,*APT] #a 
,BEYOND ,9DEP5D5CE3 ,! ,DAWN ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,TEXT 3 

 #a3 ,BEYOND ,9DEP5D5CE3 ,! ,DAWN ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 

  

,AN>*ISM HAD ALREADY BE5 9TRODUC$ TO ,KOREANS EXIL$ 9 ,*9A BE=E #a#i#a#i4.<#d#g.> ,BUT IT WAS ONLY AFT] #aiai ?AT AN>*ISM WAS VIEW$ AS A SUITABLE PR9CIPLE = ! CON/RUCTION ( A NEW ,KOREAN SOCIETY1 AS WELL AS = !IR C\NTRY'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag FIR/ GREATLY IMPACT$ ,KOREANS 9 ,*9A & ELSE:]E1 AS IT G5]AT$ !IR /RONG 9T]E/ & DESIRE 9 SOCIALISM1 9CLUD+ AN>*ISM4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 AN>*ISM WAS ALSO CONSID]$ BY MANY ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A 9 ! WAKE ( FACTIONAL /RIFE )9 ! 9DEP5D5CE CAMP1 ESPECIALLY ?OSE 9 ! ,KOREAN ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T 9 ,%AN<AI1 E/ABLI%$ AS A DIRECT \TCOME ( ! #aiai ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T2 ! ONGO+ 9T]NAL CONFLICTS )9 ! GOV]NM5T & AMONG ! 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S NURTUR$ AN ANTIPOLITICAL AURA AMONG MANY ,KOREANS 9 ,*9A1 :I* LAID ! GR\NDWORK = !M TO DI/RU/ POLITICS1 & ?US ALSO = !IR 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM1 BECAUSE ( ITS DISDA9 ( POLITICS & POLITICAL MOVEM5T4 ,!Y W]E 9 DIRE NE$ ( A GUID+ PR9CIPLE = !IR UNIT$ ACTIVITIES = BO? 9DEP5D5CE & ANTICOLONIALISM4 ,AN>*I/ REPUDIATION ( ! NATION-/ATE AT ! SAME TIME L$ TO ! F\NDATION = A REGIONAL ALLIANCE & SOLID>ITY AMONG AN>*I/S1 PAV+ ! WAY = !IR TRANSNATIONAL JO9T ACTIVITY = A COSMOPOLITAN WORLD4 ,?IS REGIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL ASPECTS ( AN>*ISM1 AS WELL AS ! NEGATION ( ! /ATE1 MAY EXPLA9 :Y MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD A RUPTURE ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! LATE #a#i#cS & E>LY #a#i#dS :51 AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #d1 SOME AN>*I/S %IFT$ !IR PRIME PRIORITY TO NATIONAL LIB]ATION & EV5 DECID$ TO P>TICIPATE 9 ! GOV]NM5T TO =M A UNIT$ NATIONAL FRONT AGA9/ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM & R5D] IT A PRECONDITION TO LIB]ATE ,KOREA & !N CON/RUCT AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY AFT]W>DS4 

,! GR[+ 9T]E/ ( ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S 9 AN>*ISM & !IR SUBSEQU5T RECEPTION ( IT 9 ! LATE #a#i#aS & E>LY #a#i#bS RESULT$ MO/ IMPORTANTLY FROM !IR 9CREAS$ OPPORTUNITIES TO HAVE CONTACTS ) AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES ?AT W]E 9TRODUC$ TO !M ?R\< !IR 5C\NT]S ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & READ+S ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S AVAILABLE AT ! TIME 9 ,*9A1 EI!R 9 ORIG9AL ,*9ESE TEXT OR 9 TRANSLATION4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 !IR POT5TIAL EXPOSURES TO AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE AVAILABLE 9 ,*9A 9 ,*9ESE BY #a#i#b1 :I* WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ,>IF ,DIRLIK1 0UNMAT*$ 9 SCOPE & COMPREH5SIV5ESS BY ANY O!R SOCIAL & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHIES ( ,EUROPEAN ORIG910.<#d#h.> AS WELL AS !IR DIRECT ASSOCIATIONS_/9T]ACTIONS ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS1 PLAY$ A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 !IR GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 & ACCEPTANCE ( AN>*ISM4 ,AS ,PET] ,Z>R[ ADDS1 ! YE>S 0FROM ! ,NEW ,CULTURE ,MOVEM5T ( ! MID-#a#i#aS TO AB\T #a#i#b#e0 W]E 0! HEYDAY ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM10 DUR+ :I* 0A GOOD DEAL ( ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITY1 ESPECIALLY AN>*O-SYNDICALISM1 AS WELL AS IDEOLOGICAL REF9EM5T0 W]E VISIBLE4.<#d#i.> ,) ! ABUNDANCE & RI*NESS ( AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE & 9CREAS$ AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES ?R\< ORGANIZATIONS1 ,KOREAN EXILES W]E EXPOS$ & !N CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM1 F9ALLY JO9+ &_/OR C(\ND+ MANY AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS TOGE!R ) ,*9ESE & O!R ,ASIAN C\NT]P>TS1 NOT TO M5TION PUBLI%+ MANY AN>*I/ J\RNALS JO9TLY OR 9DEP5D5TLY4 

,BECOM+ ,AN>*I/ 9 ,BEIJ+ 

  

,MANY S\RCES DEMON/RATE ! 9CREAS$ CONTACTS & 9T]ACTIONS AFT] ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T ( #aiai BETWE5 ,KOREAN EXILES_/RADICALS & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 :I* M>KS ! DAWN ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A4.<#e.> ,:ILE ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,%AN<AI1 MANY ,KOREAN RADICAL EXILES SEEM$ TO CONC5TRATE 9 ,BEIJ+ AS WELL AS ,%AN<AI = !IR ACTIVITIES = 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T4 ,SOME HAD EV5 GONE TO S\? ,*9A1 ESPECIALLY ,GUANGZH\4 ,ONE ( ! E>LI] SU* CASES CAN BE F\ND 9 ! PUBLICATION ( AN AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ J\RNAL TITL$ ,! ,LI<T 7,GUANGM+ 9 ,*9ESE & ,GWANGMYEONG 9 ,KOREAN71 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,GUANGZH\ ON ,DECEMB] #a1 #a#i#b#a4 ,! ,LI<T WAS ! ONLY J\RNAL PUBLI%$ JO9TLY 9 ! E>LY TW5TIE? C5TURY ) ! COLLABORATION ( ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE1 ALBEIT MO/ ( ! >TICLES IT C>RI$ W]E WRITT5 BY ,*9ESE4.<#e#a.> ,IT WAS NOT A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ J\RNAL P] SE1 BUT NEV]!LESS C>RI$ SOME AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ >TICLES1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ITS 9AUGURAL ISSUE4 ,! AU?OR ( AN >TICLE 9 ! ISSUE TITL$ 0,! ,FUTURE ( ! ,LI<T ,MOVEM5T10 PROPAGAT$ MUTUAL AID ) A PR$ICTION ?AT 0! FUTURE ( ! ,LI<T ,MOVEM5T LIES )9 ! WORLD ( FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 UNIV]SAL LOVE1 & MUTUAL AID40.<#e#b.> ,9 ANO!R >TICLE TITL$ 0,! ,LI<T ,MOVEM5T 9 ,*9A & ,KOREA10 ! AU?OR ( IT ASS]T$ ?AT ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,*9A & ,KOREA AIM$ AT A*IEV+ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 = ,*9A1 HAV+ GONE ONLY ?R\< A POLITICAL REVOLUTION 7I4E41 ! #aiaa ,REVOLUTION71 /ILL HAD TO BE UND] ! RULE ( & PRESSURE FROM ! W>LORDS4.<#e#c.> ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY ?AT BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 A FRAT]NAL ALLIANCE BETWE5 ,*9ESE & ,KOREANS AGA9/ ,JAPANESE AGGRESSION HAD BECOME A COMMONLY %>$ AG5DA ( BO? ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A & ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS4 ,9 ! PROCESS ( MAK+ AN ALLIANCE1 ,KOREAN RADICALS ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM 9 ?OSE ,*9ESE CITIES ) HELP FROM ,*9ESE AN>*I/S2 ,KOREAN RADICALS' ASSOCIATIONS & 9T]ACTIONS 9 V>I\S =MS ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & !IR ORGANIZATIONS SURELY PROMPT$ ! 9T]E/ & ULTIMATE RECEPTION ( AN>*ISM AMONG !M4 ,H[EV]1 NOT ONLY ?R\< P]SONAL RELATION%IPS ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S BUT ALSO ?R\< READ+S ON SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM1 ,KOREAN EXILES_/RADICALS 9 ,*9A W]E ALSO 9CREAS+LY DRAWN TO AN>*ISM1 5TIC$ 9ITIALLY TO ITS PR9CIPLES LIKE MUTUAL AID & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION BAS$ ON FRE$OM & EQUALITY4 

,AMONG ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A WAS ,%9 ,*AEHO 7#a#h#h-#a#i#c#f71 A PROM95T ,KOREAN HI/ORIAN1 J\RNALI/1 & WRIT]4 ,ALONG ) O!R ,KOREAN RADICALS 9 ,*9A1 ,%9 HAD ALREADY PUBLI%$ A J\RNAL 9 ,%AN<AI CALL$ ,NEW ,GREAT] ,KOREA 7,S9 DAEHAN71 BASICALLY AN AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ J\RNAL1.<#e#d.> = AB\T F\R MON?S BETWE5 ,OCTOB] #aiai & ,JANU>Y #a#i#b1 9 :I* SOCIALISM & AN>*ISM W]E 9TRODUC$ & DISCUSS$4 ,AL?\< IT IS NOT CLE> IF HE WAS PHYSICALLY 9 ,%AN<AI >\ND ?AT TIME1 ,%9 ALSO PUBLI%$ A MON?LY J\RNAL CALL$ ,HEAV5LY ,DRUM 7,*EON-GO71 ALSO 9 ,%AN<AI 9 CLASSICAL ,*9ESE1 BETWE5 ,JANU>Y & ,JULY #a#i#b#a4 ,?IS MON?LY J\RNAL WAS1 9 ITS ORI5TATION & CONT5T1 NOT AN>*I/ BUT C>RI$ >TICLES WRITT5 BO? BY ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE1 ON ! ISSUES ( MUTUAL AID1 & ALSO PROMOT$ ! ,KOREAN-,*9ESE ALLIANCE4 ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ITS ?IRD ISSUE1 PUBLI%$ 9 ,FEBRU>Y #a#i#b#a1 !RE WAS AN >TICLE ON ,KROPOTK9'S DEA? 9 ,JANU>Y ( ! SAME YE>1 WRITT5 BY ,%9 HIMSELF ) HIS P5 NAME ( ,NAMMYEONG1 :I* 9TRODUC$ ,KROPOTK9'S IDEA ( MUTUAL AID & PRAIS$ ,KROPOTK9'S P]SONALITY4.<#e#e.> 

,%9 HAD LONG HAD 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM1 BUT BECAME AN AN>*I/ ONLY 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 PREF]R+ 0DIRECT ACTION0 9 ! C\RSE ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & REVOLUTION4 ,DESPITE HIS LONG-HELD 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM1 IT SEEMS ,%9 BECAME AN AN>*I/ ?R\< HIS GOOD RELATION%IP ) SOME PROM95T ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LIKE ,LI ,%IZ5G 7#a#h#h#a-#a#h#g#c71 A ,P>IS ,*9ESE AN>*I/ & ONE ( ! KEY MEMB]S ( ! ,GUOM9DANG 7,G,M,D1 ! ,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY ( ,*9A71 & ,CAI ,YUANPEI 7#a#h#f#h-#a#i#d71 BO? AT ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY4 ,LI AS A PR(ESSOR AT ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY PROVID$ ,%9 9 #aiah ) A PLACE TO /AY & AN ACCESS TO ! ,COMPLETE ,LIBR>Y 9 ,F\R ,BRAN*ES ( ,LIT]ATURE 7,SIGU QUAN%U71 AT ! SAME UNIV]SITY1 TO ASSI/ ,%9'S /UDY ( PREHI/ORIC ,KOREAN HI/ORY4 ,& ACCORD+ TO A ,KOREAN S\RCE1 >\ND ! TIME ,%9 WAS 9DULG$ & 9T]E/$ 9 READ+ ! WRIT+S ( ,LIU ,SIFU1 COMMONLY KN[N AS ,%IFU & CALL$ ! 0S\L ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM10.<#e#f.> ,%9 WAS ALSO DEEPLY 9FLU5C$ BY :AT ,KROPOTK9 /AT$ 9 HIS ,AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,Y\NG4 ,KOTOKU ,%USUI'S 7#a#h#g#a-#a#i#a#a7 MANY WRIT+S1 P>TICUL>LY ,ON ! ,OBLIT]ATION ( ,*RI/ 7,KIRISUTO ,MASSATSURON71.<#e#g.> MU/ HAVE IMPRESS$ ,%9 AS WELL4 ,AT HIS TRIAL LAT] 9 #a#i#b#i1 AFT] BE+ >RE/$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE1 ,%9 EV5 TE/IFI$ ?AT HE HAD UND]/OOD ?AT ,KOTOKU'S AN>*I/ WORKS W]E ! MO/ 0REASONABLE0 ONES = ! UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM4.<#e#h.> ,NOT ONLY ?R\< P]SONAL RELATION%IPS & ASSOCIATIONS ) ,*9ESE_/,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 BUT ALSO ?R\< ! READ+S ( !IR WRIT+S ON AN>*ISM1 BO? ORIG9AL & 9 TRANSLATION1 ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,BEIJ+ LIKE ,%9 W]E 9CREAS+LY DRAWN TO AN>*ISM & BECAME ACQUA9T$ ) O!R ,ASIAN AN>*I/S4 

,9 ADDITION1 ,%9'S FRI5D%IP ) ,YI ,HOEYEONG 7#a#h#f#g-#a#i#c#b71 (T5 CALL$ 0! PIONE] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM10.<#e#i.> MU/ HAVE BE5 A FACTOR AS WELL = HIS ACCEPTANCE ( AN>*ISM4 ,YI HAD EXIL$ TO ,*9A 9 #aia ) HIS FIVE BRO!RS = 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & HAD BE5 9 ,BEIJ+ ) ,%9 AS EXILES1 HAV+ A WIDE RANGE ( RELATION%IP ) MANY ,KOREAN EXPATRIATES1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S SU* AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#h#e74.<#f.> ,YU1 BORN 9 ,NOR!RN ,*UNG*EONG ,PROV9CE 9 ,KOREA1 WAS KN[N AS 0! BE/ .<AN>*I/.> !ORETICIAN ( ! TIME40.<#f#a.> ,AFT] P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T ( #aiai AS TEA*] ( A S*OOL 9 ! CITY ( ,*UNGJU1 ,YU MOV$ TO ,%AN<AI & BECAME A MEMB] ( ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,HE SEEM$ TO BE 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIALISM AT ! TIME BUT REJECT$ COMMUNISM BECAUSE HE BELIEV$ ?AT ! MO/ URG5T TASK = ,KOREAN PEOPLE WAS NATIONAL LIB]ATION1 NOT CLASS /RUGGLE OR CLASS LIB]ATION4.<#f#b.> ,HIS RANGE ( ACTIVITIES WAS WIDE3 AS AN AN>*I/ HE P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P 7,UIYEOLDAN71 A T]ROR-ORI5T$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/-LIKE GR\P 9 ,*9A1 & 9 ! =MATION ( ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIETY ( ! ,EA/]N ,OPPRESS$ ,PEOPLES 7,DONGFANG BEIYAPO M9ZU LIANHEHUI7 9 ,WUHAN 9 #a#i#b#g2.<#f#c.> & AS A TEA*] ,YU TAU<T BRIEFLY AT ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL 7,LIM+ GAOJI ZHONGXUE7 & ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 7,LIDA XUEYUAN7 9 #a#i#c4 ,9 ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#cS1 ,YU W\LD BECOME A C5TRAL FIGURE 9 ! =MATION ( ! NATIONAL FRONT4.<#f#d.> ,YU ALONG ) ,KIM ,WONBONG 7#a#h#i#h-#a#i#e#h71.<#f#e.> LEAD] ( ! ,RI<TE\S ,GR\P1 REQUE/$ ,%9 ,*AEHO TO WRITE ! FAM\S 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION0 70,JOSEON .<,*OSON.> HYEOKMYEONG SEONEON071 :I* ,%9 P5N$ 9 ,JANU>Y #aibc & IS N[ BELIEV$ TO BE A SIGN ( HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM4.<#f#f.> 

,! CASE ( ,YU ,RIM 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#f#a7 ILLUM9ATES A CON/ANT MOVE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S FROM & TO ,KOREA & EV5 )9 ,*9A4 ,YU MOV$ TO ,MAN*URIA 9 #aiai = 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T & BECAME SOON AN AN>*I/1 9T]ACT+ ) ,%9 ,*AEHO & O!RS 9 ,BEIJ+ BUT AT ! SAME TIME POSSIBLY ) ,SI*UANESE ,*9ESE AN>*I/S BETWE5 #aibb & #a#i#b#e1 :5 HE WAS A /UD5T AT ,NATIONAL ,*5GDU ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,SI*UAN ,PROV9CE4 ,AFT] P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! ,WU*ANG ,UPRIS+ & ! ,GUANGZH\ ,UPRIS+ 9 #a#i#b#g1 ,YU RETURN$ TO ,MAN*URIA :]E HE ORGANIZ$ ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,ALL ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE 7,HANJOK *ONG YEONHAPHOE7 ) ,YI ,EULGYU 7#a#h#i#d-#a#i#g#b7 & ,KIM ,JONGJ9 7#a#i-#a#i#c#a7 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,9 ,NOVEMB] ( ! SAME YE>1 HE SNEAK$ 9TO ! ,KOREAN P59SULA TO HELP E/ABLI% ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 7,K,A,F1 ,JOSEON GONGSAN MUJEONGBU JUUIJA YEONMA5G7 ) HIS COMRADES 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA4 ,AFT] BE+ PRISON$ = HIS AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,KOREA1 HE RETURN$ TO ,MAN*URIA & !N MOV$ TO ,*ONGQ+ :]E HE JO9$ ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ! NAME ( A UNIT$ FI<T ( ALL ,KOREANS AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE4.<#f#g.> ,ACCORD+ TO HIS LOYAL DISCIPL9ES1 ,YU WAS ! MO/ IMPORTANT ,KOREAN AN>*I/ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 S9CE HE NOT ONLY 5DEAVOR$ UNFL9*+LY TO EMB>K ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 COLONIAL ,KOREA BE=E #aide AT ! RISK ( HIS LIFE :5 HE CROSS$ ! BORD] BETWE5 ,MAN*URIA & ,KOREA1 BUT ALSO BECAUSE HE CONSI/5TLY UND]/OOD ! IMPORTANCE ( PROMOT+ A MASS MOVEM5T & $UCAT+ ( WORK]S & PEASANTS 9 REALIZ+ AN>*ISM BE=E & AFT] #a#i#d#e4.<#f#h.> 

