,AN>*ISM 9 ,G]MANY ,MAX ,/IRN] 

#aigb 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,&REW ,R4 ,C>LSON 

,TEXT 3 

,NOTE3 ,?IS IS ONLY ! SECOND *APT] 9 ?IS BOOK1 HTTPS3_/_/LIBCOM4ORG_/FILES_/&REW-R-C>LSON-AN>*ISM-9-G]MANY-VOLUME-I-!-E>LY-MOVEM5T-#a4PDF 

,MAX ,/IRN]1 NOM DE PLUME = ,JOHANN ,CASP> ,S*MIDT1 CAME 9TO ?IS WORLD AT SIX O'CLOCK ON ! MORN+ ( ,OCTOB] #b#e1 #a#h#f4 ,HE WAS BORN 9 A H\SE AT NUMB] #c#a1 ,MAXIMILIANS/RASSE 7,M>KETPLATZ7 :I* WAS ! PR9CIPAL /REET ( ! CITY ( ,BAYREU?4 ,HE WAS LESS ?AN HALF A YE> OLD :5 HIS FA!R1 A MAK] ( W9D 9/RUM5TS1 DI$ ( TUB]CULOSIS ON ,APRIL #a#i1 #a#h#g1 AT ! AGE ( #c#g4 ,HIS MO!R1 TWO YE>S LAT]1 M>RI$ ,HE9RI* ,BALL]/$T1 A #e#g-YE>-OLD PH>MACI/ FROM ,HELM/$T1 & !Y ALL MOV$ TO ,KULM ON ! ,VI/ULA4 ,JOHANN RETURN$ TO HIS NATIVE T[N ( ,BAYREU? 9 #ahah = HIS $UCATION1 LIV+ ) HIS GODFA!R1 & UNCLE1 ,JOHANN ,CASP> ,M>T9 ,/I*T AFT] :OM HE WAS NAM$4 ,HE REMA9$ !RE = ! NEXT EI<T YE>S1 COMPLET+ HIS /UDIES 9 ! GYMNASIUM :]E HE DI/+UI%$ HIMSELF BY ALWAYS PLAC+ 9 ! UPP] P]C5TILE ( HIS CLASS4 

,9 #ahbf HE LEFT ,BAYREU? TO /UDY AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B]L9 :]E HE REMA9$ = ! NEXT TWO YE>S4 ,9 ,B]L9 HE MET A FELL[ /UD5T1 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 :O WAS DE/9$ TO BE ONE ( HIS FUTURE RIVALS4 ,AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,B]L9 ,/IRN] /UDI$ LOGIC UND] ,HE9RI* ,RITT]1 GEOGRAPHY UND] ,C>L ,RITT]1 0,P9D> UND ,METRIK0 UND] ,BOCKH1 & ! PHILOSOPHY ( RELIGION UND] ,HEGEL4 ,LEAV+ ,B]L9 ON ,SEPTEMB] #a1 #a#h#b#h1 HE W5T TO ,]LANG5 :]E HE MATRICULAT$ 9 ! UNIV]SITY ON ,OCTOB] #b?1 BUT ONLY 5ROLL$ 9 TWO C\RSES2 ONE GIV5 BY ! !OLOGIAN ,GEORG ,B5$ICT ,WI5] ON ! ,BOOK ( ,COR9?IANS1 ! O!R 9 LOGIC & METAPHYSICS BY ,*RI/IAN ,KOPP1 ! PHILOSOPH]4 ,/IRN] !N 0DROPP$ \T0 ( S*OOL = ?REE & A HALF YE>S W&]+ >\ND ,G]MANY4 ,DUR+ ?IS P]IOD ,/IRN] AT ONE TIME MATRICULAT$ AT ! ,UNIV]SITY ( ,KSNIGSB]G BUT DID NOT ATT5D A S+LE LECTURE BECAUSE HE WAS CALL$ TO ,KULM TO C>E = HIS MO!R :O HAD LAPS$ 9TO 9SANITY4 

,9 ,OCTOB] ( #ahcb ,/IRN] RETURN$ TO ,B]L9 TO COMPLETE HIS /UDIES4 ,ON ,JUNE #b1 #a#h#c#d1 HE ASK$ P]MISSION TO APPE> BE=E ! ,ROYAL ,EXAM9ATION ,COMMISSION = ! ,EXAM9ATION PRO FACULATE DOC5DI 9 ! FIVE >EAS 9 :I* HE HAD PREP>$ HIMSELF3 ANCI5T LANGUAGES1 ,G]MAN LANGUAGE1 HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY1 & RELIGION4 ,! EXAM9]S F\ND ?AT HE HAD TWO DEFICI5CIES4 ,HE WAS LACK+ 9 A PRECISE KN[L$GE ( ! ,BIBLE1 & DID NOT POSSESS ! BASIC QUALITIES ( LOGIC NECESS>Y 9 HI/ORY1 PHILOSOPHY & PHILOLOGY4 ,BECAUSE ( ?IS HE WAS GRANT$ ONLY A LIMIT$ FACULTAS DOC5DI :I* QUALIFI$ HIM TO TEA* 9 ! ,PRUSSIAN GYMNASIA4 ,IT %\LD BE BR\<T \T1 9 ALL FAIRNESS TO ,/IRN]1 ?AT HIS EXAM9ATIONS W]E DELAY$ BY ! VISIT ( HIS 9SANE MO!R TO ,B]L94 ,:E!R OR NOT ?IS VISIT HAD AN AFFECT ON ! \TCOME ( HIS EXAM9ATIONS IS D\BTFUL BECAUSE A P]SON ( ! TYPE ( UNOR?ODOX *>ACT] :I* ,/IRN] EXEMPLIFIES 9 HIS WRIT+1 W\LD PROBABLY BE F\ND LACK+ 9 EXACTLY ! QUALITIES :I* ! EXAM9ATION BO>D F\ND HIM DEFICI5T4 ,DUR+ #a#h#c#d-#c#e ,/IRN] S]V$ AS AN UNPAID TRA9+ TEA*] 9 ! ,B]L9 ,KSNIGLI*E ,REALS*ULE4 ,FOLL[+ ?IS 9T]N%IP HE TRI$ UNSUCCESSFULLY UNTIL #ahcg TO OBTA9 A SAL>I$ TEA*+ POSITION FROM ! ,PRUSSIAN GOV]NM5T4 ,LACK ( EMPLOYM5T DID NOT /OP HIM FROM M>RY+ HIS L&LADY'S DAU<T]1 ,AGNES ,CL>A ,KUNIGUNDE ,BURTZ1 ON ,DECEMB] #a#b1 #a#h#c#g4 ,?IS M>RIAGE 5D$ ! FOLL[+ YE> :5 HIS #b#b-YE>-OLD WIFE DI$ 9 *ILDBIR? ON ,AUGU/ #b#i? ALONG ) ! *ILD4 

,ONCE AGA9 IT WAS ,/IRN]'S LOT TO BE CALL$ UPON TO TAKE C>E ( HIS 9SANE MO!R1 A TASK :I* OCCUPI$ HIS TIME UNTIL #a#h#c#i1 :5 HE F\ND A TEA*+ POSITION 9 ,B]L9 AT ,MADAME ,GROPIUS' S*OOL = GIRLS4 ,HE REMA9$ !RE P]=M+ HIS DUTIES SATISFACTORILY UNTIL #a#h#d#d4 

