,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,C ,AN>*ISM 9 ! ,ITALIAN ,FACTORY ,C\NCILS #aigaig ,PEOPLE 3 ,AU?OR 3 ,DANIEL ,GU]9 ,AU?OR 3 ,NOAM ,*OMSKY ,TEXT 3 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S FOLL[$ ! EXAMPLE ( EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA1 & W5T ALONG ) ! P>TISANS ( SOVIET P[] 9 ! P]IOD IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ,GREAT ,W>4 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION HAD BE5 RECEIV$ ) DEEP SYMPA?Y BY ! ,ITALIAN WORK]S1 ESPECIALLY BY !IR VANGU>D1 ! METAL WORK]S ( ! NOR!RN P>T ( ! C\NTRY4 ,ON ,FEBRU>Y #b1 #a#i#a#i1 ! ,ITALIAN ,F$]ATION ( ,METAL ,WORK]S 7,F,I,O,M7 WON A CONTRACT PROVID+ = ! ELECTION ( 09T]NAL COMMISSIONS0 9 ! FACTORIES4 ,!Y SUBSEQU5TLY TRI$ TO TRANS=M !SE ORGANS ( WORK]S' REPRES5TATION 9TO FACTORY C\NCILS ) A MANAG]IAL FUNCTION1 BY CONDUCT+ A S]IES ( /RIKES & OCCUPATIONS ( ! FACTORIES4 ,! LA/ ( !SE1 AT ! 5D ( ,AUGU/ #a#i#b1 ORIG9AT$ 9 A LOCK\T BY EMPLOY]S4 #a LL@9 METAL WORK]S AS A :OLE DECID$ TO CONT9UE PRODUCTION ON !IR [N4 ,!Y TRI$ P]SUASION & CON/RA9T ALT]NATELY1 BUT FAIL$ TO W9 ! COOP]ATION ( ! 5G9E]S & SUP]VISORY P]SONNEL4 ,! MANAGEM5T ( ! FACTORIES HAD1 !RE=E1 TO BE CONDUCT$ BY TE*NICAL & ADM9I/RATIVE WORK]S' COMMITTEES4 ,SELF-MANAGEM5T W5T QUITE A LONG WAY3 9 ! E>LY P]IOD ASSI/ANCE WAS OBTA9$ FROM ! BANKS1 BUT :5 IT WAS )DRAWN ! SELF-MANAGEM5T SY/EM ISSU$ ITS [N MONEY TO PAY ! WORK]S' WAGES4 ,V]Y /RICT SELF-DISCIPL9E WAS REQUIR$1 ! USE ( ALCOHOLIC BEV]AGES =BIDD51 & >M$ PATROLS W]E ORGANIZ$ = SELF-DEF5SE4 ,V]Y CLOSE SOLID>ITY WAS E/ABLI%$ BETWE5 ! FACTORIES UND] SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,ORES & COAL W]E PUT 9TO A COMMON POOL1 & %>$ \T EQUITABLY4 ,! RE=MI/ W+ ( ! TRADE UNIONS OPT$ = COMPROMISE ) ! EMPLOY]S4 ,AFT] A FEW WEEKS ( MANAG]IAL OCCUPATION1 ! WORK]S HAD TO LEAVE ! FACTORIES 9 EX*ANGE = A PROMISE TO EXT5D WORK]S' CONTROL1 A PROMISE :I* WAS NOT KEPT4 ,! REVOLUTION>Y LEFT W+1 COMPOS$ ( AN>*I/S & LEFT SOCIALI/S1 CRI$ TREASON1 9 VA94 ,?IS LEFT W+ HAD A !ORY1 A SPOKESMAN1 & A PUBLICATION4 ,! WEEKLY ,L',ORD9E ,NUOVO 7,! ,NEW ,ORD]7 FIR/ APPE>$ 9 ,TUR9 ON ,MAY #a1 #a#i#a#i4 ,IT WAS $IT$ BY A LEFT SOCIALI/1 ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 ASSI/$ BY A PR(ESSOR ( PHILOSOPHY AT ,TUR9 ,UNIV]SITY ) AN>*I/ IDEAS1 WRIT+ UND] ! PSEUDONYM ( ,C>LO ,PETRI1 & ALSO ( A :OLE NUCLEUS ( ,TUR9 LIB]T>IANS4 ,9 ! FACTORIES1 ! ,ORD9E ,NUOVO GR\P WAS SUPPORT$ BY A NUMB] ( PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS ( ! METAL TRADES1 ,PIETRO ,F]R]O & ,MAURIZIO ,G>9O4 ,! MANIFE/O ( ,ORD9E ,NUOVO WAS SIGN$ BY SOCIALI/S & LIB]T>IANS TOGE!R1 AGREE+ TO REG>D ! FACTORY C\NCILS AS 0ORGANS SUIT$ TO FUTURE COMMUNI/ MANAGEM5T ( BO? ! 9DIVIDUAL FACTORY & ! :OLE SOCIETY40 ,ORD9E ,NUOVO T5D$ TO REPLACE TRADITIONAL TRADE UNIONISM BY ! /RUCTURE ( FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,IT WAS NOT 5TIRELY HO/ILE TO TRADE UNIONS1 :I* IT REG>D$ AS ! 0/RONG BACKBONE ( ! GREAT PROLET>IAN BODY40 ,H[EV]1 9 ! /YLE ( ,MALATE/A 9 #a#i#g1 IT WAS CRITICAL ( ! DECAD5CE ( A BUREAUCRATIC & RE=MI/ TRADE-UNION MOVEM5T1 :I* HAD BECOME AN 9TEGRAL P>T ( CAPITALI/ SOCIETY2 IT D5\NC$ ! 9ABILITY ( ! TRADE UNIONS TO ACT AS 9/RUM5TS ( ! PROLET>IAN REVOLUTION4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 ,ORD9E ,NUOVO ATTRIBUT$ EV]Y VIRTUE TO ! FACTORY C\NCILS4 ,IT REG>D$ !M AS ! MEANS ( UNIFY+ ! WORK+ CLASS1 ! ONLY ORGAN :I* C\LD RAISE ! WORK]S ABOVE ! SPECIAL 9T]E/S ( ! DIFF]5T TRADES & L9K ! 0ORGANIZ$0 ) ! 0UNORGANIZ$40 ,IT GAVE ! C\NCILS CR$IT = G5]AT+ A PRODUC]S' PSY*OLOGY1 PREP>+ ! WORK]S = SELF-MANAGEM5T4 ,?ANKS TO !M ! CONQUE/ ( ! FACTORY BECAME A CONCRETE PROSPECT = ! L[LIE/ WORK]1 )9 HIS REA*4 ,! C\NCILS W]E REG>D$ AS A PREFIGURATION ( SOCIALI/ SOCIETY4 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S W]E ( A MORE REALI/IC & LESS V]BOSE TURN ( M9D ?AN ,ANTONIO ,GRAMSCI1 & SOMETIMES 9DULG$ 9 IRONIC COMM5T ON ! 0?AUMATURGICAL0 EXCESSES ( ! S]MONS 9 FAVOR ( FACTOR'3 C\NCILS4 ,( C\RSE !Y W]E AW>E ( !IR M]ITS1 BUT /OPP$ %ORT ( HYP]BOLE4 ,GRAMSCI D5\NC$ ! RE=MISM ( ! TRADE UNIONS1 NOT )\T REASON1 BUT ! AN>*OSYNDICALI/S PO9T$ \T ?AT 9 A NON-REVOLUTION>Y P]IOD ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 TOO1 C\LD DEG5]ATE 9TO ORGANS ( CLASS COLLABORATION4 ,?OSE MO/ CONC]N$ ) TRADE UNIONISM ALSO ?\Y TRADE UNIONISM ( !IR C5T]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,SYNDICALI/ ,UNION4 .