,*APT] #c 
,PU%+ ! ,LIMITS 9 ,COLONIAL ,KOREA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

 #c3 ,PU%+ ! ,LIMITS 9 ,COLONIAL ,KOREA 

  

,IT IS NOT AN EXAGG]ATION TO SAY ?AT ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS LAUN*$ L>GELY BY ! RETURN$ ,KOREAN /UD5TS FROM /UDY-ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN4 ,9 ! MID-#a#i#bS1 !Y MADE MANY ATTEMPTS )9 COLONIAL ,KOREA TO =M AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & DISSEM9ATE AN>*I/ IDEAS4 ,!IR AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS & ACTIVITIES )9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA BE=E #aide W]E QUITE CLOSELY TI$ TO ?OSE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BAS$ 9 ,JAPAN4 ,!IR ATTEMPTS1 H[EV]1 ALWAYS MET PROMPT & BRUTAL SUPPRESSION AT !IR 9CEPTION FROM ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE4 ,AS A RESULT1 :ILE MANY AN>*I/ OR AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATIONS1 SMALL & L>GE1 W]E E/ABLI%$ ?R\<\T COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#bS & AFT]W>DS1 ALL W]E %ORT-LIV$ OR1 9 SOME CASES1 EXI/$ ONLY ON PAP]4 

,! SITUATION BECAME EV5 H>%] & WORSE ONCE ,JAPAN 9VAD$ ,*9A 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 BECAUSE ( ,JAPAN'S MU* TI<T5$ CONTROL & SUPPRESSION ( SO-CALL$ DANG]\S IDEAS & REBELLI\S ,KOREANS4 ,9 DEAL+ ) ! SITUATION1 AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA G5]ALLY HAD LIMIT$ OPTIONS1 & *OSE TO GO UND]GR\ND1 REMA9 SIL5T1 OR BE >RE/$ = !IR AUDACITY UND] ,JAPAN'S W>TIME REPRESSION4 ,ATTEMPTS TO PUBLI% AN>*I/ PRESS & MAT]IALS CONT9U$ EV5 UND] ! ,JAPANESE BRUTAL SUPPRESSION 9TO ! #a#i#cS1 BUT1 IF >RE/$ & TRI$1 IT IS SAID1 NO AN>*I/ W\LD BE ABLE TO WALK ON HIS OR H] [N TWO LEGS OR EV5 REMA9 ALIVE AFT] HAV+ SP5T TIME 9 PRISON1 DUE TO BRUTAL & REPEAT$ TORTURE1 MALNUTRITION1 & AN UNSPEAKABLE 5VIRONM5T4.<#c#a#c.> 

,AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA MA9TA9$ !IR RELATION%IP & CONTACTS ) ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 :OSE ACTIVITIES & UND]/&+ ( & WRIT+S ON AN>*ISM HAD BE5 EXPOS$ TO &_/OR 9SPIR$ !M4 ,AS ,I EXAM9$ 9 *APT] #b1 IT IS UND5IABLE ?AT ! ,JAPANESE WORKS ON & UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM HAD BE5 WIDELY 9FLU5TIAL1 & ?US ! MAJOR S\RCE = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' UND]/&+ ( IT & ! SOCIAL_/LABOR PROBLEMS ( ! WORLD UND] CAPITALISM4 ,AL?\< ?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! ,KOREAN V]SION ( AN>*ISM WAS A REPLICA ( ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM1 IT IS /ILL >GUABLE NEV]!LESS ?AT ! ROLE & P>T ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM PLAY$ 9 ! RISE ( AN>*ISM 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E ( SIGNIFICANCE 9 9TRODUC+ TO ,KOREANS AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 LANGUAGES1 & IDEALS1 & ?US 9 HELP+ !M 9T]PRET & !N APPLY TO !M ,KOREA'S COLONIAL CONDITION & SITUATION4 ,9 HIS BOOK ON CULTURAL NATIONALISM 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#bS1 HI/ORIAN ,MI*AEL ,ROB9SON NOTES ?AT ,KOREAN RADICALS :O RETURN$ TO COLONIAL ,KOREA FROM ABROAD W]E A PRODUCT ( BROAD REGIONAL RADICAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN AFT] #a#i#a#i1 AS FOLL[+ %[S3 

0,RADICALS0 DESCRIBES LOOSELY A GR\P ( NATIONALI/ 9TELLECTUALS ?AT CAME TO PROM95CE AFT] #a#i#a#i4 ,! POLITICAL UNIV]SE ( ?IS GR\P WAS %AP$ BY ! WIDESPREAD FASC9ATION ) SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN REVOLUTION4 ,NURTUR$ 9 ! POLITICAL HO?\SES ( ,TOKYO1 ,PEK+1 & ,%AN<AI1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS ABROAD HAD ?R[N !MSELVES 9TO ! 9TELLECTUAL F]M5T ( CONT5D+ DOCTR9ES4 ,LIKE !IR ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS 9 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I ]A1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS SE>*$ AMID ! :IRL ( IDEAS-POLITICAL DEMOCRACY1 BOL%EVISM1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 SYNDICALISM1 GUILD SOCIALISM1 AN>*ISM1 ,FABIANISM1 & NATIONAL SOCIALISM--= A SOLUTION TO ! ,KOREAN NATIONAL PROBLEM4 444 (F]+ 444 MORE RADICAL SOLUTIONS = ! DUAL PROBLEM ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE4.<#c#a#d.> 

,V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 EI!R PUBLICATION OR ORGANIZATION1 BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA FROM ! #a#i#bS W]E BY & L>GE A PRODUCT ( ?IS PROCESS ( RECEIV+1 UND]/&+1 & APPLY+ 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION>Y ?\<T10 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 TO COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! 9TIMATE TIES BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM1 AS WELL AS ,*9ESE AN>*ISM1 W]E QUITE OBVI\S & CONSPICU\S1 AL?\< !IR RELATION%IP MU/ NOT BE UND]/OOD 9 ! CONTEXT ( ONE-WAY 9FLU5CE TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,!RE >E AMPLE EVID5CE & EXAMPLES1 AS ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$ 9 ! PREVI\S *APT]S1 ?AT %[ ?AT ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S TOO LE>N$ OR BECAME 9CREAS+LY AW>E ( ! COLONIAL CONDITIONS & SITUATIONS & (T5 SOME O!R RELAT$ ISSUES FROM ,KOREAN & ,TAIWANESE COMRADES4 

,9 ADDITION1 AS NOT$ ABOVE1 !RE WAS A /RONG 9TELLECTUAL AURA 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA ?AT PO9T$ TO A T5D5CY AMONG 9TELLECTUALS & RADICALS T[>D SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 MA9LY DUE TO ANTICOLONIAL S5TIM5TS GR[+ 9 ,KOREA S9CE ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 :I* HAD BECOME MU* /RONG] ESPECIALLY AFT] ! NATIONWIDE MASS MOVEM5T ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#a#i4 ,!SE S]V$ AS AN 9TELLECTUAL F\NDATION 9 ! #a#i#bS = ! RECEPTION & SPREAD ( AN>*ISM 9 ! P59SULA :5 IT WAS BR\<T 9 & 9TRODUC$ DIRECTLY BY ! ,JAPANESE WORKS 9 FLUX ON AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPANESE TEXTS OR TRANSLATION1 BUT MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 BY =M] ,KOREAN /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS4 ,JU/ LIKE ,SUN ,YAT-S5 7#a#h#f#f-#a#i#b#e7 DESCRIB$ ! ,*9ESE RADIALS :O HAD RETURN$ TO ,*9A AFT] F9I%+ !IR $UCATION 9 ,JAPAN 9 E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AS ! C>RI]S ( 0! SP>K ( REVOLUTION0 7GEM+ DE HUOZHONG71.<#c#a#e.> MANY ,KOREAN /UD5TS & RADICALS MU/ HAVE ALSO RETURN$ TO ,KOREA FROM ,JAPAN AFT] ACCEPT+ AN>*ISM ) !IR [N 0SP>K0 B5T ON AN>*I/ IDEALS4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,KOREA1 ! 0SP>K0 READILY IGNIT$ ! FIRE ( AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( ! ,JAPANESE WORKS ?AT HAD ALREADY BE5 WIDELY KN[N & AVAILABLE TO ,KOREAN READ]S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA2 S9CE #a#i#a1 MANY ,KOREAN /UD5TS & RADICALS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD BE5 ABLE TO OBTA9 BOOKS ON SOCIALISM & NEWSPAP]S PUBLI%$ 9 ,JAPAN BY AN>*I/S EASILY AT ! BOOK/ORES RUN BY EI!R ,KOREAN OR ,JAPANESE [N]S4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,YI ,HYEOK 7#a#i#g--871 :O HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,S\!RN ,HAMGYEONG ,PROV9CE1 OP5$ ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,BOOK/ORE 7,ISIPSEGI SEOBANG7 9 D[NT[N ,SE\L1 :]E HE NOT ONLY SOLD BOOKS ON AN>*ISM BUT DI/RIBUT$ COPIES ( ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] ,FREE ,ALLIANCE ,NEWSPAP] 7,JIYU R5GO %IMBUN7 & RAN HIS [N 9/ITUTE CALL$ ,MOD]N ,?\<TS ,RESE>* ,9/ITUTE 7,GEUNDAE SASANG YEON-GUSO71 TO TEA* ,ESP]ANTO TO ,KOREANS4 ,ANO!R ROLE ( HIS BOOK/ORE WAS TO FUNCTION AS A COMMUNICATION PLACE AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4.<#c#a#f.> ,! 0W9D0 ( AN>*ISM WAS BL[+ /RONGLY 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA TO SET ! FIRE ( AN>*ISM ) ! HELP ( ! 0SP>K0 ! RETURN+ /UD5TS HAD BR\<T4 ,& ! FIRE C]TA9LY %OOK ! P59SULA 9TELLECTUALLY & %AP$ ! DIRECTION & *>ACT] ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA CONT9U\SLY1 IF NOT EXCLUSIVELY4 

,9 A COLONY LIKE ,KOREA1 H[EV]1 IT WAS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO WITNESS A NATIONWIDE DEVELOPM5T ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T L>GELY DUE TO ! PRESSURE ( ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE & !IR TI<T SURVEILLANCE & SUPPRESSION ( RADICALS & RADICALISM1 ESPECIALLY IF IT 9ITIALLY >OSE ) NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS4 ,BUT1 AS DESCRIB$ ABOVE1 AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ORGANIZATIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E SOME:AT ABLE TO SURVIVE & CONT9UE TO DO SO1 IF NOT GR[1 &1 9 FACT1 W]E QUITE 0RESILI5T0 & REMA9 RELATIVELY 0ACTIVE10 AS HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I ,M9ORU ASSESSES1 P>TICUL>LY AB\T AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,KOREA >\ND ! CITIES ( ,WONSAN & ,PYONGYANG4.<#c#a#g.> ,NEV]!LESS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS USUALLY W5T UND]GR\ND & !IR ORGANIZATIONS SOMETIMES EXI/$ BRIEFLY &_/OR ONLY ON PAP]4 ,( 9T]E/ IS ?AT ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[1 DIDN'T TAKE ANY T]RORI/ OR T]ROR-ORI5T$ ACTIONS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIAL 9/ITUTIONS & FIGURES1 NOR DID !Y /RIVE = 9DEP5D5CE1 AT LEA/ ON SURFACE4 ,!Y RA!R 9 G5]AL TURN$ !M 9TO A K9D ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T TO $UCATE & ORGANIZE PEASANTS & WORK]S1 & SO ON REG>D+ ! PROTECTION ( !IR RI<TS1 PROBABLY BECAUSE ( ! ,JAPANESE POLICE SUPPRESSION & AT ! SAME TIME ! 9FLU5CE FROM ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T VIA ,KOREAN AN>*I/S RETURN$ FROM ,JAPAN4.<#c#a#h.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 UND] ! COLONIAL CONDITIONS ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T WAS MA9LY CONDUCT$ TO MAKE *ANGES 9 SOCIETY ) COLLECTIVE AW>5ESS & ACTIONS ( WORK]S & PEASANTS1 BUT )\T ANY PHYSICAL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS ?AT USUALLY ACCOMPANI$ L>G] REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS & MASSIVE PHYSICAL PROTE/S4 ,MANY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS & !IR ACTIVITIES W]E ?US (T5 SPORADIC1 SMALL-SCALE1 & EV5 DISGUIS$1 9 SOME CASES1 AS A 0LEGALLY ACCEPTABLE0 SOCIAL &_/OR 5LI<T5M5T MOVEM5T4 ,GIV5 ALL CON/RA9S UND] ! COLONIAL CONDITION1 IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E NOT ABLE TO EXI/ LONG 5\< TO LAUN* & PURSUE ANY MEAN+FUL REVOLUTION>Y ACTIONS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA G5]ALLY LEFT 9=MATION & MAT]IALS ON !IR AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS MU* LESS (T5 OR EV5 NOT AT ALL1 DUE TO ! CONFID5TIAL NATURE ( !IR UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES PLUS ! ,JAPANESE POLICE CONFISCATION4 ,MAT]IALS ON !IR ACTIVITIES >E SC>CE & H>D TO COME BY1 !RE=E4 ,COMP>$ TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 :OSE ACTIVITIES HAVE BE5 KN[N FROM V>I\S1 IF FRAGM5T>Y1 PIECES ( 9=MATION HI/ORIANS CAN /ILL F9D FROM V>I\S S\RCES1 IT HAS BE5 EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO EXCAVATE MAT]IALS ON !IR ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,EXTREME SC>CITY ( MAT]IALS & 9=MATION AB\T ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA PREV5TS ! CON/RUCTION ( ! :OLE PICTURE ( !IR MOVEM5T & A VISION ( A SOCIETY !Y 5DEAVOR$ TO BUILD4 ,JAPANESE POLICE REPORTS ?AT DESCRIBE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES ?R\< 9T]ROGATION & 9VE/IGATION >E NOT ALWAYS TRU/WOR?Y BECAUSE ( !IR FREQU5T EXAGG]ATIONS & DI/ORTIONS ( :AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD DONE & 5VISION$4 ,REG>DLESS ( ! LIMITS 9 CON/RUCT+ A /ORY ( !IR MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 IT IS /ILL QUITE POSSIBLE TO DRAW ! G5]AL PICTURE ( !M1 ?ANKS TO SOME SECOND>Y S\RCES & MEMOIRS4 

