,*APT] #b 
,! ,W9D ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

 #b3 ,! ,W9D ( ,AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN 

  
,BECOM+ ,AN>*I/ 9 ,TOKYO 

  

,AS E>LY AS ! #a#h#iS1 9 ! EYES ( ! ,WE/]N]S ,JAPAN WAS 0A %9+ BEACON ( 5LI<T5M5T10 & 0= O!R ,ASIANS0 0A MECCA ( PROGRESS0.<#a#i.> T[>D MOD]NITY4 ,S9CE !N ,TOKYO HAD S]V$ ,ASIAN /UD5TS & RADICALS AS 0A MECCA ( PROGRESS0 NOT ONLY AS 0AN EXCIT+ PLACE0 AS ! SEAT ( ,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T1 0BUT ALSO .<AS.> ! C5T] ( ! ECONOMIC1 CULTURAL1 & 9TELLECTUAL LIFE ( ,JAPAN10 :I* WAS 0SEE?.<+.> ) LIB]AL & RADICAL IDEAS40.<#a#i#a.> ,!RE1 ,JAPANESE READ]S ( V>I\S RADICAL PUBLICATIONS & PRESSES W]E USUALLY ABLE TO 0OBTA9 ! NEWS & DOCUM5TS ( WORLD SOCIALISM ONLY WEEKS1 SOMETIMES DAYS1 AFT] ! EV5TS10.<#a#i#b.> & SO W]E ALL ,ASIAN /UD5TS_/RADICALS 9 ,TOKYO1 9CLUD+ ,KOREANS4 ,NATURALLY1 ,TOKYO EM]G$ AS A BRE$+ PLACE = MANY K9DS ( RADICALS4 ,EV5 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ,TOKYO WAS /ILL CALL$ 0! ,LIBR>Y ON ,M>XISM 9 ! ,EA/0 7MAKESI ZHUYI DONGFANG TU%UGUAN7 BECAUSE ( ! AVAILABILITY ( ! NEWS & 9=MATION AB\T V>I\S TYPES ( SOCIALISMS4.<#a#i#c.> 

,JAPANESE RADICALS1 (T5 BAS$ ON RACIAL UNITY AS ,ASIANS1 ALSO SUPPORT$ ! ANTI-,WE/]N /RUGGLES ( O!R ,ASIANS :O W]E USUALLY M>K$ BY RADICAL & NATIONALI/ IDEAS4.<#a#i#d.> ,IT WAS NO WOND] ?AT 0,TOKYO 9 #a#i#h0 WAS 0A HAV50 EV5 = ,MUSLIM ACTIVI/S FROM ,WE/ ,ASIA1 :O W]E 0SEEK+ COLLABORATION ) ,JAPAN AGA9/ ,WE/]N P[]S40.<#a#i#e.> ,TO MANY ,ASIANS1 ,TOKYO WAS A SYMBOL ( BO? ,ASIAN RACIAL UNITY AGA9/ ! ,WE/ & !IR PROGRESS = MOD]NITY1 BO? PHYSICAL & 9TELLECTUAL4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 9 ,TOKYO MANY ,ASIANS F\ND ,JAPAN'S EXPANSIONI/ ,ASIANISM UNACCEPTABLE1 & ?US REALIZ$ ! NECESSITY TO PROMOTE UNIV]SAL HUMANISM ?R\< 0ALLIANCE & COOP]ATION OV] KN[L$GE0 AMONG ,ASIANS 9 REG>D TO ,JAPAN'S V]SION ( ,ASIANISM4.<#a#i#f.> 

,S9CE ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS HAD *OS5 ,JAPAN1 MORE SPECIFICALLY ,TOKYO1 AS !IR /UDY ABROAD PLACE = ?REE PRIM>Y REASONS4 ,FIR/1 ,TOKYO HAD ALREADY BE5 KN[N TO ,KOREAN /UD5TS AS A LOCATION :]E !Y C\LD SATISFY !IR 9TELLECTUAL CURIOSITY & LE>N ! MO/ UP-TO-DATE NEW1 MOD]N KN[L$GE1 DUE TO ,JAPAN'S EM]G5CE AS A P[] & ! AVAILABILITY ( HI<] $UCATION !RE4 ,TO MANY ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,TOKYO 9DE$ S]V$ AS 0! S\RCE 9 ! ,EA/ .<DONGYANG.> ( IMPORT+ ! ,WE/]N CULTURE10 TAK+ ! LEAD]%IP ROLE 9 ASSI/+ ! DEVELOPM5T ( ! 0POOR0 ,KOREAN ACADEMIC & 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES4.<#a#i#g.> ,AN EXAMPLE ( ?IS K9D ( OBS]VATION CAN BE FUR!R F\ND 9 ! WORDS ( ,AN ,JAEHONG 7#a#h#i#a-#a#i#f#e71 ONE ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,NEW ,BRAN* ,SOCIETY 7,S9-GANHOE71 A UNIT$-FRONT ORGANIZATION BETWE5 ! SOCIALI/S & ! NATIONALI/S 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 & AN 9FLU5TIAL POLITICAL LEAD] IMM$IATELY AFT] #aide 9 ,S\? ,KOREA4 ,AN RECALL$ 9 #aice ?AT 0,TOKYO WAS A HEAV5 9 \R DAYDREAM0 9 ! #a#i#aS1 :]EAS 0,SE\L WAS A HELL 9 REALITY40.<#a#i#h.> 

,SECOND1 JU/ LIKE ,*9ESE /UD5TS1.<#a#i#i.> ,KOREAN /UD5TS UND]/OOD ! OBVI\S ADVANTAGES ( /UDY+ ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN1 SU* AS ! GEOGRAPHICAL PROXIMITY & CULTURAL AFF9ITIES BETWE5 ,KOREA & ,JAPAN4 ,/UDY-ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN W\LD ALL[ !M TO SAVE ON TRAVEL & LIV+ EXP5SES & TO SETTLE D[N 9 ,JAPAN ALMO/ IMM$IATELY )\T MU* CULTURE %OCK4 ,! LATT] WAS P>TICUL>LY ! CASE 9 ! #a#i#aS TO '#bS1 BECAUSE ,KOREA HAD BECOME A ,JAPANESE COLONY 9 #a#i#a4 ,:AT ,KIM ,SAN EXPLA9$ 9 ! #a#i#cS IS REVEAL+ 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS HAD GONE TO ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#aS & '#bS1 :]E S*OOLS W]E 0LIB]AL0 & (F]$ 09TELLECTUAL EXCITEM5T10 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 :I* WAS NOT AVAILABLE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BECAUSE 0NO COLLEGES EXI/$ AT HOME40.<#b.> 

,9 O!R WORDS1 ?IRD1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS S9CE #a#i#a1 AS A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE1 DIDN'T HAVE ! OPTION TO *OOSE :]E TO /UDY ABROAD1 BUT HAD TO GO TO ,TOKYO1 = IT WAS ! ONLY PLACE ?AT WAS ALL[$2 FUR!R1 NO HI<] $UCATION WAS AVAILABLE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA AT LEA/ UNTIL #a#i#b#d1 :5 ,KEIJO ,IMP]IAL ,UNIV]SITY F9ALLY OP5$ 9 ,KEIJO 7,SE\L74 ,AS A RESULT1 ! NUMB] ( ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,JAPAN REA*$ AB\T #e OR #f 9 #a#i#a#h4.<#b#a.> 

,! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( #a#i#aS ,JAPAN AFFECT$ ,KOREAN /UD5TS /UDY+ ABROAD 9 ,TOKYO4 ,RADICALISM 9 ,JAPAN HAD BE5 9 A /ATE ( 0W9T] HIB]NATION10 S9CE ,KOTOKU ,%USUI'S EXECUTION 9 #a#i#a#a1 & 9 ! #a#i#aS1 /UD5TS W]E USUALLY EXPOS$ TO & !RE=E POSSESS$ LIB]AL IDEAS ( 0! ,WE/]N B\RGEOIS CLASS0 RA!R ?AN 0RADICAL IDEAS02 ?US1 !Y SAW ! ROLE ( ! /ATE AS 0DECISIVE 9 SOLV+ SOCIAL PROBLEMS0.<#b#b.> PREVAL5T 9 !N-,JAPAN4 ,:5 ! 0W9T] P]IOD0 ( ,JAPANESE SOCIALISM 5D$ 9 #a#i#a#h1.<#b#c.> :I* CORRESPOND$ TO ! 9CREAS+ NUMB] ( ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,JAPAN1 !Y W]E TO CONTACT RADICAL IDEAS MORE (T5 & EASILY ?AN BE=E4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS /UDY+ ABROAD 9 #a#i#aS ,JAPAN CAME MO/LY FROM WEAL?Y FAMILIES1 :ILE ?OSE FROM ! LATE #a#i#aS & #a#i#bS W]E BASICALLY 0POOR WORK-/UDY0 7GOHAK7 /UD5TS1 :I* MAY ALSO EXPLA9 :Y !RE W]E MORE RADICALIZ$ ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 #a#i#bS ,TOKYO4 

,IT WAS UND] ! POLITICAL & 9TELLECTUAL 5VIRONM5TS ( ,TOKYO ?AT A ,KOREAN RECEPTION ( AN>*ISM WAS MADE !RE1 ALMO/ 9 ! SAME WAY ?AT WAS ! CASE ( !IR ,*9ESE C\NT]P>TS :O ALSO CAME TO ,TOKYO AS /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS S9CE ! #a#iS & W]E RADICALIZ$4.<#b#d.> ,IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT ! ,*9ESE ,TOKYO AN>*I/S BECAME AN>*I/ ?R\< EXPOSURE TO & ASSOCIATIONS_/9T]ACTIONS ) E>LY ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/S & AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ READ+ !IR BOOKS ON SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM ?AT W]E READILY & ABUNDANTLY AVAILABLE 9 ,TOKYO AT ! TIME1 BO? 9 ORIG9AL TEXT &_/OR 9 ,JAPANESE TRANSLATION4.<#b#e.> ,& 9 ,TOKYO1 MANY ( ! ,KOREAN /UD5TS TOO DEVELOP$ 9T]E/ 9 SOCIALISM & W]E RADICALIZ$ ACCORD+LY4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS /UDY+ ABROAD 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#aS1 AS A /UD5T 9 ! ,ECONOMICS ,DEP>TM5T AT ,KEIO ,UNIV]SITY1 :]E HE WAS EXPOS$ TO SOCIALI/ IDEAS 9 ! WAKE ( DEVELOP+ HIS NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS BETWE5 #aiah & #a#i#a#i1 SIMIL> TO ! EXP]I5CE ( MANY ,KOREAN O!R /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO >\ND ?AT TIME4.<#b#f.> 

,AS HI/ORIAN ,P>K ,*AN ,SEUNG POSITS1 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES & ,JAPAN >E TWO MAJOR C\NTRIES ?AT HAVE PLAY$ A SIGNIFICANT ROLE EV5 UNTIL TODAY 9 BRE$+ MOD]N ,KOREAN 9TELLECTUALS & !IR 0MOD]N IDEAS10 9CLUD+ RADICALISM4 ,/UDY ABROAD 9 ! TWO C\NTRIES1 9 O!R WORDS1 ,P>K NOTES1 HAS PLAY$ ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT ROLE 9 ! =MATION ( MOD]N ,KOREAN 9TELLECTUALS & !IR ACADEMIC CIRCLES1.<#b#g.> AS WELL AS1 ,I MAY ADD1 ?AT ( RADICALS & !IR RADICALISM1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! CASE ( ,JAPAN4 ,SUFFICE TO SAY ?AT1 AS HI/ORIAN ,IM ,KYEONGSEOK NOTES1 E>LY ,KOREAN SOCIALI/S W]E BORN \T ( ! 0W9D0 BL[+ FROM TWO PLACES1 ONE 0FROM ! ,EA/ .<I4E41 ,JAPAN.>1 ! O!R ! NOR? .<I4E41 ,EA/]N ,SIB]IA1 9CLUD+ ,VLADIVO/OK.>40.<#b#h.> ,MANY ,KOREAN RADICAL /UD5TS C]TA9LY RESPOND$ TO ! BL[+ AN>*I/ W9D 9 ,JAPAN1 ESPECIALLY ,TOKYO4 

,IT MU/ BE NOT$ H]E ?AT ,KOREAN /UD5TS1 UNLIKE ,*9ESE /UD5TS1 (T5 HAD DIFF]5T EXP]I5CES & A RADICALIZ+ PROCESS 9 ,TOKYO1 :5 !Y >RIV$ !RE AS WORK-/UDY /UD5TS 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,! DIFF]5CE 9 EXP]I5CES & PROCESS ATTE/S TO ! FACT ?AT ,KOREANS W]E A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE ( ,JAPAN4 ,IT WAS A S5SE OR REALIZATION ( !IR BE+ 9 ! COLONIZ]'S C\NTRY1 :I* WAS COMMONLY EXP]I5C$ & %>$ BY ,KOREANS BAS$ ON ! TREATM5TS !Y USUALLY RECEIV$ FROM !IR ,JAPANESE COLONIZ]S ONCE !Y >RIV$ 9 ,JAPAN4 ,NOT ONLY WAS ,JAPANESE NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATION1 BUT ALSO SOCIAL DISCRIM9ATION !Y WITNESS$ & EV5 5C\NT]$ EV]YDAY AGA9/ !M1 BECAUSE !Y W]E MO/LY 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS0 7GOHAKSA5G74 ,! SOCIAL DISCRIM9ATION DIDN'T JU/ COME FROM ! ,JAPANESE1 BUT ALSO FROM !IR WEAL?Y COMPATRIOTS AS WELL1 ACCORD+ TO AN>*I/ ,YANG ,SANGGI1 :O REMEMB]S ! MI/REATM5T ( ,KOREANS BY ! MEMB]S ( ! ,MUTUAL ,LOVE ,SOCIETY 7,SANG-AE HOE71 AN ORGANIZATION RUN 9 ! #a#i#bS BY A GR\P ( ,KOREANS :O WORK$ 9 ,TOKYO = ! ,JAPANESE4 ,! SOCIETY WAS NOTORI\S = ITS EXPLOITATION & 0BULLY+0 ( O!R ,KOREAN WORK]S :O W]E S5T BY IT TO WORK = ,JAPANESE COMPANIES & FACTORIES 9 ,JAPAN1 BUT AS IT TURN$ \T1 !Y 5D$ UP (T5 BE+ W\ND$1 DISABL$1 & EV5 DEAD )\T BE+ FULLY PAID = !IR WORK4.<#b#i.> ,:AT AWAIT$ ,KOREANS 9 ,JAPAN1 9 %ORT1 W]E TWO K9DS ( DISCRIM9ATIONS1 NATIONAL & SOCIAL4 ,AS A MATT] ( FACT1 !IR EXP]I5CES AS WORK-/UDY /UD5TS HELP$ !M GRADUALLY DEVELOP !IR SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS AS A POOR & EXPLOIT$ CLASS UND] CAPITALISM WORLDWIDE 9 ADDITION TO NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS AS A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE4 

,H5CE1 ! /UD5TS W]E FREQU5TLY 9TRODUC$ TO ,JAPANESE LABOR ACTIVI/S OR ,KOREAN ORGANIZATIONS BY ?OSE :O HAD COME FROM !IR HOMET[N 9 ,KOREA & HAD ALREADY =M$ PLACE-BAS$ NETWORKS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,/UD5TS W]E (T5 GR\P$ ACCORD+ TO !IR NATIVE PROV9CE1 HOMET[N1 &_/OR EV5 S*OOLS 9 ,KOREA4 ,!IR PLAC$-BAS$ NETWORKS &_/OR ALMA MAT] USUALLY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 !IR SELECTION ( AN ORGANIZATION OR 9 5TIC+ !M TO A P>TICUL> RADICAL GR\P4 ,! NUMB] ( 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS0 CONT9U$ TO 9CREASE 9 ! #a#i#bS1 P>TICUL>LY AS ! DECADE APPROA*$ ITS 5D4 ,UNLIKE ?OSE ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,JAPAN 9 ! #a#i#aS1 !Y HAD TO E>N AN $UCATION & A LIV+ AT ! SAME TIME1 E>N+ MONEY DUR+ ! DAYTIME & ATT5D+ S*OOL AT NI<T4 ,ALMO/ A HALF ( ! ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO 9 #aibe W]E ALLEG$LY ! 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS10 :O 9CREAS+LY RELI$ ON LABOR = !IR S*OOL TUITION & EV5 LIV+1 SU* AS NEWSPAP] DELIV]Y &_/OR P$DL+4 ,NO WOND]1 !RE=E1 ?AT1 :ILE WORK+1 !Y FREQU5TLY GOT 9 T\* ) ,JAPANESE LABOR ACTIVI/S & ORGANIZATIONS1 LET ALONE SOCIALI/S1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S4 ,SOMETIMES !Y SWIFTLY ORGANIZ$ !MSELVES & BEGAN !IR [N LABOR MOVEM5T4 ,AN EXAMPLE WAS ! ,SOCIETY ( ,LIKE-,M9D$ ,WORK-,/UDY ,/UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO 7,TOKYO KUGAKSEI DOYUKAI71 ORGANIZ$ 9 #aiba BY WORK-/UDY /UD5TS :O HAD BE5 RADICALIZ$ & 9T]ACT$ ) & ATT5D$ ! GA!R+S ( ,JAPANESE SOCIALI/S4.<#b#a.> ,AMONG ! ,JAPANESE RADICAL GR\PS & SOCIETIES1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/ & COMMUNI/ ONES1 9 ! #a#i#aS TO E>LY #a#i#bS1 ) :I* ,KOREANS W]E ASSOCIAT$ OR AFFILIAT$1 W]E ! ,NEW ,COM]S ,SOCIETY 7,%9J9KAI71 ! ,AWAK5$ ,PEOPLE ,SOCIETY 7,GYOM9KAI71 ! ,FREE ,PEOPLE'S ,F$]ATION 7,JIYUJ9 R5MEI71 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,ALLIANCE 7,%AKAI%UGI DOMEI71 & ! ,COSMO ,CLUB 7,KOSUMO GURABU74 

