,*APT] #e 
,D]ADICALIZ$ ,AN>*ISM & ! ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T1 #a#i#d#e-#a#i#h#d 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

 #e3 ,D]ADICALIZ$ ,AN>*ISM & ! ,QUE/ION ( ,NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T1 #a#i#d#e-#a#i#h#d 

  

,AGA9/ ! HOPE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD HELD BE=E ! 5D ( ! ,PACIFIC ,W>1 ,KOREA WAS NOT ABLE TO GA9 \TRI<T 9DEP5D5CE :5 ,JAPAN SURR5D]$ TO ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S ON ,AUGU/ #a#e1 #a#i#d#e4 ,! ,KOREAN P59SULA WAS DIVID$ 9TO NOR? & S\? ALONG ! #c#h? P>ALLEL L9E & OCCUPI$ RESPECTIVELY BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,U4,S4,S4,R4 ,! E/ABLI%M5T ( TWO SEP>ATE REGIMES 9 NOR? & S\? 9 #aidh FOLL[$ ) !IR RESPECTIVE OCCUPI]'S SPONSOR%IP4 ,9 ! S\? ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES CALL$ 9 PRO-,AM]ICAN & ANTICOMMUNI/ ,SYNGMAN ,RHEE 7#a#h#g#e-#a#i#f#e71 :O L$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,KOREA 7,S\? ,KOREA7 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#h1 9 ! NAME ( A ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS' RESOLUTION4 ,! NOR? REMA9$ 9 ! H&S ( ! COMMUNI/S1 & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,PEOPLE'S ,REPUBLIC ( ,KOREA 7,NOR? ,KOREA7 WAS E/ABLI%$ A MON? LAT]1 ) ,KIM ,IL ,SUNG 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#i#d7 AS ITS HEAD4 ,! ,KOREAN P59SULA BECAME ! FIR/ & =EMO/ W>FRONT ( ! ,COLD ,W>4 

,! SUBSEQU5T ,KOREAN ,W> 7#a#i#e-#a#i#e#c7 CONSOLIDAT$ ! ANTICOMMUNI/ POLITICAL MAP ( ,S\? ,KOREA MU* FUR!R & DEEP] ) ,RHEE'S DICTATOR%IP & HIS SUPPRESSION ( COMMUNI/S & !IR PROGRESSIVE IDEALS4 ,TO MAKE ! SITUATION WORSE1 ,BAK ,YEOL1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ AN>*I/S :O HAD RETURN$ TO ,S\? ,KOREA FROM ,JAPAN AFT] #a#i#d#e1 WAS KIDNAPP$ TO ,NOR? ,KOREA DUR+ ! W>1.<#e#a.> & SOME AN>*I/S ABROAD GAVE UP !IR PLAN TO RETURN TO !IR [N HOMEL&4 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 = EXAMPLE1 DECID$ TO /AY 9 COMMUNI/ ,*9A BECAUSE ( ! CL\DY SITUATION 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA BE=E & AFT] ! ,KOREAN ,W>4.<#e#b.> ,& SOME ,JAPAN-BAS$ AN>*I/S TOO DECID$ TO /AY 9 ,JAPAN AFT] #a#i#d#e1 MAK+ ,JAPAN !IR HOME = ACTIVITIES & LIFE POSSIBLY \T ( !IR FE> = POT5TIAL POLITICAL SUPPRESSION 9 TWO ,KOREAS4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> H[ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,NOR? ,KOREA1 IF ANY1 RESPOND$ TO ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T !RE :5 ,NOR? ,KOREA WAS =MALLY SET UP 9 #a#i#d#h4 ,MANY ( !M SEEM$ TO HAVE DEFECT$ TO ! S\? BUT !Y W]E ALSO CON/ANTLY BEWILD]$ BY ! UN/ABLE POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ! S\?4 

,TO ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !IR T>GET ( /RUGGLE BE=E #aide HAD BE5 MA9LY ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM & !IR IMM$IATE GOAL WAS 9DEP5D5CE1 ALBEIT !IR DI/ANCE GOAL WAS A NEW ,KOREAN SOCIETY B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,! MA9 T>GET WAS N[ REMOV$1 BUT !IR TWO GOALS1 IMM$IATE & DI/ANT1 W]E /ILL UNT\*$1 DUE TO ! DIVISION ( ,KOREA BY ! TWO P[]S4 ,TO !M ! MO/ URG5T TASK AFT] #aide WAS !RE=E ! CON/RUCTION ( AN AUTONOM\S1 9DEP5D5T NEW ,KOREA )\T :I* !IR DI/ANT GOAL W\LD SLIP AWAY4 ,! GOAL & DIRECTION ( !IR PO/-#a#i#d#e ACTIVITIES W]E TO BE SET ACCORD+LY4 

,! SITUATION !Y FAC$1 H[EV]1 W5T A?W>T !IR PO/-#a#i#d#e PLAN1 AS !Y SAW NOT ONLY 9COMPLETE NATIONAL LIB]ATION ) ! DIVISION ( !IR C\NTRY BUT ! GR[+ UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T 9 ! S\?1 UND] :I* !Y W]E 9CREAS+LY VULN]ABLE TO NEW K9DS ( SUPPRESSION1 FIR/ BY ! NEW =EIGN OCCUPI] & ULTIMATELY BY !IR [N PRO-,AM]ICAN1 ANTISOCIALI/ /ATE4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ! S\? N[ FAC$ VEX+ QUE/IONS3 ,GIV5 ! DIVISION ( !IR C\NTRY & 9COMPLETE NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 :AT DIRECTION DID !Y NE$ TO TAKE & :AT ME?OD !Y W\LD EMPLOY TO FULFILL ! GOALS ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA8 ,ANSW]S TO ! QUE/IONS RE/$ ON O!R RELAT$ QUE/IONS3 ,DID !Y HAVE TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATION-BUILD+ EF=TS 9 COLLABORATION ) ! =EIGN OCCUPI] & LAT] ! ANTICOMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ! S\?8 ,IF !Y DECID$ TO DO SO1 WAS IT NECESS>Y TO P>TICIPATE ALSO 9 POLITICS & ORGANIZE !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY = ! GOALS8 ,IF !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 POLITICS1 :AT K9D ( PROGRAMS = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T DID !Y HAVE TO PUT =W>D = ! GOALS8 ,& IF !Y DID NOT P>TICIPATE 9 POLITICS1 :AT O!R OPTIONS W]E AVAILABLE OR %\LD BE ACT$ ON = ! GOALS8 ,!SE W]E ! QUE/IONS 9CREAS+LY RAIS$ BY MANY AN>*I/S :O HAD RU%$ BACK TO !IR C\NTRY AFT] ,JAPAN'S SURR5D] FROM !IR EXIL$ PLACES4 ,9 ! WORDS ( A PO/-#a#i#d#e G5]ATION AN>*I/1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! S\? FAC$ SOME FUNDAM5TAL QUE/IONS AS TO :E!R !Y /ILL HAD TO PRIORITIZE SOCIAL REVOLUTION TO BUILD A NEW AN>*I/ SOCIETY OR HAD TO R5EW !IR /RUGGLE = NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY1 FIR/ 9 ! S\?1 DESPITE ! POSSIBILITY ( P]PETUAT+ ! DIVISION ( ! P59SULA4.<#e#c.> 

,YI ,JEONGGYU (F]$ HIS [N ANSW]S & PRES5T$ TWO NEW TASKS ?AT HE BELIEV$ UNFOLD$ BE=E ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! S\? AFT] #a#i#d#e3 DRIV+ ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! NOR? \T ( ! P59SULA & UPROOT+ ! 0REMNANT FEUDAL =CES0 9 ! S\? ?AT HAD BE5 PRES5T S9CE ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL P]IOD4.<#e#d.> ,YI'S FAI?FUL DISCIPLE ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG NOTES ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S PURSU$ BO? TASKS BY SETT+ 0RETAK+ FRE$OM0 AS !IR REVOLUTION>Y GOAL TO DEAL ) ! SITUATION4 ,! MEAN+ ( FRE$OM WAS DEF9$ ) ?REE BROAD DIM5SIONS3 FIR/1 POLITICAL FRE$OM FROM ! COMMUNI/ DICTATOR%IP 9 ! NOR?2 SECOND1 FRE$OM FROM =EIGN 9T]V5TIONS 9 ECONOMY2 & ?IRD1 SOCIAL FRE$OM FROM ! 0FEUDAL =CES0 PREVAL5T 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY AT ! TIME4.<#e#e.> ,AS IS CLE>1 NEI!R CAPITALISM NOR IMP]IALISM WAS CONSID]$ ! S\RCE ?AT DEPRIV$ ,KOREANS ( FRE$OM4 ,! FIR/ T>GET ( PO/-#a#i#d#e /RUGGLE WAS ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! NOR?1 :ILE FRE$OM WAS UND]/OOD MA9LY )9 ! CONTEXT & NOTION ( ANTICOMMUNISM & EQUALITY 9 ECONOMY4 

,TO REALIZE FRE$OM 9 T]MS ( !SE ?REE MEAN+S1 AS ,I EXAM9E BEL[1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DECID$ TO E/ABLI% NEW ORGANIZATIONS1 9CLUD+ A POLITICAL P>TY ( !IR [N4 ,BUT !Y MET V>I\S OB/ACLES 9 REALIZ+ ! GOAL ( 0RETAK+ FRE$OM0 9 ! S\?1 *IEF AMONG !M ! UNDEMOCRATIC DICTATORIAL /ATE4 ,NOT ONLY = !IR SURVIVAL FROM ! SUPPRESSION ( ! /ATE BUT = ! SUCCESS & ACCOMPLI%M5T ( !IR GOALS1 !Y GRADUALLY ACCOMMODAT$ !MSELVES TO ! NEW POLITICAL CLIMATE UND] ! DICTATOR%IPS ( ,SYNGMAN ,RHEE & ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE1 BO? ( :OM PLAC$ ANTICOMMUNISM AS ! NATION'S F\ND+ PR9CIPLE4 ,9 %ORT1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S KNEW !Y W]E PLAC$ 9 ! UNEASE & UNFAVORABLE SITUATION &1 AS A RESULT1 AS ,I >GUE BEL[1 EV5 RECONCEPTUALIZ$ AN>*ISM TO DEAL ) ! NEW POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T UND] ! ,COLD ,W> 9 ! P59SULA4 ,9 ?IS S5SE ,I ?9K IT MAY BE UNFAIR TO DESCRIBE ,KOREAN AN>*ISM AFT] #aide AS 0AN AB]RATION FROM ORIG9AL AN>*ISM10.<#e#f.> OR TO SAY ?AT IT WAS W$D$ & R$UC$ TO NATIONALISM1 DUE TO ITS SUPPORT = ! NATION-BUILD+ OR SIL5CE TO ! DICTATOR%IP4 ,:AT SEEM$ TO HAPP5 WAS ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S APPROA*$ & UND]/OOD ! PO/W> SITUATION DIALECTICALLY & F\ND !IR ANSW]S TO ! PO/-#a#i#d#e QUE/IONS1 EMPHASIZ+ ! NATIONALI/IC & ANTICOMMUNI/ ASPECTS ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 9 DO+ SO1 !Y R$EF9$ !MSELVES & GRADUALLY D]ADICALIZ$ !IR V]SION ( AN>*ISM TO 5VISION A NEW SOCIETY ?AT WAS PLAC$ 9 ! FUTURE4 ,! /ATUS ( AN>*ISM WAS ACCORD+LY %IFT$ FROM A REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLE TO A SOCIAL MOVEM5T IDEA4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN AT ALL ?AT !Y AB&ON$ AN>*ISM4 ,IT RA!R SIMPLY EXPLA9S A DIALECTICAL UND]/&+ ( ! RELATION%IP AFT] #aide BETWE5 NATIONALISM & AN>*ISM & !IR SUBSEQU5T APPLICATION ( ! LATT] TO ! SITUATION !Y HAD TO COPE ) UND] ! POLITICAL CLIMATE !Y UNPLEASANTLY SITUAT$ 94 

,UND] ,PRESSURE3 ,SE>*+ = A ,NEW ,AN>*I/ ,DIRECTION 

  

,9 AN EF=T TO F9D AN ANSW] TO ! P]PLEX+ QUE/IONS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FAC$ AFT] ,AUGU/ #a#e1 #a#i#d#e1 A CONF]5CE WAS CONV5$ %ORTLY BY ?OSE :O HAD REMA9$ 9SIDE ! P59SULA1 ALONG ) SOME ( ?OSE :O HAD JU/ RETURN$ FROM ABROAD4 ,IT WAS ! CONF]5CE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN ,GYEONGSANG ,PROV9CES HELD 9 ,BUSAN FROM ,FEBRU>Y #ba TO #b#b1 #a#i#d#f4 ,ITS MA9 ORGANIZ]S & P>TICIPANTS W]E FROM ! TWO PROV9CES1 AL?\< ALMO/ ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ?US F> HAD RETURN$ FROM ABROAD ALSO ATT5D$ IT4 ,ITS MA9 PURPOSE WAS TO F9D !IR ANSW]S TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ QUE/IONS TO COPE ) ! =EIGN OCCUPATION & DIVISION ( ,KOREA4 ,! DECL>ATION ADOPT$ AT IT ANN\NC$ ?AT ,KOREA HAD JU/ 5T]$ 0! /AGE ( NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION10 :]E ! LIB]ATION ( 0PRODUC]S0 7I4E41 WORK]S & F>M]S7 AS WELL AS ! NATIONAL /RUGGLE TO OV]COME ITS BACKW>DNESS EM]G$ AS TWO ESS5TIAL TASKS ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,! DECL>ATION REIT]AT$ ?AT ! S\RCES ?AT HAD EXPLOIT$ ! PRODUC]S /EMM$ MA9LY FROM TWO PROBLEMS1 ?AT IS1 NATIONAL & CLASS PROBLEMS1 :I* W]E 9 FACT 9T]RELAT$ BECAUSE CLASS /RUGGLE HAD MU* 9 COMMON ) ! /RUGGLE = NATIONAL ECONOMIC LIB]ATION4 ,TO SOLVE ! TWO PROBLEMS1 ACCORD+ TO ! DECL>ATION1 IT WAS IMP]ATIVE TO E/ABLI% A GOV]NM5T FIR/ UND] :I* ALL ! PRODUCTION MEANS HAD TO BE MANAG$ & OP]AT$ BY ?OSE :O W]E 5GAG$ 9 PRODUCTION4 ,& TO OV]COME ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD TO SET NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T AS !IR FOCAL TASK4 ,S9CE NATIONAL /RUGGLE WAS /ILL MORE IMPORTANT ?AN CLASS /RUGGLE 9 ! PO/-#a#i#d#e P]IOD1 !Y P]CEIV$ ! =M] 9 ! CONTEXT ( ECONOMIC AUTONOMY & EV5 SAW IT AS A PRECONDITION = G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,ECONOMIC AUTONOMY ( ! NATION WAS A CRUCIAL ISSUE = !M TO LAY \T AN AUT>KIC ECONOMIC SY/EM 9 ,KOREA1 :I* C\LD MAKE ! C\NTRY TRULY 9DEP5D5T4 ,9 %ORT1 :AT WAS DISCUSS$ & DECID$ AT ?IS MEET+ WAS TO PLACE ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( 0NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION0 AS !IR NEW TASK4.<#e#g.> 

,A FOLL[-UP1 MU* L>G] CONF]5CE WAS SOON HELD TWO MON?S LAT] FROM ,APRIL #b TO #b#c1 #a#i#d#f1 AT ,YONG*U ,BUDDHI/ ,TEMPLE 9 A SMALL T[N CALL$ ,ANUI 9 ,S\!RN ,GYEONGSANG ,PROV9CE4 ,TITL$ ! ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S 7,JEON-GUK AN>*I/ DAEHOE7 OR ! ,NATIONAL ,CONV5TION ( ,AN>*I/ ,REPRES5TATIVES 7,JEON-GUK AN>*I/ DAEPYOJA DAEHOE71 IT WAS ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION & 9ITIAT$ BY ,YU ,RIM4.<#e#h.> ,AT IT1 N9ETY-SEV5 AN>*I/S W]E REGI/]$ & PRES5T1 & IT M>K$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 T]MS ( ITS DIRECTION AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,ATT5DEES 9CLUD$ ALMO/ ALL ( ?OSE :O W]E AFFILIAT$ ) TWO MAJOR ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS AT ! TIME1 ! ,FREE ,SOCIETY ,BUILD]S ,F$]ATION 7,F,S,B,F1 ,JAYU SAHOE GEONSEOLJA YEONMA5G71 ORGANIZ$ 9 ,SE\L BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,YI ,EULGYU AFT] ,JAPAN'S SURR5D]1 & ! ,G5]AL ,F$]ATION ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S 7,G,F,K,A1 ,JOSEON MUJEONGBU JUUIJA *ONG YEONMA5G71 :I* PROBABLY WAS R5AM$ FROM ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,K,A,F7 ?AT HAD BE5 E/ABLI%$ 9 #aibi 9 ,PYONGYANG DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD4 ,YU ,RIM & ,BAK ,SEOKHONG HAD BE5 ! LEAD]S ( ,G,F,K,A1 & ,YU HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,*9A AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,G,F,K,A4 ,YU HAD RETURN$ TO ,KOREA AFT] #aide ) ! ,G,F,K,A AS AN 9DEP5D5T AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O ATT5D$ ! CONV5TION W]E AFFILIAT$ ) BO? ORGANIZATIONS SIMULTANE\SLY1 MO/LY MA9TA9+ DUAL MEMB]%IPS4 ,! CONV5TION WAS *AIR$ BY ,YU ,RIM1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 & ,S9 ,JAEMO1 & LA/$ = ?REE DAYS4 ,IT WAS ( C>D9AL SIGNIFICANCE 9 ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S N[ =MALLY BEGAN TO ID5TIFY !MSELVES NOT JU/ AS AN>*I/ BUT1 JU/ LIKE ,YU ,RIM CALL$ HIMSELF1 AS 0ONE :O FAVORS AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T0 7JAYUL JEONGBU JUUIJA71.<#e#i.> DI/+UI%+ !MSELVES FROM CONV5TIONAL AN>*I/S :O W]E USUALLY BELIEV$ TO NEGATE ! /ATE4 ,?IS WAS AN ID5TIFICATION CON/ITUT$ A MAJOR BREAK?R\< TO PO/-#a#i#d#e AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4 

,9 FACT1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E FREQU5TLY ASK$ AFT] #aide AB\T !IR POSITION REG>D+ ! IDEA ( SETT+ UP A ,KOREA /ATE4 ,S9CE AN>*I/S W]E WIDELY BELIEV$ AT ! TIME TO HAVE REJECT$ ! /ATE1 !Y NE$$ TO CLE> UP ANY MISUND]/&+S OR PREVAL5T SUSPICION ?AT !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO & ?US W\LD OV]?R[ ! /ATE4 ,! FIR/ REACTION CAME FROM ,YU ,RIM :O1 ON HIS RETURN TO ,KOREA1 /RONGLY D5I$ ?AT HE WAS A P]SON ) 0NO-GOV]NM5T PR9CIPLE10 & EMPHASIZ$ ?AT HE RA!R WAS 0AN AN>*I/ :O REJECTS COMPULSORY P[]40 ,HE !N EXPLA9$ FUR!R AB\T :AT IT MEANT TO BE AN AN>*I/4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 AN>*I/S REJECT$ ONLY 0HET]ONOM\S GOV]NM5TS0 7SIC2 TAYUL JEONGBU7 BUT NOT 0AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5TS0 7JAYUL JEONGBU74 ,HIS SUPPORT = ! 0AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T0 WAS1 HE CONT9U$ TO EXPLA91 A PRODUCT ( ! %IFT MADE AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I BY MANY AN>*I/S :O ATTE/$ TO ! IMPORTANCE ( HAV+ !IR [N 0PRACTICAL ORGANIZATION10 = :I*1 9 HIS CASE1 HE HAD P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,*9A1 :I* HE BELIEV$ WAS AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T4 ,AFT] #aide HE N[ WANT$ TO SUPPORT A NEWLY E/ABLI%$ ,KOREAN GOV]NM5T1 AS LONG AS IT WAS BUILT ) ! PR9CIPLE ( AUTONOMY4.<#e#a.> ,TO PUT IT DIFF]5TLY1 S9CE AN>*I/S W]E ONLY AGA9/ 0MONOPOLI/IC NAK$-P[]0 & /ROVE = ! REALIZATION ( 0DEMOCRACY .<?AT GU>ANTEES.> EQUALITY10 !IR EV5TUAL GOAL WAS TO CREATE A WORLD :]E ALL MANK9D W\LD LABOR & LIVE FREELY UND] MAXIMUM DEMOCRACY4.<#e#a#a.> 

,ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ! CONV5TION1 TWO REPORTS W]E DELIV]$ TO ! ATT5DEES1 ONE ON ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION PREP>$ BY ,BAK ,SEOKHONG & ! O!R ON ! DOME/IC SITUATION BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU4 ,9 HIS REPORT ,BAK *>ACT]IZ$ ! WORLD AFT] #aide AS ! PO/COLONIAL /RUGGLES BY =M] COLONIES = !IR RESPECTIVE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 HE LAM5T$1 ,KOREA1 UNLIKE !SE =M] COLONIES1 HAD NOT YET A*IEV$ 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! EF=TS TO E/ABLI% A UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA HAD NOT BE5 UND]TAK5 EI!R 9 A DEMOCRATIC WAY1 NOT EV5 AUTONOM\SLY BY ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE4 ,WORSE1 ,BAK CONT9U$1 ,KOREA SEEM$ TO BE GO+ 9 ! OPPOSITE DIRECTION AGA9/ ! UNIFICATION ( ! ,KOREAN P59SULA1 ?AT IS1 G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION4.<#e#a#b.> ,FOLL[+ ,BAK'S REPORT1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU PRES5T$ HIS ASSESSM5T ( !N-DOME/IC SITUATION 9 ,KOREA1 9 :I* HE BASICALLY AGRE$ ) ,BAK'S APPRAISAL ( ! 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION & ,KOREA'S PLACE 9 IT1 /AT+ ?AT ALL ! EF=TS TO SET UP A GOV]NM5T 9 ,KOREA AFT] ,AUGU/ #a#e1 #aide HAD BE5 DONE NEI!R AUTONOM\SLY NOR DEMOCRATICALLY1 NOT TO M5TION )\T A UNIT$ ACTION ( ,KOREAN PEOPLE4.<#e#a#c.> ,BO? REPORTS EMPHASIZ$ 9COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA AS ( ,APRIL #a#i#d#f4 

,! FIR/ ITEM ON ITS AG5DA = ! SECOND DAY ( ! CONV5TION WAS ! ATTITUDE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S T[>D ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,KOREAN GOV]NM5T1 GIV5 ! 9T]NATIONAL & DOME/IC SITUATIONS ! TWO REPORTS ANALYZ$4 ,!Y ALSO DISCUSS$ :AT PR9CIPLES !Y C\LD APPLY1 IF !Y FAVOR$ BUILD+ A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ! S\? ( DIVID$ ,KOREA4 ,!SE W]E IMPORTANT ISSUES1 BECAUSE1 JU/ LIKE ,YU ,RIM1 MANY RETURN$ AN>*I/S TO ,KOREA FROM ABROAD AFT] ,AUGU/ #aide HAD BE5 CONT9U\SLY FAC+ A QUE/ION AS TO !IR UND]/&+ ( & ATTITUDE T[>D ! /ATE1 USUALLY PORTRAY$ 9 M$IA NOT AS AN>*I/S BUT PR$OM9ANTLY AS 0BELIEV]S 9 NO-GOV]NM5T0 7MUJEONGBU JUUIJA74 ,TO ANSW] ! QUE/ION COLLECTIVELY1 ! AN>*I/S AT ! CONV5TION ADOPT$ A RESOLUTION ?AT /AT$ !Y W\LD /RIVE = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN AUTONOM\S1 DEMOCRATIC1 & UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T 9 !IR LIB]AT$ FA!RL&4 ,! RESOLUTION FUR!R EXPLA9$ UNEQUIVOCALLY ?AT ! GOAL !Y HAD PURSU$ HAD BE5 A COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA1 :I* 9 TURN WAS 9 NE$ ( ONE UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T4 ,KOREANS NE$$ ! UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T NOT JU/ BECAUSE !Y W]E A UNIT>Y PEOPLE ) !IR [N RI* CULTURAL TRADITIONS BUT ALSO BECAUSE ,KOREA C\LDN'T BE DEVELOP$ ECONOMICALLY UNLESS IT BECAME A UNIFI$ C\NTRY UND] ! UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! ROLE ( A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ?AT W\LD GOV]N UNIFI$ ,KOREA WAS HI<LY EVALUAT$ AS IMPORTANT = ! GOAL ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,H]E1 WE CAN SEE AGA9 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' PREOCCUPATION AFT] #aide ) ECONOMIC AUTONOMY & DEVELOPM5T AS CRUCIAL 9 !IR QUE/ = G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION4.<#e#a#d.> 

,KOREA HAD AGRICULTURAL >EAS 9 ! S\?1 BUT ! ABUNDANT MAT]IALS & S\RCES = ITS 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T W]E MO/LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ! NOR?4 ,!RE=E1 ! RESOLUTION PO9T$ \T ?AT )\T UNIFICATION UND] A C5TRAL GOV]NM5T ,KOREA C\LD NOT DEVELOP ITSELF 9TO AN 9DU/RIALIZ$ C\NTRY4 ,! UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S /ROVE TO SET UP1 H[EV]1 WAS NOT SIMPLY A C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T4 ,IT WAS EXPECT$ TO ALL[ LOCAL AUTONOMY AS WELL ALONG ) AUTONOMY 9 WORK+ PLACES1 & ! UNITY ( ALL ! AUTONOM\S 5TITIES UND] ! UNIFI$ C5TRAL GOV]NM5T W\LD BE =M$ ON ! BASIS ( ! SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE PR9CIPLE4 ,F9ALLY1 IT WAS MADE CLE> 9 ! RESOLUTION ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT 0NON-GOV]NM5TI/S0 7SIC7 7MUJEONGBU JUUIJA1 I4E41 BELIEV]S 9 NO-GOV]NM5T7 BUT 0NON-HET]ONOM\S-GOV]NM5TI/S0 7SIC7 :O W]E 0AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5TI/S0 7SIC71 ?AT IS1 0! ONES :O BELIEVE & FAVOR AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T0 7JAYUL JEONGBU JUUIJA74.<#e#a#e.> ,! NEWLY ADOPT$ COLLECTIVE ID5TIFICATION ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 5ABL$ !M TO UNLOAD !IR ANXIETIES & FE>S AB\T AN>*ISM BE+ ACCUS$ ( A 0DANG]\S ?\<T10 :I* DIDN'T LA/ LONG1 ?\<4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT PO9T 9 ! RESOLUTION WAS ?AT !Y FAVOR$ ! UNIFICATION ( & A UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA4 ,MAK+ A NEW DEF9ITION ( !IR ID5TITY1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S N[ TOOK !IR FIR/ & IMPORTANT /EP T[>D A 0,KOREANIZATION0 ( AN>*ISM1 9 :I* IT WAS R$EF9$ TO S]VE AT ONCE ! ,KOREAN SITUATION AFT] #a#i#d#e1 ?AT IS1 PREV5TION ( ! DIVISION ( ! ,KOREAN P59SULA & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ANO!R RESOLUTION PASS$ ON ! SECOND DAY ( ! CONV5TION1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S URG$ ALL REVOLUTION>Y GR\PS & 9DIVIDUALS1 :O HAD %[N SOME VISIBLE ACCOMPLI%M5TS DUR+ ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION /RUGGLE BE=E #a#i#d#e1 TO SEEK ALONG ) !M = A *ANCE TO E/ABLI% AN 9T]IM1 AUTONOM\S1 UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T 9 ,S\? ,KOREA FIR/ UNTIL ! G5U9E UNIFICATION ( ,KOREA ) ! NOR?4.<#e#a#f.> 

,ANO!R IMMAN5T & IMPORTANT ISSUE DISCUSS$ AT ! CONV5TION WAS ! QUE/ION AS TO :E!R AN>*I/S NE$$ !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY4 ,IT WAS A MOOT QUE/ION BUT WAS RAIS$ 9 CONNECTION ) ! QUE/ION AB\T ! LIB]ATION ( PRODUC]S1 :I* WAS RAIS$ ALREADY TWO MON?S E>LI]4 ,! DISCUSSION REVOLV$ >\ND H[ ! P[] & VOICE ( WORK]S & F>M]S AS MA9 PRODUC]S C\LD BE CONSID]$ & REFLECT$ 9 POLITICS TO PROMOTE NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T 9 ECONOMY4 ,BE=E #a#i#d#e1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD G5]ALLY BE5 9DIFF]5T TO OR HAD DEVELOP$ A COLD ATTITUDE T[>D POLITICAL MOVEM5T & POLITICAL P>TIES4 ,LIKEWISE1 !Y HAD ALWAYS BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICAL MOVEM5T OR POLITICAL P>TY'S MOVEM5T 9 A COLONY WAS MEAN+LESS1 OR AT LEA/ BORE ! /IGMA ( TREASON4 ,?IS AG5DA AS TO AN AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY WAS BR\<T UP AT ! CONV5TION1 DUE TO ! ANALYSIS ( ! DOME/IC SITUATION 9 ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S REPORT ON ! FIR/ DAY ( ! CONV5TION4 ,! PO/-#a#i#d#e SITUATION MADE ,YI CONCLUDE ?AT ! MO/ URG5T TASK AT H& WAS NOT SOCIAL REVOLUTION BUT RA!R ! COMPLETION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 BECAUSE ( ! DIVISION BETWE5 NOR? & S\? & EV5 ! POSSIBLE TRU/EE%IP 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA UND] ! ,U,N4 ,! FUTURE ( ,KOREAN SOCIETY SEEM$ TO H+E ON :E!R AN>*I/S C\LD SUCCESSFULLY UND]TAKE ! TASK ( NATION-BUILD+ & LAY \T BASIC F\NDATIONS = A NEW1 AUTONOM\S C\NTRY AT ITS 9CEPTION1 NO MATT] H[ POLITICAL !IR TASK C\LD BE4.<#e#a#g.> 

