIAL ATT5TION TO TRANSLOCAL CONNECTIONS AMONG AN>*I/S & PLACE-BAS$ PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM BY AN>*I/S 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS 9 ! REGION4 ,>IF ,DIRLIK >GUES ?AT 0,AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A IS BE/ GRASP$ ?R\< A REGIONAL P]SPECTIVE ?AT MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO GLIMPSE ! MANY TRANSLOCAL TIES )9 :I* AN>*ISM FL\RI%$10 0PRODUC+ LOCALIZ$ DISC\RSES ON REVOLUTION40.<#c.> ,SO IS AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA1 ,I >GUE4 ,:AT DI/+UI%$ ,KOREAN AN>*ISM FROM ,*9ESE AN>*ISM WAS ?AT ! =M] WAS BY & L>GE A PRODUCT ( EXIL$ RADICALS & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A & ! /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS 9 ,JAPAN1 :OSE COMMON GOAL WAS ! RETAK+ ( 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT :OSE PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM W5T ?R\< A SLI<TLY DIFF]5T LOCALIZ$ PROCESS ( >TICULATION & CONCRETIZATION1 RESPECTIVELY1 AS ,I >GUE 9 ?IS /UDY4 ,AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA & ,MAN*URIA W]E NO EXCEPTION 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,OBVI\S 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM W]E LOCALLY DIV]SE DISC\RSES ON & PRACTICES ( AN>*I/ IDEALS ACCORD+ TO ! LOCATIONS ( AN>*I/S & ! 5VIRONM5T !Y FAC$ !RE1 :I* LEAD TO AN >GUM5T AGA9/ ! UNITY & UNI=MITY 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 

,! QUE/ION ( PLACE 9 ! RISE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM HAS NOT RECEIV$ ANY ATT5TION FROM ,S\? ,KOREAN S*OL>S4 ,!Y HAVE NOT BE5 ATT5TIVE TO ! IMPORTANCE ( DIFF]5T LOCATIONS :]E AN>*I/S W]E CONC5TRAT$ & W]E EXPOS$ TO V>I\S V]SIONS ( AN>*I/ IDEALS1 SUBSEQU5TLY BR++ !M 9TO DIV]SE PRACTICES4 ,AS A RESULT1 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM HAS BE5 UNWISELY DESCRIB$ AS ! PRODUCT ( A COH]5T1 UNIFI$ PR9CIPLE OR MOVEM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E PLAC$ & NO MATT] H[ DIFF]5TLY !Y PRACTIC$ AN>*ISM4 ,!Y >E ?US (T5 UND]/OOD AS A GR\P 9 UNITY & CON=MITY TO BO? ! NATIONAL & AN>*I/ GOALS & MEANS1 ) ALMO/ ! SAME UND]/&+ & PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM OR1 AT BE/1 ) SLI<T DIFF]5CES AMONG !M1 :I* >E USUALLY NEGLIGIBLE4 ,H[EV]1 AS !Y W]E SCATT]$ 9 & CON/ANTLY ON ! MOVE TO V>I\S PLACES SU* AS ,BEIJ+1 ,%AN<AI1 ,QUANZH\1 ,TOKYO1 ,OSAKA1 ,MAN*URIA1 & COLONIAL ,KOREA1 !Y EVID5TLY 5C\NT]$ & DEALT ) DIFF]5T & DIV]SE LOCAL-BAS$ ISSUES & CONC]NS4 ,!IR APPROA*ES TO !M DIFF]$1 !RE=E4 ,I POSIT ?AT LOCATIONS PR$ISPOS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO DIFF]5T LOCAL V]SIONS & PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM1 PULL+ !M FREQU5TLY 9TO ! DISCUSSION ( LOCAL-BAS$ ISSUES & CONC]NS ) REF]5CE TO UNIV]SAL PROBLEMS4 ,EV5 !IR /RATEGIES = !IR RESPECTIVE MOVEM5T W]E DIFF]5T1 AS WELL AS !IR S\RCES = ! UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM1 BE !Y DIRECT ONES ?R\< !IR 9T]ACTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S OR 9DIRECT ?R\< READ+ PR9T$ MAT]IALS1 *IEFLY BOOKS4 ,:AT ,I ?9K ( AS SIGNIFICANT IS1 GIV5 ! FREQU5T MOVEM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM ONE TO O!R LOCATIONS1 NOT ONLY ! IMPORTANCE ( LOCATION BUT ALSO 9T]LOCATION OR TRANSLOCAL CONNECTIONS 9 ! RISE ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 :I* REQUIRES A BROAD REGIONAL APPROA* 9 ! /UDY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,! CASE 9 QUE/ION H]E IS ?OSE AN>*I/S :O MOV$1 = EXAMPLE1 FROM ,TOKYO TO ,%AN<AI1 FROM ,TOKYO & ,MAN*URIA TO COLONIAL ,KOREA1 & EV5 FROM ONE TO O!R CITIES )9 ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 & ! ,KOREAN P59SULA4 

,AL?\< ,KOREAN AN>*I/S COMMONLY DESIGNAT$ NATIONAL LIB]ATION & 9DEP5D5CE AS !IR PRIM>Y GOAL1 = :I* !Y W]E UNIT$1 !Y 9T]PRET$ & !N APPLI$ AN>*ISM TO ! CONCRETE 5VIRONM5T ( ! LOCATION !Y W]E PLAC$ 91 :I* HELP$ !M >TICULATE ITS UNIV]SAL MESSAGES ) ! HELP ( LOCAL LANGUAGE1 ISSUES1 & CONC]NS4 ,RA!R ?AN CON/RUCT+ ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AS ! COH]5T /ORY ( A GR\P ( AN>*I/S ) UNITY & UNANIMITY 9 !ORY & PRACTICE1 REG>DLESS ( ! LOCAL1 9T]NAL DIFF]5CES AMONG !M1 ,I PO9T TO ! 9T]NAL DIVISIONS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 IF NOT CONFLICTS1 CORRESPOND+ TO !IR RESPECTIVE LOCATION & PRACTICE1 OV] ! QUE/ION1 = EXAMPLE1 AS TO :AT ISSUES & CONC]NS DES]V$ !IR PRIORITY1 BE !Y LOCAL1 NATIONAL1 OR UNIV]SAL 9 NATURE4 ,& ! DIVISIONS %IFT$ ACCORD+ TO *ANGES 9 ! SITUATION 9 !IR LOCATIONS4 ,?IS1 H[EV]1 IS NOT TO D5Y ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 REG>DLESS ( !IR DIFF]5T LOCATIONS & PRACTICES1 5DEAVOR$ TOGE!R ) SOME K9D ( COMMON CONSCI\SNESS TO REALIZE BO? NATIONAL & AN>*I/ GOALS2 BUT TO RECOGNIZE LOCALIZ$ V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM1 :I* 9 MANY CASES ALL[$ !M TO ID5TIFY !IR PRIORITIES ) DIFF]5T1 IMM$IATE ISSUES !Y FAC$1 & ?US NECESSITAT$ SLI<TLY DIFF]5T PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM4 

,9 ANALYZ+ 0! RELATION BETWE5 SOCIAL CIRCUM/ANCES & A TEMPORALLY ASSOCIAT$ =M ( IDEOLOGY0 DUR+ ! P]IODS ( ! ,PROTE/ANT ,RE=MATION1 ! ,5LI<T5M5T1 & ! RISE ( ,EUROPEAN SOCIALISM1 ,ROB]T ,WU?N[ USES ! T]M 0COMMUNITIES ( DISC\RSE10 :]E 0A PROCESS ( MUTUAL 9FLU5CE1 ADJU/M5T1 ACCOMMODATION0 OCCURR$ & PRODUC$ 0CULTURE AS A =M ( BEHAVIOR & AS ! TANGIBLE RESULTS ( ?AT BEHAVIOR40.<#c#a.> ,I POSIT ?AT !RE WAS A SIMIL> PROCESS 9 SU* LOCATIONS AS ,%AN<AI & ,TOKYO1 ( :I* ,KOREAN AN>*ISM WAS A PRODUCT2 ! PROCESS PRODUC$ ! TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL NETWORKS ( DISC\RSE & PRACTICE4.<#c#b.