,YI ,JEONGGYU 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#h#d71 ONE ( ! MO/ ACTIVE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 #a#i#bS ,*9A1 JU/ LIKE O!R ,KOREAN EXILES1 BEGAN HIS C>E] AS AN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/ & CONV]T$ LAT] TO AN>*ISM4 ,UNLIKE MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 HE WAS FIR/ EXPOS$ TO & BECOME 9T]E/$ 9 SOCIALISM 9 ,TOKYO :5 HE WAS A /UD5T AT ,KEIO ,UNIV]SITY 9 #a#i#a#h4.<#f#i.> ,:5 ! #aiai ,M>* ,FIR/ ,MOVEM5T OCCURR$1 ,YI RETURN$ TO ,KOREA AT ONCE & !N LEFT = ,%AN<AI 9 ,APRIL #a#i#a#i1 :]E HE IMM$IATELY P>TICIPAT$ 9 ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA !RE1 REPRES5T+ ! ,PROV9CE ( ,*UNG*EONG1 HIS HOME PROV9CE4 ,UNTIL HE WAS >RE/$ & BR\<T TO COLONIAL ,KOREA = TRIAL BY ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 ,OCTOB] #a#i#b#h1 HE HAD CONDUCT$ HIS AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A4 ,ACCORD+ TO HIS [N RECOLLECTION1 ,YI HAD BE5 ATTRACT$ BY ! NEWS FROM ,RUSSIA AB\T ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION & 9ITIALLY HAD A PLAN TO GO TO ,RUSSIA FROM ,*9A4 ,*ANG+ HIS PLAN1 H[EV]1 ON HIS WAY TO ,RUSSIA AT ! 5D ( #aiba TO ATT5D ! ,F> ,EA/ ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,*ITA1 BECAUSE ( A RUMOR HE HE>D AB\T A POT5TIAL DANG] ( LOS+ HIS LIFE AS A RESULT ( FACTIONAL /RIFE AMONG ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S AT ! TIME1 ,YI DECID$ TO /AY 9 ,BEIJ+4 ,!RE HE MET ,YU ,JA-MYEONG & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,CAI ,YUANPEI1 :O GAVE HIM A *ANCE TO CONT9UE HIS $UCATION AT ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY :]E HE WAS 5ROLL$ AS A SOPHOMORE 9 ! ,ECONOMICS ,DEP>TM5T4 ,! TWO YE>S 9 ,BEIJ+ FROM #aiba TO #aibc W]E A 0V]Y IMPORTANT P]IOD0 TO ,YI 9 =MULAT+ HIS IDEAS & P]SONALITY1 P>TICUL>LY 9 LAUN*+ HIS LIFE AS AN AN>*I/ = ! CAUSE ( 9DEP5D5CE & AN>*I/ SOCIETY4.<#g.> ,EXPLA9+ H[ HE HAD ?R[N HIMSELF TO ! DIV9E CAUSE ( 9DEP5D5CE1 ,YI LAT] /AT$ ?AT 0LIV+ A LIFE TO FI<T = LIB]ATION ( ! FA!RL& WAS ! ONE ?+ WE ! .<,KOREAN.> Y\? ONLY C\LD DO & FELT PR\D (10 :5 !Y HAD TO /AY & LIVE 9 ,*9A AS EXILES4.<#g#a.> ,YI MU/ HAVE ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM 9 REG>D TO HIS NATIONAL GOAL = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,9 ,*9A HE US$ TO BE CALL$ 0! TIP ( A WRIT+ BRU%0 7PILBONG71.<#g#b.> MEAN+ ?AT HE HAD A %>P !ORETICAL UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM1 :ILE ,YI ,EULGYU1 HIS ELD] BRO!R :O CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A AS WELL1 US$ TO BE NICKNAM$ & KN[N AS 0,KOREA'S ,KROPOTK90 AT ?AT TIME = HIS EXT5SIVE KN[L$GE ( AN>*I/ 0!ORIES0 & HIS COG5CY4.<#g#c.> 

,TO MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A LIKE ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 E/ABLI%+ !IR [N ORGANIZATIONS WAS ! FIR/ TASK1 & !Y HAD TWO SIMULTANE\S GOALS 9 ORGANIZ+ !MSELVES3 9DEP5D5CE & BUILD+ A NEW SOCIETY 9 ,KOREA BAS$ ON AN>*I/ IDEALS & PR9CIPLES1 = BO? ( :I* !Y FIR/ LOOK$ = ALLIANCE ) !IR ,*9ESE C\NT]P>TS & ACTIVELY 5GAG$ 9 ! LATT]'S ACTIVITIES4 ,ONE E>LIE/ SU* A CASE COMES FROM ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S ASSOCIATION ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & ,ESP]ANTI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO A POLICE REPORT ( ! ,BEIYANG W>LORD GOV]NM5T 9 ,BEIJ+1 DAT$ ,JUNE #e1 #a#i#b#b1 ! ,ASSOCIATION = ! ,/UDY ( ,WORLD ,LANGUAGE 7I4E41 ,ESP]ANTO7 9 ,*9A 7,%IJIEYU XUEHUI7 HAD JU/ HELD A MEET+ OV] TEA1 DAYS BE=E ! REPORT WAS COMPOS$4 ,! PURPOSE ( ! MEET+ WAS TO WELCOME A ,JAPANESE 0COMMUNI/0 7SIC7 & TWO ,KOREANS1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,YI ,BYEONGGYU 7PROBABLY ,YI ,EULGYU74 ,A ,*9ESE REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,ASSOCIATION DELIV]$ A WELCOM+ ADDRESS1 9 :I* HE EXPLA9$ TO ! ATT5DEES ! CURR5T SITUATION ( ! 0,*9ESE AN>*I/ P>TY0 7,ZHONGGUO WUZH5GFU DANG7 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS 9 ,*9A4.<#g#d.> ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S RESPONSE4 ,YI1 ?ANK+ ! ,*9ESE PRES5T1 /AT$ ?AT ALL ,KOREANS WI%$ TO RECOV] ,KOREA'S NATIONAL SOV]EIGNTY & L&1 & ?US /ROVE = NATIONAL LIB]ATION )\T ANY FE> ( SACRIFIC+ !MSELVES4 ,YI !N BRIEFLY EXPRESS$ HIS HOPE ?AT Y\?S 9 ,*9A1 ,JAPAN1 & ,KOREA C\LD BE UNIT$ TO MOVE =W>D4 ,AT ! MEET+ IT WAS DECID$1 ACCORD+ TO ! REPORT1 ?AT ?OSE PRES5T FROM ! ?REE C\NTRIES W\LD GET P]MISSION FROM !IR RESPECTIVE COMRADES TO LOOK 9TO ! POSSIBILITY ( CONV5+ A CONF]5CE = ALL1 AT ONE PLACE4.<#g#e.> 

,AB\T A YE> AFT] ! MEET+1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU COLLABORAT$ ) A ,*9ESE MAN NAM$ ,*5 ,KONG%AN TO SET UP ,BEIJ+ ,SPECIAL ,S*OOL = ,ESP]ANTO 7,BEIJ+ %IJIEYU ZHUANM5 XUEXIAO7 & WAS APPO9T$ AS A FACULTY MEMB] AT ,DAWN ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL 7,LIM+ ZHONGXUE7 ATTA*$ TO ! ,SPECIAL ,S*OOL4 ,*5 WAS ALLEG$LY AN ALUMNUS ( ,BEIJ+ ,UNIV]SITY ) ,YI1 :O 5T]$ IT 9 #a#i#b#b4.<#g#f.> ,9 ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#b#c1 ,YI ALSO P>TICIPAT$ ) ,*5 ,WEIQI 7OR ,*5 ,WEIGUANG7 9 A PROJECT PROPOS$ BY A ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ) SURNAME ( ,ZH\1 :I* S*EM$ TO MOVE AB\T FIFTY ,KOREAN PEASANT FAMILIES FROM ,KOREA TO ,HAN%UI ,XIAN 9 ,HUNAN ,PROV9CE 9 ,*9A1 TO CON/RUCT AN IDEAL F>M+ VILLAGE TOGE!R ) ,*9ESE PEASANTS !RE4 ,! PROJECT WAS 9T5D$ TO HAVE !M CULTIVATE G9S5G TOGE!R TO 9CREASE !IR 9COME4 ,AL?\< IT FAIL$ BECAUSE ! ,ZH\ FAMILY WAS SCATT]$ >\ND AS A RESULT ( ! 9T]NAL W>F>E 9 ,HUNAN1 ! PROPOS$ PROJECT IS HI<LY PRAIS$ BY ,KOREAN HI/ORIANS AS 0! FIR/ EXP]IM5T ?AT ATTEMPT$ TO BUILD AN IDEAL SOCIETY 9 F>M+ VILLAGES 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM40.<#g#g.> ,! FAIL$ PROJECT C\LD BE 9CLUD$ 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM1 MO/LY BECAUSE ! UND]L9+ GOAL ( IT1 TO BUILD AN IDEAL SOCIETY 9 RURAL VILLAGES BY 9CREAS+ F>M]S' 9COME1 WAS TO BE REVIV$ AGA9 & AGA9 BY ,YI1 AMONG O!RS1 EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e4 

,BESIDES P>TICIPAT+ 9 ! AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES ( ,*9ESE COMRADES1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU ALSO 9T]ACT$ 9 ,BEIJ+ ) MANY O!R RADICALS & AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LU ,XUN 7#a#h#h#a-#a#i#c#f71 A P5 NAME ( ,ZH\ ,%UR51 :O WAS ONE ( ! MO/ 9FLU5TIAL FIGURES 9 ,*9ESE LIT]ATURE2 ,ZH\ ,ZUOR5 7#a#h#h#e-#a#i#f#g71 ,LU ,XUN'S BRO!R & A WELL-KN[N WRIT] & ESSAYI/2 & ,TAIWANESE AN>*I/ ,FAN ,B5LIANG 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#d#e74 ,! LATT] DES]VES SPECIAL ATT5TION4 ,JU/ LIKE ,YI1 ,FAN US$ TO BE A /UDY-ABROAD /UD5T 9 ,TOKYO1 :]E HE HAD CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM4 ,HE HAD MOV$ TO ,BEIJ+ :]E HE ORGANIZ$ ! ,NEW ,TAIWANESE ,AN>*I/ ,SOCIETY 7,X9 TAIWAN AN%A71 & LAUN*$ ITS J\RNAL CALL$ ,NEW ,TAIWAN 7,X9 TAIWAN7 9 ,BEIJ+ 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#d1 :I* BECAME A NEWSPAP] BEG9N+ ) ITS ?IRD ISSUE ON ,M>* #a1 #a#i#b#e4.<#g#h.> ,FAN'S NAME APPE>S QUITE (T5 ?R\<\T ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 #a#i#bS ,*9A AS ONE ( ITS MA9 NON-,KOREAN COMRADES4 

,9 ADDITION TO ,FAN1 ,VASILIJ ,]O%5KO 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#e#b7 WAS ONE ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT AN>*I/S ,YI HAD MET & 9T]ACT$ ) 9 ,BEIJ+4 ,]O%5KO WAS A BL9D ,RUSSIAN POET & AN>*I/ :O VISIT$ ,*9A 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 & DELIV]$ HIS COSMOPOLITANISM TO ! ,*9ESE AUDI5CE & POSSIBLY ,KOREAN EXILES & AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 AS WELL4.<#g#i.> ,9 FACT1 :AT ,]O%5KO TALK$ TO ,YI AB\T ! SITUATION 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA UND] ,L59'S RULE CONV9C$ ,YI ?AT AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 NOT ?OSE ( ! ,SOVIET-/YLE COMMUNISM1 MU/ BE US$ TO A*IEVE SOCIAL REVOLUTION4.<#h.> ,:5 HE BECAME AW>E ( !N-,RUSSIAN SITUATION FROM ,]O%5KO1 ,YI PROBABLY RECALL$ :AT HE HAD HE>D AB\T ! RIFT AMONG ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS OV] ! FUNDS GIV5 TO !M FROM ,L59 & !IR BLOODY FACTIONAL FI<T1 :I* /OPP$ HIM FROM TAK+ A TRIP TO ,*ITA 9 ,SIB]IA4 ,9 FACT1 ,]O%5KO WAS 9/RUM5TAL 9 NOT ONLY 9TRODUC+ AN>*I/ IDEAS TO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,BEIJ+1 BUT ALSO TO GIV+ ,KOREAN RADICALS ! S5SE ( :AT ,L59I/ COMMUNISM 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION LOOK$ LIKE4 ,AN EXAMPLE1 9 ?IS REG>D1 IS ! CASE ( ,JEONG ,HWAAM :O1 JU/ LIKE O!RS 9 ,*9A1 HE>D FROM ,]O%5KO AB\T ! POLITICAL REALITIES ( ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA AFT] ! ,BOL%EVIK ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 SU* AS ! PURGE ( AN>*I/S !RE4 ,JEONG WAS ONE ( ! ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A :O CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM ?R\< HIS 9T]ACTIONS ) ,]O%5KO1 AMONG MANY O!RS4.<#h#a.> ,YI & ,JEONG W]E ! ONES :O W]E ULTIMATELY CONV9C$ ( ! VALUE ( AN>*ISM ?R\< !IR 9T]ACTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S 9 ,BEIJ+1 & ACCEPT$ IT AS ! PR9CIPLE MO/ SUITABLE = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE & SOCIAL TRANS=MATION4 

,9 PURSU+ ! ABOVE-M5TION$ PROJECT TO BUILD AN IDEAL F>M+ VILLAGE 9 ,HUNAN1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WIDELY SOLICIT$ SUPPORT FROM O!R ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,BEIJ+4 ,ONE ( !M WAS ,YI ,HOEYEONG1 :O HAD WORK$ ) MANY ,KOREAN EXILES & AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,%9 ,*AEHO1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,HAN ,YEONGBOK1 & ,BAK ,SEUNGBYEONG1 ALL ( :OM PUBLI%$ ) ,YI AN AN>*ISM-9SPIR$ J\RNAL CALL$ ,HEAV5LY ,DRUM 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,ACCORD+ TO A ,KOREA S\RCE1 9 ,DECEMB] #a#i#b#b1 ,YI ,HOEYEONG WAS 9 SE>* ( A PR9CIPLE ?AT HE ?\<T C\LD ANSW] ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE & ITS RELAT$ PROBLEMS1 = :I* HE MET ) NOT ONLY ,KOREANS SU* AS ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,YI ,EULGYU1 & ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 BUT O!RS AS WELL1 9CLUD+ ,LU ,XUN1 ,]O%5KO & ,FAN ,B5LIANG4 ,HIS SE>* = AN ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION ( 9DEP5D5CE MU/ HAVE /OPP$ :5 HE F\ND AN>*ISM1 :I* IS QUITE OBVI\S FROM HIS /ATEM5T AB\T :AT HAD 5TIC$ HIM TO IT4 ,YI ,HOEYEONG ALLEG$LY EXPLA9$ LAT] 9 #aibe ?AT 0,I DON'T ?9K ,I HAVE CONSCI\SLY BECOME OR CONV]T$ TO BE AN AN>*I/4 ,FROM A CONTEMPOR>Y P]SPECTIVE ( ?\<TS1 MY IDEA & PLAN = ! REALIZATION ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE >E CO9CID5T ) ?OSE ( AN>*ISM40.<#h#b.> ,YI HAD MET ) A WIDE RANGE ( RADICALS & 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S1 9CLUD+ ! ONES LI/$ ABOVE4 ,9 FACT1 IT IS BELIEV$ ?AT !RE W]E NO ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S 9 ,BEIJ+ :O DIDN'T DROP BY ,YI ,HOEYEONG'S RESID5CE 9 ,BEIJ+4.<#h#c.> ,IT SEEMS ?AT ,YI ,HOEYEONG SURELY WAS IMPRESS$ ) ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S PROJECT & AN>*I/ IDEAS ) REG>D TO ! PROPOS$ IDEAL F>M+ VILLAGES 9 ,HUNAN4 ,9DE$1 IT IS SAID ?AT ,YI ,JEONGGYU'S ROLE WAS DECISIVE 9 CONV]T+ ,YI ,HOEYEONG1 :O WAS P]SUAD$ BY ! =M] AB\T ! GOAL ( AN>*ISM & ?US ACCEPT$ IT 9 LAT] #a#i#b#c4.<#h#d.> ,DISCUSS+ ) MANY K9DS ( 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S & RADICALS1 9CLUD+ ,*9ESE & ,TAIWANESE1 ,YI ,HOEYEONG F9ALLY *OSE AN>*ISM = HIS [N ANSW]4 ,! NATIONAL GOAL1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ! KEY ?AT DREW HIM TO AN>*ISM4 

,YI ,HOEYEONG WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O FREQU5TLY PROPOS$ ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S MU/ P>TICIPATE 9 ! MOVEM5T ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & VICE V]SA2 HE SAW MAK+ CLOSE CONNECTIONS BETWE5 ! TWO MOVEM5TS ?R\< RECIPROCAL COOP]ATION SO CRUCIAL4.<#h#e.> ,?IS PROPOS$ 9T]ACTIV5ESS BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S REMA9$ ( IMPORTANCE UNTIL #a#i#d#e1 AS WE WILL SEE 9 *APT] #d1 & AT ! SAME TIME EXPLA9S ! EXI/5TIAL CONDITIONS ,KORAN AN>*I/S FAC$ 9 ,*9A4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 FROM ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ P]SPECTIVE1 !IR COOP]ATION & ALLIANCE ) ,*9ESE COMRADES WAS SIMPLY NECESS>Y & EV5 ESS5TIAL1 FIR/1 = !IR SURVIVAL AS POLITICAL REFUGEE &1 !N1 = ! EFFECTIV5ESS ( !IR 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES1 BUT1 MO/ IMPORTANTLY1 = ! IMPLEM5TATION ( !IR %>$ AN>*I/ IDEALS 9 A =EIGN SOIL4 ,AN>*ISM ) ITS COSMOPOLITAN MESSAGES & PR9CIPLES1 TO PUT IT BLATANTLY1 ALL[$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO EMPHASIZE AN ALLIANCE ) O!R AN>*I/S BEYOND !IR NATIONAL B\ND>IES1 :I* 9 TURN WAS IMP]ATIVE TO SEEK SAFETY 9 !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ,*9A4 ,9 ?IS S5SE1 TO CALL ,YI ,HOEYEONG 0! PIONE] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM0 IS AN 9T]E/+ 9DICATION ( ! COM+ TRAJECTORY & TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#cS & '#dS4 ,!IR DEEP1 %>$ BELIEF ) O!R AN>*I/S1 ESPECIALLY ,*9ESE1 ?AT )\T A SOCIAL REVOLUTION NO POLITICAL *ANGES 9 BO? ,KOREA & ! WORLD C\LD BE MADE1 WAS TO PLAY A CRUCIAL ROLE 9 HAV+ !M TRANSC5D !IR NATIONAL &1 EV5 9 SOME CASES1 REGIONAL B\ND>IES =1 FIR/1 AN 9DEP5D5T ,KOREA &1 !N1 A BETT] WORLD4 