,! COMB9ATION ( NATIONAL & CLASS CONSCI\SNESS WAS A VISIBLE COMPLEX1 UBIQUIT\S PH5OM5ON AMONG ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 #a#i#bS ,TOKYO1 :I* WAS ! MA9 =CE ?AT GAVE RISE TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,JAPAN4 ,TWO K9DS ( DISCRIM9ATION !Y RECEIV$ DREW !M TO ,JAPANESE RADICALS & SOCIALI/S = ASSI/ANCE & CONSULTATION AT FIR/1 & !N = ! COMMON CAUSE ( SOCIAL JU/ICE1 AL?\< !IR NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPAN NEV] GOT DEBILITAT$4 ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y ! ,JAPANESE AU?ORITIES 9ITIALLY LABEL$ & CATEGORIZ$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ,JAPAN BROADLY AS 0NATIONALI/IC10.<#b#a#a.> RA!R ?AN JU/ AS RADICAL OR SOCIALI/4 ,! ,JAPANESE POLICE REPORT ON ,KOREANS 9 ,JAPAN1 DAT$ ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#f1 /ILL RECONFIRM$ !IR 9ITIAL EVALUATION ( ,KOREAN RADICALS AS BE+ NATIONALI/IC1 EXPLA9+ ! 9CREAS+ T5D5CY AMONG ,KOREANS TO ADD SOCIALISM TO !IR NATIONALISM4.<#b#a#b.> ,! S5SE ( SOCIAL JU/ICE AS WELL AS ANTICOLONIALISM 7I4E41 NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS7 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S DEEPLY FELT WAS %>$ ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 & BY ! #a#i#cS CONV9C$ ! =M] ?AT ! KEY TO 0\R LIB]ATION IS AN>*ISM40.<#b#a#c.> 

,EVID5CE TELLS US ?AT AN>*I/ IDEAS HAD ALREADY BE5 KN[N TO MANY ,KOREAN RADICALS & /UD5TS /UDY+ ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN1 S9CE ! BEG9N+ ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 AL?\< !IR ACTUAL RECEPTION ( AN>*ISM WAS ALSO PROMPT$ MA9LY >\ND ! TIME DUR+ & AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 ESPECIALLY AFT] ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ! ,LI<T ( ,LE>N+ 7,HAK JI GWANG71 A J\RNAL ( ! ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY ( ,KOREAN ,/UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO1 ,JAPAN 7,ZAI NIHON TOKYO *OS5 RYUGAKSEI GAKUYU KAI71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,KOREAN BEG9N+ ON ,APRIL #b1 #a#i#a#d1 C>RI$ >TICLES WRITT5 BY ,KOREAN /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO1 :I* ADVOCAT$ DIRECT ACTIONS ( T5ANT PEASANTS AS A WAY = !IR SURVIVAL FROM POV]TY & H>D%IPS4 ,ALSO 9CLUD$ 9 ! J\RNAL W]E SU* AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ OR -9SPIR$ >TICLES AS 0,ON ,MUTUAL ,AID0 70,SANGJO RON07 BY ,*OE ,SEUNGMAN & 0,A ,TRANS=MATION ( ',SELF'0 70,JAGI UI GAEJO071 BO? ( :I* 9TRODUC$ & CONTA9$ AN>*I/ IDEAS4.<#b#a#d.> ,IT IS QUITE OBVI\S ?AT AN>*ISM WAS BROADLY DISCUSS$ BY ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 #a#i#aS ,TOKYO1 BUT WAS NOT YET ELEVAT$ TO A LEAD+ IDEA & GUID+ PR9CIPLE = !IR /RUGGLE & MOVEM5T AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM = ! RETAK+ ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 ! #a#i#aS1 !IR 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM WAS MORE OR LESS A PRODUCT ( !IR 9TELLECTUAL CURIOSITY1 9 P>TICUL> 9 RELATION TO ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUAL AID1 :5 !Y SEEM$ TO BE DISAPPO9T$ ) ! MA9/REAM IDEAS ( ,WE/]N CIVILIZATION1 SU* AS COMPETITION & ! SURVIVAL ( ! FITTE/1 P>TICUL>LY AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 ,H[EV]1 IT MU/ BE NOT$ H]E ?AT V>I\S ,KOREAN /UD5TS' FRAT]NAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,JAPAN W]E BURGEON+ 9 ! #a#i#aS1 NOT JU/ = ! PROMOTION ( !IR FRAT]NAL RELATION%IP & /UD5T LIFE BUT GRADUALLY ALSO = EQUIPP+ & PREP>+ !MSELVES = ANTI-,JAPANESE NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS4.<#b#a#e.> ,ACCORD+ TO A ,KOREAN HI/ORIAN1 AS E>LY AS #aiac ,NA ,GYEONGSEOK 7#a#h#i-#a#i#e#i7 & ,JEONG ,TAES9 CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM & ACCEPT$ SYNDICALISM AS WELL AFT] 9T]ACT+ ) ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 ,YOKOTA ,%OJIRO1 & ,HASEGAWA ,I*IMATSU4.<#b#a#f.> 

,MANY K9DS ( PUBLICATIONS ON RADICALISM W]E ALSO READILY AVAILABLE 9 ,TOKYO = ,KOREAN /UD5TS & RADICALS4 ,ONCE !Y >RIV$ 9 ,TOKYO1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS W]E TO GET 9TELLECTUALLY EXCIT$ BY ! ABUNDANCE ( 9=MATION AB\T V>I\S MOD]N1 RADICAL IDEAS & ! OPPORTUNITIES !Y HAD = 9T]ACTIONS ) ,JAPANESE RADICALS4 ,BOOKS ON SOCIALISM W]E ABUNDANT & CLASSES AT S*OOL W]E TAU<T ON ! SUBJECT ( RADICAL IDEAS1 SOMETIMES BY RADICAL S*OL>S4 ,!Y C\LD ACQUIRE BOOKS & NEWSPAP]S ON AN>*ISM AT S*OOL1 BOOK/ORES1 & EV5 NEWS/&S ON ! /REET4 ,!IR 9TELLECTUAL ?IR/ = ! ORIG9S ( SOCIAL & NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATIONS WAS !RE=E USUALLY QU5*$ IMM$IATELY &1 AS A RESULT1 !Y 5D$ UP ACCEPT+ SOCIALISM & BECOM+ RADICALS 9 ,TOKYO1 :I* WAS COMMONPLACE AMONG ALMO/ ALL ,KOREAN Y\? 9 E>LY #a#i#bS ,TOKYO4 ,?IS 9TELLECTUAL PH5OM5ON WAS EV5 DESCRIB$ AS CAT*+ NATURALLY ! COMMON 0MEASLES0 = ! /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO4.<#b#a#g.> ,JO ,BONG-AM 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#e#i71 5ROLL$ 9 ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,POLITICAL ,ECONOMY AT ,*UO ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,TOKYO1 CAME TO REALIZE 9 #aiba ?AT HE WAS 09DULG$ 9 ! BOOKS0 HE HAD COME BY 9 ,TOKYO4 ,& HE REALIZ$ ?AT !Y W]E 9 QUALITY 0GOOD BOOKS0 HE HAD NEV] KN[N ( BE=E1 &1 AS A RESULT1 = ! FIR/ TIME 9 HIS LIFE HE READ MANY ( !M ?OR\<LY1 AS IF1 HE ?\<T1 HE W\LD NOT BE ABLE TO DO SO AGA94 ,?R\< ! READ+S1 HE BECAME FIR/ AW>E ( 0! ROBB]-LIKE 9VASION ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM0 ON ,KOREA1 & !N REALIZ$ H[ ,JAPAN HAD POSSIBLY EXPLOIT$ ! NATIONAL RES\RCES ( ,KOREA4 ,9 ADDITION1 HE WAS ALSO ABLE TO UND]/& :Y ,KOREA HAD BE5 UND] ! OPPRESSION ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM1 & HAD UND]GONE MANY O!R DIFFICULTIES SU* AS ! PROBLEM ( POV]TY4 ,AFT] READ+ ?OSE BOOKS AVAILABLE 9 ,TOKYO1 ,JO WAS GRADUALLY & ULTIMATELY TRANS=M$ 9TO A SOCIALI/ :O WAS DET]M9$ TO /RIVE = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME D$ICATE HIMSELF TO TRANS=M+ ,KOREA 9TO A C\NTRY GOOD 5\< TO HAVE ALL PEOPLE LIVE WELL & FREELY4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE F\ND HIMSELF DRAWN 9TO ! MAEL/ROM ( RADICAL ?\<TS ?R\< ! READ+S ?AT W]E TAK+ PLACE AT ! TIME 9 ! ,JAPANESE CIRCLE ( ?\<TS4 ,JO WAS ?US SPECIFICALLY 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM1 SYNDICALISM1 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 NIHILISM1 & ,M>XISM4 ,:ILE 9 ! VORTEX1 ,JO EV5TUALLY MADE A DECISION TO 0/UDY SOCIALISM1 BECOME A SOCIALI/1 & JO9 SOCIALI/ MOVEM5T40.<#b#a#h.> 

,IT IS REVEAL+ ?AT ,JO 9 FACT WAS 9ITIALLY DRAWN TO AN>*ISM1 :I* WAS MO/ POPUL> 9 ,TOKYO AT ! TIME1 & 9 ,NOVEMB] #aiba JO9$ ,BAK ,YEOL1 ,KIM ,YAKSU1 & ,KIM ,SAGUK 9 ORGANIZ+ ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY 7,HEUKDO HOE OR ,KOKUTO KAI71 ! FIR/ AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ,KOREAN ORGANIZATION 9 #a#i#bS ,TOKYO2 HE 9ITIALLY ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM TO MAKE 0,RESI/+ ,JAPAN0 7HANG-IL7 HIS LIFETIME GOAL4 ,KEY TO HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM W]E ! BOOKS ON SOCIAL ISSUES1 :I* GE>$ HIM T[>D LAUN*+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ( HIS [N1 NOT JU/ POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA4 ,& NO ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO1 HE RECALLS1 W]E ABLE TO KEEP DI/ANCE FROM ! MAEL/ROM ( RADICAL ?\<TS ?AT WAS SWEEP+ ?R\< ,JAPAN AT ! TIME4.<#b#a#i.> ,MANY ,KOREAN /UD5TS LIKE ,JO MI<T HAVE BE5 ATTRACT$ TO GO+ TO ,TOKYO = AN OPPORTUNITY = HI<] $UCATION1 BUT :AT ,TOKYO (F]$ !M WAS A 0BROADLY DEF9$ FREE .<9TELLECTUAL.> SPACE0 ?AT (T5 RADICALIZ$ !M4 ,SU* SPACE WAS H>DLY IMAG9ABLE AT ! TIME = !M 9 !IR [N C\NTRY4.<#b#b.> ,TOKYO C]TA9LY WAS A PLACE :]E MANY ,KOREAN /UD5TS FELT JOLT$ 9TELLECTUALLY4 

,! NEXT CASE FUR!R DEMON/RATES ! P>TICUL> 9TELLECTUAL MILIEU ,KOREAN /UDY-ABROAD_/WORK-/UDY /UD5TS 5C\NT]$ 9 ,TOKYO4 ,*OE ,GAPRYONG 7#a#i#d-#b#c7 CAME TO ,TOKYO VIA ,%IMONOSEKI 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#a1.<#b#b#a.> & WAS JO9$ 9 ,TOKYO LAT] BY TWO O!R WORK-/UDY /UD5TS1 ,YI ,HONGGEUN 7#a#i#g-87 & ,HAN ,WON-YEOL4 ,! ?REE /UD5TS R5T$ A ROOM TOGE!R & SOON ORGANIZ$ A BOOK-READ+ SOCIETY ( !IR [N1 :ILE SELL+ ! ,JAPANESE FOOD NATTO OR DELIV]+ MILK TO E>N MONEY = !IR $UCATION & LIV+4 ,9 ! MEANTIME ,*OE REALIZ$ ?AT READ+ BOOKS ON SOCIALISM 9 ! BOOK-READ+ SOCIETY WAS AWAK5+ HIM TO TAKE ! FIR/ /EP T[>D 0SOCIAL MOVEM5T0 7SIC74 ,AMONG ! BOOKS ON SOCIALISM HE READ ) ! SOCIETY1 ,*OE F\ND ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S ,A ,HE>T ,SEEK+ ,JU/ICE 7,SEIGI O MOTOM]U KOKORO71 ( MO/ 9T]E/ & WAS IMPRESS$ ESPECIALLY BY A PHRASE 9 IT ?AT READ 0! LIB]ATION ( WORK]S IS ! RESPONSIBILITY ( WORK]S !MSELVES40.<#b#b#b.> ,*OE WAS TO RETURN TO ,KOREA LAT] & BECAME A LEAD] ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 P>TICUL>LY 9 9DU/RIALIZ+ NOR!RN ,KOREA UND] ,JAPANESE COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,YI ,HONGGEUN1 ONE ( ,*OE'S ROOMMATES1 CAME TO ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#b#d1 BUT HAD ALREADY BE5 EXPOS$ 9 ,KOREA TO BOOKS ON SOCIALISM 9 ,JAPANESE1 & SO HAD A 0GOOD UND]/&+0 ( AN>*I/ !ORIES2.<#b#b#c.> ,YI HAD ALREADY READ ! SAME & SOME O!R BOOKS BY ,OSUGI1 9 ADDITION TO SOME TRANSLAT$ WORKS ( ,KROPOTK91 = EXAMPLE1 ON MUTUAL AID4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 HE HAD ALREADY BE5 ATTRACT$ TO ,OSUGI'S 0EXCIT+0 & 0TO-!-PO9T0 WRIT+S1 AS HE RECALLS4 ,!RE=E1 ONCE HE >RIV$ 9 ,TOKYO1 ,YI IMM$IATELY LOOK$ = ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S & !IR ACTIVITIES1 & SOON DECID$ TO JO9 !IR AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4.<#b#b#d.> ,YI ,HONGGEUN WAS TO BE ACTIVE BO? 9 ,TOKYO & COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS HE W\LD BECOME A MEMB] OR ORGANIZ] ( MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS SU* AS ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 7,KOKUTOMO KAI7 & ! ,UNION ( ,KOREAN ,FREE ,LABOR 7,*OS5 JIYU RODO KUMIAI71 E/ABLI%$ ON ,FEBRU>Y #c1 #aibg 9 ,TOKYO1 & 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA ! ,GWANSEO ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 7,GWANSEO HEUK-U HOE7 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! ,F$]ATION ( ,KOREAN ,COMMUNI/-,AN>*I/S 7,JOSEON GONGSAN MUJEONGBU JUUIJA YEONMA5G7 9 #a#i#b#i1 & ! ,WONSAN ,G5]AL ,LABOR ,UNION 7,WONSAN ILBAN NODONG JOHAP74 