> ,MY ASSUMPTION IS ?AT ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI1 AMONG O!R PLACES1 S]V$ AS ! NODES ( ! TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL NETWORKS 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,!RE1 ,EA/]N ,ASIAN AN>*I/S 7OR RADICALS1 BROADLY SPEAK+7 MET EA* O!R EI!R ?R\< PR9T$ MAT]IALS OR 9 P]SON1 GOT TO KN[ ONE ANO!R1 DISCUSS$ ! ISSUES ( !IR [N C\NTRIES & ( ! WORLD1 %>$ MU* ( !M 9 COMMON1 & F9ALLY1 9 MANY CASES1 ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES & TOOK ACTIONS TOGE!R2 AFT] %>+ ! COMMON DISC\RSE1 VISION1 & ACTIVITIES1 MANY ( !M MOV$ BACK TO !IR C\NTRIES OR O!R CITIES TO BEG9 !IR [N V>I\S RADICAL_/AN>*I/ PROJECTS_/MOVEM5TS4 ,FROM ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,TOKYO HAD BE5 A POPUL> & ULTIMATE DE/9ATION = /UDY ABROAD & POLITICAL REFUGE = MANY ,EA/]N ,ASIAN /UD5TS & RADICALS1 & ,%AN<AI HAD ALSO BECOME A GA!R+ PLACE ( MANY RADICALS & POLITICAL REFUGEES FROM COLONIES & SEMICOLONIES4 ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI1 AMONG O!R PLACES1 S]V$ AS CRUCIBLES )9 :I* RADICALS ) V>I\S BACKGR\NDS MET EA* O!R1 & CONSEQU5TLY RADICAL CULTURES & LANGUAGES W]E =G$ & 9=M$ !RE AS MU* BY !IR IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5TS AS !Y W]E BY MORE DI/ANT GOALS ( NATIONAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,TO MANY1 AN>*ISM WAS MO/ SUITABLE AT ONCE = ! >TICULATION ( !IR [N LOCATION )9 ! RADICAL NETWORKS ( DISC\RSE & PRACTICE 9 !IR IMM$IATE 5VIRONM5TS4 

,IT MAY BE EV5 POSSIBLE TO CALL ! REGIONAL RANGE ( ! ,EA/]N ,ASIAN AN>*I/S' 9T]ACTIONS AN 0ECUM5E0 :]E 09T5SE & SU/A9$ CULTURAL 9T]ACTIONS0 AMONG ,EA/]N ,ASIAN RADICALS TOOK PLACE4.<#c#c.> ,:ATEV] WE CALL IT1 ! PO9T H]E IS ! CONSI/5T 9T5SE 9T]ACTIONS1 DIRECT & 9DIRECT1 ( RADICALS CIRCULAT+ 9 ! REGION1 ?AT W]E ! PRODUCT ( MUTUAL 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION 9 SU* CITIES AMONG RADICALS 9 ! =MS ( DISC\RSE US+ RADICAL LANGUAGES & TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS2 & PRACTICES ?AT (T5 RESULT$ 9 JO9T ACTIVITIES1 EI!R ORGANIZATIONAL OR PUBLICATION1 BO? ( :I* BE+ ! LONG-LA/+ S\RCE ( !IR COMMON RADICAL CULTURE4.<#c#d.> ,!SE RADICAL NETWORKS GAVE RISE TO TRANSNATIONAL CONNECTIONS 9 ! REGION 9 ! #a#i#bS1 UTILIZ+ CITIES LIKE ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI AS !IR NODES1 FROM :I* IT IS POSSIBLE TO >GUE ?AT ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM IS P>T ( ! HI/ORY ( REGIONAL AN>*ISM1 & VICE V]SA4.<#c#e.> 

,KIM ,SAN'S DESCRIPTIONS ( ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI 9 #aiai TELL US AB\T H[ ! RADICAL NETWORKS ( DISC\RSE & PRACTICE FUNCTION$4 ,KIM ,SAN 7#a#i#e-#a#i#c#h71 :OSE REAL NAME WAS ,JANG ,JIRAK1 HAD BEGUN HIS REVOLUTION>Y C>E] AS AN AN>*I/ BUT SOON CONV]T$ TO COMMUNISM 9 ,*9A1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,GUANGZH\ ,UPRIS+ ( #aibg L$ BY ! ,*9ESE ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 7,C,C,P71 & W5T TO ,YAN'AN1 ! ,C,C,P'S REVOLUTION>Y BASE FROM #aicg TO #a#i#d#g1 :]E HE AS A ,C,C,P MEMB] RAIS$ & $UCAT$ ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>IES BUT WAS *>G$ & EXECUT$ = BE+ A SPY ( ,JAPAN 9 #a#i#c#h4 ,9 HIS 9T]VIEW ) ,HEL5 ,FO/] 9 ,YAN'AN1 :I* DEVELOP$ LAT] 9TO A BOOK TITL$ ,SONG ( ,>IRAN1.