,9DE$1 !RE WAS A GR[+ CONS5SUS AMONG AN>*I/S ?AT A REVOLUTION>Y OR 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T ITSELF WAS 9 A S5SE A POLITICAL MOVEM5T AT A HI<] LEVEL1 & ?US ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIFI$ GOV]NM5T WAS MU* NE$$ 9 ! PO/BELLUM SITUATION 9 ORD] TO COMPLETE NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,:AT AN AN>*I/ NE$$ TO DO !N WAS3 7#a7 TO REMOVE BO? P[]S1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 FROM ! P59SULA2 7#b7 TO ]ADICATE ALL ! =CES AGA9/ AUTONOMY1 DEMOCRACY1 UNIFICATION1 & NATION-BUILD+2 & F9ALLY 7#c7 TO P>TICIPATE ACTIVELY 9 ! F\NDATIONAL WORKS = A NEW C\NTRY4.<#e#a#h.> ,AFT] A LONG DELIB]ATION1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S MADE A UNANIM\S DECISION TO SUPPORT ! IDEA ( ORGANIZ+ !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY ON ! BASIS ( ! NECESSITY TO ACCOMPLI% ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ?REE TASKS & ALSO TO REFLECT ! ORGANIZ$ P[] ( WORK]S & F>M]S 9 POLITICS4 ,IT WAS /RONGLY ADVIS$ BY ! ATT5DEES1 H[EV]1 ?AT ! PROPOS$ AN>*I/ P>TY 0FOLL[ ! BASIC PR9CIPLES ! CONV5TION HAS ADOPT$40 ,JO9+ ! P>TY W\LD BE UP TO 0EA* 9DIVIDUAL MEMB]'S SPONTANE\S WILL10 & ?OSE :O DECID$ NOT TO P>TICIPATE 9 IT 0WILL SUPPORT .<! P>TY.> ) !IR ?\<T MOVEM5T .<SASANG UNDONG.>40.<#e#a#i.> 

,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS ONE ( ! ATT5DANTS :O HAD AN OPPOS+ VIEW1 AL?\< IT WAS HIS REPORT ?AT G5]AT$ ! S5SE ( URG5CY = !IR POLITICAL 9VOLVEM5T4 ,9 HIS OP9ION A MORE IMPORTANT TASK ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FAC$ AT ! TIME WAS TO LAY \T A F\NDATION SUCCESSFULLY = A COM+ AN>*I/ SOCIETY ?R\< ! EF=TS TO RAISE ! ABILITY ( WORK]S & F>M]S1 RA!R ?AN TO ORGANIZE !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY TO REPRES5T ! P[] & VOICE ( WORK]S & F>M]S 9 POLITICS4.<#e#b.> ,?IS WAS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ,YI HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ ! ,F$]ATION = ,RURAL ,AUTONOMY 7,F,R,A1 ,NONG*ON JA*I YEONMA5G7 & ! ,F$]ATION = ,WORK]'S ,AUTONOMY 7,F,W,A1 ,NODONGJA JA*I YEONMA5G7 IMM$IATELY AFT] ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e4 ,A MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,YI & O!R AN>*I/S LIKE ,YU ,RIM :O FAVOR$ E/ABLI%+ A POLITICAL P>TY ( !IR [N1 SEEM$ TO RE/ ON ! ISSUE ( H[ TO ASSESS ! POT5TIAL ( ,KOREAN SOCIETY 9 T]MS ( ITS READ9ESS = A SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,YI SEEM$ TO BE MORE =W>D-LOOK+ & FAVOR$ DELAY+ AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION TO ! NE> FUTURE1 :ILE ,YU WAS MORE 9T]E/$ 9 PURSU+ AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION AGGRESSIVELY )\T DELAY1 EV5 ) ! HELP ( AN AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,! ATT5D+ AN>*I/S AT ! CONV5TION VOT$ = ,YU ,RIM'S IDEA4 ,S9CE !Y HAD ALREADY ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES AS 0?OSE :O FAVOR AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T10 IT WAS QUITE AN OBVI\S1 LOGICAL DECISION = !M TO SEEK = A *ANCE TO E/ABLI% A GOV]NM5T ( !IR [N OR AT LEA/ P>TICIPATE 9 ! MAK+ ( NATIONAL POLICIES & PROGRAMS ?R\< !IR POLITICAL P>TY1 :I* WAS EXPECT$ TO IMPLEM5T AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES 9 POLITICS4 

,ALSO DISCUSS$ & !N PASS$ AT ! CONV5TION W]E ?REE BASIC PR9CIPLES ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E EXPECT$ TO UPHOLD1 EV5 :5 P>TICIPAT+ 9 POLITICS3 7#a7 TO RESPECT & GU>ANTEE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 7#b7 TO SAFEGU>D PEACE & REJECT ALL K9DS ( 9VASIVE =CES1 & 7#c7 TO GIVE ! [N]%IP ( PRODUCTIVE MEANS TO PRODUC]S4 ,9 REG>D TO ! LA/ PR9CIPLE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S P>TICUL>LY SUGGE/$ ?AT ! FACTORIES & M9ES ?AT ONCE HAD BE5 [N$ BY ,JAPANESE COLONIZ]S DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD BE RETURN$ TO & !N [N$ BY WORK]S UNCONDITIONALLY4 ,! WORK]S W]E DEEM$ TO DES]VE ! [N]%IP1 = !Y HAD ALL PAID ! ,JAPANESE ) !IR EXPLOIT$ LABOR BE=E #a#i#d#e4 ,= ! SAME REASON1 IT WAS ALSO SUGGE/$ ?AT ,KOREAN F>M]S GA9 !IR [N]%IP ( L&1 :I* HAD BE5 [N$ BY ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN COLLABORATORS BE=E #a#i#d#e4.<#e#b#a.> ,AT ?IS PO9T ,KOREAN AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE FUR!R SUGGE/$ & IMPLEM5T$ ! EQUAL DI/RIBUTION ( L& TO F>M]S1 BUT !Y REFRA9$ FROM M5TION+ IT AT LEA/ = N[1 POSSIBLY DUE TO ! POLITICAL ATTACK FROM O!RS T[>D !M = BE+ COMMUNI/S1 AL?\< IT W\LD BE ONE ( ! POLICIES !IR P>TY W\LD PUT =W>D SOON4 

,ON ! LA/ DAY ( ! CONV5TION ANO!R IMPORTANT AG5DA ITEM WAS PLAC$ ON ! DISCUSSION TABLE3 H[ TO RE>RANGE & REORGANIZE ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ CAMP AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,!RE HAD EXI/$ ! ,K,A,F S9CE #aibi 9 ,KOREA AS ! FIR/ NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ALBEIT )\T ANY ACTUAL ACTIVITIES UND] ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,!RE HAD BE5 ! ,G,F,K,A 9 ,*9A :I* ,YU ,RIM HAD REPRES5T$ BE=E & AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,KOREA 9 #a#i#d#e4 ,! ,F,S,B,F WAS ADDITIONALLY ORGANIZ$ 9 ,SE\L 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aide BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 :O HAD /AY$ 9 ,KOREA S9CE HE HAD BE5 EXTRADIT$ FROM ,*9A TO COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 ,DECEMB] #aibh = HIS TRIAL4 ,AS ( ,APRIL #a#i#d#f1 MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ) ! EXCEPTION ( SOME LEAD+ FIGURES1 HAD ALL JO9$ TWO MA9 ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,F,S,B,F & ! ,G,F,K,A1 HAV+ DUAL MEMB]%IPS4 ,! MA9 ISSUE 9 QUE/ION AT ! CONV5TION1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS H[ !Y C\LD AVOID ANY POT5TIAL CONFUSION AB\T !IR MEMB]%IP & AFFILIATION AFT] #a#i#d#e4.<#e#b#b.> ,IT SEEMS ?AT RA!R ?AN RESOLV+ ! MEMB]%IP ISSUE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DECID$ TO CONC5TRATE !IR EF=T & 5]GY 9 ! POLITICAL P>TY !Y W]E TO ORGANIZE TOGE!R4 ,9 SUM1 ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION SET ! BASIC DIRECTION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AFT] #a#i#d#e1 A DIRECTION ?AT WAS MA9LY A PRODUCT ( ! PO/-#a#i#d#e POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T SURR\ND+ ! ,KOREAN P59SULA4 ,& ! DIRECTION WAS TE/$ FIR/ BY ,YU ,RIM ) ! EXP]IM5TAL POLITICAL P>TY1 & LAT] MODIFI$ BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU ) HIS IDEA ( RURAL VILLAGE-BAS$ SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,AN>*I/S 9 ,POLITICS3 ,! ,9DEP5D5CE ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,P>TY 7,DONGNIP NONONG DANG7 & ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,M9JU SAHOE DANG7 

  

,FOLL[+ ! CONCLUSION ( ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION1 AN AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#d#f1 & NAM$ ! ,9DEP5D5CE ,WORK]S & ,PEASANTS ,P>TY 7,I,W,P,P1 ,DONGNIP NONONG DANG74 ,YU ,RIM1 A VET]AN AN>*I/ :O HAD BE5 A MEMB] ( ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 WAS APPO9T$ AS *AIRP]SON 7WIWONJANG7 ( ! P>TY'S ,EXECUTIVE ,COMMITTEE1 :I* CONSI/$ ( ,YI ,EULGYU1 ,YI ,SIU1 ,YANG ,ILDONG 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#h71 ,S9 ,JAEMO1 & ,BANG ,HANSANG 7#a#i-#a#i#g71 9 ADDITION TO ,YU4 ,! P>TY WAS LAUN*$ ) AN EXPECTATION FROM O!R AN>*I/S ?AT IT WAS 0TO MAKE ! F\NDATIONAL FRAMEWORK .<9 POLITICS & SOCIETY.> TO BUILD A NEW C\NTRY FROM SCRAT*40.<#e#b#c.> 

,AS M5TION$1 ! DECISION TO BUILD A POLITICAL P>TY ( AN>*I/S WAS BAS$ ON ! CONSID]ATION ?AT !IR MO/ URG5T TASK WAS NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 :5 !RE WAS A WIDELY %>$ S5SE ( CRISIS ?AT ,KOREANS MI<T BE UNABLE TO BUILD !IR [N FREE1 AUTONOM\S C\NTRY & GOV]NM5T1 IF ,KOREA REMA9$ DIVID$ 9TO NOR? & S\?4 ,! S5SE ( CRISIS1 ALONG ) ! NEWLY P]CEIV$ TASK1 DIDN'T GO UNHE$$1 AS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S WILL+LY PO/PON$ ! GOAL ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION = ! SAKE ( COMPLETE NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 ?IS TIME NOT ?R\< ! UNIT$ >M$ /RUGGLE BUT ?R\< AN AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,PET] ,Z>R[ NOTES ?AT AFT] ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION ( ,*9A1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LIKE ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 & ,CAI ,YUANPEI MI<T HAVE 0FE>$ ?AT AS POLITICAL REVOLUTION .<I4E41 ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION.> HAD FAIL$ TO REMAKE ,*9A1 SO AN>*ISM1 :I* MU/ BEG9 AS POLITICAL REVOLUTION1 WAS FAT$ NEV] TO >RIVE40 ,NEI!R DID !Y WANT TO RISK ANO!R REVOLUTION & ANO!R FAILURE1 SO ?AT !SE ,*9ESE AN>*I/S 0*OSE TO PURSUE REVOLUTION BY R$EF9+ IT40.<#e#b#d.> ,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TOO ?\<T SIMIL>LY 9 ! FACE ( A NEW *ALL5G+ SITUATION AFT] #a#i#d#e1 & DEF9$ ! GOAL & IDEALS ( AN>*I/S MU* BROADLY SO AS TO ORGANIZE !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY & PURSUE !IR AN>*I/ GOAL ?R\< P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS4 

,EVID5T 9 ! AN>*I/ P>TY'S PLAT=M W]E ! SU/A9$ EMPHASIS ON & PRIORITIZATION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION OV] SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,9 IT ! ,I,W,P,P'S GOALS W]E EXPLA9$3 7#a7 TO A*IEVE P]FECT AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE2 7#b7 TO ACCOMPLI% ! UTMO/ WELF>E = PEASANTS1 WORK]S1 & ORD9>Y WORK+ PEOPLE2 & 7#c7 TO REJECT ANY DICTATOR%IP & COLLABORATE ) G5U9ELY DEMOCRATIC DOME/IC =CES ON ! BASIS ( MUTUALLY B5EFICIAL & EQUAL PR9CIPLES4 ,%>+ ! G5]AL CONC]NS O!R AN>*I/S HAD AB\T ! SITUATION AT ! TIME1 ! P>TY1 9 ITS DECL>ATION ALSO ASSESS$ ! SITUATION 9 ,KOREA AS ( ,JULY #aidf AS S]I\S1 BECAUSE ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE HAD NOT PRACTICALLY BE5 A*IEV$ DUE TO ! DIVISION ( IT & ! POSSIBLE TRU/EE%IP BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 RESPECTIVELY1 UND] A RESOLUTION ( ! ,U,N4 ,!RE=E1 ! DECL>ATION ASS]T$ ?AT1 S9CE ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE HAD POSSESS$ !IR UNIT>Y CULTURAL TRADITION1 !Y HAVE ! RI<T TO MAKE A DEM& = A SOCIAL SY/EM ( !IR [N TO BE SET UP 9 ,KOREA4 ,& IT REIT]AT$ ?AT = ,KOREANS IT WAS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y TO HAVE SU* A SY/EM ?AT C\LD FIT ,KOREA'S NATIONAL CONDITION1 GU>ANTEE 9T]NAL FRE$OM & EQUAL HAPP9ESS TO ALL 9DIVIDUALS1 & CONTRIBUTE TO PEACE & PROGRESS ( ! MANK9D AFT] TAK+ BACK ITS AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5CE & 9T]NATIONALLY ACKN[L$G$ SOV]EIGNTY4.<#e#b#e.> 

,! ,I,W,P,P C]TA9LY AIM$ AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA BUT ULTIMATELY & UNQUE/IONABLY FO/]$ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 :I* !Y ANTICIPAT$ TO TAKE PLACE 9 ! 5D4 ,?IS IS QUITE EVID5T ALSO 9 ! P>TY'S PR9CIPLE POLICIES ?AT W]E DECID$ 9 CORRESPOND5CE ) ! GOALS REIT]AT$ 9 ! PLAT=M & DECL>ATION4 ,AMONG ! POLICIES TWO /OOD ( IMPORTANCE4 ,FIR/1 ! EQUALIZATION ( L& ?R\< ! DI/RIBUTION ( CULTIVATABLE L& TO ! TILL]S1 &1 SECOND1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN AUTONOM\S BODY AT EV]Y FACTORY & WORK+ PLACE1 :I* W\LD BE DEEM$ RESPONSIBLE = MANAG+ & RUNN+ !M ACCORD+LY4.<#e#b#f.> ,COMP>$ TO POLICIES ( O!R POLITICAL P>TIES ( ! TIME1 !SE W]E QUITE RADICAL 9 ! S5SE ?AT !Y W]E AIM+ AT ! *ANGES 9 SOCIAL & PRODUCTION RELATIONS4 ,BECAUSE ( ! RADICAL NATURE & DIRECTION ( ! POLICIES & PLAT=M ( ! ,I,W,P,P1 A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ LAT] REMEMB]$ ?AT IT WAS NOT SO MU* A CONV5TIONAL POLITICAL P>TY AS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION4.<#e#b#g.> ,TO 9T]SP]SE ITS POLICIES & ! NEWS & 9=MATION AB\T IT ! ,I,W,P,P />T$ TO PUBLI% ITS [N BIWEEKLY NEWSPAP] FROM ,AUGU/ #c1 #a#i#d#f4 ,9 MAJOR CITIES & LOCATIONS ! P>TY'S BRAN* ORGANIZATIONS & (FICES W]E ALSO SUBSEQU5TLY SET UP4 

,! ROAD AHEAD = ! ,I,W,P,P WAS1 H[EV]1 QUITE BUMPY & EV5 UNPR$ICTABLE4 ,FIR/1 ! AN>*I/ P>TY WAS CRIPPL$ FROM ITS 9CEPTION BY SOME MEMB]S :O DECID$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATIONAL ELECTION 9 #a#i#d#h1 :I* WAS HELD JU/ BE=E ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! GOV]NM5T ( ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,KOREA 9 ,AUGU/ ( ! YE>1 AGA9/ ! P>TY'S DECISION TO BOYCOTT IT BECAUSE ( ! P>TY'S CONC]NS ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( A SEP>ATE /ATE 9 ! S\? MI<T POSSIBLY P]PETUATE ! DIVISION ( ! P59SULA4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ,KOREA'S LIB]ATION ?R\< ! AN>*I/ P>TY & ! SUBSEQU5T PLAN TO REALIZE ! AN>*I/ IDEALS ?R\< ITS POLICIES W]E NOT EASY TASKS4 ,! EF=TS BY ! P>TY PROV$ TO BE A FAILURE 9 ! 5D4 ,! REASON = IT CAN BE EXPLA9$ FROM MANY DIFF]5T ANGLES4 ,AS M5TION$1 MANY AN>*I/S RAN = ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY 9 ! #aidh ELECTION AGA9/ ! P>TY'S DECISION TO BOYCOTT IT1 :I* RESULT$ 9 ! 9T]NAL DIVISION ( & !IR SUBSEQU5T EXPULSION FROM ! P>TY4 ,:AT MADE ! SITUATION WORSE WAS ?AT SOME ( ITS CORE MEMB]S TOOK (FICE 9 ! ,RHEE'S REGIME AGA9/ ! P>TY'S D5UNCIATION ( IT4.<#e#b#h.> ,! AN>*I/ P>TY FAIL$ TO GA9 A SEAT 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,ASSEMBLY AFT] ! ,MAY #c1 #aie ELECTION4 

,9 ! CASE ( ,YU ,RIM1 HE SUFF]$ FROM CONSI/5T POLITICAL SUPPRESSION ( ! ,RHEE REGIME1 BEG9N+ FIR/ 9 #aiea 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,KOREAN ,W> & CONT9U+ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#eS4 ,9 ADDITION1 DUR+ ! C\RSE ( ! ?REE-YE>-LONG ,KOREAN ,W>1 MANY AN>*I/S W]E EI!R KIDNAPP$ OR KILL$ BY ,NOR? ,KOREANS1 :I*1 TO BE SURE1 SIGNIFICANTLY L[]$ ! LEVEL ( HUMAN RES\RCES ( ! P>TY & ?US AFFECT$ DEEPLY ITS CAPABILITY AS A POLITICAL P>TY1 LET ALONE AS A REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATION1 EXAC]BAT+ ITS ALREADY WAN+ FATE4 ,MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 ! G5]AL MOOD 9 ,S\? ,KOREA 9CREAS+LY M>*$ T[>D ANTISOCIALISM & ANTIRADICALISM1 OBVI\SLY DUE TO ! EXP]I5CES & MEMORIES ( ! BRUTAL W> ) ,NOR? ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S = ?REE YE>S & ! ,RHEE REGIME'S SUBSEQU5T POLITICAL MANEUV]S TO USE ! ISSUE ( ANTICOMMUNISM & TURN ! PO/W> SITUATION 9 ITS FAVOR4 ,! W> 5D$ NOT ONLY ) ! RU9S & DE/RUCTION ( ,S\? ,KOREAN SOCIETY BUT ALSO ) ! RIS+ /ATE-L$ T]RORISM AGA9/ ANYONE SYMPA!TIC TO SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM4 

,9 ! #a#i#eS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S PA9FULLY WITNESS$ !IR SOCIETY NOT ONLY DE/ROY$ & DRIFT+ AWAY FROM !IR IDEAL SOCIETY BUT BECOM+ UNFAVORABLE & EV5 HO/ILE TO !IR BELIEF4 ,A NEW DECADE F9ALLY >RIV$ BUT ONLY ) ! TRAGIC NEWS ( ! DEA? ( ,YU ,RIM ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#f#a1 & HIS PASS+1 IT TURN$ \T1 SIGNAL$ ! 5D ( V>I\S NEW AN>*I/ UND]TAK+S UND] HIS LEAD]%IP AFT] #a#i#d#e1 P>TICUL>LY ! EXP]IM5TAL1 BUT UNSUCCESSFUL1 AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY4 ,UND] ! /ORM+ TIDE ( ANTICOMMUNI/ PURGES 9 ! #a#i#fS1 AN>*I/S RECONSID]$ !IR MEANS & WAYS TO A*IEVE !IR ULTIMATE GOAL ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 ?IS TIME )\T !IR [N POLITICAL P>TY & ! UNFL9*+ LEAD]1 ,YU4 ,& AS ! NEW DECADE BEGAN1 ! POLITICAL ATMOSPH]E WAS WORS5$ ) ! RISE ( A NEW MILIT>Y DICTATOR1 ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE1 :I* IMPAIR$ FUR!R PR(\NDLY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS TO BUILD AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY & =C$ !M 9 ! 5D TO D]ADICALIZE !IR AN>*ISM FUR!R & MODIFY !IR DIRECTION ONCE AGA94 

,:AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 5VISION$ ?R\< ! AN>*I/ P>TY WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S EXPLANATION1 ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ) ! SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE PR9CIPLE 9TACT4 ,ONCE IT WAS REALIZ$1 ! ORGANIZATION 7I4E41 SOCIETY7 WAS EXPECT$ TO EMPLOY ! SY/EM ( JO9T PRODUCTION & JO9T CONSUMPTION1 & ! FUNCTION ( POLITICS 9 IT W\LD REMA9 OCCUPATIONAL 9 NATURE4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide W]E1 ,YI FUR!R EXPLA9$1 9 AGREEM5T ?AT DEMOCRACY MU/ NOT BECOME A DISGUISE ( FALSE FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9 ! MOD]N SOCIETY :]E COLONIES W]E LIB]AT$ & CAPITALISM WAS BE+ TRANS=M$ OR REVIS$2 IT MU/ CORRESPOND TO ! G5U9E AN>*I/ VALUES ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,!RE=E1 TO ACCOMPLI% ! IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY FILL$ ) FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! P>TY DECID$ TO RELY ON P>LIAM5T>Y DEMOCRACY :ILE MA9TA9+ !IR PR9CIPLES ( POLITICAL SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE & DEC5TRALIZATION ( 9DU/RY 9 !IR PLAT=M4.<#e#b#i.> ,! EF=TS TO REALIZE !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS ?R\< ?IS AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,YU ,RIM1 H[EV]1 5D$ EMPTY-H&$4 ,9 RETROSPECT1 ! ,KOREAN ,W> ALT]$ ! :OLE POLITICAL MAP ( ,S\? ,KOREA 9TO ONE ?AT WAS AB\T TO TURN \T TO BE A NI<TM>E = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 

,>\ND ! TIME :5 ! ,I,W,P,P GRADUALLY DISAPPE>$ FROM ! POLITICAL /AGE1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU BEGAN TO DISCUSS & 5VISAGE ! FUTURE ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,S\? ,KOREA 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! HAZY POLITICAL AURA ( ! #a#i#eS4 ,HIS DISCUSSION REVOLV$ >\ND TWO MA9 ISSUES MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S GRAPPL$ ) 9 ! MID/ ( ,RHEE'S /R5G!N$ DICTATOR%IP & ANTICOMMUNI/ POLICIES AFT] ! ,KOREAN ,W>4 ,! FIR/ ISSUE ,YI TOOK UP WAS ! PROSPECT = ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 9 A S]IES ( HIS WRIT+S CONTRIBUT$ TO ,MASAN ,DAILY 7,MASAN ,ILBO7 FROM ,MAY TO ,JUNE #a#i#e#g4 ,TO NO ONE'S SURPRISE1 ,YI WAS CONC]N$ ) ! QUE/ION ( H[ SOCIALI/S 9 G5]AL HAD TO COPE ) ! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T ( ,S\? ,KOREA UND] ,RHEE'S DICTATOR%IP & ANTISOCIALI/ POLICIES4 ,GIV5 ! WRONGDO+S ( ! ,RHEE REGIME & !IR POSSIBLE SOCIAL CONSEQU5CES1 ,YI PR$ICT$ ?AT ! SOCIOPOLITICAL CONDITION ( !N-,S\? ,KOREA MI<T ALL[ ! EM]G5CE ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY ) ! POSSIBLE SUPPORT FROM WORK]S & F>M]S AS !IR RESPONSE TO ! REPRESSIVE REGIME4 ,NEV]!LESS1 HE FIRMLY BELIEV$ ?AT IT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO SEE ! RISE ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AT ?AT TIME1 BECAUSE COMMUNISM W\LD ULTIMATELY BE REJECT$ BY ,KOREANS4 ,IF ?AT WAS GO+ TO BE ! CASE1 AN ALT]NATIVE P>TY ?AT C\LD RECEIVE ! SUPPORT FROM BO? WORK]S & F>M]S 9 PLACE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY WAS A 0SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY0 7SAHOE M9JU DANG71 ,YI ASSUM$4 ,! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 H[EV]1 W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO SURFACE EI!R AS A LEGITIMATE POLITICAL P>TY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,YI =ECA/$4 ,RA!R1 A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 MAK+ USE ( ! OPPORTUNITY = ! SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY TO EM]GE1 MI<T 9/EAD >ISE AFT] CAM\FLAG+ ITSELF AS A 0SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY40.<#e#c.> ,AMONG ! POLITICAL P>TIES AT ! TIME1 ,YI 9DE$ ?\<T ?AT ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY ( ,JO ,BONG-AM WAS A PRO-COMMUNI/ SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY1 :I* TO ,YI WAS AN UNDESIRABLE PH5OM5ON 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4.<#e#c#a.> ,:AT HE SEEM$ TO IMPLY WAS ?AT ! RISE ( A SOCIALI/ P>TY WAS 9EVITABLE 9 ,S\? ,KOREA UND] ,RHEE'S DICTATOR%IP4 ,ITS WRONGDO+S & !IR CONSEQU5CES 9 SOCIETY W\LD CONDITION ! RISE ( A SOCIALI/ P>TY :I*1 9 HIS BELIEF1 MU/ BE NEI!R A COMMUNI/ NOR A SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC P>TY4 

,YI'S NEXT DISCUSSION WAS FOCUS$ ON ! QUE/ION AB\T H[ AN>*I/S C\LD COPE ) !N-UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 & :]E !Y NE$$ TO HEAD T[>D4 ,ADMITT+ ?AT BO? ! ,I,W,P,P & ! ,F,S,B,F HAD ALL BE5 9 HIB]NATION S9CE ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 HE PLAC$ A NEW HOPE TO A NEWLY PROPOS$ POLITICAL P>TY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HE HAD JU/ ORGANIZ$ ) O!RS A YE> AGO 9 #a#i#e#f1 ! ,DEMOCRATIC ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY 7,D,S,P1 ,M9JU SAHOE DANG74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS MA9TA9$ & ADVOCAT$ TWO PR9CIPLES !Y ?\<T TO BE ( ESS5CE 9 ALL ASPECTS ( HUMAN LIFE1 ?AT IS1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,& S9CE ! AN>*I/ NOTIONS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY BORE ECONOMIC MEAN+S1 !Y C\LD BE COMB9$ ) ! PR9CIPLE ( DEMOCRACY1 :I* HE BELIEV$ USUALLY D5OT$ POLITICAL FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,! NEW AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TY1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS TO BECOME ONE ?AT C\LD COMB9E 9 ITS ACTIVITY & PROGRAM ! ECONOMIC MEAN+ ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS EMPHASIZ$ ) ! G5]AL POLITICAL MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY4 ,IF ! COMB9ATION WAS TO TAKE PLACE SUCCESSFULLY1 ITS \TCOME W\LD BE :AT AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS WI%$ & ADVOCAT$ =1 ,YI FIRMLY BELIEV$4 ,!RE=E1 IF ! AN>*I/ CRITIQUE ( COMMUNISM C\LD BE FUR!R EXP&$ & ! 9T]PRETATION & MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY C\LD BE WIDELY %>$ 9 ,S\? ,KOREAN SOCIETY AT L>GE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 !IR RESPECTIVE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS1 ! ,D,S,P W\LD EM]GE AS A POLITICAL P>TY ?AT C\LD ACCOMPLI% DEMOCRACY COMPLETELY 9 BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S5SES4 ,& IF ?IS W]E TO HAPP51 IT 9 TURN W\LD MEAN A COMPLETION ( SOCIALISM1 ,YI CONCLUD$4 ,& ! IDEOLOGY ( ! P>TY MU/ BE DEF9$ ACCORD+LY1 !RE=E1 AS 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM0 7M9JU SAHOE JUUI71 APP>5TLY DIFF]5T FROM 0SOCIAL DEMOCRACY40.<#e#c#b.> 

,IF WE CONSID] ?AT ,YI HAD NOT BE5 9 FULL AGREEM5T ) ,YU ,RIM & O!RS AT ! NATIONAL CONV5TION ( AN>*I/S 9 #aidf ON ! ISSUE ( ORGANIZ+ AN AN>*I/ P>TY1 IT MAY SEEM 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT ,YI N[ WAS ONE ( ! DRIV+ =CES & ADVOCATES ( ! ,D,S,P A DECADE LAT]4 ,AN EXPLANATION = ! *ANGE 9 HIS ATTITUDE MAY BE F\ND 9 :AT ,$W>D ,S4 ,KREBS EXPLA9S AB\T ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S' APPROPRIATION ( ,COMMUNI/ T]M9OLOGY 9 #a#i#b#e1 SU* AS 0MASS REVOLUTION0 & 0WORK]S' & PEASANTS' REVOLUTION0 9 ORD] 0TO C\NT] ! SUCCESSES ( !IR GREAT RIVAL10 0:I* PRODUC$ A *ANGE 9 ! WAY 9 :I* REVOLUTION WAS CONCEIV$ & DESCRIB$40.<#e#c#c.> ,?IS WAS ! CASE :5 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E DEBAT+ ) ! COMMUNI/S & HAD TO COPE ) ! SITUATION :]E !IR MOVEM5T WAN$ ) ! RISE ( ! ,C,C,P4 ,SIMIL>LY1 ,YI C\LD HAVE %IFT$ HIS VIEW ( AN AN>*I/ P>TY AFT] ! CONSOLIDATION ( ! DICTATORIAL REGIMES 9 TWO ,KOREAS1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] WITNESS+ ! /ABILIZATION ( ! COMMUNI/ REGIME 9 ! NOR?4 ,?IS IS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE IF WE RECALL :AT HE /AT$ AFT] #aide ?AT ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! NOR? W]E ONE ( TWO 5EMIES /ILL LEFT AFT] ! DEMISE ( ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM1 & ?AT HE ATTEMPT$ 7& W\LD CONT9UE TO DO SO7 TO ORGANIZE WORK]S & F>M]S 9TO AN>*I/-L$ ORGANIZATIONS TO C\NT] ANY POSSIBLE P5ETRATION & 9FLU5CE ( ! COMMUNI/S 9TO !M4 ,HIS %IFT WAS 9 A S5SE ALSO A REACTION TO ! POSSIBLE ASC5DANCY ( ! COMMUNI/S 9 #a#i#eS ,S\? ,KOREA1 9 P>TICUL> GIV5 HIS PR$ICTION ( ! RISE ( A ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AS AN 9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE ( ! /ATE'S WRONGDO+S4 