<#b#e.> ,LA/LY1 & MO/ IMPORTANT1 ! AN>*I/S W]E SOME:AT UNEASY AB\T ! AMBIGU\S & CONTRADICTORY 9T]PRETATION :I* ,ORD9E ,NUOVO PUT ON ! PROTOTYPE ( ! FACTORY C\NCILS1 ! SOVIETS4 ,C]TA9LY ,GRAMSCI (T5 US$ ! T]M 0LIB]T>IAN0 9 HIS WRIT+S1 & HAD CROSS$ SWORDS ) ! 9VET]ATE AU?ORIT>IAN ,ANGELO ,TASCA1 :O PROP\ND$ AN UNDEMOCRATIC CONCEPT ( ! 0DICTATOR%IP ( ! PROLET>IAT0 :I* W\LD R$UCE ! FACTORY C\NCILS TO M]E 9/RUM5TS ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 & :O EV5 ATTACK$ ,GRAMSCI'S ?9K+ AS 0,PR\DHONIAN40 ,GRAMSCI DID NOT KN[ 5\< AB\T EV5TS 9 ,RUSSIA TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! FREE SOVIETS ( ! E>LY MON?S ( ! REVOLUTION & ! TAM$ SOVIETS ( ! ,BOL%EVIK ,/ATE4 ,?IS L$ HIM TO USE AMBIGU\S =MULATIONS4 ,HE SAW ! FACTORY C\NCIL AS ! 0MODEL ( ! PROLET>IAN ,/ATE10 :I* HE EXPECT$ TO BE 9CORPORAT$ 9TO A WORLD SY/EM3 ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,HE ?\IAT40 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S HAD BEGUN BY WELCOM+ ! ,RUSSIAN SOVIETS ) UNCRITICAL 5?USIASM4 ,ON ,JUNE #a1 #a#i#a#i1 ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ONE ( !IR NUMB]1 HAD PUBLI%$ AN >TICLE 5TITL$ 0,AUTO-,DEMOCRACY0 HAIL+ ! ,BOL%EVIK REGIME AS 0! MO/ PRACTICAL EXP]IM5T 9 9TEGRAL DEMOCRACY ON ! L>GE/ SCALE YET ATTEMPT$10 & 0! ANTI!SIS ( C5TRALIZ+ /ATE SOCIALISM40 ,H[EV]1 A YE> LAT]1 AT ! CONGRESS ( ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION1 ,MAURIZIO ,G>9O WAS TALK+ QUITE DIFF]5TLY3 ! SOVIETS :I* HAD BE5 SET UP 9 ,RUSSIA BY ! ,BOL%EVIKS W]E MAT]IALLY DIFF]5T FROM WORK]S' SELF-MANAGEM5T AS CONCEIV$ BY ! AN>*I/S4 ,!Y =M$ ! 0BASIS ( A NEW ,/ATE1 9EVITABLY C5TRALIZ$ & AU?ORIT>IAN40 ,! ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S & ! FRI5DS ( ,GRAMSCI W]E SUBSEQU5TLY TO FOLL[ DIV]G5T PA?S4 ,! LATT] AT FIR/ MA9TA9$ ?AT ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY1 LIKE ! TRADE UNIONS1 WAS AN ORGANIZATION 9TEGRAT$ 9TO ! B\RGEOIS SY/EM & ?AT IT WAS1 CONSEQU5TLY1 NEI!R NECESS>Y NOR DESIRABLE TO SUPPORT IT4 ,!Y !N MADE AN 0EXCEPTION0 = ! COMMUNI/ GR\PS )9 ! ,SOCIALI/ ,P>TY4 ,AFT] ! SPLIT AT ,LIVORNO ON ,JANU>Y #b#a1 #a#i#b#a1 !SE GR\PS =M$ ! ,ITALIAN ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 AFFILIAT$ ) ! ,COMMUNI/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 ,! ,ITALIAN LIB]T>IANS1 = !IR P>T1 HAD TO AB&ON SOME ( !IR ILLUSIONS & PAY MORE ATT5TION TO A PROPHETIC LETT] WRITT5 TO !M BY ,MALATE/A AS E>LY AS ! SUMM] ( #a#i#a#i4 ,?IS W>N$ !M AGA9/ 0A NEW GOV]NM5T :I* HAS SET ITSELF UP .<9 ,RUSSIA.> ABOVE ! ,REVOLUTION 9 ORD] TO BRIDLE IT & SUBJECT IT TO ! PURPOSES ( A P>TICUL> P>TY 4 4 4 OR RA!R ! LEAD]S ( A P>TY40 ,! OLD REVOLUTION>Y >GU$ PROPHETICALLY ?AT IT WAS A DICTATOR%IP1 ) ITS DECREES1 ITS P5AL SANCTIONS1 ITS EXECUTIVE AG5TS1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 ITS >M$ =CES :I* HAVE S]V$ TO DEF5D ! ,REVOLUTION AGA9/ ITS EXT]NAL 5EMIES1 BUT TOMORR[ WILL S]VE TO IMPOSE ! WILL ( ! DICTATORS ON ! WORK]S1 TO *ECK ! C\RSE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 TO CONSOLIDATE NEWLY E/ABLI%$ 9T]E/S1 & TO DEF5D A NEWLY PRIVILEG$ CLASS AGA9/ ! MASSES4 ,L591 ,TROTSKY1 & !IR COMPANIONS >E C]TA9LY S9C]E REVOLUTION>IES1 BUT !Y >E PREP>+ ! GOV]NM5TAL CADRES :I* WILL 5ABLE !IR SUCCESSORS TO PR(IT BY ! ,REVOLUTION & KILL IT4 ,!Y WILL BE ! FIR/ VICTIMS ( !IR [N ME?ODS4 ,TWO YE>S LAT]1 ! ,ITALIAN ,AN>*I/ ,UNION MET 9 CONGRESS AT ,ANCONA ON ,NOVEMB] #b-#d1 #a#i#b#a1 & REFUS$ TO RECOGNIZE ! ,RUSSIAN GOV]NM5T AS A REPRES5TATIVE ( ! ,REVOLUTION1 9/EAD D5\NC+ IT AS 0! MA9 5EMY ( ! ,REVOLUTION10 0! OPPRESSOR & EXPLOIT] ( ! PROLET>IAT 9 :OSE NAME IT PRET5DS TO EX]CISE AU?ORITY40 ,& ! LIB]T>IAN WRIT] ,LUIGI ,FABBRI 9 ! SAME YE> CONCLUD$ ?AT 0A CRITICAL /UDY ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION IS ( IMM5SE IMPORTANCE 4 4 4 BECAUSE ! ,WE/]N REVOLUTION>IES CAN DIRECT !IR ACTIONS 9 SU* A WAY AS TO AVOID ! ]RORS :I* HAVE BE5 BR\*ISM3 ,FROM ,!ORY TO ,PRACTICE1 FIR/ PUBLI%$ 9 ,FR5* 9 #a#i#f#e1 ! #aig ,5GLI% TRANSLATION IS ,GU]9'S BE/-KN[N WORK1 DESCRIB+ ! 9TELLECTUAL SUB/ANCE & ACTUAL PRACTICE ( AN>*ISM4 ,! ,5GLI% TRANSLATION BY ,M>Y ,KLOPP] 9CLUDES A =EWORD BY ,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 :O DESCRIBES IT AS AN ATTEMPT 0TO EXTRACT FROM ! HI/ORY ( LIB]T>IAN ?\Y #f1 #bag 3 ,*APT] #c1 ,SECTION ,C -- ,ADD$4 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/