<#c#f.> ,KIM RECALLS ?AT ,TOKYO 9 #aiai WAS 0! ,MECCA = /UD5TS .<FROM.> ALL OV] ! ,F> ,EA/ & A REFUGE = REVOLUTION>IES ( MANY K9DS0 & ,%AN<AI1 9 ! SAME YE>1 WAS 0! NEW C5T] ( ! NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :]E ! ,KOREAN PROVISIONAL GOV]NM5T WAS FUNCTION+40 ,9 ! CITIES ,KIM1 LIKE MANY O!R ,KOREAN & ,EA/]N ,ASIAN RADICALS1 0MET ALL K9DS ( PEOPLE & WAS ?R[N 9TO A MAEL/ROM ( CONFLICT+ POLITICAL IDEAS & DISCUSSIONS40.<#c#g.> ,:ILE ,TOKYO (F]$ MANY S\RCES = !IR RADICALIZATION1 SU* AS BO? ORIG9AL & TRANSLAT$ WORKS ON SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 ,%AN<AI AS A COLONIAL 0CONTACT ZONE0 PROVID$ A FAVORABLE SPACE = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE & TAKE ACTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S DIRECTLY AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM = 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* WAS ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE LAT]1 :Y MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS & E>LY #a#i#cS MOV$ FROM ,TOKYO TO ,%AN<AI AFT] BE+ RADICALIZ$1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] HAV+ WITNESS$ ! TI<T5$ SURVEILLANCE & OPPRESSION ( ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA & ,JAPAN4 ,9 ,%AN<AI !Y 9T]ACT$ ) O!R ,ASIAN RADICALS & AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS !IR COMPATRIOTS1 ) ALL ( :OM !Y W\LD COME TO %>E NATIONAL &_/OR SOCIAL GOALS1 LET ALONE BEG9 V>I\S ACTIVITIES TOGE!R4 

,! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ DISC\RSE WAS TO GO F> BEYOND 9DEP5D5CE & PRES5T PROBLEMS P]T95T BO? TO !IR SOCIETY & ! WORLD1 :I* W\LD RESULT 9 ! PRODUCTION ( RADICAL CULTURE & LANGUAGE ) !IR [N MEAN+S ATTA*$ TO !M4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ( C\RSE1 W]E NOT 9ITIAL PRODUC]S ( ! DISC\RSE & LANGUAGE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 A LANGUAGE ( REVOLUTION WAS A CONTRIBUTION ( ! ,P>IS ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 :ILE ! PROBLEM ( MOD]NITY WAS :AT ! ,TOKYO ,*9ESE AN>*I/S HAD WRE/L$ )4.<#c#h.> ,! RESI/ANCE AGA9/ C5TRALIZ$ AU?ORITY WAS ! FOCUS ( ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S BETWE5 ! MID-#a#i#aS & #a#i#b#c4 ,& ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S 7#a#h#h#e-#a#i#b#c7 PASSIONATE COMMITM5T TO 09DIVIDUAL LIB]ATION0 9 HIS SUPPORT ( ! AIMS & ME?ODS ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM.<#c#i.> C\LD HAVE BE5 DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ H[ ,BAK ,YEOL 7#a#i#b-#a#g#d7 & HIS FELL[ ,JAPAN-BAS$ AN>*I/S UND]/OOD ! IMPORTANCE ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 MAK+ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #b4.<#d.> ,! PO9T H]E IS ! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! 9T]ACTION ITSELF1 & ! RESULT+ MUTUAL 9SPIRATION & 9FLU5CE AMONG ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S 9 ! RISE ( AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4 