,DUR+ ! FIVE-YE> P]IOD HE TAU<T AT ,MADAME ,GROPIUS' S*OOL ,/IRN] FREQU5T$ ,HIPPEL'S ,WE9/UBE AT #id ,FRI$RI*/RASSE :]E ! ,Y\NG ,HEGELIANS GA!R$ TO REFUTE ! TEA*+S ( !IR MA/]4 ,!Y REF]R$ TO !MSELVES AS ,DIE ,FREI5 -! ,FREE ,ONES4 ,! LEAD]S ( ,DIE ,FREI5 W]E ! BRO!RS ,BAU]1 ,BRUNO & ,$G>4 ,M>X1 ,5GELS & ! POETS ,H]WE< & ,H(FMANN VON ,FALL]SLEB5 W]E OCCASIONAL VISITORS4 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 ,WILHELM ,JORDON1 ,C4 ,F4 ,KSPP51 ,DR4 ,>?UR ,M,YLL]1 ,MOSES ,HESS1 ,LUDWIG ,B,YHL1 ,ADOLF ,RUT5B]G1 ,$U>D ,MEY51 & ,JULIUS ,FAU*] ALSO FREQU5T$ ,HIPPEL'S4 ,>NOLD ,RUGE1 SELF-APPO9T$ HI< PRIE/ ( !SE ,HEGELIANS1 C>RI$ ON NI<TLY'4 DEBATES :I* W]E (T5 V]Y BITT]4 ,A SKET* BY ,5GELS ( ONE ( !SE NI<TLY DISPUTATIONS HAS SURVIV$4 ,ON ! SIDEL9ES ( ! DEBATE SITS A LONELY FIGURE4 HI<BR[$1 BESPECTACL$1 SMOK+ A CIG>ETTE1 ?IS IS ,/IRN]4 ,WOODCOCK1 ON ! BASIS ( ?IS SKET*1 CONCLUDES ?AT ,/IRN] PLAY$ ! ROLE ( ! SIL5T1 DETA*$ LI/5] 9 ,DIE ,FREI51 ON GOOD T]MS ) ALL & A FRI5D ( NONE4 ,IT IS D\BTFUL IF ,WOODCOCK'S CONCLUSION W\LD HOLD TRUE4 ,5GELS AT ! SAME TIME ALSO COMMEMORAT$ ,/IRN] 9 POETRY1 WRIT+3 

,LOOK AT ,/IRN]1 LOOK AT HIM1 ! PEACEFUL 5EMY ( ALL CON/RA9T4 ,= ! MOM5T1 HE IS /ILL DR9K+ BE]1 SOON HE WILL BE DR9K+ BLOOD AS ?\< IT W]E WAT]4 ,:5 O!RS CRY SAVAGELY 0D[N ) ! K+S0 ,/IRN] IMM$IATELY SUPPLEM5TS 0D[N ) ! LAWS ALSO40 ,/IRN] FULL ( DIGNITY PROCLAIMS2 Y\ B5D Y\R WILL P[] & Y\ D>E TO CALL Y\RSELVES FREE4 ,Y\ BECOME ACCU/OM$ TO SLAV]Y ,D[N ) DOGMATISM1 D[N ) LAW4 

,AT ,HIPPEL'S ,WE9/UBE ,/IRN] MET HIS SECOND WIFE1 ,M>IE ,D,%NH>DT2 A PRETTY1 BRILLIANT & EMANCIPAT$ FREE SPIRIT1 :OM HE M>RI$ 9 #a#h#d#c4 ,! W$D+ C]EMONY1 IF Y\ WANT TO CALL IT ONE1 TOOK PLACE ,OCTOB] #ba 9 ,/IRN]'S AP>TM5T4 ,! PA/OR1 A ,REV]5D ,M>OT1 >RIV$ TO F9D ! BRIDEGROOM & ! WITNESSES1 ,BRUNO ,BAU] & ,LUDWIG ,B,YHL1 9 !IR %IRTSLEEVES1 PLAY+ C>DS4 ,! BRIDE >RIV$ LATE1 DRESS$ 9 H] EV]YDAY /REET CLO!S4 ,A ,BIBLE WAS NOT AVAILABLE SO ! NEI<BORHOOD HAD TO BE SC\R$ TO LOCATE ONE4 ,S9CE NO ONE HAD REMEMB]$ TO BUY W$D+ R+S1 ! C]EMONY WAS COMPLET$ ) ! COPP] R+S FROM ,BRUNO ,BAU]'S PURSE4 ,/IRN] CONT9U$ TO TEA* AT ,MADAME ,GROPIUS1 UNTIL ,OCTOB] #a#h1 #a#h#d#d1 AL?\< HE C\LD HAVE QUIT AFT] HIS M>RIAGE BECAUSE HIS WIFE1 :5 %E >RIV$ 9 ,B]L9 FROM ,GADEBUS*1 WAS AN HEIRESS TO SOME #b-#c1 ?AL]S4 ,M>IE WAS A PETITE1 GRACEFUL BLOND ) HEAVY HAIR :I* SURR\ND$ H] HEAD 9 R+LETS ACCORD+ TO ! FA%ION ( ! TIME4 ,%E WAS A /RIK+ BEAUTY & BECAME A FAVORITE AT MEET+S ( ,DIE ,FREI5 ,%E SMOK$ CIG>S & SOMETIMES DONN$ MALE ATTIRE 9 ORD] TO ACCOMPANY H] HUSB& & HIS FRI5DS ON !IR NI<TLY EXCURSIONS4 

,IT IS NOT KN[N IF ,/IRN] WAS =C$ TO LEAVE HIS POSITION AT ,MADAME ,GROPIUS1 S*OOL OR IF HE LEFT VOLUNT>ILY1 ?9K+ ?AT HIS =?COM+ BOOK1 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM 7#a#h#d#d71 W\LD W9 HIM LIT]>Y FAME & =TUNE4 ,HIS BOOK WON = HIM ABUSE FROM HIS CONTEMPOR>IES :OM HE HAD ATTACK$1 BUT V]Y LITTLE =TUNE4 ,9 #ahde ,/IRN] W5T 9TO ! DAIRY BUS9ESS1 US+ ! REMA9D] ( HIS WIFE'S 9H]ITANCE AS CAPITAL4 ,?IS 5T]PRISE FAIL$ QUICKLY BECAUSE ( A LACK ( BUS9ESS EXP]I5CE4 ,/IRN] HAD SE5 TO IT ?AT HE HAD A L>GE SUPPLY ( MILK COM+ 9 FROM ! DAIRY F>M]S1 BUT HE HAD FAIL$ TO SOLICIT A LI/ ( CU/OM]S TO BUY IT4 ,/IRN]'S MILK BUS9ESS WAS A NEV]-5D+ S\RCE ( AMUSEM5T AMONG HIS CIRCLE ( FRI5DS1 BUT IT EMBITT]$ ,M>IE AGA9/ HIM = SQU&]+ H] 9H]ITANCE4 

,9 #ahdg HIS WIFE1 9 DISGU/ & ANG]1 LEFT HIM & W5T TO ,LONDON4 ,:5 ,MACKAY ATTEMPT$ TO 9T]VIEW H] 9 #ahig %E REPLI$ T>TLY ?AT %E WAS NOT WILL+ TO REVIVE H] PA/ BUT ADD$ ?AT H] HUSB& HAD BE5 TOO MU* ( AN EGOI/ TO KEEP FRI5DS & ?AT HE WAS 0V]Y SLY40 ,M>X1 9 A LETT] ( ,JULY #a#c1 #a#h#e#b1 RELAT$ TO ,5GELS ?AT 0,MADAME ,S*MIDT-,/IRN]0 HAD LEFT = ,AU/RALIA 9 SE>* ( GOLD4 ,9 ,AU/RALIA %E M>RI$ A LABOR] & TOOK 9 WA%+ TO E>N A LIV+4 ,EV5TUALLY %E W5T BACK TO ,LONDON :]E %E US$ ! NAME ,MAY ,SMI? & BECAME A DEV\T ,ROMAN ,CA?OLIC REFUS+ TO DISCUSS H] E>LI] LIFE1 EV5 ) ,MACKAY4 

,DES]T$ BY HIS WIFE1 ,/IRN] GRADUALLY SANK 9TO POV]TY & OBSCURITY1 LIV+ 9 A S]IES ( POOR LODG+S1 E>N+ SOME K9D ( MIS]ABLE LIV+1 (T5 9 DEBT4 ,DUR+ ! YE>S #a#h#d#e-#a#h#d#g ,/IRN] HAD WORK$ ON A S]IES ( TRANSLATIONS ( ,J4 ,B ,SAY & ,ADAM ,SMI? :I* PROV$ TO BE AN >DU\S BUT UNREMUN]ATIVE 5DEAVOR4 ,HE SP5T MU* ( HIS TIME EVAD+ HIS NUM]\S CR$ITORS BUT WAS TWICE IMPRISON$ = DEBT1 FROM ,M>* #e TO #b#f1 #a#h#e#c1 & ,JANU>Y #a TO ,FEBRU>Y #d1 #a#h#e#d1 & (T5 W5T HUNGRY4 ,/IRN] C\LD BE> HUNG] = HE WAS A MAN ( MOD]ATION 9 HIS EAT+ & DR9K+ HABITS & HAD ALWAYS LIV$ FRUGALLY4 ,9 #aheb HE PUBLI%$ HIS ,GES*I*TE D] ,REACTION 9 ,B]L94 ,IT WAS NOT GREATLY SUCCESSFUL & E>N$ HIM LITTLE MONEY4 ,IT WAS TOO P$E/RIAN 9 /YLE TO >\SE MU* 9T]E/4 

