,AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,TEXT 3 

,AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA 

,DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! #b? C5TURY1 AN>*ISM WAS BY F> ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT CURR5T 9 RADICAL ?9K+ 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,AL?\< ,EA/ ,ASIAN AN>*I/S DID NOT MAKE SIGNIFICANT ORIG9AL CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN>*I/ !ORY1 !Y DID 9TRODUCE A NUMB] ( IMPORTANT IDEAS TO ! POLITICS & CULTURE ( !IR C\NTRIES1 9CLUD+ UNIV]SAL $UCATION1 ! RI<TS ( Y\? & WOM51 & ! NE$ TO ABOLI% ALL DIVISIONS ( LABOR--ESPECIALLY ?OSE BETWE5 M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR & BETWE5 AGRICULTURAL & 9DU/RIAL LABOR4 ,P]HAPS ! MO/ SIGNIFICANT & LA/+ ( !IR CONTRIBUTIONS WAS ! IDEA ( 0SOCIAL REVOLUTION0--I4E41 ! IDEA ?AT REVOLUTION>Y POLITICAL *ANGE CANNOT OCCUR )\T RADICAL *ANGES 9 SOCIETY & CULTURE1 SPECIFICALLY ! ELIM9ATION ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS ?AT >E 9H]5TLY CO]CIVE & AU?ORIT>IAN1 SU* AS ! TRADITIONAL FAMILY4 ,AL?\< SOME AN>*I/S 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA S\<T TO CREATE REVOLUTION ?R\< VIOL5CE1 O!RS REPUDIAT$ VIOL5CE 9 FAVOR ( PEACEFUL MEANS1 ESPECIALLY $UCATION4 ,NEV]!LESS1 !Y ALL BELIEV$ ?AT POLITICS IS DET]M9$ MA9LY BY SOCIETY & CULTURE & !RE=E ?AT SOCIETY & CULTURE MU/ BE ! FOCUS ( !IR REVOLUTION>Y EF=TS4 

,AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN 

,! FIR/ SELF-DESCRIB$ AN>*I/ 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA WAS ! ,JAPANESE WRIT] & ACTIVI/ ,KOTOKU ,%USUI4 ,9 #aia ,KOTOKU1 AN E>LY ADVOCATE ( ,JAPANESE SOCIALISM1 HELP$ TO F\ND ! ,SOCIAL ,DEMOCRATIC ,P>TY1 :I* WAS IMM$IATELY BANN$ BY ! GOV]NM5T4 ,E>LY 9 #a#i#e1 AFT] ! NEWSPAP] HE PUBLI%$1 ! ,HEIM9 %IMBUN 70,COMMON]'S ,NEWSPAP]071 D5\NC$ ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W>1 ! PAP] WAS CLOS$ & ,KOTOKU WAS IMPRISON$4 ,:ILE 9 PRISON HE WAS PR(\NDLY 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE--ESPECIALLY ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES1 & ,WORK%OPS--& ADOPT$ AN>*ISM :OLEHE>T$LY4 ,AS HE WROTE TO A FRI5D AT ! TIME1 HE HAD 0GONE .<TO PRISON.> AS A ,M>XIAN SOCIALI/ & RETURN$ A RADICAL AN>*I/40 ,AFT] FIVE MON?S 9 PRISON ,KOTOKU TRAVEL$ TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 :]E HE COLLABORAT$ ) MEMB]S ( ! ,I,W,W1 POPUL>LY KN[N AS ! 0,WOBBLIES40 ,HIS EXP]I5CES 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES L$ HIM TO AB&ON P>LIAM5T>Y POLITICS 9 FAVOR ( A VIOL5T /RATEGY ( 0DIRECT ACTION40 

,AFT] HIS RETURN TO ,JAPAN 9 ,JUNE #a#i#f1 ,KOTOKU BEGAN ORGANIZ+ WORK]S = RADICAL ACTIVITIES4 ,HE ALSO MANAG$ TO P]SUADE ! NEWLY F\ND$ ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY ( ,JAPAN TO ADOPT HIS VIEWS ON DIRECT ACTION4 ,9 #aia ,KOTOKU WAS AMONG HUNDR$S >RE/$ = 9VOLVEM5T 9 A CONSPIRACY TO ASSASS9ATE ! ,MEIJI EMP]OR4 ,AL?\< HE HAD )DRAWN FROM ! CONSPIRACY BE=E HIS >RE/1 ,KOTOKU WAS TRI$ = TREASON & WAS EXECUT$ 9 #a#i#a#a4 ,HIS DEA? M>K$ ! BEG9N+ ( A 0W9T] P]IOD0 = AN>*ISM 9 ,JAPAN1 :I* WAS TO LA/ UNTIL ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I4 