,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT S]I\S ATTEMPTS TO =M AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS ) !IR SUBSEQU5T ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BEGAN >\ND 9 #a#i#b#e1 A LITTLE LAT] ?AN !IR COMRADES 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN DID1 & ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA UND] ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM WAS & CONT9U$ TO BE1 NOT SURPRIS+LY1 MU* WEAK] ?AN ?OSE 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 AS ! ,JAPANESE POLICE REPORTS ALSO CONFIRM$ IT4.<#c#a#i.> ,NEV]!LESS1 IT WAS NO D\BT TRUE ?AT ! G5]AL 9TELLECTUAL AURA ( COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS PLAC$ UND] ! /RONG 9FLU5CE ( SOCIALI/ ?\<TS1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 AFFECT$ BY ! 0SP>K0 ! RETURN+ /UD5TS BR\<T 9 & ! 0W9D0 BL[+ FROM ,JAPAN FROM ! #a#i#aS TO ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS4 

,JAPAN1 ,AN>*ISM1 & ,COLONIAL ,KOREA 

  

,! 9FLU5CE ( V>I\S SOCIALI/ ?\<TS 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM HAD ALREADY BE5 CONSPICU\S 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA ?R\< ! 9TRODUCTION ( V>I\S ,JAPANESE PR9T$ M$IA1 ESPECIALLY BOOKS ON AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPANESE ORIG9AL TEXT OR ,JAPANESE TRANSLATION4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG RECALLS ?AT ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/ NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,TRANS=MATION 7,KAIJO71 ,LIB]ATION 7,KAIHO71 & ,CRITICISM 7,HIHYO7 W]E EASILY PUR*ASABLE AT ,JAPANESE BOOK/ORES 9 ,MAN*URIA1 ,%AN<AI1 & ,SE\L >\ND ! TIME :5 ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T OCCURR$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 ,HE & O!R ,KOREAN RADICALS 9 ,*9A & ,KOREA HAD BE5 ABLE TO PUR*ASE !M )\T ANY MAJOR OB/ACLES & CONSEQU5TLY /UDI$ SOCIALISM TOGE!R4.<#c#b.> ,9 ,YU'S CASE1 HE BECAME P>TICUL>LY 9T]E/$ 9 AN>*ISM AFT] HE HE>D AB\T ,JAPANESE ,PR(ESSOR ,MORITO ,TATSUO 7#a#h#h#h-#a#i#h#d71 :O HAD BE5 DISMISS$ FROM ,TOKYO ,IMP]IAL ,UNIV]SITY 9 #aiai & SUBSEQU5TLY >RE/$ 9 #aib = HIS WRIT+ ON ,KROPOTK94.<#c#b#a.> ,9DE$1 AN>*ISM WAS AMONG ! SOCIALI/ ?\<TS FL[+ 9TO ! P59SULA & WAS 9 FACT ! MO/ POPUL> SOCIALI/ IDEA AMONG ,KOREAN RADICALS 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS & E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,KIM ,SEONGSUK 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#f#i7 SPOKE ( POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS AMONG ,KOREAN RADICALS AS FOLL[S3 

,AT ?AT TIME .<9 E>LY #a#i#bS ,KOREA.>1 ! BOOKS ON SOCIALISM W]E ALMO/ ALL TRANSLATIONS BY ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/S4 ,I READ ! BOOKS BY ,SAKAI ,TO%IHIKO & ,YAMAKAWA ,HITO%I4 ,A BOOK AMONG O!RS ?AT /ILL REMA9S 9 MY MEMORY IS ,YAMAKAWA'S ,! ,APP>ATUS ( ,CAPITALISM PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#c4 444 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AN>*ISM WAS ! MO/ POPUL> ONE AMONG ALL ! ISMS4 ,I ?9K1 ALL ( ! LEFTI/ IDEAS W]E 9FUS$ 9 IT .<AN>*ISM.>4 ,= AN>*ISM1 ,I READ ,KROPOTK9'S ,CONFESSION .<I4E41 ,MEMOIRS ( A ,REVOLUTIONI/.>4 ,?IS WAS A V]Y GOOD BOOK = .<! UND]/&+ (.> SOCIALISM4.<#c#b#b.> 

,OBVI\SLY CONFUS$ AT ?AT TIME ) SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL1 ,KIM1 A ,M>XI/ & 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/1 NEV]!LESS TE/IFIES H]E TO ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM AMONG ,KOREANS 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & ! S\RCE ( SOCIALISM3 ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/S :O HAD PROVID$ !IR TRANSLAT$ &_/OR ORIG9AL WORKS ON SOCIALISM4 ,9DE$1 UPON HIS RELEASE FROM A COLONIAL JAIL 9 ,KOREA 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#a1 HE F\ND ?AT ,KOREAN SOCIETY WAS 0FILL$ ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS10 :I* HE BELIEV$ WAS DUE TO ! 9FLU5CE ( ,JAPANESE BOOKS & TRANSLATION4.<#c#b#c.> 

,JO ,BONG-AM 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#e#i71 !N A /UDY-ABROAD /UD5T 9 ,TOKYO & LAT] A LEAD] ( ! ,PROGRESSIVE ,P>TY 7,J9BO DANG7 9 #a#i#eS ,KOREA1 ALSO WITNESS$ ! 9FLU5CE ( SOCIALISM 9 ! SUMM] ( #a#i#b#b1 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,:5 HE RETURN$ 9 ,JULY ( ! YE> TO ,KOREA AS A MEMB] ( ,KOREAN /UD5TS /UDY+ ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN1 HE TRAVEL$ >\ND ,KOREA ) AN ORGANIZ$ LECTURE GR\P4 ,& :AT HE SAW 9 ,KOREA WAS ( SURPRISE3 0SOCIALI/ IDEAS0 W]E 0WIDELY DISP]S$ 9 ! ,KOREAN SOCIETY BEYOND :AT HAD BE5 IMAG9$ 9 ,TOKYO1 & NUM]\S .<SOCIALI/.> SOCIETIES & CIRCLES ( Y\? HAD ALREADY BE5 =M$ EV]Y:]E0.<#c#b#d.> 9 ! P59SULA4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 :AT WAS TO EM]GE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BY ,MAY #aibg WAS AN 9TELLECTUAL 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* SOCIALISM HAD BECOME ! SUBJECT ( DAILY CONV]SATIONS AMONG ALL ,KOREAN Y\?2 IF SOCIALISM W]E NOT SPOK5 ( AMONG !M1 !Y !MSELVES W\LD FEEL ANA*RONI/IC4.<#c#b#e.> 

,9 SOME CASES ! RISE ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS CORRESPOND$ TO ! RAPID DEVELOPM5T 9TO SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS & ! WILL+NESS ( ,KOREAN Y\? TO ACCEPT SOCIALISM1 9 P>TICUL> AN>*I/ IDEAS & PR9CIPLES4 ,SOME ,KOREAN Y\?S1 EV5 9 A SMALL T[N LIKE ,ANUI 9 S\!RN ,KOREA1 W]E EASILY 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM & READILY ACCEPT$ IT1 S9CE ,KROPOTK9 & HIS WRIT+S HAD ALREADY BE5 POPUL> & CIRCULAT$ EV5 AMONG !M4.<#c#b#f.> ,ADDITIONAL EVID5CE ( ! ONGO+ POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM AMONG ,KOREAN Y\? 9 ! #a#i#bS CAN ALSO BE F\ND 9 ! CASE ( ,LEE ,*ONG-,HA 7#a#i#a#c-#b#g71 A =M] MEMB] ( ! ,KOREAN ,ESP]ANTO ,ASSOCIATION4 ,HE TE/IFIES ?AT :5 HE WAS A HI< S*OOL /UD5T 9 LATE #a#i#bS 9 ! CITY ( ,DAEGU1 HE F\ND 9 A BOOK/ORE 9 ! CITY BOOKS 9 ,JAPANESE ON ,ESP]ANTO1 TITL$ ,LECTURES ON ,PROLET>IAN ,ESP]ANTO 7,PURORET>IA ESP]ANTO KOZA7 & ,A ,%ORTCUT TO ,ESP]ANTO 7,ESP]ANTO %OKEI74 ,9/ILL$ 9 ! BOOKS W]E AN>*I/ IDEAS1 HE REALIZ$4 ,HE !N SUBSEQU5TLY BECAME AW>E LAT] ?AT !RE W]E MANY /UD5TS 9 ! >EA :O HAD ALREADY LE>N$ ,ESP]ANTO1 & BELIEV$ ?AT AN>*I/S US$ ,ESP]ANTO TO REALIZE AN>*ISM1 = ALL ! ,ESP]ANTI/S HE MET AT ! TIME W]E !ORETICALLY EQUIPP$ ) AN>*ISM4.<#c#b#g.> 

,:AT WE CAN SEE H]E >E ! 9FLU5CE ( ,JAPANESE TRANSLATIONS_/WORKS ( SOCIALISM & ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM1 & ! WORKS ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 W]E ! ONES MO/ TRANSLAT$ 9 ,KOREA 7& ,EA/ ,ASIA TOO74.<#c#b#h.> ,%9 ,*AEHO1 :ILE 9 ,*9A1 WROTE HIS 0,A ,MISCELLANE\S ,WRIT+ ( A ,MAN ( ,NONS5SE & ,EMPT9ESS ON ! ,OCCASION ( A ,NEW ,YE>0 >TICLE 9 CELEBRATION ( ! >RIVAL ( A NEW YE> & S5T IT TO ,EA/ ,ASIA ,DAILY 7,DONG-A ,ILBO7 9 ,KOREA1 :I* C>RI$ IT ON ITS ,JANU>Y #b1 #aibe ISSUE4 ,9 ! >TICLE ,%9 SUGGE/$ ?AT ,KOREAN Y\? 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA 0BECOME BAPTIZ$ BY ,KROPOTK9'S ',AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,Y\NG1'0 :I* HE 9SI/$ WAS 0! RI<T PRESCRIPTION = A DISEASE0 !N-,KOREAN Y\? SUFF]$ FROM4.<#c#b#i.> ,%9'S SUGGE/ION MU/ HAVE BE5 WELL RECEIV$1 EFFECTIVE1 & WORK$ WELL AMONG ,KOREAN Y\? 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 

,! /RONG 9FLU5CE ( SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS & ! ONGO+ POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS1 DID NOT MEAN ?AT ,KOREANS W]E READY TO HAVE !IR [N AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS TO ADVOCATE AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION4 ,IT WAS ! OPPOSITE2 NO MAJOR AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E E/ABLI%$ EASILY ON ! P59SULA1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( ! PRES5CE ( ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E 9 CON/ANT FE> ( BE+ >RE/$ & TORTUR$1 & W\LD NEV] HAVE A *ANCE ANY TIME SOON TO DEVELOP A NATIONALLY UNIFI$1 ACTIVE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION !RE4 ,EV5 !IR LOCAL & SMALL ORGANIZATIONS USUALLY W]E %ORT-LIV$4 ,!IR MOVEM5TS & ACTIVITIES W]E ?US NORMALLY SPORADIC1 SMALL SCALE 9 SIZE1 CAM\FLAG$ AS ?OSE ( /UDY CIRCLES1 &_/OR CONDUCT$ UND]GR\ND ACTIVITIES ?R\<\T ! COLONIAL P]IOD4 ,( C\RSE1 ONE CAN NEV] PUT ASIDE ! G5]AL TR5D ( AN>*I/S ?AT !Y W]E NOT FOND ( HAV+ AN ORGANIZATION ) C5TRALIZ$ & CONC5TRAT$ P[] OR UNITY4 ,IT WAS 9 #aibi ?AT ! FIR/ & LA/ ATTEMPT WAS F9ALLY UND]TAK5 BY AN>*I/S TO ORGANIZE A UNIFI$ NATIONWIDE 5TITY )9 ,KOREA DUR+ ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 AS ,I EXPLA9 BEL[4 