,JU/ LIKE ,*OE & ,YI1 :O CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM ?R\< !IR READ+S ( ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S WORKS1 ,WON ,SIM*ANG 7#a#i#f-#a#i#g#a7 ALSO BECAME AN AN>*I/ 9 ,TOKYO AFT] READ+ ,OSUGI'S WORKS AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD PROBABLY 9 ,JAPANESE TRANSLATION4 ,! LATT]'S IDEA ON MUTUAL AID WAS ( P>TICUL> 9T]E/ TO HIM4 ,9 ! CASE ( ,BAEK ,JEONGGI 7#a#h#i#f-#a#i#d#c71 HE READ ,KOTOKU ,%USUI'S ,MOD]N ,AN>*I/S 7,G9DAI MUSEIFU %UGI%A7 & ,OSUGI'S WORKS1 AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS ON MUTUAL AID & HIS ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4.<#b#b#e.> ,WON & ,BAEK HAD CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN BUT LAT] 9 ! #a#i#cS BECAME ACTIVE 9 ,*9A 9 SU* AN>*I/ GR\PS AS ! ,BLACK ,T]ROR ,P>TY 7,B,T,P7 & ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? 9 ,S\? ,*9A 7,L,K,Y,S,C74 ,9 ADDITION1 ,*OE ,JUN<EON1 A =M] MEMB] ( ! ,DON<EUNG 7,TOKO7 ,KOREAN ,LABOR ,LEAGUE 7,TOKO *OS5 RODO R5MEI71 A ,KOREAN AN>*I/-L$ LABOR UNION1 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#f1.<#b#b#f.> RECALLS ?AT HE WAS 9DULG$ 9 READ+ ,OSUGI'S WORKS1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 PAV$ ! WAY = HIM TO BE AN AN>*I/4 ,YI ,YONGJUN 7#a#i#e-871 :O WAS A MEMB] ( TWO AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS LAT] 9 E>LY #a#i#cS ,*9A1 ! ,L,K,Y,S,C & ! ,ALLIANCE TO ,SAVE ! ,NATION ?R\< ,ANTI-,JAPAN 7,HANG-IL GUGUK YEONMA5G71 (F]S ANO!R GOOD EXAMPLE4 ,YI WAS DRAWN TO AN>*ISM ?R\< HIS READ+S ( ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S TRANSLATIONS ( ,KROPOTK9'S WORKS1 AMONG :I* ,AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,Y\NG P>TICUL>LY IMPRESS$ HIM 9 REG>D TO AN>*ISM4.<#b#b#g.> 

,AS ,?OMAS ,A4 ,/ANLEY SUGGE/S1 ,OSUGI1 = SURE1 HAD 0GREAT IMPACT ON A WID] AUDI5CE10.<#b#b#h.> & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S C]TA9LY W]E 9 ! AUDI5CE 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,BESIDES HIS 0IMPACT10 !RE WAS A PRACTICAL REASON = ,OSUGI'S POPUL>ITY AMONG ,KORAN AN>*I/S BECAUSE ( HIS ANTI-,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T & ANTICOLONIAL /ANCE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,OSUGI GAVE A SPECIAL TALK AT A GA!R+ 9 ,K&A ,DI/RICT ( ,TOKYO BE=E ! AUDI5CE FROM ,*9A1 ,TAIWAN1 ,RUSSIA1 & ,KOREA TO CRITICIZE ! COLONIAL POLICIES ( ! ,GOV]NM5T-,G5]AL 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4.<#b#b#i.> ,HE EV5 SUPPORT$ ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE AS HE HURRAH$ 7BANZAI7 ?REE TIMES = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE AT A RECEPTION HELD TO WELCOME ,YEO ,UNHYEONG 7#a#h#h#h-#a#i#d#g71 :O CAME TO ,JAPAN AS AN (FICIAL REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,%AN<AI AT ! 9VITATION ( ! ,JAPANESE AU?ORITIES4.<#b#c.> ,BESIDES ! WORKS BY ,OSUGI & ,KROPOTK91 ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S & MAGAZ9ES SU* AS ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 7,RODO UNDO71 ,SPONTANE\S ,ALLIANCE 7,JIYU R5GO71 ,T5ANT ,F>M]S 7,KOSAKUN971 & ,BLACK ,Y\? 7,KOKU%OKU SE957 W]E ALL EASILY & MO/LY AVAILABLE & ACCESSIBLE AT ! BOOK/ORES 9 ! >EA CALL$ ,JIMBO*O 9 ,TOKYO4 ,AN>*I/ BOOKS W]E AVAILABLE AT ! NI<T M>KET ON ,JIMBO*O AS WELL1 :]E ,*OE ,GAPRYONG B\<T ANO!R ,OSUGI'S BOOK TITL$ ,! ,PHILOSOPHY ( ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 7,RODO UNDO NO TETSUGAKU71 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 *ANG$ HIS VIEW ( LIFE = GOOD4.<#b#c#a.> 

,9 SOME CASES ,KOREAN /UD5TS W]E AW>E ( ! NATIONAL QUE/ION ( ,KOREA BE+ A COLONY ( ,JAPAN EV5 BE=E !IR >RIVAL 9 ,TOKYO4 ,ON HIS WAY TO ,TOKYO = /UDY ABROAD1 = EXAMPLE1 ,BAK ,GISEONG 7#a#i#g-#a#i#i#a7 ALREADY DECID$ TO 0SAVE MY C\NTRY ) MY /R5G?40 ,IT WAS BE=E HIS >RIVAL 9 ,TOKYO4 ,:AT HAPP5$ WAS ?AT ON HIS WAY TO ,TOKYO ,BAK HE>D FROM A ,KOREAN /UD5T ( HIS AGE1 :O WAS RETURN+ TO A S*OOL 9 ,TOKYO1 AB\T ! 9DESCRIBABLE PRESSURE & TREATM5T ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO HAD BE5 RECEIV+ FROM ! ,JAPANESE1 :I* MADE ,BAK BECOME MORE NATIONALI/IC4 ,:AT MADE ,BAK MORE SO WAS HIS [N EXP]I5CE 9 ,TOKYO AFT] >RIVAL1 :5 HE HIMSELF RECEIV$ DISCRIM9ATORY TREATM5TS FROM ,JAPANESE4 ,HE 9CREAS+LY BELIEV$ ?AT ! RETAK+ ( HIS C\NTRY FROM ! ,JAPANESE WAS MORE URG5T ?AN HIS /UDY 9 ,TOKYO1 ?US DECID+ NOT TO GO TO A COLLEGE 9 ,TOKYO & RA!R TO JO9 A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ GR\P4.<#b#c#b.> ,9 HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO1 :AT SEEM$ TO BE DECISIVE1 BESIDES HIS REALIZATION ( SU* DISCRIM9ATION1 WAS NOT HIS DIRECT 9T]ACTION ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S BUT RA!R HIS ASSOCIATION ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O HAD ALREADY BE5 9 ,TOKYO4 ,:5 ,BAK >RIV$ 9 ,TOKYO1 HE /AY$ AT A PLACE CALL$ ! ,KOREA ,RESID5CE 7,GY]IM JANG7 9 ! ,NAGANO ,DI/RICT1 :]E ,KOREAN /UD5TS W]E PROVID$ ?+S & 9=MATION NECESS>Y = !IR SELF-RELIANT LIFE 9 ,TOKYO4 ,IT WAS !RE ?AT HE MET & 9T]ACT$ ) SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,SONG ,JIHA1 ,YI ,JIHWAL1 ,JEONG ,*ANJ91 & ,NA ,WOLHWAN 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#d#b74.<#b#c#c.> ,BAK SUBSEQU5TLY ORGANIZ$ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,FREE ,Y\? 7,JIYU SE95 R5MEI7 9 ,TOKYO ) ,JEONG & ,HONG ,YEONG-U4 ,BAK WAS ONE ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#bS1 BUT MOV$ TO ,%AN<AI 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 :]E HE JO9$ ! ,L,K,Y,S,C & LAT] 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS ORGANIZ$ ) ,NA ,WOLHWAN ! ,W>FRONT ,OP]ATION ,UNIT ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? 7SEE *APT] #d74 ,F9ALLY1 ! CASE ( ,IM ,BONGSUN 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#f#f7 TELLS US ?AT ,BAK'S EXP]I5CE 9 BECOM+ AN AN>*I/ WAS QUITE COMMONPLACE AMONG ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,IM HAD ATT5D$ MANY MEET+S ( ,KOREANS 9 ,TOKYO1 9CLUD+ RELIGI\S WOR%IP S]VICES AT ,Y,M,C,A1 :I* W]E HELD = ,KOREANS 9 ,JAPAN 9 ,K&A ,DI/RICT 9 ,TOKYO4 ,!RE1 HE RECALLS1 HE WAS ABLE TO MEET ) MANY ,KOREAN RADICALS & GRADUALLY BECAME SYMPA!TIC ) SOCIALI/ IDEAS4.<#b#c#d.> 

,TO SUM UP1 ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 SE>* ( HI<] $UCATION HAD TO COME TO ,TOKYO :]E !Y USUALLY W]E RADICALIZ$ & ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM ?R\< !IR REALIZATION ( BO? NATIONAL & SOCIAL DISCRIM9ATIONS1 :I* !Y EXP]I5C$ BY !MSELVES AS BO? A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE & 0POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5TS40 ,!IR RADICALIZATION & CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM TOOK PLACE 9 MANY CASES ?R\< !IR READ+S ( ! WORKS BY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S4 ,MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ON !M WAS ,OSUGI ,SAKAE & HIS WORKS1 AS WELL AS ,KROPOTK9'S4 ,( C\RSE1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TURN$ TO AN>*ISM ?R\< !IR ASSOCIATIONS ) !IR RADICAL COMPATRIOTS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,!IR RADICALIZATION 9 ,TOKYO WAS NOT SURPRIS+ BECAUSE ,TOKYO HAD ALREADY PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE AS 0A MECCA ( PROGRESS0 S9CE ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY 9 BRE$+ & CONNECT+ ,ASIAN RADICALS1 & ?US BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS HAD BECOME A NODE ( ! NETWORK ( RADICALS 9 ! REGION AS WELL AS A C5T] ( RADICAL ACTIVITIES ( ,JAPANESE RADICALS1 ALBEIT !Y ALWAYS SUFF]$ FROM ! ,JAPANESE POLICE SURVEILLANCE & CONT9U\S SUPPRESSION4 ,TOKYO WAS AN UNLIKELY C5T] ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S N[ W]E READY TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES & PROPAGATE AN>*ISM = ! CAUSE ( BO? NATIONAL & SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 ,TO DO SO1 H[EV]1 ! SUPPORT & SPONSOR%IP FROM !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS W]E ( CRUCIAL NECESSITY1 AS !IR ACTIVITIES1 BO? ORGANIZATIONAL & PUBLICATION1 W]E UND] ! MU* TI<T] ,JAPANESE SURVEILLANCE & W]E !RE=E LIMIT$ & VULN]ABLE 9 ,TOKYO4.<#b#c#e.> ,IF NOT ONLY = !IR SURVIVAL1 ( UTMO/ NECESSITY TO !M W]E !IR CLOSE & 9TIMATE RELATION%IPS & 9T]ACTIONS ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 TO :I* N[ ,I TURN BEL[4 

,PROPAGAT+ ,AN>*ISM 9 ,TOKYO 

  

,IT WAS FROM ! E>LY #a#i#bS ?AT ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION & ITS J\RNAL APPE>$ 9 ,TOKYO4 ,! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY 7,HEUKDO HOE OR ,KOKUTO KAI7 WAS ORGANIZ$ 9 ,TOKYO 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#b#a4 ,! SOCIETY HAS BE5 USUALLY REG>D$ AS ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,JAPAN2 BUT IT WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY P] SE1 AS IT HAD DIV]SE ,KOREAN RADICALS 9 !IR IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATION1 MO/ ( :OM W]E /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS 9CLUD+ WORK-/UDY /UD5TS & WORK]S4 ,ITS TOTAL MEMB]S NUMB]$ AB\T ?IRTY TO ?IRTY-FIVE4.<#b#c#f.> ,IT WAS E/ABLI%$ UND] ! SPONSOR%IP ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1 ,SAKAI ,TO%IHIKO 7#a#h#g-#a#i#c#c71 & ,TAKATSU ,SEIDO 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#g#d74.<#b#c#g.> ,BAK ,YEOL 7#a#i#b-#a#i#g#d7 WAS A C5TRAL FIGURE 9 ?IS SOCIETY & WAS ! $ITOR-9-*IEF & PUBLI%] ( ITS J\RNAL ,BLACK ,WAVE 7,KOKUTO71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JAPANESE FROM ,JULY #a1 #a#i#b#b4 ,BAK WAS A PROM95T ,KOREAN AN>*I/ 9 ,JAPAN1 ACTIVE 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & WAS LAT] >RE/$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE ALONG ) HIS ,JAPANESE LOV] & COMRADE1 ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO 7#a#i#c-#a#i#b#f71 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,GREAT] ,KANTO ,E>?QUAKE 9 #a#i#b#c1 = !IR 0PLOT0 TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR1 :I* WAS FABRICAT$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4 

,BAK ,YEOL CAME TO ,TOKYO 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#a#i1 & WAS ALSO A POOR WORK-/UDY /UD5T :O DELIV]$ NEWSPAP] AT ! DAWN4 ,HE HAD BE5 9 & \T ( MANY ORGANIZATIONS3 HE HAD JO9$ ! ,SOCIETY ( ,LIKE-,M9D$ ,KOREAN ,POOR ,WORK ,/UDY ,/UD5TS 7,*OS5 KUGAKSEI DOYUKAI71.<#b#c#h.> & ORGANIZ$ ) O!R /UD5TS ! ,RI<TE\S ,DE$ ,GR\P 7,GIKYO DAN71 :I* WAS R5AM$ ! ,IRON ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P 7,TEKKAN DAN7 & AGA9 ! ,BLOODY ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P 7,KEKK5 DAN74 ,BAK ALSO US$ TO VISIT ,MO*IZUKI ,KATSURA 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#g#e7 AT HIS HOME :]E HE MET ,OSUGI & ,YAMAGAWA ,HITO%I 7#a#h#h-#a#i#e#h74 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ,BAK SEEM$ TO CONV]T TO AN>*ISM ?R\< HIS RELATIONS ) ,OSUGI1 :I* LEAVES AN IMPRESSION ?AT 9 MANY ASPECTS SU* AS P]SONALITY & BEHAVIOR1 ,BAK WAS ALMO/ A REPLICA ( ,OSUGI2 EV]Y BIT AS AUDACI\S AS ! LATT]4.<#b#c#i.> ,9 FACT1 ,OSUGI'S WORKS DEEPLY CONV9C$ ,BAK AT FIR/ ?AT ! PA? TO SOCIALISM LAY 9 LABOR MOVEM5T4.<#b#d.> ,GIV5 ,BAK'S PRISON WRIT+S1 H[EV]1 :AT MADE ,BAK DIFF]5T FROM ,OSUGI WAS HIS NATIONALI/ ASPIRATION1 :I* MADE HIM UND]L9E ! ?REAT & OPPRESSION ( ,JAPAN OV] ,KOREANS AS MU* MORE S]I\S & IMMAN5T ?AN IMP]IALISM ( ! :ITE RACE4.<#b#d#a.> ,BAK'S AN>*ISM IS USUALLY *>ACT]IZ$ AS HIS NATIONALI/1 9DIVIDUALI/ UND]/&+ ( IT & A NIHILI/ ATTITUDE T[>D ! SELF1 AS WELL AS HIS NEGATION ( ! /ATE AS A 0MAJOR EXPLOITIVE COMPANY0 ?AT EXPLOIT$ HUMAN BODIES1 LIVES1 PROP]TIES1 & EV5 FRE$OM AS AN ORGANIZ$ GANG/] GR\P4 ,TO HIM1 ! MILIT>Y & POLICE W]E EQUAL TO ! /ATE ITSELF1 ! LATT] BE+ UNABLE TO EXI/ )\T ! =M] TWO4 ,HE OBVI\SLY WAS OPPOS$ TO ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR%IP4 ,9 ADDITION1 HE WAS A BELIEV] 9 DIRECT ACTION1 AS HE ?\<T IT WAS ! NECESS>Y S\RCE = ! MASSES TO GRASP ! P[] & AT ! SAME TIME = SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#b#d#b.> ,O!R ?AN ,OSUGI1 ,BAK'S V>I\S MEET+S ) ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1.<#b#d#c.> A 0PURE AN>*I/0 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM1.<#b#d#d.> SEEM$ TO HAVE ALSO BE5 DECISIVE = HIM TO BECOME AN AN>*I/4 ,BAK 9DE$ ORGANIZ$ ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY AT ,IWASA'S HOME 9 #a#i#b#a1 ALBEIT ONLY A MON? LAT] ! ,SOCIETY WAS ORD]$ TO BE DISSOLV$ BY ! ,JAPANESE AU?ORITIES4 