,! 5D CAME = ,/IRN] ON ,JUNE #b#e1 #a#h#e#f1 AT ! AGE ( #di YE>S & EI<T MON?S1 DY+ FROM ! BITE ( A 0POISON\S FLY40 ,A NUMB] ( HIS =M] FRI5DS HE>+ ( HIS IMPOV]I%$ CONDITION COLLECT$ 5\< MONEY TO PUR*ASE A SECOND CLASS GRAVE = HIM4 ,IT CO/ ONE ?AL] & T5 GROATS1 EQUIVAL5T TO ONE ,AM]ICAN DOLL> AT ! TIME4 ,AMONG ?OSE PRES5T AT HIS BURIAL W]E ,BRUNO ,BAU] & ,LUDWIG ,B,YHL1 :O HAD BE5 ! WITNESSES AT HIS M>RIAGE TO ,M>IE ,D,%NH>DT4 ,E>LY ,WRIT+S4 

,MANY PEOPLE >E NOT AW>E ?AT ,/IRN] WROTE A L>GE NUMB] ( >TICLES BE=E HE WROTE ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM4 ,!Y VIEW ,/IRN]'S BOOK AS A BOLT \T ( ! BLUE4 ,NO?+ C\LD BE FUR!R FROM ! TRU?4 ,IT IS POSSIBLE1 BY READ+ ?R\< !SE E>LY >TICLES1 TO TRACE ! DEVELOPM5T ( ,/IRN]'S ?\<T TO ! PO9T :]E IT IS EXPRESS$ 9 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM4 ,IT IS NOT POSSIBLE 9 ?IS /UDY TO 9CLUDE A DETAIL$ EXAM9ATION ( EV]Y?+ ,/IRN] WROTE PRIOR TO ! APPE>ANCE ( HIS BOOK4 ,9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S ,/IRN] EXAM9$ ,HEGELIAN PR9CIPLES & REJECT$ !M4 ,HIS IDEAS ON RELIGION1 $UCATION1 & ! POLITICAL & SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY >E TO BE SE5 9 !IR 9CIPI5T /AGE4 ,/IRN]'S BOOK1 :5 VIEW$ FROM ! P]SPECTIVE ( HIS E>LI] WRIT+S1 IS ! LOGICAL \TCOME ( A C>EFULLY ?\<T \T C\RSE HE WAS FOLL[+1 & NOT ! 9/ANTANE\S AB]RATION ( A BRILLIANT1 MISGUID$1 ]RATIC M9D AS IS (T5 9F]R$4 ,/IRN] EXAM9ES1 V]Y C>EFULLY1 BO? ACCEPTABLE CONTEMPOR>Y SOLUTIONS & CONTEMPOR>Y PROPOSALS ON ! PROBLEMS 9 :I* HE IS 9T]E/$ BE=E REJECT+ !IR SOLUTION AS UNSATISFACTORY4 ,?IS IS :AT IS ACCOMPLI%$ 9 HIS E>LY WRIT+S4 ,ONCE HAV+ DISCOV]$ :AT HE ?9KS TO BE ! FAULTS ( SOCIETY HE SET \T 9 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM TO \TL9E :AT HE ?9KS IS ACCEPTABLE SOLUTION4 ,! =MAT = ,/IRN]'S ASSAULT ON RELIGION1 ! /ATE & SOCIETY IS PRES5T 9 ! E>LY WRIT+S4 ,/IRN] >RIV$ AT ! CONCLUSION ?AT EV]Y?+ %\LD BE DET]M9$ BY ONE GUID+ PR9CIPLE3 EGOISM4 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND ,SE9 ,EIG5?UM4 

,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 AS ! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION ( ,/IRN]'S BOOK IS CALL$1 WAS NOT AN IMM$IATE SUCCESS :5 IT WAS PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d#d4 ,IT WAS RE-ISSU$ >\ND ! TURN ( ! C5TURY :5 ! PHILOSOPHY ( ,NIETZS*E WAS POPUL>4 ,TODAY ,/IRN]'S BOOK IS ONCE AGA9 5JOY+ SOME POPUL>ITY AMONG ! /UD5T AN>*I/S4 ,D] ,E9ZIGE HAS BE5 ANALYZ$ MANY TIMES4 ,:AT DOES ?IS BOOK CONTA9 ?AT KEEPS IT ALIVE TODAY NE>LY A C5TURY & A QU>T] AFT] IT WAS FIR/ PUBLI%$8 ,:Y DO /UD5TS :O FEEL A 0G5]ATION GAP0 BETWE5 !MSELVES & !IR P>5TS FEEL AN AFF9ITY = ,/IRN]'S BOOK8 ,:Y DOES ,JAMES ,HUNEK] CALL IT 0! MO/ REVOLUTION>Y BOOK EV] WRITT580 ,/IRN] />TS HIS BOOK ) A %ORT 9TRODUCTION4 ,HE USES ! FIR/ L9E FROM ,GOE!'S POEM ,VANITAS6 ,VANITATUM ,VANITAS6 AS ! TITLE = ?IS 9TRODUCTION4 ,IT READS3 0,I* HAB1 ME9 ,SA*' AUF ,NI*TS GE/ELLT10 TRANSLAT$ LIT]ALLY AS 0,I HAVE SET MY AFFAIR ON NO?+0 OR1 TRANSLAT$ MORE FREELY1 0ALL ?+S >E NO?+ TO ME40 ,?IS 9TRODUCTION AT ONCE LETS ! READ] KN[ :AT ! SUBJECT ( ! BOOK IS-SELF4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN] ! SUPREME LAW = EA* 9DIVIDUAL IS HIS [N WELF>E4 ,EV]YONE %\LD SEEK \T ! 5JOYM5T ( LIFE4 ,A P]SON %\LD LE>N H[ TO 5JOY & EXP& LIFE4 ,EV]Y?+ A P]SON DOES %ALL BE DIRECT$ T[>D SELF-SATISFACTION4 ,NO?+ %\LD BE DONE = ! SAKE ( ,GOD OR = ! SAKE ( ANYONE ELSE4 ,! E>? IS = MAN TO MAKE USE (4 ,EV]YONE & EV]Y?+ MEAN NO?+ TO ,/IRN]4 ,?+S & PEOPLE >E TO BE US$ & !N :5 !Y >E NO LONG] ( ANY UTILITY !Y >E TO BE CA/ ASIDE4 ,/IRN] LOVES MANK9D1 NOT M]ELY 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT MANK9D AS A :OLE4 ,BUT HE LOVES !M BECAUSE ( HIS [N EGOISM1 BECAUSE IT MAKES HIM FEEL HAPPY TO LOVE4 ,IT PLEASES HIM4 ,/IRN] IS NOT CONC]N$ ) ,*RI/IAN OR HUMAN VALUES & MORALS4 ,IF :AT ,/IRN] WANTS TO DO GIVES HIM PLEASURE1 !N IT IS JU/IFI$4 ,EV]YONE IS US+ EV]YONE ELSE4 ,! ONLY TRUE RELATION%IP PEOPLE HAVE ) EA* O!R IS USEABL5ESS4 ,EV]YONE Y\ MEET IS FOOD TO FE$ UPON4 