,A QUE/ION !N >OSE3 WAS 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM0 ! SAME AS AN>*ISM8 ,UND] ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS ( #a#i#eS ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,YI DIAGNOS$1 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T AS A 0?\<T MOVEM5T0 7SASANG UNDONG7 HAD NO BRI<T FUTURE1 :ILE A SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 ! =M ( POLITICAL MOVEM5T /ILL C\LD HAVE SOME FAVORABLE CONDITIONS4 ,! EXAMPLES FROM O!R C\NTRIES HAD DEMON/RAT$ ?AT 0?\<T MOVEM5T0 HAD USUALLY PREC$$ POLITICAL MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD BE5 ! CASE 9 T]MS ( BO? !ORY & REALITY4 ,H[EV]1 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 HE UNEQUIVOCALLY PR$ICT$1 IT W\LD BE ! OPPOSITE 9 ?IS REG>D BECAUSE ( ! DOM9ANT ANTISOCIALI/ AURA 9 SOCIETY G5]AT$ BY ! /ATE4 ,HE !RE=E SUGGE/$ ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONSID] AN>*ISM 9 ITS ,KOREANIZ$ =M & CONTEXT1 9 P>TICUL>1 BY ?9K+ ( ITS 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/0 7M9JU SAHOE JUUI JEOK7 V]SION1 :I*1 HE EXPLA9$1 PLAC$ ITS EMPHASES ON ANTICOMMUNISM & ! POLITICAL MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY COMB9$ ) ! AN>*I/ NOTION ( ECONOMIC FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,?IS 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/0 V]SION ( AN>*ISM WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ! PA? = AN>*I/S TO FOLL[ & REALIZE AN>*ISM 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,YI CONCLUD$4.<#e#c#d.> 

,IT MU/ BE NOT$ ?AT ! CONCEPT ( 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM0 ,YI CO9$ & US$ WAS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM 0SOCIAL DEMOCRACY0 9 MANY WAYS1 &1 9 ADDITION1 ! CONCEPT WAS NOT SOLELY ,YI'S4 ,JEONG ,HWAAM 9 HIS MEMOIR ALSO 9TRODUCES ! SAME CONCEPT ALONG ) AN EXPLANATION ( H[ HE CAME ACROSS IT & H[ HE & ,YI ,JEONGGYU 5DEAVOR$ TOGE!R TO =M ! ,D,S,P 9 #a#i#e#f1 ) MANY PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL FIGURES AT ! TIME1 *IEF AMONG !M ,JO ,BONG-AM4 ,JEONG RECALLS ?AT HE BECAME AW>E ( ! T]M DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM :5 HE WAS 9 ,HONG ,KONG BE=E HIS RETURN TO ,KOREA AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JEONG1 IT WAS A ,*9ESE S*OL> NAM$ ,D+ ,ZH\ :O RESE>*$ & PUBLI%$ WRIT+S ON ! CONCEPT ( 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM0 9 V>I\S NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES 9 ,HONG ,KONG SOMETIME BE=E #a#i#e4 ,F9D+ SIMIL>ITIES ) HIS [N UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM AS HE READ ,D+'S WRIT+S1 ,JEONG BECAME READILY 9T]E/$ 9 ! CONCEPT & SCRAPP$ ,D+'S WRIT+S TO UTILIZE !M LAT]1 ?9K+ ?AT HE MI<T DECIDE LAT] TO BE 9 POLITICS4 ,AFT] RETURN$ TO ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,JEONG F\ND \T ?AT O!R AN>*I/S LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ,*OE ,HAE*EONG1 & ,YI ,HONGGEUN ALL HAD ALSO /UDI$ AB\T & 5DEAVOR$ TO CONCEPTUALIZE ! SAME T]M4.<#e#c#e.> ,IT IS NOT CLE>1 ?\<1 :O ,D+ ,ZH\ WAS1 & :AT & H[ HE WROTE AB\T DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 BECAUSE ,JEONG NEV] ANSW]S !SE QUE/IONS 9 HIS MEMOIR4 ,NEV]!LESS1 :AT SEEMS IMPORTANT TO ! CURR5T /UDY IS ?AT ,JEONG F\ND ! AFF9ITIES BETWE5 HIS V]SION ( AN>*ISM & ,D+'S CONCEPT ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 &1 GIV5 :AT ,JEONG WRITES 9 HIS MEMOIR1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S EXPLANATIONS ( ! CONCEPT M5TION$ ABOVE MU/ HAVE BE5 SIMIL> TO ,JEONG'S UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM1 :I* 9 TURN WAS PROBABLY ! !ORETICAL BASE ( ! NEW AN>*I/ P>TY ,YI & ,JEONG ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE TOGE!R 9 #a#i#e#f4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y H]E TO LOOK 9TO ! P>TY MU* 9 DETAIL TO GRASP H[ ,YI ,JEONGGYU WANT$ TO CONCRETIZE 9 REALITY HIS 0,KOREANIZ$0 V]SION ( AN>*ISM1 ?AT IS1 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM10 :I* WAS ALSO ,JEONG ,HWAAM'S UND]/&+ ( IT4 ,ON ,NOVEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#e#f1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,JEONG ,HWAAM & HIS OLD COMRADES1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ,HAN ,HAYEON1 ,*OE ,HAE*EONG1 ,OH ,NAMGI1 & ,KIM ,SEONGSU1 PROPOS$ TOGE!R ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,D,S,P4 ,JEONG WAS APPO9T$ AS *AIRP]SON ( ! PREP>ATORY COMMITTEE TO ORGANIZE ! P>TY4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 IT WAS NEV] ACTUALLY E/ABLI%$1 DUE1 IT SEEMS1 MA9LY TO F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES IT HAD 9 ! PROCESS ( ! =MAL =MATION ( IT4.<#e#c#f.> ,! POLITICAL PRESSURE1 EI!R VISIBLE OR 9VISIBLE1 FROM ! ,RHEE REGIME C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY BE5 ANO!R REASON4 ,=TUNATELY1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU LEFT TWO WRIT+S ON ! P>TY FROM :I* WE CAN HAVE A GLIMPSE ( H[ ! P>TICIPAT+ AN>*I/S WANT$ TO CONCRETIZE !IR V]SION ( AN>*ISM ?R\< ?IS P>TY4 

,YI'S FIR/ WRIT+ ON ! P>TY WAS WRITT5 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#e#f1 A MON? BE=E ! P>TY WAS =MALLY PROPOS$ BY ! ABOVE-M5TION$ COMMITTEE4 ,IT C\LD HAVE BE5 ,YI'S PROPOSAL TO O!R AN>*I/S TO RECOMM5D SETT+ UP ! PREP>ATORY COMMITTEE4 ,9 ?IS V]Y AB/RACT WRIT+ TO EXPLA9 AB\T ! P>TY'S TWO ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES1 ,YI EMPHASIZ$ FIR/ ?AT ! T]M DEMOCRACY 9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM MU/ BE UND]/OOD AS ! PR9CIPLE 9 SOCIAL & ECONOMIC LIFE AS WELL AS 9 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS1 NOT TO M5TION AS A POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 !RE=E1 DEMOCRACY ITSELF WAS ITS GOAL & MEANS1 :I*1 ,YI ASS]T$1 WAS ! PECULI> USE ( ! T]M DEMOCRACY & ?US DI/+UI%$ ! P>TY'S USE FROM ?OSE APPROPRIATIONS ( ! T]M 9 O!R CONV5TIONAL UND]/&+S & 9 O!R SOCIALISMS AS WELL4 ,S9CE 0SOCIAL LIFE0 HAD MADE HUMANS CONT9UE TO EVOLVE1 MUTUAL DEP5D5CY 7I4E41 MUTUAL AID7 WAS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT = SOCIABILITY 7SAHOE SEONG7 ( HUMANS & WAS ALSO ONE ( ! ORGANIZATIONAL PR9CIPLES ( ! P>TY1 ,YI ADD$4.<#e#c#g.> ,IT IS QUITE OBVI\S ?AT ! P>TY WAS PROPOS$ TO BE ORGANIZ$ ) ! TWO PR9CIPLES1 DEMOCRACY & MUTUAL AID4 

,NEXT1 ,YI DISCUSS$ ! ,D,S,P'S IDEOLOGICAL L9E4 ,HE FIR/ REIT]AT$ MUTUAL AID & MUTUAL DEP5D5CY AS AN ELEM5T = HUMAN PROGRESS4 ,!N HE MOV$ TO A DISCUSSION ( ! PROS & CONS ( BO? CAPITALISM & SOCIALISM4 ,9 HIS UND]/&+ CAPITALISM 9 G5]AL HAD DONE H>M TO ! HUMAN SOCIETY1 SU* AS ! DE/RUCTION ( CULTURE & ECONOMIC 9EQUALITY1 RA!R ?AN ANY MEAN+FUL CONTRIBUTIONS TO IT1 AL?\< IT NO D\BT HAD BE5 EXTREMELY CAPABLE ( MAXIMIZ+ HUMAN PRODUCTIVITY4 ,SOCIALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 HE BELIEV$1 HAD 5SUR$ ECONOMIC FRE$OM & EQUALITY TO ALL HUMANS1 :ILE IT C\NT]PRODUC$ 0COMMUNI/ 9JU/ICE10 SU* AS ! 5SLAVEM5T ( ! PEOPLE 7GUNGM974 ,! MISSION ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 !RE=E1 ,YI EMPHASIZ$1 WAS TO PLACE & ADD ! SOCIALI/1 RA!R ?AN CAPITALI/1 ECONOMIC IDEAS TO ! G5]AL MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY4.<#e#c#h.> ,( C\RSE1 DEMOCRACY H]E MEANT TO HIM DEMOCRATIC PRACTICES BO? 9 ECONOMY & POLITICS4 

,) ?IS SOCIALI/ L9E1 ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 ! PROPOS$ ,D,S,P1 IF SUCCESSFULLY E/ABLI%$1 W\LD BE ABLE TO MAT]IALIZE ! 0SPIRIT0 & 0IDEA0 ( ! ,KOREAN NATION-BUILD+1 BO? ( :I* HAD BE5 DEVELOP$ TO EMBRACE ! 0SOCIALI/ IDEA10 AS WELL AS ! 0DEMOCRATIC IDEA ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY40 ,! F\ND+ 0SPIRIT0 & 0IDEA0 ( ! ,KOREAN NATION1 9 O!R WORDS1 ,YI >GU$1 HAD BE5 =MULAT$ 9 ORD] TO E/ABLI% A 0DEMOCRATIC WELF>E /ATE0 ON ! PREMISE ?AT IT W\LD UTILIZE ! SOCIALI/ IDEA4 ,( C\RSE1 ! CAPITALI/ IDEA ( ! [N]%IP ( PRIVATE PROP]TY TOO WAS TO BE ALL[$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DEMOCRATIC WELF>E /ATE4.<#e#c#i.> ,ACCORD+LY1 HAV+ A 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALI/ P>TY0 9 ,KOREA1 ,YI EXP\ND$1 WAS ( SIGNIFICANCE 9 ?AT ! 0SPIRIT0 & 0IDEA0 ( ! ,KOREA'S NATION-BUILD+1 :I* W]E REIT]AT$ 9 ! ,KOREAN ,CON/ITUTION1 CORRESPOND$ TO ?OSE ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM1 NOT TO M5TION ?AT HAV+ SU* A P>TY ITSELF HAD BE5 A WORLD TR5D AT ! TIME4 ,YI !N PO9T$ \T ?AT !RE WAS A PREVAIL+ >GUM5T ?AT ,S\? ,KOREA AS AN UND]DEVELOP$ C\NTRY 7HUJ9 GUK7 MU/ GO ?R\< A CAPITALI/ /AGE ( DEVELOPM5T & MU/ PROMOTE ITS [N NATIONAL CAPITAL 7M9JOK JABON7 AS WELL1 :I* WAS AN ANA*RONI/IC UND]/&+ ( ! MEAN+ ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,?AT IS1 CAPITALISM WAS A SUIT ( 0CLO!S0 ?AT O!R C\NTRIES N[ WANT$ TO TAKE (F1 :ILE SOCIALISM HAD BECOME A NEW SUIT ( 0CLO!S0 ?AT ALL WANT$ TO WE>1 BECAUSE IT FIT !IR 0BODIES10 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! CASES ( ! C\NTRIES LIKE ,9DIA1 ,BURMA1 ,9DONESIA1 ,SW$51 ,NORWAY1 & SO =?1 ,YI EUPHEMI/ICALLY EXPLA9$4 ,?IS NEW WORLD TR5D1 ,YI BELIEV$1 GAVE ,KOREANS A *ANCE TO OBS]VE & REFLECT ON ! REALITY ( ! WORLD & !N TO PURSUE A NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM 9 ,KOREA4 ,AL?\< SOCIALI/ 9 ECONOMY1 PRIVATE 5T]PRISES & !IR V>I\S RI<TS W\LD BE GU>ANTE$ & ALL[$ 9 ! NEW SY/EM ( ! NEW DEMOCRATIC WELF>E /ATE4 ,& UND] ITS NEW ECONOMIC & SOCIAL SY/EM1 SOME KEY 9DU/RIES AS WELL AS O!R 9DU/RIES W]E TO BE EI!R PUBLIC-[N$ OR NATIONALIZ$1 = !Y W]E ESS5TIALLY RELAT$ TO PEOPLE'S LIVELIHOOD1 ,YI ADD$4 ,) ! PUBLIC-[N]%IP OR NATIONALIZATION A PLANN$ ECONOMIC SY/EM W\LD BECOME POSSIBLE P>TICUL>LY 9 ALL NATIONAL1 PUBLIC1 & PRIVATE ECONOMIC SECTORS1 &1 AS A RESULT ( ?IS NEW ECONOMIC SY/EM1 A P]FECT SOCIAL WELF>E SY/EM TOO C\LD BE PLAC$ 9 OP]ATION 9 ! SOCIETY1 ,YI CONCLUD$4.<#e#d.> 

,9 RESPONSE TO MANY D\BTS RAIS$ BY ?OSE :O W]E SKEPTICAL AB\T SOCIALISM1 P>TICUL>LY AB\T !SE TWO SY/EMS COMB9$ 9 ECONOMY & SOCIAL WELF>E1 ,YI 5UM]AT$ SOME ADVANTAGES ( ! SY/EMS HE SAW4 ,FIR/ WAS ! /R5G!N+ ( PROV9CIAL 7I4E41 LOCAL7 ECONOMY4 ,HE ?\<T ?AT ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM W\LD /R5G!N PROV9CIAL AUTONOMY 9 ECONOMY1 :I* 9 TURN W\LD PREV5T ! C5TRALIZATION ( P[] &1 AS A RESULT1 PRECLUDE ANY DICTATOR%IP ( ! REGIME OR ! CONSOLIDATION ( ITS NAK$ P[]4 ,SECOND1 9 HIS REPLY TO A QUE/ION ?AT SOCIALI/ POLICIES W]E POSSIBLY C>RI$ \T ONLY WELL 9 A 0BACKW>D C\NTRY0 7HUJ9 GUK7 ) NO PREVI\S 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 ,YI SIMPLY /AT$ ?AT ! PLANN$ ECONOMY ( SOCIALISM WAS MU* MORE NE$$ 9 ! ECONOMICALLY BACKW>D C\NTRIES4 ,YI KNEW ?AT SOME W\LD ALSO CLAIM ?AT ! CAPITALI/ IDEA ( FREE COMPETITION WAS ( MORE EFFICI5CY & EV5 C\LD PROMPTLY WORK = ! BACKW>D C\NTRIES 9 ORD] = !M TO OV]COME SWIFTLY !IR ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS4 ,ANSW]+ TO ?IS FOLL[-UP QUE/ION1 ?IRD1 HE RECAPITULAT$ ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC SY/EM WAS MU* NE$$ & ALSO HAD TO BE SECUR$ 9 SU* BACKW>D C\NTRIES4 ,LA/1 KN[+ ?AT DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM C\LD POT5TIALLY BE ATTACK$ AS A COMMUNISM ( SOME SORT1 ,YI DEF5D$ DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM ON ! GR\NDS ?AT IT WAS A 0PRACTICAL !ORY0 7SILJE IRON7 ?AT HAD BE5 =MULAT$ AS A RESULT ( MANY YE>LONG EXP]I5CES ( V>I\S K9DS ( SOCIALI/S1 :O HAD LONG /RUGGL$ TO E/ABLI% AN ECONOMIC ORD] ?AT C\LD SET & GU>ANTEE ECONOMIC EQUALITY ALONG ) HUMAN RI<TS TO PROTECT FRE$OM & POLITICAL EQUALITY4 ,TO SUPPORT HIS CLAIM1 ,YI FUR!R LI/$ 9 HIS WRIT+ & COMP>$ ! SIMIL>ITIES & DIFF]5CES BETWE5 COMMUNISM_/SOCIAL DEMOCRACY & DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM TO PROMOTE ! LATT]4.<#e#d#a.> 

,S9CE DEMOCRACY WAS ! GOAL & MEANS ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM & ?US MU/ BE RESPECT$ AS ! PRIM>Y PR9CIPLE ( IT1 ! 0NATURAL0 COMPLETION ( DEMOCRACY MEANT TO ,YI ! COMPLETION ( SOCIALISM 9 REALITY4 ,& ?IS WAS :Y ! T]M DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM WAS *OS51 ,YI EMPHASIZ$4.<#e#d#b.> ,YI'S UND]/&+ ( ! MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY AT ! TIME SEEM$ TO BE %AP$ BASICALLY FROM ITS DEF9ITION MADE AT ! FIR/ ,CONGRESS ( ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL HELD AT ,FRANKFURT FROM ,JUNE #c TO ,JULY #c1 #a#i#e#a1 NOT TO M5TION HIS ADOPTION ( ! T]M DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM4 ,TO HIM1 ! WORD 0DEMOCRATIC0 9 DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM D5OT$ ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIALI/ SOCIETY ?R\< P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS ( ! ,WE/1 :I*1 HE BELIEV$1 W\LD EMPLOY DEMOCRATIC MEANS & ME?OD = POLITICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,TO BE SURE1 DEMOCRACY WAS UND]/OOD BY ,YI1 AGA91 9 TWO S5SES1 BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC1 & HIS UND]/&+ ( DEMOCRACY WAS =MULAT$ BY A SYMBIOSIS ( ITS MEAN+S 9 BO? SOCIALI/ ECONOMIC & CAPITALI/ POLITICAL DEMOCRACY4 ,YI SPECIFICALLY ID5TIFI$ FIVE GOALS AS SOME?+ ?AT MU/ BE FULFILL$ BY ! ,D,S,P TO REALIZE DEMOCRACY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 & !Y W]E3 7#a7 PROV9CIAL AUTONOMY UND] A CAB9ET SY/EM 9 POLITICS2 7#b7 CON/RUCTION ( A DEMOCRATIC WELF>E NATION2 7#c7 CONSOLIDATION ( NEW SOCIAL E?ICS 9 SOCIETY1 SU* AS COOP]ATION1 M&ATORY LABOR = ALL 7GA5O71 AUTONOM\S 7JAJU71 & CREATIVITY 7*ANG-UI72 7#d7 PROTECTION & PROMOTION ( NATIONAL NATIVE CULTURES & ACTIVE ABSORPTION ( =EIGN CULTURES 9 ORD] TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! CREATION ( A WORLD CULTURE BAS$ ON ! H>MONY BETWE5 ,EA/]N & ,WE/]N CULTURES2 & 7#e7 REALIZATION ( ! WORLD-AS-ONE-FAMILY IDEA 7SEGYE ILGA7 AS A MEMB] ( ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS & ! ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4.<#e#d#c.> ,AS = ! ?IRD PO9T1 ,YI LAT] FUR!R EXPRESS$ AGA9 HIS [N ANXIETY AB\T LOS+ ! C\NTRY AGA9 IF SU* E?ICAL VALUES 9 SOCIETY W]E TO BE LO/ AMONG ! ,KOREAN PEOPLE4.<#e#d#d.> 

,9 ORD] TO ACCOMPLI% !SE FIVE GOALS ,YI !N PROPOS$ & 5UM]AT$ ! P>TY'S POSSIBLE V>I\S POLICIES1 :I* 9T5D$ TO COV] A WIDE RANGE ( PROBLEMS & ISSUES 9 ,S\? ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 FROM ITS CULTURAL & ECONOMIC TO POLITICAL & SOCIAL ASPECTS1 9CLUD+ ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! PLANN$ ECONOMY SY/EM & ! ALL[ANCE ( WORK]S' RI<TS TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T4 ,CULTURALLY1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,D,S,P AIM$ AT TRANS=M+ 9TO NEW SOCIAL E?ICS SU* BAD ,KOREAN NATIONAL TRAITS AS 0S]V+ ! BIG0 7SADAE71 0BL9D FOLL[+0 7BUHWA71 0IDL5ESS0 7ANIL71 & 0PASSIVITY0 7SOGUEK74 ,BESIDES ?IS CULTURAL PROJECT1 ONE ( ! P>TY'S PROPOS$ POLICIES DES]VES \R SPECIAL ATT5TION4 ,IT WAS ON AGRICULTURE1 & UND\BT$LY REFLECT$ AN AN>*I/ IDEA REG>D+ ! COMB9ATION ( AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY4 ,9 ! POLICY1 ! P>TY WAS MANIFE/$ TO C>RY \T ! ME*ANIZATION ( AGRICULTURE & ! CORRECTION ( ! BAD EFFECTS 7PYEHAE7 ( ! CULTUR$ POPULATION'S CONC5TRATION 9 CITIES1 9 ORD] TO PROMOTE ! IDEA ( COMB9+ AGRICULTURE & 9DU/RY 9 RURAL VILLAGES4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! POLICY ALSO SET A GOAL TO EXP& CULTURAL & WELF>E FACILITIES 9 RURAL VILLAGES4 ,! RATIONALE BEH9D ?IS RURAL-BAS$ GOAL LAY 9 ! FACT ?AT F>M]S 9 RURAL VILLAGES OCCUPI$ #g P]C5T ( ! :OLE ,S\? ,KOREAN POPULATION AT ! TIME1 & ! EXPANSION ( CULTURAL & WELF>E FACILITIES 9 RURAL VILLAGES ?US W]E REG>D$ AS NECESS>Y = ! PROMOTION ( ! MAJORITY'S WELF>E4.<#e#d#e.> 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ,YI WAS N[ 9 F]V5T OPPOSITION TO ANY VIOL5T REVOLUTION>Y AS WELL AS DICTATORIAL MEANS PRACTIC$ 9 BO? ! ,SOVIET ,UNION & ,NOR? ,KOREA1 AL?\< HE OBVI\SLY WANT$ TO KEEP C]TA9 SOCIALI/ IDEAS ?AT EMBRAC$ ! G5]AL SPIRIT ( ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY4 ,SPEAK+ HI<LY ( ! DECL>ATION ANN\NC$ AT ! FIR/ ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#e#a1 ,YI BRIEFLY SUMM>IZ$ :AT WAS AFFIRM$ AT ! ,CONGRESS AS ! GOAL & DUTY ( 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM03 ! CRITIQUE ( COMMUNISM & ! EXP&$ & ADVANC$ 9T]PRETATION ( ! MEAN+ ( DEMOCRACY4 ,FOLL[+ ! GOAL & DUTY DEF9$ = SOCIALI/S AT ! ,CONGRESS1 ,YI PROCLAIM$ ?AT ! 5EMY TO ! MEMB]S ( ! PROPOS$ ,D,S,P 9 ,S\? ,KOREA WAS NOT SO MU* CAPITALISM AS COMMUNISM4 ,YI ?US SUGGE/$ ?AT !Y ALL SUBSEQU5TLY D5\NCE DICTATOR%IP & AU?ORITY1 !RE=E1 & BEG9 A NEW MOVEM5T = DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM ?AT WAS 09T]NATIONAL0 & 0ANTI-OR?ODOX0 9 ITS *>ACT]4.<#e#d#f.> 

,TO BE SURE1 ,YI'S PROPOSAL TO ,KOREANIZE AN>*ISM ?R\< ! CONCEPT ( DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM WAS MADE \T ( CONSID]ATION ( ! SOCIOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS ( ,S\? ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#eS1 BACK$ BY ! DECL>ATION MADE AT ! FIR/ ,SOCIALI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 #a#i#e#a4 ,9T]NALLY1 H[EV]1 HE ALSO SAW SOME PECULI>ITIES 9 ! SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T ( ,KOREA4 ,9 REG>D TO AN>*ISM1 ,YI CORRECTLY UND]/OOD ?AT AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA1 UNLIKE ?AT 9 ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRY1 HAD BE5 FROM ! ONSET A P>T ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T OR1 MORE BROADLY1 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ UNTIL #a#i#d#e4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS EXPLANATION1 9 O!R WORDS1 :ILE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AGRE$ ) ! IMM$IATE GOAL ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 ?AT IS1 POLITICAL LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA1 !Y AT ! SAME TIME HAD ALWAYS S\<T = ECONOMIC LIB]ATION AS WELL TO RETAKE ! RI<T = ! ECONOMIC SURVIVAL ( ,KOREA4.<#e#d#g.> ,?IS HAD LONG BE5 A *>ACT]I/IC & DET]M9ANT ( ! DIRECTION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 & ! LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA 9 TWO MEAN+S HAD BE5 A %>$ ULTIMATE GOAL ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O HAD ALWAYS PURSU$ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION FIR/ OV] A POLITICAL REVOLUTION4 ,:AT MATT]$ WAS H[ TO A*IEVE ! GOAL4 

,! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ EXP]IM5TS ) TWO POLITICAL P>TIES1 FIR/ ) ! ,I,P,W,P & LAT] ) ! ,D,S,P1 FROM ! LATE #a#i#dS TO ! MID-#a#i#eS1 ALL SEEM$ TO BE UNSUCCESSFUL DUE TO MANY REASONS1 *IEFLY ! UNFAVORABLE SOCIOPOLITICAL 5VIRONM5T = ! REALIZATION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS1 P>TICUL>LY V>I\S POLITICAL B>RI]S :I* !Y HAD FAC$ S9CE #a#i#d#e4 ,! D]ADICALIZATION ( AN>*ISM BY CONCEPTUALIZ+ IT AS DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM WAS NOT SUCCESSFUL EI!R1 AS ! P>TY US+ ! T]M SOCIALISM WAS1 IT SEEMS1 NEI!R EV5 =MALLY E/ABLI%$ NOR P>TICIPAT$ 9 AN ELECTION AFT] ITS PROPOS$ E/ABLI%M5T4.<#e#d#h.> ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO AVOID ANY ACCUSATION ( BE+ COMMUNI/S &_/OR ADVOCATES ( NO-GOV]NM5T OR AN>*Y4 ,!Y D]ADICALIZ$ ! GOAL ( AN>*ISM BY UND]SCOR+ NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?R\< AN ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY ?AT COMB9$ CAPITALI/ NOTIONS ( DEVELOPM5T & DEMOCRACY ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS ( EQUALITY & FRE$OM4 ,:5 ONE ( !IR CLOSE SOCIALI/ COMRADES1 ,JO ,BONG-AM1 :O P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! DISCUSSION ( REBUILD+ A NEW SOCIALI/ P>TY 9 #aief ) MANY AN>*I/S1 WAS BASELESSLY ACCUS$ ( BE+ A SPY = ,NOR? ,KOREA1 & !N >RE/$1 TRI$1 & F9ALLY HANG$ 9 #aiei 9 ! NAME ( ! ,NATIONAL ,SECURITY ,LAW 7GUKKA BOAN BEOP7 BY ! ,RHEE REGIME1 !Y SEEM$ TO SIMPLY 0GIVE UP EV]Y?+0 0)\T REGRET0 & BEGAN TO CONC5TRATE ON ! MOVEM5T TO PROMOTE 0CULTURAL 5LI<T5+0 & 0$UCATION = ! NEXT G5]ATION10 ACCORD+ TO ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG4.<#e#d#i.> ,& SOON UND] ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ( ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE :O AGGRESSIVELY SET ANTICOMMUNISM AS ! SUPREME NATIONAL POLICY FROM ! #a#i#fS1 !RE SEEM$ NO ROOM & OPTIONS LEFT = AN>*I/S TO PROPAGATE !IR IDEALS & PROGRAMS BECAUSE ( ! GR\NDLESS ACCUSATION & PREVAL5T /IGMA ( 0BE+ ,COMMIES40.<#e#e.> ,IT WAS NO WOND] ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S EI!R KEPT SIL5T & !IR DI/ANCE FROM ! TOTALIT>IAN POLITICS ( ! ,P>K REGIME 9 ! #a#i#fS ?R\< '#gS OR FUR!R ACCOMMODAT$ & D]ADICALIZ$ AN>*ISM 9TO A MORE SUITABLE IDEA = SOCIAL MOVEM5T4 

,RURAL ,PROBLEM & ,9DU/RY 9 ,NATIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T 

  

,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD LONG BE5 ATT5TIVE TO ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 7NONG*ON MUNJE7 S9CE ! #a#i#bS4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS ONE ( !M4 ,HE WAS RELUCTANT TO JO9 ! FIR/ AN>*I/ P>TY & MOV$ AWAY FROM POLITICS4 ,HE 9/EAD HE$$ HIS ATT5TION TO RURAL VILLAG]S & WORK]S NOT TO ORGANIZE !M 9TO AN AN>*I/ P>TY BUT TO $UCATE !M 9 PREP>ATION = A COM+ AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,9 FACT HE HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$ 9 #aide ! ,F,R,A & ! ,F,W,A1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,YI'S 9DEP5D5T MOVE AWAY FROM ! ,I,W,P,P TO =M HIS [N AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS = SOCIAL MOVEM5T IS ALSO REVEAL+ 9 ?AT !RE W]E 9T]NAL DIVISIONS & T5SIONS1 & EV5 POSSIBLY A RIVALRY1 BETWE5 ,YI'S & O!R AN>*I/S L$ BY ,YU ,RIM1 OV] A CONCRETE MEANS TO REALIZE !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS1 AS WELL AS OV] H[ TO COPE ) ! POLITICAL CLIMATE 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4.<#e#e#a.> ,AN EXAM9ATION ( ,YI'S ACTIVITIES & ?\<TS AFT] #aide P>TICUL>LY REVEALS 9T]E/+ ASPECTS ( A D]ADICALIZ$ V]SION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM & H[ ,YI & O!R AN>*I/S 5DEAVOR$ TO BUILD AN IDEAL SOCIETY ?R\< ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,S\? ,KOREA4.<#e#e#b.> 