,NEXT1 ,JEONG ,HWAAM EXPLA9S H[ HE CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 :I* V9DICATES ! IMPORTANCE ( NATIONAL CONSCI\SNESS & ! POPUL>ITY ( SOCIALISM 9 G5]AL AS ! MO/ IMPORTANT TWO MOTIVES = ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO ACCEPT AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A4 ,JEONG1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A BE=E #a#i#d#e1.<#h#f.> RECALLS TWO ELEM5TS ?AT ATTRACT$ ! ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A1 9CLUD+ HIMSELF1 TO AN>*ISM3 !IR RESI/ANCE TO ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM 9 ORD] TO SECURE 9DEP5D5CE1 & !IR ADORATION = 0COMMUNISM10 ) ! EMPHASIS ON ! =M]4 ,HE WAS P>TICUL>LY ATTRACT$ TO AN>*ISM BECAUSE ( HIS 09/9CTIVE NATIONALI/ IMPULSE0 TO RESI/ ,JAPAN1 & BECAME CONV9C$ ?AT 0! F9AL GOAL ( ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T0 WAS 0! OV]?R[ ( ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM0 & 09DEP5D5CE ?R\< RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,JAPAN .<HANG-IL.>40.<#h#g.> ,JEONG ALSO DISCUSS$ ) O!R AN>*I/S SU* AS ! ,YI BRO!RS 7,YI ,EULGYU & ,YI ,JEONGGYU7 & ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 F9D+ A 0NON-!ORETICAL IDEOLOGY0 7SIC7 = ! 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T TO CL>IFY 0! OBJECTIVES ( .<,KOREAN.> NATION-BUILD+40.<#h#h.> ,IT WAS AT ?IS MOM5T1 ,I ?9K1 ?AT AN>*ISM BEGAN TO BE READ & UND]/OOD BY !SE !ORETICALLY EQUIPP$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 NOT JU/ = ! GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE BUT ) REF]5CE TO A NEW SOCIETY AFT] 9DEP5D5CE4 ,NEV]!LESS1 AS ,JEONG RECALLS1 TO HIM AN>*ISM 0S\ND$ GOOD ANYWAY AT FIR/10 MORE EMOTIONALLY ?AN !ORETICALLY4.<#h#i.> ,AS !IR ACTIVITIES 9 ! 5SU+ YE>S DEMON/RATE1 H[EV]1 HE & O!RS W]E NOT DEAF AT ALL TO ! UNIV]SAL MESSAGES ) ! !ORETICAL IMPLICATIONS AN>*ISM DELIV]$ TO !M1 SU* AS FRE$OM1 EQUALITY1 REVOLUTION1 DEMOCRACY1 DEVELOPM5T1 & SO ON4 ,AS ,I M5TION$ 9 ! ,9TRODUCTION1 ,JEONG WAS ALSO DRAWN TO AN>*ISM AS A RESULT ( HIS 9CREAS$ AW>5ESS ( ! UNIV]SAL PROBLEMS UND] CAPITALISM4 

,9DE$1 ) !IR GR[+ 9T]E/ 9 & ACCEPTANCE ( AN>*ISM1 ,KOREAN EXILES & RADICALS 9 ,BEIJ+ N[ BEGAN TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES & 5GAGE 9 V>I\S ACTIVITIES1 *IEF AMONG !M 9VOLV+ ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLICATIONS = ! CAUSE ( BO? 9DEP5D5CE & AN>*ISM4 ,! ,BEIJ+ ,BRAN* ( ! ,BLACK ,Y\? ,ALLIANCE 7,B,B,B,Y,A1 ,HEUKSAEK *EONGNYEON DONGMA5G OR ,HEISE Q+NIAN TONGM5G71 PRESUMABLY ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,*9A1 WAS ALLEG$LY ORGANIZ$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 BUT DIDN'T PUBLI% ITS [N J\RNAL4 ,NOT MANY FACTS >E KN[N AB\T IT & ITS MEMB]%IP1 BUT IT SEEM$ ?AT ! ,B,B,B,Y,A C\LD HAVE POSSIBLY BE5 ORGANIZ$ BY ,%9 ,*AEHO4.<#i.> ,& NEXT1 SPONSOR$ BY ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,CAI ,YUANPEI1 ,ZHANG ,JI 7#a#h#h#b-#a#i#d#g71 ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI 7#a#h#f#e-#a#i#e#c71 ! ,BLACK ,FLAG ,LEAGUE 7,B,F,L1 ,HEUKGI YEONMA5G OR ,HEIQI LIANM5G7 WAS ORGANIZ$ AT ,BEIJ+ ,M+UO ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,OCTOB] #aibd BY SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/ /UD5TS LIKE ,YU ,SEO 7OR ,YU ,GISEOK1 #a#i#e-#a#i#h7 & ,SIM ,YON<AE 7,SIM ,YEO*U1 OR ,%5 ,RUQIU 9 ,*9ESE1 #a#i#d-#a#i#c7 ) P>TICIPATION ( ,*9ESE SU* AS ,BA ,J9 7#a#i#d-#b#e7 & ,XIANG ,PEILIANG4.<#i#a.> ,! ,B,F,L1 A PRODUCT ( ! LIKE-M9D$ ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & ( !IR JO9T ACTIVITIES1 HAD ITS [N J\RNAL TITL$ ! ,EA/]N ,MISCELLANE\S 7,DONGFANG ZAZHI71 PUBLI%$ 9 ,*9ESE4 ,SOME ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/ /UD5TS SU* AS ,YU ,SEO & ,SIM ,YONG*EOL 7,SIM ,GEUK*U1 OR ,%5 ,KEQIU 9 ,*9ESE1 #a#i#a#d-871 ,SIM ,YON<AE'S Y\NG] BRO!R1 ORGANIZ$ A GR\P = ! /UDY ( ,KROPOTK9 LAT] 9 ,SEPTEMB] ( #a#i#b#f1 & BEGAN TO EX*ANGE !IR UNKN[N J\RNALS ) O!R AN>*I/S GR\PS4.<#i#b.> 

,H]E1 ,YU ,SEO'S ACTIVITIES DRAW \R SPECIAL ATT5TION 9 T]MS ( 9T5SE 9T]ACTIONS BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,YU1 BORN 9 ! ,PROV9CE ( ,HWAN<AE 9 ,KOREA1 LEFT = ,*9A 9 #aiab & BECAME A ,*9ESE CITIZ5 9 #a#i#a#f1 AFT] HIS FAMILY HAD MOV$ 9 #aiac TO ! CITY ( ,YANJI 9 ,JIL9 ,PROV9CE ( ,*9A4 ,BELIEV+ ?AT 0! LIFE ( A P]SON :O HAS LO/ ! C\NTRY 7WANGGUO NU7 IS MORE MIS]ABLE ?AN ?AT ( A DOG 9 ! H\SE ( DEA?10.<#i#c.> HE READILY P>TICIPAT$ 9 BO? AN>*I/ & ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5TS 9 ,*9A4 ,9 #aibe HE PROMOT$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,SOCIETY ( ! ,MASSES 7,M9ZHONG%E7 ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,& PROBABLY DUE TO HIS RELATION%IP ) ,LU ,XUN1 :OSE %ORT /ORY TITL$ 0,A ,MADMAN'S ,DI>Y0 7,KUANGR5 RIJI7 WAS TRANSLAT$ BY ,YU 9 ,KOREAN1 :5 !RE WAS A DEBATE ) ,M>XI/S L$ BY ! ,Y\NG ,*9ESE ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,XIAONIAN ,ZHONGGUO WUZH5GFU ZHUYI LIANM5G71 LAT] 9 #aibh ,YU1 9 DEF5SE ( AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE AGA9/ ,M>XI/ LIT]ATURE1 P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ! PUBLICATION ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/ LIT]>Y J\RNALS1 ,CONTEMPOR>Y ,CULTURE 7,XI&AI W5HUA71 ,POPUL> ,CULTURE 7,M9JIAN W5HUA71 & ,CULTURAL ,FRONT 7,W5HUA ZHANXIAN71 CONTRIBUT+ >TICLES TO !M ) O!R ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,MAO ,YIPO 7#a#i#a-#a#i#i#f7 & ,LU ,JIANBO 7#a#i#d-#a#i#i71 & ADVOCAT+ ! 0LIT]ATURE ( ! MASSES0 7M9ZHONG W5XUE74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,SIM ,YONG*EOL1 ,YU ONCE PLOTT$ AN ASSASS9ATION ( ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,WANG ,YA*U 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#c#f7 9 ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#c1 AFT] ! 0,%AN<AI ,9CID5T40.<#i#d.> 

,EVID5CE ( ! 9TIMATE 9T]ACTIONS 9 ,*9A BETWE5 ,KOREAN & ,*9ESE & O!R ,ASIAN AN>*I/S C\LD BE F\ND FUR!R 9 ! CASE ( ! ,SIM BRO!RS4 ,SIM ,YON<AE1 A Y\NG ,KOREAN AN>*I/ :O WAS FLU5T BO? 9 ,*9ESE & ,ESP]ANTO1 & WAS MURD]$ BY ,JAPANESE MILIT>Y 9 ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#c1 ONCE WORK$ AS AN $ITOR = ! ,NATIONAL ,CU/OMS ,DAILY 7,GU(5G RIBAO71 PUBLI%$ BY ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,J+ ,MEIJIU 7#a#h#h#b-#a#i#e#i71 AS PUBLI%]1 & ,HUA ,L9 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#h71 AS $ITOR-9-*IEF4 ,SIM MADE ! NEWSPAP]'S $IT+ (FICE HIS WORKPLACE & HOME AS WELL & %>$ IT ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,SU(EI & TWO ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S :OSE SURNAMES W]E ,SANO 7PROBABLY ,SANO ,I*IRO7 & ,MATSUMOTO1 RESPECTIVELY4 ,SIM & ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S %>$ ! IDEA ( 0,GREAT ,UNITY0 7DATONG71 BELIEV+ ?AT 0,ALL UND] ,HEAV5 .<TIANXIA.> COMPRISES ONE FAMILY & ! :OLE WORLD .<SIHAI.> IS FULL ( :OLE BRO!RS40 ,NOT ONLY DID !Y %>E ! COSMOPOLITAN IDEA1 BUT !Y WORK$ TOGE!R4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,SIM TRANSLAT$ ,MATSUMOTO'S >TICLE TITL$ 0,! SO-CALL$ ,REBELLI\S ,KOREANS0 7,SU[EI 'BU*5G XIANR5'7 9TO ,*9ESE1 :I* WAS SUBSEQU5TLY C>RI$ 9 ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ 7,XUEHUI71 A SUPPLEM5T ( ! ,NATIONAL ,CU/OMS ,DAILY4.<#i#e.> ,! ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ ,SOCIETY 7,XUEHUI%E71 :I* PUBLI%$ ,SEA ( ,LE>N+ FROM ,OCTOB] #aibb TO #a#i#b#d1 WAS AN IMPORTANT BASE = ,*9ESE AN>*I/S & HAD EXT5SIVE CONNECTIONS ) NOT ONLY ,*9ESE BUT ALSO O!R AN>*I/S1 CREAT+ A RELATIVELY HUGE 9FLU5CE ON ! LATT]4.<#i#f.> ,SIM & ! ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S MU/ HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) ! ,SOCIETY1 GIV5 !IR CONS5SUS ?AT ! ONLY 5EMY WAS ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM4 

,SIM ,YON<AE ALSO PUBLI%$ ,KOREAN ,Y\? 7,GAOLI Q+NIAN7 9 ! W9T] ( #a#i#b#d1 TO :I* PROM95T ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,BA ,J9 CONTRIBUT$ HIS WRIT+S4.<#i#g.> ,SIM'S Y\NG] BRO!R1 ,SIM ,YONG*EOL1 CONFIRMS ! CLOSE RELATION%IP BETWE5 HIS BRO!R & ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,HE RECALLS ?AT HIS BRO!R1 9 ADDITION TO ,YU ,SEO1 WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,BA ,J91 ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#f#h71 ,WEI ,HUIL9 7#a#i-#a#i#i#b71 & SO =? TO PUBLI% ! BIWEEKLY MAGAZ9E ,! ,MASSES 7,M9ZHONG7 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#b#e4.<#i#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,BA ,J9 ALSO WAS BEFRI5D$ BY ,SIM !RE1 AS WELL & LAT] ACQUA9T$ ) ,YU ,SEO ?R\< ,SIM4.<#i#i.> ,SIM ,YONG*EOL BECAME FRI5DS ) ,FAN ,B5LIANG & ,L9 ,B+W5 7#a#h#i#g-#a#i#d#e71 ,TAIWANESE AN>*I/S :O ?R\<\T !IR PRES5CE 9 ,*9A WORK$ CLOSELY ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ON MANY OCCASIONS4 ,SIM ,YONG*EOL ALSO RECALLS ?AT HE HAD ONCE /UDI$ & MADE FRI5DS 9 ,*9A ) A ,VIETNAMESE /UD5T :OSE ,*9ESE NAME WAS ,YUAN ,X+GUO1 :O1 ,SIM LAT] REALIZ$1 WAS A Y\NG] BRO!R ( ,HO ,*IH ,M9H4.<#a.> 

,AFT] HAV+ SOME EXP]I5CE ) SMALL & SPORADIC ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLICATIONS1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 9 AN EF=T TO ORGANIZE !MSELVES1 F9ALLY GA!R$ 9 ,BEIJ+ TO E/ABLI% ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,LEAGUE 9 ,*9A 7,K,A,L,C1 ,JAE JUNGGUK JOSEON MUJEONGBU JUUIJA YEONMA5G7 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#d4 ,IT 9CLUD$ ALMO/ ALL ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ACTIVE 9 !N-,*9A AS P>TICIPANTS1 SU* AS ,YI ,HOEYEONG1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ! ,YI BRO!RS1 ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 & ,BAEK ,JEONGGI 7#a#h#i#f-#a#i#c#d71 ALL ( :OM W]E EXPATRIATES ALSO WORK+ = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE 9 ,*9A4 ,NOT MU* IS KN[N AB\T ! ,K,A,L,C'S ACTIVITY BUT MANY HAVE TE/IFI$ ?AT IT PUBLI%$ ITS ORGAN ,JU/ICE ,NEWSPAP] 7,JEONG-UI GONGBO 9 ,KOREAN OR ,ZH5GYI GONGBAO 9 ,*9ESE71.<#a#a.> SUPPOS$LY ! FIR/ ,KOREAN AN>*I/ NEWSPAP] PUBLI%$ 9 ,*9A4 ,! NEWSPAP] HAS NOT SURVIV$ & ONLY FRAGM5T>Y 9=MATION AB\T IT IS AVAILABLE TODAY4 ,YI ,HOEYEONG WAS ITS $ITOR-9-*IEF1 & AMONG ! FREQU5T CONTRIBUTORS TO IT WAS ,%9 ,*AEHO :O1 = UNKN[N REASONS1 DIDN'T JO9 ! ,K,A,L,C ITSELF BUT OBVI\SLY P>TOOK 9 ITS NEWSPAP] WORKS4 ,! BASIC /ANCE ( ! NEWSPAP] WAS TO CRITICIZE ! 0WRONG IDEAS0 = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE1 MA9LY L$ & EMPLOY$ BY ! ,KOREAN NATIONALI/ 9DEP5D5CE CAMP 9 ,*9A1 REPRES5T$ BY ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,%AN<AI1 :I* HAD FUNCTION$ AS ! LEGITIMATE EXILE GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA S9CE #a#i#a#i4 ,! NEWSPAP]'S CRITICISM WAS ALSO DIRECT$ T[>D ! FACTIONAL /RIFE )9 ! NATIONALI/ CAMP & ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ITSELF4 ,BOL%EVISM1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ANO!R T>GET ( ! NEWSPAP]'S CRITICISM4 ,9 ADDITION1 ! NEWSPAP] 9SI/$ ON ! COOP]ATION & COALITION ( V>I\S ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE GR\PS 9 ,*9A1 ON ! BASIS ( ! AN>*I/ 0SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE0 PR9CIPLE4 ,DUE TO ! %ORTAGE ( FUNDS1 IT IS SAID1 AFT] PUBLI%+ ITS N9? ISSUE1 ! NEWSPAP] WAS DISCONT9U$4.<#a#b.> 

,AL?\< NO ISSUE ( ,JU/ICE ,NEWSPAP] IS AVAILABLE N[ = ! CURR5T /UDY1 ! COMM5TS ( ,YI ,HOEYEONG1 ITS $ITOR-9-*IEF1 AT AB\T ! TIME ( ITS PUBLICATION1 REG>D+ A FUTURE ,KOREA AFT] 9DEP5D5CE MAY HELP US TO UND]/& ! NEWSPAP]'S VISION ( A PO/9DEP5D5CE ,KOREAN SOCIETY4 ,9 HIS CONV]SATION 9 #aibf ) ,KIM ,JONGJ91 A Y\NG ,KOREAN AN>*I/ !N ACTIVE 9 ,MAN*URIA1 BUT :O WAS TO BE MURD]$ !RE LAT] 9 #aica BY ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S AT ! AGE ( ?IRTY-ONE1 ,YI IS SAID TO HAVE /AT$ ?AT3 

,IT IS EXPECT$ ?AT ! 9T]NAL POLITICAL /RUCTURE .<( ,KOREA.> AFT] 9DEP5D5CE %\LD DEF9ITELY AVOID ! CONC5TRATION ( P[] & ?AT A LOCAL AUTONOM\S SY/EM1 BAS$ UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( DEC5TRALIZATION ( P[]1 W\LD BE E/ABLI%$ &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! C5TRAL POLITICAL /RUCTURE1 DRAW+ UPON ! ALLIANCE ( ! LOCAL AUTONOM\S BODIES1 W\LD BE CON/RUCT$4.<#a#c.> 

,& ! 0ECONOMIC SY/EM .<( ! PO/9DEP5D5CE ,KOREAN SOCIETY.> %\LD BE MANAG$ BY ! SOCIETY10 ,YI ADD$4 0,S9CE AN>*ISM1 UNLIKE COMMUNISM1 DOES NOT REQUIRE UNI=MITY1 AN>*ISM1 :ILE MA9TA9+ ITS BASIC PR9CIPLES1 CAN BE ACCOMMODAT$ TO .<,KOREA'S.> CU/OM OR TRADITION1 & CULTURAL OR ECONOMIC SITUATION10 ,YI FUR!R CONT5D$4.<#a#d.> ,9 SUM1 ! NEWSPAP] UND] HIS $ITOR%IP PROBABLY PROPAGAT$ SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE AS ! MA9 PR9CIPLE TO CON/RUCT A NEW ,KOREA & ! UNITY ( ALL 9DEP5D5CE MOVEM5T ORGANIZATIONS 9 ,*9A1 NOT TO M5TION ANTI-,BOL%EVISM ALONG ) ITS CRITIQUE ( FACTIONALISM 9 ! ,KOREAN NATIONALI/ CAMP 9 ,*9A4.<#a#e.> ,:AT IS MO/ REVEAL+ IS ,YI'S OP5NESS TO AN UND]/&+ ( AN>*ISM = ITS 0,KOREANIZ$0 PRACTICE4 ,AS IT WILL BECOME CLE> 9 ?IS /UDY1 ! G5]AL AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ADOPT$ E>LI] BUT SUBSEQU5TLY ,KOREANIZ$ OR LOCALIZ$ W]E TO BE ( IMPORTANCE 9 ! PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A1 EV5 AFT] #a#i#d#e4 

,IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO LOCATE SOME O!R FACTORS ?AT MI<T HAVE HAD SOME 09FLU5CE0 ON ! ,K,A,L,C'S ACTIVITY & ITS NEWSPAP]'S VISION = A NEW ,KOREA4 ,ACCORD+ TO SOME ,KOREAN S\RCES1 ! MEMB]S ( ,K,A,L,C FREQU5TLY MET & MA9TA9$ A RELATION%IP ) A GR\P ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 & ,CAI ,YUANPEI4.<#a#f.> ,! =M] TWO W]E ! WELL-KN[N CORE MEMB]S ( ! ,P>IS ,*9ESE AN>*I/S :O W]E 0MOD]NI/S10 FETI%IZ$ SCI5CE1 CALL$ = A CULTURAL REVOLUTION1 & FAVOR$ 0UNIV]SAL $UCATION10.<#a#g.> :ILE ! LATT] WAS ONE :O 0%>$ SOME ( ! PHILOSOPHICAL PREMISES ( AN>*ISM & ITS VISION ( A COSMOPOLITAN WORLD40.<#a#h.> ,GIV5 !IR LONG RELATION%IP ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ?AT W\LD 9 FACT CONT9UE UNTIL ! #a#i#dS1.<#a#i.> IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT !IR V]SION ( AN>*ISM WAS %>$ & POSSIBLY CONSID]$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 %AP+ !IR V]SION ( IT1 :I* WAS ! CASE AS ,I DEMON/RATE 9 *APT] #d4 ,! ,K,A,L,C AN>*I/S ALSO FREQU5TLY MET & 9T]ACT$ ) O!R AN>*I/S SU* AS ,VASILIJ ,]O%5KO & ,FAN ,B5LIANG4 ,( IMPORTANCE W]E NOT JU/ !IR 5C\NT]S & MEET+S BUT !IR POSSIBLE 5GAGEM5T 9 ! DISCUSSIONS ( AN>*ISM & ! VISION ( A FUTURE WORLD1 AS WELL AS ( ! PROBLEMS ( !IR RESPECTIVE NATION & ! WORLD ) !IR SOLUTIONS4 ,]O%5KO P>TICUL>LY HAS BE5 KN[N AS ! ONE :O CONV]T$ MANY ,KOREAN EXILES 9 ,*9A TO AN>*ISM1 & ,FAN1 PROBABLY %>+ MANY CONC]NS & PROBLEMS AS A COLONIZ$ PEOPLE ) ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 CONS5T$ ) HIS ,KOREAN COMRADES & !Y TOOK ACTIONS TOGE!R4 ,!SE ,KOREAN 9T]ACTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S & !IR POSSIBLE 9FLU5CES ON ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' UND]/&+ ( NATIONALISM1 AN>*ISM1 & ! WORLD PROBLEMS1 LET ALONE !IR JO9T ACTIONS1 CANNOT BE TREAT$ LI<TLY4 ,!RE IS NO CLE>1 DIRECT EVID5CE ?AT %[S ?AT ! 9FLU5CE FROM ,*9ESE & O!R AN>*I/S ON ,KOREAN AN>*I/S WAS DECISIVE OR =MATIVE 9 ! LATT]'S CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM1 BUT IT IS REVEAL+ ?AT MANY ,KOREAN EXILES ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM 9 ,BEIJ+ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS ?R\< !IR V>I\S 9T]ACTIONS ) O!R AN>*I/S 9 ! C\RSE ( !IR QUE/ = ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,MORE IMPORTANT WAS ! NATIONALI/ DIRECTION ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM !Y SEEM$ TO SET AT ITS 9CEPTION1 :I* HAD LONG] & MORE LA/+ IMPACTS ?AN !Y 9ITIALLY ?\<T ON ! HI/ORY ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 

,EXP]IM5T+ ,AN>*I/ ,IDEALS ,JO9TLY 9 ,%AN<AI 

  

,S9CE ! TURN ( ! TW5TIE? C5TURY1 ,%AN<AI AS A BRE$+ PLACE ( ,*9ESE REVOLUTION>IES & RE=M]S HAD ALREADY MADE 0! ,TOKYO-,%AN<AI CONNECTION10 POS+ A ?REAT TO ! ,Q+ DYNA/Y1 :ILE ,TOKYO WAS A BASE = !IR REVOLUTION>Y_/RE=M ACTIVITIES4.<#a#a.> ,= EXAMPLE1 9 ,%AN<AI RADICAL LIT]>Y FIGURES FROM ,*9A & ,JAPAN FREQU5TLY MET AT ,U*IYAMA ,BOOK/ORE 7,U*IYAMA %OT571 RUN BY ,U*IYAMA ,KANZO 7#a#h#h#e-#a#i#e#i71 :O HAD VAGUE BUT 0LONG/&+ .<SIC.> SYMPA?Y = ! LEFT10 & !RE ALSO WAS ! ,GONGFEI ,C(FEE ,%OP1 :]E 0LEFTW+ .<SIC.> ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE WRIT]S & CULTURAL TYPES FREQU5TLY CONGREGAT$40.<#a#a#a.> ,%AN<AI 9 ! #a#i#aS WAS 0READILY BECOM+ A BRE$+ GR\ND = SUBV]SIVE TYPES FROM BO?0 ,*9A & ,JAPAN4.<#a#a#b.> ,?IS TR5D CONT9U$ & WAS EV5 /R5G!N$ AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & ! >RIVAL 9 ,%AN<AI 9 #aib ( ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL 7,COM9T]N71 ,GEORGE ,VOIT9SKY 7#a#h#i#c-#a#i#e#c74 ,) ! =MATION ( ! ALLIANCE 9 #aibd BETWE5 ! ,G,M,D & ! ,C,C,P UND] ! SPONSOR%IP ( ! ,COM9T]N1 ,%AN<AI BECAME A PLACE :]E MANY K9DS ( RADICALS GA!R$ FROM ALL OV] ! WORLD4 ,BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 ,%AN<AI PLAY$ A ROLE AS A NODE ( ! TRANSNATIONAL NETWORK ( RADICALS 9 ,EA/]N ,ASIA4 ,UND] ! SITUATION ! 0W9D0 ( AN>*ISM ALSO BLEW 9 ,%AN<AI TO ,KOREAN RADICALS & EXILES1 AS AN>*I/ ,YI ,HONGGEUN 7#a#i#g-87 RECALLS4.<#a#a#c.> 

,HUAGUANG ,HOSPITAL 7,HUAGUANG YIYUAN7 9 ! ,FR5* ,CONCESSION ( ,%AN<AI1 E/ABLI%$ & RUN BY ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,D5G ,M5GXIAN1 S]V$ FROM ! E>LY #a#i#bS TO ! #a#i#cS AS A PLACE = COMMUNICATION & CONTACT NOT ONLY AMONG ,*9ESE AN>*I/S SU* AS ,BA ,J91 ,MAO ,YIPO1 & ,LU ,JIANBO1 BUT ALSO AMONG ALL O!R ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S1 9CLUD+ ,YU ,JA-MYEONG :O BECAME ACQUA9T$ !RE ) ,SANO ,I*IRO1 :O US$ HIS ,*9ESE NAME ,TIAN ,HUAM91.<#a#a#d.> AS WELL AS ) ,BA ,J91 ,MAO1 ,LU1 & ,D5G4.<#a#a#e.> ,! 5C\NT] BETWE5 ,YU & ,BA ,J91 9 P>TICUL>1 DEVELOP$ LAT] 9TO A %ORT /ORY AB\T ,YU1 WRITT5 BY ,BA ,J94 ,AS ,OLGA ,LANG NOTES1 ,BA ,J9'S %ORT /ORY TITL$ 0,A ,/ORY ( ,HAIR0 7,FA DE GU%I71 PUBLI%$ LAT] 9 #a#i#c#f1 0DEALS ) ,KOREAN REBELS 7MO/ PROBABLY AN>*I/S71 !IR /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! ,JAPANESE1 & ! RELATIONS BETWE5 ,*9ESE & ,KOREAN REVOLUTION>IES10 & WAS PRIM>ILY BAS$ ON ,YU & HIS ACTIVITIES4.<#a#a#f.> ,D5G HAD E/ABLI%$ A GOOD RELATION%IP ) ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S S9CE HIS /UDY ABROAD 9 ,JAPAN & HAD PROVID$ HIS PRIVATE HOSPITAL AS A PLACE ( CONTACT & COMMUNICATION = AN>*I/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO HI/ORIAN ,KIM ,MYEONGSEOP1 ! HOSPITAL WAS TO HO/ ! ,EA/]N AN>*I/ CONV5TION LAT] ON ,JUNE #a#d1 #a#i#b#h1 AT :I* ! REPRES5TATIVES FROM SIX C\NTRIES DECID$ TO E/ABLI% ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,E,A,F1 ,DONGFANG WUZH5GFU ZHUYIZHE LIANM5G74.<#a#a#g.> ,O!R ?AN ,YU1 MANY O!R Y\NG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI SU* AS ,KIM ,GWANGJU1 ,YI ,GYEONGSON1 ,KIM ,MYEONGSU1 & ,AN ,USA5G W]E AMONG ?OSE :O US$ TO DROP BY ,D5G'S HOSPITAL4.<#a#a#h.> ,9 ! CASE ( ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 HE HAD A *ANCE TO MEET ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,%IROYAMA ,HIDEO 7#a#i#a-#a#i#h#b7 !RE1 ) :OSE HELP ,JEONG WAS ABLE TO DEVELOP A PLAN ) ,YI ,JEONGGYU LAT] TO ?REAT5 ! !N-,JAPANESE CONSUL G5]AL & A CONSUL 9 ,%AN<AI1 :OSE SURNAMES W]E ,YATABE & ,%IMIZU1 RESPECTIVELY1 TO EXPOSE !IR CORRUPTION & HUMILIATE !M4 ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,AKAGAWA ,H>UKI 7#a#i#f-#a#i#g#d71 :O DES]T$ FROM ! ,JAPANESE >MY1 & ,TAKE ,RIYOJI 7#a#h#i#e-87 ) :OM ,JEONG BECAME ACQUA9T$ ALSO AT ! HOSPITAL1 TOOK P>T 9 ?IS PLAN1 ALBEIT IT ULTIMATELY FAIL$4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ,AKAGAWA1 ,%IROYAMA1 & ,TAKE W]E ALL >RE/$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE1 *>G$ ) ! CRIMES ( BLACKMAIL+ & 9TIMIDATION1 & ,YI WAS BR\<T TO COLONIAL ,KOREA = HIS TRIAL4.<#a#a#i.> ,9 ADDITION TO ,D5G'S HOSPITAL1 IT IS SAID ?AT !RE WAS A BOOK/ORE 9 ,%AN<AI1 RUN BY ,*5 ,GUANGGUO1 :I* ALSO FUNCTION$ AS A PLACE = BOOK EX*ANGES AMONG AN>*I/S & = CONTACT & COMMUNICATION = ALL AN>*I/S4.<#a#b.> 

,9 ADDITION1 ,%AN<AI WAS :]E ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 & S]V$ AS ! C5T] ( ITS ACTIVITIES UNTIL ! ,JAPANESE 9VASION ( ! CITY 9 ! #a#i#cS4 ,AS ,KIM ,SAN /AT$1 IT WAS QUITE COMMONPLACE TO SEE ,KOREAN EXILES HEAD+ TO ,%AN<AI & WORK+ = & ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T1 SOMETIMES TURN+ TO RADICAL ?9K+ & ?US TAK+ V>I\S ANTI-,JAPANESE VIOL5T ACTIONS1 9DEP5D5TLY OR 9 T&EM ) ! GOV]NM5T OR O!R RADICALS !RE4.<#a#b#a.> ,! LATT] CASE WAS ! ,SOCIETY ( ,TAIWANESE & ,KOREAN ,COMRADES 7,TAIHAN TONGZHI HUI71 ORGANIZ$ 9 #aibd 9 ! ,FR5* ,CONCESSION 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,!RE ALSO WAS AN AN>*ISM-ORI5T$ J\RNAL PUBLI%$ ?REE TIMES A MON? BY ! ,EQUALITY ,SOCIETY 7,P+%E71 A RADICAL SOCIETY ORGANIZ$ BY ,SI*UANESE AN>*I/ ,LUO ,HUA 7#a#h#i#i-872 ,TAIWANESE RADICALS SU* AS ,P5G ,HUAY+1 ,L9 ,YAOKUN1 & ,ZHANG ,XIUZH52 & ,KOREAN RADICALS SU* AS ,TAK ,MU*O1 ,YEO ,UNHYEONG1 & ,YUN ,JAHYEONG4 ,LUO WAS ! KEY FIGURE :O L$ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! SOCIETY & ! PUBLICATION ( ITS J\RNAL1 ,EQUALITY 7,P+P+71 ! GOALS ( :I* W]E1 AMONG O!R ?+S1 ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( MUTUAL AID ( MANK9D & ! OPPOSITION TO PROLET>IAN DICTATOR%IP & ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,C>RI$ 9 ! J\RNAL1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#d1 W]E ! >TICLES ?AT CONTA9$ ITS CRITICISM ( ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM & ITS ADVOCACY ( ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE1 & ! WRIT+S ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE1 BY ,LU ,JIANBO4 ,! SIGNIFICANCE ( ! PUBLICATION ( ,EQUALITY IS ?AT1 AL?\< NOT A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ J\RNAL1 IT WAS ! E>LI] PRODUCT ( ! COLLABORATION & JO9T PUBLICATION ACTIVITY 9 ,%AN<AI ( ?REE ,EA/ ,ASIAN RADICALS1 9CLUD+ AN>*I/S4.<#a#b#b.> 

,BY LATE #a#i#b#d1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU HAD MOV$ TO ,%AN<AI FROM ,BEIJ+ & WAS HIR$ !RE AS AN APPR5TICE AT A ,BRITI%-[N$ F\NDRY1 BUT SOON WAS FIR$ = HIS ACTIVITIES = A LABOR UNION & A LABOR S*OOL HE HELP$ TO OP54 ,A YE> AFT] HE WAS REEMPLOY$ BY ,%AN<AI ,TRAMWAY ,COMPANY1 :]E HE AGA9 ATTEMPT$ TO ORGANIZE A LABOR UNION4 ,ON ,MAY #c ( ! YE>1 ,YI P>TICIPAT$ ) HIS ,TAIWANESE FRI5DS FROM ,%AN<AI ,UNIV]SITY1 SU* AS ,WONG ,ZE%5G & ,ZHUANG ,HONG%U1 & ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,MAO ,YIPO1 9 ! G5]AL /RIKE 9 ! WAKE ( ! ,MAY #c? ,MOVEM5T 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,POSSIBLY DUE TO !SE ACTIVITIES1 IT SEEMS ,YI HAD TO BE> ! H>D%IPS ( LIFE 9 ,%AN<AI )\T A JOB OR UND] ,JAPANESE SURVEILLANCE4 ,AS A SOLUTION TO ! H>D%IPS 9 LIFE & TO GET AWAY FROM HIS EXTREME & DIRE SITUATION1 HE BEGAN TO TRANSLATE MANY AN>*I/ BOOKS & WORKS = PUBLICATION4 ,IT IS UNKN[N :O ! PUBLI%] WAS1 BUT 9CLUD$ 9 HIS TRANSLATIONS = PUBLICATION W]E1 ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 ,KROPOTK9'S ,LAW & ,AU?ORITY & ,AN>*I/ ,MORALITY1 & SOME PAMPHLETS ?AT CONTA9$ ! WRIT+S BY ,BAKUN91 ,MALATE/A1 & ,ELISEE ,RECLUS4.<#a#b#c.> 

,ONE ( ! JO9T ACTIVITIES ,%AN<AI-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S P>TICIPAT$ WAS ! $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,IT WAS UN?9KABLE = !M TO DO SO )\T %>+ !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS ) !IR ,*9ESE C\NT]P>TS4 ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 7,LIDA XUEYUAN7 PROVIDES ! FIR/ CASE 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,LIDA ,COLLEGE WAS E/ABLI%$ 9 ,%AN<AI BY ,HUNANESE AN>*I/ ,KUANG ,HU%5G 7#a#h#i#a-#a#i#c#c71 & WAS OP]AT$ = AB\T T5 YE>S FROM ! E>LY #a#i#bS UNTIL ! ,JAPANESE ATTACK$ ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#c#b4.<#a#b#d.> ,AS 0! IMM$IATE PREC$5T = ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,%AN<AI0 7SEE BEL[71 IT BECAME 0AN E/EEM$ EXAMPLE = MANY ( :AT AN 9/ITUTION = ALT]NATIVE $UCATION C\LD ACCOMPLI%40.<#a#b#e.> ,ITS MA9 (FICES W]E LOCAT$ AT ,JIANGWAN 9 ,%AN<AI1 :]E NO AN>*I/S W]E HIR$4 ,H[EV]1 ! FACULTY AT ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,RURAL ,VILLAGE ,$UCATION 7,NONGCUN JIAOYUKE7 ( ! S5IOR MIDDLE S*OOL ( ,LIDA ,COLLEGE W]E ALL AN>*I/S4 ,WU ,ZHIHUI & ,LI ,%IZ5G1 TWO PROM95T ,G,M,D AN>*I/S1 HAD SUPPORT$ ,LIDA ,COLLEGE1 BECAUSE ( :I* ! FUND+ = ! COLLEGE CAME ALSO FROM ! ,DEP>TM5T ( ,$UCATION 9 ! ,G,M,D1 & AN>*I/S W]E HIR$ TO TEA* 9 ! DEP>TM5T4 ,& IT WAS S9CE !N ?AT ! DEP>TM5T BECAME A GA!R+ PLACE = ALL AN>*I/S1 BECAUSE ( :I* ,YU ,JA-MYEONG REMEMB]$ ,LIDA ,COLLEGE AS 0A HOME .<BOGEUM J>I.> = AN>*I/S40.<#a#b#f.> 

,AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG WAS HIR$ TO TEA* AGRICULTURE & ,JAPANESE LANGUAGE 9 ! DEP>TM5T :]E /UD5TS RECEIV$ AN $UCATION ?AT COMB9$ $UCATION & PRODUCTIVE LABOR 9CLUD+ P\LTRY F>M+1 BEEKEEP+1 & FRUIT GR[+4.<#a#b#g.> ,AL?\< SIMIL> TO ,%AN<AI ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ITS $UCATIONAL GOALS & ME?OD1 ,LIDA ,COLLEGE NEV]!LESS WAS AN 9DEP5D5T & AUTONOM\S $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION1 FREE ( ! ,G,M,D 9FLU5CE4 ,9 FACT IT WAS QUITE ! OPPOSITE TO ! ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 T]MS ( ITS CURRICULA2 IT WAS OP5 TO CRITICISM ( ,SUN ,YAT-S5'S ,?REE ,PEOPLE'S ,PR9CIPLES 7,SANM9 ZHUYI7 & NO WOR%IP ( ,SUN WAS PRACTIC$ AMONG ! FACULTY & /UD5TS1 !RE=E4.<#a#b#h.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,KOREAN S\RCES1 SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ATT5D$ ,LIDA ,COLLEGE AS A /UD5T4 ,ONE ( !M WAS ,YI ,GYU*ANG 7#a#i#a#c-#b#e71 A SON ( ,YI ,HOEYEONG & A MEMB] ( ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,Y\? 9 ,S\? ,*9A 7,L,K,Y,S,C1 ,NAMHWA HAN9 *EONGNYEON YEONMA5G7 9 ! #a#i#cS1 AL?\< HE LAT] RECALL$ ?AT HE DID NOT BELIEVE HE LE>N$ MU* !RE4.<#a#b#i.> ,LAT]1 ACCORD+ TO ,JEONG ,HWAAM1 ,LIDA ,COLLEGE WAS TO BECOME A BASE ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,%AN<AI1 P>TICUL>LY ! ,L,K,Y,S,C 7SEE *APT] #d71 AT LEA/ UNTIL ! ,JAPANESE OCCUPATION ( ,%AN<AI 9 #a#i#c#g4.<#a#c.> 

,ANO!R $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5T ,KOREAN AN>*I/S JO9$ WAS ! OP5+ & OP]ATION ( ,%AN<AI ,NATIONAL ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 7,%AN<AI GUOLI LAODONG DAXUE71 AL?\< IT IS DIFFICULT TO SAY TO :AT EXT5T !Y W]E 9VOLV$ 9 ! E/ABLI%M5T & OP]ATION ( IT4 ,%AN<AI ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY WAS A NATIONAL UNIV]SITY FUND$ BY & UND] ! CONTROL ( ! ,G,M,D4 ,! UNIV]SITY1 (T5 ABBREVIAT$ AS ,LAODA1 WAS 0A ,*9ESE 9/ANCE ( SOCIALI/ EXP]IM5TS ) ALT]NATIVE $UCATION ?AT HAVE S\<T A MEANS TO ! CREATION ( SOCIALISM ?R\< ! 9TEGRATION ( LABOR & $UCATION40.<#a#c#a.> ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ONE ( ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S :O P>TICIPAT$ AS A 0GUE/0 9 #a#i#b#g1 9 ,LAODA'S OP5+ FROM ! BEG9N+1 ALSO RECALLS ?AT ! IMPORTANCE ( ,LAODA NE$S TO BE UND]/OOD 9 RELATION TO ! ,MOVEM5T = ,SELF-,DEF5SIVE ,RURAL ,COMMUNITIES 9 ,QUANZH\ 7H]EAFT] ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T2 SEE MORE ON IT BEL[74 ,ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 ,LAODA AS AN $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION WAS ASSIGN$ ITS RESPONSIBILITY TO TEA* /UD5TS H[ TO ORGANIZE URBAN WORK]S ?R\< !ORY & PRACTICE 9 ORD] TO RAISE !M AS NEW URBAN LEAD]S1 :ILE ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T WAS RESPONSIBLE = ORGANIZ+ & RAIS+ ! ABILITY ( RURAL VILLAG]S 9 ,QUANZH\4.<#a#c#b.> 