,9 G5]AL1 AN>*ISM WAS ALWAYS ! T>GET ( ! ,JAPANESE SUPPRESSION JU/ BECAUSE IT WAS BELIEV$ TO BE ASSOCIAT$ ) T]RORISM & VIOL5CE AGA9/ ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T1 AL?\< AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E NOT T]RORISM-ORI5T$ 9 MO/ CASES4 ,!IR ACTIVITIES RA!R W]E LABEL$ AS 0A ?\<T MOVEM5T0 7SASANG UNDONG71 RA!R ?AN EI!R AN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T OR A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 )\T ANY MAJOR 9VOLVEM5TS 9 LABOR MOVEM5T OR MAJOR VIOL5T PROTE/S AGA9/ ! COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4.<#c#c.> ,TO PUT IT DIFF]5TLY1 AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA DIDN'T 7OR W]E NOT ABLE TO7 OP5LY PROPAGATE NATIONALISM &_/OR VIOL5T ANTICOLONIAL /RUGGLE1 ALBEIT IT REMA9$ BASICALLY 9 L9E ) ! AN>*I/ PR9CIPLE ( DIRECT ACTION4 ,CONSID]+ ! CON/RA9TS & LIMITS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[1 L>GELY ADOPT$ MODE/ & LOCAL-BAS$ MEANS & ACTIONS PROBABLY = ! SURVIVAL ( !MSELVES & = ! CONT9UATION ( !IR ACTIVITIES4.<#c#c#a.> ,DESPITE ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA & ! CONT9U\S ATTEMPTS TO ORGANIZE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S UND] ! AN>*I/ W9D FROM ,JAPAN1 !RE SEEM$ TO BE AN 9T]NAL DIVISION AMONG !M 9 T]MS ( !IR /RATEGY = !IR MOVEM5TS & ACTIVITY1 ACCORD+ TO !IR LOCATION ( ACTIVITY4 ,!IR S\RCES ( AN>*ISM MI<T HAVE BE5 ALMO/ ! SAME1 BUT !IR APPLICATION & PRACTICE SEEM$ TO V>Y & BE V]Y MU* PLACE-BAS$1 AS ,I TURN BEL[ TO ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 TWO DIFF]5T >EAS1 NOR!RN & S\!RN ,KOREA4 

,AN>*I/S 9 ,S\!RN ,KOREA 

  

,BE=E ANY ORGANIZATION ?AT WAS AN>*I/ 9 ITS *>ACT] & VISION WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 !RE HAD BE5 AT LEA/ ONE AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,IT WAS ! ,ASSOCIATION = ,LABOR & ,MUTUAL ,RELIEF 9 ,KOREA 7,JOSEON NODONG GONGJEHOE71 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #aib AS ! FIR/ LABOR ASSOCIATION 9 ,KOREA1 9 :I* ,GO ,SUNHEUM1 A SOON-TO-BE AN>*I/ 9 ,OSAKA 9 #a#i#b#d1 PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 P5N+ ITS PLAT=M & *>T]4 ,IT IS A MOOT QUE/ION IF WE CAN CALL IT AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 BUT ,I ?9K IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT IT WAS A GOOD EXAMPLE ?AT DEMON/RATES ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ESPECIALLY ?AT ( ! MUTUAL AID IDEA ( ,PET] ,KROPOTK94 ,! ,ASSOCIATION'S J\RNAL1 ,MUTUAL ,RELIEF 7,GONGJE71 C>RI$ MORE >TICLES ON AN>*ISM AS A SOLUTION TO !N-LABOR ISSUES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA ?AN ON ANY O!R BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISM4.<#c#c#b.> ,ANO!R J\RNAL ?AT (T5 PUBLI%$ >TICLES ON SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM1 WAS ,NEW ,LIFE 7,S9 SA5<WAL71 :I* C>RI$ MANY AN>*ISM-RELAT$ >TICLES & POSSIBLY LAID \T AN 9TELLECTUAL F\NDATION = ! FL\RI%+ ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! 5SU+ YE>S4.<#c#c#c.> 

,ORGANIZATIONS WE CAN ID5TIFY AS AN>*I/ 9 *>ACT] & VISION BEGAN TO APPE> 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA FIR/ 9 #a#i#b#c1 MO/LY 9 ! S\!RN P>T ( ,KOREA1 ALBEIT ! FIR/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS =M$ 9 ! SAME YE> 9 ,SE\L4 ,IT WAS ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY 7,HEUNGNO HOE71 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,SE\L BY ,KIM ,JUN<AN1 ,YI ,YUNHI1 ,YI ,GAN<A1 & ,S9 ,GI*ANG 9 E>LY ,JANU>Y ( #a#i#b#c1 BUT WAS SOON DISSOLV$ POSSIBLY BY ! ORD] ( ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE4 ,! ,SOCIETY WAS ALLEG$LY PLANN$ TO BE E/ABLI%$ :5 ,TOKYO-BAS$ AN>*I/ ,BAK ,YEOL WAS PAY+ HIS VISIT TO ,KEIJO 7PRES5T-DAY ,SE\L7 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#b1 TO GIVE A REPORT TO ,KOREANS ON ! MASSACRE ( ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,NIIGATA ,PREFECTURE 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,DUR+ ! VISIT1 ,BAK C\LD HAVE DISCUSS$ A POSSIBILITY TO ORGANIZE AN AN>*I/ GR\P 9 ,KOREA ) ! ABOVE-M5TION$ RADICALS4 ,BAK C\LD HAVE ALSO WANT$ TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,SOCIETY :ILE AT ! SAME TIME LOOK+ = A *ANCE TO OBTA9 SOME BOMBS = HIS PLANN$ ACTIVITY 9 ,JAPAN DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,KOREA1.<#c#c#d.> BECAUSE ( :I* HE WAS TO BE >RE/$ 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,IT IS AT LEA/ LIKELY ?AT ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #aibc AS A RESULT ( ,BAK'S TRIP TO ,KOREA FROM ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#b#b1 EV5 ?\< IT SEEM$ TO EXI/ ONLY ON PAP] & SOON DISAPPE>$4.<#c#c#e.> 

,! FAIL$ ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY WAS REPLAC$ ) ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE 7,HEUKGI YEONMA5G7 9 #a#i#b#e1 :I* WAS V5TUR$ BY ,KOREAN Y\? 9 ,SE\L & ,*UNGJU1 9CLUD+ ,S9 ,YEONG-U1 ,SEO ,SANGGYEONG1 & ,HONG ,J9-U4 ,!IR PLAN WAS TO E/ABLI% ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE AS 0! SUCCESSOR TO ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY ( ,TOKYO10.<#c#c#f.> BUT IT WAS DISCOV]$ PRIOR TO ITS 9AUGURATION ON ,MAY #c1 #aibe BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,AMONG ! F\ND+ MEMB]S1 ,SEO & ,HONG US$ TO BE MEMB]S ( ! ,REBELLI\S ,SOCIETY 7,FUTEI%A7 9 ,TOKYO1 :5 ,BAK ,YEOL1 ALONG ) HIS ,JAPANESE LOV] & COMRADE ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO1 W]E >RE/$ = !IR ALLEG$ CONSPIRACY TO KILL ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR 9 #a#i#b#c4 ,SEO & ,HONG W]E AMONG ?OSE :O HAD RETURN$ TO ,KOREA SOON AFT] BE+ RADICALIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO4 ,ALL ! LI/$ MEMB]S ( ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE W]E >RE/$1 TRI$1 F\ND GUILTY1 & S5T5C$ TO ONE YE> 9 PRISON1 RESPECTIVELY4.<#c#c#g.> ,ACCORD+ TO :AT ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE'S MEMB]S TE/IFI$ AT !IR TRIALS1 ITS MISSION WAS 0! FUNDAM5TAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL ABSURD 9/ITUTIONS ?AT TRAMPLE EV]YBODY'S HAPP9ESS & UND]M9E 9DIVIDUAL PROGRESS .<JA-A HWAK*UNG.>1 & ! ?OR\< REJECTION ( P[]-M9D$ ORGANIZATIONS40.<#c#c#h.> ,! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE PROV$ TO BE ANO!R FAIL$ UND]TAK+ ATTEMPT$ BY RETURN$ ,KOREAN /UD5TS FROM ,JAPAN4 ,ONE TRAGIC ?+ AB\T ITS MEMB]S WAS ?AT ALMO/ ALL ( !M DI$ 9 PRISON1 POSSIBLY FROM ILLNESS1 OR KILL$ !MSELVES AFT] !IR RELEASE FROM PRISON AFT] SUFF]+ FROM EI!R PHYSICAL OR M5TAL ILLNESS1 AS A RESULT ( TORTURES &_/OR MALNUTRITION 9 PRISON4 ,!Y ALL W]E /ILL 9 !IR TW5TIES1 & !IR DEA?S MU/ HAVE BE5 A /RONG MESSAGE FROM ,JAPANESE POLICE TO O!R EM]G+ AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 

,NONE!LESS1 A NEW ATTEMPT TO SET UP AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION CONT9U$ & WAS SUCCESSFULLY PROCESS$ SEV]AL MON?S LAT] 9 ! CITY ( ,DAEGU 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#e4 ,! NEW AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION WAS NAM$ ! ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE 7,J9-U YEONMA5G71 AGA9 L$ BY ?OSE RETURN$ /UD5TS FROM ,JAPAN4 ,AT LEA/ IT EXI/$ & SURVIV$ = AB\T ONE YE>4 ,( 9T]E/ IS ?AT ! ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE AVOID$ US+ ! WORD BLACK 9 ITS NAME1 POSSIBLY 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE ,JAPANESE SUPPRESSION DUE TO ! CONNOTATION ( ! WORD = AN>*I/S1 :I* C\LD HAVE BE5 ONE ( ! REASONS = ITS EXCEPTIONAL EXI/5CE = A YE>4 ,! LEAD+ FIGURES ( ! ,LEAGUE LIKE ,SEO ,DONGSEONG 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#d#a71 ,BANG ,HANSANG 7#a#i-#a#i#g71 & ,KIM ,JEONGGEUN 7#a#i#i-#a#i#b#g7 ALL US$ TO BE /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,! ,LEAGUE WAS TO BE SUPPRESS$ & DISSOLV$ ) ,SEO'S >RE/ A YE> LAT]4 ,9 FACT1 ,SEO HAD BE5 ALREADY >RE/$ ONCE 9 ,TOKYO 9 COMPLICITY ( ,BAK ,YEOL'S 0TREASON 9CID5T0 9 #aibc BUT HAD BE5 RELEAS$ & RETURN$ TO ,KOREA4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,BANG1 HE TRAVEL$ BACK TO ,JAPAN 9 ,NOVEMB] ( #a#i#b#e1 AFT] ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,LEAGUE & MET ) MANY ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE COMRADES 9 ,TOKYO1 ,OSAKA1 & ,NAGOYA1 9CLUD+ ,BAK ,YEOL & ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO 9 ,I*IGAYA ,PRISON4.<#c#c#i.> ,?OSE 9VOLV$ 9 E/ABLI%+ ?IS ,LEAGUE W]E1 AGA91 ALL >RE/$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE A YE> LAT] = ! *>GE ( ORGANIZ+ A 0VIOL5T GR\P40 ,9 ! CASE ( ,KIM ,JEONGGEUN1 HE US$ TO BE A /UD5T AT ! ,POLITICAL ,SCI5CE ,DEP>TM5T AT ,WAS$A ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,TOKYO & A MEMB] ( ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY ALSO 9 ,TOKYO1 :O HAD BELIEV$ ?AT HIS LIB]ATION C\LD BE REALIZ$ ONLY ?R\< AN>*ISM4 ,BE=E GA9+ HIS 9DIVIDUAL LIB]ATION1 UN=TUNATELY1 H[EV]1 HE WAS >RE/$ & PREMATURELY DI$ ( PNEUMONIA CONTRACT$ AFT] A HUNG] /RIKE 9 PRISON4.<#c#d.> 

,:AT DRAWS \R ATT5TION IS ,BAK ,YEOL'S OBVI\S 9VOLVEM5T1 EI!R DIRECT OR 9DIRECT1 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ABOVE-M5TION$ TWO AN>*I/ LEAGUES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE & ! ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE4 ,! MEMB]S ( ! AN>*I/ GR\PS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA :O HAD ATTEMPT$ TO JO9 OR GET 9VOLV$ 9 !SE TWO ORGANIZATIONS1 HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,BAK ,YEOL'S 0TREASON 9CID5T0 & = ! V]Y REASON HAD BE5 CATEGORIZ$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE AS 0P]SONS :O MU/ BE UND] ! MO/ 9T5SIVE OBS]VATION0 7KO%U YO%ISATSU J97.<#c#d#a.> = !IR ALLEG$LY 0DANG]\S0 ?\<TS AS AN>*I/S4 ,?IS ACC\NTS = ! PLACE ( ,BAK ,YEOL & ! IMPACT ( HIS 0TREASON 9CID5T0 9 ! E>LY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,TOKYO & COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,TO PUT IT BLUNTLY1 ! TWO ,LEAGUES EXEMPLIFY ! CLOSE TIES E>LY AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,JAPAN1 9 P>TICUL> ?OSE 9 ,TOKYO UND] ,BAK ,YEOL'S LEAD]%IP4 