,/IRN] REJECTS LAW4 ,LAWS EXI/ NOT BECAUSE M5 RECOGNIZE !M AS BE+ FAVORABLE TO !IR 9T]E/S1 BUT BECAUSE M5 HOLD !M TO BE SACR$4 ,:5 Y\ />T TO SPEAK ( RI<TS Y\ >E 9TRODUC+ A RELIGI\S CONCEPT4 ,S9CE ! LAW IS SACR$1 ANYONE :O BREAKS IT IS A CRIM9AL4 ,!RE=E !RE >E NO CRIM9ALS EXCEPT AGA9/ SOME?+ SACR$4 ,IF Y\ DO AWAY ) ! SACROSANCITY ( ! LAW !N CRIME WILL DISAPPE>1 BECAUSE 9 REALITY A CRIME IS NO?+ MORE ?AN AN ACT DESECRAT+ ?AT :I* WAS HALL[$ BY ! /ATE4 ,!RE >E1 ACCORD+ TO ,/IRN]1 NO RI<TS1 BECAUSE MI<T MAKES RI<T4 ,A MAN IS 5TITL$ TO EV]Y?+ HE HAS ! P[] TO POSSESS & HOLD4 ,! E>? BELONGS TO HIM :O KN[S H[ TO TAKE IT4 ,SELF -WELF>E %\LD BE ! GUID+ PR9CIPLE TO FOLL[ RA!R ?AN LAW4 ,/IRN] RELATES ?AT Y\ CAN GET FUR!R ) A H&FUL ( MI<T ?AN Y\ CAN ) A BAGFUL ( RI<T4 ,! WAY TO GA9 FRE$OM IS ?R\< MI<T BECAUSE HE :O HAS MI<T /&S ABOVE ! LAW4 ,A P]SON ONLY BECOMES COMPLETELY FREE :5 :AT HE HOLDS1 HE HOLDS BECAUSE ( HIS MI<T4 ,!N HE IS A SELF -[N] & NOT A M]E FREEMAN4 ,EV]YONE %\LD SAY TO HIMSELF2 ,I AM ALL TO MYSELF & ,I DO ALL = MY SAKE4 ,I AM UNIQUE1 NO?+ IS MORE IMPORTANT TO ME ?AN MYSELF4 ,/IRN] DOES NOT BELIEVE ?AT A P]SON IS GOOD OR BAD1 NOR DOES HE BELIEVE 9 :AT IS TRUE1 GOOD1 RI<T1 & SO ON4 ,!SE >E VAGUE CONCEPTS :I* HAVE NO MEAN+ \TSIDE A ,GOD- C5T]$ OR MAN-C5T]$ WORLD4 ,A MAN %\LD C5T] HIS 9T]E/ ON SELF & CONC5TRATE ON HIS [N BUS9ESS4 

,/IRN] REJECTS ! /ATE4 ,)\T LAW ! /ATE IS NOT POSSIBLE4 ,! RESPECT = ! LAW IS :AT HOLDS ! /ATE TOGE!R4 ,! /ATE1 LIKE ! LAW1 EXI/S NOT BECAUSE AN 9DIVIDUAL RECOGNIZES IT AS FAVORABLE TO HIS WELF>E BUT BECAUSE LIE CONSID]S IT TO BE SACR$4 ,TO ,/IRN] ! /ATE1 LIKE ! LAW1 IS NOT SACR$4 ,/IRN] IS ! MORTAL 5EMY ( ! /ATE4 ,! WELF>E ( ! /ATE HAS NO?+ TO DO ) HIS [N WELF>E & HE %\LD !RE=E SACRIFICE NO?+ TO IT4 ,! G5]AL WELF>E IS NOT HIS WELF>E BUT ONLY MEANS SELF-D5IAL ON HIS P>T4 ,! OBJECT ( ! /ATE IS TO LIMIT ! 9DIVIDUAL1 TO TAME HIM1 TO SUBORD9ATE HIM1 TO SUBJECT HIM TO SOME?+ G5]AL = ! PURPOSE ( ! /ATE4 ,! /ATE H9D]S AN 9DIVIDUAL FROM ATTA9+ HIS TRUE VALUE1 :ILE AT ! SAME TIME IT EXPLOITS ! 9DIVIDUAL TO GET SOME B5EFIT \T ( HIM4 

,! /ATE /&S 9 ! WAY BETWE5 M51 TE>+ !M AP>T4 ,/IRN] W\LD TRANS=M ! /ATE 9TO HIS [N PROP]TY & HIS [N CREATURE 9/EAD ( BE+ ! PROP]TY & CREATURE ( ! /ATE4 ,HE W\LD ANNIHILATE IT & =M 9 ITS PLACE A ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S4 ,! /ATE MU/ BE DE/ROY$ BECAUSE IT IS ! NEGATION ( ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL1 IT APPROA*ES M5 AS A COLLECTIVE UNIT1 ,! /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! EGOI/S & ! /ATE IS 9EVITABLE4 ,ONCE ! /ATE IS ANNIHILAT$ ! ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S WILL PREVAIL4 ,?IS UNION IS NOT SACR$ NOR A SPIRITUAL P[] ABOVE MAN'S P[]4 ,IT IS CREAT$ BY M54 ,9 ?IS UNION M5 WILL BE HELD TOGE!R BY MUTUAL ADVANTAGE1 ?R\< COMMON 0USE0 ( ONE ANO!R4 ,9 JO9+ ! UNION AN 9DIVIDUAL 9CREASES HIS [N 9DIVIDUAL P[]4 ,EA* P]SON WILL N[ ?R\< HIS [N MI<T CONTROL :AT HE CAN4 ,IT DOES NOT IMPLY ?\< ?AT !RE WILL BE A REGION ( UNIV]SAL RAPACITY & P]PETUAL SLAU<T]1 NOR DOES IT MEAN ! WIELD+ ( P[] OV] O!RS4 ,EA* MAN WILL DEF5D HIS [N UNIQU5ESS4 ,ONCE HE HAS ATTA9$ SELF-REALIZATION ( TRUE EGOISM HE DOES NOT WANT TO RULE OV] O!RS OR HOLD MORE POSSESSIONS ?AN HE NE$S BECAUSE ?IS W\LD DE/ROY HIS 9DEP5D5CE4 

,/IRN]'S ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S IS NOT COMMUNI/IC4 ,IT IS A UNION ?AT 9DIVIDUALS 5T] 9TO = MUTUAL GA9 FROM ! EGOI/IC UNION :I* WILL BE DEVELOP$ )9 ! UNION4 ,!RE WILL BE NEI!R MA/]S NOR S]VANTS1 ONLY EGOI/S4 ,EV]YONE WILL )DRAW 9TO HIS [N UNIQU5ESS :I* WILL PREV5T CONFLICT BECAUSE NO ONE WILL BE TRY+ TO PROVE HIMSELF 09 ! RI<T0 BE=E A ?IRD P>TY4 ,EGOISM WILL FO/] G5U9E & SPONTANE\S UNION BETWE5 9DIVIDUALS4 ,/IRN] DOES NOT DEVELOP 9 ANY DETAIL ! =M ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION ?AT ! ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S MI<T FOLL[4 ,ORGANIZATION ITSELF IS ANA!MA TO ,/IRN]'S ,UNION4 ,)9 ! ,UNION ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE ABLE TO DEVELOP HIMSELF4 ,! ,UNION EXI/S = ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S IS NOT TO BE CONFUS$ ) SOCIETY :I* ,/IRN] OPPOSES4 ,SOCIETY LAYS CLAIM TO A P]SON :I* IS CONSID]$ TO BE SACR$1 BUT :I* CONSUMES AN 9DIVIDUAL4 ,! ,UNION IS MADE UP ( 9DIVIDUALS :O CONSUME ! ,UNION = !IR [N GOOD4 ,H[ IS ! ABROGATION ( LAW1 /ATE1 & PROP]TY TO BE REALIZ$ SO ?AT M5 WILL BE FREE TO 5T] 9TO ! ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S8 ,IT WILL OCCUR :5 A SUFFICI5T NUMB] ( M5 FIR/ UND]GO AN 9W>D *ANGE & RECOGNIZE !IR [N WELF>E AS ! HI<E/ LAW1 & !N !SE M5 WILL BR+ 9TO BE+ ! \TW>D MANIFE/ATIONS3 ! ABROGATION ( LAW1 /ATE1 & PROP]TY4 