,BO? ,%5 ,ZHONGJIU 7#a#h#h#g-#a#i#f#h71 0ONE ( ! AN>*I/S 9/RUM5TAL 9 F\ND+0.<#a#c#c.> ,LAODA1 & ,WU ,KEGANG 7#a#i#c-#a#i#i#i7 9VIT$ ! ,YI BRO!RS TO JO9 !M AS GUE/ MEMB]S = ! PREP>ATION ( ! OP5+ ( ,LAODA4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU ACCEPT$ A FACULTY POSITION !RE AS LECTUR] BUT DIDN'T HAVE A *ANCE TO TEA* !RE1 = HE SOON HAD TO LEAVE ,LAODA TO JO9 ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T4.<#a#c#d.> ,AMONG O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,JEONG ,HWAAM RECALL$ ?AT HE ALSO US$ TO GO TO ,LAODA & /UDI$ 0LABOR ISSUES0 !RE1.<#a#c#e.> AL?\< IT IS UNCLE> IF HE WAS 5ROLL$ AS A /UD5T OR JU/ W5T !RE TO /UDY4 ,O!R ?AN ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 SOME ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S ALSO P>TOOK 9 ,LAODA4 ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O 7#a#h#g#i-#a#i#f#g7 HAD >RIV$ AT ,LAODA 9 ,MAY #a#i#b#g1 & WAS OPPOS$ TO ! IDEA ( E/ABLI%+ ,LAODA ) ! ,G,M,D FUND+1 & SO ON1 ALONG ) ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,LU ,JIANBO & ,MAO ,YIPO4 ,IWASA ULTIMATELY JO9$ O!RS1 JU/ LIKE ! ,YI BRO!RS & O!R ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 FROM ! E>LI] /AGE ( PLANN+ & F\ND+ ,LAODA4.<#a#c#f.> ,ACCORD+ TO ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,YAMAGA ,TAIJI 7#a#h#i#b-#a#i#g71 ,IWASA TAU<T ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION AT ,LAODA1 :ILE ,I%IKAWA ,SAN%IRO 7#a#h#g#f-#a#i#e#f7 TAU<T C\RSES ON SOCIALISM4.<#a#c#g.> ,& ,YAMAGA HIMSELF WAS 9 *>GE ( TEA*+ ,ESP]ANTO1 :I* WAS A REQUIREM5T AT ,LAODA4.<#a#c#h.> ,AL?\< IT WAS A NATIONAL UNIV]SITY UND] ! ,G,M,D'S AUSPICES1 ! FACULTY MEMB]S !RE W]E 9T]NATIONAL 9 T]MS ( !IR ORIG9S & BACKGR\NDS2 SU* IMPORTANT AN>*I/S FROM ,KOREA & ,JAPAN1 LET ALONE PROM95T ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS SOME ,FR5* AN>*I/S W]E 9VIT$ TO JO9 AS ITS FACULTY4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 A P>TICIPANT1 REMEMB]S ?AT ,KOREAN AN>*I/S US$ ,LAODA AS A PLACE = COMMUNICATION AMONG !M & AT ! SAME TIME TURN$ IT 9TO A BASE = !IR CONTACT & COMMUNICATION ) !IR ,*9ESE COMRADES4.<#a#c#i.> ,!SE FUNCTIONS & 9T]NATIONAL ASPECTS ( ,LAODA APP>5TLY LEFT AN IMPRESSION ON A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ?AT ! 0REPRES5TATIVE BRA9S ( ,F> ,EA/]N AN>*I/S0 HAD GA!R$ & TAU<T AT ,LAODA4.<#a#d.> 

,) !IR 9CREAS$ 9T]ACTIONS & GR[+ RELATION%IPS 9 ,%AN<AI1 ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,EA/]N ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 7,E,A,F7 WAS PLANN$4 ,BUT ! PLACE & DATE ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T >E /ILL UNCLE>1 AL?\<1 AS ,I M5TION$ ABOVE1 HI/ORIAN ,KIM ,MYEONGSEOP CONT5DS ?AT ,HUAGUANG ,HOSPITAL WAS ! V5UE ( ITS 9AUGURAL MEET+ 9 #a#i#b#h4.<#a#d#a.> ,NEI!R IS IT CLE> IF IT WAS ACTUALLY E/ABLI%$ & 9 OP]ATION4 ,IT IS SAFE TO SAY1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,E,A,F ) REGIONAL AN>*I/S AS ITS MEMB]S HAD ALREADY LONG BE5 DISCUSS$ & EV5 DECID$ BUT POSSIBLY DEF]R$ UNTIL #a#i#b#h1 S9CE ! A=EM5TION$ TEA MEET+ ( AN>*I/S 9 ,BEIJ+ 9 #aibb AT :I* ! ,YI BRO!RS W]E PRES5T1 DUE POSSIBLY TO ,OSUGI ,SAKAE'S MURD] 9 #aibc 9 ! AFT]MA? ( ! ,KANTO E>?QUAKE 9 ,JAPAN4.<#a#d#b.> ,! TIME ( ! ,E,A,F'S =MAL E/ABLI%M5T 9 #aibh CO9CID$ ) ! ,LAODA'S OP5+ & ! ,QUANZH\ MOVEM5T1 :5 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S MA9TA9$ QUITE GOOD RELATIONS ) ! ,G,M,D & RECEIV$ V>I\S SUPPORTS AS WELL FROM IT1 LET ALONE ?AT !RE W]E MANY ,ASIAN AN>*I/S PRES5T 9 ,*9A1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,UN=TUNATELY1 V]Y LIMIT$ 9=MATION AB\T ITS 9AUGURAL MEET+ & NO MAT]IALS AB\T ! ,E,A,F >E AVAILABLE = ! CURR5T /UDY4 

,FROM SOME FRAGM5T>Y 9=MATION WE N[ KN[ ?AT ,%9 ,*AEHO REPRES5T$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AT ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ ( ! ,E,A,F1 P] ! REQUE/ FROM ,TAIWANESE AN>*I/ ,L9 ,B+W54.<#a#d#c.> ,DECID$ AT ! MEET+ W]E ?AT ! ,E,A,F'S HEADQU>T]S W\LD BE PLAC$ 9 ,%AN<AI & ?AT IT W\LD BUILD A NETWORK ( AN>*I/ ORGANIZATIONS BY E/ABLI%+ CONNECTIONS ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 O!R C\NTRIES 9 ! REGION4 ,AMONG O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,YI ,HOEYEONG1 UNABLE TO ATT5D BUT CONGRATULAT+ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,E,A,F1 S5T 9 HIS WRIT+ TITL$ 0,KOREA'S ,9DEP5D5CE ,MOVEM5T & ! ,MOVEM5T ( ,AN>*ISM10 9 :I* HE EXPLA9$ ?AT ! G5U9E LIB]ATION MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA WAS ?AT ( AN>*ISM1 & ,KOREANS' AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF WAS A G5U9E NATIONAL LIB]ATION MOVEM5T4 ,& HE PROPOS$ ?AT ALL AN>*I/ COMRADES PRES5T AT ! 9AUGURAL MEET+ SUPPORT ! ,KOREAN LIB]ATION MOVEM5T ACTIVELY4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT HIS WRIT+ WAS ADOPT$ AS A RESOLUTION AT ?IS MEET+4 ,! ,E,A,F SEEM$ TO PROPAGATE ! TRANSNATIONAL IDEA ?AT DESCRIB$ ITS /RUGGLES AS AN EF=T 0TO E/ABLI% AN IDEAL SOCIETY0 ?AT 0DOES NOT REMA9 P>TIALLY OR )9 A SPECIFIC LOCATION40 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ITS /RUGGLES 0MU/ NOT BE /OPP$ BY NATIONALI/ S5TIM5T .<KOKKA DEKI KANJO.> & ! IDEA ( NATIONAL BORD]S .<KOKKYO NO SEI%9.> BUT RA!R TRANSC5D ! NATIONAL BORD]S40.<#a#d#d.> 

,! ,E,A,F PUBLI%$ ITS J\RNAL ,! ,EA/ 7,DONGBANG 9 ,KOREAN1 ,TOHO 9 ,JAPANESE1 & ,DONGFANG 9 ,*9ESE71 & ITS FIR/ ISSUE SEEM$ TO COME \T ON ,AUGU/ #b1 #a#i#b#h4 ,9 ADDITION1 ,! ,EA/ WAS PRESUMABLY PUBLI%$ 9 ?REE ,EA/ ,ASIAN LANGUAGES 7,KOREAN1 ,*9ESE1 & ,JAPANESE71.<#a#d#e.> AL?\< IT IS NOT CLE> IF !RE W]E ?REE DIFF]5T $ITIONS ( ! J\RNAL US+ EA* LANGUAGE RESPECTIVELY OR IF !IR LANGUAGES W]E US$ 9 ONE $ITION ( IT4 ,9 CELEBRATION ( ITS PUBLICATION1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU ALSO S5T HIS PA9T+ 9 ,*9ESE 9K 7MUKHWA7 TO BE C>RI$ 9 ! J\RNAL'S 9AUGURAL ISSUE4.<#a#d#f.> ,AL?\< NO ISSUE ( IT IS AVAILABLE TODAY1 IT IS SAID ?AT ,YI ,JEONGGYU ALSO CONTRIBUT$ TO ! FIR/ ISSUE AN >TICLE TITL$ 0,TO ,9=M ,EA/]N ,ASIAN ,AN>*I/S0 7,DONGBANG MUJEONGBU JUUIJA EGE GOH&A71 9 :I* HE CALL$ = SOLID>ITY & A RALLY ( 0,EA/]N ,AN>*I/S10 AS WELL AS = ! REVOLUTION 9 ,KOREA4 ,AT ! MEET+ ,YI WAS ALSO APPO9T$ 9 ABS5TEE TO S]VE ALONG ) ,AKAGAWA1 ,MAO ,YIPO1 & ,WANG ,%UR5 AS SECRET>IES ( ! ,E,A,F4 ,AFT] ! CONCLUSION ( ! MEET+1 ,%9 ,*AEHO RETURN$ TO ,BEIJ+ & CONSPIR$ ) ,L9 ,B+W51 :O WAS WORK+ AT ! TIME AT ,=EIGN ,EX*ANGE ,SECTION ( ,BEIJ+ ,PO/AL ,MANAGEM5T ,DEP>TM5T1 TO RAISE FUNDS = ! ,E,A,F BY PR9T+ #b C\NT]FEIT =EIGN NOTES4 ,!IR PLAN WAS FOIL$1 & !Y W]E >RE/$ 9 ,TAIWAN BY ,JAPANESE POLICE & DI$ 9 PRISON4.<#a#d#g.> 

,:ILE COLLABORAT+ ) O!R AN>*I/S = V>I\S JO9T ACTIVITIES1 9CLUD+ ! ,E,A,F & ,LAODA1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI ORGANIZ$ ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,F$]ATION 9 ,*9A 7,K,A,F,C1 ,JAE JUNGGUK MUJEONGBU GONGSAN JUUIJA YEONMA5G7 9 #a#i#b#h1 & EXP&$ !IR PUBLICATION ACTIVITIES4 ,FIR/1 ! DISCONT9U$ ,JU/ICE ,NEWSPAP] WAS REVIV$ AS A J\RNAL & R5AM$ ! ,CONQUE/ 7,TALHWAN71 NAM$ AFT] ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ) ITS FIR/ ISSUE PUBLI%$ 9 ,%AN<AI 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#h4.<#a#d#h.> ,! REVIV$ J\RNAL ALLEG$LY CONT9U$ TO PUBLI% ITS ISSUE UNTIL #a#i#c1 :5 IT /OPP$ PUBLI%+ AFT] ITS SEV5? ISSUE4 ,ITS FIR/ ISSUE & A SUPPLEM5T>Y TO IT >E AVAILABLE TODAY4 ,IT IS NOT CLE> :Y ! LATT] WAS CALL$ SUPPLEM5T>Y TO ! =M] RA!R ?AN ITS SECOND ISSUE4 ,& ! ,K,A,F,C'S ,KOREAN NAME C\LD BE TRANSLAT$ AS ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*O-,COMMUNI/ ,F$]ATION 9 ,*9A1 BUT SOMEH[ 9 ITS (FICIAL ,5GLI% NAME1 :I* APPE>$ ON ! FIR/ PAGE ( ! J\RNAL'S FIR/ ISSUE1 ! WORD ,COMMUNI/ WAS DROPP$4 ,IT C\LD BE BECAUSE ( ! CONFLICT & MUTUAL REJECTION BETWE5 AN>*I/S & COMMUNI/S AT ! TIME1 9 ADDITION TO ! ,G,M,D'S ANTICOMMUNI/ /ANCE4 ,ACCORD+ TO A ,KOREAN S\RCE1 AL?\< DIFFICULT TO CONFIRM ITS RELIABILITY1 ! R5AM$ J\RNAL ( ! ,K,A,F,C MI<T HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ 9 ?REE LANGUAGES--,KOREAN1 ,*9ESE1 & ,JAPANESE4 ,! SAME CONTEMPOR>Y S\RCE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT ITS ISSUES US$ TO BE DELIV]$ TO MANY 9 DIFF]5T PLACES 9 ! REGION TO REA* \T TO ITS READ]S 9 ,KOREA1 ,JAPAN1 ,TAIWAN1 ,MAN*URIA1 AS WELL AS TO O!R PLACES )9 ,*9A4.<#a#d#i.> 

,NAM$ AFT] ,KROPOTK9'S BOOK ?\<1 ! TITLE 9 ,KOREAN ( ! J\RNAL( ! ,K,A,F,C EXPLA9S ?AT ! MA9 GOAL ( ! ,K,A,F,C & ITS PUBLICATION WAS TO 0RETAKE0 7TALHWAN7 ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE ?AT HAD BE5 LO/ TO ! ,JAPANESE & GIVE BACK !IR LO/ C\NTRY1 ,KOREA1 TO 0! OPPRESS$ CLASS ( ! ,KOREAN MASSES40 ,:AT IT ACTUALLY ADVOCAT$1 H[EV]1 WAS1 ACCORD+ TO ITS FIR/ $ITORIAL 9 ! FIR/ ISSUE1 NOT JU/ ! RETAK+ ( ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE FROM ,JAPAN BUT ALSO ! RETAK+ ( 0! CIVILIZATION ( A CAPITALI/ CLASS &1 !N1 RETURN.<+.> IT TO ! :OLE MASSES0 ( ! WORLD4 0,BY DO+ SO10 ! $ITORIAL CONT9UES1 0! CAPITALI/ SOCIETY WILL BE REPLAC$ ) A NEW SOCIETY F\ND$ UPON ! PR9CIPLES ( FRE$OM & EQUALITY ?AT GU>ANTEE ! AUTONOMY ( ! PRODUC]S40 ,?IS WAS1 9 ADDITION1 09 ORD] TO RETAKE ! MASSES & !IR POSSESSION N[ UND] ! CONTROL ( A COMPULSORY P[]1 TO RE/ORE ! TRUE LIFE ( HUMAN BE+S1 & TO PROVOKE A SPONTANE\S SURGE ( ! MASSES10 = ALL ( :I* ! J\RNAL REJECT$ ! EXI/5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 9CLUD+ ! 0SOVIET GOV]NM5T10 CAPITALISM & CAPITALI/ CLASS1 PRIVATE PROP]TY1 & 0P[]1 NO MATT] :AT RULES & =MS IT HAS40.<#a#e.> ,! *>ACT] ( ! ,CONQUE/ WAS REVOLUTION>Y & RADICAL 9 ITS NATURE & VISION4 ,BESIDES ! GOAL1 ! FIR/ ISSUE ( ! ,CONQUE/1 PUBLI%$ ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#b#h1 PLAC$ TWO SLOGANS ON ITS COV] PAGE ?AT READ 0,?R[ A ,BOMB TO ,GOD0 & 0,]ADICATE ,ALL ,K9DS ( ,CAPITALISM10 & C>RI$ AN >TICLE BY ,HEUK-NO 7PSEUDONYM1 LIT]ALLY BLACK SLAVE7 ON ! SITUATION & H>D%IPS ( ,KOREAN PEASANTS 9 ! ,M>ITIME ,PROV9CE ( ,SIB]IA4 ,TWO ,KOREAN TRANSLATIONS W]E 9CLUD$ 9 IT2 ONE WAS ( ,KROPOTK9'S ,AN ,APPEAL TO ! ,Y\NG1 & ! O!R ( AN>*O-SYNDICALISM4 ,ON ! F9AL PAGE ( ITS FIR/ ISSUE1 IT 9TRODUC$ 9 ,5GLI% SOME ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 BO? ,KOREA & ,*9A4.<#a#e#a.> ,CRITIQUES ( CAPITALISM & ! SOCIOECONOMIC SITUATION IT HAD CREAT$ W]E EVID5T ?R\<\T ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ISSUE4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! ANONYM\S AU?OR ( AN >TICLE ?AT APPE>$ 9 ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ISSUE1 TITL$ 0,! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,REVOLUTION & ,RETAK+10 ! MAJORITY ( ! PEOPLE 9 ! CONTEMPOR>Y SOCIETY W]E NOT ABLE TO LIVE A SATISFACTORY & FREE LIFE UND] ! SOCIAL CONDITIONS ( ! TIME4 ,PA9 & H>D%IP HAD BE5 RA!R ADD$ TO !IR LIFE &1 AT ! SAME TIME1 ! /ATE ( OPPRESSIONS & LACK ( FRE$OM HAD 9CREAS$1 R5D]+ 0,REVOLUTION0 A SLOGAN = ! TW5TIE? C5TURY4 ,ACCORD+LY1 REVOLUTION APPE>$ AS A HOPE = ?OSE :O /OOD UP AGA9/ OPPRESSION & SUPPRESSION1 BUT IT HAD 0DEG5]AT$10 0/AGNAT$10 & 0CORRUPT$0 DUE TO ! LACK ( ANY CONCRETE ME?ODS = ! MASSES TO REALIZE ! HOPE4 ,?IS1 ! AU?OR ( ! >TICLE CLAIM$1 NECESSITAT$ A RI<TE\S ORGANIZATION & /RATEGIES BAS$ ON A PR9CIPLE1 ?AT IS1 SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE1 TO 0RETAKE0 FRE$OM & ! FETT]$ RI<TS & ECONOMIC CONDITIONS FROM ! CAPITALI/S & ! RUL]S 9 :OSE H&S P[] HAD BE5 CONC5TRAT$4.<#a#e#b.> 