,KIM ,SAN P>TICUL>LY NOTES ! SPECIAL 9FLU5CE ( ,JAPAN 9 RADICAL ?9K+ AMONG ,KOREANS & ! \TCOME ( IT AS ! FOLL[+3 

,FROM #aiai TO #aibc ,KOREAN /UD5TS W]E F> 9 ADVANCE ( ,*9ESE 9 SOCIAL ?9K+1 P>TLY BECAUSE ( \R MORE PRESS+ NE$ = REVOLUTION & P>TLY BECAUSE ( \R CLOS] CONTACTS ) ,JAPAN1 ! F\NTA9HEAD ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T1 BO? AN>*I/ & ,M>XI/1 9 ! ,F> ,EA/ AT ?AT TIME4 ,IT WAS FROM ,JAPANESE TRANSLATIONS ( ,M>XISM ?AT BO? ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE FIR/ BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ?IS !ORY4.<#d#a.> 7,EMPHASIS ADD$7 

,READ+ SU* TRANSLAT$ ,JAPANESE BOOKS ?AT W]E AVAILABLE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E FIR/ EXPOS$ TO ! LANGUAGES ( ,JAPANESE 7& ,*9ESE7 AN>*I/S1 & US$ !M TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PRODUCTION 7& REPRODUCTION7 ( A RADICAL DISC\RSE ON & ACTIVITIES = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,SU* AN>*I/ LANGUAGES AS 0DEMOCRACY0 &1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 0FRE$OM0 P>TICUL>LY HAD /RONG APPEAL TO MANY ,KOREAN RADICALS ABROAD1 ACCORD+ TO ,KIM ,SAN4.<#d#b.> ,9 ANY CASE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 TO BE SURE1 W]E ACTIVE P>TICIPANTS 9 ! DISC\RSE & PRACTICE1 US+ ! LANGUAGES ( REVOLUTION SO ?AT !Y CAME TO %>E MANY CONC]NS & VISION 9 COMMON ) O!R AN>*I/S4 ,& !Y F9ALLY W]E TO 0SELECT0 FROM ! LANGUAGES :AT !Y ?\<T NECESS>Y & CRUCIAL = ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIETY & RELAT$ !M TO ! PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD4 ,DUR+ ! PROCESS ( 0SELECTION10 IT IS AGA9 NOTEWOR?Y1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD PROBABLY TO FACE A T5SION BETWE5 !IR NATIONAL GOAL & TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS & VISION1 & ATTEMPT$ TO RECONCILE ! TWO SEEM+ CONTRADICTORY TASKS4 

,9 *APT] #e1 ,I EXAM9E H[ ! PRE-#a#i#d#e AN>*I/ DISC\RSE & LANGUAGE PLAY$ \T 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,S\? ,KOREA1 & H[ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S D]ADICALIZ$ !M TO COPE ) ! UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL CLIMATE UND] :I* !Y US$ TO BECOME AN EASY T>GET ( POLITICAL SUPPRESSION BY ! UNDEMOCRATIC & MILIT>Y REGIMES 9 ,S\? ,KOREA S9CE #a#i#d#h4 ,:ILE ! TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES & REGIONAL ELEM5TS CONT9U$ TO PLAY A ROLE 9 =MULAT+ ! PO/-#a#i#d#e DIRECTION & *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 !Y REMOV$ ITS REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA & VISION & LAUN*$ AN EXP]IM5TAL1 BUT FAIL$ AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,!IR