,9 ADDITION TO ,BAK ,YEOL'S 9VOLVEM5T 9 IT1 ! ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE WAS ( GREAT] 9T]E/ & SIGNIFICANCE BECAUSE ( ! VISIBLE COLLABORATION = ! FIR/ TIME BETWE5 ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,:5 ! ,JAPANESE POLICE RAID$ ! ,LEAGUE'S (FICE 9 ,DAEGU & >RE/$ ITS MEMB]S1 !Y CAPTUR$ TWO UNID5TIFI$ ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S !RE AS WELL1 :O W]E !N DETA9$ = LONG] ?AN USUAL = UNKN[N REASONS4 ,GIV5 !IR PRES5CE 9 ITS (FICE1 ! ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY BE5 A COLLABORATIVE1 TRANSNATIONAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION =M$ BY ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 POSSIBLY = ! FIR/ TIME1 ALBEIT ! DETAILS >E UNKN[N DUE TO ! LACK ( MAT]IALS1 9 P>TICUL> ) REG>D TO !IR ACTIVITIES & PROGRAMS4 ,SOME EVID5CE SUGGE/S1 ?\<1 ?AT ! ,LEAGUE WAS MORE COMMITT$ TO SOCIAL OR LABOR ISSUES ?AN ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AT HIS TRIAL ,S9 ,JAEMO1 ONE ( ! ,LEAGUE'S MEMB]S1 TE/IFI$ ?AT 0:AT WE WANT IS ONLY A REVOLUTION 9 ,KOREA10 :I* DOES NOT NECESS>ILY MEAN ITS AB&ONM5T ( ! NATIONAL GOAL ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE BUT1 AS ! ,LEAGUE PROBABLY ATTEMPT$ TO P5ETRATE 9TO A LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,DAEGU1 IT MU/ HAVE BE5 FOCUS+ ON ORGANIZ+ WORK]S & 5VISION+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 ! FUTURE4.<#c#d#b.> ,! ,LEAGUE'S MEMB]S W]E ALL >RE/$1 TRI$1 & S5T5C$ TO TWO TO FIVE YE>S 9 PRISON = !IR GOAL TO BUILD A NEW SOCIETY B5T ON AN>*ISM1 ALBEIT )\T CLE> EVID5CE4.<#c#d#c.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ,S9'S TE/IMONY1 :AT WAS ALSO NOTEWOR?Y DUR+ ! TRIALS WAS ! APPO9TM5T ( ,JAPANESE LAWY] ,FUZE ,TATSUJI 7#a#h#h-#a#i#e#c7 AS DEF5D+ ATTORNEY = SOME ( ! >RE/$ ,TRUE ,FRI5DS ,LEAGUE MEMB]S1 POSSIBLY ALSO = ! UNKN[N >RE/$ ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 AL?\< HE WAS NOT ABLE TO ATT5D !IR TRAIL 9 ,DAEGU4 ,FUZE1 :O WAS CALL$ 0\R LAWY]0 BY ,KOREANS AT ! TIME & A 0SOCIALI/ LAWY]0 9 ,JAPAN = HIS ROLE 9 MANY TRIALS ( ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 WAS OBVI\SLY 9 SYMPA?Y ) ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE & AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS4 ,BE=E HIS APPO9TM5T = ?IS TRIAL CASE HE HAD ALREADY BE5 9 ,KOREA 9 ,JULY & ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#c1 ) A GR\P ( ,KOREAN RADICALS1 MO/LY COMMUNI/S1 FROM ! ,NOR? ,/> ,SOCIETY1 :I* WAS ORGANIZ$ SEP>ATELY \T ( ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY 9 ,TOKYO4 ,:ILE 9 ,KOREA1 ,FUZE GAVE TALKS 9 MANY CITIES = AB\T T5 TIMES ALONG ) O!R ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/S LIKE ,KITAH>A ,TATSUO 7#a#h#i#b-871 !N-$ITOR ( ,ADVANC+ 7,SUSUME74 ,FUZE /AY$ 9 ! P59SULA UNTIL ,AUGU/ #a#b4 ,DUE TO HIS P]SONAL POPUL>ITY AMONG ,KOREAN RADICALS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 HE WAS GIV5 A SPECIAL *ANCE DUR+ HIS /AY TO DELIV] HIS [N TALK1 TITL$ 0,! ,SPIRIT ( ,PROP]TYLESS ,CLASS0 7,MUSAN GYEGUEP UI JEONGS971 ALL BY HIMSELF 9 ! CITY ( ,MASAN 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#c1 :I* AN>*I/ ,KIM ,HYEONG-YUN 7#a#i#c-#a#i#g#c7 FROM ! CITY1 ATT5D$ & F\ND TO BE A 0GREAT TALK40.<#c#d#d.> ,FUZE'S TALK MU/ HAVE HAD AN IMM5SE IMPACT ON MANY 9 ! CITY ( ,MASAN & ITS VIC9ITY1 AS ,MASAN BECAME ONE ( ! C5T]S ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 S\!RN ,KOREA4 

,KIM ,HYEONG-YUN BELONG$ TO AN AN>*I/ GR\P BAS$ 9 ! CITIES ( ,MASAN & ,*ANGWON1 BO? NE> ,BUSAN4 ,KIM SEEM$ TO HAVE SP5T SOME YE>S 9 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA >\ND 9 #aibc OR #a#i#b#d1 :]E HE SUPPOS$LY MET MANY AN>*I/S & PROBABLY HIMSELF BECAME ONE4 ,HE WAS KN[N = HIS AUDACI\S ANTI-,JAPANESE ACTION 9 #a#i#b#e1 9 ! CITY ( ,MIRYANG NE> ,MASAN2 HE ALLEG$LY TOOK \T ! EYEBALLS ( A ,JAPANESE P]SON DUR+ HIS FI<T1 :I* 9 TURN E>N$ HIM ! NICKNAME ( ,MOKBAL 7LIT]ALLY MEAN+ 0EYEBALLS TAK5 \T074 ,LAT] 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ,KIM PLANN$ TO E/ABLI% ) ,JO ,JUNGBOK & ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ONE ( ! ,YI BRO!RS 9 ,*9A1 A PUBLI%+ COMPANY NAM$ ,FRE$OM 7JAYU71 NAM$ AFT] ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 9 ,5GL&1 BUT WAS UNABLE TO DO SO4.<#c#d#e.> ,ANO!R NOTABLE AN>*I/ 9 ! ,MASAN & ,*ANGWON AN>*I/ GR\P WAS ,KIM ,SAN 7#a#h#i#h-81 NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) ,KIM ,SAN 9 ,S,O,A71 :O EXIL$ TO ,%AN<AI 9 #aibb & /UDI$ !OLOGY AT ,J9L+ ,UNIV]SITY 7TODAY'S ,NANJ+ ,UNIV]SITY7 9 ,NANJ+4 ,DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,NANJ+1 ,KIM BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,YI ,EULGYU1 & WAS CONV9C$ ?AT ! ,BIBLE CONTA9$ AN AN>*I/ SPIRIT4 ,:5 HE RETURN$ TO ,MASAN FROM ,*9A1 HE OP5$ HIS [N *UR*1 POSSIBLY TO SPREAD AN>*I/ IDEALS AS WELL AS ! ,GOD'S MESSAGES4 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ,KIM RECEIV$ A REQUE/ FROM ,YI ,JEONGGYU 9 #aibh TO S5D A REPRES5TATIVE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! CITY ( ,MASAN TO ATT5D ! S*$UL$ MEET+ ( ,EA/]N AN>*I/S 9 ,NANJ+1 TO E/ABLI% ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 9 #a#i#b#h4 ,9 RESPONSE1 ,KIM SEEM$ TO WORK ) ,KIM ,HYEONG-YUN & ,KIM ,YONG*AN TO SELECT ,YI ,SEOKGYU1 :O WAS DISPAT*$ TO ,NANJ+ TO ATT5D ! AN>*I/ MEET+ AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,LAT] 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ,KIM ,SAN S*EM$ TO SET UP AN IDEAL RURAL VILLAGE 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 = :I* HE WAS 9 & \T ( ,JAPANESE PRISON1 S9CE HIS ACTIVITIES 9VOLV$ SOME /UD5T MOVEM5T & ! ,RURAL ,VILLAGE ,SOCIETY 7,NONG*ON SA74.<#c#d#f.> 

,AL?\< ,JAPANESE COLONIAL PROSECUTORS AT ! TRIALS ( ?OSE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM ! CITIES ACC\NT$ = ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,MASAN & ,*ANGWON AS A 0SY/EMATIC0 ORGANIZATIONAL MOVEM5T1 GIV5 ! FREQU5TLY ATTEMPT$ FABRICATIONS AB\T ?OSE ORGANIZATIONS BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE & PROSECUTORS1 ! ORGANIZATIONS 9 QUE/ION W]E )\T VISIBLE ACTIVITIES & W]E 9 FACT MORE LIKE /UDY GR\PS = AN>*I/ BOOKS ( Y\NG PEOPLE 9 ! SMALL CITIES1.<#c#d#g.> RA!R ?AN ANY SY/EMATICALLY ORGANIZ$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ) ANY CONCRETE PROGRAM1 & SO =?4 ,UNTIL ! RETURN ( ,*OE ,GAPRYONG & ,YI ,HONGGEUN FROM ,TOKYO TO COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#g1 !RE W]E NO MAJOR VISIBLE1 LA/+1 & ACTIVE NATIONWIDE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T_/ORGANIZATION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS ALL ! ATTEMPTS ,I HAVE DESCRIB$ ?US F> W]E1 AS EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 IMM$IATELY SUPPRESS$ & RESOLV$1 9 MO/ CASES ) FABRICAT$ OR AT LEA/ EXAGG]AT$ /ORIES AB\T !M AS DANG]\S VIOL5T AN>*I/ GR\PS4 ,NOTE ?AT NO ABOVE-M5TION$ AN>*I/ GR\PS PUT =W>D ANY T]RORISM-ORI5T$ AG5DA_/GOALS OR C>RI$ \T T]ROR-ORI5T$ ACTIONS4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 IT IS ALSO TRUE ?AT SOME AN>*ISM-9SPIR$ Y\? AUDACI\SLY CONT9U$ TO DISP]SE AN>*I/ IDEALS1 ALSO (T5 PROPAGAT+ VIOL5CE BUT ONLY 9 VA94 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,YU ,UYEOL & O!RS1 IT IS SAID1 PUBLI%$ & S5T \T ! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,NIHILI/ ,P>TY 7,HEO-MU DANG SEONEON7 9 ,JANU>Y #aibf TO !IR COMPATRIOTS 9 ! P59SULA4 ,YU1 ! LEAD+ P]SON 9 WRIT+ & DISSIPAT+ ! DECL>ATION BY REGUL> MAIL1 US$ TO BE 9 ,TOKYO = /UDY1 & HAD BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S S9CE #a#i#b#c1 9 ,SE\L & ,DAEGU4 ,HE WAS OBVI\SLY 9SPIR$ BY ,RUSSIAN NIHILI/S & ! ,DECL>ATION ( ,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION WRITT5 BY ,%9 ,*AEHO 9 #aibc = ! ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P 9 ,*9A4 ,! DECL>ATION ,YI S5T \T 9 #aibf EMPHASIZ$ A REVOLUTION ?AT W\LD 9EVITABLY TAKE PLACE 9 ,KOREA1 = ! ,KOREAN MASSES ?R\< !IR DIRECT ACTION1 9CLUD+ VIOL5T DE/RUCTION1 & ! FUNDAM5TAL DE/RUCTION ( ALL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT BORE P[] 9VOLV+ SU* ?+S AS POLITICS & LAW4 ,PROPAGAT+ VIOL5CE & DE/RUCTION1 ,YU'S DECL>ATION WAS DRIV5 BY NATIONALI/ ASPIRATION 9 NATURE BUT NEV]!LESS PO9T$ TO ITS SOCIAL DIM5SIONS ( ! REVOLUTION 9 VISION & DIRECTION4.<#c#d#h.> 

,AN>*I/S 9 ,9DU/RIALIZ+ ,NOR!RN ,KOREA 

  

,:ILE ALMO/ ALL AN>*I/S' ATTEMPTS TO HAVE !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS 9 S\!RN ,KOREA HAD FAIL$ AS ( #a#i#b#e1 ! POPUL>ITY ( AN>*ISM SEEM$ TO SURVIVE & CONT9UE TO SPREAD ?R\<\T COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,& ! C5T] ( AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES GRADUALLY MOV$ NOR?W>D FROM #a#i#b#g4 ,9 FACT1 SIMIL> TO ! SITUATION 9 S\!RN ,KOREA1 SEV]AL ATTEMPTS TO E/ABLI% AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ OR AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 NOR!A/]N ,KOREA C\LD HAVE ALREADY BE5 MADE AFT] #a#i#a#i1 BUT !IR EXI/5CE ONLY BECAME VISIBLE AFT] #a#i#b#g1 ) SOME SUB/ANTIAL & VISIBLE ACTIVITIES !RE4 ,ON ,AUGU/ #h1 #a#i#b#g1 A SECRET SOCIETY CALL$ ! ,I*EON ,FREE ,SOCIETY 7,I*EON JAYUHOE7 WAS ALLEG$LY PLANN+ TO =M 9 ,I*EON ,C\NTY 7,GUN7 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,GANGWON ,PROV9CE4 ,IT IS UNKN[N IF IT WAS F9ALLY ORGANIZ$4 ,! PLANN$ SOCIETY'S GOAL WAS TO BUILD AN AN>*O-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY BY REJECT+ ! /ATE & PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,IT SEEMS ?AT ?OSE WORK+ 9 RURAL VILLAGES W]E ! SOCIETY'S LEAD+ FIGURES :O 9 ITS 9CEPTION WANT$ TO PROMOTE RURAL CULTURE & HELP RURAL Y\? RECEIVE $UCATION4.<#c#d#i.> 

