,AN>*ISM AS A ,!ORY ( ,ORGANIZATION 

#aiff 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

  

,PHOTO BY ,A,I1,C,C ,B,Y-,N,C ,LIC5SE  
,Y\ MAY ?9K 9 DESCRIB+ AN>*ISM AS A !ORY ( ORGANIZATION ,I AM PROP\ND+ A DELIB]ATE P>ADOX3 0AN>*Y0 Y\ MAY CONSID] TO BE1 BY DEF9ITION1 ! OPPOSITE ( ORGANIZATION4 ,9 FACT1 H[EV]1 0AN>*Y0 MEANS ! ABS5CE ( GOV]NM5T1 ! ABS5CE ( AU?ORITY4 ,CAN !RE BE SOCIAL ORGANIZATION )\T AU?ORITY1 )\T GOV]NM5T8 ,! AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT !RE CAN BE1 & !Y ALSO CLAIM ?AT IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT !RE %\LD BE4 ,!Y CLAIM ?AT1 AT ! BASIS ( \R SOCIAL PROBLEMS IS ! PR9CIPLE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 GOV]NM5TS :I* PREP>E = W> & WAGE W>1 EV5 ?\< Y\ >E OBLIG$ TO FI<T 9 !M & PAY = !M2 ! BOMBS Y\ >E WORRI$ AB\T >E NOT ! BOMBS :I* C>TOONI/S ATTRIBUTE TO ! AN>*I/S1 BUT ! BOMBS :I* GOV]NM5TS HAVE P]FECT$1 AT Y\R EXP5SE4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 GOV]NM5TS :I* MAKE & 5=CE ! LAWS :I* 5ABLE ! 'HAVES' TO RETA9 CONTROL OV] SOCIAL ASSETS RA!R ?AN %>E !M ) ! 'HAVE-NOTS'4 ,IT IS1 AFT] ALL1 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY :I* 5SURES ?AT PEOPLE WILL WORK = SOMEONE ELSE = ! GREAT] P>T ( !IR LIVES1 NOT BECAUSE !Y 5JOY IT OR HAVE ANY CONTROL OV] !IR WORK1 BUT BECAUSE !Y SEE IT AS !IR ONLY MEANS ( LIVELIHOOD4 

,I SAID ?AT IT IS GOV]NM5TS :I* MAKE W>S & PREP>E = W>S1 BUT OBVI\SLY IT IS NOT GOV]NM5TS ALONE -- ! P[] ( A GOV]NM5T1 EV5 ! MO/ ABSOLUTE DICTATOR%IP1 DEP5DS ON ! TACIT ASS5T ( ! GOV]N$4 ,:Y DO PEOPLE CONS5T TO BE GOV]N$8 ,IT ISN'T ONLY FE>3 :AT HAVE MILLIONS ( PEOPLE TO FE> FROM A SMALL GR\P ( POLITICIANS8 ,IT IS BECAUSE !Y SUBSCRIBE TO ! SAME VALUES AS !IR GOV]NORS4 ,RUL]S & RUL$ ALIKE BELIEVE 9 ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY1 ( HI]>*Y1 ( P[]4 ,!SE >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,! AN>*I/S1 :O HAVE ALWAYS DI/+UI%$ BETWE5 ! /ATE & SOCIETY1 ADH]E TO ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE1 :I* CAN BE SE5 :]E-EV] M5 L9K !MSELVES 9 AN ASSOCIATION BAS$ ON A COMMON NE$ OR A COMMON 9T]E/4 0,! ,/ATE0 SAID ! ,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 0IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R RELATION%IPS1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY40 

,ANYONE CAN SEE ?AT !RE >E AT LEA/ TWO K9DS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,!RE IS ! K9D :I* IS =C$ ON Y\1 ! K9D :I* IS RUN FROM ABOVE1 & !RE IS ! K9D :I* IS RUN FROM BEL[1 :I* CAN'T =CE Y\ TO DO ANY?+1 & :I* Y\ >E FREE TO JO9 OR FREE TO LEAVE ALONE4 ,WE C\LD SAY ?AT ! AN>*I/S >E PEOPLE :O WANT TO TRANS=M ALL K9DS ( HUMAN ORGANIZATION 9TO ! K9D ( PURELY VOLUNT>Y ASSOCIATION :]E PEOPLE CAN PULL \T & />T ONE ( !IR [N IF !Y DON'T LIKE IT4 ,I ONCE1 9 REVIEW+ ?AT FRIVOL\S BUT USEFUL LITTLE BOOK ,P>K9SON'S ,LAW1 ATTEMPT$ TO 5UNCIATE F\R PR9CIPLES BEH9D AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( ORGANIZATION3 ?AT !Y %\LD BE 7#a7 VOLUNT>Y1 7#b7 FUNCTIONAL1 7#c7 TEMPOR>Y1 & 7#d7 SMALL4 

,!Y %\LD BE VOLUNT>Y = OBVI\S REASONS4 ,!RE IS NO PO9T 9 \R ADVOCAT+ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY IF WE >E GO+ TO ADVOCATE ORGANIZATIONS = :I* MEMB]%IP IS M&ATORY4 