,A MON? AFT] ,JAPAN'S SURR5D] TO ! ,ALLI$ ,P[]S 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 ,YI E/ABLI%$ ! ,F,S,B,F & !N ORGANIZ$ 9 ! SAME YE> ! ,F,R,A & ! ,F,W,A4 ,9 A DETAIL$ EXPLANATION ( ! ,F,R,A'S PLAT=M & DECL>ATION1 WRITT5 9 ,M>* #a#i#d#f1 ,YI PO9T$ TO ! MA9 TASK HE BELIEV$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E EXPECT$ TO DO FIR/ AFT] ,KOREAN'S 9DEP5D5CE3 0TO REVIVE 7GA5GSA5G7 \R ,KOREA AS A FREE & PLEASANT C\NTRY40.<#e#e#c.> ,TO FULFILL ! FIR/ TASK1 ,YI SUGGE/$ ?AT RURAL VILLAGES 7NONG*ON71 :I* OCCUPI$ MO/ P>TS ( ,KOREA1 BE REVIV$ FIR/4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! F>M]S LIV+ 9 RURAL VILLAGES REPRES5T$ 0! :OLE C\NTRY ITSELF10 AS !Y CONSI/$ ( #i P]C5T ( ! ,KOREAN POPULATION4 ,TO ,YI1 F>M]S 9 RURAL VILLAGES OBVI\SLY W]E ! MA91 UNIQUE =CE TO CON/RUCT A NEW ,KOREA4 ,TO REVIVE RURAL VILLAGES1 H[EV]1 ,YI CONT9U$1 F>M]S %\LD FIR/ BROAD5 !IR KN[L$GE1 & !IR LIFE MU/ BE RE=M$ SO AS = !M TO RAISE !IR ABILITY & QUALIFICATIONS TO BE P>T ( ! 9DEP5D5T & FREE C\NTRY4.<#e#e#d.> 

,TO MAT]IALIZE ?IS IDEA1 ,YI ORGANIZ$ ! ,F,S,B,F IMM$IATELY AFT] ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 ) HIS BRO!R1 ,YI ,EULGYU4 ,AT ITS 9AUGURAL MEET+ ON ,SEPTEMB] #b#i1 #aide 9 ,SE\L1 ,YI ,EULGYU ANN\NC$ 9 HIS OP5+ REM>KS ?AT ! 5EMY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 HAD DISAPPE>$4 ,HE NEV]!LESS ADMITT$ ?AT ! COLONIAL CONDITIONS ( DEP5D5CY /ILL L+]$ 9 ,KOREA1 BECAUSE1 HE W>N$1 ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE WAS NOT ACCOMPLI%$ BY ,KOREANS !MSELVES4 ,! COLONIAL CONDITIONS1 HE SUGGE/$1 !RE=E1 NOT BE TREAT$ LI<TLY 9 ! EF=T TO BUILD A NEW C\NTRY ( FREE SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA4.<#e#e#e.> ,! ,F,S,B,F EMBRAC$ ALMO/ ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9TO IT 9 ORD] = !M TO P>TAKE 9 ! TASK ( BUILD+ A NEW C\NTRY ) A HOPE = !M TO (F] !IR 0CON/RUCTIVE ROLES40 ,IT P>TICUL>LY AIM$ AT CON/RUCT+ A SOCIETY 9 :I* 0! TILL]S [N L& & ! WORK]S [N FACTORY40 ,TO ACCOMPLI% ! AIM ! ,F,S,B,F DECID$ TO E/ABLI% TWO MORE ADDITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS1 ! ,F,R,A & ! ,F,W,A1 :I* W\LD LAY \T A F\NDATION = A COM+ FUTURE SOCIETY !Y WANT$ TO BUILD4.<#e#e#f.> ,BRIEFLY SPEAK+1 ! =M] WAS ORGANIZ$ ) A PLAN TO RAISE ! F>M]S AS ! [N]S ( ! NEW C\NTRY1 & ! LATT] ) A PLAN TO REMOVE ANY POT5TIAL CLASS /RUGGLE AT WORKPLACE BY 9/ITUTIONALIZ+ ! P>TICIPATION ( WORK]S 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( FACTORY4 

,! ,F,S,B,F WAS ! FIR/ NATIONWIDE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,KOREA ?AT BEGAN ITS ACTIVITY PUBLICLY & OP5LY1 ) ! MANIFE/$ TWO GOALS ITS MEMB]S W\LD /RIVE TO A*IEVE4 ,FIR/ WAS TO TAKE A CON/RUCTIVE P>T 9 BUILD+ AN 9DEP5D5T ,KOREA1 &1 SECOND1 TO PUT =W>D A PROACTIVE & CONCRETE PLAN TO HELP CON/RUCT A NEW C\NTRY4.<#e#e#g.> ,AS IS CLE>1 ! ,F,S,B,F PLAC$ ! NATION-BUILD+ FIR/ OV] SOCIAL REVOLUTION AS ITS GOAL & WAS A FUTURE-ORI5T$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ) A =W>D-LOOK+ VISION4 ,ITS MEMB]S BELIEV$ A SUCCESSFUL NATION-BUILD+ AFT] #aide W\LD EV5TUALLY PROMISE & GU>ANTEE !IR PURSUIT & ACTIVITIES = AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS TO DELIV] A SIMIL> ANALYSIS AT ! =?COM+ NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#d#f1 9 :I* HE SAW ! PLACE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION SECOND>Y TO ! TASK ( BUILD+ A NEW ,KOREA & PO9T$ TO A NECESSITY = AN>*I/S TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! NATIONAL CON/RUCTION 9 ORD] TO 5VISION !IR [N SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! NE> FUTURE1 IF NOT IMM$IATELY4 ,9 A S5SE1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,F,S,B,F WAS1 AS /AT$ 9 ITS DECL>ATION1 A SIGN ( 0UNMASK+0 AN>*I/S AS NATION-BUILD]S & 0RESURFAC+0 !M FROM ! UND]GR\ND !Y HAD BE5 HID+ 9 DUR+ ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE1 UND] :I* !Y HAD NOT BE5 ALL[$ TO SPEAK \T OP5LY AB\T !IR [N CAUSE & DOCTR9E AS NATIONALI/S AS WELL AS AN>*I/S4.<#e#e#h.> 

,! ,F,S,B,F PASS$ AT ITS 9AUGURAL MEET+ ITS CONCRETE GOALS AS FOLL[S3 7#a7 TO REJECT DICTATORIAL POLITICS & /RIVE TO BUILD A ,KOREA ( P]FECT FRE$OM1 7#b7 TO REJECT ! COLLECTIVE ECONOMIC SY/EM & /RIVE TO REALIZE ! PR9CIPLE ( DEC5TRALIZ$ LOCAL AUTONOMY 7JIBANG BUNSAN JUUI7 9 ECONOMY1 & 7#c7 TO /RIVE = AN EMBODIM5T ( ! IDEAL ?AT SEES 0ALL MANK9D AS ONE FAMILY0 ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AID4 ,9 %ORT1 A NEW ,KOREA ! ,F,S,B,F W\LD BUILD WAS ONE ?AT WAS TRANSNATIONAL 9 ITS IDEAL & HAD A SY/EM ( LOCAL SELF-GOV]NM5TS 9 ITS PRACTICE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE AMONG !M TO =M !IR C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 & ( 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM AMONG ITS CON/ITU5CIES4 ,?REE MAJOR PR9CIPLES = ! CON/RUCTION ( SU* A NEW ,KOREA W\LD BE 0AUTONOMY0 7JAJU71 0DEMOCRACY0 7M9JU71 & 0UNITY0 7TONG-IL74 ,& ! ROLE ( AN>*I/S 9 REALIZ+ ! NEW ,KOREA WAS TO COLLABORATE ) 0REVOLUTION>Y LEFTI/ NATIONALI/S10 9 ORD] TO FI<T !IR TWO 5EMIES1 ! 0NATIVE1 FEUDAL CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS10 :I* HAD BE5 9 COLLABORATION ) ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM BE=E #a#i#d#e1 & ! 0PSEUDO1 REACTION>Y DICTATOR%IP-WOR%IP]S0 7I4E41 COMMUNI/S74.<#e#e#i.> 

,! ,F,S,B,F'S ANTICOMMUNISM WAS NOT NOVEL1 GIV5 ! ANTIPA?Y AN>*I/S HAD LONG HELD AGA9/ ! COMMUNI/S S9CE ! #a#i#bS1 BUT ! MEAN+ & IMPLICATION ( ! 0NATIVE1 FEUDAL CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS0 AS !IR 5EMY W]E QUITE VAGUE4 ,BY CIRCUMSCRIB+ ! DEF9ITION ( 0NATIVE1 FEUDAL CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS0 )9 ?OSE :O HAD EXPLOIT$ !IR COMPATRIOTS ECONOMICALLY 9 S]VICE ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 ! ,F,S,B,F'S MEMB]S MOV$ AWAY FROM ! UNIV]SAL SOCIAL PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU EV5 SAW ! 0FEUDAL =CES0 AS A MORE S]I\S PROBLEM ?AN CAPITALISM ITSELF4 ,9 HIS ?9K+ ! UNIV]SAL VALUES SU* AS FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & MUTUAL AID HAD ALL BE5 UND]M9$ NOT ONLY BY ,JAPAN'S COLONIZATION BUT ALSO BY ! ,KOREAN SOCIETY'S 9T]NAL1 NATIVE =CES4 ,!RE=E1 :5 ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM HAD ALREADY BE5 OV]?R[N1 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW SOCIETY ) ! VALUES 9 ,KOREA AFT] #aide SEEM$ TO H+E ONLY ON :E!R OR NOT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E ABLE TO ]ADICATE ! REMA9+ 0NATIVE1 FEUDAL CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS0 & ! 0PSEUDO1 REACTION>Y DICTATOR%IP-WOR%IP]S10 TOGE!R4.<#e#f.> 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,F,S,B,F LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU DIDN'T NECESS>ILY OPPOSE OR WANT TO OV]?R[ CAPITALISM ITSELF AFT] #a#i#d#e1 AS LONG AS IT HAD NO TIES ) ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM1 AL?\< !Y NEV] /OPP$ CRITICIZ+ IT4.<#e#f#a.> ,!Y W]E EI!R DEAF TO ! VOICES FROM ! ONGO+ /RUGGLES AGA9/ COLONIALISM & CAPITALISM 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e YE>S 9 ! O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD OR MORE CONC]N$ ) NATIONALI/ ASPIRATION = A NEW ,KOREAN /ATE & ITS ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,:ILE ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! NOR? W\LD REMA9 !IR >* 5EMY1 ! ID5TITY ( ! SECOND 5EMY CONT9U$ TO BE UNCLE> & EV5 VAGUE4 ,! VAGU5ESS1 AS ,I WILL DEMON/RATE1 ALL[$ ,YI & HIS FELL[ AN>*I/S TO BE RELATIVELY SIL5T AB\T ! DICTATORIAL REGIMES & !IR POLICIES FROM #a#i#d#h4 ,!Y W]E EV5 WILL+ TO TREAT 0NATIONALI/S ) G5U9E NATIONAL CONSCI5CE0 AS !IR 0FRI5DLY =CE0 7UGUN71.<#e#f#b.> 9 ADDITION TO 0REVOLUTION>Y LEFTI/ NATIONALI/S10 9 ! EF=T = NATIONAL CON/RUCTION1 NO MATT] H[ UNDEMOCRATIC OR SIL5T !Y W]E AB\T DICTATOR%IPS4 ,AVOID+ ! FUNDAM5TAL QUE/ION AS TO 9EVITABLE SOCIAL DIVISIONS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY1 ! ,F,S,B,F UND] ,YI'S LEAD]%IP DEF9$ ITS GOAL AS ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN EQUAL & FREE SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA :]E TILL]S [N ! L& & WORK]S [N ! FACTORY AFT] REMOV+ ! VAGUE 0NATIVE1 FEUDAL CAPITALI/ ELEM5TS0 & ! COMMUNI/S4 ,( C\RSE1 IT REJECT$ ANY COMPULSORY P[] 9 ! SOCIETY ?AT C\LD CREATE AN 5VIRONM5T ( DOM9ATION BY A CLASS OV] O!R CLASSES & BY A PEOPLE OV] O!R PEOPLES4 ,IT ALSO D5\NC$ ANY 9VASIVE W> & ! POSSESSION ( >M$ =CES MORE ?AN 5\< = SELF-DEF5SE4.<#e#f#c.> ,! PO9T H]E IS ?AT CAPITALISM WAS NOT EXPLICITLY 9CLUD$ ON ! LI/ ( !IR NEW 5EMIES1 :5 AN>*I/S HAD ALWAYS BE5 ATT5TIVE TO & EV5 CAUTI\S ( A POSSIBILITY TO CREATE A CONDITION ( DOM9ATION & 9EQUALITY UND] CAPITALISM4 ,?IS SEEM+ PASSIVITY T[>D ! QUE/ION ( CAPITALISM1 IT SEEMS1 HAD MU* TO DO ) ,YI'S IDEA ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,! ,F,R,A1 ONE ( ! ,F,S,B,F'S TWO SI/] ORGANIZATIONS1 AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU EXPLA9S1 WAS F\ND$ P>TICUL>LY 9 RESPONSE TO ! ?REAT ( COMMUNISM4 ,AFT] ,AUGU/ #aide ,YI FE>$ ?AT ! COMMUNI/ PROPAG&A ( 0TILL]S [N+ L&0 C\LD UND]M9E ! HEAL?Y DEVELOPM5T ( A NEW ,KOREA1 IF F>M]S LI/5$ TO & FAVOR$ ?AT IDEA4 ,TO AVOID ?AT POSSIBILITY 9 ! SITUATION PO/]IOR TO ! YE> #a#i#d#e1 ,YI ACTUALLY RU%$ TO ORGANIZE ! ,F,R,A4.<#e#f#d.> ,! IDEA BEH9D ! ,F,R,A AB\T ORGANIZ+ & $UCAT+ F>M]S HAD LONG BE5 SU/A9$1 PROPOS$1 & EV5 OP5LY EXP]IM5T$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,YI1 AS ?IS /UDY DEMON/RATES4 ,9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,F,R,A1 ! PLACE ( F>M]S & RURAL VILLAGES 9 ! C\RSE ( CON/RUCT+ A NEW ,KOREA WAS N[ RECONSID]$ MORE IMPORTANT ?AN EV] BE=E4 ,RURAL F>M+ VILLAGES 9 ,KOREA HAD BE5 ! OBJECT 9 ! PA/ ( ! 0FEUDAL0 EXTORTION ( HEAVY TAXES AS WELL AS ! ,JAPANESE EXPLOITATION DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD4 ,BUT ! F>M]S 9 RURAL VILLAGES HAD BE5 ! PRES]V]S & MA9TA9]S ( ,KOREA'S DI/9CTIVE CULTURE AS WELL AS TRADITION ( 0GOOD MORALS & MANN]S40 ,!IR LIFE1 H[EV]1 HAD LONG BE5 NO BETT] ?AN ?AT ( ANIMALS1 BECAUSE ( :I* IT HAD BE5 ( NO USE TO SPEAK TO !M AB\T ,CONFUCIUS1 ,M5CIUS1 ,BUDDHA1 OR ! ,GOD1 ! ,F,R,A'S DECL>ATION PO9T$ \T4 ,TO MAKE ?+S WORSE1 ! DECL>ATION FUR!R EXPLA9$1 MOD]N A*IEVEM5TS & TE*NOLOGIES 9TRODUC$ BY ! ,WE/ & ,JAPAN S9CE ! LATE N9ETE5? C5TURY1 SU* AS RAILROADS1 TELEGRAMS1 & TELEPHONES1 HAD ONLY MADE !IR LIFE 0MORE PA9FUL & MORE />V$40 ,ON ! TOP ( ?AT1 !RE WAS A PREVAIL+ 0RURAL PROBLEM0 ?AT SMALL-9COME F>M]S HAD ONLY BE5 ABLE TO MAKE !IR LIV+ AFT] BORR[+ A LOAN AT HI< 9T]E/ RATE4 ,! DECL>ATION ?US 9DICAT$ ?AT ?IS 0RURAL PROBLEM0 HAD BECOME A S]I\S & FUNDAM5TAL PROBLEM & IMM$IATELY TURN$ 9TO A SOCIAL PROBLEM ( ,KOREA AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,S9CE 0F>M]S >E ! [N]S ( ,KOREA0 & ! REVIVAL ( RURAL F>M+ VILLAGES W\LD DEP5D ON :E!R ! LIFE ( SMALL-9COME F>M]S C\LD BE REVIV$1 ! REG5]ATION ( ,KOREA AS A NEW C\NTRY W\LD BE DET]M9$ BY :E!R F>M]S & RURAL >EAS W]E EV5TUALLY ABLE TO REGA9 TOGE!R !IR VITALITY4.<#e#f#e.> ,! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! REVIVAL ( F>M]S MU/ BE TAK5 TO 5SURE !IR ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE1 = :I* !Y MU/ BE GIV5 OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE EXTRA 9COME4 ,IF (F]$ SOME EXTRA WORKS1 9 O!R WORDS1 F>M]S C\LD MAKE SOME EXTRA 9COME :I* 9 TURN W\LD ASSI/ !M TO BE 9DEP5D5T ECONOMICALLY4 ,! EXTRA WORKS NOT ONLY (F]$ !M AN OPPORTUNITY TO E>N EXTRA 9COME TO MAKE !M 9DEP5D5T ECONOMICALLY BUT C\LD ALSO PROMOTE ! IDEA ( 0NATURAL COOP]ATION0 AMONG !M1 :I*1 AS A RESULT1 C\LD ABSORB SURPLUS LABOR 9 RURAL >EAS & ALL[ !M TO WORK TOGE!R4.<#e#f#f.> ,! CORE ( ! RURAL PROBLEM RE/$ ON ! ECONOMIC H>D%IPS ( SMALL-9COME F>M]S1 :I* C\LD BE SOLV$ BY (F]+ EXTRA WORKS TO !M = EXTRA 9COME4 

,! IDEA ( PROVID+ F>M]S ) EXTRA WORKS = EXTRA 9COME 9 RURAL VILLAGES AS A MEANS TO SOLVE ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 WAS TO BE FUR!R ELABORAT$ ON LAT] 9 ! #a#i#fS & '#gS 9 0! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE .<,ORD]S.> & ,PRODUCE .<,GOODS.>0 7,SUSAN UNDONG7 LAUN*$ BY ,YI'S O!R ORGANIZATION1 ! ,9/ITUTE = ! ,/UDY ( ,NATIONAL ,CULTURE 7,I,S,N,C1 ,GUNGM9 MUNHWA YEON-GUSO74 ,I WILL DISCUSS AB\T IT BEL[4 ,SUFFICE IT TO SAY H]E ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 9 P>TICUL> ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS CLOSE ASSOCIATES1 SEEM$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! KEY = !IR IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA LAY 9 RURAL VILLAGES & ACCORD+LY !IR REG5]ATION ?R\< ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9DE$ ,YI WAS DEEPLY 9T]E/$ 9 REMOV+ POV]TY 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 BUT WAS 9DIFF]5T TO ! UNEQUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 RURAL VILLAGES4 ,9 %ORT1 EMP[]+ RURAL F>M]S 9 ECONOMIC S5SES AS ! MA9 CON/RUCTORS ( A NEW ,KOREA WAS ! MA9 TASK ASSIGN$ TO AN>*I/S4 ,:5 ! TASK WAS COMPLETE1 RURAL VILLAGES C\LD BE A P>T ( 0! CIVILIZ$ WORLD0 7MUNMYEONG SEGYE7 & EV5TUALLY C\LD DEVELOP 9TO 0! ABODE WORLD ( P]FECT BLISS0 7GEUNGNAK SEGYE71 :]E 0GOOD MORALS >E REALIZ$ & RURAL VILLAGES >E 9 MUTUAL COOP]ATION & HELP10 ,YI PR$ICT$4.<#e#f#g.> 

,YI'S EMPHASIS ON F>M]S & RURAL VILLAGES HAD MU* TO DO ) HIS IDEA ( NATION-BUILD+4 ,TO HIM 9DEP5D5CE DIDN'T MEAN NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ! SOCIALI/ S5SE BUT D5OT$ ,KOREA'S SELF-RELIANCE & SELF-ID5TITY ?AT C\LD 5SURE ?AT ,KOREA BECOME 0! MO/ CIVILIZ$ & WEAL?IE/ C\NTRY40 ,& SELF-RELIANCE W\LD BE A*IEV$ BY DEVELOP+ RURAL VILLAGES & IMPROV+ F>M]S' LIVELIHOOD1 :I* 9 TURN W\LD ALL[ ,KOREA TO BE ID5TIFI$ AS 0! MO/ CIVILIZ$ C\NTRY40 ,S9CE F>M]S HAD PRES]V$ ! 0BEAUTIFUL1 PURE & AFFECTIONATE ,KOREAN CU/OMS10 !Y W]E 0! ONLY ONES TO 5DEAVOR TO CON/RUCT A ,KOREA10 ,YI BELIEV$4.<#e#f#h.> ,IF !RE W\LD COME TO EXI/ A UTOPIA-LIKE WORLD 9 ,KOREA1 :]E PEOPLE C\LD F9D A COM=TABLE LIV+ FROM G5]ATION TO G5]ATION1 F>M]S W\LD BE ABLE TO MAKE A LIV+ AS HUMANS4.<#e#f#i.> ,( C\RSE1 !RE WAS ANO!R REASON = HIM TO UND]SCORE RURAL VILLAGES3 TO COMBAT ! COMMUNI/S :OSE ATTEMPTS MI<T MOBILIZE & ORGANIZE F>M]S4 ,TO ,YI1 !RE=E1 TO ORGANIZE F>M]S 9TO ! ,F,R,A ( :I* HE WAS ! LEAD] WAS AN EXT5D$ 5DEAVOR ON HIS P>T1 TO ACCOMPLI% ! 0,NATION-,BUILD+ ,MOVEM5T0 7,GEON-GUK UNDONG74.<#e#g.> 

,DESPITE HIS HUGE EMPHASIS ON ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES & AN ECONOMICALLY IMPROV$ LIFE ( F>M]S AS CRUCIAL TO CON/RUCT A NEW ,KOREA1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU FUNDAM5TALLY BELIEV$ ?AT ! DEVELOPM5T ( RURAL VILLAGES MU/ BE ACCOMPANI$ 9EVITABLY BY 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,O/5SIBLY1 ,KOREA HAD GA9$ POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE :5 ! ,JAPANESE SURR5D]$ 9 #a#i#d#e1 BUT ,YI BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE MI<T LEAVE ,KOREA REMA9+ 0EXTREMELY UNHEAL?Y & SUP]FICIAL10 & )\T ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,TO BE AUTONOM\S 9 ! ECONOMY AS WELL AS POLITICALLY1 !RE=E1 ,YI CONT9U$1 ,KOREA C\LD NOT AF=D TO RELY ONLY ON AGRICULTURE = ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T1 GIV5 ! PREC$5TS & LESSONS FROM ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,IT WAS 9DE$ UN?9KABLE & EV5 NONS5SICAL = HIM TO FO/] NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ONLY ) AGRICULTURE1 BECAUSE ( ! FACT ?AT1 HE CLAIM$1 DUR+ ! ?IRTY-SIX-YE> ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE1 ,KOREAN AGRICULTURE HAD NOT BE5 ABLE TO MAKE ANY TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS ?AT C\LD BE UTILIZ$ = NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,9 ORD] TO PLAN ON DEVELOP+ AGRICULTURE1 IT WAS 9DISP5SABLE1 9 HIS ?9K+1 TO HAVE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T AS WELL1 AT LEA/ = TE*NOLOGICAL PROGRESS 9 AGRICULTURE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ,YI ASSUM$ ?AT 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T WAS A DECISIVE CONDITION = ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA1 GIV5 ! HI/ORICAL EXP]I5CES ( ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES & ! COLONIAL SITUATION ,KOREA HAD BE5 PLAC$ 94.<#e#g#a.> ,9 %ORT1 TO ,YI1 ! BE/ DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY = ,KOREA WAS ! COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RIAL & AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5TS ?R\< ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES4 ,&1 9 ! 5D1 ?IS W\LD BR+ A G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION TO ,KOREANS 9 BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S5SES4 

,YI ADMITT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS PROPOS$ DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY W\LD NOT BE WORKABLE AT ONCE1 S9CE 0,\R C\NTRY HAS NO 9DU/RIAL CAPITAL & TE*NOLOGY10 NOT EV5 ! EXP]I5CES ( 9DU/RIAL MANAGEM5T4 ,!RE=E1 ,YI CONT9U$1 IT WAS NECESS>Y = ,KOREA FIR/ TO EXAM9E C>EFULLY ! TRACES ( ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES 9 ! PA/ 9 ORD] TO ID5TIFY ! REASONS = !IR 0SUCCESS0 AS WELL AS ANY 0SIDE-EFFECTS0 & 0IRREGUL>ITIES0 9 !IR DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY4 ,AFT] EXAM9+ & TAK+ ! LESSONS FROM ?OSE DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES1 ,KOREA W\LD BE ABLE TO PLAN ON ITS [N PA? TO 0! NATION-BUILD+ ?R\< 9DU/RY0 7SAN-EOP IPGUK71 ,YI =ECA/$4 ,IF ! EXP]I5CES ( ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES W]E TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION1 9 O!R WORDS1 ,YI ?\<T ?AT ,KOREANS 9 ! 5D W\LD BE ABLE TO PRECLUDE ! 9FLU5CE ( COMMUNISM & ANY IRREGUL>ITIES 9 ECONOMIC MANAGEM5T ?AT MI<T HAVE PREV5T$ 9CREAS$ EFFICI5CIES & TE*NOLOGICAL ADVANCE 9 PRODUCTION4 ,FUR!RMORE1 HE BELIEV$ ?AT TAK+ LESSONS FROM ! CASES ( ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES W\LD ADDITIONALLY HELP ,KOREANS BE BETT] PREP>$ = ! PROBLEMS ?AT HAD ALREADY OCCURR$ 9 ?OSE C\NTRIES1 SU* AS ! GAP BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR1 ! CONC5TRATION ( WEAL?1 & ! LABOR-MANAGEM5T DISPUTES1 ALL ( :I* HAD BE5 TYPICAL & CONSPICU\S 9 SOCIAL UNRE/ & 9DU/RIAL MONOPOLY UND] MOD]N CAPITALISM4.<#e#g#b.> 

,:AT ,YI SUGGE/$ AS A PREEMPTIVE SOLUTION TO ! PROBLEMS ( 9DU/RIALIZATION WAS ONE ?AT *ALL5G$ ! NOTION ( DEVELOPM5T 9 T]MS ( CAPITALI/ DEVELOPM5TALISM & REFLECT$ AN>*I/ CONC]NS AS TO NATIONAL AUTONOMY & SOCIAL JU/ICE 9 ECONOMY & NATIONAL SITUATIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( DEVELOPM5T4 ,SPECIFICALLY1 ,YI WAS C]TA9 ?AT ,KOREA1 :ILE DEVELOP+ ITS 9DU/RY1 HAD TO 5DEAVOR TO REALIZE ! CO-[N]%IP ( FACTORY BY ! /ATE & 9DIVIDUALS 7I4E41 WORK]S74 ,& ?IS WAS ( IMPORTANCE IF WORK]S W]E TO HAVE A P]CEPTION ?AT FACTORY [N]S W]E NOT ! T>GET ( !IR /RUGGLE BUT RA!R ! ONES ) :OM !Y NE$$ TO %>E A COMMON FATE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 WORK]S W\LD 5DEAVOR TO POSSESS ! /ATUS ( & QUALIFICATIONS TO BE ! CO-[N]S ( FACTORY SO ?AT !IR REPRES5TATIVES C\LD P>TICIPATE 9 ! MANAGEM5T ( FACTORY ALONG ) ITS O!R [N]S1 ULTIMATELY %>+ ! FACTORY'S PR(ITS4.<#e#g#c.> ,YI EXPECT$ ?AT ! ,F,W,A W\LD ALSO BE ABLE TO BECOME A SPONTANE\S AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT C\LD DO AWAY V>I\S CONTRADICTIONS 9 ! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & CORRECT ! PROBLEMATIC COLLECTIVI/ NATURE ( COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4.<#e#g#d.> 

,= ! REALIZATION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY ) NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T1 !RE W]E IMPORTANT CONDITIONS ON ! P>T ( WORK]S1 ,YI /AT$4 ,FIR/ WAS TO ORGANIZE WORK]S' UNIONS1 NOT ACCORD+ TO OCCUPATIONS BUT ACCORD+ TO 9DU/RIES4 ,SECOND1 WORK]S MU/ POSSESS ! QUALIFICATIONS & /ATUS TO BE ABLE TO S]VE AS ! CO-[N]S ( FACTORY4 ,?IRD1 WORK]S1 REPRES5T+ !IR RESPECTIVE UNION1 MU/ BE GIV5 ! RI<T TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! PLANN+ & MANAGEM5T ( !IR FACTORY1 :E!R [N$ BY 9DIVIDUALS OR ! /ATE4 ,F\R?1 WORK]S MU/ RECEIVE DIVID5DS 9 EV]Y QU>T] FROM ! FACTORY4.<#e#g#e.> ,9 ADDITION1 WORK]S W]E NOT JU/ WORK]S BUT ALSO ! 0NATIONALS0 7GUNGM97 ( ,KOREA1 A DEMOCRATIC C\NTRY ?AT 5TITL$ !M TO 5JOY ! RI<T & OPPORTUNITY = !IR FREE & EQUAL 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,!Y MU/ BE ABLE TO SEE !MSELVES AS A PILL> TO BUILD A NEW C\NTRY = :I* !Y W\LD HAVE A S5SE ( MISSION4 ,& !Y W\LD ALSO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY = ! PROMOTION ( ECONOMIC AUTONOMY ( ,KOREA & WORK ) C\RAGE & MOTIVATION AT ! =EFRONT ( ITS 9DU/RY1 ,YI CONT5D$4.<#e#g#f.> ,9 %ORT1 IF ! ,F,W,A'S SLOGAN ( 0! L& TO F>M]S1 FACTORIES TO WORK]S60 WAS F9ALLY REALIZ$1 0AL?\< IT WILL BE VIEW$ AS A CAPITALI/ C\NTRY1 ! NEWLY-BORN ,KOREA WILL 9 FACT BECOME A C\NTRY :]E 9 F>M+ VILLAGES !RE >E NO T5ANT F>M]S OR AGRICULTURAL WORK]S1 AT URBAN FACTORIES NO WAGE-WORK]S >E EMPLOY$1 & .<F9ALLY 9 SOCIETY.> NO CONFRONTATIONS & /RUGGLES10.<#e#g#g.> ,YI PR$ICT$4 ,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 ,KOREA W\LD BECOME A UNIQUELY ALT]NATIVE CAPITALI/ SOCIETY :]E AN ALT]NATIVE MOD]NITY ON ! BASIS ( ITS NATIONAL CONDITIONS WAS ACCOMPLI%$ ?R\< HIS PROPOS$ ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY4 