,TO ,/IRN] REVOLUTION & REBELLION >E NOT SYNONYM\S4 ,REVOLUTION IS AN OV]TURN+ ( ! CONDITION ( ! EXI/+ /ATE OR SOCIETY4 ,REVOLUTION IS ?US A POLITICAL OR SOCIAL ACT4 ,REBELLION1 ON ! O!R H&1 IS A TRANS=MATION ( CONDITIONS4 ,REBELLION /EMS FROM M5'S DISCONT5T ) !MSELVES4 ,IT IS NOT AN >M$ UPRIS+1 BUT A RIS+ UP ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,REBELLION HAS NO REG>D = ! >RANGEM5TS ?AT SPR+ FROM IT4 ,REVOLUTION AIMS AT NEW >RANGEM5TS2 REBELLION RESULTS 9 PEOPLE NO LONG] P]MITT+ !MSELVES TO BE >RANG$1 BUT TO >RANGE = !MSELVES1 PLAC+ NO GREAT HOPE ON EXI/+ 9/ITUTIONS4 ,REBELLION IS NOT A FI<T AGA9/ ! E/ABLI%$ ORD]1 BUT IF IT SUCCE$S1 IT WILL RESULT 9 ! D[NFALL ( ?AT ORD]4 ,/IRN] DOES NOT WANT TO OV]?R[ ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ORD] M]ELY TO OV]?R[ IT4 ,HE IS 9T]E/$ 9 ELEVAT+ HIMSELF ABOVE IT4 ,HIS PURPOSE IS NOT POLITICAL1 NOR SOCIAL1 BUT EGOI/IC4 

,TO BR+ AB\T ! TRANS=MATION ( CONDITION & PUT ! NEW CONDITION 9 ! PLACE ( LAW1 ! /ATE1 OR PROP]TY1 VIOL5T REBELLION AGA9/ ! EXI/+ CONDITIONS IS NECESS>Y4 ,=CE IS NECESS>Y4 ,IF EA* MAN IS TO HAVE :AT HE REQUIRES HE MU/ TAKE IT4 ,?IS WILL NECESS>ILY MEAN A W> ( EA* AGA9/ ALL1 = ! POOR BECOME FREE & PROPRIETORS ONLY :5 !Y REBEL4 ,! /ATE CAN ONLY BE OV]COME BY VIOL5T REBELLION4 ,ONLY REBELLION CAN SUCCE$4 ,REVOLUTION WILL FAIL BECAUSE IT WILL ONLY RESULT 9 SETT+ UP ANO!R UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL OR SOCIAL CONDITION4 ,ONLY REBELLION CAN 5TIRELY ELIM9ATE UNFAVORABLE POLITICAL & SOCIAL CONDITIONS & P]MIT MAN TO 5T] 9TO ! ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S :]E HE WILL BE ABLE TO A*IEVE ! HI<E/ REALIZATION ( SELF4 ,/IRN]'S ,CRITICS4 

,/IRN]'S CRITICS DID NOT TAKE LONG TO REPLY TO HIS BOOK4 ,HIS PR9CIPAL CRITICS W]E ,KUNO ,FIS*]1 ,LUDWIG ,FEU]BA*1 ,MOSES ,HESS1 ,BRUNO ,BAU]1 ,M>X & ,5GELS4 ,M>X & ,5GELS WROTE AN EXT5SIVE1 ALMO/ WORD-=-WORD REFUTATION ( ,/IRN]'S BOOK :I* WAS NOT ACCEPT$ = PUBLICATION AT ! TIME4 ,9 ! MA9 HIS L\DE/ CRITICS W]E HIS =M] FRI5DS FROM ,DIE ,FREI54 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM WAS NOT RELEAS$ UNTIL ,DECEMB] #ahdd BUT ALREADY 9 ,NOVEMB] ,5GELS HAD OBTA9$ A COPY FROM ,OTTO ,WIG&4 ,9 A LETT] ( ,NOVEMB] #a#i1 #a#h#d#d1 ,5GELS WROTE TO ,M>X ?AT 0WE MU/ NOT CA/ IT .<,/IRN]'S BOOK.> ASIDE10 & ?AT EV5 ?\< !Y W]E OPPOS$ TO ! IDEAS 9 ! BOOK !Y %\LD MAKE USE ( :AT !Y F\ND !RE4 

,BUT :AT IS TRUE 9 HIS PR9CIPLE1 WE1 TOO1 MU/ ACCEPT4 ,& :AT IS TRUE IS ?AT BE=E WE CAN BE ACTIVE 9 ANY CAUSE WE MU/ MAKE IT \R [N1 EGOI/IC CAUSE-& ?AT 9 ?IS S5SE1 QUITE ASIDE FROM ANY MAT]IAL EXPECTATIONS1 WE >E COMMUNI/S 9 VIRTUE ( \R EGOISM1 ?AT \T ( EGOISM WE WANT TO BE HUMAN BE+S & NOT M]ELY 9DIVIDUALS4 

,ON ,JANU>Y #a#g1 #a#h#d#e1 ,HESS WROTE TO ,M>X \TL9+ ,MS PROPOS$ ATTACK ON ,/IRN]4 ,>NOLD ,RUGE 9 A LETT] ( ,DECEMB] #f1 #a#h#d#d1 TO ,FRSBEL WROTE ?AT ,/IRN]'S BOOK WAS A GOOD CRITICISM ( COMMUNISM4 #ah ,TO HIS MO!R1 ,RUGE WROTE ON ,DECEMB] #a#g1 #a#h#d#d1 ?AT ,/IRN]'S BOOK WAS ! FIR/ READABLE WORK ( PHILOSOPHY 9 ,G]MANY4 ,BRUNO ,BAU] ,IS CRITICISM APPE>$ 9 ! >TICLE WRITT5 BY ,SOZELIGA4 ,FEU]BA*'S & ,BAU]'S ATTACKS W]E HURRI$ D5UNCIATIONS1 MORE P]SONAL ?AN PHILOSOPHICAL4 ,M>X EVID5TLY VIEW$ ,/IRN]'S BOOK AS A GREAT ?REAT4 ,HE ATTACK$ IT SY/EMATICALLY 9 ,DIE DEUTS*E ,IDEOLOGIE :I* IS PRACTICALLY A PO9T-BY-PO9T CRITICISM ( ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM4 ,9 ORD] TO UND]/& FULLY HIS ATTACK Y\ HAVE TO READ IT TOGE!R ) ,/IRN]'S BOOK4 ,M>X ATTEMPT$ TO UND]M9E ! BASIS ( ,/IRN]'S POSITION4 ,HIS COMM5TS >E MORE ?AN A P]SONAL V5DETTA AGA9/ ,/IRN]1 IT IS ONE SY/EM ( ?\<T CLA%+ ) ANO!R1 ) ,M>X 9 ! F9AL \TCOME ! B5EFICI>Y4 ,UNLIKE ! O!RS1 :5 CRITICIZ+ ,D] ,E9ZIGE1 ,M>X GAUG$ ! POSITIVE M]IT ( ,/IRN]'S WORK AS WELL AS ! NEGATIVE4 