,!Y %\LD BE FUNCTIONAL & TEMPOR>Y PRECISELY BECAUSE P]MAN5CE IS ONE ( ?OSE FACTORS :I* H>D5 ! >T]IES ( AN ORGANIZATION1 GIV+ IT A VE/$ 9T]E/ 9 ITS [N SURVIVAL1 9 S]V+ ! 9T]E/S ( (FICE-HOLD]S RA!R ?AN ITS FUNCTION4 

,!Y %\LD BE SMALL PRECISELY BECAUSE 9 SMALL FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS1 ! BUREAUCRATIZ+ & HI]>*ICAL T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 ORGANIZATIONS HAVE LEA/ OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP4 ,BUT IT IS FROM ?IS F9AL PO9T ?AT \R DIFFICULTIES >ISE4 ,IF WE TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT A SMALL GR\P CAN FUNCTION AN>*ICALLY1 WE >E /ILL FAC$ ) ! PROBLEM ( ALL ?OSE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS = :I* ORGANIZATION IS NECESS>Y1 BUT :I* REQUIRE IT ON A MU* BIGG] SCALE4 0,WELL10 WE MI<T REPLY1 AS SOME AN>*I/S HAVE1 0IF BIG ORGANIZATIONS >E NECESS>Y1 C\NT US \T4 ,WE WILL GET BY AS WELL AS WE CAN )\T !M40 ,WE CAN SAY ?IS ALL RI<T1 BUT IF WE >E PROPAGAT+ AN>*ISM AS A SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY WE MU/ TAKE 9TO ACC\NT1 & NOT EVADE1 SOCIAL FACTS4 ,BETT] TO SAY 0,LET US F9D WAYS 9 :I* ! L>GE-SCALE FUNCTIONS CAN BE BROK5 D[N 9TO FUNCTIONS CAPABLE ( BE+ ORGANIZ$ BY SMALL FUNCTIONAL GR\PS & !N L9K !SE GR\PS 9 A F$]AL MANN]40 ,! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ ?9K]S1 5VISAG+ ! FUTURE ORGANIZATION ( SOCIETY1 ?\<T 9 T]MS ( TWO K9DS ( SOCIAL 9/ITUTION3 AS ! T]RITORIAL UNIT1 ! COMMUNE1 A ,FR5* WORD :I* Y\ MI<T CONSID] AS ! EQUIVAL5T ( ! WORD 'P>I%' OR ! ,RUSSIAN WORD 'SOVIET' 9 ITS ORIG9AL MEAN+1 BUT :I* ALSO HAS OV]TONES ( ! ANCI5T VILLAGE 9/ITUTIONS = CULTIVAT+ ! L& 9 COMMON2 & ! SYNDICATE1 ANO!R ,FR5* WORD FROM TRADE UNION T]M9OLOGY1 ! SYNDICATE OR WORK]S' C\NCIL AS ! UNIT ( 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION4 ,BO? W]E 5VISAG$ AS SMALL LOCAL UNITS :I* W\LD F$]ATE ) EA* O!R = ! L>G] AFFAIRS ( LIFE1 :ILE RETA9+ !IR [N AUTONOMY1 ! ONE F$]AT+ T]RITORIALLY & ! O!R 9DU/RIALLY4 

,! NE>E/ ?+ 9 ORD9>Y POLITICAL EXP]I5CE1 TO ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE PROP\ND$ BY ,PR\DHON & ,KROPOTK9 W\LD BE ! ,SWISS1 RA!R ?AN ! ,AM]ICAN1 F$]AL SY/EM4 ,& )\T WI%+ TO S+ A SONG ( PRAISE = ! ,SWISS POLITICAL SY/EM1 WE CAN SEE ?AT ! #bb 9DEP5D5T CANTONS ( ,SWITZ]L& >E A SUCCESSFUL F$]ATION4 ,IT IS A F$]ATION ( LIKE UNITS1 ( SMALL CELLS1 & ! CANTONAL B\ND>IES CUT ACROSS L+UI/IC & E?NIC B\ND>IES SO ?AT1 UNLIKE ! MANY UNSUCCESSFUL F$]ATIONS1 ! CONF$]ATION IS NOT DOM9AT$ BY ONE OR A FEW P[]FUL UNITS4 ,= ! PROBLEM ( F$]ATION1 AS ,LEOPOLD ,KOHR PUTS IT 9 ,! ,BREAKD[N ( ,NATIONS1 IS ONE ( DIVISION1 NOT ( UNION4 ,H]B]T ,LUE?Y WRITES ( HIS C\NTRY'S POLITICAL SY/EM3 

,EV]Y ,SUNDAY1 ! 9HABITANTS ( SCORES ( COMMUNES GO TO ! POLL+ BOO?S TO ELECT !IR CIVIL S]VANTS1 RATIFY SU* & SU* AN ITEM ( EXP5DITURE1 OR DECIDE :E!R A ROAD OR A S*OOL %\LD BE BUILT2 AFT] SETTL+ ! BUS9ESS ( ! COMMUNE1 !Y DEAL ) CANTONAL ELECTIONS & VOT+ ON CANTONAL ISSUES2 LA/LY444 COME ! DECISIONS ON F$]AL ISSUES4 ,9 SOME CANTONS1 ! SOV]EIGN PEOPLE /ILL MEET 9 ,R\SSEAU-LIKE FA%ION TO DISCUSS QUE/IONS ( COMMON 9T]E/4 ,IT MAY BE ?\<T ?AT ?IS ANCI5T =M ( ASSEMBLY IS NO MORE ?AN A PI\S TRADITION ) A C]TA9 VALUE AS A T\RI/ ATTRACTION4 ,IF SO1 IT IS WOR? LOOK+ AT ! RESULTS ( LOCAL DEMOCRACY4 