,NOTABLE H]E W]E GR[+ SIGNS ( ,YI'S MOVE T[>D A D]ADICALIZATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! FIR/ PO/-#a#i#d#e AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,F,S,B,F1 !RE WAS NO M5TION ( CAPITALISM ITSELF AS A S\RCE ( SOCIAL PROBLEMS OR AS A T>GET ( AN>*I/ /RUGGLE TO BUILD AN IDEAL SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA4 ,AS M5TION$ BE=E1 ! DECL>ATION ONLY ACC\NT$ = ! SUCCESSFUL REMOVAL ( !IR =M] 5EMY1 ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 AFT] #aide & ! EM]G5CE ( TWO NEW 5EMIES1 COMMUNISM & ANY REMNANT FEUDAL =CES 9 ! PO/-#a#i#d#e SOCIETY ?AT HAD COLLABORAT$ ) ,JAPANESE CAPITALI/S S9CE #a#i#a4 ,H]E ,YI LIMIT$ ! CAPITALI/S TO BO? ,JAPANESE & !IR ,KOREAN C\NT]P>TS :O HAD EXPLOIT$ ,KOREAN WORK]S & F>M]S & /ILL W]E BELIEV$ TO BE AT WORK AFT] #a#i#d#e1 LABEL+ !M 0REMNANT FEUDAL =CES40 ,BY DO+ SO ,YI SEEM$ TO DI/+UI% ! 0FEUDAL =CES0 FROM ?OSE :OSE ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY AS 0NATIONAL CAPITALI/0 W]E ( ESS5CE = ! ALT]NATIVE NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T HE 5VISION$4 ,?IS K9D ( RECOGNITION CAME TO TAKE %APE RAPIDLY AS P>T ( ! FRAMEWORK ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM AFT] #a#i#d#e1 DUE TO ! PRIORITY GIV5 BY ,YI & HIS FOLL[]S TO POLITICAL UNITY & NATIONAL AUTONOMY ( ,KOREA4 ,?IS MEANS MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S GRADUALLY LO/ !IR REVOLUTION>Y B5T1 AT LEA/ 9 T]MS ( !IR EMPHASIS PLAC$ ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION OV] SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,9 FACT1 IT MAY HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y & EV5 9EVITABLE :5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide W]E ALL BASICALLY CONC]N$ ) H[ TO GA9 & MA9TA9 COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE )\T ANY POLITICAL & ECONOMIC 9T]RUPTION OR EXPLOITATION FROM ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES4 ,!IR FOCUS1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS NOT ON H[ TO REMOVE ! SOCIAL ILLS UND] CAPITALISM & DEVELOP ,KOREAN 9TO A NEW IDEAL SOCIETY BUT RA!R ON H[ TO DEVELOP ,KOREA AS AN AUTONOM\S C\NTRY ) M9IMUM SOCIAL PROBLEMS ?AT HAD BE5 PREVAL5T 9 ! CAPITALI/ C\NTRIES & AT ! SAME TIME )\T COMMUNI/ 9TRUSION4 

,9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! ,KOREAN ,W> FROM #aie TO #aiec WAS1 9 H9DSI<T1 A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! DIRECTION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,! PO/-,KOREAN ,W> YE>S WITNESS$ A POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T MU* MORE HO/ILE TO AN>*I/S ) ! ,RHEE REGIME'S ANTI-COMMUNI/ /ANCE ALONG ) ! HEI<T ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 ALL ( :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! BASELESS TRIAL & EXECUTION ( ,JO ,BONG-AM1 LEAD] ( ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY4 ,P]SONAL SURVIVAL ONCE AGA9 BECAME AN ISSUE = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O W\LD CONCLUDE ?AT IT WAS 0UN?9KABLE10 9 ! WORDS ( ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG1 TO SPEAK SOME?+ AGA9/ ! ,RHEE REGIME & ITS SUCCESSORS UND] !IR 0DREADFUL CONTROL0 & SUPPRESSION ( !IR POLITICAL FOES ) WILLFULLY FABRICAT$ EVID5CE & /ORIES TO >RE/ & TORTURE !M & ANY SOCIALISM-9SPIR$ 9TELLECTUALS & POLITICIANS4 ,:AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S C\LD DO WAS TO 0HOLD !IR BREA?0 BE=E ! BRUTAL1 M]CILESS REGIMES4.<#e#g#h.> 

,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE-,L$ ,MOD]NIZATION3 0,! ,NATION ,?RIVES ONLY IF ,RURAL ,VILLAGES ,?RIVE0 

  

,ONE ( ! MA9 REASONS :Y ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TURN$ !IR EYES MORE CLOSELY TO RURAL VILLAGES FROM ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS CAN BE F\ND 9 ! UND]TAK+S ( RAPID MOD]NIZATION ( ,S\? ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAGES DRIV5 BY ! DEVELOPM5TAL DICTATOR%IP ( ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE1 (T5 SYMBOLIZ$ BY HIS 0,NEW ,VILLAGE ,MOVEM5T0 7,SAEMAEUL UNDONG74 ,CONTR>Y TO :AT WAS PROPAGAT$ BY HIS MILIT>Y REGIME1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT ! /ATE-L$ RURAL MOVEM5T 9 FACT HAD S]I\SLY UND]M9$ ! V]Y F\NDATION ( ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAGES &1 AS A RESULT1 PU%$ ! RURAL POPULATION TO MIGRATE TO CITIES4.<#e#g#i.> ,TO DEAL ) ! SITUATION1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S LAUN*$ V>I\S 0NON-COMPROMIS+0 & 0NONRESI/ANT0 MOVEM5TS ( !IR [N AGA9/ ! /ATE-DRIV5 MOD]NIZATION = RURAL VILLAGES1 :I* 9CLUD$ A MOVEM5T = AUTONOM\S1 SELF-DEF5SIVE RURAL VILLAGES & A COOP]ATIVE MOVEM5T ?AT AIM$ AT ORGANIZ+ URBAN CONSUM]S4.<#e#h.> 

,MO/ ( !SE AN>*I/-L$ MOVEM5TS W]E UND]TAK5 &_/OR GUID$ BY ! ,9/ITUTE = ! ,/UDY ( ,NATIONAL ,CULTURE 7,I,S,N,C1 ,GUNGM9 MUNHWA YEON-GUSO7 ,YI ,JEONGGYU HAD E/ABLI%$ 9 ! SPR+ ( #a#i#d#g4 ,/RICTLY SPEAK+1 ! ,9/ITUTE WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION P] SE1 BECAUSE ITS MEMB]S 9CLUD$ NOT ONLY AN>*I/S BUT SOME CONS]VATIVE NATIONALI/S 9 !IR POLITICAL ORI5TATION4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 & MEMB]S ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 :O HAD JO9$ ! ,I,S,N,C S9CE #a#i#d#g1 9CLUD$1 AMONG AN>*I/S1 ,YI HIMSELF1 SOME ( ! SECOND-G5]ATION ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 & ! ?IRD-G5]ATION ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O HAD JU/ GRADUAT$ FROM COLLEGE 9 ! #a#i#fS1 ) GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM4.<#e#h#a.> ,9 ADDITION1 !RE W]E SOME 0PURE NATIONALI/S0 7AS OPPOS$ TO 0COMMUNI/ NATIONALI/S07 P>TICIPAT$ AS MEMB]S 9 ! ,I,S,N,C1 ALBEIT ! MAJORITY 9 ITS MEMB]%IP & ACTIVITIES W]E AN>*I/S :O WELCOM$ 0PURE REVOLUTION>Y LEFTI/ NATIONALI/S0 9 JO9+ !M AS !IR 0FRI5DLY =CES0 7UGUN74.<#e#h#b.> ,9 MANY RESPECTS ! ,I,S,N,C WAS ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S [N V5UE TO EMB>K ON HIS [N CULTURAL & ECONOMIC PROJECTS TO BUILD A NEW AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4.<#e#h#c.> ,! ,9/ITUTE WAS AN EXAMPLE ( H[ S]I\SLY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 9 ?IS CASE REPRES5T$ BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS ASSOCIATES1 TOOK ,KOREAN TRADITIONS1 NATIONAL CULTURE1 & F>M+ VILLAGES AFT] #aide 9 REALIZ+ !IR AN>*I/ VISION 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 AS WELL AS 9 ?9K+ ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS IS EVID5T 9 ! MISSION ( ! ,9/ITUTE1 :I* /AT$ ITS GOAL AS UNCOV]+ ! 0NATIONAL ESS5CE0 7BONJIL7 ( ,KOREA & ! 0CAPABILITY0 7YEONGNYANG7 ( ,KOREANS BY WAY ( CONDUCT+ RESE>*ES ON ,KOREAN CULTURE4 

,AFT] ITS E/ABLI%M5T 9 #a#i#d#g1 ! ,I,S,N,C1 H[EV]1 HAD NOT BE5 ACTIVE1 BUT 9 ! YE>S AFT] ! 5D ( ! ,KOREAN ,W> 9 #a#i#e#c1 IT BECAME A LITTLE ACTIVE AGA9 ) ! %IFT ( ITS MA9 FOCUS TO ! RECOV]Y ( ! DE/ROY$ NATIONAL ECONOMY ( ,S\? ,KOREA AFT] ! W>1 ) AN AIM TO HELP /ABILIZE PEOPLE'S DEVA/AT$ LIVELIHOOD 9 ! PO/W> SITUATION4 ,9 ! PO/W> YE>S BO? ECONOMIC RECOV]Y & /ABILIZATION W]E DEEM$ TO BE ! KEYS TO SOLVE ALL ! CULTURAL & SOCIAL PROBLEMS PREVAL5T AFT] ! W> 9 !N-,S\? ,KOREA4 ,!RE=E1 ! ,I,S,N,C 9CREAS+LY %IFT$ ITS FOCUS TO RESE>* & WORKS ?AT C\LD MAKE CONTRIBUTIONS TO ! MU*-NE$$ IMM$IATE ECONOMIC RECON/RUCTION ( ,S\? ,KOREA FROM ! A%ES ( ! W>1 = :I* IT P>TICUL>LY PAID ATT5TION TO F>M]S & ?US 9ITIAT$ A MOVEM5T 9 ! 5SU+ YE>S TO SUPPORT !M 9 DIRE SITUATION1 AS ,I EXAM9E BEL[4 ,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 ! TWO MA9 ISSUES ! ,I,S,N,C WAS MANIFE/$ TO TACKLE 9 ITS PO/W> ACTIVITIES W]E RURAL CULTURE 7I4E41 0NATIONAL ESS5CE07 & H[ IT C\LD BE PROMOT$ & DEVELOP$ 7I4E41 RURAL CULTURE'S 0CAPABILITY074 ,TO PUT IT DIFF]5TLY1 ! ,I,S,N,C'S ULTIMATE TASK WAS TO A*IEVE ,S\? ,KOREA'S VIABILITY AS AN 9DEP5D5T1 AUTONOM\S C\NTRY1 BY ID5TIFY+ 0BROADLY-DEF9$ OV]ALL CULTURAL CAPABILITY ( ,KOREANS0 & UTILIZ+ !IR [N UNIQUE RURAL CULTURE4.<#e#h#d.> 

,TO FULFILL ! TASK1 ! ,I,S,N,C WAS 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S ACTIVITIES & PROJECTS ?AT REFLECT$ ITS NAME1 ,9/ITUTE = ! ,/UDY ( ,NATIONAL ,CULTURE4 ,DUE TO ITS UNEQUIVOCAL EMPHASIS ON ! NATION 7M9JOK7 &_/OR NATIONALS 7GUNGM97 9 ITS QUE/ = AN IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA1 :I* NO D\BT S\NDS QUITE CONTRADICTORY IF WE CONSID] ! UNIV]SAL MESSAGES & GOALS ( AN>*ISM & ! TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ,I HAVE >GU$ =1 ! ,I,S,N,C'S NAME ITSELF (T5 BR\<T TO M9D IMAGES ?AT SEEM$ UNLIKELY = AN AN>*I/ 9/ITUTE4 ,! *OICE ( ! ,9/ITUTE'S NAME1 ! ,/UDY ( ,NATIONAL ,CULTURE1 WAS PROBABLY BAS$ ON A C]TA9 AW>5ESS AMONG AN>*I/S ?AT ,KOREA'S NATIONAL LIB]ATION WAS NOT ACCOMPLI%$ YET1 :I* 9VIT$ A NEW PRIORITIZATION ( COMPLETE NATIONAL LIB]ATION OV] SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 A UNIV]SAL S5SE1 AS !IR CONT9U\S TASK EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e1 AS ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG EXPLA9S4.<#e#h#e.> ,:AT ,I ?9K IMPORTANT WAS !IR WILL+NESS TO RESPOND PROACTIVELY TO ! NATIONAL 5VIRONM5T 9 ! PROCESS ( REALIZ+ !IR ULTIMATE AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,ANO!R POSSIBLE REASON = ADOPT+ & US+ SU* A NAME WAS TO AVOID ANY MISUND]/&+ &_/OR POLITICAL ACCUSATIONS AS TO ! ID5TITY & UND]LY+ IDEOLOGY ( ! ,I,S,N,C & ITS ACTIVITIES4 

,! MA9 SUBJECT ( ! ,I,S,N,C'S RESE>* ACTIVITIES WAS 0! PROMOTION ( ! ,KOREAN NATION'S SUBJECTIVITY 7JU*ESEONG7 & ! E/ABLI%M5T ( AN AUTONOM\S & COOP]ATIVE .<CULTURAL.> /RUCTURE = ! PEOPLE'S LIFE10.<#e#h#f.> :ILE ITS TWO MAJOR GOALS ?AT S]V$ AS ITS PR9CIPLES TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY W]E1 FIR/1 ! COMPLETION ( AUTONOMY & 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA1 ?R\< :I* ,KOREA'S UNIFICATION C\LD BE F9ALLY REALIZ$1 &1 SECOND1 ! REALIZATION ( A 0FREE COMMUNITY0 7JAYU GONGDONG*E7 9 SOCIETY ?R\< SPONTANE\S COOP]ATION AMONG ITS MEMB]S4 ,! 9/ITUTE'S IMMAN5T ROLE !N WAS TO PLACE 0F\NDATIONAL LAY]S0 7GI*EUNG7 9 SOCIETY TO BUILD A FREE SOCIETY ( :I* ! MASSES W]E ! SUBJECT 7JU*E74 ,& ! F\NDATION = SU* A NEW SOCIETY W\LD ONLY BE LAID \T BY AN AUTONOM\S1 SELF-REGULAT+ COMMUNIT>IAN LIFE ( ! MASSES4.<#e#h#g.> ,TO PUT IT DIFF]5TLY1 9 ! WORDS ( ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG1 ! IMM$IATE TASK ! NATION FAC$ WAS ! REALIZATION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 NOT ONLY 9 ! S5SE ( POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE BUT 9 ! S5SE ( HAV+ A 0FREE SOCIETY0 COMPOS$ ( 0COMMUNITIES ( AUTONOM\S COOP]ATION ?R\< DIRECT DEMOCRACY0 BY ! PEOPLE :O W]E 0! REAL [N]S ( ! L&40.<#e#h#h.> 

,:AT ,YI ,JEONGGYU F\ND MO/ BO!RSOME 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS :5 ,S\? ,KOREA WAS 9 ITS E>LY PHASE ( MOD]NIZATION1 WAS ! LOSS ( ! SUBJECTIVITY AMONG HIS FELL[ ,KOREANS4 ,TO HIM1 ,S\? ,KOREANS AT ?AT TIME SEEM$ TO HAVE BECOME OBLIVI\S ( :O !Y W]E & :AT !Y HAD LO/ & =GOTT5 FROM ! PA/4 ,CRITICIZ+ ! PA? ,S\? ,KOREA HAD TAK5 ?US F> = MOD]NIZATION & H[ ,KOREANS HAD LO/ !MSELVES DUR+ ! MOD]NIZATION PROCESS1 ,YI REWROTE ! ,I,S,N,C'S MISSION /ATEM5T >\ND ?AT TIME1 :I* FUR!R UND]L9$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 0SEEK+ \RSELVES0 ?R\< ! 9VE/IGATION & RESE>* ( 0\R CULTURE10 :I* HE ID5TIFI$ ) 0! LIV+ CULTURE ( G5]AL1 COMMON PEOPLE0 7ILBAN SEO-M9 *EUNG UI SA5<WAL MUNHWA74 ,?IS 0LIV+ CULTURE0 HAD TO BE DEVELOP$ & PROMOT$ 9 ORD] = ,KOREANS TO HAVE A CLE> UND]/&+ ( !IR RAISON D'ETRE1 SO ?AT !Y C\LD 9H]IT ! CULTURAL TRADITIONS FROM !IR ANCE/ORS & F9ALLY C\LD ALSO RECEIVE & DIGE/ =EIGN CULTURES ) :I* !Y C\LD =M & DEVELOP A NEW 0CULTURE ( M9E10 BO? 9DIVIDUALLY & NATIONALLY4 ,MAK+ SU* A NEW ,KOREAN CULTURE \T ( ! SYMBIOSIS ( TRADITIONAL ,KOREAN RURAL CULTURE & =EIGN CULTURES BECAME ! ,I,S,N,C'S NEW MISSION BY ! E>LY #a#i#gS4 ,& ! NEWLY MADE CULTURE WAS SUPPOS$ TO BE ANTIELITI/ & ANTIURBAN 9 ITS *>ACT]4.<#e#h#i.> 

,:AT WAS TAK5 9TO ACC\NT 9 ! PROPAGATION = ! NEW SYN!TIC CULTURE WAS A ,KOREAN TRADITIONAL SOCIAL PRACTICE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION4 ,DET]M9ANT 9 ! =MATION ( ! NEW CULTURE1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS SOCIAL RELATIONS 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY ?AT HAD BE5 %AP$ FROM ! PREVAIL+ CULTURE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION 9 SOCIETY4 ,H5CE1 :AT ! ,I,S,N,C SUGGE/$ WAS ! CONTROL ( CONSUMPTION ) REF]5CE TO PRODUCTION 9 T]MS ( ! LATT]'S EFFICI5CY & >TI/IC ASPECT4 ,UND]LY+ IMPORTANCE WAS PLAC$ ON ! CONTROL 9 SOCIETY ( CONSUMPTION SO ?AT A CULTURE ( E?ICAL PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION C\LD BE URG5TLY =MULAT$ ALONG ) ! =MATION ( AN AUTONOM\S & COOP]ATIVE LIFE/YLE AMONG ,KOREANS1 9 ORD] TO CONSOLIDATE 0\R TRADITION ( PEOPLE'S CULTURE40.<#e#i.> ,?IS SYN!TIC CULTURE WAS TO EMP[] ,KOREANS 0TO EMBODY A SPONTANE\S1 COOP]ATIVE FREE COMMUNITY & A FREE SOCIETY1 BO? ( :I* W\LD /RIVE = COMPLETE1 AUTONOM\S & 9DEP5D5T UNIFICATION ( ! NATION40.<#e#i#a.> ,& ! 0COMMON]S0 7BAEKSEONG7 :O W]E 0! [N]S ( ! L&0 W\LD 5ABLE ! REALIZATION ( 0A DIRECT DEMOCRATIC1 AUTONOM\S & COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITY40.<#e#i#b.> ,9 ORD] TO A*IEVE SU* A FREE SOCIETY ( ! COMMON]S1 AS ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG EXPLA9S1 ! ,I,S,N,C 5DEAVOR$ TO LAY \T 0A BASIC LAY] ( ! FREE SOCIETY0 ( :I* ! MASSES 7M9JUNG7 W]E ! MA9 BODY4 ,! AN>*I/S 9 ! ,I,S,N,C EXPECT$ TO F\ND SU* A SOCIETY ON ! BASIS ( AN AUTONOM\S & SELF-REGULAT+ COMMUNAL LIFE & UND]/OOD !IR IMM$IATE TASK 9 ! NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ( GA9+ COMPLETE & AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA4.<#e#i#c.> 

,:AT WE CAN SEE H]E IS ! EMPHASIS ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS FELL[ AN>*I/S LIKE ,LEE PLAC$ ON ! IMPORTANCE ( A CULTURAL TRANS=MATION ( 9DIVIDUALS 9 ! PROCESS ( BUILD+ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA1 9 ?IS CASE1 F>M]S !MSELVES :O W]E VIEW$ AS ! PRES]V]S ( NATIVE CULTURE & G5U9E 0[N]S0 ( ,KOREA4.<#e#i#d.> ,MEANS TO BE US$ = ! TRANS=MATION W]E TRADITION 7OR NATIONAL CULTURE7 & $UCATION1 AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU UND]L9$ ! IMPORTANCE ( TRADITION 9 SE>* = A NEW CULTURE & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & ! ROLE ( $UCATION 9 ! CREATION ( SU* NEW 9DIVIDUALS = A NEW SOCIETY4 ,& ,YI EXPLA9$ ?AT TRADITIONS1 GOOD OR BAD1 C\LD ALL BE CON/RUCTIVELY SUCCE$$1 IF !Y W]E ABLE TO BE TURN$ 9TO SOME?+ POSITIVE2 ! TRADITION ( /RUGGLE1 RESI/ANCE1 & OV]?R[ FROM ! PA/ C\LD BE R5D]$ 9TO MORE CON/RUCTIVE1 COOP]ATIVE ELEM5TS 9 SOCIETY4 ,SU* ,KOREAN TRADITIONS AS UND]/&+1 YIELD+1 COOP]ATION1 =BE>ANCE1 MUTUAL AID1 & SO ON C\LD BE 9H]IT$ = ! CON/RUCTIVE SUCCESSION ( TRADITION 9 ! MOD]N SOCIETY4.<#e#i#e.> ,IT IS NOTABLE H]E ?AT ,YI'S SUGGE/$ MEANS = A NEW SOCIETY WAS TRADITION1 BUT HIS GOAL WAS NOT ! RE/ORATION ( A TRADITIONAL SOCIETY BUT ! CON/RUCTION ( A MOD]N SOCIETY ?AT C\LD COMB9E C]TA9 POSITIVE ASPECTS ( BO? TRADITIONAL & MOD]N SOCIETIES4 

,YI ALSO SET ! GOAL ( $UCATION NOT AS ITS REVIVAL ( TRADITIONS BUT AS ITS AVAILABILITY & UTILITY = HUMANITY4 ,MORE SPECIFICALLY1 $UCATION WAS TO S]VE ! CON/RUCTION ( A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA1 :I* C\LD 9 TURN CONTRIBUTE TO ! CON/RUCTION ( COMMON WELF>E = ! :OLE MANK9D3 ! ULTIMATE GOAL ( HI<] $UCATION 9 ,KOREA WAS TO BRE$ 09DIVIDUALS :O CAN DEVOTE !MSELVES TO ! WELF>E ( MANK9D0 7HONGIK +AN74.<#e#i#f.> ,!SE 9DIVIDUALS1 AFT] SUCCESSFULLY F9I%+ !IR HI<] $UCATION1 W\LD POSSESS A CONSCI\SNESS AS A 0FREE P]SON0 7JAYU 97 &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 AS A RESPONSIBLE MEMB] NOT ONLY ( ! ,KOREAN SOCIETY BUT ( ! :OLE HUMAN SOCIETY4 ,& AS A FAI?FUL CITIZ5 ( ! WORLD AS WELL AS ( ,KOREA1 !SE 9DIVIDUALS W\LD PROMOTE NATIVE ,KOREAN CULTURE & W\LD PLAY A ROLE SIMULTANE\SLY AS A BRIDGE = ! CULTURAL EX*ANGES BETWE5 ! ,EA/ & ! ,WE/4 ,BY DO+ SO !Y W\LD BEG9 TO IMPROVE ! QUALITY ( ,KOREAN LIFE 9 BO? MAT]IAL & EMOTIONAL ASPECTS1 & CONSEQU5TLY S*EME TO 9TEGRATE ALL ! NATIONS ( ! WORLD 9TO 0ONE WORLD10 BO? MAT]IALLY & EMOTIONALLY4.<#e#i#g.> ,TWO PR9CIPLES1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY1 W]E TO BE UPHELD 9 ! C\RSE ( CON/RUCT+ 0ONE WORLD0 :]E COMMON WELF>E W\LD BE REALIZ$ = ! ALL MANK9D4.<#e#i#h.> 

,= ALL ! ABOVE TASKS & GOALS1 ! MA9 T>GET ( ! ,I,S,N,C'S ACTIVITIES WAS RURAL F>M+ VILLAGES1 :I* SUBSEQU5TLY GAVE RISE TO ! FOCAL QUE/ION AS TO H[ TO BALANCE DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN >EAS1 AS M5TION$ ABOVE4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#fS & E>LY #a#i#gS WIDELY %>$ ! ANXIETIES & CONC]NS AB\T ! UNBALANC$ DEVELOPM5T L$ BY ! /ATE4 ,AS ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS1 !Y EV5 DEEPLY BELIEV$ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 A CRISIS 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 !N-DIRECTOR ( ! ,I,S,N,C1 EXPRESS$ ! CONC]NS & ANXIETIES 9 HIS KEYNOTE SPEE* DELIV]$ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#g1 #a#i#g#a1 AT A SEM9> = RURAL LEAD]S1 HELD AT & BY ,Y,M,C,A 9 ,SE\L4 ,9 ! SPEE*1 TITL$ 0,ISSUES 9 ,MAK+ ,RURAL ,VILLAGES ,AUTONOM\S10 ,YI MADE IT CLE> ?AT HE HAD P]CEIV$ A S]I\S CRISIS 9 POLITICS & ECONOMY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AT ! TIME4 ,HE 9 FACT CALL$ = SPECIAL ATT5TION TO ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 FUNDAM5TALLY /EMM$ FROM ! GAP 9 DEVELOPM5T 9 !N-,S\? ,KOREA BETWE5 RURAL & URBAN >EAS4 ,MOD]NIZATION ?R\< 9DU/RIALIZATION HAD BE5 PU%$ H>D BY !N-,S\? ,KOREAN MILIT>Y REGIME &1 AS A RESULT1 FACTORIES HAD BE5 BUILT & CITIES HAD BE5 EXP&$ = ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T UND] ! /ATE'S POLICY ) ! 9FLUX ( RURAL POPULATION 9TO CITIES AS WORK]S4 ,ALL !SE PH5OM5A1 ,YI ANALYZ$1 HAD 5TAIL$ & IMPAIR$ ! IMPOV]I%$ CONDITIONS ( ! RURAL POPULATION 9 F>M+ VILLAGES4.<#e#i#i.> ,:AT MADE HIM MORE CONC]N$ & CAUS$ HIM TO LAM5T W]E ! OBVI\S POL>IZATIONS1 FIR/1 9TO DIFF]5CES 9 WEAL? BETWE5 RURAL VILLAGES & CITIES &1 SECOND1 SUBSEQU5T CULTURAL DIFF]5CES ?AT W]E DESCRIB$ AS 0CIVILIZATION0 V]SUS 0B>B>ISM40 ,DEVELOPM5T 9 CITIES %\LD HAVE NEV] BE5 PURSU$ AT ! EXP5SE ( RURAL VILLAGES1 BUT ! IMPOV]I%M5T 9 RURAL VILLAGES UN=TUNATELY HAD BE5 PREVAL5T1 AN \TCOME ( :I* WAS ! O/5SIBLE MOD]NIZATION A*IEV$ 9 ! CITIES ( ,S\? ,KOREA1 ,YI NOT$4 ,A HEAL?Y SOCIETY1 H[EV]1 HE BELIEV$1 C\LD ONLY EXI/ ) A BALANC$ DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 CITIES & RURAL VILLAGES4.<#f.> ,9 %ORT1 ,S\? ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAGES AS ( ! E>LY #a#i#gS W]E1 9 ,YI'S VIEW1 SO 0EMPTY0 & ! REASON = ?AT LAY 9 MOD]NIZATION & URBANIZATION PU%$ BY ! /ATE4.<#f#a.> ,?IS WAS DEEM$ A NATIONAL CRISIS1 & TO OV]COME IT1 ,YI BELIEV$1 ,KOREANS NE$$ TO UND]/& AN IMPORTANT FACT1 ?AT 0! NATION ?RIVES ONLY IF ! RURAL VILLAGES ?RIVE40.<#f#b.> ,! FUTURE ( ! NATION W\LD BE DET]M9$ DECISIVELY BY ! PROSP]ITY 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 & ,YI WANT$ ALL ,KOREANS TO GRASP IT1 IF !Y W]E TO OV]COME ! NATIONAL CRISIS ( ! #a#i#gS4.<#f#c.> 

,9 HIS CRITICISM ( ! IMPOV]I%M5T ( ,S\? ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAGES1 H[EV]1 ,YI DIDN'T RAISE ANY QUE/IONS REG>D+ ! RESPONSIBILITY & ACC\NTABILITY ( ! !N-,S\? ,KOREAN MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T4 ,NEI!R DID HE CRITICIZE ! GOV]NM5T & ITS POLICIES DIRECTLY4 ,RA!R1 ,YI POSIT$ ?AT 9 ,S\? ,KOREA SOME ECONOMIC ISSUES SURELY C\LD BE PRIORITIZ$ & ( IMPORTANCE AS WELL TO AVOID ANY ECONOMIC SETBACKS1 BUT1 )\T 9T]NAL POLITICAL /ABILITY & NATIONAL UNITY1 ! C\NTRY 9 ! 5D W\LD BE UNABLE TO DEAL ) ! RURAL PROBLEM & COPE ) ! EV]-*ANG+ 9T]NATIONAL SITUATION4 ,HIS EMPHASIS ON POLITICAL /ABILITY & NATIONAL UNITY MAY EXPLA91 9 P>T1 :Y ,YI WAS SIL5T AB\T ! MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP ?AT USUALLY BR\<T POLITICAL UNITY )91 ALBEIT UND] CO]CION & ?US USUALLY FRAGILE4 ,YI NEV]!LESS BELIEV$ !RE W\LD BE NO /ABILITY :ATSOEV]1 BO? 9T]NALLY & EXT]NALLY1 )\T 0MAK+ RURAL VILLAGES AUTONOM\S0 7NONG*ON JAJUHWA71 ESPECIALLY 9 ECONOMY4 ,NEI!R W]E 0DEMOCRATIC AUTONOM\S =CES0 ABLE TO GR[ 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,H5CE1 ,YI PROPOS$ ?AT ! LEAD]S ( ! RURAL MOVEM5T USE ! SLOGAN ?AT READ 0,! NATION ?RIVES ONLY IF RURAL VILLAGES ?RIVE40.<#f#d.> 