,F>!R NOR!A/1 9 ! CITY ( ,WONSAN 9 ,S\!RN ,HAMGYEONG ,PROV9CE1 A SOCIETY CALL$ ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,M5 ( ,9/9CTS 7,BONNEUNG-A YEONMA5G7 WAS E/ABLI%$ ON ,APRIL #a1 #a#i#b#g1 BY ,YI ,HYANG & ,JO ,SIWON4 ,! =M]'S C>E] & CONCEPT HE 9V5T$ DES]VE \R SPECIAL ATT5TION4 ,YI WAS AN AN>*I/ LIT]>Y FIGURE & HAS BE5 KN[N = HIS ROLE 9 ! DEBATE BETWE5 AN>*I/ & ,BOL%EVIK LIT]>Y FIGURES 9 ! #a#i#bS1 BUT MO/ IMPORTANTLY = HIS [N CONCEPT ( 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE .<B9*EON.> CLASS10 9 PLACE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS4.<#c#e.> ,HE CO9$ ! T]M DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS AFT] HIS REFLECTIONS ON ! ,KOREAN SITUATION4 ,SIMPLY SPEAK+1 HE WANT$ TO AVOID US+ ! T]M PROLET>IAT 7MUSAN GYEGEUP1 LIT]ALLY PROP]TYLESS CLASS71 S9CE HE ?\<T ?AT ! PROLET>IAN CLASS MEANT = HIM ONLY ! WAGE WORK]S :O SOLD !IR LABOR )\T ACTUAL PRODUCTION MEANS4 ,! CONCEPT ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS1 H[EV]1 HE BELIEV$1 C\LD NOT 9CLUDE & EMBRACE MANY ,KOREANS :O HAD BE5 DEPRIV$ ( ALL PRODUCTION MEANS :ATSOEV] = !IR SURVIVAL1 &1 !RE=E1 !Y W]E ! ONES TO BE LIB]AT$ FROM DOM9ATION & OPPRESSION4.<#c#e#a.> ,HIS CONCEPT ( 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS0 MEANT TO BE A MU* BROAD] T]M1 TO 9CLUDE ! MAJORITY 9 ,KOREA :O1 9 HIS ?9K+1 W]E NOT WAGE WORK]S NECESS>ILY AT ! TIME4 ,9 HIS LIT]>Y UND]/&+1 ,YI ALSO EMPHASIZ$ 0! NATIONAL REALITY0 7M9JOKJEOK HYEONSIL71 0! PRES5T0 7HYEONJAE71 & 0PLACE-BAS$-NESS0 7HYEONJANG74.<#c#e#b.> ,HIS CONCEPT SEEM$ TO HAVE MORE APPEAL+ P[] TO MANY & ?US WAS WIDELY ACCEPT$1 GA9+ ITS POPUL>ITY 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA AMONG AN>*I/S1 AS IT WAS US$ BY MANY O!R AN>*I/S 9 ! NOR?1 :I* ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[4 ,! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,M5 ( ,9/9CTS ,YI CO-ORGANIZ$ CONDUCT$ ITS SECRET ACTIVITIES ?R\< A MU* L>G] ORGANIZATION CALL$ ! ,WONSAN ,Y\? ,SOCIETY 7,WONSAN *EONGNYEON HOE71 POSSIBLY AN AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ SOCIETY1 ALSO =M$ 9 #aibg 9 ! CITY ( ,WONSAN1 ) ITS BASIC MISSION TO COPE ) ! COMMUNI/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! >EA4.<#c#e#c.> 

,ALSO E/ABLI%$ 9 ! SAME YE> 9 NOR!A/]N ,KOREA W]E ! ,LEAGUE ( ,FREE ,WORK]S 9 ,WONSAN 7,WONSAN JAYU NODONGJA YEONMA5G71 ORGANIZ$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #h1 #a#i#b#g1 & ! ,HAMHEUNG ,SOCIETY ( ! ,Y\? ,MOV+ ,=W>D 7,HAMHEUNG JEONGJ9 *EONGNYEON HOE71 ORGANIZ$ ON ,NOVEMB] #a#c1 #a#i#b#g1 BO? ( :I* W]E T>GET+ WORK]S & Y\?S 9 ! TWO CITIES1 ,WONSAN & ,HAMHEUNG 9 ,NOR!RN ,HAMGYEONG ,PROV9CE4 ,9 ADDITION1 A YE> LAT]1 9 #a#i#b#h1 ! ,FREE ,Y\? ,SOCIETY 9 ,HAMHEUNG 7,HAMHEUNG JAYU SO-NYEON HOE7 WAS ALSO E/ABLI%$4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 NOT MU* 9=MATION IS AVAILABLE AB\T !SE ORGANIZATIONS4 ,O!R ?AN ?OSE 9 ! CITIES ( ,WONSAN & ,HAMHEUNG1 !RE WAS ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,DAN*EON 7,DAN*EON HEUK-U HOE71 ORGANIZ$ ON ,APRIL #b#b1 #aibi OR 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#i1 9 ! CITY ( ,DAN*EON 9 ,S\!RN ,HAMGYEONG ,PROV9CE4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT1 ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,DAN*EON1 COLLABORAT+ ) V>I\S Y\?1 WORK]S1 & T5ANT F>M]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! >EA1 ADOPT$ & US$ ! T]M DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS ?AT ,YI ,HYANG FROM ,WONSAN CONCEPTUALIZ$1 9 ORD] TO REALIZE ITS GOAL TO 0PROMOTE A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ( ! DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS1 BAS$ UPON ! SPIRIT ( SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE40.<#c#e#d.> 

,FOLL[+ ! ACTIVITIES 9 ! NOR!A/]N P>T ( COLONIAL ,KOREA ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! NOR?WE/]N P>T ( ! ,KOREAN P59SULA ALSO BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES BUT ONLY SPORADICALLY4 ,AT ! TIME :5 ,*OE ,GAPRYONG & ,YI ,HONGGEUN RETURN$ TO ,KOREA FROM ,TOKYO >\ND 9 #a#i#b#g1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD BE51 AS DEMON/RAT$ ABOVE1 QUITE ACTIVE 9 ! CITIES LIKE ,WONSAN & ,HAMHEUNG1 POSSIBLY BECAUSE MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN HAD ALREADY BE5 RU%+ BACK TO ,KOREA S9CE ,JULY #a#i#b#f4.<#c#e#e.> ,IT IS NOT CLE> :Y MANY ,JAPAN-BAS$ AN>*I/S W]E RETURN+ 5 MASSE TO ,KOREA SUDD5LY FROM MID-#a#i#b#f4 ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE1 ?\<1 ?AT !IR HOMECOM+ FROM #aibf HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! >RE/ & TRIAL ( ,BAK ,YEOL & HIS ,JAPANESE COMRADE & LOV] ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO1 9 P>TICUL> ! LATT]'S DEA? 9 PRISON 9 ,UTSUNOMIYA 9 ,TO*IGI ,PREFECTURE ON ,JULY #bc #a#i#b#f4 ,!IR RETURN TO ,KOREA MI<T HAVE HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) !IR FE> ( >RE/ & TORTURE 9 ,JAPAN AFT] WITNESS+ ,BAK'S TRIAL & ,KANEKO'S DEA? 9 PRISON4 ,OR !Y C\LD HAVE S*EM$ ,KANEKO'S REV5GE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BY REVIV+ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! ,KOREAN P59SULA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 AFT] #a#i#b#g1 A YE> AFT] ,KANEKO'S DEA? 9 PRISON4 

,9 ADDITION1 IT IS ALSO PLAUSIBLE ?AT ?OSE RETURN$ AN>*I/S C\LD HAVE WANT$ TO REBUILD !IR MOVEM5T AFT] MO/ ATTEMPTS TO BUILD AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 S\!RN ,KOREA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CITIES ( ,DAEGU1 ,MASAN1 & ,*ANGWON1 LET ALONE ,SE\L1 HAD ALL BE5 DISCOV]$ 9 ADVANCE & CRU%$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE1 RESULT+ 9 ! >RE/ & LOSS ( MANY 9VOLV$ AN>*I/S4 ,!SE OBVI\S FAILURES 9 ! S\? BY #a#i#b#e1 TOO1 C\LD HAVE PROMPT$ ! RETURN ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN TO COLONIAL ,KOREA1 9 ORD] TO R5EW !IR AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES BY EXP&+ OR BUILD+ NEW AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! NOR?1 IF NOT AGA9 9 ! S\?4 ,F9ALLY1 ! 9CREAS$ ACTIVITIES ( ! COMMUNI/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BY ! MID-#a#i#bS C\LD HAVE BE5 ANO!R FACTOR = ?IS RU% ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN BACK TO ,KOREA4 ,9DU/RIALIZ+ NOR!RN ,KOREA MU/ HAVE APPE>$ TO !M1 JU/ LIKE TO ! COMMUNI/S1 AS A PLACE ) MU* MORE FAVORABLE CONDITIONS = !IR MOVEM5T1 9 P>TICUL>1 ) ! PRES5CE ( AN 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( WORK]S4 

,IT WAS 9 ?IS CONTEXT ?AT ONE ( ! BIGGE/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 NOR?WE/]N ,KOREA1 9 ! CITY ( ,PYONGYANG4 ,IT WAS ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION 7,GWANSEO ,HEUK-U HOE71 ORGANIZ$ AGA9 BY ?OSE :O HAD RETURN$ TO ,KOREA S9CE #a#i#b#f1 SU* AS ,YI ,HONGGEUN & ,*OE ,GAPRYONG4 ,YI & ,*OE W]E TWO LEAD+ FIGURES 9 ?IS NEW AN>*I/ V5TURE ATTEMPT$ ON ,DECEMB] #b#b1 #a#i#b#g1 AT ,*EONDOGYO ,HALL 9 ! CITY ( ,PYONGYANG4 ,IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,SOCIETY WAS FIR/ NAM$ ! ,LIKE-,M9D$ ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION 7,GWANSEO DONG-U HOE71 POSSIBLY 9 AN ATTEMPT TO CAM\FLAGE IT AS AN APOLITICAL ORD9>Y FRAT]NITY ORGANIZATION TO ESCAPE ,JAPANESE SURVEILLANCE4 ,SOON AFT]1 H[EV]1 = UNKN[N REASONS1 IT WAS R5AM$ ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION1 DISCLOS+ ITS MA9 AN>*I/ ID5TITY1 GOALS1 & PR9CIPLES ) ! USE ( ! WORD BLACK4 ,! ,SOCIETY PLAC$ ITS GOALS ON ! TOTAL LIB]ATION ( LABOR CLASS & ! REPUDIATION ( 0PR(ESSIONAL ACTIVI/S0 7I4E41 COMMUNI/S7 & !IR 0NAK$ P[]-ISM0 7GANGGWON JUUI71 AS WELL AS ! PROPAGATION ( ! SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE PR9CIPLE4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ITS MA9 /RUGGLE TOOK AIM AT LIB]AT+ WORK]S & PEASANTS ?R\< SPONTANE\S ORGANIZATIONS & FI<T+ ! COMMUNI/S4 ,! ,SOCIETY ALSO OP5$ & RAN A BRAN* (FICE ( ANO!R AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BLACK ,FRONT ,SOCIETY 7,HEUKSAEK JEONSEON SA71 AT ,*OE'S HOME1 POSSIBLY 9 ! CITY ( ,PYONGYANG1 TO DISSIPATE AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 ,KOREA1 :ILE CONT9U+ TO LAUN* O!R POPUL> ORGANIZATIONS1 9 P>TICUL> LABOR UNIONS 9 ! >EA4 ,! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION MA9TA9$ ITS CONTACTS ) MANY O!R AN>*I/S BO? AT HOME & ABROAD ?R\< ! BRAN* (FICE ( ! ,BLACK ,FRONT ,SOCIETY4 ,BESIDES ORGANIZ+ WORK]S 9TO LABOR UNIONS TOGE!R1 ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! TWO SOCIETIES IS UNKN[N4 ,! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION WAS TO HO/ ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#b#i1 POSSIBLY UTILIZ+ ! V>I\S CONTACTS OR ! NETWORK IT HAD MA9TA9$ ?R\< ITS SUBORGANIZATION4 ,! ,BLACK ,FRONT ,SOCIETY ALSO OP5$ LAT] A ,LABOR ,NI<T ,S*OOL 7,NODONG YAHAK7 TO PROMOTE ! SPIRIT ( WORK-/UDY & SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG WORK]S4.<#c#e#f.> 

,! PLAT=M ( ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION DEL9EATES ITS GOALS 9 GREAT DETAIL4 ,9 IT ! ,SOCIETY FIR/ M&AT$ ?AT ITS MEMB]S 7#a7 REPUDIATE ! IDEA ( C5TRALIZATION 7JUNG-ANG JIPGWON7 & NAK$ P[]-ISM 7GANGGWON JUUI7 & EMPHASIZE ! IDEA ( SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE 7JAYU YEONHAP71 7#b7 PL$GE ! COMPLETE LIB]ATION ( ! 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS10 & F9ALLY 7#c7 REPUDIATE ALL K9DS ( IDOL WOR%IPS4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME ,S\? ,KOREAN S*OL>S1 ! ,SOCIETY1 0= ! FIR/ TIME 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA10 9T5D$ TO WORK 0SY/EMATICALLY0 = ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! RI<TS ( ,KOREAN PEASANTS & WORK]S1 9 P>TICUL>1 ! LATT]'S WORK+ CONDITIONS4.<#c#e#g.> ,9 ADDITION1 ( SPECIAL 9T]E/ IS ! ,SOCIETY'S SEEM+ AVOIDANCE ( M5TION+ 9DEP5D5CE1 JU/ LIKE MO/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#bS2 !RE WAS NO M5TION ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE OR NATIONAL LIB]ATION 9 ! ,SOCIETY'S PLAT=M &_/OR DECL>ATION1 ALBEIT NATIONALISM CLE>LY WAS ONE ( ITS MOV+ =CES 9 !IR ACTIVITIES4.<#c#e#h.> ,! ,SOCIETY'S REF]5CE TO ! 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS0 9 ITS PLAT=M1 AS HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I ,M9ORU POSITS1 ALSO 9DICATES ! POPUL>ITY & 9FLU5CE ( ,YI ,HYANG'S CONCEPT1 EV5 9 ! NOR?WE/]N >EA1 :I* POSSIBLY SUGGE/S ?AT ITS IMM$IATE GOAL WAS SET ) CONSID]ATION ( ! LOCAL CONDITIONS :]E ! LIB]ATION ( ! 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS0 FROM !IR H>D%IP WAS ( IMM$IATE IMPORTANCE4 ,IT ALSO D5OTES ?AT1 GIV5 ?AT ,YI ,HYANG HAD MO/LY BE5 ACTIVE 9 ! NOR!A/]N >EA & ! CITY ( ,WONSAN & ITS VIC9ITY1 & HAD /AY$ 9 ! CITY ( ,PYONGYANG 9 NOR?WE/]N >EA AT ! TIME ONLY = AB\T F\R MON?S1 ,YI'S CONCEPT ( ! 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS0 MU/ HAVE BE5 SPREAD WIDELY & RECEIV$ WELL BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ?R\<\T ! NOR!RN P>T ( ,KOREA1.<#c#e#i.> EV5 BY ?OSE :O HAD RETURN$ FROM ,JAPAN1 SU* AS ,YI ,HONGGEUN & ,*OE ,GAPRYONG4 ,! CONCEPT MU/ HAVE BE5 NEW TO MANY AN>*I/S RETURN$ FROM ,JAPAN1 BUT !IR ADOPTION & USE ( IT CLE>LY DEMON/RATE !IR OP5NESS & WILL+NESS TO MEET ! LOCAL CONDITIONS & USE ! LOCAL LANGUAGE 9 LAUN*+ !IR MOVEM5T4 