,! SIMPLE/ EXAMPLE IS ! ,SWISS RAILWAY SY/EM1 :I* IS ! D5SE/ NETWORK 9 ! WORLD4 ,AT GREAT CO/ & ) GREAT TR\BLE1 IT HAS BE5 MADE TO S]VE ! NE$S ( ! SMALLE/ LOCALITIES & MO/ REMOTE VALLEYS1 NOT AS A PAY+ PROPOSITION BUT BECAUSE SU* WAS ! WILL ( ! PEOPLE4 ,IT IS ! \TCOME ( FI]CE POLITICAL /RUGGLES4 ,9 ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! 0DEMOCRATIC RAILWAY MOVEM5T0 BR\<T ! SMALL ,SWISS COMMUNITIES 9TO CONFLICT ) ! BIG T[NS1 :I* HAD PLANS = C5TRALIZATION444 

,& IF WE COMP>E ! ,SWISS SY/EM ) ! ,FR5* :I*1 ) ADMIRABLE GEOMETRICAL REGUL>ITY1 IS 5TIRELY C5T]$ ON ,P>IS SO ?AT ! PROSP]ITY OR ! DECL9E1 ! LIFE OR DEA? ( :OLE REGIONS HAS DEP5D$ ON ! QUALITY ( ! L9K ) ! CAPITAL1 WE SEE ! DIFF]5CE BETWE5 A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE & A F$]AL ALLIANCE4 ,! RAILWAY MAP IS ! EASIE/ TO READ AT A GLANCE1 BUT LET US N[ SUP]IMPOSE ON IT ANO!R %[+ ECONOMIC ACTIVITY & ! MOVEM5T ( POPULATION4 ,! DI/RIBUTION ( 9DU/RIAL ACTIVITY ALL OV] ,SWITZ]L&1 EV5 9 ! \TLY+ >EAS1 ACC\NTS = ! /R5G? & /ABILITY ( ! SOCIAL /RUCTURE ( ! C\NTRY & PREV5T$ ?OSE HORRIBLE #a#i? C5TURY CONC5TRATIONS ( 9DU/RY1 ) !IR SLUMS & ROOTLESS PROLET>IAT4 

,I QUOTE ALL ?IS1 AS ,I SAID1 NOT TO PRAISE ,SWISS DEMOCRACY1 BUT TO 9DICATE ?AT ! F$]AL PR9CIPLE :I* IS AT ! HE>T ( AN>*I/ SOCIAL !ORY1 IS WOR? MU* MORE ATT5TION ?AN IT IS GIV5 9 ! TEXTBOOKS ON POLITICAL SCI5CE4 ,EV5 9 ! CONTEXT ( ORD9>Y POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS ITS ADOPTION HAS A F>-REA*+ EFFECT4 ,ANO!R AN>*I/ !ORY ( ORGANIZATION IS :AT WE MI<T CALL ! !ORY ( SPONTANE\S ORD]3 ?AT GIV5 A COMMON NE$1 A COLLECTION ( PEOPLE WILL1 BY TRIAL & ]ROR1 BY IMPROVIZATION & EXP]IM5T1 EVOLVE ORD] \T ( *AOS -- ?IS ORD] BE+ MORE DURABLE & MORE CLOSELY RELAT$ TO !IR NE$S ?AN ANY K9D ( EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ ORD]4 

,KROPOTK9 D]IV$ ?IS !ORY FROM ! OBS]VATIONS ( ! HI/ORY ( HUMAN SOCIETY & ( SOCIAL BIOLOGY :I* L$ TO HIS BOOK ,MUTUAL ,AID1 & IT HAS BE5 OBS]V$ 9 MO/ REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS1 9 ! AD HOC ORGANIZATIONS :I* SPR+ UP AFT] NATURAL CATA/ROPHES1 OR 9 ANY ACTIVITY :]E !RE IS NO EXI/+ ORGANIZATIONAL =M OR HI]>*ICAL AU?ORITY4 ,?IS CONCEPT WAS GIV5 ! NAME ,SOCIAL ,CONTROL 9 ! BOOK ( ?AT TITLE BY ,$W>D ,ALLSWOR? ,ROSS1 :O CIT$ 9/ANCES ( 0FRONTI]0 SOCIETIES :]E1 ?R\< UNORGANIZ$ OR 9=MAL MEASURES1 ORD] IS EFFECTIVELY MA9TA9$ )\T B5EFIT ( CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY3 0,SYMPA?Y1 SOCIABILITY1 ! S5SE ( JU/ICE & RES5TM5T >E COMPET5T1 UND] FAVORABLE CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO WORK \T BY !MSELVES A TRUE1 NATURAL ORD]1 ?AT IS TO SAY1 AN ORD] )\T DESIGN OR >T40 