,! BASIC PREMISE ( ! ,CONQUE/1 ?AT IS1 0DIRECT REVOLUTION ( ! MASSES10 WAS 9 ACCORDANCE ) ! A=EM5TION$ ,%9 ,*AEHO'S #aibc 0,DECL>ATION ( ! ,KOREAN ,REVOLUTION40 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 US+ HIS PSEUDONYM ,UGWAN & CONTRIBUT+ HIS >TICLE TO ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ISSUE1 TITL$ 0,! ,FIR/ ,VOICE ( ',! ,CONQUE/1'0 UNEQUIVOCALLY EXPLA9$ ?AT :AT ! MASSES NE$$ TO RETAKE WAS NOT ONLY !IR FA!RL& BUT ! CONDITIONS = !IR [N SURVIVAL & LIV+1 SU* AS L&1 H\SE1 & FRE$OM4 ,= ! SUB/ANTIAL & CONDITIONAL LOSSES ,YI 5C\RAG$ ! MASSES TO RETAKE :AT HAD BE5 LO/ TO BO? ! ,KOREAN RUL]S & TO ,JAPANESE4 ,AFT] A SUCCESSFUL 0RETAK+10 ! MASSES W\LD BECOME ! [N]S ( ! C\NTRY1 :I*1 ACCORD+ TO ,YI1 WAS A CONDITION = A NEW ,KOREA ?AT W\LD TURN \T TO BE AN AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ SOCIETY4.<#a#e#c.> ,YI WAS MAK+ IT CLE> ?AT AN AN>*I/ REVOLUTION1 TO :I* HE & O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S HAD BE5 DEVOT$ AS ( #a#i#b#h1 WAS EMBRAC+ ITS SOCIAL GOAL AS WELL AS ! NATIONAL GOAL ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,HI/ORIAN ,OH ,JANG-,:AN CORRECTLY >GUES ?AT ! G5]AL FOCUS ( ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ISSUE WAS NOT ONLY ON ! RETAK+ ( POLITICAL LIB]ATION ( ,KOREA BUT ALSO ON A 0BIOLOGICAL0 LIB]ATION 7I4E41 PHYSICAL SURVIVAL7 ( HUMAN BE+S FROM SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS SU* AS REGULATIONS & ORD]1 & FROM ! SOCIOECONOMIC CONTRADICTIONS UBIQUIT\S 9 ! ,KOREA SOCIETY UND] CAPITALISM4.<#a#e#d.> 

,) TWO SLOGANS ON ITS FRONT PAGE1 0,LET'S RETAKE ALL ! DEPRIV$ FRE$OM0 & 0,LET EV]Y P]SON BECOME ! [N] ( FRE$OM WE RETAKE10 ! SUPPLEM5T>Y ISSUE TO ! FIR/ ISSUE ALSO 9CLUD$ AN >TICLE1 TRANSLAT$ 9 ,KOREAN1 BY A SEEM+ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ NAM$ ,PAS>OV4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO ID5TIFY :O ?IS ,RUSSIAN-NAM$ AN>*I/ WAS1 = !RE IS NO FUR!R 9=MATION AVAILABLE AB\T ! P]SON4 ,?IS ALLEG$ ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ASS]T$ 9 ! >TICLE ?AT1 S9CE 0A G5U9E COMMUNISM DOES NOT COME FROM ! /ATE0 & 0HAPP9ESS DOES NOT COME FROM EXPLOITATION10 AN IDEAL SOCIETY BE ORGANIZ$ FROM ! BOTTOM UP1 DRAW+ ON ! SPONTANE\S ALLIANCE PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT ! SOCIETY MAXIMIZE ITS GU>ANTEE ( WELF>E = ITS ALL CON/ITU5CIES4 ,PAS>OV1 !RE=E1 CAME TO CONCLUDE ?AT ! 0NATION-BUILD+ MOVEM5T0 EXEMPLIFI$ BY ! ,SOVIET ,UNION HAD BE5 0NO?+ BUT A FULFILLM5T ( !IR .<! COMMUNI/ VANGU>D'S.> CAPITALISM ?AT MAKES ! /ATE .<!IR.> PUPPET40 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/1 >GU$1 ! SOCIAL REVOLUTION L$ BY A P>TY ( ! FEW 7I4E41 ! VANGU>DS7 9 ,SOVIET ,RUSSIA IGNOR$ PEOPLE'S WILL & ?US W\LDN'T BE B5EFICIAL TO ! PEOPLE4.<#a#e#e.> 

,! ,CONQUE/ IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ?AT DEMON/RATES ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AS ( #aibh UND]SCOR$ A SOCIAL REVOLUTION B5T ON AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & MADE IT !IR ULTIMATE GOAL1 RA!R ?AN JU/ 9DEP5D5CE4 ,IT ALSO 9DICATES ! TRANSNATIONAL ASPECT ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ITS UND]/&+ ( ,KOREA'S COLONIAL CONDITIONS NOT JU/ AS A NATIONAL ISSUE BUT RA!R AS P>T ( ! WORLD PROBLEM UND] CAPITALISM4 ,IT IS ALSO TRANSNATIONAL 9 T]M ( ITS UNIV]SAL MESSAGES AS WELL AS ! WIDE RANGE ( NEWS & 9=MATION IT C>RI$1 9 ADDITION TO ITS AU?OR%IP4 ,BESIDES ,! ,CONQUE/1 ACCORD+ TO HI/ORIAN ,YI ,HORYONG1 !RE HAD BE5 A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ J\RNAL1 PUBLI%$ ALREADY 9 E>LY #a#i#bS ,%AN<AI1 CALL$ ,NEWS ON ,/RUGGLES 7,TUBO71 :I* C>RI$ ! SLOGAN ON ITS COV] PAGE1 0,IT IS A S9 TO BE SUBMISSIVE TO COMPULSORY P[]40 ,IT ADVOCAT$ ! ACCOMPLI%M5T ( SOCIAL REVOLUTION VIA DIRECT ACTION ( ! MASSES1 ,YI NOTES4.<#a#e#f.> 

,! ABOVE-M5TION$ EXAMPLES1 AMONG O!RS1 HELP US SEE A C]TA9 RANGE ( MUTUAL 9SPIRATIONS & 9FLU5CES & MEASURE ! BREAD? & DEP? ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' WRIT+S & IDEAS1 AS WELL AS 9T]ACTIONS & RELATION%IPS ) ,*9ESE & O!R AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,!Y ALSO TELL US AB\T ! TRANSNATIONAL *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A1 :I* BEGAN TO =M 9 ! #a#i#bS4 ,IT IS1 H[EV]1 UNLIKELY ?AT ! ,*9ESE OR O!R AN>*I/S 9FLU5CE WAS DECISIVE TO ! *>ACT] ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM 9 #a#i#bS ,*9A OR AFT]W>DS4 ,:AT HI/ORIAN ,JO ,SEHYUN POSITS IS SUGGE/IVE1 ?\<3 ! POLITICAL POSITIONS ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/S LIKE ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI HAD PROBABLY DIRECT IMPACT ON ! ACTIVITIES & IDEAS ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A4.<#a#e#g.> ,9 O!R WORDS1 AS 9 ! CASES ( ,YU ,JA-MYEONG & ,YU ,RIM1.<#a#e#h.> !IR ASSOCIATIONS LAT] ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA 9 ,%AN<AI SEEM TO CO9CIDE ) ! IDEA ( ,WU & ,LI1 :O SAW ! REVOLUTION AS AN 5DLESS PROCESS &1 AS A RESULT1 SAW ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! REPUBLIC 9 ,*9A AS A PROGRESSIVE PROCESS4.<#a#e#i.> ,IT IS REVEAL+ ?AT ,YU ,RIM1 :5 HE RETURN$ TO ,KOREA AFT] ,JAPAN'S SURR5D] 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#d#e1 BEGAN TO ID5TIFY HIM AS 0ONE :O FAVORS AN AUTONOM\S GOV]NM5T0 7JAYUL JEONGBU JUUIJA74.<#a#f.> ,9 ?IS REG>D1 IT IS NOTEWOR?Y ?AT1 :ILE ,*9A-BAS$ ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E BY & L>GE AFFILIAT$ LAT] ) ! ,PROVISIONAL ,GOV]NM5T ( ,KOREA1 !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,JAPAN1 AS F> AS ,I KN[1 DID NOT DEVELOP ANY VISIBLE RELATION%IP ) ! GOV]NM5T ITSELF & RA!R SEV]ELY CRITICIZ$ IT AT LEA/ UNTIL #aide 7SEE BEL[71 AL?\< ! GEOGRAPHICAL DI/ANCE BETWE5 ,JAPAN & ,%AN<AI1 AMONG O!RS1 MU/ BE TAK5 9TO CONSID]ATION = ! ABS5CE ( ! RELATION%IP4 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,%AN<AI SEEM$ TO EXP& & 5HANCE !IR ACTIVITIES ) O!R AN>*I/S BY E/ABLI%+1 EI!R 9DEP5D5TLY OR JO9TLY1 V>I\S ORGANIZATIONS & PUBLI%+ J\RNALS1 ?R\< :I* !Y EXP]IM5T$ ) AN>*I/ IDEALS & FO/]$ ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE4 ,!IR V>I\S ACTIVITIES 9 ,%AN<AI ) SUPPORT & P>TICIPATION ( ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S DIDN'T LA/ LONG1 ?\<1 BECAUSE ( ! ,G,M,D'S ANTICOMMUNI/ PURGE FROM :I* !Y TOO TOOK REFUGE & ,JAPAN'S 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA & NOR? ,*9A AT ! >RIVAL ( A NEW DECADE4 

,EMP[]+ ,RURAL ,VILLAGES ?R\< ,$UCATION 9 ,QUANZH\ 

  

,9 ADDITION TO ! ABOVE-M5TION$ ,LIDA ,COLLEGE & ,LAODA 9 ,%AN<AI1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S ALSO UND]TOOK SOME ADDITIONAL $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5TS 9 ,QUANZH\ 9 ,FUJIAN ,PROV9CE TO TE/ A NEW K9D ( $UCATIONAL 9/ITUTION & !ORY1 9 :I* ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S1 TOOK P>T4 ,!Y W]E ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL 7,LIM+ GAOJI ZHONGXUE71 E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#i1 & ITS SI/] S*OOL1 ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL 7,P+M9 ZHONGXUE71 E/ABLI%$ A YE> LAT] 9 #a#i#c1 BO? ( :I* W]E 9TRODUC$ 9 ,QUANZH\ AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T1 :I* 9T5D$ TO ORGANIZE & RAISE ! ABILITY ( RURAL VILLAG]S TO 5ABLE !M TO DEF5D !IR RURAL COMMUNITIES FROM LOCAL B&ITS & ! COMMUNI/S4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ! GOAL ( ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T = ,SELF-,DEF5SIVE ,RURAL ,COMMUNITIES WAS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ?AT ( ,LAODA1 AS ! DIRECTIONS & GOALS ( ! TWO W]E ALL DISCUSS$ TOGE!R BY ! P>TICIPAT+ AN>*I/ COMRADES AT ,LAODA4.<#a#f#a.> 

,9DE$1 ONE ( ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT JO9T ACTIVITIES C>RI$ 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS TOGE!R BY ,*9ESE1 ,KOREAN1 & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S WAS ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T 9 ! ,PROV9CE ( ,FUJIAN1 :I* WAS1 JU/ LIKE ,LAODA1 CONDUCT$ UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,G,M,D4 ,QUANZH\ HAD BE5 CALL$ 0A HEAV5 ( PEACE0 7%IWAI TAOYUAN3 LIT]ALLY ! ,L& ( ,PEA* ,BLOSSOMS1 MEAN+ A UTOPIA7 = ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/S FROM ,SI*UAN1 ,HUNAN1 & ,GUANGDONG ,PROV9CES1 :O TOOK REFUGE !RE FROM ! #aibg 0P>TY PURIFICATION0 7Q+DANG7 MOVEM5T ( ! ,G,M,D4 ,9 ,APRIL #a#i#b#g1 ! ,G,M,D UND] ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK LAUN*$ ! MOVEM5T AFT] HIS ,APRIL #ab MILIT>Y C\P 9 ,%AN<AI TO BRUTALLY SUPPRESS & KILL COMMUNI/S & !IR SYMPA?IZ]S 9 & \TSIDE ! P>TY1 :I* CONCLUD$ ! ,G,M,D-,C,C,P ,ALLIANCE ?AT HAD LA/$ S9CE #a#i#b#d4 ,9 ! WAKE ( ! HUNT = COMMUNI/S MANY AN>*I/S HAD BE5 >RE/$ & ACCUS$ ( BE+ COMMUNI/S OR !IR SYMPA?IZ]S SO ?AT MANY ( !M HAD MOV$ TO ,QUANZH\ TO ESCAPE ANY POSSIBLE >RE/ & EXECUTION BY ! ,G,M,D4 ,9 ,QUANZH\ ,*9ESE AN>*I/ ,Q9 ,WANG%AN 7#a#h#i#a-#a#i#g7 9 COLLABORATION ) ,XU ,ZHUORAN 7#a#h#e#e-#a#i#c71 :O HAD SYMPA?Y ) AN>*I/ IDEALS1 HELD A FIRM CONTROL ( ! >EA UND] ! BANN] ( ! ,G,M,D1 BECAUSE ( :I* AN>*I/ REFUGEES USUALLY GA!R$ & FELT SAFE !RE4.<#a#f#b.> ,9DE$ ,QUANZH\ & ITS VIC9ITY W]E TO REMA9 AS ! L>GE/1 MO/ ACTIVE C5T] ( ,*9ESE AN>*I/ MOVEM5T BETWE5 ! W9T] ( #aibf & ! SPR+ ( #a#i#c#d4.<#a#f#c.> 

,Q9 ,WANG%AN WAS ! LEAD+ FIGURE 9 ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T1 :O HAD A FAVORABLE REPUTATION 9 ! >EA >\ND ,QUANZH\ & PROMIS$ TO GA9 ! FUND+ FROM OV]SEAS ,*9ESE 9 ! 0S\? SEA0 7NANYANG7 TO SUPPORT ! MOVEM5T4.<#a#f#d.> ,HE ALSO WAS ! ONE :O 9VIT$ ,KOREAN & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S TO JO9 IT4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU RECALLS ?AT ,LIANG ,LONGGUANG 7#a#i#g-871 ON BEHALF ( ,Q91 CAME TO ,%AN<AI 9 #aibg TO 9VITE ,YI1 :O WAS AT ,LAODA AT ?AT TIME TO ASSI/ ! OP5+ ( IT AS A 0GUE/10 AS M5TION$ E>LI]4 ,LIANG HAD P>TICIPAT$ ) ,YI 9 ! ,%AN<AI ,G5]AL ,/RIKE 9 ,M>* #a#i#b#g1 &1 S9CE !N1 HAD BECOME ,YI'S CLOSE COMRADE4 ,AMONG ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU1 ,YI ,EULGYU1 ,YU ,SEO1 & ,YI ,GIHWAN JO9$1 &1 AMONG ! ,JAPANESE1 ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O1 & ,AKAGAWA ,H>UKI W]E 9VIT$ TO TAKE P>T 9 ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T4 ,:5 9VIT$ TO JO9 IT1 AT FIR/ ,YI SEEM$ RELUCTANT TO LEAVE ,LAODA1 BUT FOLL[$ ! DECISION TO LEAVE = ,QUANZH\1 MADE BY ! 0,FIVE-,P]SON ,MEET+0 HELD 9 ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O'S ROOM AT ,LIDA ,COLLEGE4 ,ATT5DANTS AT ?IS MEET+ W]E ,WU ,KEGANG1 ,IWASA1 ,LIANG1 & ! ,YI BRO!RS1 ALL ( :OM DECID$ COLLECTIVELY ?AT ,YI & ,LIANG W\LD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY 9 ! PROPOS$ MOVEM5T 9 ,QUANZH\ TO $UCATE & ORGANIZE RURAL Y\? !RE4 ,%ORTLY !REAFT]1 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b#g1 ,YI ) ,LIANG LEFT = ,QUANZH\ 9 ,FUJIAN4.<#a#f#e.> 

,! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T'S GOAL WAS TO TRA9 & HELP ! Y\? 9 RURAL VILLAGES 9 ORD] = !M TO RAISE !IR ABILITY TO DEF5D !IR [N COMMUNITIES FROM LOCAL B&ITS 7TUFEI7 & ! COMMUNI/S4 ,RAIS+ Y\NG AN>*I/ LEAD]S TO REALIZE AN>*I/ IDEALS AS A MORE DI/ANT GOAL & ORGANIZ+ SELF-DEF5SIVE RURAL PEOPLE'S MILITIA 7M9TUAN7 AS AN IMM$IATE CONC]N1 W]E1 9 O!R WORDS1 ITS TWO MA9 GOALS4.<#a#f#f.> ,! LATT] GOAL HAD ITS ORIG9S 9 ! IDEAS ( ! ,*9ESE ,P>IS AN>*I/S SU* AS ,LI ,%IZ5G & ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 :O PREF]R$ A 0PEOPLE'S MILITIA0 OV] A REGUL> >MY ON ! GR\ND ?AT ! LATT] W\LD 5D UP ONLY S]V+ ! 9T]E/S ( ?OSE 9 P[]4.<#a#f#g.> ,IT WAS POSSIBLE ?AT ! MOVEM5T ORGANIZ]S RECEIV$ V>I\S SUPPORTS FROM ! ,G,M,D & US$ ! ,G,M,D BANN] BECAUSE ( ?OSE ,G,M,D AN>*I/S & !IR SUPPORT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !MSELVES HAD HAD !IR [N EXP]I5CE 9 AN 0AUTONOM\S VILLAGE MOVEM5T0 9 ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b#c1 :51 AS M5TION$ E>LI]1 ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,JEONG ,HWAAM ) ,*5 ,WEIGUANG1 TOGE!R ATTEMPT$1 BUT FAIL$1 TO BUILD AN IDEAL RURAL VILLAGE 9 ,HUNAN4.<#a#f#h.> 

,H5CE1 IT WAS NO WOND] ?AT ,YI ,JEONGGYU TOOK A LEAD+ POSITION AMONG ! P>TICIPANTS AS AN ORGANIZ] ( ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T4 ,AT ! SAME TIME HE TOOK A JOB AS A FACULTY MEMB] ( ! ,C5T] = ,TRA9+ ,PROPAG&A ,P]SONNEL AT ,J9JIANG ,C\NTY 7,J9JIANG XIAN XUANZHUAN YUAN YANG*5GSUO7 9 ,QUANZH\1 :]E RURAL Y\? W]E TO BE TRA9$ & $UCAT$ TO BECOME 0CADRES0 9 ! RURAL COMMUNITIES4 ,DUE MA9LY TO ,YI'S & O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S' ACTIVE P>TICIPATIONS 9 ! MOVEM5T & ! ,C5T]1 A ,KOREAN AN>*I/ REMEMB]S ! EXP]IM5TAL ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T BASICALLY AS A ,*9ESE-,KOREAN JO9T PROJECT1.<#a#f#i.> AL?\< ALSO P>TICIPAT$ W]E SOME ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S & !RE WAS ! ,G,M,D BEH9D IT4 ,TWO O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,YU ,SEO & ,YI ,GIHWAN1 W]E ALSO 9VIT$ TO JO9 !RE TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITIES ( TRA9+ & TEA*+ ,*9ESE Y\?1 RESPECTIVELY1 9 ADDITION TO ,YI ,JEONGGYU :O HAD ALREADY TAU<T !RE FROM ,JULY #a#i#b#g4 ,C\RSES ,YI ,JEONGGYU TAU<T AT ! ,C5T] W]E ON ! HI/ORY ( SOCIAL MOVEM5T 9 ! ,WE/1 CRITIQUES ( ,COMMUNISM1 NEW POLITICS1 & ORGANIZ+ RURAL SOCIETIES1 :ILE ,YU TAU<T C\RSES ON NEW ECONOMICS1 SOCIOLOGY1 FEUDAL SOCIETY1 & ! ANALYSIS ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY4.<#a#g.> 