,S9CE ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY CONSI/$ ( BO? AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S1 IT WAS RESOLV$ & BROK5 UP 9 ,DECEMB] #aibb 9TO TWO DIFF]5T SOCIETIES3 ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY 7,HEUNGNO HOE OR ,KOKURO KAI71 L$ BY AN>*I/S1 & ! ,NOR? ,/> ,SOCIETY 7,BUKSEONG HOE OR ,HOKSEI KAI71 L$ BY COMMUNI/S4 ,A YE> LAT] ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY WAS R5AM$ & REORGANIZ$ 9TO ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 7,HEUK-U HOE OR ,KOKUTOMO KAI7 & BEGAN TO PUBLI% ITS J\RNAL1 ,RECALCITRANT ,KOREANS 7,HUTOI S5J971 :I* LAT] WAS R5AM$ ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,SOCIETY 7,HYEON SAHOE OR ,G5 %AKAI74 ,! ,BLACK ,WAVE1 9 ITS FIR/ ISSUE ON ,JULY #a1 #a#i#b#b1 C>RI$ A %ORT 9AUGURAL $ITORIAL 9 :I* ! J\RNAL'S MA9 GOAL WAS /AT$3 TO 9TRODUCE ! ACTUAL SITUATION & CONDITIONS ( ,KOREANS AS 0! WEAK0 9 ,JAPAN TO ?OSE ,JAPANESE :O HAD 0W>MHE>T$ HUMANITY40 ,! ULTIMATE GOAL 9 PUBLI%+ IT1 H[EV]1 WAS1 ?R\< ! /AT$ 9TRODUCTION1 ! REALIZATION ( ! 0AMALGAMATION ( ,JAPAN & ,KOREA0 7NITS5 YUGO7 BY REMOV+ ! 0B>RI]S0 SU* AS NATIONAL PREJUDICE & HATR$1 :I* /OOD 9 ! WAY ( REALIZ+ ! J\RNAL'S ULTIMATE GOAL4 ,! TWO PEOPLES' AMALGAMATION W\LD EV5TUALLY DEVELOP 9TO ! F\NDATION = AN 0AMALGAMAT$ WORLD0 7SEKAI YUGO71 :]E NATIONAL PREJUDICE & HATR$ W]E NONEXI/5T1 ! $ITORIAL PR$ICT$4 ,& :5 ! AMALGAMAT$ WORLD CAME TRUE 9 ! FUTURE1 IT W\LD BE 0\R DAYS10 ! $ITORIAL ADD$4 ,T[>D A REALIZATION ( ! 5VISION$ COSMOPOLITAN WORLD1 ITS READ]S W]E ASK$ S9C]ELY TO (F] !IR SPIRITUAL & MAT]IAL SUPPORTS = ! SOCIETY'S CAUSE1 CONCLUD$ ! $ITORIAL1 :I* WAS PROBABLY WRITT5 BY ,BAK ,YEOL OR AT LEA/ ) A COLLECTIVE AGREEM5T ( ! ,SOCIETY'S MEMB]S4.<#b#d#e.> ,! COSMOPOLITAN IDEA ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY PROMOT$ WAS1 ,I SUSPECT1 POSSIBLY A FACTOR = ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO TO JO9 ) ,BAK 9 ! ,KOREAN-L$ AN>*I/ SOCIETY4.<#b#d#f.> 

,( 9T]E/ H]E IS ! J\RNAL'S PROPAGATION ( ! AMALGAMATION ( ,JAPAN & ,KOREA1 A K9D ( PAN-,ASIAN IDEA ON ! BASIS ( TRANSNATIONAL SOLID>ITY ( ! MASSES4 ,AT FIR/ HE>+1 IT MAY S\ND /RANGE & EV5 9COMPREH5SIBLE ?AT ! J\RNAL PROJECT$ AN AMALGAMATION ( ,KOREA & ,JAPAN & MADE IT AS ! F\NDATION = A FUTURE AMALGAMAT$1 COSMOPOLITAN WORLD1 IF WE CONSID] ?AT ,KOREA HAD BE5 A COLONY ( ,JAPAN S9CE #a#i#a4 ,! J\RNAL1 ! SOCIETY1 & ITS $ITOR & MEMB]S C\LD EASILY BE BR&$ AS 0TRAITORS0 TO !IR C\NTRY & COMPATRIOTS & 0RUNN+ DOGS0 OR 0TOOLS0 ( ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM & EXPANSIONI/ V]SION ( ,ASIANISM = ?IS K9D ( IDEA & ADVOCACY4 ,!IR IDEA ( ! AMALGAMATION1 ( C\RSE1 WAS F> FROM BE+ ID5TICAL OR SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ,JAPANESE PAN-,ASIAN EXPANSIONI/S AS IT WAS BAS$ ON TRANSNATIONAL IDEAS RA!R ?AN CULTURAL & RACIAL SOLID>ITY1 :I* W\LD BECOME EVID5T1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[4 

,! DECL>ATION ( ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY C>RI$ 9 ! 9AUGURAL ISSUE ( ITS J\RNAL FUR!R CL>IFI$ ITS TWO MA9 GOALS = ! COSMOPOLITAN WORLD3 SOCIAL REVOLUTION & CULTURAL TRANS=MATION ( 0SELF0 7JA-A OR JIGA7 9TO ! ONE :O UND]/OOD MUTUAL AID & LIB]AT$ ONESELF FROM ANY COMPULSORY =CES H9D]+ SELF-DEVELOPM5T4 ,VALU+ A SELF ?R\< ! MUTUAL AID PR9CIPLE WAS ! SOCIETY'S PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! REALIZATION ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION IT ADVOCAT$ & ULTIMATELY ( ! AMALGAMAT$ COSMOPOLITAN WORLD4 ,BO? A =C$1 MAN-MADE 7AS OPPOS$ TO NATURAL7 UNITY ( 9DIVIDUALS & 0ANY FIX$ ISM0 W]E NOT PRECONDITIONS = SU* A CULTURAL TRANS=MATION4.<#b#d#g.> ,HI/ORIAN ,OH ,JANG-,:AN SUGGE/S ?AT WE UND]/& ?IS DECL>ATION1 9 P>TICUL> ITS EMPHASIS ON SELF1 9 ! CONTEXT ( ,MAX ,/IRN]'S 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM1 & ALSO >GUES ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN W]E MU* MORE ATTA*$ TO !ORETICAL ISSUES 9 AN>*ISM ?AN !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A4.<#b#d#h.> ,I RA!R ?9K ! DECL>ATION EXPRESS$ ! IMPORTANCE ( 9DIVIDUAL TRANS=MATION AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = SOCIAL REVOLUTION 7& ?US = NATIONAL LIB]ATION74 ,GIV5 ! 9T5SE 9T]ACTIONS ) MANY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ! PROCESS ( RECEIV+ AN>*ISM1 IT PROBABLY WAS TRUE ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E 5GROSS$ 9 SOME !ORETICAL PROBLEMS MORE FREQU5TLY ?AN !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A OR COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,!Y NEV]!LESS MU/ HAVE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION NATIONAL PROBLEMS AS WELL AS PLACE-BAS$ DEM&S 9 APPLY+ !ORY1 AS ,I DEMON/RATE BEL[4 

,YI ,GAN<A1 :O 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aibc HAD ORGANIZ$ ! FIR/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,SE\L1 ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY 7,HEUNGNO HOE71 NOT ! ONE ) ! SAME NAME 9 ,TOKYO ?AT WAS R5AM$ ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY1 CONTRIBUT$ HIS WRIT+ TO ! SAME 9AUGURAL ISSUE ( ,BLACK ,WAVE1 9 :I* HE EXPRESS$ HIS TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS AB\T CAPITALI/ SOCIETY & ITS 0PROP]TYLESS CLASS40 ,9 ! >TICLE TITL$ 0,\R ,\TCRIES10 HE PO9T$ TO ! EVILS ( CAPITALISM ?AT HAD =C$ PEOPLE TO WORK ALL DAY )\T GA9+ A PIECE ( BREAD1 A SUIT ( CLO!S1 & A PLACE TO CALL HOME1 />V+ & FREEZ+ !M TO DEA? AS IF !Y W]E WILD DOGS4 ,?IS SITUATION MADE ,YI LAM5T H[ 0UNNATURAL0 & 0UNREASONABLE0 ! HUMAN SOCIETY AT ! TIME WAS & ?AT 0PROP]TYLESS CLASS10 BREAK+ D[N ! 0UNNATURALNESS0 & 0UNREASONABL5ESS10 WAS MAK+ 0RI<TE\S \TCRIES0 = FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,YI1 !RE=E1 CONCLUD$ ?AT !RE W\LD BE NO PEACE )\T A /RUGGLE AGA9/ HIS CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY UND] SU* RAMPANT EXPLOITATION & ?AT !RE C\LDN'T BE A CON/RUCTION )\T DE/RUCTION ( IT4.<#b#d#i.> ,! SAME ISSUE ( ! J\RNAL ALSO C>RI$ ,BAK ,YEOL'S 0,AN ,EXAMPLE ( ,DIRECT ,ACTION0 9 :I* ,BAK %[$ HIS BELIEF ?AT DIRECT ACTION WAS ! ONLY ASSUR$ ME?OD TO DEBILITATE ! P[] ( LAWS1 ! MORAL1 & CU/OMS4.<#b#e.> 

,! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY1 R5AM$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #aibc FROM ! ,BLACK ,LABOR ,SOCIETY1 WAS =M$ 9ITIALLY ) T5 MEMB]S BUT LAT] GREW 9 ITS MEMB]%IP TO LI/ TW5TY TO ?IRTY MEMB]S ON ITS RO/]1 9CLUD+ ,JAPANESE FEMALE AN>*I/_/NIHILI/ ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO1 BUT MO/ IMPORTANTLY ,KOREAN WORK-/UDY /UD5TS ALONG ) SOME WORK]S4 ,9 #a#i#b#c1 ! SOCIETY PUBLI%$ TWO ISSUES ( ITS J\RNAL TITL$ ,RECALCITRANT ,KOREANS 7,HUTOI S5J971 BUT WAS SOON ORD]$ NOT TO USE ! TITLE BY ! ,JAPANESE AU?ORITIES DUE TO ITS ALLEG$ PROVOCATIV5ESS4.<#b#e#a.> ,! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,RECALCITRANT ,KOREANS1 AL?\< SOME P>TS ( IT W]E DELET$ DUE TO ! ,JAPANESE C5SOR%IP1 C>RI$ ITS %ORT 9AUGURAL $ITORIAL CONTA9+ ! J\RNAL'S TWO GOALS4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! $ITORIAL1 ONE GOAL WAS TO DET]M9E :E!R ! 0REBELLI\S ,KOREANS0 7HUTEI S5J97 9 ,JAPAN W]E HUMAN BE+S :O W]E LIV+ ) A BURN+ WI% = FRE$OM OR W]E !Y JU/ SECRETLY PLOTT+ ASSASS9ATIONS1 DE/RUCTION1 & O!R CONSPIRACIES1 & TO 9=M MANY ,JAPANESE WORK]S :O W]E 9 A SIMIL> SITUATION AS ! ,KOREANS 9 ,JAPAN ( ! ,KOREAN WORK]S' SITUATION4.<#b#e#b.> ,! O!R GOAL WAS DELET$ BY ! ,JAPANESE C5SOR%IP1 BUT IT C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 AB\T ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,AS IS CLE> 9 ! $ITORIAL1 ! J\RNAL ATTEMPT$ TO JUXTAPOSE ! ,KOREANS 9 ,JAPAN ) ,JAPANESE WORK]S1 BY :I* ! MEAN+ & IMPLICATION ( 0REBELLI\S ,KOREANS0 BEGAN TO TRANSC5D NATIONAL DI/9CTIONS & B\ND>IES4 ,IT IS QUITE >GUABLE1 !RE=E1 ?AT ! J\RNAL'S MA9 GOAL WAS SOCIAL4 ,! SECOND ISSUE ( ,RECALCITRANT ,KOREANS C>RI$ ,BAK ,YEOL'S CRITICAL >TICLE ON ,ASIANISM PROPAGAT$ BY ! ,JAPANESE GOV]NM5T AT ! TIME4 ,9 IT ,BAK REJECT$ ! ,JAPANESE V]SION ( ,ASIANISM1 S9CE1 HE CONT5D$1 IT WAS WRONG TO HAVE ,KOREANS UNIT$ =CEFULLY ) ,JAPANESE AS ,ASIANS1 :5 !RE WAS AN UNMOVABLE FACT ?AT ,KOREA HAD BE5 9VAD$ & COLONIZ$ BY ,JAPAN4 ,KOREA C\LD NOT BE UNIT$ ) ,JAPAN JU/ BECAUSE !Y BELONG$ TO ! SAME 0,ASIAN RACE10 ,BAK MA9TA9$4.<#b#e#c.> ,H]E WE CAN SEE AGA9 ?AT ! IDEA ( ! 0AMALGAMATION ( ,KOREA & ,JAPAN0 ADVOCAT$ BY ! J\RNAL'S PR$ECESSOR1 ! ,BLACK ,WAVE J\RNAL ) :I* ,BAK HAD BE5 AFFILIAT$1 WAS PR(\NDLY DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,JAPANESE EXPANSIONI/S4.<#b#e#d.> 

,! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY ALSO PUBLI%$ ANO!R J\RNAL TITL$ ,MASS ,MOVEM5T 7,M9%U UNDO71 9 ORD] TO /UDY WORK]S & !IR ?\<T4.<#b#e#e.> ,9 ADDITION1 IT HELD V>I\S LECTURES = :I* IT RECEIV$ SUPPORT & SPONSOR%IP FROM !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES1 & ! LECTURES W]E GIV5 BY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1 ,KONDO ,K5JI 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#f#i71 ,HATTA ,%UZO 7#a#h#h#f-#a#i#c#d71 & ,MO*IZUKI ,KATSURA 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#g#e74 ,! SOCIETY ALSO GA9$ SUPPORT FROM ! ,BLACK ,Y\? ,LEAGUE 7,KOKU%OKU SE95 R5MEI71 ONE ( ! TWO NATIONWIDE F$]ATIONS ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S =M$ 9 #a#i#b#f1 :I* WAS USUALLY ABBREVIAT$ 9 ,JAPANESE AS ,KOKUR5 & SWIFTLY EXP&$ ITS ORGANIZATION TO 9CLUDE EV5 AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPANESE COLONIES1 ,KOREA & ,TAIWAN4.<#b#e#f.> ,! ,BLACK ,Y\? ,LEAGUE WAS KN[N = ITS SUPPORT & SPONSOR%IP ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR NATIONAL GOAL4 ,= EXAMPLE1 IT ONCE SPONSOR$ A MEET+ ( #e ATT5DEES TO SUPPORT ! DEM& = A SOLUTION ( ! 0,KOREA QUE/ION0 7*OS5 MONDAI7 ON ,M>* #b#i1 #a#i#b#f4 ,AT ! MEET+ ,IWASA & ,KONDO DELIV]$ A SPEE*1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,ALSO PRES5T AT ! MEET+ W]E ,HATTA1 ,MUKUMOTO ,UNYU1 ,HIRANO ,%OK5 7#a#h#i#a-#a#i#d71 ,MO*IZUKI ,KATSURA1 & ,TAKE ,RIYOJI 7#a#h#i#e-#a#i#g#f874.<#b#e#g.> ,AMONG !SE ,JAPANESE1 ,MUKUMOTO IS KN[N = KEEP+ ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO'S A%ES AFT] H] DEA? 9 #a#i#b#f1 & HIS ROLE PLAY$ LAT] 9 ! ATTEMPT$ ASSASS9ATION ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ( ,>IYO%I ,AKIRA1 ,JAPANESE CONSUL G5]AL 9 #a#i#cS ,%AN<AI4 

,SOME MEMB]S ( ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY1 LIKE ,BAK ,YEOL1 ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO1 ,HONG ,J9-YU1 ,YUCK ,HONGPYO1 ,HAN ,HYEONSANG 7#a#i-871 & ,*OE ,GYUJONG 7#a#h#i#e-87 ALSO ORGANIZ$ A SEP>ATE SOCIETY1 CALL$ ! ,REBELLI\S ,SOCIETY 7,FUTEI%A71 ) ! P>TICIPATION ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S LIKE ,KURIH>A ,KAZUO 7#a#i#c-#a#i#h#a71 ,NIIYAMA ,HATSUYO 7#a#i#b-#a#i#b#c71 & ,NOGU*I ,%9AJI 7#a#h#i#i-#a#i#g#c74 ,?IS SOCIETY1 UNLIKE ITS SI/] ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY1 WAS BASICALLY =M$ BY BO? ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S TO /UDY & PROPAGATE AN>*ISM TOGE!R )\T ANY VISIBLE DIRECT ACTION1 BECAUSE ( :I* MO/ ( ITS MEMB]S W]E NOT EV5 >RAIGN$ BY ,JAPANESE PROSECUTORS :5 ,BAK & ,KANEKO ALONG ) ,KIM ,JUN<AN W]E >RE/$1 TRI$1 & S5T5C$ AT !IR TRIALS = !IR ALLEG$ PLOT TO KILL ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR4.<#b#e#h.> 

,! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY'S J\RNAL WAS R5AM$ LAT] ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,SOCIETY1 & ITS FIR/ ISSUE WAS PUBLI%$ 9 ,JULY #a#i#b#c1 ) ! CIRCULATION ( AB\T #c COPIES ( AN ISSUE P] MON?4.<#b#e#i.> ,BAK ,YEOL CONTRIBUT$ TO ITS F\R? ISSUE AN >TICLE TITL$ 0,! ,MASSES & ,POLITICAL ,MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA--,REJECT+ ! ,SW9DL+ ,P[]-,M9D$ ,MANIACS10 9 :I* HE PROBLEMATIZ$ ! RELATION%IP BETWE5 POLITICS & P[]4 ,DRAW+ ON ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA AT ! TIME1 HE SPECIFICALLY ACCUS$ ! ,BOL%EVIKS ( HAV+ BECOME A 0NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS10 EXPLOIT+ & RUL+ ! MASSES1 &1 !RE=E1 ( SIMPLY REPLAC+ B\RGEOISIE4 ,BAK1 AFT] EXPLA9+ FUR!R ! SITUATION ( ! WORK]S ( ! WORLD1 9SI/$ ! USEFULNESS ( DIRECT ACTION AS ! MO/ EFFICI5T MEANS AGA9/ COMMUNISM & CAPITALISM1 9 ORD] TO PREV5T ! PROBLEM ( CREAT+ A NEW PRIVILEG$ CLASS FROM HAPP5+ 9 ,KOREA4 0,CRU%+ CAPITALISM BY A MEANS ( G5]AL /RIKE10 H[EV]1 WAS EXCLUD$ 9 HIS DEF9ITION ( DIRECT ACTION4.<#b#f.> ,GIV5 ?AT HIS 9ITIAL CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM WAS AFFECT$ BY A SYNDICALI/ V]SION ( AN>*ISM1 ?IS WAS A BIT ( SURPRISE4 ,YUCK ,HONGGEUN'S WRIT+ 9 ! SAME ISSUE ALSO MA9TA9$ ! SAME TONE & POSITION REG>D+ ! CRITIQUES ( ! COMMUNI/S & !IR RELIANCE NOT ON LABOR UNION BUT ON ! MAJORITY OR ! MASSES2 TO ,YUCK1 ! COMMUNI/S SIMPLY MADE USE ( ! T]M ! MASSES TO GRASP P[] & SATISFY !IR AMBITION4.<#b#f#a.> 

,! FACT ?AT ,BAK /ILL PREF]R$ DIRECT ACTION BUT REJECT$ UNION-L$ ACTIVITIES 7I4E41 G5]AL /RIKE7 C\LD BE A SIGN ( HIS 7& POSSIBLY O!R ,TOKYO-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S'7 DEP>TURE FROM AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 :I* HAD BE5 DOM9ANT UNTIL ! E>LY #a#i#bS 9 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T S9CE ! 0HI< TREASON0 9CID5T 9 #a#i#a4 ,IT IS PREMATURE1 ?\<1 TO JUDGE :E!R ?IS ONE >TICLE BY ,BAK C\LD BE SE5 AS A SIGN ( HIS 7& !RE=E1 ! ,TOKYO-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S'7 TURN+ TO 0PURE AN>*ISM0 ?AT CAME TO ! =EFRONT ( ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T AFT] ,OSUGI'S MURD] 9 #a#i#b#c1.<#b#f#b.> OR TO 0NIHILISM0 AS HE /AT$ LAT] 9 HIS TRIAL4.<#b#f#c.> ,IT SEEMS1 H[EV]1 ?AT HIS /ATEM5T WAS AT LEA/ A CLE> REFLECTION ( ! SPLIT BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S 9 ,JAPAN AFT] ! LONG POLEMICS BETWE5 ! TWO 9 ! #a#i#bS1.<#b#f#d.> :I* BEGAN :5 ! ,BLACK ,WAVE ,SOCIETY WAS SPLIT 9TO TWO4 ,9 ! SAME ISSUE ( ,! ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,SOCIETY1 AN >TICLE BY ,HAN ,HYEONSANG1 :O JO9$ ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS ,SOCIETY 9 ,M>* ( #a#i#b#c1.<#b#f#e.> DEL9EAT$ ! MEAN+ ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T L$ BY AN>*I/S AS AN EXPRESSION ( REBELLION & RI<TE\S 9DIGNATION AGA9/ ! CONTRADICTIONS 9 HIS CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY4 ,CRITICIZ+ COMMUNI/S = !IR P[]-M9D$NESS & DISRESPECT = 9DIVIDUALS1 ,HAN ASS]T$ ?AT SPONTANE\S WILL ( 9DIVIDUALS BE ! MO/ CRUCIAL FACTOR 9 ! CONSID]ATION ( /RUGGLE = AN 9DIVIDUAL'S LIFE4.<#b#f#f.> 

,LAT] 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#f1 ! ,BLACK ,FRI5DS 7,HEUK-U OR ,KOKUTOMO7 J\RNAL WAS ALLEG$LY PLANN+ TO BE LAUN*$ BY A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,BLACK ,MOVEM5T ,SOCIETY 7,HEUKSAEK UNDONGSA OR ,KOKU%OKU UNDO%A7 L$ BY ,*OE ,GYUJONG1 ,YI ,HONGGEUN1 ,JANG ,SANGJUNG 7#a#i#a-#a#i#f#a71 & ,WON ,SIM*ANG4 ,IT IS NOT KN[N1 ?\<1 IF IT WAS ACTUALLY PUBLI%$ &1 IF SO1 H[ LONG IT CONT9U$4 ,AT LEA/ IT SEEMS ?AT ! ,BLACK ,MOVEM5T ,SOCIETY TOO HAD A CLOSE RELATION%IP ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 AS IT REGUL>LY HELD SEV]AL /UDY MEET+S OR SEM9>S AMONG ITS MEMB]S ) !IR 9VIT$ ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ LECTUR]S1 9CLUD+ ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1 ,I%IKAWA ,SAN%IRO 7#a#h#g#f-#a#i#e#f71 ,MO*IZUKI ,KEI 7#a#h#h#f-#a#i#g#e71 & ,HATTA ,%UZO1 ! LATT] 9 P>TICUL> BE+ ! PRIM>Y LECTUR] ( ?OSE MEET+S PROBABLY BECAUSE HE WAS A R5[N$ 0AN>*ISM POLEMICI/0 7ANAKIZUMU RONKAKU74.<#b#f#g.> ,LAT]1 POSSIBLY 9 #a#i#b#g1 ! SOCIETY R5AM$ !IR ,KOREAN-LANGUAGE J\RNAL ,BLACK ,FRI5DS AS ,FREE ,SOCIETY 7,JIYU %AKAI71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,JAPANESE4 ,! ,BLACK ,MOVEM5T ,SOCIETY WAS A REGI/]$ MEMB] ( ,KOKUR54 ,SOME ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S WORK$ = ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ PRESS2 = EXAMPLE1 ,YI ,HONGGEUN WAS 9VOLV$ 9 #aibi 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ,9T]NATIONAL ,9=MATION 7,KOKUSAI JOHO71 :I* WAS R5AM$ LAT] ,9T]NATIONAL ,WORK]S 7,KOKUSAI RODO%A71 & ,HONG ,YEONG-U 9 #aibi P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ,FREE ,Y\? 7,JIYU SE9574.<#b#f#h.> 

,ACCORD+ TO ,YI ,HONGGEUN'S RECOLLECTION 9 #a#i#h#d1 HE & O!R MEMB]S ( ! ,BLACK ,MOVEM5T ,SOCIETY SUBSCRIB$ TO ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ J\RNALS SU* AS ,BLACK ,Y\? 7,KOKU%OKU SE9571 ,T5ANT ,F>M+ 7,KOSAKU71 & ,LABOR ,MOVEM5T 7,RODO UNDO7 TO /UDY !IR RESPECTIVE !ORIES4 ,YI ALSO RECALLS ?AT !Y W]E ALSO ABLE TO CON/RUCT A 0COMMUNICATION NETWORK0 7TONGS9 MANG7 ) ?OSE AN>*I/S 9 ,KOREA1 ,*9A1 & ,MAN*URIA4.<#b#f#i.> ,IT IS UNCLE>1 ?\<1 TO :AT EXT5T ! TRANSNATIONAL 0COMMUNICATION NETWORK0 WAS ACTUALLY ABLE TO WORK & FUNCTION TO CONNECT ! DISP]S$ AN>*I/S 9 DIFF]5T LOCATIONS 9 ! REGION &1 ?US1 G5]ATE MUTUAL 9SPIRATION & 9FLU5CE AS WELL AS TO %>E !IR TRANSNATIONAL COMMITM5TS4 ,:AT ,YI RECALLS NEV]!LESS IS 9DICATIVE ( ! 9T]ACTIONS ACROSS ! BORD]S AMONG ,ASIAN AN>*I/S1 9 G5]AL1 & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 DIFF]5T LOCATIONS1 9 P>TICUL>4 ,TOKYO1 TO BE SURE1 FUNCTION$ AS A NODE ( ! NETWORK ( RADICALS1 CONFIRM+ ITS E>LI] ROLE AS 0A MECCA ( PROGRESS40 

,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S & ,LABOR ,ISSUES 9 ,OSAKA 

  

,DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,OSAKA EM]G$ AS ONE ( ! 0GR[+ 9DU/RIAL C5T]S0 9 ,JAPAN1 ALONG ) ,TOKYO1 ,KOBE1 & ,YOKOHAMA4 ,& ) ! DEVELOPM5T ( 0AN 5]GETIC WORK+-CLASS MOVEM5T0.<#b#g.> IT W\LD BECOME ! MO/ ACTIVE CITY1 ONLY SECOND TO ,TOKYO1 9 T]MS ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES4.<#b#g#a.> ,9 FACT1 ,OSAKA 9 ! #a#i#aS & #a#i#bS WAS 5JOY+ ECONOMIC PROSP]ITY AS ! C5T] ( V>I\S 9DU/RIES1 SU* AS ! TEXTILE 9DU/RY 7ESPECIALLY COTTON TEXTILES7 & ! MA*9E 9DU/RY1 AS WELL AS ( COMM]CE & F9ANCE4 ,EM]G+ AS ! BIGGE/ 9DU/RIAL CITY 9 ,ASIA AT ! TIME1 ,OSAKA WAS TRANS=M+ ITSELF 9TO A SIGNIFICANT 9DU/RIAL ZONE1 PROBABLY BECAUSE ( :I* ! CITY HAD E>N$ ITS NICKNAME1 AN 0,AM/]DAM 9 ! ,ORI5T40 ,9 ADDITION1 ,OSAKA \TNUMB]$ ,TOKYO 9 T]MS ( ! CONC5TRATION ( PEOPLE 9 IT1 :O W]E PROBABLY FROM BO? 9SIDE & \TSIDE ,JAPAN1 & PRES5T$ ITSELF AS A DIFF]5T K9D ( CONC5TRAT$ LOCATION ( V>I\S PEOPLE4 ,AMONG ! PEOPLE >RIV+ 9 ! CITY W]E ,KOREAN WORK]S :O W]E MO/LY FROM ! S\!RN RURAL >EAS ( ! ,KOREAN P59SULA1 DEPRIV$ ( !IR L& AFT] ,JAPAN'S COLONIZATION 9 #a#i#a1 BECAUSE ( ! NEW L& 9VE/IGATION & SUBSEQU5T POLICY ?AT W]E 5=C$ ON !M BY ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,!SE ,KOREANS :O LEFT !IR HOMET[N N[ PROVID$ ,OSAKA ) ITS MU* NE$$ *EAP LABOR =CES1 :I* 9 TURN UPHELD FROM ! BOTTOM ! PROSP]ITY ( ! CITY DUR+ ! ,TAI%O P]IOD 7#a#i#a#b-#a#i#b#f74.<#b#g#b.> ,UNLIKE ,TOKYO1 ,OSAKA WAS KN[N TO ,KOREANS AT ! TIME MA9LY AS A PLACE ( OPPORTUNITY TO E>N MONEY AS *EAP LABOR WORK]S1 C]TA9LY NOT AS A PLACE 9 :I* TO RECEIVE HI<] $UCATION4 

,9DE$1 ?OSE :O CAME TO ,OSAKA FROM ! P59SULA W]E L>GELY WORK]S 9 SE>* ( JOBS AVAILABLE !RE1 BUT !RE TOO W]E SOME /UD5TS 9 ,OSAKA4 ,& ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATION 9 ,OSAKA WAS ! ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY ( ,KOREANS 9 ,OSAKA 7,OSAKA *OS5J9 %9BOKKAI71 ORGANIZ$ ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#i#a#d1 BY ,KOREAN RADICAL /UD5TS 9 ,OSAKA1 SU* AS ,JEONG ,TAES91 ,BU ,NAMHUI1 & ,S9 ,TAEGYUN4 ,IT WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION BUT ! RADICAL /UD5TS1 IT SEEM$1 HAD ALREADY BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA SU* AS ,HASEGAWA ,I*IMATSU 7#a#h#h#c-#a#i#a#g7 & ,YOKOTA ,%OJIRO 7#a#h#h#c-#a#i#c#f74 ,JEONG1 9 P>TICUL>1 GRADUALLY ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM ?R\< HIS 9T]ACTIONS ) ,YOKOTA & ,HASEGAWA4.<#b#g#c.> ,JU/ LIKE 9 ,TOKYO1 ! ROLE ( 9DIVIDUAL ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S MU/ HAVE BE5 ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE 9 ! 9ITIAL RECEPTION & ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA4 

,9 ! #a#i#bS ,OSAKA REMA9$ AS AN 9DU/RIALIZ+ CITY 9 NE$ ( WORK]S1 & ,KOREANS W]E TO FILL ! NE$4 ,! NUMB] ( ,KOREAN WORK]S :O CAME FROM ,BUSAN TO ,%IMONOSEKI BY F]RY BETWE5 ! LATE #a#i#bS & E>LY #a#i#cS NUMB]$ FROM AB\T #a ?\S& OR #af ?\S& ANNUALLY1 MANY ( :OM CAME TO ,OSAKA4 ,?OSE :O CAME FROM ,JEJU ,ISL& TO ,OSAKA DIRECTLY BY F]RY W]E APPROXIMATELY BETWE5 FIFTE5 & TW5TY ?\S& ANNUALLY4 ,OSAKA WAS ! DE/9ATION ( PEOPLE P>TICUL>LY FROM ,JEJU ,ISL&1.<#b#g#d.> BECAUSE MO/ ( !M W]E DESP]ATELY 9 SE>* ( A JOB4 ,& IT SEEM$ ?AT ONCE !Y CAME TO ,OSAKA !Y HAD A T5D5CY TO CONT9UE TO /AY & SETTLE 9 ! CITY1 RA!R ?AN TO MOVE TO O!R CITIES 9 ,JAPAN4.<#b#g#e.> ,?IS EXPLA9S :Y !RE US$ TO BE MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM ,JEJU ,ISL& 9 ,OSAKA4 ,GO ,SUNHEUM 7#a#h#i-#a#i#g#e7 WAS ONE ( !M4 ,GO CAME FROM ,JEJU ISL& TO ,OSAKA 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#d1 BUT HAD ALREADY BE5 9SPIR$ BY ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUAL AID IDEA.<#b#g#f.> & 9VOLV$ 9 A LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,SE\L1 HAV+ PLAY$ A KEY ROLE 9 P5N+ ! PLAT=M & *>T] ( ! ,ASSOCIATION = ,LABOR & ,MUTUAL ,RELIEF 9 ,KOREA 7,JOSEON NODONG GONGJE HOE71 E/ABLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #aib AS ! FIR/ LABOR ASSOCIATION 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,GO WAS >RE/$ 9 ,AUGU/ #aibb 9 ,KOREA = HIS ACTIVITIES = ! ,ASSOCIATION4 ,AFT] RELEAS$ FROM PRISON 9 #a#i#b#d1 HE CROSS$ ! ,KOREA ,/RAIT TO COME TO ,OSAKA 9 ! SAME YE>1 :]E HE IMM$IATELY BECAME 5GAG$ 9 ! ACTIVITIES ( ! ,NAMHEUNG ,DAWN ,SOCIETY 7,NAGYO REIMEI KAI7 L$ BY ,*OE ,SEONMYEONG1 & ALSO ORGANIZ$ ! ,ALLIANCE ( ! ,SOCIETIES ( ,KOREAN ,PROP]TYLESS ,PEOPLE 7,A,S,K,P,P1 ,*OS5 MU*AN%A %AKAI DOMEI7 ) ,*OE & ,KIM ,TAEYEOP 9 ,JUNE ( #a#i#b#d4 ,AL?\< ! ,ALLIANCE HAD JU/ A H&FUL ( MEMB]S1 IT (T5 WAS EMP[]$ BY COLLABORATIONS ) O!R RADICALS & RADICAL ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA4 ,! ,ALLIANCE DEF9$ ITS MISSION 0TO DEF9ITELY ESCAPE FROM ! CURR5T .<COLONIZ$.> /ATUS .<( ,KOREA.> BY ,KOREANS' [N /R5G? & CON/RUCT A NEW CULTURE40.<#b#g#g.> ,LAT] ,GO RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE PROV9CE ( ,JEJU ,ISL&1 :]E HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 A MUTUAL RELIEF_/F9ANC+ NATIVE ORGANIZATION CALL$ ,\R ,MUTUAL ,LOAN ,CLUB 7,URI GYE7 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO HIS MEMOIR1 ATTEMPT$ TO REALIZE AN IDEAL SOCIETY 9 ! ISL& BY ADOPT+ TO HIS AN>*I/ IDEAS ,LAOZI'S IDEA ( 0,?REE ,TREASURES0 7SAMBO7 9 HUMAN LIFE1 ?AT IS1 DILIG5CE 7GEUN71 FRUGALITY 7GEOM71 & MODE/Y 7YANG74.<#b#g#h.> 