FOCUS ( ACTIVITIES GRADUALLY %IFT$ TO SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = ! GOAL ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ON ! BASIS ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY 9 BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S5SES4 ,?IS D]ADICALIZATION WAS CAUS$ UND] ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ,S\? ,KOREA ?AT WAS UNFAVORABLE & EV5 APPE>$ AS A ?REAT TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 BUT HAD ALSO ITS ROOTS 9 ! IDEA ( ! NATIONAL FRONT 7M9JOK JEONSEON7 FROM ! #a#i#cS1 :I* GAVE ITS PRIORITY TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION OV] TRANSNATIONAL GOAL &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 TO ! NATIONAL PROBLEM OV] SOCIAL PROBLEM4 

,AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #d1 ! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA WAS ACTIVELY PROPOS$ & PUT 9TO PRACTICE AFT] ,JAPAN'S ALL-\T 9VASION ( ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#cS1 BY MANY AN>*I/S :O SAW ! W>TIME SITUATION 9 ,*9A & ! WORLD AS A NEW OPPORTUNITY = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,UND]/&+ ?AT !IR AN>*I/ GOAL C\LD NEV] BE A*IEV$ )\T NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CAME UP ) A PLAN ?AT /RESS$ !IR NATIONAL GOAL ?R\< ! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA TO PUT ASIDE ALL ! DIFF]5CES1 SOCIAL & IDEOLOGICAL1 AMONG ALL ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>IES & 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S4 ,!Y W]E EV5 WILL+ TO WORK & COOP]ATE )1 & EV5 SUPPORT ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( CONS]VATIVE NATIONALI/S4 ,AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY C\LD NEV] BE REALIZ$ 9 ,KOREA1 !Y CONCLUD$1 IF ,KOREA REMA9$ AS ,JAPAN'S COLONY1 :I* REQUIR$ A PRIORITIZATION ( NATIONAL UNITY TO FI<T !IR COMMON 5EMY4 ,! WORLD SITUATION :]E V>I\S =MS ( UNIT$ FRONT1 9CLUD+ ! ,UNIT$ ,FRONT 9 ,*9A & ! ,PEOPLE'S ,FRONT 9 ,SPA91 W]E =M$ AS RESPONSES TO ,JAPAN'S 9VASION 9 ,*9A & FASCISM 9 ,EUROPE1 RESPECTIVELY1 PROMPT$ !M TO HAVE !IR [N NATIONAL FRONT4 ,! IDEA ( NATIONAL FRONT PROPOS$ & ACCEPT$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A TURN$ \T TO BE DET]M9ANT 9 ! DIRECTION ( PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ) ITS EMPHASIS ON NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide NEV] DISC>D$ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & IDEALS1 MO/LY ,KROPOTK9ITE ONES1 SU* AS MUTUAL AID1 SPONTANEITY1 ! COMB9ATION ( M5TAL & 9TELLECTUAL LABOR1 & ! COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 DEVELOPM5T4 ,9DE$1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a7 LEFT ! DEEPE/ 9FLU5CE ON ,KOREANS' 9ITIAL 9T]E/ 9 & CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM1 NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E1 & WAS PROBABLY ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/ !ORETICIAN TO HAVE WIDESPREAD 9FLU5CE 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4.