,! =MAL \TCOME ( ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T WAS ! CREATION ( ! ,AG5CY = ! ,ORGANIZ+ & ,TRA9+ ,PEOPLE'S ,MILITIAS 9 ,QUANZH\ & ,YONG*UN ,C\NTIES 7,QUANYONG ]%U M9TUAN PIANLIAN*U7 UND] ! ,G,M,D'S AUSPICES4 ,Q9 ,WANG%AN DIRECT$ ! ,AG5CY4 ,YI ,JEONGGYU WAS APPO9T$ AS ITS SECRET>Y1 ,YI ,EULGYU AS ONE ( TWO HEADS ( ,G5]AL ,AFFAIRS ,SECTION1 ,YU ,SEO AS A MEMB] ( ,PROPAG&A & ,$UCATION ,SECTION1 &1 F9ALLY1 ,YI ,GIHWAN & ,YU ,JI*EONG AS MEMB]S ( ,TRA9+ & ,GUIDANCE ,SECTION4 ,! OBJECTIVES ( ! ,AG5CY REVEAL AN>*I/S PR9CIPLES EMB$D$ 9 IT3 TO A*IEVE 7#a7 A FREE & AUTONOM\S LIFE1 7#b7 A COOP]ATIVE LABOR+ LIFE1 & 7#c7 A COOP]ATIVE DEF5SIVE LIFE4.<#a#g#a.> ,! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T AS AN AN>*I/ PROJECT ULTIMATELY FAIL$ 9 LESS ?AN A YE>1 DUE MA9LY TO ! LACK ( FUNDS & ! 9/ABLE POLITICAL SITUATION 9 ! ,QUANZH\ >EA1 AS WELL AS ! ,G,M,D'S ORD] TO DISSOLVE IT4.<#a#g#b.> 

,NOTABLE H]E IS ,IWASA ,SAKUT>O'S ACTIVITIES DUR+ HIS /AY 9 ,QUANZH\ = ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T & $UCATIONAL EXP]IM5T4 ,AP>T FROM TRANSLAT+ A BOOK ON ! ,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9TO ,JAPANESE1.<#a#g#c.> HE ALSO PLANN$ TO E/ABLI% A 0,GREAT] ,ALLIANCE ( ,EA/ ,ASIAN ,AN>*I/S0 7,DONGYA WUZH5GFU ZHUYIZHE DATONGM5G7 9 ,QUANZH\1 :I* HE BELIEV$ C\LD =M A REVOLUTION>Y BASE = JO9T ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/ /RUGGLE AGA9/ IMP]IALISM4.<#a#g#d.> ,IT IS NOT CLE> H[ HE PLANN$ TO REALIZE HIS S*EME1 BUT ! IDEA ITSELF WAS NOT NOVEL1 AS IT HAD ALREADY BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/ ,YI ,JEONGGYU & ,YU ,SEO4 ,!RE IS NO FUR!R EVID5CE IF ,YI1 O!R ?AN ! ,E,A,F1 HAD DIRECTLY 9VOLV$ 9 ANY MORE REGIONAL ORGANIZATION ) O!R AN>*I/S1 BUT 9 ! CASE ( ,YU1 !RE WAS CONSI/5CY 9 HIS IDEA = ! REGIONAL SOLID>ITY4 ,9 AN >TICLE 9 ! ,*9ESE AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,M9ZHONG 7,PEOPLE'S ,TOCS971 ON ,DECEMB] #a#e1 #a#i#b#f1 ,YU HAD CALL$ = ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,*9A ( A ,GREAT] ,ALLIANCE ( ,EA/ ,ASIAN ,AN>*I/S4.<#a#g#e.> ,IT IS QUITE POSSIBLE ?AT ,IWASA & ,YU 7& ,YI71 :ILE 9 ,QUANZH\1 DISCUSS$ ! POSSIBILITY ( E/ABLI%+ ! ALLIANCE TOGE!R4 

,9 ! SAME >TICLE1 ,YU PRES5T$ A CONCRETE REASON+ TO =M ! ALLIANCE ( AN>*I/S4 ,>GU+ ?AT ! FIR/ /EP T[>D AN>*I/ REVOLUTION WAS TO LAUN* A MOVEM5T TO LIB]ATE COLONIES1 ,YU W>N$ ?AT !RE WAS A 0MAD WAVE0 ( PATRIOTISM AMONG ,KOREAN1 ,9DIAN1 ,FILIP9O1 ,VIETNAMESE1 & ,TAIWANESE AN>*I/S4 ,! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 0MU/ NOT DRAW ANY DI/9CTIONS AMONG PEOPLES 7M9ZU710 SO ! 0MAD WAVE0 POS$ A POT5TIAL DANG] TO IT3 IT MI<T 5D UP A N>R[ NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T :OSE AIM WAS SIMPLY POLITICAL 9DEP5D5CE4 ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S ?US HAD A RESPONSIBILITY TO 0EXT+UI% ! MAD WAVE ( PATRIOTISM0 SWEEP+ ! REGION4 ,HE ADVIS$ ?AT IT WAS CRUCIAL = AN>*I/S TO UNITE1 O!RWISE !IR RI<TE\S ACTIVITIES & EF=TS C\LD BE S]I\SLY UND]M9$4 ,H[EV]1 ,YU ALSO MA9TA9$ ?AT ,KOREANS /ILL NE$$ TO OV]?R[ ,JAPANESE IMP]IALISM 7I4E41 9DEP5D5CE7 PRIOR TO ! A*IEVEM5T ( A SOCIAL REVOLUTION ?AT TRANSC5D$ NATIONAL B\ND>IES4.<#a#g#f.> ,AS 9DICAT$1 ! ,E,A,F WAS =MALLY E/ABLI%$ 9 #a#i#b#h1 POSSIBLY 9 RESPONSE TO ,YU'S ABOVE PROPOSAL 9 #aibf & ,IWASA'S EF=T 9 #aibg TO REALIZE IT 9 ,*9A1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 LONG DELAY$1 PROBABLY S9CE ,OSUGI'S MURD] 9 #a#i#b#c4 

,! TWO S*OOLS 9 ,QUANZH\1 ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL & ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL1 W]E SUP]VIS$ BY ! SAME BO>D ( TRU/EES1 ( :I* ,Q9 ,WANG%AN WAS *AIRP]SON4.<#a#g#g.> ,! S*OOLS %>$ !IR TEA*]S AS WELL AS !IR FACILITIES & EV5 !IR $UCATIONAL OBJECTIVES1 ?AT IS1 TO CULTIVATE P]SONS ( ABILITY ?R\< A 0LIV+ $UCATION0 7%5<UO JIAOYU71 :O W]E TO BE 0REVOLUTION>Y1 SCI5TIFIC1 SOCIALIZ+1 LABOR+1 & >TI/IC40 ,9TRODUC$ & !N IMPLEM5T$ = ! OBJECTIVE WAS A 0COMMUNE SY/EM0 7GONG%EZHI7 AT ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL1 :I* 9TEGRAT$ ! FACULTY1 /UD5TS1 & LABOR]S 7I4E41 /AFF7 9TO ONE UNIT2 = EXAMPLE1 ! FACULTY & /UD5TS RESID$1 HAD MEALS1 & EV5 WORK$ TOGE!R4 ,JU/ LIKE AT ,LAODA1 ! FACULTIES AT BO? S*OOLS TOO W]E 9T]NATIONAL 9 !IR BACKGR\NDS4 ,9 ADDITION TO ,*9ESE AN>*I/S1 !RE W]E ,KOREAN C\NT]P>TS AMONG ! FACULTY1 9CLUD+ ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 ,YU ,SEO1 ,HEO ,YEOL*U1 ,JANG ,SUM91 & ,KIM ,GYUSEON1 ALL ( :OM TAU<T AT EI!R BO? OR ONE ( ! S*OOLS4 ,YU ,JA-MYEONG1 = EXAMPLE1 TAU<T BOTANY AT ,DAWN ,S5IOR ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL = A SEME/] 9 #a#i#b#i1 9 PLACE ( ,*5 ,FANYU 7#a#i#a-#a#i#d#a71 :O US$ TO TEA* 0SOCIAL PROBLEMS0 & BIOLOGY !RE4 ,YU SOON LEFT ! S*OOL NEXT ,JANU>Y TO TEA* AT ,LIDA ,COLLEGE 9 ,%AN<AI4 ,YU ,SEO & ,HEO ALSO TAU<T AT ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL4.<#a#g#h.> ,AMONG O!R ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 ,SIM ,YONG*EOL IS A GRADUATE ( ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL &_/OR ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL4.<#a#g#i.> ,BESIDES ,KOREAN AN>*I/S !RE W]E TWO ,TAIWANESE FACULTY MEMB]S AT ,DAWN ,ADVANC$ ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL1 ,CAI ,XIAOQIAN & ,ZH5G ,Y+BAI1 ALBEIT IT IS NOT KN[N :AT !Y TAU<T &_/OR DID AT ! S*OOL4 ,ESP]ANTO WAS AN ELECTIVE =EIGN LANGUAGE AT ,COMMON ,PEOPLE'S ,MIDDLE ,S*OOL & WAS TAU<T BY ,JAPANESE AN>*I/ ,YATABE ,YUJI 1 :O US$ HIS ,*9ESE NAME1 ,WU ,%IM91 !RE4 ,UP TO ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 ! TWO S*OOLS W]E TO S]VE AS ! C5T]S ( SOCIAL MOVEM5TS 9 ,QUANZH\ & AS ! IMPORTANT BASES = AN>*I/ PROJECTS 9 ! >EA4.<#a#h.> ,! TWO S*OOLS W]E CLOS$ AFT] ,JANU>Y #a#i#c#d1 :5 ! 0,FUJIAN ,9CID5T0 L$ BY ! ,N9ETE5? ,R\TE ,>MY UND] ,*5 ,M+%U F9ALLY FAIL$ & SUBSEQU5TLY ! RULE & CONTROL ( ! ,G,M,D UND] ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK WAS CONSOLIDAT$ 9 ,FUJIAN ,PROV9CE4.<#a#h#a.> 

,EXP]IM5T+ ,PLACE-,BAS$ ,AN>*ISM 9 ,MAN*URIA 

  

,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E NOT AS ACTIVE & ORGANIZ$ 9 ,MAN*URIA AS 9 NOR? & S\? ,*9A4 ,9 ADDITION TO ! H>% NATURAL SETT+1 ,MAN*URIA HAD LONG BE5 NOTORI\S = ! LACK ( POLITICAL /ABILITY & SOCIAL ORD] & = ! PRES5CE ( ANTISOCIALI/ W>LORD1 ,ZHANG ,ZUOL9 7#a#h#g#c-#a#i#b#h7 FROM #aiaf TO #a#i#b#h1 :OSE PRO-,JAPANESE & ANTISOCIALI/ /ANCE NEV] ALL[$ ANY SOCIALI/ ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZATIONS4 ,9 MANY OCCASIONS ,ZHANG 9DE$ COOP]AT$ ) ! ,JAPANESE 09 /AMP+ \T ,KOREAN RESI/ANCE ACTIVITIES0 9 ,MAN*URIA4.<#a#h#b.> ,9 FACT1 ! ,JAPANESE HAD LONG BE5 9T]E/$ 9 ,MAN*URIA TO CONSOLIDATE & P]PETUATE !IR 9T]E/ !RE1 BECAUSE ( :I* !Y W]E LOOK+ = AN OPPORTUNITY TO 9T]V5E & S5D !IR TROOPS1 :I* !Y F9ALLY DID 9 #aica 70! ,MAN*URIAN ,9CID5T0 OR 0! ,SEPTEMB] #a#h? ,9CID5T074 ,DESPITE !SE UNFAVORABLE & EV5 DANG]\S 5VIRONM5TS1 ,MAN*URIA HAD BE5 ONE ( ! MA9 DE/9ATIONS ( ,KOREANS :O DECID$ TO LEAVE !IR HOMES 9 ,KOREA1 ESPECIALLY AFT] #a#i#a1 UND] ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE4 ,H5CE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,MAN*URIA NE$$ TO DEAL ) ?IS UNIQUE SITUATION IF !Y W]E TO HAVE ANY HOLD !RE4 ,MANY H>D%IPS & DIFFICULTIES1 BO? NATURAL & MAN-MADE1 ?AT !Y 5C\NT]$ 9 ,MAN*URIA USUALLY MADE !IR ACTIVITIES %ORT-LIV$ BUT SOME:AT UNIQUE4 

,YI ,HOEYEONG WAS ONE ( ?OSE :O MOV$ TO ,MAN*URIA 9 #a#i#a1 & MADE ,MAN*URIA HIS FIR/ DE/9ATION TO ESCAPE ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL RULE 9 ,KOREA4 ,YI CAME TO ,MAN*URIA ) HIS FAMILY & SOON ORGANIZ$ ! ,SOCIETY = ,CULTIVATION & ,/UDY 7,GYEON<AKSA7 & EV5 SET UP A MILIT>Y S*OOL CALL$ ! ,NEWLY ,BURGEON+ ,S*OOL 7,S9HEUNG HAKGYO7 TO MAKE A PREP>ATION = 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES4 ,IT WAS1 ( C\RSE1 MU* BE=E HIS CONV]SION TO AN>*ISM 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,AFT] CONV]T+ TO AN>*ISM LAT]1 ,YI SEEM$ TO *]I% HIS E>LY EXP]I5CES & EF=TS 9 ,MAN*URIA 9 ! #a#i#aS2 HE WAS >RE/$ BY ,JAPANESE POLICE ON HIS WAY BACK TO ,MAN*URIA FROM ,TIANJ9 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#c#b1 :5 HE HAD BECOME AW>E ?AT ALL ! AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES HAD SUFF]$ SUPPRESSION & ?US COLLAPS$ 9 ,MAN*URIA ) ! MURD] ( Y\NG AN>*I/ ,KIM ,JONGJ9 9 #a#i#c#a4 ,! LEAD]%IP ( ,KIM1 :O1 IT SEEMS1 HAD CONV]T$ TO AN>*ISM AS A RESULT ( ,YI'S ROLE & 9FLU5CE1 HAD BE5 ( P>AM\NT IMPORTANCE1 AS ,I WILL EXPLA9 BEL[1 9 ORGANIZ+ & LEAD+ ! FIR/ AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ,MAN*URIA1 ! ,LEAGUE ( ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/S 9 ,MAN*URIA 7,L,K,A,M1 ,JAEMAN JOSEON MUJEONGBU JUUIJA YEONMA5G71 9 ! CITY ( ,HAIL9 9 NOR!RN ,MAN*URIA 9 ,JULY #b#a1 #a#i#b#i4.<#a#h#c.> 

,MAN*URIA HAD BE5 C$$ )\T MILIT>Y CONFLICTS TO ! ,G,M,D GOV]NM5T UND] ,*IANG ,KAI-%EK 9 #aibh BY ,ZHANG ,XUELIANG 7#a#h#i#h-#b#a71 :O HAD SUCCE$$ HIS FA!R1 ,ZHANG ,ZUOL91 AS ! NEW RUL] & BELIEV$ ?AT ! ,JAPANESE ,KANTO 7OR ,GU&ONG7 ,>MY HAD BE5 RESPONSIBLE = HIS FA!R'S DEA? 9 #a#i#b#h4 ,ZHANG ,XUELIANG MA9TA9$ HIS ANTI-,JAPANESE /ANCE ?R\<\T ! #a#i#cS TO #a#i#dS4 ,AN>*I/ ACTIVITIES 9 ,MAN*URIA HAD BE5 M9IMAL & SPORADIC UND] HIS FA!R'S REIGN BUT AFT] HIS RULE BEGAN 9 #a#i#b#h1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BECAME MORE ACTIVE ) ! ,L,K,A,M'S E/ABLI%M5T 9 #a#i#b#i1 POSSIBLY UTILIZ+ ! ANTI-,JAPANESE AURA 9 ,MAN*URIA UND] ! NEW MILIT>I/4 ,( SIGNIFICANCE WAS ! \TCOME ( ! POLITICAL *ANGE 9 ,MAN*URIA UND] :I* AN>*I/S W]E PROVID$ ) MU* SPACE & PSY*OLOGICAL ASSI/ANCE = !IR ACTIVITIES1 :I* WAS QUITE REVEAL+ 9 IMPLICATIONS P>TICUL>LY BECAUSE ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 AS WELL AS 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVI/S1 W]E NOT TURN$ OV] (T5 & EASILY TO ! ,JAPANESE POLICE 9 ,MAN*URIA ANYMORE4 ,!Y MU/ HAVE FELT RELATIVELY SAF] !RE1 AL?\< ! SAFETY DIDN'T LA/ LONG4 

,! ,L,K,A,M HAD A SMALL GR\P ( AN>*I/S AS ITS MEMB]S1 9CLUD+ ,KIM ,JONGJ91 ,YU ,RIM1 & ,YI ,EULGYU1 :O1 P] ! REQUE/ FROM ,KIM1 CAME FROM S\? ,*9A1 AS LEAD+ FIGURES :O W]E JO9$ LAT] BY ,YI ,DAL 7#a#i#a-#a#i#d#b71 ,EOM ,HYEONGSUN1 ,KIM ,YABONG1 ,YI ,GAN<UN 7#a#i#c-#b#c71 & SO ON4 ,NOT MU* 9=MATION IS AVAILABLE AB\T ! ,L,K,A,M O!R ?AN FROM A BIOGRAPHY ( ,KIM ,JONGJ9 WRITT5 LAT] BY ,YI ,EULGYU1 9 :I* ,YI DETAILS ! ORIG9S1 BACKGR\ND1 PROGRAMS ( ! ,L,K,A,M & H[ IT WAS 9CORPORAT$ LAT] 9TO A MU* L>G] UNIT$-FRONT-LIKE ORGANIZATION1 ! ,UNIT$ ,SOCIETY ( ,ALL ,KOREAN ,PEOPLE 7,U,S,A,K,P1 ,HANJOK *ONG YEONHAPHOE71.<#a#h#d.> :I* ,I WILL RETURN TO LAT]4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! BIOGRAPHY1 ! ,L,K,A,M WAS A UNIQUE AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION 9 ! S5SE ?AT IT WAS BASICALLY =M$ NOT TO PROPAGATE AN>*ISM OR FI<T AGA9/ ,JAPANESE COLONIALISM = ,KOREAN 9DEP5D5CE1 BUT PRIM>ILY TO DEAL ) ! ECONOMIC ISSUES P]T95T TO ! SURVIVAL ( ,KOREAN MIGRANT F>M]S 9 ,MAN*URIA2 IT WAS1 9 O!R WORDS1 A 0COOP]ATIVE .<HYEOPRYEOK.> ORGANIZATION ON ! BASIS ( ECONOMIC COMMUNITIES10 ! EV5TUAL GOAL ( :I* WAS TO E/ABLI% AN AUTONOM\S RURAL ORGANIZATION 9 :I* ! F>M]S AS MEMB]S W]E MUTUALLY AID+ ONE ANO!R = !IR SURVIVAL 9 ! H>% NATURAL 5VIRONM5T ( ,MAN*URIA4 ,IT WAS ?US 0A PRACTICAL .<SIL*EONJEOK.> ORGANIZATION0 TO DEAL ) ! LIVELIHOOD ( ! ,KOREANS 9 ,MAN*URIA1 :O NUMB]$ AB\T TWO MILLION AT ! TIME ( ITS E/ABLI%M5T 9 #a#i#b#i4 ,H[EV] PRACTICAL IT WAS1 ! ,L,K,A,M'S PLAT=M NEV]!LESS REVEALS ?AT IT WAS 9DE$ AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION ) AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & GOALS4 ,9 ! PLAT=M ITS DEF9$ GOAL WAS TO REALIZE A SOCIETY ( 0NO RULE10 9 :I* HUMAN DIGNITY & 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM W]E ALL COMPLETELY 5SUR$4 ,9 SU* A SOCIETY1 ALL 9DIVIDUALS W]E EXPECT$ TO BE SOCIALLY EQUAL & FREELY /RIVE = !IR 9DIVIDUAL DEVELOPM5T ?R\< !IR [N FREE WILL & FREE ALLIANCE BAS$ ON ! MUTUAL AID IDEA4 ,& F9ALLY ALL ! 9DIVIDUALS W\LD /RIVE TO E/ABLI% AN ECONOMIC ORD] UND] :I* !Y C\LD (F] !IR LABOR = PRODUCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR ABILITY & !N CONSUME ACCORD+ TO !IR NE$S4.<#a#h#e.> ,:ILE MA9TA9+ C]TA9 AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES & IDEALS1 ! ,L,K,A,M MEMB]S ACCOMMODAT$ ! LOCAL NE$S = ECONOMIC SURVIVAL1 :I* PROBABLY WAS A CONC]N ( !IRS AS WELL4 