,AN 9T]E/+ EXAMPLE ( ! WORK+-\T ( ?IS !ORY WAS ! ,PIONE] ,HEAL? ,C5T] AT ,PECKHAM1 ,LONDON1 />T$ 9 ! DECADE BE=E ! W> BY A GR\P ( PHYSICIANS & BIOLOGI/S :O WANT$ TO /UDY ! NATURE ( HEAL? & HEAL?Y BEHAVIOR 9/EAD ( /UDY+ ILL-HEAL? LIKE ! RE/ ( !IR PR(ESSION4 ,!Y DECID$ ?AT ! WAY TO DO ?IS WAS TO />T A SOCIAL CLUB :OSE MEMB]S JO9$ AS FAMILIES & C\LD USE A V>IETY ( FACILITIES 9CLUD+ A SWIMM+ BA?1 !AT]1 NURS]Y & CAFET]IA1 9 RETURN = A FAMILY MEMB]%IP SUBSCRIPTION & = AGREE+ TO P]IODIC M$ICAL EXAM9ATIONS4 ,ADVICE1 BUT NOT TREATM5T1 WAS GIV54 ,9 ORD] TO BE ABLE TO DRAW VALID CONCLUSIONS ! ,PECKHAM BIOLOGI/S ?\<T IT NECESS>Y ?AT !Y %\LD BE ABLE TO OBS]VE HUMAN BE+S :O W]E FREE -- FREE TO ACT AS !Y WI%$ & TO GIVE EXPRESSION TO !IR DESIRES4 ,SO !RE W]E NO RULES & NO LEAD]S4 0,I WAS ! ONLY P]SON ) AU?ORITY10 SAID ,DR4 ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON1 ! F\ND]1 0& ,I US$ IT TO /OP ANYONE EX]T+ ANY AU?ORITY40 ,= ! FIR/ EI<T MON?S !RE WAS *AOS4 0,) ! FIR/ MEMB]-FAMILIES01 SAYS ONE OBS]V]1 0!RE >RIV$ A HORDE ( UNDISCIPL9$ *ILDR5 :O US$ ! :OLE BUILD+ AS !Y MI<T HAVE US$ ONE VA/ ,LONDON /REET4 ,SCREAM+ & RUNN+ LIKE HOOLIGANS ?R\< ALL ! ROOMS1 BREAK+ EQUIPM5T & FURNITURE10 !Y MADE LIFE 9TOL]ABLE = EV]YONE4 ,SCOTT ,WILLIAMSON1 H[EV]1 09SI/$ ?AT PEACE %\LD BE RE/OR$ ONLY BY ! RESPONSE ( ! *ILDR5 TO ! V>IETY ( /IMULI ?AT WAS PLAC$ 9 !IR WAY10 &1 09 LESS ?AN A YE> ! *AOS WAS R$UC$ TO AN ORD] 9 :I* GR\PS ( *ILDR5 C\LD DAILY BE SE5 SWIMM+1 SKAT+1 RID+ BICYCLES1 US+ ! GYMNASIUM OR PLAY+ SOME GAME1 OCCASIONALLY READ+ A BOOK 9 ! LIBR>Y 444 ! RUNN+ & SCREAM+ W]E ?+S ( ! PA/40 

,MORE DRAMATIC EXAMPLES ( ! SAME K9D ( PH5OM5ON >E REPORT$ BY ?OSE PEOPLE :O HAVE BE5 BRAVE 5\<1 OR CONFID5T 5\< TO 9/ITUTE SELF-GOV]N+ NON-PUNITIVE COMMUNITIES ( DEL9QU5TS OR MALADJU/$ *ILDR53 ,AUGU/ ,AI*HORN & ,HOM] ,LANE >E EXAMPLES4 ,AI*HORN RAN ?AT FAM\S 9/ITUTION 9 ,VI5NA1 DESCRIB$ 9 HIS BOOK ,WAYW>D ,Y\?4 ,HOM] ,LANE WAS ! MAN :O1 AFT] EXP]IM5TS 9 ,AM]ICA />T$ 9 ,BRITA9 A COMMUNITY ( JUV5ILE DEL9QU5TS1 BOYS & GIRLS1 CALL$ ,! ,LITTLE ,COMMONWEAL?4 ,LANE US$ TO DECL>E ?AT 0,FRE$OM CANNOT BE GIV54 ,IT IS TAK5 BY ! *ILD 9 DISCOV]Y & 9V5TION40 ,TRUE TO ?IS PR9CIPLE1 REM>KS ,H[>D ,JONES1 0HE REFUS$ TO IMPOSE UPON ! *ILDR5 A SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T COPI$ FROM ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ADULT WORLD4 ,! SELF-GOV]N+ /RUCTURE ( ! ,LITTLE ,COMMONWEAL? WAS EVOLV$ BY ! *ILDR5 !MSELVES1 SL[LY & PA9FULLY TO SATISFY !IR [N NE$S40 

,AN>*I/S BELIEVE 9 LEAD]LESS GR\PS1 & IF ?IS PHRASE IS FAMILI> TO Y\ IT IS BECAUSE ( ! P>ADOX ?AT :AT WAS KN[N AS ! LEAD]LESS GR\P TE*NIQUE WAS ADOPT$ 9 ! ,BRITI% & ,AM]ICAN >MIES DUR+ ! W> -- AS A MEANS ( SELECT+ LEAD]S4 ,! MILIT>Y PSY*IATRI/S LE>N$ ?AT LEAD] OR FOLL[] TRAITS >E NOT EXHIBIT$ 9 ISOLATION4 ,!Y >E1 AS ONE ( !M WROTE1 0RELATIVE TO A SPECIFIC SOCIAL SITUATION -- LEAD]%IP V>I$ FROM SITUATION TO SITUATION & FROM GR\P TO GR\P40 ,OR AS ! AN>*I/ ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 PUT IT A HUNDR$ YE>S AGO1 0,I RECEIVE & ,I GIVE -- SU* IS HUMAN LIFE4 ,EA* DIRECTS & IS DIRECT$ 9 HIS TURN4 ,!RE=E !RE IS NO FIX$ & CON/ANT AU?ORITY1 BUT A CONT9UAL EX*ANGE ( MUTUAL1 TEMPOR>Y1 &1 ABOVE ALL1 VOLUNT>Y AU?ORITY & SUBORD9ATION40 