,:ILE CRITICIZ+ ! /ATE'S URBAN-BAS$ POLICIES1 ,YI (T5 MA9TA9$ H>% ATTITUDES T[>D RURAL F>M]S !MSELVES = NOT POSSESS+ A S5SE ( RESPONSIBILITY AS 0! [N]S ( ! L&40 ,MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! /ATE W]E1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 RURAL LEAD]S :O NE$$ TO REALIZE 0! RURAL PROBLEM0 & UND]/& F>M]S1 :OSE WILL+NESS TO LIVE A BETT] LIFE WAS CRUCIAL4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 RURAL VILLAG]S %\LD HAVE TRA9$ !MSELVES TO BE DEMOCRATIC CITIZ5S1 BUT !Y HAD RA!R BE5 PASSIVE 9 ATTITUDE & (T5 RELI$ ON ! AU?ORITIES = ! TRA9+4 ,F>M]S !MSELVES1 AS WELL AS RURAL LEAD]S1 ?US W]E JU/ AS RESPONSIBLE = ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 AS ! POLITICAL LEAD]S & GOV]NM5T W]E1 ,YI CONT5D$4 ,F>M]S MI<T HAVE MADE 9SUFFICI5T EF=TS1 BUT N[ !Y HAD TO BE DET]M9$ & MAKE EF=TS TO HAVE 0M5TAL READ9ESS0 ) A /RONG WILL TO LIVE WELL & 5DURE 0TODAY'S H>D%IPS10 ,YI NOT$4.<#f#e.> 

,! TRA9+ ( F>M]S &1 AS A RESULT1 !IR 9CREAS$ KN[L$GE W\LDN'T SOLVE ! RURAL PROBLEM4 ,!IR SELF-CRITICISM WAS ALSO MU* NE$$ = !M TO BECOME 0DEMOCRATIC CITIZ5S40 ,& !IR SELF-CRITICISM C\LD BEG9 ) ! EF=T TO OV]COME A T5D5CY AMONG !M TO RELY ON ! GOV]NM5T (FICIALS 9 SOLV+ ! RURAL PROBLEM4 ,IF !RE W]E 0WEAKNESSES0 & 0LOOPHOLES0 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 !SE HAD TO BE CORRECT$ AUTONOM\SLY & MADE UP = BY F>M]S !MSELVES1 ,YI 9SI/$4 ,AS ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION HAD PROCE$$1 RURAL VILLAGES W\LD 9CREAS+LY FACE V>I\S *ALL5GES !Y HAD TO DEAL )4 ,! FIR/ *ALL5GE WAS TO PLACE 0MOD]N FUNCTIONS 9 ! RURAL /RUCTURE10 :I* ,YI BELIEV$ C\LD 5SURE ! SEAMLESS WORK+S ( DEMOCRATIC1 AUTONOM\S FUNCTIONS ( ! MOD]N 9 RURAL >EAS4 ,! SECOND ONE WAS ! SPREAD ( 0! URBAN CONSUMPTION TR5D0 ?AT C\LD CAUSE V>I\S DIFFICULTIES 9 ! RURAL LIFE4 ,! ?IRD *ALL5GE WAS 0URBANIZATION0 ?AT ACCOMPANI$ 0CIVILIZATIONAL POLLUTION0 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 :I* MU/ BE AVOID$ AT ALL CO/S 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! SAME SIDE-EFFECTS AS SE5 9 ! CITY FROM HAPP5+ 9 RURAL VILLAGES4 ,& ! F9AL *ALL5GE WAS RELAT$ TO 0! QUE/ION AS TO H[ TO GUIDE ! Y\?0 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 :O C\LD HAVE BE5 SWAY$ BY MOD]NIZATION 9 ! CITY BUT NEV]!LESS NE$$ TO BE RAIS$ AS A BACKBONE ( RURAL CON/RUCTION4.<#f#f.> 

,AN>*I/ ,SOLUTIONS3 ,! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE 7,SUSAN UNDONG7 & ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LEAD]S = ,RURAL ,MOVEM5T 7,JEON-GUK NONG*ON JIDOJA HYEOPUIHOE7 

  

,AS M5TION$ E>LI]1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU BELIEV$ ?AT ! SOLUTION TO ! RURAL PROBLEM EXCLUSIVELY H+$ ON H[ TO REVIVE ! LIFE ( L[-9COME RURAL F>M]S :O W]E ABLE TO MAKE !IR LIV+ ONLY AFT] GA9+ A LOAN ( HI< 9T]E/4 ,ATTEMPTS HAD BE5 MADE TO RESOLVE ! DIRE SITUATION ( ! L[-9COME RURAL F>M]S1 SU* AS EXPANSION ( CULTIVATABLE L&S1 COMM]CIALIZATION ( F>M+ L&S1 & COLLECTIVIZATION ( F>M+ VILLAGES4 ,H[EV]1 ALL SEEM$ TO HAVE FAIL$ TO TAKE C>E ( ! 0RURAL PROBLEM40 ,! KEYS TO SOLVE IT1 9 FACT1 ,YI H9T$1 W]E ELSE:]E1 & !Y W\LD BE MADE AVAILABLE IF TWO QUE/IONS W]E ANSW]$4 ,! FIR/ QUE/ION WAS :E!R F>M]S 9 G5]AL C\LD BE (F]$ ADDITIONAL S\RCES ( 9COME1 & ! SECOND ONE WAS :E!R SURPLUS LABOR ! F>M]S MI<T BE ABLE TO (F] C\LD BE US$ & 9CORPORAT$ 9TO ! 0NATURAL COOP]ATIVE WORKS0 9 RURAL VILLAGES4 ,! PO9T1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS :E!R F>M]S1 ESPECIALLY L[-9COME F>M]S1 C\LD BE (F]$ OPPORTUNITIES TO MAKE SOME EXTRA E>N+S ) :I* !Y C\LD MAKE !IR LIV+ BETT]4 ,! OPPORTUNITIES C\LD BE MADE AVAILABLE1 ,YI CLAIM$1 BY GE>+ UP 0! NATURAL COOP]ATION0 AMONG F>M]S & ABSORB+ ANY SURPLUS LABOR =CES 9 RURAL F>M+ VILLAGES 9TO IT4.<#f#g.> ,) ?IS BASIC IDEA ! ,I,S,N,C LAUN*$ 0! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE .<,ORD]S.> & ,PRODUCE .<,GOODS.>0 7,SUSAN UNDONG71 :I* 9T5D$ TO PROVIDE RURAL VILLAG]S ON ! BASIS ( ! SPIRITS ( SELF-RELIANCE & COOP]ATION ) SOME EXTRA WORK DUR+ ! TIME :5 !Y C\LDN'T TILL ! L&1 TO />T !IR [N SMALL-SCALE DOME/IC 9DU/RY TO IMPROVE !IR LIV+ /&>DS & ]ADICATE POV]TY BY !IR [N EF=T ) ADDITIONALLY E>N$ 9COME4.<#f#h.> 

,H]E AGA91 ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 WAS P]CEIV$ AS BASICALLY ECONOMIC 9 ITS NATURE1 RA!R ?AN AS A PRODUCT ( COMPLEX SOCIAL & POLITICAL PROBLEMS ASSOCIAT$ ) ! CONV5TIONAL V]TICAL1 EXPLOITIVE SOCIOECONOMIC RELATIONS ?AT HAD EXI/$ 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 = EXAMPLE1 BETWE5 T5ANT F>M]S & L&[N]S OR F>M]S & ! /ATE4 ,NEI!R W]E !Y SE5 AS A PRODUCT ( CLASS DIVISIONS 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY OR ( MOD]NIZATION4 ,ANYWAY1 ! MOVEM5T1 )\T ANY ANALYSIS ( ! ORIG9S ( ! RURAL PROBLEM1 SIMPLY VIEW$ POV]TY & />VATION AS TWO MA9 S\RCES ( ! 0*RONIC RURAL PROBLEM0.<#f#i.> 9 ,S\? ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 :I* HAD ONLY RESULT$ FROM ! LACK ( OR 9SUFFICI5T 9COME F>M]S C\LD MAKE4 ,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 ! MOVEM5T WAS 9T5D$ TO GIVE AS MANY JOBS AS POSSIBLE TO F>M]S 7& FI%]M5 9 FI%+ VILLAGES7 ?R\< PROMOT+ A SMALL-SCALE DOME/IC 9DU/RY 9 EV]Y RURAL VILLAGE1 :I* DID NOT REQUIRE ANY HUGE CAPITAL 9VE/M5T FROM ! /ATE & ANY SPECIALIZ$ SKILLS ON ! P>T ( F>M]S4.<#f#a.> ,! BASIC UND]LY+ PR9CIPLE ( ! MOVEM5T WAS ?AT 0?OSE :O WORK %ALL GA9 9COME & ! PR(IT %ALL BELONG TO ALL0 7NOJA YUGEUP IIK GWIJEON74 ,& ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ACCORD+ TO ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG1 WAS FRAM$ AFT] ,KROPOTK9'S IDEA ( 0FIELDS1 FACTORIES & WORK%OPS40.<#f#a#a.> ,9 %ORT1 IF AN APPROPRIATE DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY C\LD (F] SOME ADDITIONAL JOBS & WORKS TO L[-9COME F>M]S1 IT WAS EXPECT$ TO SOLVE ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 FROM ! BOTTOM UP &1 AS A RESULT1 TO PROMOTE & DEVELOP AN 0APPROPRIATE HOME 9DU/RY0 9 ALL RURAL VILLAGES4 ,! IDEA WAS FIR/ MAT]IALIZ$ & EXP]IM5T$ 9 A SMALL T[N CALL$ ,J9-GEON 9 ,GYEONGGI ,PROV9CE1 A PROV9CE SURR\ND+ ! CAPITAL CITY1 ,SE\L4 ,! FIR/ SUCCESSFUL HOME 9DU/RY FACTORY WAS OP5 !RE 9 #a#i#f#e1 :]E F>M]S W]E TRA9$ GRADUALLY AS LABOR-9T5SIVE SKILL$ WORK]S & !N W]E PROVID$ ) SOME EXTRA JOBS DUR+ ! SLACK SEASON 7P>TICUL>LY W9T]71 MA9LY TO BOO/ !IR 9COME4 ,! FACTORY WAS CALL$ 0! ,J9-GEON ,C5T] = ,RECEIPT & ,PRODUCTION10 :]E SWEAT]S1 *ILDR5'S WE>1 H&CRAFT >TICLES1 & O!R SU* PRODUCTS W]E MADE BY F>M]S & %IPP$ \T = SALE4.<#f#a#b.> 

,A CLOSE LOOK AT ! MOVEM5T REVEALS ?AT IT WAS ALSO LAUN*$ ) A VISION ( ALT]NATIVE NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & SOCIAL /ABILIZATION 9 ,KOREAN SOCIETY4 ,9 ! WORDS ( ! 9ITIAL DRAFT] ( IT1 ,DR4 ,SON ,USEONG1 ! MOVEM5T WAS EXPECT$ FROM ITS 9CEPTION TO 0S]VE AS A MEANS TO %ORT5 ! NATIONAL IT9]>Y = ECONOMIC AUTONOMY AS WELL AS TO IMPROVE PRACTICALLY ! OV]ALL LIVELIHOOD ( ,KOREANS40.<#f#a#c.> ,H5CE1 ITS TWO ULTIMATE GOALS W]E TO DI/RIBUTE NATIONAL 9COME EQUALLY TO ALL ,KOREANS 9 ORD] TO IMPROVE !IR LIVELIHOOD & SUBSEQU5TLY TO HELP NATIONAL ECONOMY CONT9UE TO GR[ AT A HI< RATE4 ,TO A*IEVE SUCCESSFULLY ! GOAL ( NATIONAL ECONOMIC GR[?1 L[-9COME FAMILIES 9 RURAL VILLAGES W]E P>TICUL>LY URG$ TO VOLUNT>ILY P>TICIPATE 9 & JO9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,?AT WAY1 ! MOVEM5T C\LD AIM AT UTILIZ+ ! UNEMPLOY$ HUMAN RES\RCES TO PROMOTE LABOR-9T5SIVE LOCAL_/REGIONAL SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RIES1 SU* AS DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY & AT ! SAME TIME TO DEVELOP RAPIDLY NATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY & SUPPLY+-P[] = EXPORT4 ,) ! 9CREAS$ 9COME ( ,KOREANS1 P>TICUL>LY RURAL VILLAG]S1 ! MOVEM5T WAS EXPECT$ TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! GR[? ( NATIONAL ECONOMY & ! F\ND+ ( SOCIAL /ABILIZATION4.<#f#a#d.> ,9 %ORT1 :ILE HAV+ ! LONG-T]M GOAL TO CONTRIBUTE TO NATIONAL ECONOMY & SOCIAL /ABILITY1 ! MOVEM5T TACKL$ IMM$IATELY ! ISSUE ( DISPELL+ POV]TY OR AT LEA/ ALLEVIAT+ ! LEVEL ( IT 9 F>M+ & FI%+ VILLAGES BY PROVID+ VILLAG]S ) EXTRA JOBS AVAILABLE FROM ! DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY4.<#f#a#e.> 

,BESIDES ! ECONOMIC & SOCIAL ASPECTS1 ! MOVEM5T WAS ALSO EXPECT$ TO 5TAIL BROAD CULTURAL IMPACTS 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 :I* EV5TUALLY W\LD NURTURE & GR[ ! NATIONAL CULTURE ( 0MUTUAL SUPPORT0 7SAN<O JIJI7 & 0MUTUAL COOP]ATION0 7SAN<O HYEOPDONG7 9 LIFE ?R\< ! ACTUAL PRACTICE ( =M+ A COOP]ATIVE BODY VOLUNT>ILY 9SIDE ! DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY FACTORIES 9 F>M+ & FI%+ VILLAGES4 ,! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE W\LD EV5 BE ABLE TO CORRECT ! DOM9ANT SOCIAL E?OS LIKE MUTUAL DI/RU/ ?AT WAS A TRAIT ( ! CONTEMPOR>Y CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4.<#f#a#f.> ,! CULTURAL ASPECT WAS APP>5T 9 ! PROGRAM 9TRODUC$ AT ! ,J9-GEON ,C5T]1 :I* 5VISION$ ?R\< TRA9+ ! Y\? 9 ! >EA A NEW FUTURE :5 EV]YONE W\LD GR[ TO BECOME C5TRAL & 9DEP5D5T FIGURES = ! RE/ORATION ( !IR NATIVE PLACE1 AS WELL AS = ! 0PURIFICATION0 ( LOCAL SOCIETY4 ,BESIDES ! Y\? 9 ! >EA1 ANO!R IMPORTANT OBJECT ( ! MOVEM5T 9 ?IS REG>D WAS COLLEGE /UD5TS :O CAME D[N ANNUALLY TO RURAL VILLAGES DUR+ !IR SUMM] VACATIONS TO GIVE A H& TO ! F>M]S4 ,!SE COLLEGE /UD5TS FROM CITIES W]E EXPECT$ TO GO ?R\< A TRA9+ ?AT C\LD HELP !M /UDY AB\T ! MASSES 9 RURAL VILLAGES & DEVELOP PRACTICAL ATTITUDES & UND]/&+ ?AT W]E DEEM$ REQUIR$ = FUTURE NATIONAL LEAD]S4.<#f#a#g.> 

,YI ,JEONGGYU'S [N ASSESSM5T ( ! MOVEM5T ALSO ATTE/$ TO ?IS CULTURAL 9T5TION4 ,TO ,YI1 ! MOVEM5T NO D\BT WAS A V5UE = BO? F>M+ & FI%+ VILLAG]S TO P>TICIPATE VOLUNT>ILY 9 ! 0NATION-BUILD+ ?R\< 9DU/RY0 PROJECT BY HELP+ ! NATION TO CONSOLIDATE ITS AUTONOM\S ECONOMY4 ,:AT SEEM$ TO BE ( GREAT] IMPORTANCE WAS ?AT BY DO+ SO !Y W\LD GO ?R\< A PHASE ( 0LIFE TRA9+10 9 :I* ! VILLAG]S W\LD COME TO REALIZE H[ MU* MORE B5EFICIAL A LIFE ) MUTUAL COOP]ATION & MUTUAL AID C\LD BE TO !M4 ,!IR REALIZATION !N W\LD BECOME ( SIGNIFICANCE AS AN ACQUIR$ HABIT = !IR LIFE & ULTIMATELY AS AN IMMEASURABLE B5EFIT = ! FUTURE ( ! NATION4 ,& !RE WAS AN ADDITIONAL CULTURAL B5EFIT2 ! F9AL PRODUCTS ( ! DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY 9 RURAL VILLAGES W\LD ALL BE BR&$ ) ,KOREAN NATIONAL *>ACT]S & 0SPIRITS10 5HANC+ ! PRE/IGE ( ,KOREAN NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,9 %ORT1 UNLIKE ?OSE PRODUC$ BY MASS PRODUCTION ( ! MA*9E 9DU/RY1 ! GOODS FROM ! DOME/IC HOME 9DU/RY UND] ! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE W\LD BR+ 9 F> MORE IMPORTANT1 V>I\S CULTURAL \TCOMES TO 9DIVIDUAL ,KOREANS & !IR NATION1 ,YI CONCLUD$4.<#f#a#h.> 

,) ALL ! ANTICIPAT$ VISIBLE1 MEAN+FUL \TCOMES FROM ! MOVEM5T1 ! ,I,S,N,C UND] ,YI'S DIRECTOR%IP PLANN$ ON SOLICIT+ SUPPORT = ITS CAUSE FROM A WIDE RANGE ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL /RATUM 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,9 DO+ SO IT /RONGLY DISCLOS$ ITS NATIONALI/ 9T5TION 9 ! MOVEM5T4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT HELD AN 9VITATIONAL GA!R+ ON ,JULY #b1 #a#i#f#h1 :]E ,YI REIT]AT$ TO ! P>TICIPANTS ! V>I\S MEAN+S ( ! MOVEM5T CLE>LY4 ,AS HE MADE IT CLE>1 ! MOVEM5T HAD NO 9T5TION TO SEEK PASSIVELY TO PROMOTE EXTRA E>N+S = F>M+ FAMILIES OR ATTEMPT TO DEC5TRALIZE ! MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY2 ITS ULTIMATE PLAN RA!R WAS TO PAVE ! WAY TO 0MOD]NIZATION 9 RURAL F>M+ VILLAGES0 = ! SAKE ( 0! NATION'S ONE-HUNDR$-YE> GR& PLAN40.<#f#a#i.> ,HIS CALL = SUPPORT SEEM$ SUCCESSFUL AT LEA/ = ! TIME BE+1 S9CE MANY C5T]S 9 ! NAME ( ! MOVEM5T W]E BUILT 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS TO FUNCTION AS A MA9 V5UE = F>M+ VILLAG]S 9 !IR RESPECTIVE RURAL LOCATION TO MANUFACTURE !IR HOME-CRAFT$ PRODUCTS = EXPORT4 ,!Y W]E ALSO SLAT$ TO S]VE AS A 0VANGU>D ORGANIZATION = ! MOD]NIZATION ( RURAL VILLAGES0 & AS AN 0AUTONOM\S .<JAYUL JEOK.> & COMMUNAL .<GONGDONG SAHOE JEOK.> COOP]ATIVE BODY0 9 RURAL VILLAGES4.<#f#b.> 

,TO SUM UP1 ! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE CLE>LY TOOK AIM AT ASSI/+ ! IDEA & PROJECT ( ! 0NATION-BUILD+ ) 9DU/RY10 :ILE (F]+ EXTRA JOBS READILY TO RURAL VILLAG]S = !IR ECONOMIC NE$4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 ! IDEAL BEH9D ! MOVEM5T C\LD BE LABEL$ AS 0MOD]NI/ AN>*ISM0 ?AT SAW 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T AS 9EVITABLE & EV5 9DISP5SABLE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ECONOMY4 ,SE5 FROM A DIFF]5T ANGLE1 H[EV]1 IT DISCLOS$ ! ELEM5TS ( 0ANTIMOD]NI/ AN>*ISM40 ,! ULTIMATE DIRECTION ( ! MOVEM5T WAS T[>D ! REVIVAL ( RURAL POPULATION & !IR LIFE AGA9/ ! /ATE-L$ & URBAN-BAS$ MOD]NIZATION4 ,ALSO1 ITS MA9 AG5DA WAS ITS SE>* = ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T1 & ITS PR9CIPLES W]E UND\BT$LY MUTUAL AID & MUTUAL COOP]ATION1 AN EXPLICIT SIGN ( AN>*I/ IDEALS1 P>TICUL>LY ( ,KROPOTK94 ,!SE PR9CIPLES W]E US$ AS A RESPONSE TO ! COMPETITION-BAS$ ONES ( ! MOD]N SOCIETY & ! /ATE-DRIV5 MOD]NIZATION PROJECT ?AT PLAC$ ITS EMPHASIS ON CITIES4 

,LIKEWISE1 ! SOCIETY ! MOVEM5T 9T5D$ TO BUILD 9 ! 5D WAS SURPRIS+LY SIMIL> TO ! ONE ! PREW> ,JAPANESE 0PURE AN>*I/S0 /ROVE TO CON/RUCT4 ,JOHN ,CRUMP NOTES 9 HIS /UDY ( ,HATTA ,%UZO & ,JAPANESE PURE AN>*ISM ?AT ,JAPANESE PURE AN>*I/S BE=E #aide 5VISION$ BUILD+ 0A DEC5TRALIZ$ SOCIETY ( L>GELY SELF-SUPPORT+ COMMUNES 5GAG$ 9 BO? AGRICULTURE & SMALL-SCALE 9DU/RY40.<#f#b#a.> ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S EMPHASES ON RURAL VILLAGES & ON F>M]S AS ! [N]S ( ! C\NTRY1 IT SEEMS1 ALSO %>$ MU* 9 COMMON ) ! ,JAPANESE PURE AN>*I/S LIKE ,HATTA1 :O SAW & UND]/OOD 0! %E] SIZE ( ! AGRICULTURAL POPULATION0 ?AT 0ACC\NT.<S.> = A MAJORITY ( ! .<:OLE.> POPULATION & OCCUP.<IES.> A VA/ >EA ( L&0.<#f#b#b.> 9 ,JAPAN4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,YI 9 HIS EMPHASIS ON ! IMPORTANCE ( F>M]S & F>M+ RURAL VILLAGES HAD OP5LY CRITICIZ$ S9CE #aide ?AT !Y HAD SUFF]$ FROM ! 0D\BLE EXPLOITATIONS0 BY CITIES & 0FEUDAL =CES10 & !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS 9 ! #a#i#cS SEEM$ TO HAVE ALREADY E*O$ 9 ADVANCE ?IS LAT] OBS]VATION BY !IR ,KOREAN COMRADES4.<#f#b#c.> ,!RE IS NO EVID5CE ?AT %[S ANY DIRECT L9KS & TIES BETWE5 ! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE & ! PREW> ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,BUT IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT !RE W]E SOME CONSPICU\S TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES BETWE5 ,JAPANESE PREW> AN>*ISM & PO/W> ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ?9K+ ( AN ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T TRAJECTORY BAS$ ON RURAL VILLAGES AGA9/ ! URBAN-BAS$ DEVELOPM5T ( ! MOD]N SOCIETY4 

,! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE SEEM$ TO BE SUCCESSFUL = A :ILE1 AS IT BORE ITS FRUIT NOT ONLY ) ! COMPLETION ( ! ,J9-GEON ,C5T] BUT ALSO ) ! CON/RUCTION ( ! ,9/ITUTE = ,SKILL ,TRA9+ TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE AT ! T[N ( ,GEUMGOK 7,GEUMGOK SUSAN GISUL HULLYEONWON7 AT :I* RURAL Y\? & WOM5 W]E TRA9$ AS SKILL$ WORK]S & PRODUC$ SWEAT]S AS WELL = EXPORT4.<#f#b#d.> ,IT IS UNCLE>1 ?\<1 :5 & H[ ! MOVEM5T 5D$1 S9CE !RE IS NO EXPLANATION AB\T ITS FATE EV5 9 ! VOLUME PUBLI%$ BY ! ,I,S,N,C = ITS [N HI/ORY4.<#f#b#e.> ,IT IS NEV]!LESS POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! /R5G!N$ DICTATOR%IP ( ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE & HIS /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION DRIVE 9 ! #a#i#gS C\LD HAVE PREV5T$ ! MOVEM5T FROM FUR!R DEVELOP+ & GR[+4.<#f#b#f.> ,! ABRUPT & UNKN[N 5D ( ! MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 DIDN'T /OP ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS FELL[ AN>*I/S AT ! ,I,S,N,C FROM EXP]IM5T+ O!R UND]TAK+S TO ORGANIZE & TRA9 RURAL F>M+ VILLAG]S DUR+ ! DECADE4 

,AN UND]TAK+ WAS LAUN*$ BY ! ,I,S,N,C 9 ! E>LY #a#i#gS TO =M AN ORGANIZATION ( RURAL VILLAGE LEAD]S & COLLEGE /UD5TS4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS AT ! C5T] ( IT1 :O 9ITIAT$ A MEET+ ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #aiga ( REPRES5TATIVES ( SOME COLLEGE /UD5T GR\PS AS WELL AS SOME 0RURAL MOVEM5T0 7NONG*ON UNDONG7 LEAD]S FROM V>I\S RURAL VILLAGES4 ,ALL ATT5DANTS AGRE$ TO ACCEPT ! BASIC IDEA UND]L9+ ! SLOGAN IT ADOPT$ AS ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE = ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES1 0,! NATION ?RIVES ONLY IF RURAL VILLAGES ?RIVE40 ,AS A FOLL[-UP DECISION1 ! NEXT MEET+ WAS ACCORD+LY S*$UL$ TO DISCUSS ! POSSIBILITY ( ORGANIZ+ ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LEAD]S = ,RURAL ,MOVEM5T 7,JEON-GUK NONG*ON JIDOJA HYEOPUIHOE74 ,& SUBSEQU5TLY ! MISSION ( ! ,C\NCIL WAS P5N$ AT A PRELIM9>Y MEET+ HELD LAT] TO ORGANIZE ! ,C\NCIL3 TO REVIVE ! COOP]ATIVE 0POT5TIAL 5]GY0 7JEO-RYEOK7 RURAL VILLAGES NATURALLY POSSESS$ & TO PROMOTE ! AUTONOM\S FUNCTIONS ( COMMUNAL LIFE 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 SO ?AT A BALANC$ DEVELOPM5T BETWE5 URBAN & RURAL >EAS & A /ABLE F\NDATION = PEOPLE'S SOCIAL /RUCTURE C\LD BE ACCOMPLI%$ 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,ALSO DECID$ AT ?IS PRELIM9>Y MEET+ WAS ?AT ! ,C\NCIL W\LD CONSI/ ( ?OSE :O HAD WORRI$ AB\T ECONOMIC COLLAPSE & CULTURAL DEG5]ATION 9 RURAL VILLAGES4.<#f#b#g.> ,! PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ?IS ,C\NCIL WAS1 JU/ LIKE ! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE1 ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES AS A PRECONDITION = NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 

,YI ,JEONGGYU CONT9U$ TO PLAY A SPECIAL ROLE 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,C\NCIL AS ITS MA9 SPONSOR1 BECAUSE HE DISAGRE$ PR(\NDLY ) ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION & URBANIZATION ?AT HAD BE5 PROCESS$ & WAS UNHAPPY ) ! NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES !Y HAD 5TAIL$ 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 :I* HE BELIEV$ HAD AN IMPORTANT BUT UNDESIRABLE EFFECT ON ! PLAN = NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T4 ,HIS DISAGREEM5T1 H[EV]1 AGA9 WAS NOT NECESS>ILY LIFT$ TO A CRITIQUE ( !N-,S\? ,KOREAN MILIT>Y REGIME & ITS OV]ALL MOD]NIZATION POLICIES OR DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,YI WANT$ TO MAKE ! ,C\NCIL AS A PRACTICAL BACKBONE OR AN ASSI/+ BODY = ! SUCCESS ( ! ,NEW ,VILLAGE ,MOVEM5T1 AL?\< MANY RURAL LEAD]S 9 ! ,C\NCIL1 9CLUD+ HIM1 W]E DEEPLY CONC]N$ ) ! TOP-D[N /RUCTURE ( ! /ATE-L$ MOVEM5T ?AT WAS MANAG$ & DOM9AT$ BY ! GOV]NM5TAL ADM9I/RATION1.<#f#b#h.> AS WELL AS ) C]TA9 SOCIAL & CULTURAL NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES IT HAD LEFT 9 ,S\? ,KOREAN SOCIETY4 

,! =MAL =MATION ( ! ,C\NCIL WAS 9ITIALLY S*$UL$ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#g#b1 A YE> AFT] ITS FIR/ MEET+1 BUT HAD TO BE PO/PON$ BECAUSE ( ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE'S BLOODLESS C\P 9 ,OCTOB] #aigb TO 9TRODUCE A NEW CON/ITUTION ?AT ALL[$ HIS LIFETIME PRESID5CY1 = :I* ! M>TIAL LAW WAS PROCLAIM$ 9 ,OCTOB] #aigb & ALL ! POLITICAL & O!R ACTIVITIES W]E PROHIBIT$4 ,NEXT YE> ! ,C\NCIL WAS F9ALLY ORGANIZ$ AT ITS 9AUGURAL G5]AL ASSEMBLY HELD FROM ,M>* #be TO #bf AT ,EHWA ,WOM5'S ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,SE\L4 ,BAK ,SEUNG-HAN1 :O HAD BE5 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,I,S,N,C & WAS ONE ( ! SECOND-G5]ATION AN>*I/S1.<#f#b#i.> WAS APPO9T$ AS ,*AIR ( ! ,C\NCIL4 ,IT WAS ALL[$ TO BE HELD & ORGANIZ$ UND] ! M>TIAL LAW4 ,AT ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ ! ,C\NCIL OP5LY ID5TIFI$ ITSELF AS AN ORGANIZATION ( F>M]S & ALSO ANN\NC$ ?AT ! 0SYMPTOMS ( CAPITALISM0 HAD APPE>$ 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AS A CONSEQU5CE ( MOD]NIZATION4 ,VISIBLE AMONG ! SYMPTOMS ! ,C\NCIL ID5TIFI$ W]E ! GR[+ PASSIVE SPECULATION & COMM]CIALIZ$ PRODUCTION 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 A HI<] R5T = T5ANCY1 ! 9CREAS$ NUMB] ( ABS5TEE L&[N]S1 & F9ALLY AN EM]G5CE ( POSSIBLE TWO NEW CLASSES 9 SOCIETY LIKE 0AGRICULTURAL WORK]S0 7NONG-EOP NODONGJA7 & 05T]PRISE [N]S0 7GIEOP-GA74 ,& ,BAK PO9T$ \T ?AT !SE SYMPTOMS HAD CAUS$ MANY SUBSEQU5T PROBLEMS3 ABSORPTION ( RURAL ECONOMY 9TO URBAN ECONOMY1 /AGNATION 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 MIGRATION ( F>M]S TO CITIES1 &1 AS A RESULT ( ALL !SE1 RAPIDLY GR[+ POPULATION 9 CITIES4 ,! /ATE-L$ ,NEW ,VILLAGE ,MOVEM5T1 H[EV]1 C\LD NOT TAKE C>E ( !SE SYMPTOMS1 ,BAK CONT5D$4 ,9 HIS VIEW ! /ATE-L$ MOVEM5T HAD BE5 CONC5TRAT+ MA9LY ON 0MAT]IAL 9CREASE 9 9COME0 ( RURAL VILLAG]S1 RA!R ?AN PROMOT+ AUTONOMY1 SELF-SUPPORT 7J>IP71 & COOP]ATION 9 RURAL VILLAGES4.<#f#c.> ,?IS CONC]N AS TO ! MAT]IAL-BAS$ MOD]NIZATION WAS %>$ ) ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 :O GAVE AN ADDRESS AT ! MEET+ TO CONGRATULATE ! LAUN*+ ( ! ,C\NCIL1 :5 HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ! 0RURAL PROBLEM0 WAS TO BE TAK5 C>E ( BY F>M]S !MSELVES & NOT BY ?OSE :O HAD NO?+ TO DO ) !M OR RURAL LIFE4.<#f#c#a.> 