,AL?\< MU* DIM9I%$1 AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,JAPAN DID NOT COMPLETELY CEASE DUR+ ?IS P]IOD4 ,OSUGI ,SAKAE1 ! =EMO/ FIGURE 9 ,JAPANESE AN>*ISM 9 ! DECADE AFT] ,KOTOKU'S DEA?1 PUBLI%$ AN>*I/ NEWSPAP]S & L$ ORGANIZ+ CAMPAIGNS AMONG 9DU/RIAL WORK]S4 ,HIS EF=TS W]E HAMP]$ BY CONT9U\S POLICE REPRESSION1 H[EV]1 & HE HAD V]Y LITTLE IMPACT 9 ,JAPAN4 ,NEV]!LESS1 ,OSUGI GREATLY 9FLU5C$ AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A &1 LAT]1 ,KOREA4 

,AN>*ISM 9 ,*9A 

,%ORTLY AFT] #a#i1 AS P>T ( ! RE=MS ?AT FOLL[$ ! UNSUCCESSFUL ,BOX] ,REBELLION1 ! ,Q+ DYNA/Y BEGAN TO S5D MANY Y\NG ,*9ESE TO /UDY ABROAD1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,FRANCE1 ,JAPAN1 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 !SE PLACES & ELSE:]E1 ,*9ESE /UD5TS E/ABLI%$ NATIONALI/ & REVOLUTION>Y ORGANIZATIONS D$ICAT$ TO OV]?R[+ ! IMP]IAL REGIME4 ,TWO ( ! MO/ IMPORTANT ( !SE GR\PS--! ,WORLD ,ASSOCIATION1 F\ND$ 9 ,P>IS 9 #a#i#f1 & ! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM1 F\ND$ 9 ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#g--ADOPT$ EXPLICITLY AN>*I/ PROGRAMS4 

,BETWE5 #aig & #aia ! ,WORLD ,ASSOCIATION PUBLI%$ A J\RNAL1 ,! ,NEW ,C5TURY1 ?AT WAS A MAJOR S\RCE ( 9=MATION 9 ,*9ESE ON AN>*I/ !ORY & ! ,EUROPEAN AN>*I/ MOVEM5T4 ,! J\RNAL PROMOT$ AN 9DIVIDUALI/IC & 0FUTURI/IC0 AN>*ISM & WAS AMONG ! FIR/ ,*9ESE-LANGUAGE PUBLICATIONS TO OP5LY ATTACK NATIVE TRADITIONS1 9 P>TICUL> ,CONFUCIANISM4 ,! ,SOCIETY = ! ,/UDY ( ,SOCIALISM1 ON ! O!R H&1 FAVOR$ AN ANTIMOD]N AN>*ISM 9FLU5C$ BY ! PACIFI/ RADICALISM ( ,RUSSIAN NOVELI/ ,LEO ,TOL/OY1 & IT /RESS$ ! AFF9ITY BETWE5 AN>*ISM & PHILOSOPHICAL CURR5TS 9 ! ,*9ESE PA/1 ESPECIALLY ,DAOISM4 ,?R\< ITS PUBLICATIONS1 ,NATURAL ,JU/ICE & ,BALANCE1 ! ,SOCIETY ADVOCAT$ ,KROPOTK9'S PROGRAMS = COMB9+ AGRICULTURE ) 9DU/RY & M5TAL ) MANUAL LABOR1 IDEAS ?AT W]E TO HAVE A LA/+ 9FLU5CE ON ,*9ESE RADICALISM4 