,?IS PO9T AB\T LEAD]%IP WAS WELL PUT 9 ,JOHN ,COM]=D'S BOOK1 ,HEAL? ! ,UNKN[N1 AB\T ! ,PECKHAM EXP]IM5T3 

,ACCU/OM$ AS IS ?IS AGE TO >TIFICIAL LEAD]%IP444 IT IS DIFFICULT = IT TO REALIZE ! TRU? ?AT LEAD]S REQUIRE NO TRA9+ OR APPO9T+1 BUT EM]GE SPONTANE\SLY :5 CONDITIONS REQUIRE !M4 ,/UDY+ !IR MEMB]S 9 ! FREE-=-ALL ( ! ,PECKHAM ,C5T]1 ! OBS]V+ SCI5TI/S SAW OV] & OV] AGA9 H[ ONE MEMB] 9/9CTIVELY BECAME1 & WAS 9/9CTIVELY BUT NOT (FICIALLY RECOGNIZ$ AS1 LEAD] TO MEET ! NE$S ( ONE P>TICUL> MOM5T4 ,SU* LEAD]S APPE>$ & DISAPPE>$ AS ! FLUX ( ! ,C5T] REQUIR$4 ,BECAUSE !Y W]E NOT CONSCI\SLY APPO9T$1 NEI!R 7:5 !Y HAD FULFILL$ !IR PURPOSE7 W]E !Y CONSCI\SLY OV]?R[N4 ,NOR WAS ANY P>TICUL> GRATITUDE %[N BY MEMB]S TO A LEAD] EI!R AT ! TIME ( HIS S]VICES OR AFT] = S]VICES R5D]$4 ,!Y FOLL[$ HIS GUIDANCE JU/ AS LONG AS HIS GUIDANCE WAS HELPFUL & :AT !Y WANT$4 ,!Y MELT$ AWAY FROM HIM )\T REGRETS :5 SOME WID5+ ( EXP]I5CE BECKON$ !M ON TO SOME FRE% ADV5TURE1 :I* W\LD 9 TURN ?R[ UP ITS SPONTANE\S LEAD]1 OR :5 !IR SELF-CONFID5CE WAS SU* ?AT ANY =M ( CON/RA9$ LEAD]%IP W\LD HAVE BE5 A RE/RA9T TO !M4 ,A SOCIETY1 !RE=E1 IF LEFT TO ITSELF 9 SUITABLE CIRCUM/ANCES TO EXPRESS ITSELF SPONTANE\SLY WORKS \T ITS [N SALVATION & A*IEVES A H>MONY ( ACTION :I* SUP]IMPOS$ LEAD]%IP CANNOT EMULATE4 

,DON'T BE DECEIV$ BY ! SWEET REASONABL5ESS ( ALL ?IS4 ,?IS AN>*I/ CONCEPT ( LEAD]%IP IS QUITE REVOLUTION>Y 9 ITS IMPLICATIONS AS Y\ CAN SEE IF Y\ LOOK >\ND1 = Y\ SEE EV]Y:]E 9 OP]ATION ! OPPOSITE CONCEPT3 ?AT ( HI]>*ICAL1 AU?ORIT>IAN1 PRIVILEG$ & P]MAN5T LEAD]%IP4 ,!RE >E V]Y FEW COMP>ATIVE /UDIES AVAILABLE ( ! EFFECTS ( !SE TWO OPPOSITE APPROA*ES TO ! ORGANIZATION ( WORK4 ,TWO ( !M ,I WILL M5TION LAT]2 ANO!R1 AB\T ! ORGANIZATION ( >*ITECTS' (FICES WAS PRODUC$ 9 #aifb = ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,BRITI% ,>*ITECTS UND] ! TITLE ,! ,>*ITECT & ,HIS ,(LICE4 ,! TEAM :I* PREP>$ ?IS REPORT F\ND TWO DIFF]5T APPROA*ES TO ! DESIGN PROCESS1 :I* GAVE RISE TO DIFF]5T WAYS ( WORK+ & ME?ODS ( ORGANIZATION4 ,ONE !Y CATEGORIZ$ AS C5TRALIZ$1 :I* WAS *>ACT]IZ$ BY AUTOCRATIC =MS ( CONTROL1 & ! O!R !Y CALL$ DISP]S$1 :I* PROMOT$ :AT !Y CALL$ 0AN 9=MAL ATMOSPH]E ( FREE-FL[+ IDEAS40 ,?IS IS A V]Y LIVE ISSUE AMONG >*ITECTS4 ,MR4 ,W4 ,D4 ,PILE1 :O 9 AN (FICIAL CAPACITY HELP$ TO SPONSOR ! \T/&+ SUCCESS ( PO/W> ,BRITI% >*ITECTURE1 ! S*OOL-BUILD+ PROGRAM1 SPECIFIES AMONG ! ?+S HE LOOKS = 9 A MEMB] ( ! BUILD+ TEAM ?AT3 0,HE MU/ HAVE A BELIEF 9 :AT ,I CALL ! NONHI]>*ICAL ORGANIZATION ( ! WORK4 ,! WORK HAS GOT TO BE ORGANIZ$ NOT ON ! /> SY/EM1 BUT ON ! REP]TORY SY/EM4 ,! TEAM LEAD] MAY (T5 BE JUNIOR TO A TEAM MEMB]4 ,?AT WILL ONLY BE ACCEPT$ IF IT IS COMMONLY ACCEPT$ ?AT PRIMACY LIES ) ! BE/ IDEA & NOT ) ! S5IOR MAN40 