,HE ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ,/IRN] WAS CORRECT :5 HE PO9T$ \T ! FAILURE ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM TO DEAL ) POV]TY4 ,M>X FUR!RMORE AGRE$ ) ,/IRN] ?AT ! PRACTICE ( GETT+ TO ! WEAL?Y MAN'S PURSE BY APPEAL+ TO HIS S5SE ( PIETY & FAIR PLAY1 (T5 REF]R$ TO AS 0S5TIM5TAL & IDEALI/IC PHILAN?ROPY10 WAS NOT SUFFICI5T4 ,HE ALSO AGRE$ ) ,/IRN]'S CONT5TION ?AT ! PROCESS ( MAN GA9+ HIS SELF-ID5TITY W\LD1 ( NECESSITY1 9VOLVE CLASS W>F>E4 ,HE PRAIS$ ,/IRN] = PO9T+ \T ! HOLL[NESS ( SLOGANS :I* APPEAL$ TO HUMANITY1 C\NTRY1 REASON1 JU/ICE1 OR AB/RACT FRE$OM4 ,/IRN] PO9T$ \T ?AT !SE AB/RACTIONS ONLY T5D$ TO MUDDLE & CONCEAL ! REAL ISSUES4 ,HE LIK$ ,/IRN]'S ATTACK ON PRIVATE PROP]TY1 BUT HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ,/IRN] HAD LITTLE 9SI<T 9TO ! ORIG9S ( PRIVATE PROP]TY4 ,M>X ALSO AGRE$ ) ,/IRN]'S CRITICISM ( ! DOCTR9E ( NATURAL RI<TS AL?\< HE HIMSELF DID NOT SUBSCRIBE TO ,/IRN]'S REASONS NOR HIS EMPHASIS ON EGOISM4 ,M>X WELCOM$ ,/IRN]'S CLAIMS ?AT G5U9E FRE$OM IMPLI$ MAT]IAL P[]1 BECAUSE HE REASON$ ?AT POLITICAL DEMOCRACY C\LD NEV] RESULT 9 SOCIAL DEMOCRACY BECAUSE 9 A POLITICAL DEMOCRACY :I* EMPHASIZES FREE COMPETITION 0HE P]SON )\T ! MAT]IAL MEANS WAS 9 AN UNFAVORABLE POSITION FROM ! \TSET4 ,IT %\LD BE NOT$1 H[EV]1 ?AT ,/IRN] WAS NO ADMIR] ( SOCIAL DEMOCRACY1 :I* HE VIEW$ AS A SUBT]FUGE ?R\< :I* ! WEAK OPPRESS$ ! /RONG4 ,M>X ALSO CONCURR$ ) ,/IRN] ?AT REVOLUTION1 :I* /OPS %ORT AT POLITICAL RE=MS1 CAN NEV] GU>ANTEE ! FRE$OM ( ! PEOPLE4 ,REVOLUTION CAN ONLY GU>ANTEE ! FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION1 :I* REALLY MEANS NO?+ BECAUSE1 9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS1 NO /ATE W\LD P]MIT ITSELF TO BE GR\ND TO NO?+NESS BY ?IS FRE$OM ( EXPRESSION4 

,! NEGATIVE ASPECTS ( ,D] ,E9ZIGE :I* ,M>X F9DS1 >E ?AT :ILE ,/IRN] REJECTS ,GOD1 FRE$OM1 IMMORTALITY1 & HUMANITY1 HE NON!LESS RETA9S !IR ME?OD4 ,/IRN]1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 HAS ONLY REPLAC$ ! AB/RACTIONS ( ,GOD ) AN EV5 MORE MON/R\S AB/RACTION-! EGO4 ,M>X RELAT$ ?AT ,/IRN] REJECT$ ! IDEALS ( PATRIOTISM1 *UR*1 & FAMILY AS EMPTY AB/RACTIONS :I* PRET5D$ TO BE SOME?+ !Y W]E NOT1 BUT !N QUE/IONS :E!R ,/IRN]'S DEVOTION TO ! EGO IS REALLY ANY DIFF]5T ?AN DEVOTION TO ,GOD OR C\NTRY4 ,ISN'T A MAN MORE ?AN M]ELY HIS EGO8 ,CAN Y\ /RIP HIM ( HIS SOCIAL RELATION%IPS & SOCIAL DEP5D5CIES1 /RIP HIM ( HIS B>E EGO1 F9D+ !SE ! S\RCE ( HIS FRI5D%IPS1 HIS LOVE1 & HIS WORK8 ,CAN ?IS BE DONE8 ,OR W\LD IT NOT BE MORE CORRECT TO SAY ?AT ONCE Y\ HAVE DONE ?IS Y\ HAVE DE/ROY$ HIM1 OR AT LEA/ HIS UNIQU5ESS IS DE/ROY$4 ,P]SONALITY EXI/S )9 SOCIETY4 ,IT IS ! EFFECT ( SOCIAL LIFE & NOT ! PRE-CONDITION !RE(4 ,DIFF]5T SOCIAL SY/EMS PRODUCE DIFF]5T TYPES ( P]SONALITIES4 ,TO UND]/& P]SONALITY Y\ HAVE TO UND]/& ! 5VIRONM5T 9 :I* IT FUNCTIONS4 ,!RE=E ! PURE1 ISOLAT$ EGO IS SOME?+ :I* NEV] WAS & NEV] CAN BE4 

,M>X FUR!R ATTACKS ,/IRN]'S SUBJECTIVISM :I* COMES AB\T FROM ! CONT5TION ?AT ! EGO CONDITIONS SOCIAL LIFE RA!R ?AN SOCIAL LIFE CONDITION+ ! EGO4 ,M>X ?\<T ?AT 9 NOT RECOGNIZ+ ! SOV]EIGNTY ( ! /ATE ,/IRN] WAS ONLY DELUD+ HIMSELF4 ,/IRN]1 9 ,M>X'S E/IMATION1 C\LD NOT EFFECTIVELY /RUGGLE AGA9/ ! /ATE BECAUSE HE DID NOT REALIZE :AT WAS ! REAL S\RCE ( ITS CORPORATE AB/RACTION4 ,TO DO AWAY ) ! /ATE DIALECTICALLY ON PAP] MEANS NO?+4 ,IT IS /ILL !RE1 Y\ CANNOT IGNORE ?IS FACT4 

,M>X ALSO ATTACKS ,/IRN] = HIS BELIEF ?AT Y\ CAN ISOLATE AN 9DIVIDUALS /ATE ( M9D FROM ! SOCIETY 9 :I* HE LIVES4 ,IT IS ,M>X'S CONT5TION ?AT A MAN'S /ATE ( M9D IS SOME?+ ?AT IS MADE UP ( A SUCCESSION ( /ATES ( M9D2 ON ! O!R H&1 ,/IRN] BELIEV$ ?AT ?IS /ATE ( M9D WAS CONTROLL$ BY SELF4 ,M>X SAYS HE IS MI/AK5 ?AT ! WORLD DOES CONSI/ ( MORE ?AN A /ATE ( M9D4 ,:AT A P]SON SEES & H[ HE VIEWS IT IS DET]M9$ BY SOME?+ :I* IS NOT A /ATE ( M9D AT AL L4 ,PEOPLE SEE DIFF]5T ?+S BECAUSE ( !IR DIFF]5T SOCIAL 5VIRONM5TS4 ,:AT IS SIGNIFICANT 9 ONE SOCIETY MAY OR MAY NOT BE IMPORTANT 9 ANO!R4 ,M>X CONCLUDES ?AT3 

,/IRN]'S SOCIAL NOM9ALISM1 !RE=E1 NOT ONLY IS 9CAPABLE ( EXPLA9+ :AT ! 9DIVIDUAL CONSCI\SNESS F9DS BUT CANNOT EXPLA9 ! SIGNIFICANT MODES ( ! ACTIVITY ( CONSCI\SNESS PROP]-ITS WI%+1 FE>+ & APPRAIS+4 ,/IRN] 444 IS ]ECT+ ! CONTEMPOR>Y ORD] ( ?+S & CONSCI\SNESS 9TO ! HI/ORICAL 9V>IANT4 ,/IRN]'S /&PO9T IS RELIGI\S BECAUSE :AT EV] HI/ORY IT DOES TREAT (1 TURNS \T TO BE A HI/ORY ( IDEAS4 ,! WORLD1 AS IT EXI/$ BE=E ,/IRN] CAME ON ! SC5E1 IS EXPLAIH$ BY A D\BLE 9CONSI/5CY1 AS ! RESULT ( MAN'S MI/AK5 RELIGI\S IDEAS4 