,SIGNIFICANT AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 9 ,*9A ITSELF DID NOT BEG9 UNTIL AFT] ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION 7#a#i#a#a-#a#b74 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S $UCAT$ 9 ,P>IS 7! SO-CALL$ 0,P>IS AN>*I/S07 RETURN$ TO ,BEIJ+ & IMM$IATELY BECAME 9VOLV$ 9 ! RE=M ( $UCATION & CULTURE4 ,CONV9C$ ( ! NE$ = SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 ! ,P>IS AN>*I/S >GU$ 9 FAVOR ( ,WE/]N SCI5CE AGA9/ RELIGION & SUP]/ITION1 CALL$ = ! EMANCIPATION ( WOM5 & Y\?1 REJECT$ ! TRADITIONAL FAMILY & ! ,CONFUCIAN VALUES ON :I* IT WAS BAS$1 & ORGANIZ$ EXP]IM5TAL WORK-/UDY COMMUNITIES AS ALT]NATIVES TO TRADITIONAL =MS ( FAMILY & WORK+ LIFE4 ,!SE IDEAS & PRACTICES W]E EXTREMELY 9FLU5TIAL 9 ! ,NEW ,CULTURE MOVEM5T ( ! LATE #a#i#aS & E>LY #a#i#bS4 ,L$ BY ! G5]ATION ( 9TELLECTUALS S5T TO /UDY ABROAD1 ! MOVEM5T WAS CRITICAL ( ALL ASPECTS ( TRADITIONAL ,*9ESE CULTURE & E?ICS & CALL$ = SWEEP+ RE=MS 9 EXI/+ POLITICAL & SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS4 

,AN>*I/S W]E ALSO ACTIVE 9 ,S\? ,*9A4 ,9 ,CANTON1 A NATIVE S*OOL ( AN>*ISM EM]G$ >\ND ! *>ISMATIC REVOLUTION>Y ,LIU ,%IFU1 BETT] KN[N BY HIS ADOPT$ NAME ,%IFU4 ,9 #aiab ,%IFU F\ND$ ! ,COCK-,CR[ ,SOCIETY1 :OSE J\RNAL1 ,PEOPLE'S ,VOICE1 WAS ! LEAD+ ORGAN ( ,*9ESE AN>*ISM 9 ! #a#i#aS4 ,AL?\< NOT A P>TICUL>LY ORIG9AL ?9K]1 ,%IFU WAS A SKILL$ EXPOSITOR ( AN>*I/ DOCTR9E4 ,HIS POLEMICAL EX*ANGES ) ! SOCIALI/ LEAD] ,JIANG ,KHANGU HELP$ TO POPUL>IZE AN>*ISM AS A 0PURE SOCIALISM0 & TO DI/+UI% IT FROM O!R CURR5TS 9 SOCIALI/ ?\<T4 

,AN>*ISM 9 ,VIETNAM & ,KOREA 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS 5T]$ ,VIETNAM ?R\< ! ACTIVITIES ( ! E>LY ,VIETNAMESE NATIONALI/ LEAD] ,PHAN ,BOI ,*AU4 ,PHAN1 :O L$ ! /RUGGLE AGA9/ ,FR5* COLONIAL RULE DUR+ ! FIR/ TWO DECADES ( ! #b? C5TURY1 WAS 9TRODUC$ TO AN>*ISM BY ,*9ESE 9TELLECTUALS 9 ,TOKYO 9 #a#i#e-#i4 ,AL?\< ,PHAN WAS NOT AN AN>*I/ HIMSELF1 HIS ?9K+ REFLECT$ C]TA9 DI/9CTLY AN>*I/ !MES1 NOTABLY ANTI-IMP]IALISM & 0DIRECT ACTION40 ,AFT] ! ,*9ESE ,REVOLUTION 9 #a#i#a#a1 ,PHAN MOV$ TO ,S\? ,*9A1 :]E HE JO9$ A NUMB] ( ORGANIZATIONS ?AT ESP\S$ OR W]E 9FLU5C$ BY AN>*ISM1 9CLUD+ ! ,WORLDWIDE ,LEAGUE = ,HUMANITY4 ,HE ALSO RECEIV$ ADVICE & F9ANCIAL SUPPORT FROM ,%IFU4 ,9 #a#i#a#b1 ) ,%IFU'S HELP1 HE F\ND$ ! ,LEAGUE ( ! ,RE/ORATION ( ,VIETNAM & ! ,LEAGUE = ! ,PROSP]ITY ( ,*9A & ,ASIA1 :I* AIM$ TO BUILD L9KS BETWE5 REVOLUTION>Y MOVEM5TS 9 ,*9A & ?OSE 9 COLONIZ$ C\NTRIES SU* AS ,VIETNAM1 ,BURMA 7,MYANM>71 ,9DIA1 & ,KOREA4 