,! ,L,K,A,M WAS SOON RESOLV$ & 9TEGRAT$ 9TO A NEW1 L>G] ORGANIZATION 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#i1 JU/ A MON? AFT] ITS E/ABLI%M5T 9 ,JULY4 ,! NEW ORGANIZATION WAS ! ,U,S,A,K,P1 A UNIT$1 AMALGAMAT$ ORGANIZATION BETWE5 ! ,L,K,A,M & P>T ( ! NATIONALI/S 9 ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE'S ,GOV]NM5T 7,S9M9BU7 9 NOR!RN ,MAN*URIA1 L$ BY ,G5]AL ,KIM ,JWAJ9 7#a#h#h#i-#a#i#c74 ,! ,NEW ,PEOPLE'S ,GOV]NM5T WAS ONE ( ! ?REE SELF-RUL+ ,KOREAN AU?ORITIES 9 ,MAN*URIA1 ALL ( :I* AS ( #aibi FUNCTION$ AS SORT ( AN AUTONOM\S ADM9I/RATIVE & MILIT>Y POLITY 9 !IR [N RESPECTIVE JURISDICTION 9 ,MAN*URIA4 ,! O!R TWO W]E ! 0,G5]AL ,/AFF ,HEADQU>T]S0 7,*AM-UIBU7 NE> ! REGION ( MID-,YALU ,RIV] ON ! ,*9ESE SIDE & ! 0,RI<TE\S ,GOV]NM5T0 7,JEONG-UIBU7 9 ,JIL9 & ,F5GTIAN ,PROV9CES4 ,! AMALGAMATION ( ! ,L,K,A,M 9TO ! ,U,S,A,K,P WAS MADE POSSIBLE1 ACCORD+ TO A ,S\? ,KOREAN HI/ORIAN1 DUE TO ! IMM$IATE ?REAT ( ! COMMUNI/S 9 ! JURISDICTION ( ! ,NEW ,PEOPLE'S ,GOV]NM5T :O ?US WAS 9 NE$ ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES TO COPE ) ! EXP&+ 9FLU5CE ( COMMUNISM !RE4.<#a#h#f.> ,! ,U,S,A,K,P1 H[EV]1 DIDN'T LA/ LONG EI!R1 S9CE ! KEY FIGURE ( IT1 ,KIM ,JWAJ91 :O WAS ELECT$ AS ITS *AIRP]SON 9 ,AUGU/ #a#i#b#i1 WAS MURD]$ 9 ,JANU>Y #b1 #aic BY ,KOREAN COMMUNI/S1 :I* WAS FOLL[$ BY ! MURD] ( ,KIM ,JONGJ9 9 ,JULY ( ! NEXT YE>4 

,! ,U,S,A,K,P HAS BE5 HI<LY EVALUAT$ BY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AS ! EMBODIM5T ( AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES1 BECAUSE IT SEEM$ TO HAVE ITS [N SEEM+ T]RITORIAL JURISDICTION4 ,AS %[N 9 ITS TWO GOALS TO IMPROVE ! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL /ATUS ( ,KOREANS 9 ,MAN*URIA & TO CONC5TRATE !IR CAPACITY ON COMPLET+ SAV+ ! NATION ?R\< RESI/+ ,JAPAN1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 IT WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION4 ,IT RA!R DEF9$ ITSELF 9 ITS PLAT=M AS 0AN AUTONOM\S1 SELF-RUL+1 COOP]ATIVE ORGANIZATION0 ?AT HAD ITS [N DI/9CTIVE JURISDICTION1 SIMIL> TO ITS PR$ECESSOR1 ! ,L,K,A,M4 ,9 P>TICUL>1 ! ,U,S,A,K,P'S PLANS = AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPM5T1 $UCATION1 & MILIT>Y TRA9+ )9 ITS JURISDICTION1 AS WELL AS = ITS REPRES5TATIVE SY/EM ALONG ) ITS ADM9I/RATIVE BODY1 HAVE ALL BE5 PRAIS$ AS A REFLECTION ( ! AN>*I/ IDEAL ( 0A GOV]NM5T )\T .<COMPULSORY.> GOV]NM5T0 ?AT ASSUR$ ! PR9CIPLES ( NO-RULE1 NO-NAK$ P[]1 & NO-EXPLOITATION4.<#a#h#g.> ,IT IS UNCLE>1 ?\<1 :E!R ! ,U,S,A,K,P HAD A SUB/ANTIAL *ANCE TO IMPLEM5T !SE OR RELAT$ PR9CIPLES1 PROGRAMS1 OR POLICES DUR+ ! %ORT SPAN ( ITS EXI/5CE OR JU/ HAD !M ONLY PLANN$ ON PAP]4 ,LIKEWISE1 ! ,U,S,A,K,P IMM$IATELY SUFF]$ F9ANCIAL DIFFICULTIES AFT] ! LOSS ( ITS *AIRP]SON1 ,KIM ,JWAJ91 & HAD ANO!R HUGE SETBACK :5 ,YI ,EULGYU1 ONE ( ! LEAD+ AN>*I/S 9 IT1 WAS >RE/$ 9 ,SEPTEMB] #aic BY ,JAPANESE POLICE & WAS SUBSEQU5TLY S5T BACK TO ,KOREA = HIS TRIAL4 ,NO MATT] H[ WE ASSESS ! ,U,S,A,K,P & ITS PROGRAMS ?AT W]E OBVI\SLY PUT =W>D BY AN>*I/S1 IT IS UND\BT$LY CLE> ?AT IT GAVE AN OPPORTUNITY = ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO MAT]IALIZE !IR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ?R\< ! PROGRAMS ( ! POLITY ) ITS [N JURISDICTION1 :I* !Y CREAT$ ) ! ANTICOMMUNI/ NATIONALI/S LIKE ,G5]AL ,KIM4.<#a#h#h.> 

,:AT IS REVEAL+ IS ?AT ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ! ,L,K,A,M & ITS SUCCESSOR1 ! ,U,S,A,K,P1 W]E ORGANIZ$ 9 RESPONSE TO & 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! G5]AL 5VIRONM5T SURR\ND+ ! LIFE ( ,KOREANS 9 ,MAN*URIA1 BESIDES ! COMMUNI/ FACTOR4 ,!IR PROGRAMS DEMON/RATE1 AL?\< POSSIBLY ONLY ON PAP]1 A PLACE-BAS$ APPROA* TO MEET ! DEM&S & NE$S ( ! ,KOREAN MIGRANTS & !IR H>D%IPS 9 !IR SETTLEM5T & LIFE !RE4 ,GO+ BEYOND BO? ! NATIONAL & AN>*I/ GOALS1 AN>*I/S 9 ,MAN*URIA TOOK UP ! ISSUE ( ECONOMIC SURVIVAL AS !IR PRIORITY 9 ! H>% L&4 ,! IMM$IATE \TCOME ( IT WAS !IR CORRESPOND+ PLACE-BAS$ PROGRAMS & PLANS1 RA!R ?AN A GR& PLAN & PROGRAM = 9DEP5D5CE /RUGGLE OR A FUTURE-ORI5T$ AN>*I/ SOCIETY4 ,:AT WAS MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ANN\NC+ ! DI/ANT GOAL ( RETAK+ ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE OR REALIZ+ AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY AFT] 9DEP5D5CE1 9 O!R WORDS1 WAS1 ,I SUSPECT1 MEET+ ! IMM$IATE NE$S ( MIGRANT ,KOREANS !RE1 :O USUALLY FIR/ EXP]I5C$ H>D%IPS & DIFFICULTIES 9 SETTL+ D[N 9 ,MAN*URIA & !N SUFF]$ ECONOMIC EXPLOITATIONS BY BO? ,*9ESE L&LORDS & O!R ,KOREAN AU?ORITIES :O COLLECT$ TAXES & EV5 CONFISCAT$ !IR ANNUAL AGRICULTURAL YIELDS1 & SO =? 9 ! NAME ( SUPPORT+ !IR 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITY4 ,= ! PROTECTION ( ! ,KOREAN MIGRANTS1 ! ,U,S,A,K,P1 = EXAMPLE1 9TRODUC$ PROGRAMS TO ASSI/ !IR SMOO? TRANSITION TO SETTLEM5T & !IR CULTIVATION ( L&1 :I* 9CLUD$ COLLECTIVIZATION ( PRODUCTION & COLLECTIVE SALE ( !IR PRODUCE4 ,ALSO1 A ,SAFETY ,UNIT 7,*I&AE7 AS WELL AS AN ,ANTI-,JAPANESE ,GU]RILLA ,UNIT W]E PLANN$ TO BE ORGANIZ$ = !IR FUR!R PROTECTION FROM BO? ! LOCAL B&ITS & ! ,JAPANESE4.<#a#h#i.> 

,!SE PLACE-BAS$ PROGRAMS1 :E!R IMPLEM5T$ OR JU/ PLANN$1 PO9T TO ! DIV]SE APPROA*ES ,KOREAN AN>*I/S ADOPT$ 9 !IR MOVEM5T 9 ,MAN*URIA1 :]E !Y HAD TO DEAL ) MANY UNEXPECT$ & UNFAVORABLE 5VIRONM5TS = !IR ACTIVITIES & IDEALS1 NOT TO M5TION = !IR SURVIVAL4 ,& ! ,U,S,A,K,P WAS A PRODUCT ( !IR FIR/ COOP]ATION ) NATIONALI/S 9 IMPLEM5T+ !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS & ?US S]VES AS A PR$ECESSOR ( ! NATIONAL FRONT !Y W\LD =M 9 ! LATE #a#i#cS1 ) NATIONALI/S 9 ! NAME ( NATIONAL LIB]ATION DUR+ ,*9A'S ,W> ( ,RESI/ANCE AGA9/ ,JAPAN4 ,! MAJOR DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! #ai* NATIONAL FRONT & ! ONE 9 ,MAN*URIA 9 #aibi WAS ?AT ! LATT] WAS =M$ AT ONCE TO SAVE ! LIFE ( ,KOREAN MIGRANT WORK]S1 NOT ! NATION ITSELF4 ,DUE TO ! LACK ( FUR!R 9=MATION AB\T ! ,MAN*URIAN ACTIVITIES ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 IT IS EXTREMELY DIFFICULT TO COME TO A CONCRETE CONCLUSION ?AT !IR PROGRAMS W]E ( C>D9AL SIGNIFICANCE 9 T]MS ( !IR IMPLICATIONS TO ! LAT] ACTIVITIES & *>ACT]I/ICS ( ,KOREAN AN>*ISM4 ,IT IS /ILL POSSIBLE TO SAY1 NEV]!LESS1 ?AT !IR %ORT-LIV$ ACTIVITIES & PROGRAMS 9 ,MAN*URIA W]E EVID5CE ( ! ROLE PLAY$ BY !IR LOCATION 9 PRACTIC+ !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS ?R\< !IR PLACE-BAS$ ACCOMMODATION4 ,9 %ORT1 !Y DIDN'T SEEM TO HAVE ANY /RONG & FIX$ IDEOLOGICAL ATTA*M5TS BUT RA!R W]E FLEXIBLE 9 H&L+ LOCAL NE$S & CONDITIONS1 \T ( :I* ! COLLABORATION ) ! NATIONALI/S WAS REALIZ$4 ,9 ,MAN*URIA1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E WILL+ TO WORK TOGE!R ) NATIONALI/S AS LONG AS ! LATT] CONSID]$ & ADOPT$ AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES 9 !IR RESPONSE TO ! DEM&S & NE$S ( ,KOREAN MIGRANTS !RE4 ,9 DO+ SO ,KOREAN AN>*I/S MU/ HAVE PRIORITIZ$ ECONOMIC SURVIVAL & PO/PON$ !IR ACTIVITIES = 9DEP5D5CE & AN AN>*I/ SOCIETY TO ! NE> FUTURE1 PROBABLY AFT] 9DEP5D5CE1 9 ORD] TO TACKLE ! IMMAN5T DAILY LIFE-&-DEA? SITUATION ( ! ,KOREANS 9 ,MAN*URIA1 EV5TUALLY EXPECT+ ! LATT]'S =?COM+ SUPPORT ( !IR AN>*I/ IDEALS4 

,MANY ,KOREAN AN>*I/S CONSID]$ & ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM FIR/ 9 ,BEIJ+ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS = !IR /RUGGLE TO REGA9 9DEP5D5CE ) ! HELP & SUPPORT FROM MANY ,*9ESE AN>*I/S !RE1 9FLU5TIAL AMONG :OM W]E ! ,*9ESE ,P>IS 7LAT] ,G,M,D7 AN>*I/S LIKE ,LI ,%IZ5G1 ,WU ,ZHIHUI1 & ,CAI ,YUANPEI1 AS WELL AS ,]O%5KO & O!R ,ASIAN AN>*I/S !Y 5C\NT]$ 9 ! CAPITAL CITY ( ,*9A4 ,IF !Y ACCEPT$ AN>*ISM VIA O!R AN>*I/S 9 ,BEIJ+ & SOLICIT$ SUPPORT FROM !M = !IR 9DEP5D5CE ACTIVITIES1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S BEGAN !IR ACTIVITIES1 BO? ORGANIZATIONAL & PUBLICATION-RELAT$1 MORE ACTIVELY 9 ,%AN<AI :]E !Y 5JOY$ RELATIVE FRE$OM TO DO SO1 9 P>TICUL> :5 ! ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION ( ,*9A UND] ! ,FIR/ ,UNIT$ ,FRONT BETWE5 ! ,G,M,D & ! ,C,C,P WAS SUCCESSFUL ?R\< ! MILIT>Y CAMPAIGN FROM ,GUANGZH\ BEG9N+ 9 #a#i#b#f1 & SWEEP+ S\? & C5TRAL ,*9A 9 #a#i#b#f-#b#g4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A SEEM$ TO HAVE A BRIEF HEYDAY 9 #aibg & #aibh :5 !Y P>TICIPAT$ 9 ,LAODA 9 ,%AN<AI & ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T & E/ABLI%$ !IR NEW AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ,K,A,F1 ) ITS AUXILI>Y J\RNAL1 ,! ,CONQUE/4 ,DUR+ ?AT P]IOD !Y CONT9U$ TO /R5G!N !IR CLOSE RELATION%IP ) MANY ,*9ESE & ,JAPANESE AN>*I/S = $UCATIONAL & RURAL VILLAGE PROJECTS4 ,! FAVORABLE CONDITION & POLITICAL CLIMATE UND] ! VICTORI\S ,NATIONAL ,REVOLUTION ( ,*9A PAV$ ! WAY = ! ,KOREAN AN>*I/S TO REVIVE !IR ORGANIZATION & !IR ACTIVITIES1 AL?\< %ORT-LIV$1 & !Y HAD TO PROVE NO CONNECTIONS ) COMMUNI/S TO SURVIVE ! ,G,M,D'S 0P>TY PURIFICATION40 

,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A TOOK ACTIVE P>T 9 ! TRANSNATIONAL AN>*I/ ORGANIZATION1 ! ,E,A,F1 :I* WAS A CULM9ATION ( !IR TRANSNATIONAL RELATION%IP ) REGIONAL AN>*I/S 9 ! #a#i#bS1 AL?\< IT IS UNCLE> :AT K9D ( CONCRETE ACTIVITIES OR PROJECTS IT PURSU$1 9 P>TICUL> ACROSS ! NATIONAL B\ND>IES4 ,AFT] ! G5]AL POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T 9 ,*9A WAS REV]S$1 AS ! ,G,M,D DECL9$ TO SUPPORT FUR!R & SPONSOR V>I\S AN>*I/ PROJECTS1 AMONG :I* ,LAODA & ! ,QUANZH\ ,MOVEM5T W]E ( MO/ SIGNIFICANCE1 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S AS EXILES 9 ,*9A HAD TO 5DURE DIFFICULT YE>S AHEAD )\T !IR MAJOR SPONSORS1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S4 ,AS A RESULT1 !IR ACTIVITIES AFT] #aibh BECAME SPORADIC & W]E MA9LY CONC5TRAT$ 9 ,QUANZH\1 :]E MANY ,*9ESE & O!R AN>*I/S /ILL TOOK REFUGE AWAY FROM ! ,G,M,D'S 9T]NAL POLITICAL CLEAVAGES4 ,!RE !Y FOCUS$ ON ! $UCATIONAL PROJECTS SU* AS ! TWO S*OOLS 9 ,QUANZH\ TO BRE$ RURAL LEAD]S ( ! NEXT G5]ATION4 ,! POLITICAL 5VIRONM5T ( ,*9A WAS FUNDAM5TALLY %AK5 LAT] BY ! ,JAPANESE 9VASION ( ,MAN*URIA & LAT] NOR?_/C5TRAL ,*9A1 BEG9N+ ON ,SEPTEMB] #a#h1 #a#i#c#a4 ,UNTIL !N ,KOREAN AN>*I/S W]E TO REMA9 SIL5T1 9ACTIVE1 OR1 IT SEEMS1 W&] >\ND1 CONSID]+ A NEW DEADLOCK-BREAK+ DIRECTION ( !IR ACTIVITIES = BO? NATIONAL & TRANSNATIONAL GOALS4 ,DUR+ ! DIFFICULT YE>S1 ,MAN*URIA C\LD HAVE S]V$ !M AS A LOCATION :]E !Y EXPECT$ & 5JOY$ A BRIEF IMPLEM5TATION ( !IR AN>*I/ PR9CIPLES ?R\< A POLITY ) SUB/ANTIAL AU?ORITIES OV] ,KOREAN MIGRANT F>M]S & !IR L&S1 AS EXEMPLIFI$ 9 ! PROGRAMS ( ! ,U,S,A,K,P4 

,9 SUM1 IT IS POSSIBLE TO SAY ?AT ! ACTIVITIES & PROJECTS ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A TOOK P>T 9 &_/OR 9ITIAT$ 9 ! #a#i#bS W]E BASICALLY P>T ( MU* BROAD] REGIONAL AN>*I/ MOVEM5TS &_/OR REGIONAL HI/ORY1 ( :I* !Y !MSELVES W]E A PRODUCT4 ,AT ! SAME TIME !RE W]E SOME SIGNS ( A ,KOREANIZ$ PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM DUR+ ! #a#i#bS4 ,KOREAN AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A SEEM$ TO BE =W>D-LOOK+ 9 !IR ATTITUDE & NEV] BELIEV$ ?AT ,KOREA'S 9DEP5D5CE WAS DOOM$ TO NEV] COME TO FRUITION1 NO MATT] :AT HAPP5$ TO !M4 

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