,! ,C\NCIL SEEM$ TO BE 9VOLV$ 9 MANY SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 RURAL VILLAGES1 SU* AS ! RURAL AUTONOMY MOVEM5T1 ! CONSUM]S' COOP]ATION SOCIETY MOVEM5T1 & SO =?4.<#f#c#b.> ,! ,C\NCIL1 H[EV]1 SEEM$ TO BE UNABLE TO DEVELOP ?OSE MOVEM5TS FUR!R & RA!R W\LD REMA9 PASSIVE1 EV5TUALLY BE+ DISSOLV$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#hS UND] ! ,*UN ,DOO ,HWAN MILIT>Y REGIME4.<#f#c#c.> ,! EMPHASES PLAC$ ON AGRICULTURE & F>M]S_/RURAL VILLAGES BY ! ,I,S,N,C FROM #aidf HAD EVID5TLY SURVIV$ UNTIL ! #a#i#gS4 ,?IS TIME1 ITS MA9 ACTIVITIES W]E L$ BY SOME ( ! SECOND-G5]ATION AN>*I/S :O HAD DIV]SE BACKGR\NDS BUT HAD NO PRIOR EXP]I5CES 9 ! PRE-#a#i#d#e NATIONAL /RUGGLES4 ,! ,C\NCIL OBVI\SLY PO9T$ TO ! EM]G5CE ( CAPITALI/ ILLS 9 ,S\? ,KOREA AS A RESULT ( ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION BUT /ILL DIDN'T ATTACK CAPITALISM ITSELF1 YET WORRI$ ONLY AB\T ! NEGATIVE CONSEQU5CES ( IT4 

,A ,=GOTT5 ,PA?3 ,! ,F$]ATION ,AN>*I/ ,KOREA 7,HAN-GUK JAJU 9 YEONMA5G7 

  

,>\ND ! TIME :5 ! DISCUSSION ( ! =MATION ( ! ,C\NCIL ( ! ,NATIONAL ,LEAD]S = ,RURAL ,MOVEM5T WAS ON ITS WAY1 A GR\P ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 NUMB]$ AB\T ONE HUNDR$1 GA!R$ AT ,J9-GWAN ,BUDDHI/ ,TEMPLE 9 ,SE\L ON ,JUNE #b#b1 #a#i#g#b1 TO EMB>K ON A NEW NATIONWIDE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1.<#f#c#d.> POSSIBLY ) AN AIM TO REVIVE !IR MOVEM5T COLLECTIVELY4 ,E/ABLI%$ AT ! MEET+ WAS ! ,F$]ATION ,AN>*I/ ,KOREA 7,F,A,K1 ,HAN-GUK JAJU 9 YEONMA5G74 ,UNLIKE ITS ORIG9AL ,5GLI% TRANSLATION1 ITS ,KOREAN NAME LIT]ALLY MEANS 0! ,KOREAN ,F$]ATION ( ,AUTONOM\S ,P]SONS40 ,! ORGANIZATION'S NAME 9 ,KOREAN DIDN'T 9CLUDE ! WORD AN>*ISM1 PROBABLY TO AVOID ANY UNNECESS>Y IMPRESSION AB\T IT AS A VIOL5T OR AN ANTIGOV]NM5TAL SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATION UND] ,P>K'S MILIT>Y REGIME & ITS ANTICOMMUNI/ POLICIES4 ,( C\RSE1 ! T]M AUTONOM\S P]SON 7JAJU 97 HAD LONG BE5 ADOPT$ AFT] #aide TO DESCRIBE ! ID5TITY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S NOT AS ?OSE :O NEGAT$ ! /ATE BUT AS ?OSE :O FAVOR$ AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T & UPHELD ! PR9CIPLE ( SPONTANE\S WILL ( 9DIVIDUALS1 NOT TO M5TION FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,P>TICIPANTS 9 ! ,F,A,K 9CLUD$ VET]AN & S5IOR AN>*I/S SU* AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ,YI ,EULGYU1 ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 & ,*OE ,GAPRYONG1 9 T]MS ( !IR C>E]S & EXP]I5CES FROM ! COLONIAL P]IOD4 ,*OE WAS APPO9T$ AS EXECUTIVE SECRET>Y ( ! ,F,A,K1 ALONG ) F\R O!R SECRET>IES4 ,! ,F,A,K WAS 9ITIALLY ORGANIZ$ ) HOPE TO SUCCE$ ! ,I,W,P,P ?AT HAD BE5 =C$ TO BE RESOLV$ 9 ,MAY #aifb 9 ! WAKE ( ! MILIT>Y C\P L$ BY ,G5]AL ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE4 ,IF ! ,I,S,N,C HAD BE5 ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S 9DIVIDUAL 0?9K-TANK0 = ! REALIZATION ( HIS V]SION ( AN>*ISM1 ! ,F,A,K WAS BASICALLY =M$ AS A R5EW$ NATIONAL ORGANIZATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ) AN EXPECTATION TO SUCCE$ & 9H]IT MA9LY ! AN>*I/ IDEALS ( ! ,I,W,P,P1 P>TICUL>LY ITS LEAD]1 ,YU ,RIM1 :O DI$ 9 ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#f#a1 *IEF AMONG HIS IDEALS BE+ AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICS ?R\< ! =MATION ( A POLITICAL P>TY & ! IMPORTANCE ( MASS MOVEM5T & $UCATION4.<#f#c#e.> 

,AT ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ ! ,F,A,K'S GOAL WAS DEF9$ 0TO /RIVE = ! CONCRETE REALIZATION ( ! ,F$]ATION'S PLAT=M & ! CON/RUCTION ( AN AN>*I/ IDEAL WORLD 9 ORD] = ALL MANK9D TO HAVE A PEACEFUL & AUTONOM\S LIFE40.<#f#c#f.> ,TO REALIZE ! GOAL ! ,F,A,K ALSO PASS$ ITS PLAT=M ON ITS 9AUGURATION DAY1 :I* DEMON/RAT$ ITS TRANSNATIONAL IDEALS AS WELL AS MANY AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES IT HAD 9H]IT$ FROM ! PRE-#a#i#d#e AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! PLAT=M FIR/ DESCRIB$ ! ,F,A,K'S MEMB]S AS 0AUTONOM\S P]SONS0 :O /ROVE TO CON/RUCT A SPONTANE\S SOCIETY AS AN \TCOME ( !IR UNITY =M$ ) SPONTANEITY4 ,SECOND1 IT DEF9$ EQUALITY AS SOME?+ 0UN9T]RUPTABLE0 & !N REJECT$ ANY POLITICAL APPROPRIATION ( IT AS A CONCEPT ?AT MI<T DIVIDE HUMANS 9TO ! RUL] & ! RUL$4 ,! ,F,A,K SEEM$ TO BE CONC]N$ MORE ) EQUAL SOCIAL RELATIONS4 ,?IRD1 IT D5I$ ?AT ANY K9D ( ACTION ?AT C\LD 5D UP TAK+ AWAY SOMEONE ELSE'S WORKS )\T ONE'S [N LABOR4 ,F\R?1 0! PR9CIPLE ( ECONOMIC LIFE0 WAS ADOPT$ 9 ! PLAT=M TO 5SURE AN AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE ?AT EV]YONE W\LD WORK ACCORD+ TO ABILITY & CONSUME ACCORD+ TO NE$S4 ,FIF?1 ! ,F,A,K 5VISAG$ ?AT A SOCIETY ?AT W\LD BE REALIZ$ AFT] APPLY+ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PR9CIPLES MU/ BE OP5 TO A POSSIBILITY TO HAVE V>I\S PATT]NS ( LIFE ACCORD+ TO V>I\S REGIONAL & OCCUPATIONAL PECULI>ITIES4 ,OBVI\SLY1 ! ,F,A,K MADE SURE ( LOCAL DIFF]5CES & DIV]SITIES 9 ! PRACTICE ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY4 ,LA/1 ! ,F,A,K W\LD RESPECT & VALUE ! TRADITIONAL CULTURE EA* NATION HAD HI/ORICALLY 9H]IT$ & /RIVE = WORLD PEACE UND] :I* V>I\S CULTURES ( ! NATIONS C\LD REMA9 9 H>MONY4.<#f#c#g.> 

,AFT] ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ 9 #a#i#g#b1 H[EV]1 ! ,F,A,K BECAME 9ACTIVE & EV5 9 HIB]NATION = A LONG TIME4 ,F\R MON?S AFT] ! ,F,A,K'S 9AUGURATION1 ! ,YU%9 ,CON/ITUTION WAS ANN\NC$ BY ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE1 :I* 5ABL$ HIM TO BE LIFETIME PRESID5T ( ,S\? ,KOREA & POSSIBLY PREV5T$ ! ,F,A,K FROM BEG9N+ ITS V>I\S PLANN$ PROJECTS & ACTIVITIES4 ,! BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( ANY COMMUNISM-9SPIR$ OR ANTIGOV]NM5TAL ORGANIZATIONS ?R\<\T ! #a#i#gS CONT9U$ 9 ! #a#i#hS UND] A NEW MILIT>Y DICTATOR%IP1 :I* MU/ HAVE ALSO H9D]$ ! ,F,A,K FROM REJUV5AT+ ITS ACTIVITIES4 ,! ,F,A,K WAS ABLE TO AWAKE FROM ITS LONG W9T] HIB]NATION & HOLD ITS CONV5TION AGA9 ON ,AUGU/ #b#a1 #a#i#h#g1 FIFTE5 YE>S AFT] ITS 9AUGURATION1 9 ! WAKE ( ! #aihg ,JUNE ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,MOVEM5T ?AT SWEPT ! C\NTRY1 AT ! AUDITORIUM ( ,KEIMYUNG ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,DAEGU1 ) ATT5DANCE ( FIFTY AN>*I/S4 ,ON ! SECOND DAY ( ! R5EW$ CONV5TION1 !IR V5UE WAS MOV$ TO ! AUDITORIUM ( ,ANUI ,HI< ,S*OOL 9 ! T[N ( ,ANUI TO CONT9UE !IR CONV5TION4 ,CALL$ 0! HOLLY PLACE .<SEONGJI.> ( AN>*ISM10 ,ANUI HAD HO/$ ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#d#f1 & WAS ! HOMET[N ( MANY SECOND-G5]ATION AN>*I/S1 :]E S*OOLS W]E E/ABLI%$ AFT] #aide BY SOME ( !M TO REALIZE !IR $UCATIONAL IDEALS4.<#f#c#h.> ,! ,F,A,K HAS BE5 9ACTIVE AGA9 S9CE #aihg = UNKN[N REASONS4.<#f#c#i.> 

,PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN ,AN>*ISM 

  

,! ACTIVITIES & IDEAS ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide %IFT$ FROM ACCOMPLI%+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< ANTICAPITALISM & ANTICOLONIALISM TO $UCAT+_/ORGANIZ+ F>M]S & WORK]S 9 ORD] = !M TO BE QUALIFI$ & PREP>$ TO BE ! LEAD+ =CES 9 ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW ,KOREAN NATION-/ATE1 AS WELL AS TO ACCOMPLI%+ A RURAL >EA-BAS$ NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T BY COMB9+ 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE = ! NATION-BUILD+ ) 9DU/RY4 ,!Y EV5 ORGANIZ$ POLITICAL P>TIES ( !IR [N1 BUT 5D$ UP REALIZ+ ! WALL /&+ BETWE5 !M & POLITICS4 ,! %IFT F9ALLY WAS ACCOMPANI$ BY A SIGN ( D]ADICALIZATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,LEE ,MUN ,*ANG NOTES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide GAVE UP !IR GOAL ( REVOLUTION & HAVE MA9LY FOCUS$ ON 0EXTREMELY ORD9>Y0 WORKS SU* AS 0$UCAT+ ! NEXT G5]ATION0 & ADVOCAT+ 0CULTURAL 5LI<T5M5T40 ,UNLIKE PRE-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 :I* HAD ! TRANSNATIONAL L9KAGES ) REGIONAL AN>*ISM 9 SE>* ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT WAS BO? NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL 9 ITS GOAL & SCOPE1 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN AN>*ISM CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ ) ITS NATIONALI/ CONC]NS & D]ADICALIZ$ PRACTICE 9 T]MS ( ! DECREAS$ CONC]NS ) ! SOCIAL1 9 FAVOR ( ! NATIONAL GOAL ( AN ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T ON ! BASIS ( NATIONAL UNITY & POLITICAL /ABILITY4 

,! %IFT WAS NOT A SUDD5 ONE BUT WAS A CONT9UATION ( ! EMPHASIS PLAC$ ON ! NATIONAL PROBLEM S9CE ! NATIONAL FRONT WAS PROPOS$ & =M$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#cS ,*9A1 AS ,I DEMON/RAT$ 9 *APT] #d4 ,! %IFT MAY 9DICATE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' RETREAT FROM !IR RADICAL ADVOCACY ( ! #a#i#bS & '#cS1 :5 ! TASK ( 0CON/RUCT+ AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY0 9 ,KOREA WAS PROPAGAT$ & DEEPLY %>$ AMONG !M & ) O!R AN>*I/S4 ,BUT IT OCCURR$ 9 ! PROCESS ( A ,KOREANIZATION ( AN>*ISM AFT] #a#i#d#e1 TO MEET ! CONCRETE CONDITIONS 9 ,S\? ,KOREA UND] :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S PURSU$ ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ) EMPHASIS ON RURAL VILLAGES & NATIONAL CULTURE 9 AN ATTEMPT TO REALIZE !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4.<#f#d.> ,?IS IS QUITE OBVI\S IF WE CONSID] ?AT AFT] #aide !Y DIDN'T WANT TO OR AT LEA/ W]E RELUCTANT TO M5TION OR TAKE UP ! QUE/IONS ( IMP]IALISM1 COLONIALISM1 OR CAPITALISM CRITICALLY & S]I\SLY1 MAK+ !M T>GETS 9 !IR PO/W> /RUGGLE & MOVEM5T = ! COMPLETION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 FACT1 RA!R ?AN /RUGGLES AGA9/ CAPITALI/S OR IMP]IALI/S1 COOP]ATION & RESPONSIBILITIES ( F>M]S & WORK]S 9 ! C\RSE ( 0CON/RUCT+ A NEW ,KOREA0 ) NATIONAL CAPITALI/S W]E USUALLY MORE PREF]R$ & EV5 UND]SCOR$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,! REASON !Y REFRA9$ FROM M5TION+ CAPITALISM AS !IR T>GET ( /RUGGLE WAS PROBABLY DUE TO !IR PRIM>Y GOAL TO A*IEVE NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?R\< 9DU/RIALIZATION1 AN IDEA ?AT CAN BE CALL$ A K9D ( 0MOD]NI/ AN>*ISM10 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT SAW 9DU/RIALIZATION AS 9DISP5SABLE & EV5 ESS5TIAL = ! REALIZATION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS 9 T]MS ( ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,!Y ALSO GRADUALLY BEGAN TO %IFT !IR ATT5TION AWAY FROM WORK]S :O W]E N[ NO LESS UND] CONTROL ( ! /ATE-BACK$ UNION ?AN 9DEP5D5T WORK]S' UNIONS4.<#f#d#a.> 

,TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T BECAME ! MO/ IMPORTANT TASK :5 ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE DIDN'T SEEM TO BE COMPLETE4 ,TO !M NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T WAS ! ONLY WAY TO MAKE ,KOREA AN AUTONOM\S MOD]N NATION-/ATE & 5SURE ITS ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! WORLD ( CAPITALISM1 & IT C\LDN'T BE DONE )\T RECON/RUCT+ RURAL VILLAGES1 9CREAS+ F>M]'S LIV+ /&>DS1 & R$ISCOV]+ NATIONAL CULTURE4 ,AWAK5+ & 5C\RAG+ F>M]S & WORK]S 9 ORD] TO MAKE !M SELF-RELIANT W]E !RE=E REG>D$ AS ! FIR/ /EP T[>D ! GOAL ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & DEVELOPM5T1.<#f#d#b.> :I* C\LD BE A*IEV$ ?R\< A DEVELOPM5T /RATEGY ?AT /RESS$ NATIONAL VOICES4 ,TO MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ,KOREA'S ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE WAS AN IMPORTANT ELEM5T ?AT W\LD 9 TURN GU>ANTEE ITS POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! 9T]NATIONAL >5A UND] CAPITALISM4 

,BUT ECONOMIC 9DEP5D5CE C\LDN'T BE PURSU$ SIMPLY BY FOLL[+ ! ALREADY KN[N DEVELOPM5TAL TRAJECTORY ( ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,IT NE$$ TO AVOID ! MI/AKES ! DEVELOP$ C\NTRIES HAD COMMITT$ & FUR!R REQUIR$ ! RECON/RUCTION ( RURAL VILLAGES1 ESPECIALLY ?R\< AN 9CREASE 9 F>M]'S LIV+ /&>DS & R$ISCOV]+ NATIONAL CULTURE ?AT C\LD MAKE UP = ! %ORTCOM+S ( ! URBAN-FOCUS$ MOD]NIZATION ( ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ) COMB9ATION ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE W\LD 5SURE ,KOREA W\LD AVOID ALL ! PROBLEMS ( ! CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALIZATION4 ,9 A WORD1 A 0BALANC$ DEVELOPM5T ( 9DU/RY & AGRICULTURE0.<#f#d#c.> WAS ! BE/ DEVELOPM5TAL /RATEGY = ,S\? ,KOREA1 AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU BELIEV$4 

,:5 ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION SEEM$ TO BE GO+ 9 A WRONG DIRECTION1 DE/ROY+ RURAL VILLAGES & ?US IMPOV]I%+ RURAL POPULATION 9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS UND] ! 0DEVELOPM5TAL DICTATOR%IP0 ( ,P>K ,*UNG ,HEE1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS ASSOCIATES ATTEMPT$ TO REM9D ,KOREANS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( PRES]V+ & LE>N+ FROM ,KOREA'S [N PA/1 9CLUD+ NATIVE CULTURE & TRADITION1 MO/LY ( RURAL VILLAGES4 ,!Y 5VISION$ A SOCIETY 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREA1 :I* CAN BE DESCRIB$ AS A 0G5U9ELY IDEAL SOCIETY0 BUILT ?R\< ! REVIVAL ( RURAL VILLAGES ?AT C\LD BE REALIZ$ BY ! 0,FREE ,COMMUNITY ,MOVEM5T0 7JAYU GONGDONG*E UNDONG71 A MOVEM5T ?AT AIM$ AT CON/RUCT+ 0SPONTANE\S FREE COMMUNITIES0 9 SOCIETY & /ROVE = 0! COMPLETION ( AUTONOM\S 9DEP5D5CE & UNIFICATION ( ! .<,KOREAN.> NATION.<M9JOK.>40.<#f#d#d.> ,AWAK5+1 5C\RAG+1 & $UCAT+ F>M]S & WORK]S 9 ORD] TO HAVE !M POSSESS ! S5SES ( ! 0[N]S ( ! L&0 & ( SELF-RELIANCE W]E REG>D$ AS AN IMPORTANT /EP T[>D G5U9E AUTONOMY & DEVELOPM5T 9 BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC S5SES4.<#f#d#e.> 

,9 ! YE>S BE=E & AFT] ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 ! POLITICAL & MILIT>Y T5SIONS FROM ! ,COLD ,W> W]E AT !IR PEAK & CL\D$ ! ,KOREAN P59SULA4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS ! /R5G!N+ ( DICTATOR%IP 9 BO? ,KOREAS1 :I* REA*$ ITS PEAK 9 ! #a#i#eS ?R\< '#gS &1 AS A RESULT1 IMPAIR$ ! ALREADY WORS5+ POLITICAL SITUATION ( DIVID$ ,KOREA4 ,AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU /AT$ AFT] ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 !RE SEEM$ = HIM NO O!R WAY AFT] ! W> BUT TO ASK = =EIGN AID1 BECAUSE ( ALL ! MAT]IAL & SPIRITUAL LOSSES CAUS$ BY ! 0,COMMUNI/ ,B&ITS' ,REBELLION40 ,PROPOS+ A NEW LIFE MOVEM5T TO OV]COME ! LOSSES 9 ! PO/W> YE>S1 ,YI ?US SUGGE/$ ?AT ,KOREANS ?9K MORE AB\T !IR PLACE ?AN !MSELVES & ALSO MORE AB\T ! :OLE C\NTRY ?AN !IR [N PLACE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! NATION'S SURVIVAL & /ABILITY HAD 9CREAS+LY BECOME MU* MORE IMPORTANT TO ,YI AFT] ! ,KOREAN ,W>1 BECAUSE1 HE ?\<T1 !RE WAS NO WAY TO SAVE ! DEVA/AT$ ,KOREAN NATION IF !RE WAS NO UNITY ( ALL ,KOREANS4 ,! EMPHASIS H]E WAS PLAC$ ON ! NATIONAL RECON/RUCTION ) UNITY & /ABILITY4 ,MU* NE$$ = ! NATION W]E COOP]ATION AMONG 9DIVIDUALS )\T 9T]NAL CONFLICTS & !IR CULTURAL TRANS=MATION TO =M NEW HABITS1 VALUES1 & ATTITUDES1 AS WELL AS !IR ANTICOMMUNISM4.<#f#d#f.> 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO FE> ?AT !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS W\LD BE FAT$ TO FAIL UND] ! SITUATION :]E AN>*ISM WAS CONSID]$ 0)\T ANY GOOD REASON0.<#f#d#g.> 0A C\S9 ( COMMUNISM40.<#f#d#h.> 0,S&WI*$0 BETWE5 TWO DIFF]5T POLITICAL SY/EMS 9 TWO ,KOREAS1 BO? HO/ILE TO !IR BELIEF1 !Y C\LD DO NO?+ BUT 0HOLD !IR BREA?0 = SURVIVAL TO AVOID POSSIBLE >RE/ & POT5TIAL TORTURE1 ALBEIT ! CONDITION 9 G5]AL HAS GOTT5 BETT] 9 ,S\? ,KOREA S9CE ! #a#i#iS4.<#f#d#i.> ,AS ,YI ,JEONGGYU /ATES1 DUE TO ! POLITICAL CLIMATE AFT] #a#i#d#e1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DECID$ 0TO COOP]ATE ) ?OSE :O W]E ON ! SIDE ( FRE$OM & DEMOCRACY 9 ORD] TO SUPPRESS ! ,COMMUNI/ REBELS10.<#f#e.> & TO MAKE EV]Y EF=T TO FO/] ,KOREA'S COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE4 ,ACCORD+LY1 MANY AN>*I/S COMPLI$ ) ! POLITICAL AURA ( ,S\? ,KOREA UND] ! ,COLD ,W> & DICTATOR%IP4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y PRACTIC$ & D]ADICALIZ$ AN>*ISM AFT] REFLECT+ ! SOCIOPOLITICAL CONDITIONS ( PO/-#a#i#d#e ,S\? ,KOREA4 

,! PASS+ ( ,YI ,JEONGGYU 9 ,DECEMB] #aihd DREW ! 5D ( A LONG ]A 9 ! HI/ORY ( AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA1 :I* BEGAN 9 =EIGN SOILS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS = ! CAUSE ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 & ?US M>K$ ! 5D ( A REVOLUTION>Y AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ?AT AIM$ AT RADICAL SOCIAL TRANS=MATION = A NEW SOCIETY ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ?AT HAD BE5 DEEPLY %>$ ) MANY O!R AN>*I/S 9 ! REGION4 ,9 T]MS ( POLITICAL DEMOCRACY & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T1 IT IS POSSIBLE1 ?\<1 = ,YI & HIS ASSOCIATES TO ?9K ?AT !RE HAVE BE5 SOME MEASURABLE SUCCESSES 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 GIV5 ! POLITICAL *ANGES T[>D DEMOCRACY S9CE #aihg & ! ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY S9CE ! #a#i#iS1 AL?\< !SE W]E H>DLY ! \TCOME ( !IR ACTIVITIES4 

,CONCLUSION 

  

,?IS /UDY CALLS 9TO QUE/ION ! CONV5TIONAL USE & NOTION ( 0,KOREAN AN>*ISM10 IF IT IS UND]/OOD1 FIR/1 )9 ! CONTEXT ( ! GEOGRAPHICAL & HI/ORICAL B\ND>IES ( ,KOREA &1 SECOND1 AS AN IDEOLOGICAL PR9CIPLE ?AT HAS BE5 PRACTIC$ 9 UNITY & ) UNI=MITY AMONG ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,AS ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 ?IS /UDY1 AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA CAN BE/ BE UND]/OOD1 ABOVE ALL1 AS A PRODUCT ( ! 9T]ACTIONS1 BO? DIRECT & 9DIRECT1 BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS1 AMONG O!RS1 9 SU* CITIES AS ,BEIJ+1 ,%AN<AI1 ,QUANZH\1 ,TOKYO1 & ,OSAKA4 ,!IR 9T]ACTIONS W]E QUITE 9T5SE & SUB/ANTIAL & 5TAIL$ MUTUAL 9FLU5CE & 9SPIRATION AMONG !MSELVES1 :I* 9 MANY CASES L$ TO !IR COMMON DISC\RSE_/LANGUAGE & JO9T ACTIVITIES1 EI!R ORGANIZATIONAL OR PUBLICATION1 = ! UNIV]SAL GOAL ( AN>*ISM AS WELL AS !IR RESPECTIVE NATIONAL GOAL4 ,:AT IS IMPORTANT H]E IS ! TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] & REGIONAL ELEM5TS EMB$D$ 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM AS A RESULT ( SU* 9T]ACTIONS ?AT ACCOMPANI$ A MOVEM5T ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR IDEAS FROM ONE TO O!R LOCATIONS 9 ! REGION1 FOLL[$ BY A PRODUCTION ( V>I\S PLACE-BAS$ PRACTICES4 ,! SPATIAL MOVEM5T &1 AS A RESULT1 TRANSNATIONALITY 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM CAN'T BE UND]/OOD & CONF9$ )9 ! PHYSICAL & HI/ORICAL CONTEXTS ( ,KOREA ?AT WE CONV5TIONALLY KN[1 &1 !RE=E1 ,I >GUE1 MU/ NOT BE UND]E/IMAT$ 9 ! /UDY ( 0,KOREAN AN>*ISM40 

,S*OL>S HAVE ALWAYS CON/RUCT$ ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM )9 ! NATIONAL CONTEXT ?AT IT S]V$ ! GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM4 ,! NATIONALI/ L9E ( 9T]PRETATION IS MISLEAD+1 H[EV]1 BECAUSE ( ! TRANSNATIONAL & REGIONAL L9KAGES 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ?IS /UDY DEMON/RATES1 :I* CULM9AT$ 9 ! IDEA ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT WAS WIDELY %>$ ) O!R AN>*I/S FROM ITS ORIG9S 9 ! #a#i#bS & 9 ITS SUBSEQU5T DEVELOPM5T 9 ! LAT] DECADES4 ,AL?\< MO/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S READILY SAW ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE AS !IR IMM$IATE GOAL1 !IR ULTIMATE GOAL WAS SOCIAL REVOLUTION B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES4 ,!Y USUALLY REMA9$ 9 CONFLICT ) NATIONALI/S & AGA9/ !IR MOVEM5T1 :I* !Y ?\<T W\LD AIM ONLY AT POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA )\T SOLV+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS PREVAL5T 9 CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4 ,!Y BELIEV$ ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION )\T SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 ,AN>*ISM'S TRANSNATIONAL MESSAGES SU* AS FRE$OM & EQUALITY ON ! BASIS ( MUTUAL AID & SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE W]E TO BE CRUCIAL 9 ! ,KOREAN ACCEPTANCE & SUBSEQU5T PRACTICE ( IT4 

,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 ! /UDY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM MU/ CONSID] ITS ORIG9S 9 =EIGN SOILS1 ?AT IS1 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,& ,I ?9K ! EMPHASIS NE$S TO BE GIV5 TO ! FACT ?AT ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,KOREAN1 W]E CLOSELY CONNECT$ TO ONE ANO!R ?R\< !IR READ+S ( V>I\S AN>*I/ TEXTS1 !IR COMMON DISC\RSE & CONC]NS %>$ ) ONE ANO!R1 ! UND]/&+ ( & ! SOLUTION TO ! NATIONAL & WORLD PROBLEMS1 &1 9 MANY CASES1 !IR JO9T ACTIONS & ORGANIZATIONS TO DEAL ) ! PROBLEMS !Y FAC$ & ID5TIFI$4 ,! PROCESS ( !IR %>+ (T5 =G$ COMMON RADICAL CULTURE & LANGUAGE AMONG !MSELVES & =MULAT$ !IR %>$ VISION & JO9T ACTIONS4 ,& ,I >GUE ?AT WE NE$ TO CONSID] ?IS PROCESS ( 9T]ACTIONS & %>+ 9 \R UND]/&+ ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ?AT WAS A PRODUCT ( MU* BROAD] TRANSNATIONAL DISC\RSE & ACTIVITIES ( REGIONAL AN>*I/S4 ,?IS IS :AT NATIONALI/ HI/ORIOGRAPHY HAS MISS$4 

,?IS /UDY DEMON/RATES ! EXI/5CE ( SOME K9D ( TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL NETWORKS ( DISC\RSE & PRACTICE ?AT CONNECT$ REGIONAL AN>*I/S & RADICALS4 ,& ! TRANSNATIONALISM 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM WAS A PRODUCT ( ! NETWORKS 9 :I* SU* LOCATIONS AS ,TOKYO & ,%AN<AI S]V$ AS !IR NODES4 ,TO PUT IT DIFF]5TLY1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BE=E #aide W]E CON/ANTLY ON ! MOVE )9 ! 0ECUM5E0 :]E ! 9T5SE & SU/A9$ 9T]ACTIONS AMONG ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S OCCURR$ 9 ?OSE METROPOLITAN CITIES ( ,EA/]N ,ASIA4 ,& AS A RESULT1 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM EM]G$ AS A P>T ( REGIONAL AN>*ISM1 MORE BROADLY REGIONAL RADICALISM1 & ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 !RE=E1 NE$S TO BE UND]/OOD & CON/RUCT$ )9 ! HI/ORY ( REGIONAL AN>*ISM & VICE V]SA4 ,AL?\< ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DEVELOP$ !IR [N DIFF]5T V]SIONS ( AN>*ISM FROM ?OSE ( !IR REGIONAL C\NT]P>TS :O NEV]!LESS %>$ MU* 9 COMMON 9 T]MS ( !IR SOLUTIONS TO ! PROBLEMS ( !IR CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & WORLD4 