<#d#c.> ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 JU/ LIKE !IR REGIONAL C\NT]P>TS1 MU/ HAVE F\ND 9 HIS MUTUAL AID IDEA A RESPONSE TO ! SOCIAL ,D>W9I/ EXPLANATION ( HUMAN PROGRESS1 & EV5 SAW ITS AFF9ITY TO ! COOP]ATIVE PR9CIPLE ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAG]S HAD LONG PRACTIC$4 ,!Y TOIL$ /R5U\SLY1 ?\<1 TO MA9TA9 0NATIONAL VOICE0 9 PRACTIC+ ! UNIV]SAL PR9CIPLE1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #e4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide EV5 BEGAN TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES NOT JU/ AS AN>*I/S BUT RA!R ALSO AS 0BELIEV]S 9 AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T0 7JAYUL JEONGBU JUUIJA7 & 0AUTONOM\S P]SONS0 7JAJU 971 & EV5 R5AM$ AN>*ISM 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM0 7M9JU SAHOE JUUI71 )\T MU* REF]5CE TO ITS RADICAL SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y PREMISES4 ,& AFT] FAIL+ 9 !IR EXP]IM5TS ) POLITICAL P>TIES1 AN>*ISM WAS GRADUALLY TRANSLAT$ 9TO A MORE PRACTICAL IDEA ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 :I* UND]SCOR$ ! IMPORTANCE ( RURAL VILLAGES 9 ! C\RSE ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & ! PREP>$NESS ( F>M]S TO BECOME RESPONSIBLE CITIZ5S :OSE ROLE WAS DEEM$ CRUCIAL TO MAKE ,KOREA A MOD]N1 DEVELOP$ NATION 9 ITS TRANSITION TO MOD]NITY4 ,! PO9T WAS TO MA9TA9 ! BALANCES BETWE5 ! RURAL & URBAN >EAS 9 DEVELOPM5T & BETWE5 TRADITIONS & MOD]N B5EFITS4 ,& ! MA9 FOCUS ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES WAS ON R$IRECT+ ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION TO AN ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TAL TRAJECTORY ?AT C\LD REFLECT AN>*I/ IDEAS1 BECAUSE ! /ATE-PROJECT$ MOD]NIZATION W\LD ONLY 5D UP SACRIFIC+ & ?US RU9+ RURAL VILLAGES = ! SAKE ( ! URBAN & ! MOD]N4 

,?IS IDEA1 WIDELY PRACTIC$ 9 ! #a#i#fS & '#gS1 H[EV]1 NE$S NOT BE SE5 AS A SIGN ( DEVIATION OR DET]IORATION FROM AN>*ISM 9 ,EUROPEAN ORIG9S4 ,IT RA!R REFLECTS1 ,I >GUE1 A PROCESS ( LOCALIZATION ( AN>*ISM1 MORE BROADLY A 0,KOREANIZATION0 TO ACCOMMODATE ! ATMOSPH]E AFT] #aide UND] :I* AN>*ISM WAS R$EF9$ TO COPE ) ! DIVISION ( ,KOREA & MEET ! NEW DEM&S ( ! TIME = NATIONAL LIB]ATION & DEVELOPM5T4 ,AN>*I/S 5DEAVOR$ TO AVOID A FALSE ACCUSATION ( AN>*ISM BE+ A 0C\S9 ( COMMUNISM0.<#d#d.> & ?US SURVIVE ! SUPPRESSION BY DICTATORIAL ANTICOMMUNI/ ,S\? ,KOREAN REGIMES4 ,:5 ,I CALL ?IS A ,KOREANIZATION ( AN>*ISM1 ,I DO NOT EMPHASIZE ! ROLES ( ,KOREAN CULTURE & PA/ 9 ! ,KOREAN UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM BUT PO9T TO A PLACE-BAS$ MODIFICATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,?IS D]ADICALIZ$ & ,KOREANIZ$ AN>*ISM BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS FELL[ AN>*I/S1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #e1 OBVI\SLY ?REW \T ITS REVOLUTION>Y AG5DA & VISION2 ITS MA9 FOCUS WAS PLAC$ UNTIL ! #a#i#hS ON BOO/+ NATIONAL ECONOMY ?R\< ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES1 ALONG ) 9CREAS$ 9COME = F>M]S4 