,! ,A,S,K,P,P HELD A MASS GA!R+ 9 ,JUNE & ,JULY 7OR ,AUGU/7 ( #a#i#b#d1 RESPECTIVELY1 9 PROTE/ AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE OPPRESSION ( ,KOREANS' FRE$OM ( SPEE* & GA!R+1 9 COLLABORATION ) ! ,SOCIETY = ,KOREAN ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE 9 ,OSAKA 7,OSAKA *OS5 RODO DOMEI KAI71 ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,KOREAN ,Y\? ,SOCIETY 9 ,KANSAI 7,KANSAI *OS5J9 SANP9 SE95 KAI71 ! ,OSAKA ,KOREAN ,/UDY-,ABROAD ,/UD5TS' ,FRAT]NAL ,SOCIETY 7,OSAKA *OS5 RYUGAKSEI GAKUYU KAI71 & ! ,NAMHEUNG ,DAWN ,SOCIETY1 ) :I* ,GO HAD BE5 AFFILIAT$ CLOSELY S9CE HIS >RIVAL 9 ,OSAKA4 ,AT ! GA!R+ ,GO GAVE A SPEE* ALONG ) ,*OE ,SEONMYEONG & ,KIM ,TAEYEOP4 ,9 ADDITION1 9 AN EF=T TO PROTECT ,KOREAN WOM5 WORK]S' RI<TS 9 ,OSAKA1 ,GO ALSO ORGANIZ$ ! ,SOCIETY TO ,PROTECT ,KOREAN ,WOM5 ,WORK]S 7,*OS5 JOKO HOGO KAI7 ON ,JANU>Y #f1 #a#i#b#f1 P>TLY BECAUSE MO/ ( ! FEMALE WORK]S 9 ,OSAKA W]E FROM ,JEJU ,ISL&1 ( :I* HE ALSO WAS A NATIVE4 ,! ,SOCIETY1 ! FIR/ & UNIQUE ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ?AT EXCLUSIVELY WORK$ OR ADVOCAT$ = ,KOREAN FEMALE WORK]S & !IR RI<TS1 HAD FIFTY MEMB]S & CONT9U$ TO BE ACTIVE UNTIL #a#i#b#i4 ,GO ALSO SUBSEQU5TLY ORGANIZ$ ! ,LEAGUE ( ,FREE ,KOREAN ,WORK]S 9 ,SAKAI 7,SAKAI *OS5 JIYU RODO%A R5MEI7 & ! ,LEAGUE ( ,FREE ,WORK]S 9 ,OSAKA 7,OSAKA JIYU RODO%A R5MEI74 ,?ANKS TO ,GO'S EF=TS & ACTIVITIES 9 ,OSAKA & LAT] 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 ,JEJU ,ISL& BECAME KN[N AT ?AT TIME AS A C5T] ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 BRE$+ MANY Y\NG AN>*I/S4 ,MORE IMPORTANTLY1 ) HIS ACTIVITIES 9 ,OSAKA1 ,KOREAN WORK]S' MOVEM5T 9 ,OSAKA 5JOY$ ITS GOLD5 YE>S UNTIL ! MID-#a#i#b#g1 :5 !IR MOVEM5T BEGAN TO BE UND]M9$ BY ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S & !IR ACTIVITIES !RE4 ,GO W\LD BECOME A C5TRAL FIGURE 9 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,OSAKA1 ALONG ) ,KIM ,TAEYEOP & ,*OE ,SEONMYEONG4.<#b#g#i.> 

,BESIDES ,GO1 ONE ( ! FREQU5TLY M5TION$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA WAS ,*OE ,SEONMYEONG1 BUT LITTLE IS KN[N AB\T ,*OE4 ,:AT IS KN[N TODAY IS ?AT ,*OE WAS A GRADUATE ( ,TOYO ,UNIV]SITY & HAD ORGANIZ$ ! ,NAMHEUNG ,DAWN ,SOCIETY 9 ,OSAKA ) ,KIM ,TAEYEOP1 BE=E ,GO ,SUNHEUM'S >RIVAL 9 ,OSAKA 9 #a#i#b#d4 ,*OE IS BELIEV$ TO HAVE GONE TO ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA SOMETIME AFT] ,GO'S >RIVAL 9 ,OSAKA1 BUT SEEM$ TO DISAPPE> AFT] BE+ >RE/$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE ON ! WAY BACK TO NOR!RN ,KOREA FROM ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA4 ,ALSO UNCLE> >E :5 ,*OE TRAVEL$ TO ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA1 :5 ,*OE'S >RE/ TOOK PLACE1 & ! :]EAB\TS ( ,*OE AFT]W>DS4 ,*OE SEEM$ TO HAVE BE5 CLOSE TO ,KIM ,TAEYEOP1 :O REMEMB]S & DESCRIBES ,*OE 9 HIS MEMOIR AS A NATIONALI/1 )\T REF]5CE TO ,*OE'S G5D]1 :O F\<T AGA9/ ! PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP ( ! ,COMMUNI/S4.<#b#h.> 

,9 ADDITION TO ,*OE & ,GO1 ,KIM ,TAEYEOP 7#a#i#b-#a#i#h#e7 PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,OSAKA4 ,KIM CAME TO ,OSAKA ALONG ) MANY O!R ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 #aiae AS A *ILD LABOR WORK]4 ,UNTIL HE WAS DEPORT$ TO ,KOREA 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#c#e1 AFT] HAV+ SP5T F\R YE>S 9 ,JAPANESE PRISON1 ,KIM HAD BE5 KN[N = HIS 9VOLVEM5T 9 MANY LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 ! ,KANSAI >EA ( ,JAPAN4.<#b#h#a.>,HE BEGAN TO WORK AS A *ILD LABOR] 9 ,OSAKA AT A %IPBUILD+ Y>D1 :]E HE REALIZ$ ?AT1 SOME:AT PREMATURELY1 0WE WORK]S JU/ WORK TO DEA? & >E ONLY EXPLOIT$0 & ?AT 0WE ,KOREANS0 SUFF]$ FROM ! H>% OPPRESSION FROM ,JAPANESE4.<#b#h#b.> ,GRADUALLY DEVELOP+ CLASS CONSCI\SNESS AS A WORK] AS WELL AS NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS1 HE ATT5D$ A 0LABOR NI<T S*OOL0 7RODO YAGAKU7 9 ,OSAKA1 AT :I* HE LE>N$ ?AT WORK]S C\LD LIB]ATE !MSELVES FROM POV]TY ONLY BY UNIT+ !MSELVES & RESI/+ UNJU/ OPPRESSION & EXPLOITATIONS BY ALL 5T]PRIS]S4.<#b#h#c.> ,KIM'S CASE IS REVEAL+ 9 ?AT HE DEVELOP$ HIS 9T]E/ 9 LABOR ISSUES BECAUSE !Y W]E HIS [N2 & HE !N WAS 9CREAS+LY 9CL9$ TO AN>*ISM4 ,UNLIKE MO/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,TOKYO1 :O 9 G5]AL 5C\NT]$ BO? NATIONAL & SOCIAL DISCRIM9ATIONS & ALMO/ SIMULTANE\SLY CONTACT$ AN>*ISM ?R\< READ+ AN>*I/ WORKS &_/OR BECOM+ ACQUA9T$ ) ,JAPANESE_/,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 SUBSEQU5TLY CONV]T+ TO AN>*ISM1 ,KIM FIR/ FAC$ H>D%IPS & PA9S 9 LABOR AS A *ILD LABOR] & GRADUALLY CAME TO REALIZE ?IS AS A SOCIAL ISSUE4 ,HE !N F\ND AN ANSW] TO IT 9 AN>*ISM1 OR AT LEA/ F\ND AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES AS A WAY TO TACKLE ! PROBLEM4.<#b#h#d.> 

,KIM'S AN>*ISM WAS MO/ LIKELY BAS$ ON SYNDICALI/ LABOR MOVEM5T BUT )\T ANY LEAD+ !ORY ?AT GUID$ HIS LABOR ACTIVITIES4 ,9 HIS MEMOIR HE RECALLS ?AT 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5TS HE WAS 9VOLV$ 9 ,OSAKA & O!R PLACES HE NE$$ NO !ORETICAL EXPLANATIONS = ,KOREAN WORK]S !RE TO ORGANIZE & MOBILIZE !M1 BECAUSE ! MA9 EFFECTIVE PR9CIPLE TO MOBILIZE & ORGANIZE !M WAS TO PROVOKE !IR NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS BY 9DICAT+ ?AT !Y W]E COLONIZ$ PEOPLE :O LO/ !IR C\NTRY1 RA!R ?AN (F]+ !M ANY MEAN+LESS LABOR !ORY4.<#b#h#e.> ,9 ,OSAKA1 JU/ LIKE ,TOKYO1 NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS TOO MU/ HAVE BE5 UTILIZ$ TO RAISE SOCIAL CONSCI\SNESS AMONG ! WORK]S4 ,UNLIKE 9 ,TOKYO1 H[EV]1 IT SEEMS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S LIKE ,KIM PRIORITIZ$ & DEALT FIR/ ) ! LABOR-RELAT$ ISSUES PREVAL5T 9 ,OSAKA1 :I* DIRECTLY AFFECT$ !IR LIVES & LABOR CONDITIONS1 RA!R ?AN HEAVILY RELI$ ON SU* UNAPPEAL+ ISSUES AS ! FATE & /ATUS ( !IR NATION OR ! BROAD] ISSUES P]T95T TO ! QUE/ION ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 ,!RE C]TA9LY W]E SOME PECULI> ASPECTS TO ! ,OSAKA-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/_/LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#i#bS1 :I* W]E DIFF]5T FROM ?OSE 9 ,TOKYO4 ,KIM PROBABLY KNEW ?IS & ?US RECALLS ?AT HE COMB9$ TWO DIFF]5T CATEGORIES1 ! NATION 7M9JOK7 & ! 0WORK+ MASSES0 7GEULLO DAEJUNG71 & R5D]$ !M ! MA9 GUID+ IDEAS = HIS LABOR MOVEM5T ACTIVITIES 9 ! 5SU+ YE>S4.<#b#h#f.> 

,AFT] SP5D+ MANY YE>S 9 ,OSAKA1 ,KIM1 JU/ LIKE ALL O!R ,KOREANS ( #a#i#aS TO #a#i#bS ,JAPAN1 LEFT = ,TOKYO FROM ,OSAKA 9 #a#i#b1 9 SE>* ( HIS $UCATION AT ,NIHON 7,JAPAN7 ,UNIV]SITY AS A WORK-/UDY /UD5T4 ,:5 HE TRAVEL$ TO & /AY$ 9 ,TOKYO = A :ILE 9 #a#i#b1 ,KIM 9T]ACT$ & ASSOCIAT$ HIMSELF ) MANY ,JAPANESE & ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & EV5 COMMUNI/S !RE4 ,OBVI\SLY ,KIM WAS OP5 TO V>I\S IDEOLOGIES & ALSO WILL+ TO BECOME ACQUA9T$ ) MANY K9DS ( SOCIALI/S4 ,HE SOON P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,SOCIETY = ,KOREAN ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE 9 ,JAPAN 7,ZA9I*I *OS5 RODO DOMEI KAI7 9 ,NOVEMB] ( ?AT YE>4 ,:ILE LIV+ 9 ,TOKYO1 HE CONT9U$ TO MEET MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SU* AS ,JEONG ,TAESEONG 7#a#i#a-871 & ,BAK ,YEOL4 ,HIS P]SPECTIVE WAS ACCORD+LY TRANS=M$ 9 ,TOKYO1 ,KIM RECALLS4 ,IT WAS AT ?IS MOM5T ?AT HE BEGAN TO FOCUS MORE ON LABOR ISSUES & SOCIALI/ !ORIES & ?AT1 ACCORD+ TO HIM1 HE WAS 9CL9$ T[>D ,FABIANISM4.<#b#h#g.> ,HIS /AY 9 ,TOKYO DIDN'T LA/ LONG4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ! ,GREAT] ,KANTO ,E>?QUAKE 9 #a#i#b#c1 HE WAS DETA9$ & TORTUR$ BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE LIKE MANY ,KOREANS1 &1 ONCE RELEAS$1 ?US DECID$ TO RETURN TO ,OSAKA 9 ,DECEMB] ( ?AT YE>4 ,BACK 9 ,OSAKA HE ACTIVELY ORGANIZ$ & L$ A MEET+ TO CRITICIZE ! ,JAPANESE MASSACRE ( ,KOREANS 9 ,TOKYO AFT] ! E>?QUAKE4 ,ALSO ORGANIZ$ BY HIM WAS ! ,A,S,K,P,P 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#d1 9 LEAGUE ) ,*OE ,SEONMYEONG & ,GO ,SUNHEUM1 TWO MAJOR FIGURES 9 ,OSAKA-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,! NEXT YE> ,KIM ,TAEYEOP OP5$ A ,KOREAN ,LABOR ,S*OOL 7,*OS5 RODO GAKKO7 ) ,KIM ,SUHYEON4 ,! =M] ALSO ORGANIZ$ ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY 7,%9%9 KAI7 ) ,YI ,*UNSIK 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#b#f1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF ,SOCIETY 7,JIGASEI %A7 ALSO ) ,YI AS *AIR ( ! ,SOCIETY1 :I* PUBLI%$ ITS J\RNAL1 ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF 7,*IGASEI .<SIC.>74 ,:ILE 9VOLV$ 9 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ SEV]AL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 ,KIM ,TAEYEOP WAS 9 *>GE ( PUBLI%+ & $IT+ ! J\RNAL ( ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF ,SOCIETY1 ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ PUBLICATION PUBLI%$ 9 ,OSAKA4 ,IT IS NOTABLE ?AT ! J\RNAL C\LD HAVE BE5 5DORS$ BY ,BAK ,YEOL1 :O HAD BE5 >RE/$ & 9 PRISON AT ! TIME ( ITS PUBLICATION 9 #a#i#b#f1 = HIS ALLEG$ PLOT ) ,KANEKO ,FUMIKO TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,JAPANESE EMP]OR4 ,KIM C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY DEVELOP$ FRI5D%IP OR COMRADE%IP ) ,BAK :5 HE WAS 9 ,TOKYO BETWE5 #aib & #a#i#b#c1 S9CE ,BAK CONTRIBUT$ A %ORT PIECE ( WRIT+ FROM PRISON TO ! 9AUGURAL ISSUE ( ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF1 TITL$ 0,! ,DECL>ATION ( ! ,/RONG10 ALBEIT MO/ P>TS ( ,BAK'S CONTRIBUTION W]E DELET$ & ?US NOT READABLE DUE TO ,JAPANESE C5SOR%IP4.<#b#h#h.> 

,9 FACT1 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF1 PUBLI%$ ON ,M>* #b1 #a#i#b#f1 WAS BANN$ JU/ TWO DAYS AFT] IT HAD COME \T1 ALBEIT ! ISSUE HAS SURVIV$ & WAS AVAILABLE = ! CURR5T /UDY4 ,! 0,DECL>ATION0 ( ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF1 WRITT5 BY ,YI ,*UNSIK1 *AIR 7DAIHYO7 ( ! ,SOCIETY1 C>RI$ 9 ITS FIR/ ISSUE1 ALSO HAD SOME P>TS DELET$4 ,NEV]!LESS1 FROM ! P>T READABLE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT ! ,SOCIETY MA9TA9$ ITS H>% CRITICISM AGA9/ ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T ACTIVI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 & 0LABOR UNION ACTIVI/S0 7I4E41 COMMUNI/S74 ,FIR/1 ,YI 9 ! ,DECL>ATION LABEL$ ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S 0\R 5EMY0 BECAUSE !Y W]E ?OSE :O1 05TRAPP+ US10 UTILIZ$ 0\R UNITY0 = 9DEP5D5CE & NATIONAL LIB]ATION = ! SAKE ( !IR AMBITION & P[]-M9D$NESS4 ,BO? SOCIALI/S & 0LABOR UNION ACTIVI/S0 TOO W]E AV>ICI\S = P[]1 ,YI CONT9U$1 SO ?AT !Y ALSO 0=CE US TO BE UNIT$0 UND] A C]TA9 TYPE ( !ORY 9 ORD] TO SACRIFICE 0US0 TO MEET !IR 0AV>ICE40 ,ALL ( !M1 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S1 SOCIALI/S1 & 0LABOR UNION ACTIVI/S10 EV5TUALLY W]E 9 FACT ACT+ ON BEHALF ( CAPITALI/S1 ADD+ OPPRESSION & TYRANNY TO 0US10 ,YI 9SI/$ 9 ! ,DECL>ATION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 !RE=E1 IT W\LD TURN \T ?AT DIGG+ ! GRAVES ( ! CAPITALI/S MU/ BE A WORK 0WE0 HAD TO DO 9 0\R0 LIVES4.<#b#h#i.> ,H]E1 ,YI SEP>AT$ 0US0--?OSE :O W]E AN>*I/S 7& POSSIBLY ! MASSES7--FROM BO? O!R SOCIALI/S1 9CLUD+ COMMUNI/S & SYNDICALI/S1 AS WELL AS ! NATIONALI/S WORK+ = 9DEP5D5CE4 