,! TRANSNATIONAL & REGIONAL *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM ,I >GUE =1 H[EV]1 DOESN'T NECESS>ILY D5Y OR EV5 M9IMIZE ! ROLE ( NATIONALISM 9 ITS HI/ORY & DEVELOPM5T4 ,?IS BOOK1 RA!R1 SUGGE/S A DIALECTICAL & NUANC$ UND]/&+ ( ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 NATIONALISM & AN>*ISM & UND]L9ES ! PROCESS ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S READ AN>*ISM ) !IR UND]/&+ ( IMM$IATE NATIONAL GOAL &1 CONV]SELY1 >TICULAT$ ?AT GOAL ) !IR UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM 9 P>TICUL> SETT+S4 ,! TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] UND]SCORES ! CLOSE RELATION%IP 7& (T5 T5SIONS7 BETWE5 NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AS A MOTIVE TO FI<T =EIGN COLONIALISM & AN>*ISM AS A LONG+ TO RESI/ NATIONAL B\ND>IES & PURSUE UNIV]SAL GOALS4 ,A ,EUROC5TRIC UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM AS AN IDEA ?AT REJECTS ANY =M ( GOV]NM5T MISSES ?IS K9D ( T5SION OR AMBIGUITY 9 ! RELATION%IP 9 COLONIES & SEMICOLONIES4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA HAD ITS BO? NATIONALI/ & TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SIONS1 :I* W]E NOT NECESS>ILY VIEW$ AS CONTRADICTORY BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,?IS WAS ! VAGU5ESS ?AT EXPLA9S :Y !Y F\<T = NATIONAL LIB]ATION & JO9$ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 DESPITE !IR POIGNANT CRITICISM ( V>I\S NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS BE=E #a#i#d#e4 ,!Y W]E EV5 D\BTFUL MANY TIMES ( SU* T]MS AS 0! /ATE10 0FA!RL&10 & 0PATRIOTISM10 & USUALLY F\ND & ID5TIFI$ !MSELVES AS P>T ( ! 0OPPRESS$ PEOPLES0 ( ! WORLD UND] CAPITALISM4 ,!Y HAD TO GRAPPLE ) ! T5SION & MA9TA9 ! AMBIGU\S ATTITUDE BETWE5 ! IDEALS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY & ! NATIONAL GOAL4 ,TO !M1 AN>*ISM APPE>$ AS A PROMISE NOT ONLY = FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9 A NEW SOCIETY BUT = NATIONAL SURVIVAL & AUTONOMY1 BO? POLITICALLY & ECONOMICALLY4 ,! AMBIGU\S RELATION%IP & T5SION BETWE5 NATIONALISM & AN>*ISM W]E TO BE CRUCIAL 9 ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,& UNLIKE MANY ,S\? ,KOREAN S*OL>S1 ,I HAVE MOV$ AWAY ?R\<\T ?IS /UDY FROM SEP>AT+ AN>*ISM FROM NATIONALISM4 

,NEXT IS ! QUE/ION AB\T ! UND]/&+ ( 0,KOREAN AN>*ISM0 AS A PR9CIPLE PRACTIC$ 9 UNITY AMONG ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,?R\<\T ?IS /UDY1 ,I HAVE US$ ! T]M ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 BUT REFRA9$ FROM DESCRIB+ IT AS A PR9CIPLE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAVE PRACTIC$ ) UNI=MITY1 NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E & NO MATT] :5 !Y DID4 ,9 FACT1 AS ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$1 !RE W]E MANY DIFF]5T PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM AMONG !MSELVES1 ACCORD+ TO !IR LOCATION & 5VIRONM5T4 ,AN>*ISM WAS G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ BY ,KOREANS ) REF]5CE TO !IR COMMON NATIONAL ASPIRATION BUT1 9 APPLY+ IT TO !IR ACTIVITIES & PROGRAMS1 !Y CONSID]$ LOCAL CONDITIONS & DEM&S1 AS WELL AS ! NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL GOALS4 ,?IS EXACTLY WAS ! MA9 REASON = ! DIV]SE DIRECTIONS & ME?ODS !Y HAVE TAK5 9 EXP]IM5T+ & IMPLEM5T+ AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES AT DIFF]5T LOCATIONS & TIMES4 

,TO BE SURE1 PLACE WAS IMPORTANT 9 ! PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 TWO MAJOR LOCATIONS1 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,JAPAN W]E PRODUCTS ( /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS1 MO/LY 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS10 9 SE>* ( HI<] $UCATION1 :ILE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A W]E ORGANIZ$ BY EXIL$ ,KOREANS !RE1 WORK+ = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,! ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E1 9 G5]AL1 MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ! SOCIAL ASPECTS1 DUE TO !IR 9T5SE 9T]ACTIONS ) ,JAPANESE 0PURE AN>*I/S10 & HAD MORE *ANCES TO PUBLI% !IR [N J\RNALS & NEWSPAP]S1 ALBEIT !Y W]E %ORT-LIV$ &_/OR UND] /RICT C5SOR%IP4 ,& !IR ACTIVITIES W]E (T5 P>T ( ! LATT]'S MOVEM5T4 ,GIV5 ! WIDE RANGE & DEP? ( ! 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN W]E EQUIPP$ MORE ) !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM & !IR MOVEM5TS W]E GUID$ MORE BY ITS SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y PR9CIPLES4 ,IMPORTANT TO !IR UND]/&+ ( IT W]E ! WORKS ( ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 AS MU* AS ?OSE ( ,KROPOTK94 

,EV5 AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 !RE W]E VISIBLE SIGNS ( DIFF]5T PRACTICES ( AN>*ISM1 ACCORD+ TO LOCATION4 ,:ILE ,TOKYO AS A CONC5TRATION PLACE ( REGIONAL RADICALS NURTUR$ V>I\S AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS & BECAME A NODE ( REGIONAL AN>*I/ NETWORKS1 ,OSAKA APPE>$ AS A LOCATION :]E ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD TO DEAL ) ! PREVAIL+ LABOR ISSUES AMONG ,KOREAN WORK]S !RE ) A LOCAL-BAS$ APPLICATION ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,OSAKA-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S OBVI\SLY W]E MORE M9DFUL ( ! LABOR & 0LIFE-RELAT$0 ISSUES 9 ! 9DU/RIALIZ+ CITY1 SU* AS ! IMPROVEM5T ( WORK+ CONDITIONS AT FACTORY1 & USUALLY REFRA9$ FROM US+ ! WORD BLACK1 ! COLOR ?AT WAS ASSOCIAT$ ) AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,GO ,SUNHEUM'S CASE DEMON/RATES1 ! ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) SUPPORT+ ! LIVELIHOOD ( !M & !IR COMPATRIOTS1 :O W]E (T5 FROM ! SAME PROV9CE1 MO/ NOTABLY ,JEJU ,ISL&1 UTILIZ+ A K9D ( 0PLACE-BAS$ NETWORKS0 9 ! ,KOREAN COMMUNITY !RE4 ,ALSO1 !Y SEEM$ TO HAVE LESS CONFLICTS & T5SIONS ) BO? NATIONALI/S & O!R SOCIALI/S &1 = !IR MOVEM5T1 MADE USE ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AS MU* AS SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ,KOREANS !RE4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,TOKYO1 RECEIV+ CONSI/5T & /RONG SUPPORT & SPONSOR%IP FROM !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES1 CONT9U$ TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM & PUT ! WORD BLACK 9 ! NAME ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLICATIONS1 AS IF !Y W]E NOT AFRAID ( ! ,JAPANESE POLICE SURVEILLANCE1 EV5 DUR+ ! #a#i#cS1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]4 ,AS A RESULT1 ! ,TOKYO-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS OV]ALL 9 CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,T>GET+ LIB]ATION1 BO? NATIONAL & SOCIAL1 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! TWO CITIES1 NONE!LESS1 WAS BASICALLY A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 RA!R ?AN JU/ A POLITICAL OR MASS MOVEM5T = NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E MORE ATT5TIVE TO ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS ( !IR COLONIZ$ COMPATRIOTS UND] ! DIRECT COLONIAL CONDITION1 DEPRIORITIZ+ ! POLITICAL QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* W\LD ONLY BR+ 9 FUR!R SUPPRESSION & SUBSEQU5T H>D%IPS ON !M & !IR FAMILIES4 ,!Y EV5 UTILIZ$ 9 !IR ACTIVITIES A NEW T]M ! DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS ,YI ,HYANG CO9$ 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! COLONIAL SITUATION ( ,KOREA1 RA!R ?AN PROP]TY-LESS CLASS OR PROLET>IAT1 & FOCUS$ ON ! 0LIVELIHOOD /RUGGLE0 9 9DU/RIALIZ+ NOR!RN ,KOREA4 ,!Y HAD TO DIRECTLY FACE & DEAL ) ! COLONIAL RULE & RESPOND$ ACCORD+LY TO IT ) CONSID]ATION ( ! DEM&S & NECESSITIES ( !IR COMPATRIOTS 9 DIFF]5T LOCATIONS4 ,ACCOMMODATIONS FOLL[$4 ,EVID5CE 9DICATES ?AT ! RISE & DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS L>GELY A PRODUCT ( & EV5 DEP5D5T ON ?OSE :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,JAPAN TO ! P59SULA ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS4 ,BUT !RE C]TA9LY WAS AN 9DEP5D5T & UNIQUE PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! 9V5TION ( ! T]M4 ,& MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA ALSO MA9TA9$ !IR CONTACTS ) ?OSE 9 ,*9A AS WELL1 9CLUD+ ?OSE 9 ,MAN*URIA4 ,!RE W]E SOME VISIBLE 9T]NAL DIVISIONS AS WELL AMONG ?OSE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA OV] ! FOCUS ( ACTIVITIES4 

,SIMIL>LY1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,MAN*URIA TOO ADOPT$ A PLACE-BAS$ APPROA* & W]E MORE CONC]N$ ) ! LIVELIHOOD ( ,KOREAN MIGRANTS !RE4 ,!IR PRIORITY WAS GIV5 TO ! ISSUE ( ECONOMIC SURVIVAL ( ! MIGRANTS 9 ! TREA*]\SLY H>% L&1 :I* D5OT$ NO /RONG ATTA*M5T TO ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 !IR MOVEM5T1 AT LEA/ TEMPOR>ILY4 ,& MOREOV]1 AN>*I/S 9 ,MAN*URIA SEEM$ TO BE 9 L9E ) ?OSE )9 COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 T]MS ( AVOID+ WORDS LIKE 9DEP5D5CE OR BLACK 9 !IR ACTIVITIES1 AT LEA/ = !IR [N SURVIVAL1 AS WELL AS ! PRESS+ ISSUES !Y HAD TO DEAL )4 

,! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA PROPOS$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :5 ,JAPAN 9VAD$ ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#cS WAS A REFLECTION ( !IR SITUATION 9 W>TIME ,*9A1 :]E !Y CONFRONT$ ! QUE/ION ( BO? 9DIVIDUAL & NATIONAL SURVIVAL4 ,5JOY+ RELATIVE FRE$OM ( ACTIVITY ) ! SUPPORT ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & ! ,NATIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,*9A1 !Y W]E WILL+ TO BE FLEXIBLE 9 !IR ATTITUDE T[>D NATIONALI/S & EV5 COMMUNI/S1 & ACCORD+LY PRIORITIZ$ ! NATIONAL GOAL OV] !IR AN>*I/ GOAL1 :I* M>K$ A TURN+ PO9T 9 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A4 ,! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA & ! SUBSEQU5T PROPOSAL = >M$ /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPAN 9 LEAGUE ) ! ,*9ESE W]E1 TO BE SURE1 A LOGICAL \TCOME UND] ! W>TIME SITUATION 9 ,*9A1 BUT ALSO A REFLECTION ( ! LONG-HELD IDEA TO MAKE ALLIANCE ) ! ,*9ESE = !IR %>$ TRANSNATIONAL GOAL4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#cS ,JAPAN1 UNLIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A ( ! SAME DECADE1 W]E NOT ABLE TO 9VOLVE 9 ANY K9D ( >M$ /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT RA!R HAD TO GO UND]GR\ND OR W]E =C$ TO REMA9 SIL5T ) !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES UNTIL #a#i#d#e1 UNLESS !Y GAVE UP !IR AN>*I/ FAI? & CONV]T$ TO WOR%IP ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR4 ,AN EXCEPTION WAS ,BLACK ,NEWSPAP]1 :I* C>RI$ ITS [N RESILI5T /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM BY DELIV]+ TO ITS READ]S ! ISSUES RELAT$ TO COLONIAL ,KOREA & ! 9=MATION & NEWS AB\T ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! REGION1 ) NO SIGN ( FE> ( SUPPRESSION BY ,JAPANESE POLICE4 

,AMONG ! ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 !RE WAS A SEEM+ CONS5SUS ?AT !IR EF=TS TO BUILD AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA W\LD BE MEAN+LESS IF ,KOREA DID NOT EV5 EXI/4 ,?IS WAS ! MA9 RATIONALE = !M 9 PROPOS+ ! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA & %IFT+ !IR EMPHASIS TO NATIONAL UNITY & 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 FACT1 !Y MI<T NOT HAVE EV5 ?\<T ?AT IT WAS A %IFT 9 !IR MOVEM5T1 IF WE CONSID] ! ROLE ( NATIONAL ASPIRATION 9 !IR ACCEPTANCE ( AN>*ISM4 ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,*9A S9CE #aica HAD !M RE?9K !IR PRIORITY GRADUALLY1 & =MULATE !IR PLAN = BO? NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL GOALS4 ,!IR NATIONAL FRONT IDEA WAS BACK$ BY ?OSE :O HAD MOV$ TO ,*9A DUR+ ! 0COMBAT P]IOD0 FROM COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ,JAPAN1 & ,MAN*URIA TO AVOID ! ,JAPANESE POLICE >RE/ & H>% TORTURE4 ,! RELATIVE FRE$OM AVAILABLE 9 ,*9A 5TIC$ MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO MIGRATE TO ,*9A FROM ! LATE #a#i#bS ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS4 

,IT IS POSSIBLE ?AT ! ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S MI<T HAVE BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ! ,G,M,D AN>*I/S LIKE ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 9 !IR AN>*I/ ?9K+ & ACTIVITIES1 ESPECIALLY ) REG>D TO ! NATIONAL FRONT IDEA4 ,?IS MI<T ALSO EXPLA9 ! REASON :Y ! PO/-#a#i#d#e AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,S\? ,KOREA UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,YU ,RIM & !N ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 BO? ( :OM HAD MA9TA9$ !IR RELATION%IP ) ! ,*9ESE C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A1 MOV$ T[>D ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION & NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T4 ,UND] !IR LEAD]%IP1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S S9CE #aide DIDN'T SEEM TO BE 9T]E/$ 9 ANSW]+ ! QUE/ION ( RADICAL TRANS=MATION ( ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 & 5DEAVOR$ TO EXP]IM5T !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS ?R\< AN>*I/ POLITICAL P>TIES & SOCIAL MOVEM5TS4 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,KOREA AFT] #aide WAS D]ADICALIZ$ UND] !IR LEAD]%IP4 ,AN>*I/S EV5 DEF9$ !MSELVES AS 0AUTONOM\S P]SONS0 & 0BELIEV]S 9 AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T10 NOT AS SOCIAL REVOLUTION>IES4 ,BY MID-#a#i#eS !Y US$ A NEW NAME = AN>*ISM1 0DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM40 ,! NEW DEF9ITION & NAME W]E CO9$ BY =M] ,*9A-BAS$ AN>*I/S1 MO/ NOTABLY ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,YU ,RIM4 ,! LATT]1 :O HAD ALREADY ATTEMPT$ TO IMPLEM5T 0,KOREANIZ$ .<HAN-GUK JEOK.> AN>*ISM0 BY P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,*9A1.<#f#e#a.> EMPHASIZ$ ! GOAL ( E/ABLI%+ AN AUTONOM\S ,KOREAN /ATE1 & HOP$ TO REALIZE ! AN>*I/ IDEALS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY ?R\< AN AN>*I/ P>TY AS WELL AS AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T ) MOBILIZ$ WORK]S & PEASANTS4 ,HE TE/$ !IR REALIZATION ) ! ,I,W,P,P4 ,?IS 0,YU ,RIM ,L9E0 DEF5D$ UNFL9*+LY ! IDEALS AGA9/ ! UNDEMOCRATIC1 DICTATORIAL /ATE4.<#f#e#b.> ,AS ,YU'S UND]TAK+ ) ! ,I,W,P,P WAS FOIL$ UND] ! ,RHEE REGIME'S SUPPRESSION1 MANY AN>*I/S UND] ! LEAD]%IP ( ,YI ,JEONGGYU & HIS ASSOCIATES 9CREAS+LY TURN$ !IR EYES TO ! QUE/ION ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ?R\< REVIV+ RURAL VILLAGES4 ,!Y BEGAN V>I\S SOCIAL MOVEM5TS = MODE/ SOCIAL & CULTURAL *ANGES4.<#f#e#c.> ,?IS 0,YI ,JEONGGYU ,L9E10 :I* SEEM$ TO ASSIGN ! MAJOR ROLE ( SOLV+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM TO ! /ATE1 DIDN'T RECEIVE ! DICTATORIAL REGIME'S SUPPRESSION &1 IT SEEMS1 WAS WELL RECEIV$ FROM MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#fS & '#gS1 :5 !Y W]E =C$ TO 0GIVE UP0 !IR RADICAL IDEALS UNWILL+LY4 ,:AT HAPP5$ AFT] #aide 9 ! AN>*I/ CAMP SYMBOLIZES ! RETREAT FROM ITS ORIG9AL PLAN TO BUILD AN AN>*I/ COMMUNI/ SOCIETY ) FRE$OM & EQUALITY GU>ANTE$ 9 SOCIETY1 :I* WAS NO D\BT /AT$ 9 ! DECL>ATION ( ! ,K,A,F 9 #aibh & 9 ! PLAT=M ( ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 9 ! #a#i#cS4 

,YI ,JEONGGYU'S NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T /RATEGY WAS DEEM$ MORE SUITABLE 9 ! PO/BELLUM SITUATION ( ,KOREA1 :I* /RESS$ TRA9+ & $UCAT+ F>M]S 9 RURAL VILLAGES AFT] ACCOMMODAT+ ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,IF ,YU ,RIM WAS MORE FOCUS$ ON ! REALIZATION ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY 9 SOCIETY AGA9/ ! ,RHEE'S DICTATOR%IP ?R\< AN>*I/ P>TICIPATION 9 POLITICS1 ,YI SEEM$ TO UND]/& IT )9 ! NATIONAL CONTEXT 9 :I* NATIONAL SURVIVAL 9 UNITY ?R\< NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T & ECONOMIC AUTONOMY WAS UND]SCOR$ MORE ?AN ! SOCIAL4 ,TO ,YI1 ( C\RSE1 ! ECONOMIC BACKW>DNESS ( ,S\? ,KOREA H9D]$ IT FROM DEVELOP+ 9TO AN AUTONOM\S C\NTRY )\T ECONOMICALLY DRIV5 SOCIAL PROBLEMS4 ,) HIS D]ADICALIZ$ AN>*ISM1 AN>*I/S MI<T HAVE BE5 ABLE TO ASSI/ ! REALIZATION ( NATIONAL AUTONOMY 9 POLITICS & ECONOMY BUT C]TA9LY HAD TO WITNESS ! IDEA ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY SLIPP+ AWAY & PLAC$ 9 ! F> DI/ANT FUTURE4 ,H[EV] WE EVALUATE ! TWO DIFF]5T L9ES1 !Y AT LEA/ V9DICATE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AFT] #aide W]E NOT 9 UNITY EI!R & RA!R HAD DIV]SE VISIONS = & APPROA*ES TO ! REALIZATION ( AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA4 

,AFT] #a#i#d#e1 AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y IDEA & VISION = A RADICAL & FUNDAM5TAL TRANS=MATION ( SOCIETY LO/ ITS VITALITY & ACCEPTABILITY 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 :E!R BY =CE OR VOLUNT>ILY4 ,:5 ! /ATE-L$ MOD]NIZATION ?R\< 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 ! #a#i#fS & '#gS TURN$ \T TO BE DISA/R\S TO RURAL VILLAGES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 RA!R ?AN LEAD+ A *ALL5GE TO ! /ATE1 PASSIVELY REM9D$ ,KOREANS ( ! IMPORTANCE ( PROTECT+ RURAL VILLAGES & LE>N+ FROM ,KOREA'S [N PA/1 CULTURE1 & TRADITIONS 9 ! C\RSE ( 0CON/RUCT+ A NEW ,KOREA40 ,& !Y EMPHASIZ$ COOP]ATION & RESPONSIBILITY ( F>M]S & WORK]S 9 NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T1 :ILE DEC\PL+ AN>*ISM ) ANY RADICAL /RUGGLE AGA9/ CAPITALISM ( :I* SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9 !N-,S\? ,KOREA W]E EVID5TLY A PRODUCT4 ,:AT FOLL[$ WAS !IR PURSUIT ( AN ALT]NATIVE NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T ) ! SLOGAN ( 0! NATION ?RIVES ONLY IF RURAL VILLAGES ?RIVE0 TO AVOID ! %ORTCOM+S ( CAPITALI/ 9DU/RIALIZATION1 :I* W]E CONSPICU\S 9 ! ADVANC$ C\NTRIES4 ,& !Y LAUN*$ ! ,MOVEM5T TO ,RECEIVE & ,PRODUCE TO SOLVE ! RURAL PROBLEM & LAY \T A F\NDATION = ,KOREA'S ECONOMIC AUTONOMY 9 ! WORLD ( CAPITALISM4 ,IT WAS P]CEIV$ BY MANY AN>*I/S AS ESS5TIAL TO A*IEVE ! GOAL ( ,KOREA'S G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,9 DO+ SO1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BELIEV$ ?AT !Y HAD TO FI<T ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! NOR? & ! 0FEUDAL =CES0 ?AT HAD SURVIV$ 9 ! S\? FROM ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 TO REALIZE G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ! S5SE ( BO? POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AUTONOMY4 ,OV]?R[+ CAPITALISM WAS NOT CONSID]$ BY !M1 !RE=E4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y SET !IR PO/-#a#i#d#e GOAL AS 0NATION-BUILD+ ?R\< 9DU/RY10 ) SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON RURAL VILLAGES & !IR ROLE 9 ! CULTURAL *ANGES 9 ! FUTURE4 

,AN EXAM9ATION ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T S9CE ! #a#i#bS REVEALS ?AT SOCIAL REVOLUTION WAS ITS COMMON ANSW] TO ! PROBLEMS 9 COLONIES LIKE ,KOREA & 9 PO/-#a#i#d#e ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 :I* WAS NO D\BT %>$ ) !IR ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS4 ,! AN>*I/ IDEAS ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY W]E MO/ ATTRACTIVE TO !M4 ,MUTUAL AID WAS1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 A WIDELY ACCEPT$ PR9CIPLE = BO? ! PROGRESS ( MANK9D & A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ,KOREA1 NOT TO M5TION = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 POSSIBLY DUE TO ! AFF9ITY ( IT TO SU* AN EXI/+ IDEA PRACTIC$ 9 ,KOREAN RURAL VILLAGES AS MUTUAL COOP]ATION4 ,!IR %>$ IDEA & VISION ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION W]E TO HELP ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TRANSC5D !IR NATIONAL B\ND>IES & %>E ! TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS & SOLUTIONS 9 !IR /RUGGLE = 9DEP5D5CE & LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA AFT] #a#i#d#e4 ,! %IFT MADE AFT] #aide TO ! IDEA ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T DIDN'T NECESS>ILY 5TAIL ! LOSS ( !IR TRANSNATIONAL LONG+ = A COSMOPOLITAN WORLD BUT WAS 9DICATIVE ( !IR SE>* = AN ALT]NATIVE DEVELOPM5T ) ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9TACT4 ,9 ANY CASE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ALWAYS SEEM$ TO BE UNWILL+ TO BE 9 UNITY & CON=MITY 9 !IR ?9K+ & PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM1 POSSIBLY DUE TO !IR DEEP FAI? 9 SU* AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES AS SPONTANEITY & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM1 NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E4 

,MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S MU/ HAVE BE5 DELI<T$ ) ! REC5T ECONOMIC DEVELOPM5T ( ,S\? ,KOREA1 S9CE IT HAS BE5 AT LEA/ A SIGN ( ACCOMPLI%M5T ( ! GOAL ( NATIONAL DEVELOPM5T !Y HAVE 5DEAVOR$4 ,& YET1 !Y MU/ HAVE REALIZ$ ?AT IT HAS BE5 A*IEV$ ONLY AT ! EXP5SE ( POLITICAL FRE$OM & ECONOMIC EQUALITY4 ,TO MANY ,KOREANS AN>*ISM /ILL MEANS & REPRES5TS AN IDEA ( FRE$OM4.<#f#e#d.> ,& IT HAS PROVID$ O!RS ) 0AN AN>*I/ S5SIBILITY0 ?AT UND]L9ES ITS EGALIT>IANISM 9 !IR FI<T AGA9/ ! NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION4.<#f#e#e.> ,N[1 ! TASK TO REALIZE ! TWO IDEALS HAS BE5 H&$ OV] TO ! NEW G5]ATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O1 FAC+ ! DEEP5+ & WID5+ 9EQUALITY BETWE5 HAVES & HAVE NOTS & WITNESS+ ! VIOLATIONS ( 9DIVIDUAL RI<TS & FRE$OM1 HAVE TO >M !MSELVES ) A NEW PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM1 9 ALLIANCE ) ! LIKE-M9D$ O!RS4 

,?IS TASK IS QUITE EVID5TLY RECOGNIZ$ BY SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O >E KE5 TO ! IMPORTANCE ( ! EM]G+ ISSUES ( SOCIAL ALI5ATION & 9EQUALITY UND] GLOBALIZATION4 ,!Y PLAN ON DEAL+ ) !M AS ,S\? ,KOREA BECOMES A 0MULTIC5T]$ SOCIETY0 7DA JUNGSIM SAHOE7 & MAKE SURE ( CREAT+ AN 5VIRONM5T :]E ! P>TICIPATION ( 0V>I\S SOCIAL ELEM5TS0 7I4E41 ! MASSES7 9 POLITICS IS GU>ANTE$4 ,!Y >E P>TICUL>LY ATT5TIVE TO ! FATE ( ! SELF-EMPLOY$ & ! ALI5AT$ LABOR =CES1 SU* AS IRREGUL> & P>T-TIME WORK]S 9 ,S\? ,KOREA1 9CLUD+ NON-,KOREAN MIGRANT WORK]S1 UND] ! REGIME ( GLOBALIZATION4 ,SOME ( !SE AN>*I/S >E WEI<+ 9 ON ! REVIVAL ( AN AN>*I/S P>TY1 ?IS TIME BAS$ ON & 9 COLLABORATION ) ! NEWLY DEF9$ MASSES & ! CIVIL SOCIETIES WORK+ = !M4.<#f#e#f.> ,ON ! O!R H&1 SOME O!R AN>*I/S SEEMS TO ?9K ?AT !IR MA9 TASK LIES 9 BR++ ! PRE-#a#i#d#e ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BACK TO ! MEMORY ( ,KOREANS & HONOR+ !M PROP]LY1 BE=E ANY O!R NEW AN>*I/ PROJECTS = ! FUTURE CAN BE PLANN$ & LAUN*$4 ,!IR CONC]N & T>GET SEEMS TO BE ! TR5D 9 ,KOREAN POLITICS T[>D CONS]VATISM4 ,!SE AN>*I/S FOCUS ON MOBILIZ+ & $UCAT+ ,KOREAN Y\?S = ! *ANGES PROJECT$ 9 ! FUTURE4.<#f#e#g.> ,AS IS CLE>1 !RE >E /ILL SLI<T DIVISIONS & DISAGREEM5TS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S OV] ! QUE/ION ( :AT TO DO 9 ?IS NEW C5TURY TO 9H]IT & CONCRETIZE !IR PREVI\S G5]ATION'S 5DEAVORS4 

,DESPITE SU* DIFF]5CES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S NE$ TO REVIVE ! IDEALS FROM ! E>LI] YE>S & REGR\P !MSELVES TO RESI/ TOGE!R ! CURR5T /ATE'S DISA/R\S POLICIES UND] NEOLIB]ALISM1 :I* HAVE DE/ROY$ RURAL VILLAGES ONCE AGA9 & TAK5 AWAY ! TWO LONG-*]I%$ AN>*I/ IDEALS1 FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,!IR 9ITIAL GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE HAS BE5 SLIPP$ AWAY1 & ! *ANCE TO A*IEVE G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION ) POLITICAL & ECONOMIC AUTONOMY HAS ?US BECOME SLIMM] UND] ! NEOLIB]AL GLOBALIZATION4 ,9 ?IS SITUATION1 ! PRECI\S IDEALS & VISION = AN IDEAL SOCIETY ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S US$ TO UPHOLD BE=E #aide HAVE BE5 WA%$ \T & !IR NATIONALI/IC EXP]I5CES & SACRIFICES = 9DEP5D5CE >E ONLY HI<LI<T$ & HONOR$ BY ! CURR5T /ATE4 ,IT MAY BE A TIME = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TODAY TO LOOK = A NEW K9D ( /RUGGLE & SOLID>ITY ) !IR DOME/IC1 REGIONAL1 & GLOBAL COMRADES & COME UP ) A NEW PLACE-BAS$ APPROA* TO OV]COME ! =CES1 BO? NATIONAL & GLOBAL1 ?AT HAVE DEEP5$ ! PA9S & SORR[S ( ! WEAK1 & F9ALLY TO GET CLOS] TO ! REALIZATION ( !IR *]I%$ IDEALS & VISION4 ,AT LEA/1 IT SEEMS ?AT1 JU/ LIKE BE=E1 !Y ALL /ILL %>E ! SAME FATE & ISSUES ) !IR COMRADES 9 ! REGION & ! WORLD4 

,NOTES 

  

,! FOLL[+ ABBREVIATIONS >E US$ = NOTES4 ,ALL O!R ABBREVIATIONS >E 9DICAT$ 9 ! NOTES4  
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