,?IS CRITICISM ( ,/IRN] BY ,M>X IS IMPORTANT = !RE9 IS CONTA9$ ! G]M ( HIS NEW PHILOSOPHY ( HI/ORY 

,! /&PO9T ) :I* ONE SATISFIES HIMSELF 9 SU* HI/ORIES ( ! SPIRIT IS ITSELF RELIGI\S1 = 9 IT ONE IS CONT5T TO /OP %ORT ) ,RELIGION1 TO CONCEIVE ,RELIGION AS A CAUSE ( ITSELF4 ,?IS IS DONE 9/EAD ( EXPLA9+ ,RELIGION 9 T]MS ( MAT]IAL CONDITIONS2 %[+ H[ C]TA9 DET]M9ATE 9DU/RIAL & COMM]CIAL RELATIONS >E NECESS>ILY B\ND UP ) C]TA9 SOCIAL =MS1 H[ !SE >E !MSELVES B\ND UP ) C]TA9 =MS ( ! /ATE & !RE) ) A C]TA9 =M ( RELIGI\S CONSCI\SNESS4 ,HAD ,/IRN] ACQUA9T$ HIMSELF ) ! REAL HI/ORY ( ! ,MIDDLE ,AGES HE W\LD HAVE DISCOV]$ :Y ! IDEAS ( ! ,*RI/IANS 9 ! M$IEVAL WORLD TOOK ! EXACT =M !Y DID1 & H[ IT CAME AB\T ?AT !SE IDEAS LAT] DEVELOP$ 9TO O!RS4 ,HE W\LD HAVE F\ND ?AT 0,*RI/IANITY0 HAD NO HI/ORY AT ALL & ?AT ALL ! DIFF]5T =MS 9 :I* IT WAS HELD AT DIFF]5T TIMES W]E NOT 0SELF-DET]M9ATIONS0 & PROGRESSIVE REALIZATIONS ( ! 0RELIGI\S SPIRIT10 BUT ?AT !Y W]E EFFECT$ BY COMPLETELY EMPIRICAL CAUSES QUITE REMOV$ FROM ANY 9FLU5CE ( ! RELIGI\S SPIRIT4 

,M>X ATTACK$ ,/IRN]'S EGOI/IC AN>*ISM BY ATTEMPT+ TO DEMON/RATE ?AT IT IS SELF-DEFEAT+4 ,ACCORD+ TO ,M>X ! 9DIVIDUAL CAN GA9 GREAT] FRE$OM & DEVELOP HIS 9DIVIDUALITY BETT] BY ASSOCIAT+ HIMSELF ) ! GR\P1 :I* WILL PROTECT HIS 9DIVIDUAL DIFF]5CES BETT] ?AN HE HIMSELF CAN4 ,! ABS5CE ( GR\P SUPPORT WILL 9 TIME DEPRIVE ! 9DIVIDUAL ( ! OPPORTUNITY TO CAPITALIZE ON HIS 9DIVIDUALIZ$ ABILITIES4 ,!N1 ACCORD+ TO ,M>X1 MAN'S 9DIVIDUAL 9T]E/1 ECONOMIC AS WELL AS NONECONOMIC1 LIES 9 ! GR\P4 ,IT IS A SACRIFICE ON ! P>T ( ALL 9VOLV$ BUT WILL RESULT 9 H>MONY AMONG M54 ,?IS H>MONY MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO 0CREATE 9/ITUTIONAL GU>ANTEES & ME*ANISM BY :I* ! ADVANTAGES ( ! SPECIFIC CAPACITIES ( ALL MAY BE MADE AVAILABLE = ALL40 

,NATURALLY ,M>X DISAGRE$ ) ,/IRN]'S CONCEPT ( 0ONE'S [N40 ,HE PO9T$ \T ?AT ?IS IS AN >TIFICIAL AB/RACTION1 & ?AT NO MAN CAN MAKE A CLAIM = :AT IS EXCLUSIVELY HIS [N4 ,M>X ALSO CRITICIZ$ ,/IRN]'S CONCEPT ( 0SELF 9T]E/0 OR 0ONE'S 9T]E/40 ,FUR!RMORE1 ,M>X DEMON/RATES ?AT ! 9DIVIDUAL 0,I10 :I* ,/IRN] CONSID]$ TO BE ABOVE EV]Y SOCIAL LIMITATION1 :E!R PROLET>IAN OR B\RGEOIS1 IS NO?+ MORE ?AN ! EXPRESSION ( ! ,G]MAN PETITE B\RGEOIS :O ASPIR$ TO BECOME B\RGEOIS4 ,/IRN]'S ,9FLU5CE4 

,IT IS DIFFICULT TO ASSESS ACCURATELY ! 9FLU5CE ( ,/IRN]4 ,!RE IS DEF9ITELY A CONNECTION BETWE5 HIS ?\<T & ! S*OOL ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! CONNECT+ L9K BETWE5 ,/IRN] & O!R ?9K]S & MOVEM5TS IS NOT SO EASILY E/ABLI%$2 H[EV]1 SOME WRIT]S PORTRAY ,/IRN] AS A PRECURSOR ( ,NIETZS*E1 :ILE O!RS PO9T \T ?AT ! SE$S ( FASCISM >E F\ND 9 ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM1 ,/ILL O!RS PLACE ,/IRN] AS A =]UNN] ( EXI/5TIALISM4 ,I MYSELF CAN SEE A LOGICAL P>ALLEL BETWE5 ,/IRN] & ,RUDI ,DUTS*KE1 CONTEMPOR>Y LEAD] ( ! ,SOZIALI/IS*] ,DEUTS*] ,/UD5T5BUND4 ,MU* IS ATTRIBUT$ TO ,/IRN] TODAY1 BUT DUR+ HIS LIFE TIME HE WAS NOT ABLE TO ATTRACT ANY DISCIPLES OR S*OOL ( FOLL[]S4 ,/IRN]'S 9FLU5CE DUR+ HIS LIFE TIME SEEMS TO BE LIMIT$ TO ,JULIUS ,FAU*] 7#a#h#b-#a#h#g#h71 :O REPRES5T$ ,/IRN]'S IDEAS 9 HIS NEWSPAP] ! ,B]L9] ,AB5DPO/4 ,?IS PAP] WAS1 ( C\RSE1 QUICKLY SUPPRESS$4 ,Z5K] GIVES US AN EXAMPLE ( ,FAU*]'S COMPREH5SION ( ,/IRN]'S ?\<T 

,H[ /RANGE & ANOMAL\S ,/IRN]'S 9DIVIDUALISM APPE>$ EV5 TO ! MO/ ADVANC$ ,RADICALS ( ,G]MANY 9 ?AT P]IOD APPE>S V]Y CLE>LY FROM A CONV]SATION RECORD$ BY ,MAX ,WIR?1 :I* ,FAU*] HAD ) ! /ALW>T ,REPUBLICAN ,S*LSFFEL1 9 AN 9N FREQU5T$ BY ! ,LEFT P>TY 9 ! ,P>LIAM5T 9 ,FRANKFURT4 0,S*LSFFEL LOV$ TO BOA/ ( HIS ,RADICAL OP9IONS1 JU/ AS AT ?AT TIME MANY M5 TOOK A PRIDE 9 BE+1 JU/ AS EXTREME AS POSSIBLE AMONG ! MEMB]S ( ! ,LEFT4 ,HE EXPRESS$ HIS A/ONI%M5T ?AT ,FAU*] HELD ALO( FROM ! CURR5T ( POLITICS40 0,IT IS BECAUSE Y\ >E TOO NE> ! ,RI<T P>TY = ME10 ANSW]$ ,FAU*]1 :O DELI<T$ 9 A/ONI%+ PEOPLE ) P>ADOXES4 ,S*LSFFEL /ROK$ HIS LONG BE>D PR\DLY1 & REPLI$1 0,DO Y\ SAY ?AT TO ME80 0,YES10 CONT9U$ ,FAU*]1 0= Y\ >E A ,REPUBLICAN 9C>NATE2 Y\ /ILL WANT A ,/ATE4 ,N[ ,I DO NOT WANT A ,/ATE AT ALL1 &1 CONSEQU5TLY1 ,I AM A MORE EXTREME MEMB] ( ! ,LEFT ?AN Y\40 ,IT WAS ! FIR/ TIME ,S*LSFFEL HAD HE>D !SE P>ADOXES1 & HE REPLI$3 0,NONS5SE2 :O CAN EMANCIPATE US FROM ! ,/ATE80 0,CRIME10 WAS ,FAU*]'S REPLY1 UTT]$ ) AN EXPRESSION ( PA?OS4 ,S*LSFFEL TURN$ AWAY1 & LEFT ! DR9K+ P>TY )\T SAY+ A WORD MORE4 ,! O!RS BROKE \T LAU<+ AT ! PR\D DEMAGOGUE BE+ ?US \TDONE3 BUT NO ONE SEEMS TO HAVE SUSPECT$ 9 ! WORDS ( ,FAU*] MORE ?AN A JOKE 9 DIALECTICS4 ,?IS ANECDOTE IS A GOOD EXAMPLE ( ! WAY 9 :I* ,/IRN]'S IDEAS W]E UND]/OOD1 & %[S ?AT ,FAU*] WAS ! ONLY 9DIVIDUAL 09DIVIDUAL0 AMONG ! MO/ ,RADICAL POLITICIANS ( ?AT TIME4 