,A SIMIL> CRITICISM ( NATIONALI/S WAS MADE BY ,KIM ,TAEYEOP 9 ! SAME ISSUE4 ,KIM1 US+ HIS NICKNAME ,TOPPA 9 ,JAPANESE OR ,DOLPA 9 ,KOREAN1 MEAN+ 0BREAK+ ?R\<10 :I* HE HAD E>N$ AFT] HIS AUDACI\S ACTIONS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE1 WROTE 9 ! 9AUGURAL ISSUE AN >TICLE ON 0,! ,MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA10 9 :I* HE PLAC$ ,KOREA'S LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ! CONTEXT ( GLOBAL MOVEM5T = 0! LIB]ATION ( PROP]TYLESS CLASS40 ,ACCORD+ TO HIM1 ! LIB]ATION ( 0WEAK & SMALL NATIONS0 9 ! WORLD HAD TWO MEAN+S1 ?AT IS1 9DEP5D5CE & NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 = 0! P[]FUL NATIONS0 HAD EXPLOIT$ !M ECONOMICALLY & 5SLAV$ !IR PEOPLE AS WELL4 ,POLITICAL MOVEM5TS SU* AS ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T ( #aiai 9 ?OSE 0WEAK & SMALL NATIONS10 !RE=E1 C\LD HAVE NO ESS5TIAL EFFECT ON LIB]ATION1 ,KIM CONT5D$4 ,! NATURE ( !IR LIB]ATION RA!R MU/ BE ECONOMIC & SOCIAL 9 CONSEQU5CE1 AL?\< ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T AS A POLITICAL MOVEM5T PAV$ ! WAY TO ! COM+ SOCIALI/ AS WELL AS LABOR UNION MOVEM5TS 9 ,KOREA1 ,KIM ADD$4 ,= ! ,KOREANS )\T JOBS & FOOD UND] CAPITALI/ EXPLOITATIONS1 !IR 0SAVIOR0 WAS A 0SOCIALI/ NEW ?9K+0 7%AKAI%UGI DEKI S9 %ISO7 ) ! 0SELF-AW>5ESS ( ! MASSES40 ,! 0SAVIOR0 CALL$ = A LIB]ATION MOVEM5T G5]AT$ BY ! P[] ( ! UNITY ( ! PROLET>IAN MASSES1 ,KIM ASS]T$4 ,9 HIS ANALYSIS1 ! NEW LIB]ATION MOVEM5T APPE>$ AS A RESPONSE TO ! CALL FROM ! 0SAVIOR10 :I* HAD EXHIBIT$ ITS G5U9E P[] TO ! MOVEM5TS BY LABOR UNIONS1 T5ANT UNIONS1 & SO ON4 ?R\<\T ,KOREA4 ,HE1 ( C\RSE1 OBS]V$ ?AT !RE HAD BE5 T]RIBLE OPPRESSIONS & TYRANNY BY ! AU?ORITIES & POLICE 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA ?AT HAD SUPPRESS$ ! NEW MOVEM5T4 ,H[EV]1 0WE MU/ NOT BE SADD5$ & DEPRESS$10 BECAUSE ! MORE OPPRESSIVE & TYRANNICAL ! SUPPRESSION BECAME1 ! MORE P[]FUL & 9T5SIFI$ BECAME 0\R MOVEM5T10 :I* BAS$ ITSELF ON ! 0AW>5ESS ( HUMANITY0 & ! 0SOCIAL TRU?10 ,KIM CONCLUD$4 ,TO HIM1 ! T>GET ( AN>*ISM WAS NOT ONLY IMP]IALISM OR COLONIALISM BUT ALSO CAPITALISM ?AT HAD ECONOMICALLY EXPLOIT$ & 5SLAV$ PEOPLE1 9 ADDITION TO ! PRIVILEG$ RUL+ CLASS CALL$ YANGBAN ( ! ,KOREAN SOCIETY4.<#b#i.> 

,! 0P[]LESS PEOPLE0 W]E NOT JU/ LIMIT$ TO ?OSE COLONIZ$ 9 ,KOREA4 ,YI ,*UNSIK 9 ! NEXT ISSUE ( ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! RI<T = HUMAN BE+S TO LIVE1 NOT BAS$ ON ! COMPETITION = EXI/5CE BETWE5 ! /RONG & ! WEAK BUT RA!R BAS$ ON ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUAL AID IDEA4.<#b#i#a.> ,H]E WE F9D ! TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS & COSMOPOLITAN \TLOOK ( ! J\RNAL4 ,IT IS QUITE >GUABLE H]E1 ONCE AGA91 ?AT1 JU/ LIKE ,YI ,HAYU & ,%9 ,*AEHO 9 HIS NEW CONCEPTUALIZATION ( M9JUNG1 ,YI ,*UNSIK & ,KIM ,TAEYEOP ALONG ) ! MEMB]S ( ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF ,SOCIETY OP5$ UP A WAY TO EXP& ! MEAN+ ( 0PEOPLE0 TO TRANSC5D ! NATIONAL B\ND>IES ( ,KOREA & 5COMPASS ! EXPLOIT$ & OPPRESS$ 9 ! O!R P>TS ( ! WORLD4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y LIB]ATION ( ! 0P[]LESS PEOPLE0 7OR 0PROP]TYLESS CLASS07 W\LD NOT SPR+ FROM AN OLD-FA%ION$ POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T1 ) :I* ! ,SOCIETY SEEM$ TO AGREE2 RA!R1 IT W\LD /EM FROM ! LIB]ATION MOVEM5T = ALL HUMAN BE+S ?AT WAS DEM&$ BY CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIALISM4.<#b#i#b.> ,TRANSNATIONAL CONC]NS & GOALS W]E TO BE PUT =W>D BY ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,SOCIETY1 :I* 9 TURN REQUIR$ !M TO PRIORITIZE & DISCUSS ! SOCIAL RA!R ?AN ! NATIONAL QUE/IONS4 ,& ! TRANSNATIONAL MEAN+ ( 0P[]LESS PEOPLE0 C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE BE5 DISSIPAT$ TO ! REGION QUITE EFFECTIVELY1 AS ,*OE ,GAPRYONG RECALLS ?AT ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF WAS S5T \T AS F> AS TO NOR!RN ,MAN*URIA1 SO AS TO EV5TUALLY CONV]T RADICALS LIKE ,BAK ,SEOKHONG !RE TO AN>*ISM4.<#b#i#c.> 

,DRAW+ ON ,KROPOTK9'S MUTUAL AID IDEA1 ,YI ,*UNSIK CONT9U$ TO EXPRESS HIS REJECTION ( ! 0=MULA0 ?AT 0! P[]FUL W9S OV] ! WEAK0 & PO9T$ \T ?AT ONE TRU? WAS ?AT ALL ! LIV+ ?+S POSSESS$ ! RI<T TO LIVE4 ,YI CONT5D$ ?AT 0WE ! ,KOREAN PROLET>IAT10 AL?\< !Y HAD BE5 0LOYAL SLAVES0 & 0SIL5T10 N[ HAD ONLY ONE PA? ( LIFE UND] H>D%IPS1 />VATION1 OPPRESSIONS1 & SO =?1 :I* AFT] ALL WAS 0TO BE REBELLI\S40 ,ONLY ?IS WAY1 ,YI POSIT$1 !Y W]E ABLE TO GRASP !IR [N FRE$OM & HAPP9ESS BY !IR [N H&S4.<#b#i#d.> ,H]E1 ! MEAN+ ( FRE$OM1 PROBABLY %>$ BY ! ,SOCIETY MEMB]S1 WAS UND\BT$LY AN>*I/4 ,AN ANONYM\S AU?OR ( A %ORT >TICLE C>RI$ ALSO 9 ! 9AUGURAL ISSUE ( ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF DEF9$ 0G5U9E FRE$OM0 AS 0! FRE$OM ( WILL10.<#b#i#e.> CLOSE TO :AT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S UPHELD AT ! TIME1 ?AT IS1 ABSOLUTE FRE$OM ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,! %>$ UND]/&+ ( FRE$OM AS 0! FRE$OM ( WILL0 ( 9DIVIDUALS DEVELOP$ 9TO A MU* MORE REF9$ UND]/&+ ( A SELF1 AS ,KIM ,TAEYEOP 9 HIS WRIT+ W5T FUR!R TO SAY ?AT )\T UND]/&+ A SELF IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO UND]/& ! MASSES2 LIKEWISE1 )\T TRANS=M+ A SELF1 IT WAS IMPOSSIBLE TO TRANS=M ! MASSES2 & )\T P]FECT+ & COMPREH5D+ A SELF1 NO ONE C\LD RETURN TO A SELF4 ,!RE=E1 ,KIM SIMPLY RAIS$ TWO RELAT$ QUE/IONS3 0H[ CAN Y\ CLAIM ?AT Y\ UND]/& ! MASSES :5 Y\ DON'T HAVE ANY UND]/&+ ( Y\RSELF AT ALL80 & 0,>E !RE SU* ?+S AS A CLASS SEP>AT$ FROM A SELF80 ,ACCORD+ TO ,KIM1 ! MOTIVE TO PURSUE A NATIONAL PROLET>IAN MOVEM5T SPRANG FROM ! CONCEPT ?AT A SELF WAS AN 9COMPLETE PRODUCT 7( ! SOCIETY74 ,9 O!R WORDS1 IF A SELF IS COMPREH5D$ AS HYPOCRITICAL & FEEBLE-M9D$1 ?AT W\LD HAVE ! SELF 5DEAVOR TO P]FECT ! SELF & ULTIMATELY LAUN* A MOVEM5T TO SET UP A G5U9E SOCIETY FULL ( NATURAL HUMANNESS4.<#b#i#f.> ,CORRESPOND+ TO ! ,SOCIETY'S NAME1 ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF1 ITS MEMB]S SEEM$ TO /RESS 9DIVIDUALS & !IR SELF-REFLECTIONS AS A WAY TO DEAL ) !IR CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY & ITS PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM4 

,ANO!R 9FLU5TIAL AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATION E/ABLI%$ 9 ,OSAKA WAS ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY1 AL?\< JU/ FRAGM5T PIECES ( 9=MATION AB\T IT >E AVAILABLE N[4 ,IT WAS E/ABLI%$ ON ,JANU>Y #a#f1 #a#i#b#f1 ) ,YI ,*UNSIK AS ITS *AIRP]SON & #e MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ ,KIM ,TAEYEOP4 ,! ,SOCIETY PASS$ ITS PLAT=M ON ! SAME DAY ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T1 :I* 9CLUD$ ! FOLL[+3 7#a7 WE ANTICIPATE ABSOLUTE LIB]ATION ?R\< UNIT$ ACTIONS & MUTUAL AID SPIRIT ( ! COMPATRIOTS2 7#b7 WE1 FROM A P>TICUL> NATIONAL POSITION1 5DEAVOR TO BREAK D[N ! UNREASONABLE 5VIRONM5T & GA9 ECONOMIC FRE$OM2 & 7#c7 WE1 FROM A CIVILIZATIONAL POSITION1 MAKE A RU% TO CREATE A NEW CULTURE4.<#b#i#g.> ,! ,SOCIETY'S MA9 ACTIVITIES 9CLUD$ ONE ?AT *]I%$ ! MEMORY ( ,SUNJONG1 ! LA/ EMP]OR ( ! ,JOSEON 7,*OSON7 DYNA/Y ( ,KOREA1 AS WELL AS ! P>TICIPATION ) O!R ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS 9 A MU* L>G] ,OSAKA-BAS$ ORGANIZATION NAM$ ! ,C5TRAL ,C\NCIL = ,KOREANS 7,*OS5J9 *UO KYOGI KAI74 ,! CORE MEMB]S ( ! ,C\NCIL 9CLUD$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA SU* AS ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY & ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF ,SOCIETY1 AL?\< IT WAS NOT TO DEVELOP AT ALL AS AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,! ,C\NCIL DEALT ) ! /&+ ISSUES REG>D+ ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ! ,KANSAI >EA1 9CLUD+ ,OSAKA4 

,! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY %>$ ITS MA9 (FICE ) ! ,VOICE ( ,SELF ,SOCIETY ,YI & ,KIM HAD ALREADY E/ABLI%$4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :Y ,YI & ,KIM E/ABLI%$ AN ADDITIONAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY1 BUT IT SEEMS ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY1 AS ITS PLAT=M & ACTIVITIES DEMON/RATE1 WAS PROBABLY CONC]N$ ) SOME /&+ NATIONAL ISSUES ?AT REQUIR$ ! ,SOCIETY'S ATT5TION AS MU* AS ITS AN>*I/ GOAL1 :I* WAS NOT DISCLOS$ TRANSP>5TLY 9 ! PLAT=M4 ,ANYH[1 ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY PUBLI%$ ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ITS ORGAN NEWSLETT] ON ,M>* #b1 #a#i#b#f1 ) ! SAME TITLE AS ITS NAME1.<#b#i#h.> ALBEIT NOT MU* IS KN[N AB\T IT4 ,O!R ?AN ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY1 !RE W]E ! ,A,S,K,P,P1 ! ,UNION ( ,FREE ,KOREAN ,WORK]S 9 ,SAKAI 7,*OS5 SAKAI JIYU RODO%A KUMIAI71 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#e1 & ! ,OSAKA ,FREE ,WORK]S ,F$]ATION 7,OSAKA JIYU RODO%A R5MEI71 ALSO E/ABLI%$ 9 ! SAME YE>4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA CONT9U$ TO WORK ) !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS WELL 9TO ! E>LY #a#i#cS4.<#b#i#i.> 

,AS HI/ORIAN ,JEONG ,HYEGYEONG CORRECTLY SUGGE/S1 ,KOREA AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,OSAKA NE$S TO BE APPROA*$ & UND]/OOD FROM A COMP>ATIVE P]SPECTIVE4 ,IT HAD ITS [N SALI5T TRAITS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM ?AT 9 ,TOKYO1 9 T]MS ( ITS FOCUS ( ACTIVITIES & TACTICS1 NOT TO M5TION ! NATURE ( ! ISSUES 9 NE$ ( ITS ATT5TION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JEONG1 !RE W]E SEV]AL CONSPICU\S DIFF]5CES 9 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! TWO CITIES ( ,JAPAN4 ,! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA W]E QUITE SMALL 9 !IR SIZE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 T]MS ( !IR MEMB]%IP4 ,& IT SEEMS TO ME !RE W]E OV]ALL F> FEW] AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA ?AN 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,9 ADDITION1 MANY AN>*I/ OR AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA /AT$ & 9CLUD$ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 !IR PLAT=M & GOALS BUT NOT JU/ = ! PURPOSES ( PROPAGAT+ AN>*ISM & REALIZ+ AN \TRI<T IDEAL AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,&1 AS ! CASE ( ! ,NEW ,ADVANCE ,SOCIETY'S ACTIVITY TO COMMEMORATE ! LA/ ,KOREAN EMP]OR REVEALS1 !IR ACTIVITIES W]E SOMETIMES UNDISC]NIBLE FROM ?OSE ( O!R NATIONALI/ OR SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS1 AS ,JEONG PO9TS \T4 ,O!R ?AN ! LANGUAGES ( FRE$OM1 9DIVIDUAL1 LIB]ATION1 MUTUAL AID1 & SO ON1 ! ,OSAKA-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS1 SOMETIMES ) NO PI?9ESS 9 !ORY1 DID NOT GO FUR!R 9 !IR RESPECTIVE PLAT=M & GOALS TO PROPAGATE !IR RADICAL AN>*I/ IDEALS1 SU* AS REVOLUTION4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,JEONG1 ?IS EXPLA9S1 9 P>T1 :Y !RE W]E FEW] CONFLICTS & T5SIONS BETWE5 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ & O!R SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA1 AT LEA/ >\ND ! TIME :5 ! ABOVE-M5TION$ AN>*I/ SOCIETIES W]E ORGANIZ$ & ACTIVE SIMULTANE\SLY4.<#c.> ,MAYBE IT WAS A NECESSITY = !M TO COOP]ATE CLOSELY ) O!R ORGANIZATIONS = ! MAXIMUM EFFECTIVE RESULT ( !IR MOVEM5T OR TO COPE ) & SURVIVE ! ,JAPANESE POLICE SURVEILLANCE & OPPRESSION 9 ! CITY4 ,IT IS ALSO POSSIBLE ?AT !Y DIDN'T OR DIDN'T WANT TO DI/+UI% ANY !ORETICAL DIFF]5CES AMONG V>I\S BRAN*ES ( SOCIALISMS FROM AN>*ISM1 AS 9 ! CASE ) ,KIM ,TAEYEOP4 