,AS EXPLA9$ ABOVE1 ! T]M DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS SEEM$ TO BE ACCEPT$ & US$ WIDELY TO DEF9E & 9CLUDE ?OSE ( ! RUL$ & EXPLOIT$ 9 BO? URBAN & RURAL >EAS ( NOR!RN ,KOREA1 :O HAD NO SURVIVAL & PRODUCTION MEANS :ATSOEV]1 UNLIKE ! PROLET>IAT :O W]E1 BY DEF9ITION1 BASICALLY WAGE WORK]S4.<#c#f.> ,AS M5TION$1 ! POPUL>ITY & ACCEPTANCE ( ,YI'S CONCEPT CAN BE EXPLA9$ 9 T]MS ( ! ONGO+ 9DU/RIALIZATION 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA BY ,JAPANESE COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 COMP>ISON ) AGRICULTURAL S\!RN ,KOREA AT ! TIME1 ! IMM$IATE ISSUE AN>*I/S FAC$ & WANT$ TO TACKLE 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! P59SULA1 9 O!R WORDS1 C\LD HAVE BE5 SOME RURAL PROBLEMS & LABOR-RELAT$ ISSUES AT H& AS A RESULT ( RAPID 9DU/RIALIZATION & ITS CONSEQU5CES 9 ! #a#i#bS1 RA!R ?AN ANY SEEM+LY DI/ANT NATIONAL OR TRANSNATIONAL GOAL4 ,ANO!R POSSIBILITY IS ! 9FLU5CE ( ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :OSE UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM HAD BE5 9FLU5C$ BY ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM2 !IR GOAL 9 ACTIVITY HAD POSSIBLY BE5 PLAC$ MORE ON SOCIAL ISSUES 9 LEAGUE ) ! V>I\S TR5DS ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ( ! TIME1 :I* MADE !M MORE WILL+ TO CONSID] SU* A PLAC$-BAS$ T]M4 ,:ATEV] ! REASON1 ! APPLICATION ( ,YI ,HYANG'S CONCEPT TO AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA PO9TS TO ! EMPHASIS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! >EA PUT 9 !IR PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM ON ! SOCIAL PROBLEMS 9 ! PLACE !Y W]E1 UNLIKE MO/ AN>*I/S 9 S\!RN ,KOREA4 ,9 FACT1 LOCAL ACCOMMODATIONS C\LD HAVE BE5 A USEFUL TACTIC = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO AVOID TEMPOR>ILY OR PO/PONE !IR M5TION+ ( 9DEP5D5CE1 PRIM>ILY 9 ORD] TO ESCAPE ! 9TELLIG5CE NETWORK ( & \TRI<T SUPPRESSION BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,ABOVE ALL1 H[EV]1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA SEEM$ TO BE WILL+ TO MEET ! DIV]SE DEM&S & NE$S ( ! PEOPLE1 :I* USUALLY SPRANG FROM DIFF]5T LOCAL CONDITIONS & SITUATIONS1 & PRACTIC$ AN>*ISM ACCORD+LY4 

,ALWAYS FAC+ \TRI<T SUPPRESSION1 SMALL AN>*I/ GR\PS NEV]!LESS CONT9U$ TO EM]GE 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 ALBEIT ALL %ORT-LIV$ )\T ANY GOOD VISIBLE TRACE4 ,9 ,ANJU ( ,S\!RN ,PYEONG-AN ,PROV9CE1 ,AN ,BONG-YEON1 ,KIM ,HANSU1 ,YI ,SUN*ANG1 ,KIM ,YON<O1 & SO ON ORGANIZ$ ! ,ANJU ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 7,ANJU HEUK-U HOE7 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#i1 & W]E LAT] JO9$ BY ,YI ,HYEOK & ,AN ,YEONGGEUN1 BO? ( :OM HAD BE5 9 ,TOKYO = /UDY & HAD BE5 9VOLV$ 9 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES !RE4 ,AMONG ITS MEMB]S1 ,AN ,BONG-YEON W\LD DIE 9 ! NOTORI\S ,WE/ ,GATE 7,SEODAEMUN7 ,PRISON 9 ,SE\L AFT] BE+ >RE/$ LAT] 9 ! SAME YE> = HIS P>TICIPATION 9 ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7SEE BEL[74 ,YE>S LAT] 9 #a#i#c1 A SECRET SOCIETY-LIKE AN>*I/ GR\P1 CALL$ ! ,*EOLSAN ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 7,*EOLSAN ,HUEK-U HOE71 WAS ALSO ORGANIZ$ 9 ! C\NTY ( ,*EOLSAN 9 ,NOR!RN ,PYEONG-AN ,PROV9CE BY A GR\P ( Y\?S1 L$ BY ,JEONG ,*EOL1 :O HAD BE5 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIAL ISSUES FROM HIS HI< S*OOL YE>S4 ,ITS MEMB]S SOON NUMB]$ AB\T ONE HUNDR$1 BUT W]E ALL >RE/$4 ,! ,SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 WAS SOON DISSOLV$4.<#c#f#a.> 

,! LA/ MAJOR ATTEMPT BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! NOR!RN P>T ( COLONIAL ,KOREA TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES WAS ! FOIL$ UND]TAK+ TO E/ABLI% ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,K,A,F1 ,JOSEON GONGSAN MUJEONGBU JUUIJA YEONMA5G7 SECRETLY ON ,NOVEMB] #a1 #a#i#b#i1 AFT] ! ,JAPANESE SUPPRESSION ( ! ABORT$ ,CONV5TION ( ,ALL ,KOREA ,BLACK ,MOVEM5T ,ACTIVI/S 7,JEON JOSEON HEUKSAEK SAHOE UNDONGJA DAEHOE71 ORIG9ALLY S*$UL$ TO BE HELD 9 ,PYONGYANG FROM ,NOVEMB] #a TO #a#a1 #a#i#b#i4 ,! C5TRAL FIGURES 9 !SE TWO UND]TAK+S W]E ,YI ,HONGGEUN & ,*OE ,GAPRYONG1 & ! CONV5] ( ! ,CONV5TION WAS ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,GWANSEO ,REGION ( :I* BO? ,YI & ,*OE W]E MEMB]S4 ,*OE PRESID$ OV] ! PRELIM9>Y MEET+ = ! ,CONV5TION ON ,AUGU/ #e ( ! SAME YE>4 ,! DECISION MADE AT ! MEET+ ) ATT5DANCE ( SOME AN>*I/S WAS REG>D+ !IR PLAN TO HOLD ! FIR/-EV] NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM BO? COLONIAL ,KOREA & ABROAD4 ,! AUDACI\S PLAN W5T SMOO?LY ONLY UNTIL ! S*$UL$ ,CONV5TION DREW ATT5TION FROM ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,:5 ! PLAN WAS F9ALLY DISCOV]$1 ?OSE :O HAD ALREADY >RIV$ 9 ! >EA ON TIME = ! ,CONV5TION HAD TO HIDE TO ESCAPE ANY POSSIBLE >RE/1 & ?OSE :O W]E ON !IR WAY TO ! >EA TO ATT5D IT HAD TO ABORT !IR TRIP4 ,! ,CONV5TION ITSELF WAS !RE=E ABORT$4 ,BUT MANY AN>*I/S W]E ALREADY 9 CU/ODY ( ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 ! NAME ( SO-CALL$ 9-ADVANCE DET5TION1 OR HAD BE5 DEPORT$4 

,ACCORD+ TO ! PLAN MADE = ! ,CONV5TION AT ITS PRELIM9>Y MEET+1 AN>*I/S FROM ,JAPAN & ,MAN*URIA 9 ADDITION TO ?OSE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E EXPECT$ TO BE PRES5T AT IT4 ,YU ,RIM WAS AMONG ?OSE :O AT ! RISK ( POT5TIAL >RE/ & EV5 HIS LIFE HAD COME FROM ,MAN*URIA TO ATT5D ! ,CONV5TION4 ,YU HAD BE5 ACTIVE MO/LY 9 ,MAN*URIA BUT WAS NOT WELL KN[N TO ! ,JAPANESE POLICE AT ! TIME ( IT 9 #a#i#b#i1 SO AT FIR/ HE ESCAP$ ANY POLICE ATT5TION & >RE/4 ,AL?\< EV5TUALLY >RE/$1 HE WAS RELEAS$ & !N DEPORT$ TO ,MAN*URIA1 DUE TO ! LACK ( EVID5CE = ,JAPANESE POLICE TO HOLD & PROSECUTE HIM4 ,AN>*I/S FROM ,JAPAN :O W]E 9CLUD$ ON ! LI/ ( ATT5DANTS W]E DEPORT$ TO ,JAPAN AS WELL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 :5 ,YU ,HYEONTAE >RIV$ AT ,PYONGYANG ,TRA9 ,/ATION TO ATT5D ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION ( AN>*I/S AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,TOKO ,LABOR ,UNION 9 ,TOKYO1 HE WAS >RE/$ AT SITE & S5T BACK TO ,JAPAN4 ,ALMO/ ALL AN>*I/S :O CAME = ! ,CONV5TION W]E DETA9$1 >RE/$1 DEPORT$1 OR FL$ & HID FROM ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4.<#c#f#b.> 

,! IDEA TO HOLD A NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BO? AT HOME & ABROAD WAS PROBABLY BOLD BUT NOT REALI/IC 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS4 ,! HOLD+ ( ! FIR/ NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W\LD HAVE TO WAIT UNTIL #a#i#d#f1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #e4 ,! S*$ULE = ! AMBITI\S NATIONAL CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #aibi EVID5TLY DIDN'T GO AS SMOO?LY AS PLANN$1 BUT IT WAS ! FIR/ ATTEMPT BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 & \TSIDE ,KOREA TO E/ABLI% !IR [N NATIONWIDE ORGANIZATION )9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 NOT 9 A =EIGN SOIL4 ,IT WAS A SOME:AT AUDACI\S BUT RECKLESS ATTEMPT1 GIV5 ! UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL CLIMATE ( COLONIAL ,KOREA & ! TI<T5$ ,JAPANESE POLICE SURVEILLANCE4 ,AS SOME S*OL>S SUGGE/1 IT C\LD RA!R HAVE BE5 PLANN$ NOT ONLY TO ORGANIZE ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BUT ALSO TO COPE ) ! GR[+ 9FLU5CE ( ! COMMUNI/S & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA AT ! TIME1.<#c#f#c.> AL?\< IT CAN'T BE CONFIRM$4 

,EV5 ?\< FAIL$1 ! ,CONV5TION 5TAIL$ AS ITS FRUIT AN EXT5D$ EF=T TO ORGANIZE ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 ,?OSE AN>*I/S :O W]E 9 ! >EA NE> ,PYONGYANG = ! CONV5TION BUT W]E NOT IMM$IATELY CAU<T1 >RE/$1 OR DETA9$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE W]E ABLE TO SECRETLY MEET & E/ABLI% ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,K,A,F7 ON ! S*$UL$ DATE ( ! CONV5TION4 ,! ,K,A,F WAS A PRODUCT ( AN EXT5D$1 SECRET EF=T TO SET UP AN ORGANIZATION ( ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 L$ MA9LY BY FIVE AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,*OE ,GAPRYONG & ,YU ,RIM4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT BE=E !IR >RE/ !Y MANAG$ TO HAVE A *ANCE TO MEET TOGE!R & W]E ABLE TO ANN\NCE =MALLY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,K,A,F4 ,AL?\< ! ,K,A,F WAS ! \TCOME ( ! ATTEMPT TO HAVE A NATIONWIDE ORGANIZATION L$ BY AN>*I/S !MSELVES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 IT IS QUITE D\BTFUL1 GIV5 ! >RE/ OR DEPORTATION ( ! LEAD+ AN>*I/ LIKE ,*OE & ,YU1 :E!R ! ,K,A,F ACTUALLY WAS ABLE TO FUNCTION AS SU* & EX]CISE ITS ROLE & RESPONSIBILITY TO OV]SEE OR TAKE ! LEAD]%IP ROLE = ALL AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,KOREA & POSSIBLY ABROAD AS WELL4 