,& ONE ( \R GREATE/ >*ITECTS1 ,WALT] ,GROPIUS1 PROCLAIMS :AT HE CALLS ! TE*NIQUE ( 0COLLABORATION AMONG M51 :I* W\LD RELEASE ! CREATIVE 9/9CTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL 9/EAD ( SMO!R+ !M4 ,! ESS5CE ( SU* TE*NIQUE %\LD BE TO EMPHASIZE 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM ( 9ITIATIVE1 9/EAD ( AU?ORIT>IAN DIRECTION BY A BOSS444 SYN*RONIZ+ 9DIVIDUAL EF=T BY A CONT9U\S GIVE & TAKE ( ITS MEMB]S 4440 

0,?IS LEADS US TO ANO!R CORN]-/ONE ( AN>*I/ !ORY1 ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL ( 9DU/RY4 ,A GREAT MANY PEOPLE ?9K ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL IS AN ATTRACTIVE IDEA1 BUT ONE :I* IS 9CAPABLE ( REALIZATION 7& CONSEQU5TLY NOT WOR? FI<T+ =7 BECAUSE ( ! SCALE & COMPLEXITY ( MOD]N 9DU/RY4 ,H[ CAN WE CONV9CE !M O!RWISE8 ,AP>T FROM PO9T+ \T H[ *ANG+ S\RCES ( MOTIVE P[] MAKE ! GEOGRAPHICAL CONC5TRATION ( 9DU/RY OBSOLETE1 & H[ *ANG+ ME?ODS ( PRODUCTION MAKE ! CONC5TRATION ( VA/ NUMB]S ( PEOPLE UNNECESS>Y1 P]HAPS ! BE/ ME?OD ( P]SUAD+ PEOPLE ?AT WORK]S' CONTROL IS A FEASIBLE PROPOSITION 9 L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY IS ?R\< PO9T+ TO SUCCESSFUL EXAMPLES ( :AT ! GUILD SOCIALI/S CALL$ 05CROA*+ CONTROL40 ,!Y >E P>TIAL & LIMIT$ 9 EFFECT1 AS !Y >E B\ND TO BE1 S9CE !Y OP]ATE )9 ! CONV5TIONAL 9DU/RIAL /RUCTURE1 BUT !Y DO 9DICATE ?AT WORK]S HAVE AN ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY ON ! %OP FLOOR1 :I* MO/ PEOPLE D5Y ?AT !Y POSSESS4 

,LET ME ILLU/RATE ?IS FROM TWO REC5T 9/ANCES 9 MOD]N L>GE-SCALE 9DU/RY 4 ,! FIR/1 ! GANG SY/EM WORK$ 9 ,COV5TRY1 WAS DESCRIB$ BY AN ,AM]ICAN PR(ESSOR ( 9DU/RIAL & MANAGEM5T 5G9E]+1 ,SEYM\R ,MELMAN1 9 HIS BOOK ,DECISION-,MAK+ & ,PRODUCTIVITY4 ,HE S\<T1 BY A DETAIL$ COMP>ISON ( ! MANUFACTURE ( A SIMIL> PRODUCT1 ! ,F]GUSON TRACTOR1 9 ,DETROIT & 9 ,COV5TRY1 ,5GL&1 0TO DEMON/RATE ?AT !RE >E REALI/IC ALT]NATIVES TO MANAG]IAL RULE OV] PRODUCTION40 ,HIS ACC\NT ( ! OP]ATION ( ! GANG SY/EM WAS CONFIRM$ BY A ,COV5TRY 5G9E]+ WORK]1 ,REG ,WRI<T1 9 TWO >TICLES 9 ,AN>*Y4 

,( ,/&>D'S TRACTOR FACTORY 9 ! P]IOD UP TO #aief :5 IT WAS SOLD1 ,MELMAN WRITES3 0,9 ?IS FIRM WE WILL %[ ?AT AT ! SAME TIME3 ?\S&S ( WORK]S OP]AT$ VIRTULLY )\T SUP]VISION AS CONV5TIONALLY UND]/OOD1 & AT HI< PRODUCTIVITY2 ! HI<E/ WAGE 9 ,BRITI% 9DU/RY WAS PAID2 HI< QUALITY PRODUCTS W]E PRODUC$ AT ACCEPTABLE PRICES 9 EXT5SIVELY ME*ANIZ$ PLANTS2 ! MANAGEM5T CONDUCT$ ITS AFFAIRS AT UNUSUALLY L[ CO/S2 ALSO1 ORGANIZ$ WORK]S HAD A SUB/ANTIAL ROLE 9 PRODUCTION DECISION-MAK+40 

,FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! PRODUCTION WORK]S1 0! GANG SY/EM LEADS TO KEEP+ TRACK ( GOODS 9/EAD ( KEEP+ TRACK ( PEOPLE40 ,MELMAN CONTRA/S ! 0PR$ATORY COMPETITION0 :I* *>ACT]IZES ! MANAG]IAL DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM ) ! WORK]S' DECISION-MAK+ SY/EM 9 :I* 0,! MO/ *>ACT]I/IC FEATURE ( ! DECISION-=MULAT+ PROCESS IS ?AT ( MUTUALITY 9 DECISION-MAK+ ) F9AL AU?ORITY RESID+ 9 ! H&S ( ! GR\P$ WORK]S !MSELVES40 ,! GANG SY/EM AS HE DESCRIB$ IT IS V]Y LIKE ! COLLECTIVE CONTRACT SY/EM ADVOCAT$ BY ,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE1 :O CLAIM$ ?AT 0,! EFFECT W\LD BE TO L9K ! MEMB]S ( ! WORK+ GR\P TOGE!R 9 A COMMON 5T]PRISE UND] !IR JO9T AUSPICES & CONTROL1 & TO EMANCIPATE !M FROM AN EXT]NALLY IMPOS$ DISCIPL9E 9 RESPECT ( !IR ME?OD ( GETT+ ! WORK DONE40 

,MY SECOND EXAMPLE AGA9 D]IVES FROM A COMP>ATIVE /UDY ( DIFF]5T ME?ODS ( WORK ORGANIZATION1 MADE BY ! ,TAVI/OCK ,9/ITUTE 9 ! LATE #a#i#eS1 REPORT$ 9 ,E4 ,L4 ,TRI/'S ,ORGANIZATIONAL ,*OICE1 & ,P4 ,H]B/'S ,AUTONOM\S ,GR\P ,FUNCTION+4 ,ITS IMPORTANCE CAN BE SE5 FROM ! OP5+ WORDS ( ! FIR/ ( !SE3 0,?IS /UDY CONC]NS A GR\P ( M9]S :O CAME TOGE!R TO EVOLVE A NEW WAY ( WORK+ TOGE!R1 PLANN+ ! TYPE ( *ANGE !Y WANT$ TO PUT ?R\<1 & TE/+ IT 9 PRACTICE4 ,! NEW TYPE ( WORK ORGANIZATION :I* HAS COME TO BE KN[N 9 ! 9DU/RY AS COMPOSITE WORK+1 HAS 9 REC5T YE>S EM]G$ SPONTANE\SLY 9 A NUMB] ( DIFF]5T PITS 9 ! NOR?-WE/ ,DURHAM COAL FIELD4 ,ITS ROOTS GO BACK TO AN E>LI] TRADITION :I* HAD BE5 ALMO/ COMPLETELY DISPLAC$ 9 ! C\RSE ( ! LA/ C5TURY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( WORK TE*NIQUES BAS$ ON TASK SEGM5TATION1 DIFF]5TIAL /ATUS & PAYM5T1 & EXTR9SIC HI]>*ICAL CONTROL40 ,! O!R REPORT NOTES H[ ! /UDY %[$ 0! ABILITY ( QUITE L>GE PRIM>Y WORK GR\PS ( #d-#e MEMB]S TO ACT AS SELF-REGULAT+1 SELF-DEVELOP+ SOCIAL ORGANISMS ABLE TO MA9TA9 !MSELVES 9 A /EADY /ATE ( HI< PRODUCTIVITY40 ,! AU?ORS DESCRIBE ! SY/EM 9 A WAY :I* %[S ITS RELATION TO AN>*I/S ?\<T3 

,! COMPOSITE WORK ORGANIZATION MAY BE DESCRIB$ AS ONE 9 :I* ! GR\P TAKES OV] COMPLETE RESPONSIBILITY = ! TOTAL CYCLE ( OP]ATIONS 9VOLV$ 9 M9+ ! COAL-FACE4 ,NO MEMB] ( ! GR\P HAS A FIX$ WORKROLE4 ,9/EAD1 ! M5 DEPLOY !MSELVES1 DEP5D+ ON ! REQUIREM5TS ( ! ON-GO+ GR\P TASK4 ,)9 ! LIMITS ( TE*NOLOGICAL & SAFETY REQUIREM5TS !Y >E FREE TO EVOLVE !IR [N WAY ( ORGANIZ+ & C>RY+ \T !IR TASK4 ,!Y >E NOT SUBJECT TO ANY EXT]NAL AU?ORITY 9 ?IS RESPECT1 NOR IS !RE )9 ! GR\P ITSELF ANY MEMB] :O TAKES OV] A =MAL DIRECTIVE LEAD]%IP FUNCTION4 ,:]EAS 9 CONV5TIONAL LONG-WALL WORK+ ! COAL-GETT+ TASK IS SPLIT 9TO F\R TO EI<T SEP>ATE WORK ROLES1 C>RI$ \T BY DIFF]5T TEAMS1 EA* PAID AT A DIFF]5T RATE1 9 ! COMPOSITE GR\P MEMB]S >E NO LONG] PAID DIRECTLY = ANY ( ! TASKS C>RI$ \T4 ,! ALL-9 WAGE AGREEM5T IS1 9/EAD1 BAS$ ON ! NEGOTIAT$ PRICE P] TON ( COAL PRODUC$ BY ! TEAM4 ,! 9COME OBTA9$ IS DIVID$ EQUALLY AMONG TEAM MEMB]S4 