,! DIFF]5CES BETWE5 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA1 ,I >GUE1 NE$ TO BE APPROA*$ ADDITIONALLY ) ! UND]/&+ ( DIFF]5T LOCAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,JEONG CRITICIZES HI/ORIAN ,HORIU*I'S G5]AL ASSESSM5T ( ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,JAPAN AS A 0?\<T MOVEM5T0 7%ISO UNDO7 & 0NATIONALI/IC10 ,HORIU*I'S ASSESSM5T IS MA9LY T5ABLE TO ! AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ! ,OSAKA-BAS$ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS W]E NOT NATIONALI/IC4 ,IT SEEMS ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA MA9LY HAD !IR ACTIVITIES MORE FOCUS$ ON ! /&+ ISSUES ( ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,OSAKA1 SU* AS ! IMPROVEM5T ( !IR TREATM5T AS WORK]S & ! PROTECTION ( !IR RI<TS AT ! WORKPLACE4 ,?IS PRIORITIZATION ( LABOR ISSUES /EMM$ FROM TWO FACTS--?AT MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !MSELVES W]E WORK]S & ?AT ,OSAKA WAS AN 9DU/RIALIZ+ CITY FULL ( ,KOREAN WORK]S AS *EAP LABOR =CES4 ,! ,OSAKA-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ EMPHASIZ$ 9DIVIDUALS1 AS OPPOS$ TO ! SOCIETY1 & !IR TRANS=MATION1 :I* WAS AS A PO9T ( DEP>TURE = ! PROJECT$ COM+ CULTURAL TRANS=MATION T[>D AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY 9 ! FUTURE4 ,?IS VISION WAS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ,! ,VOICE ( ,SELF4 ,TO BE SURE1 !Y PROJECT$ A SOCIAL TRANS=MATION 9 ! CITY ) !IR P>TICUL> LOCAL-BAS$ VISION1 :I* 9 TURN HELP$ !M ESCAPE ANY \TRI<T SUPPRESSION ( !IR ACTIVITIES BY ! ,JAPANESE POLICE4 ,9DE$1 ! ,JAPANESE POLICE W]E LESS ATT5TIVE TO !SE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,OSAKA ?AN ?OSE 9 ,TOKYO4 

,! ABOVE-M5TION$ TWO FACTS MI<T HAVE BE5 ( IMPORTANCE TO ! AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA & ?US MAY BE ABLE TO EXPLA9 ! DIFF]5CES 9 !IR PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM & FOCUS ( ACTIVITIES FROM !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,TOKYO4 ,AS LONG AS !IR FOCUS WAS1 AT LEA/ ON SURFACE1 NOT PLAC$ ON NATIONAL LIB]ATION & 9DEP5D5CE ( ,KOREA BUT ON ! LIVELIHOOD & WELL-BE+ ( ,KOREAN WORK]S1 !IR MOVEM5T C\LD BE VIEW$ AS P>T ( A MU* BROAD SOCIAL1 LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,JAPAN1 L$ BY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ & SOCIALI/ ORGANIZATIONS4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS 9 ,TOKYO NOT ONLY W]E 9SPIR$ BY NATIONALI/ ASPIRATIONS ?AT USUALLY RESULT$ FROM NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ,KOREAN /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS 9 ! METROPOLITAN CITY1 BUT ALSO 9 MANY CASES W]E 9VOLV$ 9 RADICAL REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS1 POT5TIALLY MAK+ !M A ?REAT TO ! ,JAPANESE /ATE & ITS RULE 9 ,KOREA4.<#c#a.> ,COMP>ATIVELY SPEAK+1 ! NUMB] & SIZE ( AN>*I/S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,TOKYO SEEM$ TO F> SURPASS ?OSE 9 ,OSAKA1 :I* OBVI\SLY WAS ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ,KOREAN AN>*I/S SEEM$ TO HAVE RELATIVELY MORE BREA?+ ROOM 9 ,OSAKA )\T MU* TI<T] ,JAPANESE POLICE SURVEILLANCE4 

,WE >E REM9D$ H]E ?AT ,KIM ,TAEYEOP DECID$ TO MOVE BACK TO ,OSAKA FROM ,TOKYO AFT] ! #aibc ,GREAT] ,KANTO ,E>?QUAKE1 & WAS ABLE TO CONT9UE HIS LABOR ACTIVITIES !RE )\T BE+ >RE/$ & PUT 9 PRISON UNTIL HE WAS F9ALLY DEPORT$ TO ,KOREA 9 #a#i#c#e4.<#c#b.> ,IT IS ALSO NOTABLE H]E ?AT ,KIM'S LABOR ACTIVITIES MU/ HAVE BE5 KN[N TO ! ,*9ESE ?R\< SOME K9D ( 9=MATION NETWORK4 ,KIM1 :OSE ACTIVITIES W]E MA9LY LIMIT$ TO ,OSAKA & ITS VIC9ITY 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS1 WAS1 TO HIS SURPRISE1 =MALLY 9VIT$ TO ! CONGRESS ( ! ,ALL-,*9A ,F$]ATION ( ,TRADE ,UNIONS 7,ZHON<UA M+UO ZONGGONHUI71 :I* TOOK PLACE 9 ,%AN<AI ON ,MAY ,DAY #a#i#b#e4 ,!RE ,KIM MET MANY LABOR ACTIVI/S FROM ACROSS ! WORLD1 9CLUD+ ,C,C,P LEAD]S LIKE ,LIU ,%AOQI 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#f#i74.<#c#c.> ,IT SEEMS ?AT !RE WAS A K9D ( NETWORK ?AT DID CONNECT & WORK EFFECTIVELY AMONG RADICALS 9 ! REGIONAL LABOR MOVEM5T4 

,AS ONE ( ! IMPORTANT AN>*I/ LABOR MOVEM5T ORGANIZ]S & ACTIVI/S 9 ,OSAKA & NON-,TOKYO >EA1 ,KIM CORROBORATES REG>D+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA 9 HIS MEMOIR BY CALL+ HIMSELF MORE ( A NATIONALI/1 NOT AN AN>*I/ LIKE ?OSE 9 ,TOKYO4 ,HE NEV]!LESS ADMITS ?AT HIS SUCCESS 9 =M+ A LABOR ORGANIZATION 9 ,OSAKA CAME BASICALLY FROM H[ EFFECTIVELY HE WAS ABLE TO UTILIZE ! NATIONAL S5TIM5TS AMONG ,KOREAN WORK]S & RELATE !M TO !IR H>D%IP 9 DAILY LIFE4 ,9 HIS VIEW1 ! WORK]S AT ! TIME 9 ,OSAKA W]E NOT ABLE TO UND]/& ANY DIFFICULT !ORIES & IDEAS AB\T LABOR MOVEM5T1 & SO ON4.<#c#d.> ,I ?9K ! KEY C\LD BE ! H>D LIFE ( ,KOREAN WORK]S :O G5]ALLY RECEIV$ MU* L[] WAGES ?AN ,JAPANESE WORK]S1 AS WELL AS V>I\S K9DS ( DISCRIM9ATION EXP]I5C$2 ( C\RSE1 !Y (T5 MU/ HAVE BE5 VICTIMS ( NATIONAL DISCRIM9ATIONS 9 ! PROCESS ( EMPLOYM5T & 9 T]MS ( SAL>Y1 BUT ,I ?9K ! FOCUS ( ! ,KIM-L$ MOVEM5TS MU/ HAVE BE5 PLAC$ ON WORK]S' 0H>D LIFE0 AS =EIGN]S 9 ,OSAKA4.<#c#e.> ,!RE=E1 IF ,I MAY ADD TO ,JEONG'S OBS]VATION1 ! DIFF]5CES 9 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA HAD SOME?+ TO DO ) ! PLACE ( !IR ACTIVITIES & ! COMPOSITION ( ,KOREAN POPULATION 9 ! TWO CITIES1 :I* MU/ HAVE RESULT$ 9 ! DIFF]5T WAY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA PRACTIC$ AN>*ISM4 ,TOKYO C]TA9LY WAS A METROPOLITAN CITY ) ABUNDANT OPPORTUNITIES = HI<] $UCATION1 ! BE/ PLACE = ,KOREAN /UDY-ABROAD /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS1 :ILE ,OSAKA WAS AN 9DU/RIALIZ+ CITY :]E ,KOREANS CAME TO E>N MONEY AS *EAP LABOR =CES1 & ?US HAD FEW] /UD5TS & 9TELLECTUALS4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,TOKYO 9 ! #a#i#bS W]E G5]ALLY FOLL[+ ! POLEMICS 9 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 REG>D+ IDEOLOGICAL & !ORETICAL ISSUES1 :I* C\LD HAVE U%]$ 9 ! VITALITY ( !IR [N MOVEM5T4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! SECOND CITY ( ,JAPAN1 KEEP+ !IR DI/ANCE FROM ! POLEMICS1 MU/ HAVE SE5 0LIFE-RELAT$ ISSUES0 CORRESPOND+ TO ,KOREAN WORK]S' LIV+ & WORK+ CONDITIONS AS MORE IMPORTANT4 ,& ?IS DIFF]5CE1 9 ADDITION TO ALL ! O!RS M5TION$ ABOVE1 MU/ HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO ! DIFF]5T DEPLOYM5T ( AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS BY ,KOREANS 9 ! TWO CITIES4 ,ABOVE ALL1 ,KOREAN LABOR_/AN>*I/ SOCIETY ORGANIZ]S 9 ,OSAKA W]E 9 MANY CASES WORK]S !MSELVES 9 ! CITY & W]E WORK+ = !IR [N FAMILIES_/RELATIVES & ?OSE FROM !IR HOMET[N1 AS ,GO ,SUNHEUM'S CASE DEMON/RATES4 ,!ORIES ?AT DIDN'T MEET ! REALITY 9 ,OSAKA C\LD HAVE RECEIV$ LESS ATT5TION FROM ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !RE4 ,A DIFF]5T PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM WAS !RE=E AN OBVI\S & LOGICAL \TCOME ( ! 5VIRONM5T & CONDITIONS SURR\ND+ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,OSAKA4 

,KOREAN /UD5TS & RADICALS 9 ,JAPAN RECEIV$ & CONSID]$ AN>*ISM1 JU/ LIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,*9A1 AS A MEANS & PR9CIPLE = BO? 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 ,! CONV]SION ( ,KOREAN /UD5TS & RADICALS 9 ,JAPAN TO AN>*ISM WAS A PRODUCT ( !IR 9T]ACTIONS--BO? DIRECT & 9DIRECT--) !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS4 ,& DUE MA9LY TO !IR 9TIMATE ASSOCIATIONS ) ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 !IR P>TICUL> FOCUS1 SOME:AT DIFF]5T FROM ?AT ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 WAS MORE ON ! SOCIAL1 9CLUD+ ! LABOR ISSUES1 & ON ORGANIZ+ & $UCAT+ ,KOREAN WORK]S :O EXP]I5C$ BO? NATIONAL & SOCIAL DISCRIM9ATIONS4 ,AS A RESULT1 COMP>ATIVELY SPEAK+1 !Y (T5 HAD A SOPHI/ICAT$ UND]/&+ ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 UNION ACTIVITIES1 & SO =?1 = :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN W]E ALL (T5 CALL$ 0!ORETICIANS10.<#c#f.> :I* CAN BE CONFIRM$ BY :AT ,KIM ,SAN SAYS AB\T ! G5]AL LEVEL ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS4.<#c#g.> ,AMONG ALL O!RS1 ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S WORKS W]E MO/ WIDELY READ & ?US HE WAS CONSID]$ ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 EV5 PO/HUM\SLY4 ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1 ALSO 9FLU5TIAL & SUPPORTIVE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 SEEM$ TO DEVELOP & MA9TA9 HIS P]SONAL RELATION%IP ) MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BY TEA*+ ,ESP]ANTO AT HIS H\SE OR SPONSOR+ & SUPPORT+ MANY ( !IR ORGANIZATIONS & ACTIVITIES4.<#c#h.> ,9DE$1 ! CONNECT$NESS ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM TO ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM WAS 9EVITABLE ALSO = ! SURVIVAL ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S4 

,! EXP]I5CES & ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN W]E TO BE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 N\RI%+ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S & !IR MOVEM5TS 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA1 AS ,I EXAM9E 9 ! NEXT *APT]4 ,?IS DOES NOT MEAN ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,JAPAN WAS 9 UNITY 9 T]MS ( ITS ACTIVITIES & VISIONS4 ,! MAJOR ACTIVITIES ( ,TOKYO-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E FOCUS$ MA9LY ON PROPAGAT+ AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES = SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 AS WELL AS NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 ?R\< !IR ORGANIZATIONS & !IR PUBLICATIONS1 JO9TLY ) !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 ,OSAKA-BAS$ AN>*I/S W]E EAG] TO PROTECT ,KOREAN WORK]S & PROMOTE !IR RI<TS AT !IR WORKPLACE4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,JAPAN1 MA9LY ORGANIZ$ & CONDUCT$ 9 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA1 SOMETIMES ) !IR ,JAPANESE COMRADES1 CAN BE *>ACT]IZ$ BY ITS G5]AL TR5D T[>D PURE AN>*ISM1 AN OBVI\S SIGN ( !IR OV]ALL TIES ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 

,H[EV]1 !RE TOO WAS A TR5D T[>D LABOR MOVEM5T 9 ,TOKYO & ,OSAKA4 ,A L>GE NUMB] ( ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,OSAKA1 :O PROVID$ *EAP LABOR = ! ,JAPANESE 9DU/RIAL DEVELOPM5T1 W]E ! OBJECT ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,OSAKA1 BUT !Y W]E NOT NECESS>ILY AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S4 ,:AT ,KOREAN /UD5TS 9 #a#i#aS ,JAPAN RECEIV$ WAS MA9LY AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 BECAUSE IT WAS A LEAD+ TR5D AMONG ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S AT ! TIME4 ,?IS 9FLU5CE WAS TO CULM9ATE 9 HELP+ ,KOREAN WORK]S ORGANIZE !MSELVES 9TO V>I\S LABOR ORGANIZATIONS AFT] #a#i#b#b1 :5 ,KOREAN WORK]S W]E MURD]$ AT ! ,NAKATSUKA DAM CON/RUCTION SITE 9 ,NAGATA ,PREFECTURE1 :I* 9 TURN RESULT$ LAT] 9 ! CULM9ATION ( LABOR MOVEM5TS 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS4 ,!RE MU/ HAVE BE5 CLOSE RELATION%IPS BETWE5 ,KOREAN AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S & !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS4 

,! SPLIT 9 ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 PURE AN>*I/S1 REPRES5T$ BY ,HATTA ,%UZO1.<#c#i.> & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 REPRES5T$ BY ,I%IKAWA ,SAN%IRO1 ALSO HAD AN IMPACT ON ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,JAPAN1 :O REPLICAT$ ! SPLIT4.<#c#a.> ,H[EV]1 IT DIDN'T DEVELOP 9TO CONFLICTS AMONG !M1 ACCORD+ TO ,YANG ,SANGGI1 A =M] MEMB] ( ,TOKO ,LABOR ,ALLIANCE ( ,KOREANS4 ,YANG RECALLS ?AT ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,JAPAN1 COMP>$ TO !IR ,JAPANESE C\NT]P>TS1 EXP]I5C$ D\BLE OR TRIPLE OPPRESSIONS 9 DAILY LIFE BECAUSE ( :I* ,KOREAN PURE AN>*I/S TOO HAD TO ORGANIZE LABOR UNIONS1 ALBEIT TO !M IT WAS !ORETICALLY CONTRADICTORY :51 AS HE /ATES1 IT WAS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S :O ORGANIZ$ UNIONS & CONDUCT$ UNION ACTIVITIES4 ,!RE WAS1 !RE=E1 HE CONT9UES1 NO T5SIONS & CONFLICTS 9 ! ,LEAGUE BETWE5 7PURE7 AN>*I/S & AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 AL?\< IT WAS A DIFF]5T /ORY 9 ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4.<#c#a#a.> ,YANG'S EXPLANATION V9DICATES ?AT1 UNLIKE ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 !RE W]E NO MAJOR CLA%ES OR CONFLICTS AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S REG>D+ ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 PURE AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 :5 IT CAME TO ! ISSUE ( LABOR UNIONS & !IR ROLES 9 AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,RA!R1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E G5]ALLY 9VOLV$ 9 UNION ACTIVITIES BETWE5 ! MID-#a#i#bS & -#cS1 COV]+ !IR O!R GOAL = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,:AT ,I SUGGE/ ABOVE DOES NOT MEAN1 H[EV]1 ?AT AN>*O-SYNDICALISM DISAPPE>$ 9 ! ,JAPAN-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T2 RA!R1 UNIONIZATION ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN WORK]S 9 ,JAPAN BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONT9U$ UNTIL ! #a#i#cS4.<#c#a#b.> 

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