,IT MU/ BE NOT$ H]E ?AT ! ,K,A,F'S PLAT=M DIDN'T SEEM TO 9CLUDE ANY CONCRETE WORD AB\T ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE OR NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 EI!R4 ,?IS WAS NOT UNUSUAL = AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS AT ! TIME 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS ,I HAVE DEMON/RAT$4 ,9CLUD$ 9 ITS PLAT=M RA!R W]E RADICAL & REVOLUTION>Y PROGRAMS ?AT AIM$ AT A SOCIAL REVOLUTION & ?US W]E TRANSNATIONAL 9 NATURE4 ,= A NEW ,KOREA1 ! PLAT=M /AT$1 ! ,K,A,F W\LD /RIVE = 0! ABOLITION ( ! EXI/+ /ATE SY/EM & ! TRANS=MATION ( IT 9TO A SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT IS F\ND$ ON FREE ALLIANCE & COMMUNE AS ITS PR9CIPLE UNIT02 0! ABOLITION ( ! EXI/+ PRIVATE PROP]TY SY/EM & RE=M .<NATIONAL ECONOMIC UNIT.> 9TO A DEC5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION02 & 0! ABOLITION ( ! EXI/+ CLASS & NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATIONS & ! ATTEMPT TO CON/RUCT A SOCIETY = ALL MANK9D ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 & FRAT]NITY40 ,! M5TION ( ABOLI%+ 0NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATION0 9 ! PLAT=M C\LD POSSIBLY BE GE>$ T[>D ! ,K,A,F'S BO? NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL GOALS TO GA9 9DEP5D5CE & TO CON/RUCT A G5U9E HUMAN SOCIETY = ALL MANK9D4.<#c#f#d.> ,ANO!R 9T]E/+ ?+ AB\T ! ,K,A,F IS ?AT IT HAD ITS CONCRETE1 /RICT CODE ( CONDUCT = ITS MEMB]S 9 !IR MOVEM5T4 ,! CODE PROHIBIT$ ITS MEMB]S FROM BECOM+ 5GAG$ 9 A CONFRONTATIONAL /RUGGLE ) COMMUNI/S1 POSSIBLY TO AVOID ANY WA/EFUL1 MEAN+LESS1 UNNECESS>Y CONFLICTS ) COMMUNI/S4 ,:ILE 5C\RAG$ TO 5DEAVOR TO ADVANCE ! MOVEM5T = PEASANTRY1 ! CODE DID NOT ALL[ ITS MEMB]S TO JO9 ANY O!R NATIONALI/ GR\P1 :I* IS UND]/&ABLE IF WE CONSID] AN>*I/S' CRITIQUES ( NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS AT ! TIME1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE BY ! ,JAPAN-BAS$ AN>*I/S1 AS N>R[LY FOCUS$ POLITICAL MOVEM5TS = 9COMPLETE LIB]ATION4.<#c#f#e.> 

,! ,K,A,F C\LD EXI/ = A :ILE BUT PROBABLY ONLY 9 NAME )\T ANY MAJOR ACTIVITIES2 IT CONT9U$ TO BE 9 HIB]NATION UNTIL ! ,JAPANESE POLICE ACCID5TLY F\ND \T AB\T ITS EXI/5CE 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,BESIDES >RE/ & CONT9U\S TI<T SURVEILLANCE BY ,JAPANESE POLICE ( ITS MEMB]S1 :I* W]E ! V]Y REASONS :Y ! ,K,A,F C\LD HAVE NO *ANCE TO EM]GE AS A NATIONWIDE ORGANIZATION ) SOME NOTABLE ACTIVITIES1 !RE W]E ADDITIONAL REASONS = ITS LONG HIB]NATION4 ,S9CE ITS E/ABLI%M5T 9 #a#i#b#i1 ! FAMILY ( ITS MEMB]S 9 ,KOREA SEEM$ TO SUFF] IMM5SELY AS WELL FROM ! H>D%IPS ( LIFE ) ECONOMIC DI/RESS & O!R PROBLEMS1 P>T ( :I* WAS DUE TO ! ,JAPANESE POLICE'S 9T5D$ H>% & BRUTAL TREATM5T ( !M4 ,9 H9DSI<T1 IT SEEMS IT WAS 9EVITABLE = MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 P>TICUL>LY ?OSE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 TO GIVE UP !IR FAI? 9 AN>*ISM OR MOVE AWAY FROM !IR AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES & REMA9 SIL5T1 NOT ONLY DUE TO !IR P]SONAL H>D%IPS &1 IF >RE/$1 POT5TIAL TORTURE1 BUT DUE AS WELL TO ! SUFF]+S & H>D%IPS ( !IR FAMILIES DELIB]ATELY CAUS$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE1 :I* !Y HAD TO PA9FULLY WITNESS & PROBABLY F\ND UN5DURABLE4.<#c#f#f.> 

,) ! DISCOV]Y BY ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE 9 #aica ( ! EXI/5CE 7IF NOT ACTIVITIES7 ( ! ,K,A,F1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T & ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BEGAN TO RAPIDLY WANE1 OR MORE PRECISELY DISAPPE>1.<#c#f#g.> & IT NEV] RECOV]$ EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e1 AT LEA/ NOT AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T = SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,H[EV]1 AS HI/ORIAN ,OH ,JANG-,:AN EXPLA9S1 V>I\S SMALL-SCALE AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES SEEM$ TO MANAGE TO SURVIVE & SOMEH[ CONT9UE UNTIL #a#i#d#e1 )\T ANY MAJOR 9TELLECTUAL OR POLITICAL IMPACTS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ACTIVITIES TO DISSEM9ATE AN>*I/ IDEAS ) ! =MATION ( CIRCLES & ! PUBLICATIONS ON AN>*ISM NEV] CEAS$1 AL?\< IT IS D\BTFUL H[ 9FLU5TIAL !Y W]E4 ,! AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS OBVI\SLY W]E /ILL AVAILABLE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AT LEA/1 AT ,TW5TIE? ,C5TURY ,BOOK/ORE1 :I* AS M5TION$1 OP5$ 9 ,SE\L & WAS RUN BY ,YI ,HYEOK4 ,YI SEEM$ TO BE 9VOLV$ ALSO 9 ! PUBLICATION ( A C\PLE ( O!R AN>*I/ J\RNALS--,NEW ,EA/ ,MAGAZ9E 7,S9 DONGBANGJI7 & ,BLACK ,:IRLW9D 7,HEUK SEONPUNG74 ,AS EXAM9$ E>LI]1 ,KIM ,HYEONG-YUN ) ,JO ,JUNGBOK & ,YI ,JEONGGYU ATTEMPT$ TOGE!R 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aicb TO OP5 A ,KOREAN V]SION ( ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS ( ,5GL&1 9 ORD] TO PUBLI% AN>*ISM-RELAT$ BOOKS1 :I* TOO W]E RE/RICT$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,SOME AN>*I/S LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 :O WAS BR\<T 9TO ,KOREA FROM ,*9A AFT] HIS >RE/ 9 ,OCTOB] #aibh 9 ,%AN<AI1 TURN$ !IR EYES TO ! FAIL$ V5TURE TO ORGANIZE A CU/OM]'S COOP]ATIVE ASSOCIATION 7SOBI JOHAP UNDONG7 9 #a#i#c#d1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HI/ORIAN ,OH ,JANG-,:AN1 WAS AN ATTEMPT TO LAY \T A F\NDATION = AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ! F>M+ VILLAGES ( COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,SOME O!R AN>*I/S =M$ ! ,PIONE] ,SOCIETY = ,READ+ ,BOOKS 7,SEON-GU DOKSEO HOE7 9 #a#i#c#h4.<#c#f#h.> ,H[EV] WE EVALUATE !SE 5DEAVORS AFT] #a#i#c#a1 IT IS C]TA9 ?AT1 GIV5 ALL !SE ACC\NTS1 AN>*I/S LIKE ,YI 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA SEEM$ TO TURN AN>*ISM 9TO A PR9CIPLE = SOCIAL MOVEM5T1 NOT AS A REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5T1 FROM ! #a#i#cS UNTIL #a#i#d#e1 IF ONLY TO FACILITATE !IR SURVIVAL UND] ,JAPANESE SURVEILLANCE & SUPPRESSION4 ,TO BE SURE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA NEV] DISCONT9U$ !IR AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ! #a#i#cS & '#dS BUT AT ! SAME TIME NEV] WANT$ OR W]E WILL+ TO GET ANY ATT5TION FROM ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE4 ,!Y HAD TO 5DURE DUR+ ! LONG 0COMBAT P]IOD0 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM FROM ! #a#i#cS UNTIL #a#i#d#e1 )\T ANY ACTUAL ABILITY & ORGANIZATION TO FI<T ,JAPAN4.<#c#f#i.> 

,PU%+ ! ,LIMITS 

  

,DESPITE ?AT ,KOREA WAS A COLONY ( ,JAPAN1 ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA READILY BEGAN TO DEVELOP 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS1 ALBEIT IT ONLY LA/$ = A HALF DECADE AS A VISIBLE MOVEM5T4 ,AT ITS \TSET1 !RE W]E SOME FAVORABLE CONDITIONS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA = ACCEPTANCE & DEVELOPM5T ( AN>*ISM1 :I* IRONICALLY CAME FROM ! COLONIAL CONDITIONS4 ,! AVAILABILITY ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ PUBLICATIONS & PRESS CONTRIBUT$ TO ! POPUL>ITY & RECEPTION ( AN>*ISM1 :I* WAS A BYPRODUCT ( ,KOREA BE+ A COLONY ( ,JAPAN & 9 GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY TO IT4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES & />T$ !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E EI!R =M] /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS TO ,JAPAN OR ?OSE :O HAD BE5 9 CONTACT ) AN>*I/ WORKS1 9 P>TICUL> BY ,OSUGI ,SAKAE &_/OR ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 AL?\< AN>*ISM HAD ALREADY BE5 KN[N TO ,KOREANS4 ,KOREANS UND] ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM 9DE$ HAD NO O!R *OICE BUT TO GO TO ,JAPAN = /UDY ABROAD OR = JOBS4 ,!IR COLONIZ] SOMEH[ PROVID$ ,KOREAN /UD5TS ) IMPORTANT NUTRITION = !IR RADICALIZATION1 BO? AT HOME & 9 ,JAPAN1 & ALSO (F]$ ABUNDANT *ANCES TO WORK ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S ) :OM !Y (T5 ASSOCIAT$ & TOOK ACTIONS TOGE!R4 ,9 MANY CASES1 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S W]E NOT JU/ !IR TEA*]S ( AN>*ISM BUT COMRADES 9 ACTIVITY AS WELL4 ,IT WAS AT ! TIME ?AT AN>*ISM WORLDWIDE ALSO BEGAN TO RETREAT & WANE 9 ! WAKE ( ! RISE ( ,BOL%EVISM FROM ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS NOT AN EXCEPTION 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,TO MAKE ?+S WORSE1 ANY ATTEMPT TO ORGANIZE OR DISSEM9ATE AN>*I/ GR\PS OR IDEAS SUFF]$ FROM \TRI<T1 BRUTAL SUPPRESSION BY ,JAPANESE POLICE :O REACT$ TO AN>*I/S \T ( !IR FE> ( T]RORISM & VIOL5CE4 

,?OSE :O BEGAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E =M] ,KOREAN 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS10 :O W]E CON/ANTLY ON ! MOVE TO & FROM ,JAPAN4 ,& !Y W]E MO/LY AFFILIAT$ ) ,BAK ,YEOL'S AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,TOKYO & L$ ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 S\!RN ,KOREA4 ,& !IR V>I\S MOVEM5TS W]E *>ACT]IZ$ BY !IR PROMOTION ( AN>*I/ IDEALS1 ) LITTLE REF]5CE TO ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 BO? ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN ,GYEONGSANG ,PROV9CES ( S\!RN ,KOREA 9 ! #a#i#bS1 AN>*I/S 5JOY$ !IR GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY TO ,JAPAN TO BR+ 9 ! 0SP>K ( REVOLUTION0 DIRECTLY FROM ,JAPAN ?R\< ! RETURN+ /UD5TS & TO S[ ! SE$S ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS1 RID+ 0! W9D BL[+ FROM ! ,EA/40 ,! G5]AL SOCIAL TR5D 9 ! TWO S\!RN PROV9CES1 ,NOR!RN & ,S\!RN ,GYEONGSANG ,PROV9CES1 W]E 9DE$ 0UND] ! GREAT 9FLU5CE ( .<! SOCIALI/ TR5D 9.> ,JAPAN10.<#c#g.> & !Y W]E TO BECOME A HOME ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e1 ) A S]IES ( AN>*I/ CONV5TIONS HELD !RE1 AB\T :I* ,I WILL EXPLA9 9 *APT] #e4 

,UNLIKE 9 S\!RN ,KOREA1 :]E ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BEGAN & FL\RI%$ AS A 0?\<T MOVEM5T0 TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM1 ! 9DU/RIALIZ+ >EAS ( ,HAMGYEONG & ,PYEONG-AN ,PROV9CES 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA PROVID$ DIFF]5T GR\NDS = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ) ABUNDANT LABOR =CES4 ,REFLECT+ ! COMPOSITION & SITUATION ( ! POPULATION 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 MANY AN>*I/S WILL+LY EMPLOY$ ,YI ,HYANG'S NEW CONCEPT ( 0POOR & HUMBLE CLASS0 9 PLACE ( ! PROLET>IAN CLASS TO DESCRIBE ! EXI/5TIAL CONDITIONS & SOCIAL RELATIONS !RE1 :]E PEASANTS AS WELL AS WORK]S TOGE!R FAC$ ! H>D%IPS & PA9S UND] ! 9DU/RIALIZATION PURSU$ BY ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,9 ADDITION1 MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA 9 !IR LABOR-RELAT$ ACTIVITIES BEGAN TO USE ! T]M BLACK AGA9 9 ! NAME ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 :ILE 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 AS IF !Y W]E NO LONG] AFRAID ( ,JAPANESE ATT5TION4 ,9 %ORT1 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 AN>*I/S W]E ORI5T$ & GE>$ MORE T[>D ! SOCIAL & LABOR ISSUES1 :I* WAS A PRODUCT ( 9DU/RIALIZATION !RE1 & !IR PLAC$-BAS$ APPROA*4 