,! WORKS ,I HAVE BE5 QUOT+ W]E WRITT5 = SPECIALI/S 9 PRODUCTIVITY & 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 BUT !IR LESSONS >E CLE> = PEOPLE :O >E 9T]E/$ 9 ! IDEA ( WORK]S' CONTROL4 ,FAC$ ) ! OBJECTION ?AT EV5 ?\< IT CAN BE %[N ?AT AUTONOM\S GR\PS CAN ORGANIZE !MSELVES ON A L>GE SCALE & = COMPLEX TASKS1 IT HAS NOT BE5 %[N ?AT !Y CAN SUCCESSFULLY COORD9ATE1 WE RESORT ONCE AGA9 TO ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE4 ,!RE IS NO?+ \TL&I% AB\T ! IDEA ?AT L>GE NUMB]S ( AUTONOM\S 9DU/RIAL UNITS CAN F$]ATE & COORD9ATE !IR ACTIVITIES4 ,IF Y\ TRAVEL ACROSS ,EUROPE Y\ GO OV] ! L9ES ( A DOZ5 RAILWAY SY/EMS -- CAPITALI/ & COMMUNI/ -- COORD9AT$ BY FREELY >RIV$ AT AGREEM5T BETWE5 ! V>I\S UND]TAK+S1 ) NO C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,Y\ CAN PO/ A LETT] TO ANY:]E 9 ! WORLD1 BUT !RE IS NO WORLD PO/AL AU?ORITY1 -- REPRES5TATIVES ( DIFF]5T PO/AL AU?ORITIES SIMPLY HAVE A CONGRESS EV]Y FIVE YE>S OR SO4 

,!RE >E TR5DS1 OBS]VABLE 9 !SE OCCASIONAL EXP]IM5TS 9 9DU/RIAL ORGANIZATION1 9 NEW APPROA*ES TO PROBLEMS ( DEL9QU5CY & ADDICTION1 9 $UCATION & COMMUNITY ORGANIZATION1 & 9 ! 0DE-9/ITUTIONALIZATION0 ( HOSPITALS1 ASYLUMS1 *ILDR5S' HOMES & SO ON1 :I* HAVE MU* 9 COMMON ) EA* O!R1 & :I* RUN C\NT] TO ! G5]ALLY ACCEPT$ IDEAS AB\T ORGANIZATION1 AU?ORITY & GOV]NM5T4 ,CYB]NETIC !ORY ) ITS EMPHASIS ON SELF-ORGANIZ+ SY/EMS1 & SPECULATION AB\T ! ULTIMATE SOCIAL EFFECTS ( AUTOMATION1 LEADS 9 A SIMIL> REVOLUTION>Y DIRECTION4 ,GEORGE & ,L\ISE ,CR[LEY1 = EXAMPLE1 9 !IR COMM5TS ON ! REPORT ( ! ,AD ,HOC ,COMMITTEE ON ! ,TRIPLE ,REVOLUTION1 7,MON?LY ,REVIEW1 ,NOV4 #a#i#f#d7 REM>K ?AT1 0,WE F9D IT NO LESS REASONABLE TO PO/ULATE A FUNCTION+ SOCIETY )\T AU?ORITY ?AN TO PO/ULATE AN ORD]LY UNIV]SE )\T A GOD4 ,!RE=E ! WORD AN>*Y IS NOT = US FREI<T$ ) CONNOTATIONS ( DISORD]1 *AOS1 OR CONFUSION4 ,= HUMANE M51 LIV+ 9 NONCOMPETITIVE CONDITIONS ( FRE$OM FROM TOIL & ( UNIV]SAL AFFLU5CE1 AN>*Y IS SIMPLY ! APPROPRIATE /ATE ( SOCIETY40 ,9 ,BRITA91 ,PR(ESSOR ,RI*>D ,TITMUSS REM>KS ?AT SOCIAL IDEAS MAY WELL BE AS IMPORTANT 9 ! NEXT HALF-C5TURY AS TE*NICAL 9NOVATION4 ,I BELIEVE ?AT ! SOCIAL IDEAS ( AN>*ISM3 AUTONOM\S GR\PS1 SPONTANE\S ORD]1 WORK]S' CONTROL1 ! F$]ATIVE PR9CIPLE1 ADD UP TO A COH]5T !ORY ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I* IS A VALID & REALI/IC ALT]NATIVE TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN1 HI]>*ICAL & 9/ITUTIONAL SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY :I* WE SEE 9 APPLICATION ALL >\ND US4 ,MAN WILL BE COMPELL$1 ,KROPOTK9 DECL>$1 0TO F9D NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS :I* ! ,/ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY0 & HE 9SI/$ ?AT 0AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE NO?+ WILL BE DONE40 ,I ?9K WE HAVE DISCOV]$ :AT !SE NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION %\LD BE4 ,WE HAVE N[ TO MAKE ! OPPORTUNITIES = PUTT+ !M 9TO PRACTICE4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #aife 3 ,AN>*ISM AS A ,!ORY ( ,ORGANIZATION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,AN>*ISM AS A ,!ORY ( ,ORGANIZATION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #c1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM AS A ,!ORY ( ,ORGANIZATION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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