,NETTLAU AGREES ) ,Z5K] :5 HE WRITES ?AT 0FEW BOOKS HAVE BE5 SO MISUND]/OOD OR SUBJECT$ TO SO MANY V>Y+ CRITICAL EXAM9ATIONS40 ,/IRN]'S GREATE/ 9FLU5CE CAME T[>D ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,IT IS G5]ALLY ACKN[L$G$ ?AT ,/IRN] IS ! FA!R ( 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*ISM4 ,! 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* />T$ 9 ,G]MANY 9 ! #ahi ,IS1 CAN BE TRAC$ DIRECTLY TO ! WRIT+S ( ,/IRN]4 ,WAS ,NIETZS*E 9FLU5C$ BY ,/IRN]8 ,9 SPITE ( ,CRANE ,BR9TON'S PROTE/ TO ! CONTR>Y ,NIETZS*E PROBABLY WAS4 ,AL?\< ,/IRN] IS NOT M5TION$ 9 ,NIETZS*E'S WRIT+S1 NUM]\S /UDIES HAVE COMP>$ !IR WRIT+S4 ,9 ! F9AL ANALYSIS !RE IS BUT ONE PIECE ( EVID5CE TO PROVE ?AT ,NIETZS*E KNEW ,/IRN]4 ,LS) /ATES ! CASE3 

,/IRN] IS NO:]E M5TION$ 9 ,NIETZS*E'S WRIT+S2 BUT ,OV]BECK'S WITNESS PROVES ?AT ,NIETZS*E KNEW ( HIM1 & NOT ONLY ?R\< ,LANGE'S HI/ORY ( MAT]IALISM4 ,& ,NIETZS*E WAS SO 0ECONOMICAL10 ) HIS KN[L$GE ( ,/IRN] BECAUSE HE WAS BO? ATTRACT$ TO & REPELL$ BY HIM1 & DID NOT WANT TO BE CONFUS$ ) HIM4 ,ANO!R 9T]E/+ FACET ( ,/IRN]ISM IS ITS 9FLU5CE ON ! DEVELOPM5T ( FASCISM1 SPECIFICALLY ) REG>D TO ,MUSSOL9I4 ,IT IS KN[N ?AT ,MUSSOL9I /UDI$ ,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5?UM & ADMIR$ ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ,/IRN]4 ,LAURA ,F]MI ONLY RAISES ! QUE/ION ( ! 9FLU5CE ( ,/IRN]'S ?\<T ON ,MUSSOL9I1 & DOES NOT GO 9TO DETAIL4 ,H] ACC\NT SUGGE/S ?AT A ?OR\< /UDY ( ,MUSSOL9I'S WRIT+S W\LD PROBABLY E/ABLI% A FIRM CONNECTION4 ,9 REC5T YE>S IT HAS BECOME FA%IONABLE TO CONSID] ,/IRN] AS AN E>LY EXPON5T ( EXI/5TIALISM1 AS A =]UNN] ( ,KI]KEGA>D4 ,K>L ,LS) /ATES ?AT 

,KI]KEGA>D FOLL[S ,/IRN] AS ! ANTI!SIS ( ,M>X4 ,LIKE ,/IRN]1 LIE R$UCES ! 5TIRE SOCIAL WORLD TO HIS [N 0SELF4 ,BUT AT ! SAME TIME HE F9DS HIMSELF 9 ABSOLUTE OPPOSITION TO ,/IRN]2 9/EAD ( GR\ND 9 ! 9DIVIDUAL UPON CREATIVE NO?+NESS1 HE PLACES ! 9DIVIDUAL 0BE=E ,GOD10 ! CREATOR ( ! WORLD4 

,M>T9 ,BUB] ALSO MAKES IT A PO9T TO DEMON/RATE ,KI]KEGA>D'S DEBT TO ,/IRN]4 ,BO? ,H]B]T ,RE$ & ,H5RI ,>VON POSE ! QUE/ION1 IF ,*RI/IAN EXI/5TIALISM RECOGNIZES ,KI]KEGA>D1 :Y DOES A!I/IC EXI/5TIALISM CONT9UE TO IGNORE ,/IRN]8 ,EV5 ?\< MANY ( ! *>ACT]S 9 ! PLAYS & NOVELS ( ! A!I/IC EXI/5TIALI/ WRIT]S >E CON/RUCT$ R\ND A PHILOSOPHY :I* SEEMS TO BE ID5TICAL ) ,/IRN]'S1 !RE IS NO WAY TO PROVE ?IS SATISFACTORILY ) CONCRETE EVID5CE4 

,! A!I/IC EXI/5TIALI/S MAY DISREG>D ,/IRN]1 BUT ,/IRN] IS POPUL> TODAY4 ,! BATTLES :I* ,M>X F\<T \T ) ,/IRN]1 ,BAKUN9 & O!R AN>*I/S1 & :I* HE ?\<T HE HAD WON1 SOLV$ NO?+4 ,! GIANTS HE SLEW HAVE ONCE AGA9 COME TO LIFE4 ,! ISSUES RAIS$ BY ,/IRN] & C\NT]$ BY ,M>X HAVE A DEF9ITE RELEVANCE 9 ! WORLD TODAY1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ,FRANCE & ,WE/ ,G]MANY4 ,M>XISM ONCE AGA9 IS 5GAG$ 9 A LIFE & DEA? /RUGGLE ) AN>*ISM4 ,IT W\LD APPE> ?AT ! AN>*I/S WILL W9 A VICTORY OV] ! ,M>XI/S AT LEA/ 9 ,FRANCE1 ,WE/ ,G]MANY & EV5 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES :]E AN>*ISM SEEMS TO HOLD \T MORE ( A PROMISE TO ! ,RADICAL ,LEFT ( SOLV+ ! WORLD'S PROBLEMS ?AN ,M>XISM 9 ,WE/ ,G]MANY1 ,FRANCE1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AN>*I/S & O!R GR\PS TODAY ADVOCATE MAK+1 USE ( REBELLION TO BR+ D[N ! /ATE :I* !Y REF] TO AS ! ,E/ABLI%M5T4 ,RUDI ,DUTS*KE1 9 ,G]MANY1 W\LD SET UP SMALL GR\PS ( PEOPLE V]Y SIMIL> TO ,/IRN]'S ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S4 ,DUTS*KE1 & SOME MILITANTS ( ! ,S,D,S1 HAVE PO9T$ \T ?AT ONLY REBELLION CAN SUCCE$ 9 FREE+ ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,REVOLUTION ONLY SUCCE$S 9 SETT+ UP A NEW >RANGEM5T2 IT DOES NOT TRANS=M SOCIETY4 ,!Y USE ! EXAMPLE ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION TO DEMON/RATE ! FAILURE ( REVOLUTION AS A VEHICLE = SETT+ ! 9DIVIDUAL FREE4 ,I DO NOT KN[ IF ,DUTS*KE HAS /UDI$ ,/IRN]'S WRIT+S1 BUT !RE IS A LOGICAL P>ALLEL BETWE5 HIS FAI? 9 REBELLION1 & ! DEVELOPM5T ( SMALL GR\PS TO SET PEOPLE FREE1 & ,/IRN]'S SIMIL> BELIEF 9 ! SUP]IORITY ( REBELLION OV] REVOLUTION & ,/IRN]'S ,UNION ( ,EGOI/S4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aiga 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,G]MANY ,MAX ,/IRN] -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #c1 #bb 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,G]MANY ,MAX ,/IRN] -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,G]MANY ,MAX ,/IRN] -- ,UPDAT$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/