,:ILE ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#bS COLONIAL ,KOREA WAS G5]ALLY DRIV5 BY 0PURE AN>*ISM10.<#c#g#a.> ! LABOR UNION-RELAT$ ACTIVITIES1 9CLUD+ ?OSE = PEASANTS1 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 9 P>TICUL> BY ,*OE ,GAPRYONG1 REVEAL EVID5CE ( ! PRACTICE ( AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ IDEAS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S S9CE ,*OE'S RETURN TO ,KOREA 9 #a#i#b#f4 ,?IS IS NOT TO SUGGE/ ?AT ?OSE AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA W]E MORE ADVANC$ 9 !ORY OR ORGANIZ$ BETT] SY/EMATICALLY1 BUT TO 9DICATE ! DIFF]5CES 9 !IR UND]/&+ & PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM EV5 )9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 :I* USUALLY RESULT$ FROM DIFF]5T LOCAL 5VIRONM5TS SURR\ND+ !IR RECEPTION & APPLICATION ( IT4 ,SIMPLY PUT1 AN>*ISM WAS ACCEPT$1 UND]/OOD1 & PRACTIC$ DIV]SELY 9 CORRESPOND5CE ) LOCAL DEM&S & SITUATION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,USUALLY CRUCIAL 9 DEF9+ ! GOAL & DET]M9+ ! MEANS & ME?ODS TO A*IEVE IT 9 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E1 ,I >GUE1 ! LOCAL DIFF]5CES4 ,! DIFF]5CES W]E DUE TO ! FACT ?AT NOR!RN ,KOREA WAS DEVELOP$ 9TO AN 9DU/RIAL >EA & ITS S\!RN P>T REMA9$ L>GELY AGR>IAN UND] ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICY4 

,9 ADDITION1 AS ! ,*OE ,GAPRYONG'S CASE DEMON/RATES1 IT IS QUITE OBVI\S ?AT E>LY AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD CLOSE TIES ) ITS C\NT]P>TS ABROAD1 9 P>TICUL> 9 ,JAPAN1 ?R\< AN>*I/S !MSELVES 9 MOTION MA9LY BETWE5 TWO PLACES1 ,TOKYO & ! ,KOREAN P59SULA4.<#c#g#b.> ,HEAVILY DEP5D5T ON 0! W9D FROM ! ,EA/10 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 H[EV]1 W]E NOT 9SULAT$1 EV5 FROM !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A1 9CLUD+ ,MAN*URIA4 ,YU ,RIM'S CASE 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS AT ! FAIL$ CONV5TION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 AMONG O!RS1 CLE>LY DEMON/RATES ! EXI/5CE ( SOME K9D ( A NETWORK AMONG !M1 :I* MADE !M REMA9 CONNECT$ ) MANY ,KOREANS >\ND ! REGION4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S CALL FROM ,*9A = A REPRES5TATIVE FROM COLONIAL ,KOREA TO ATT5D ! MEET+ ( ! ,EA/]N AN>*I/S 9 ,NANJ+ 9 #aibh ALSO DEMON/RATES! EXI/5CE ( A DIFF]5T K9D ( NETWORK AMONG !M4 ,:ILE EXTREMELY IMPOSSIBLE TO DETAIL ! EXI/5CE & OP]ATION ( ! NETWORK ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 DUE MA9LY TO ITS CONFID5TIAL NATURE & LACK ( EVID5CE & SUPPORT+ 9=MATION1 MANY S\RCES & MEMOIRS AVAILABLE TODAY UNANIM\SLY 9DICATE A CLOSE RELATION%IP MA9TA9$ ?R\<\T ! #a#i#bS TO #a#i#dS BETWE5 MANY AN>*I/S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,KOREA & ABROAD4 ,! RELATION%IP SEEM$ TO BE BUILT & !N MA9TA9$ 9 ! =MS ( DIRECT &_/OR SECRET P]SONAL CONTACTS & S5D+ & RECEIV+ !IR J\RNALS & O!R =MS ( PR9T$ MAT]IALS 9CLUD+ LETT]S1 & SO =?4.<#c#g#c.> ,NO MATT] :]E !Y W]E1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONT9U$ TO COMMUNICATE ) EA* O!R1 NOT TO M5TION ?AT AN>*I/S W]E ALWAYS ON ! MOVE FROM ONE TO O!R PLACES4 ,! UND]LY+ ISSUES 9 !IR COMMUNICATION MU/ HAVE BE5 NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 SOMETIMES EXPLICITLY & 9 O!R TIMES IMPLICITLY1 AS WELL AS SOCIAL REVOLUTION4 

,AL?\< IMBU$ ) NATIONALI/ ASPIRATION = 9DEP5D5CE JU/ LIKE ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ABROAD1 ?OSE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA DID NOT1 W]E NOT ABLE TO1 OR EV5 W]E NOT WILL+ TO PUT =W>D DIRECTLY & OP5LY ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 !IR ORGANIZATIONAL & PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES4 ,! REASONS = ?IS SEEM+ PASSIVITY 9 PROPAGAT+ AN>*ISM = ! CAUSE ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION W]E POSSIBLY TW(OLD4 ,! FIR/ PROBABLE REASON WAS TO AVOID ! ATT5TION ( ,JAPANESE POLICE AS MU* AS POSSIBLE BY AVOID+ REF]R+ TO !IR NATIONAL ASPIRATION4 ,ONCE !Y ATTEMPT$ TO PROPAGATE 9DEP5D5CE1 !Y MET ) \TRI<T ,JAPANESE SUPPRESSION1 & ?US WITNESS$ ! ULTIMATE LIMITS 9 !IR MOVEM5T UND] COLONIALISM4 ,! 9CREAS+ SUPPRESSION & TI<T5$ CONTROL BY ,JAPANESE COLONIAL POLICE MU/ HAVE DEEP5$ !IR FRU/RATION & SOMETIMES DESPAIR4 ,ACCORD+LY1 ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE MU/ HAVE BE5 AVOID$ AS MU* AS POSSIBLE1 ALBEIT TEMPOR>ILY4 ,SECOND1 GIV5 ! MAJOR ROLES PLAY$ BY ?OSE FROM ,TOKYO1 IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT !Y W]E FOCUS+ ON REVOLUTION ?AN JU/ ON POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ITSELF1 AFFECT$ BY ! G5]AL TR5D 9 ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM ( ! #a#i#bS1 :I* HAD NO ROOTS 9 NATIONAL LONG+ = 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y DELIB]ATELY AVOID$ REF]R+ TO ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE = !IR [N SURVIVAL OR /RATEGY1 & AT ! SAME TIME W]E PR$ISPOS$ TO ! CAUSE ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION BY !IR ORI5TATION4 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD TO DEAL ) V]Y LIMIT$1 RE/RICT$ RANGES ( ACTIVITIES4 ,H[EV]1 !Y LEFT A LONG-LA/+ IMPRESSION ?AT !IR MOVEM5T G5]ALLY WAS = A 0LIVELIHOOD /RUGGLE0 7AS OPPOS$ TO 0IDEOLOGICAL /RUGGLE07 AGA9/ ECONOMIC DI/RESS & H>D%IPS ,KOREANS 9 ! P59SULA FREQU5TLY UND]W5T UND] ! EXPLOITIVE1 DISCRIM9ATORY COLONIAL RULE4 ,)\T PRES5T+ AN IDEA & VISION TO BREAK D[N ! H>D%IPS ( LIFE 9 COLONY1 ESPECIALLY TO ! 0DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS10 !Y MI<T HAVE ?\<T IT W\LD BE MEAN+LESS TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM & W\LD EV5 UND]M9E !IR NOBLE GOAL = AN IDEAL SOCIETY1 :I* WAS ! CASE P>TICUL>LY 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA4 ,9 REALITY1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FAC$ O!R S]I\S ISSUES P]T95T TO ! POLITICAL & ECONOMIC H>D%IPS !IR FAMILIES1 AS WELL AS !Y !MSELVES1 HAD TO 5DURE DIRECTLY UND] ! COLONIAL CONTROL & SUPPRESSION1 :I* 9 MANY CASES R5D]$ SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S UNFAI?FUL 9 ! 5D TO !IR AN>*I/ BELIEF & EV5 CAUS$ SOME TO GIVE IT UP LAT] 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,SOME ( !M C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY HAVE SUPPORT$ ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE & ! ,JAPANESE PAN-,ASIAN VISION ( ! REGION DUR+ ! ,PACIFIC ,W>4.<#c#g#d.> 

,GIV5 ! EXTREMELY FRAGM5T$ & BIAS$ MAT]IALS AVAILABLE ON ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 IT IS ALMO/ IMPOSSIBLE TO CREATE A COMPREH5SIVE PICTURE ( IT 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,H[EV]1 TO PLACE IT 9 ! BROAD] CONTEXT ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BE=E #a#i#d#e1 ,I ?9K A G5]AL PICTURE CAN BE MADE )\T RISK+ DI/ORTION OR OV]G5]ALIZATION4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E G5]ALLY SPORADIC & SMALL 9 SIZE1 RA!R ?AN ORGANIZ$ & SY/EMATIC4 ,NO S+LE ORGANIZATION OR GR\P LA/$ A FEW YE>S4 ,V]Y WEAK & SECRET ORGANIZATIONS1 MO/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS SOMETIMES EXP]I5C$ \TRI<T DISSOLUTION EV5 BE=E !Y W]E E/ABLI%$4 ,AS = ! ISSUE ( 9DEP5D5CE1 !Y SEEM$ TO BE FUTURE-ORI5T$ BY PO/PON+ IT TO ! NE> FUTURE4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA W]E NOT COMM&$ UNI=MLY BY A NATIONWIDE ORGANIZATION4 ,!Y W]E LOCALLY CONC5TRAT$ & AUTONOM\S 9 !IR GOALS & DIRECTION1 MA9LY BECAUSE ( ! ,JAPANESE SUPPRESSION BUT AT ! SAME TIME POSSIBLY BECAUSE ( !IR DI/A/E = P[] CONC5TRATION & !IR BELIEF 9 SPONTANEITY4.<#c#g#e.> 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA POS$ NO MAJOR ?REAT TO ! COLONIAL RULE AS P>T ( A LEAD+ ANTICOLONIAL_/9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,AL?\< !Y SEEM$ TO GET 9VOLV$ 9 V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 9CLUD+ LABOR UNION ACTIVITIES 9 NOR!RN ,KOREA1 !Y DIDN'T SEEM TO BE DIVID$ OR 9 CONFLICT OV] !ORETICAL ISSUES2 RA!R 9 ! 5D !Y ATTEMPT$ TO SET UP A UNIT$ ORGANIZATION 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I EV5 >GUES ?AT !RE W]E NO !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ,KOREAN PURE AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S4.<#c#g#f.> ,9DE$1 ! !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES BETWE5 PURE AN>*ISM & AN>*O-SYNDICALISM W]E QUITE COMMONPLACE & CONSPICU\S AMONG ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,BUT ! DIFF]5CES1 IF !RE W]E ANY1 IT SEEMS1 W]E NOT S]I\SLY TAK5 AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & ?US DIDN'T BO!R !M ?R\<\T ! COLONIAL P]IOD1 AS LONG AS !Y C\LD WORK ON !IR TWO GOALS3 SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?R\< 0LIVELIHOOD /RUGGLE0 & NATIONAL LIB]ATION4 ,OR !Y MI<T HAVE NO IDEOLOGICAL ATTA*M5TS1 JU/ LIKE !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS4 ,AS ,CRUMP SUGGE/S ) REG>D TO ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA HAD 0LITTLE TIME0 OR EV5 W]E NOT WILL+ TO CONSID] !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES1 GIV5 !IR H>% 5VIRONM5T & BRUTAL SUPPRESSION ( !IR FAMILIES AS WELL AS !MSELVES UND] ! DIRECT COLONIAL RULE4.<#c#g#g.> ,NEI!R W]E ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA WILL+ TO NOR ABLE TO CONSID] SOME !ORETICAL ISSUES 9 AN>*ISM4 ,?IS DOESN'T MEAN ?AT !RE WAS NO !ORETICAL CONSID]ATION AT ALL BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,KOREA4 ,9DE$1 !Y W]E MORE 9T]E/$ 9 ACCOMMODAT+ !IR UNFAVORABLE 5VIRONM5T & CONDITIONS 9 APPLY+ & PRACTIC+ AN>*ISM1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! 9V5TION & POPUL>ITY ( ! T]M DE/ITUTE & HUMBLE CLASS ,YI ,HYANG CO9$4 ,9 FACT1 !Y MI<T HAVE NOT WANT$ TO CONSID] VEX+ !ORETICAL CONSID]ATIONS 9 !IR AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 BUT !Y NEV]!LESS WILL+LY & FLEXIBLY LOCALIZ$ AN>*ISM 9 RESPONSE TO ! DEM&S & NE$S ( ! LOCATION !Y W]E SITUAT$ 91 IF NOT JU/ = !IR /RATEGY & GOALS4 

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