,9 ! E>LY #a#i#bS ,KOREAN RADICALS E/ABLI%$ AN>*I/ SOCIETIES 9 ,TOKYO & 9 V>I\S LOCATIONS 9 ,*9A4 ,LIKE !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 ,VIETNAM1 !Y W]E DRAWN TO AN>*ISM MO/LY = ITS ANTI-IMP]IALISM & ITS EMPHASIS ON DIRECT ACTION1 :I* (F]$ A JU/IFICATION = VIOL5T RESI/ANCE TO ! ,JAPANESE COLONIAL GOV]NM5T4 ,= LEAD]S SU* AS ,%9 ,*AE-,HO1 AN>*ISM WAS AN ATTRACTIVE DEMOCRATIC ALT]NATIVE TO ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNISM1 :I* BY ?IS TIME WAS ?REAT5+ TO TAKE CONTROL ( ! RADICAL MOVEM5T 9 ,KOREA4 

,DECL9E ( AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA 

,BY ! E>LY #a#i#bS AN>*ISM 9 MO/ P>TS ( ,EA/ ,ASIA HAD 5T]$ A DECL9E FROM :I* IT W\LD NOT RECOV]4 ,AFT] ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 ,BOL%EVIK COMMUNI/S 9 ,JAPAN1 ,*9A1 ,VIETNAM1 & ,KOREA E/ABLI%$ !IR [N REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETIES1 :I* W]E EV5TUALLY TRANS=M$ 9TO CL&E/9E POLITICAL P>TIES1 & BEGAN TO COMPETE ) AN>*I/S = 9FLU5CE 9 ! LABOR MOVEM5TS4 ,FAC$ ) ! ,BOL%EVIKS' SUP]IOR ORGANIZATIONAL ABILITIES & ! F9ANCIAL SUPPORT !Y RECEIV$ FROM ! NEWLY CON/ITUT$ ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! AN>*I/S C\LD (F] ONLY WEAK RESI/ANCE & W]E SOON ECLIPS$4 ,BY #a#i#b#g1 ,*9ESE AN>*I/S W]E DEVOT+ MO/ ( !IR 5]GIES TO ?IS LOS+ /RUGGLE1 SOMETIMES 9 COLLUSION ) REACTION>Y ELEM5TS 9 ! LOOSELY /RUCTUR$ ,KUOM9TANG 7,NATIONALI/ ,P>TY74 ,9 ,JAPAN AN>*I/ ACTIVITY 5JOY$ A BRIEF RESURG5CE 9 ! MID-#a#i#bS UND] ,HATTA ,%UZO1 :O =MULAT$ A DOCTR9E ( 0PURE0 AN>*ISM 9 OPPOSITION TO ,M>XI/ 9FLU5CES4 ,A P]IOD ( CONFLICT BETWE5 SU* PURE & ,M>XI/-ORI5T$ AN>*I/S 5D$ 9 ! E>LY #a#i#cS1 :5 ALL =MS ( RADICALISM W]E CRU%$ BY ! MILIT>Y GOV]NM5T4 

,AL?\< POLITICALLY IRRELEVANT AFT] ! E>LY #a#i#bS1 AN>*I/S 9 ,*9A CONT9U$ TO WORK T[>D SOCIAL REVOLUTION 9 $UCATION & CULTURE4 ,! AU?OR ,BA ,J9 WROTE NOVELS & %ORT /ORIES ON AN>*I/ !MES ?AT W]E WIDELY POPUL> 9 ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#cS & '#dS1 & ,BA WAS ELECT$ TO IMPORTANT LIT]>Y & CULTURAL ORGANIZATIONS AFT] ! COMMUNI/ VICTORY 9 ! ,*9ESE ,CIVIL ,W> 7#a#i#d#e-#d#i74 ,9 #aibg A GR\P ( ,P>IS AN>*I/S HELP$ TO E/ABLI% A %ORT-LIV$ ,LABOR ,UNIV]SITY 9 ,%AN<AI1 :I* PUT 9TO PRACTICE ! AN>*I/ BELIEF 9 COMB9+ M5TAL & MANUAL LABOR4 ,?IS BELIEF L+]$ LONG AFT] ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T ITSELF WAS GONE1 9FLU5C+ DEBATES ON ECONOMIC POLICY 9 ! COMMUNI/ GOV]NM5T 9 ! DECADES AFT] #a#i#d#i4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bba 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #d1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM 9 ,EA/ ,ASIA -- ,UPDAT$4 

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