,TO SUM UP1 ?IS /UDY FIR/ UND]L9ES ! ROLE ( NATIONALISM 9 CONV]T+ ,KOREANS TO AN>*ISM BUT ALSO1 MORE IMPORTANTLY1 PO9TS TO V>I\S =MS ( 9T]ACTIONS AMONG AN>*I/S !MSELVES CIRCULAT+ 9 ! REGION1 TO DEMON/RATE1 FIR/1 ?AT TRANSNATIONALISM1 TOO1 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ! ACCEPTANCE & DEVELOPM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM2 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM NOT ONLY = 9DEP5D5CE BUT ULTIMATELY = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT WAS A %>$ GOAL ) O!R AN>*I/S 9 MANY LOCATIONS 9 ! REGION4 ,! ORIG9S & DEVELOPM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 !RE=E1 ,I >GUE1 NE$ TO BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM1 MORE BROADLY ( RADICAL IDEAS & CULTURE1 9 ! REGION1 ) REF]5CE TO ITS V>I\S LOCALIZ$ MEANS & GOALS = AN AN>*I/ IDEAL SOCIETY4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AS A PRODUCT ( ! TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL NETWORKS ( DISC\RSE & PRACTICE ALSO DEVELOP$1 MA9TA9$1 & DISPLAY$ CONC]NS = PREVAIL+ SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM ?AT W]E M>K$ BY AN>*I/ 9SPIRATION4 ,9 RESPONSE TO ! CONC]NS & PROBLEMS1 !Y 5VISION$ A FUTURE C\NTRY & WORLD ?R\< JO9T PROJECTS ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS1 BAS$ ON SU* FUNDAM5TAL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & IDEAS AS 0SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE10 0MUTUAL AID10 & 09DIVIDUAL FRE$OM0 ( A RADICAL B5T4 ,?IS WAS1 ,I ?9K1 H[ A REGIONAL ID5TITY AS 0,ASIANS0 7V]SUS ! 9VAD] ,WE/]N]S7 OR BROADLY A TRANSNATIONAL ID5TITY AS 0OPPRESS$ PEOPLES0 >OSE AMONG AN>*I/S BEYOND !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL ID5TITY & CAME TO PLAY A ROLE 9 ! TRANSNATIONAL & TRANSLOCAL 9T]ACTIONS & SOLID>ITY AMONG !M1 9CLUD+ ,KOREANS 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4.<#d#e.> ,MANY ACC\NTS ( AN>*ISM 9 ! REGION MISS ! REGIONAL ID5TITY1 ! TRANSNATIONAL ASPECTS1 & ! MOVEM5T ( AN>*I/S !MSELVES & !IR IDEAS )9 ! REGION4 ,ALL ( !SE W]E /ILL VISIBLE 9 ! PO/-#a#i#d#e MOVEM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,:AT ,I WILL CONSID] BEL[ >E !SE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 MOTION 9 ! REGION1 PURSU+ !IR TRANSNATIONAL AS MU* AS NATIONAL GOAL ?R\< V>I\S PLACE-BAS$ PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM1.<#d#f.> 9 SOME CASES ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #g1 #bba 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#g1 #bbb 3 ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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