,PREFACE 

#baba 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,>IF ,DIRLIK 

,AU?OR 3 ,AN?ONY ,GORMAN 

,AU?OR 3 ,B5$ICT ,RI*>D ,O',GORMAN ,&]SON 

,AU?OR 3 ,DONGY\N ,HWANG 

,AU?OR 3 ,LUCI5 ,VAN ,D] ,WALT 

,TEXT 3 

,PREFACE 

  

,B5$ICT ,&]SON 

,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY 

,IF ONE DECID$1 9 A FRIVOL\S MOM5T1 TO SKET* A ,BORGESIAN V]SION ( ,ESOP'S ,FABLE ( ! ,RABBIT & ! ,TORTOISE1 ONE W\LD NE$ ONLY TO EXT5D !IR RACE OV] ! HORIZON TO AN EV]-REC$+ W9N]'S TAPE4 ,! RABBIT1 EV5 AFT] MANY NAPS1 W\LD SPE$ PA/ ! TORTOISE AGA9 & AGA94 ,BUT A RABBIT HAS A %ORT LIFE :ILE A TORTOISE LIVES LONG & WILL 9 ! 5D RUMBLE-/UMBLE PA/ HIS RIVAL'S CORPSE4 ,:]E TO8 ,DOES HE ?9K ) ,BECKETT3 0,I CAN'T GO ON1 ,I'LL GO ON08 

,TODAY IT IS NOT DIFFICULT TO F9D V]Y 5]GETIC1 EV5 IF USUALLY 7BUT NOT ALWAYS7 SMALL1 SELF-DESCRIB$ AN>*I/ 7OR SYNDICALI/7 GR\PS >\ND ! WORLD1 MO/LY 9 URBAN >EAS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 !RE >E ONLY A FEW PLACES LEFT :]E S]I\SLY COMMUNI/ P>TIES /ILL EXI/4 ,EXPLA9+ ! COLOSSAL PHALANX ( POLICE & O!R SECURITY PR(ESSIONALS GU>D+ ! ,NEW ,YORK ,REPUBLICAN CONV5TION :I* 5SUR$ ,BU%'S SECOND PRESID5TIAL NOM9ATION1 ! COMMISSION] TOLD REPORT]S ?AT ! REAL DANG] DID NOT COME FROM ,COMMUNI/S OR EV5 DJIHADI ,MUSLIMS1 BUT FROM VIOL5T AN>*I/S4 ,FROM ! E>LY #a#i#iS1 S*OL>LY 9T]E/ 9 AN>*ISM HAS PRODUC$ A M9OR AVALAN*E ( EXCELL5T /UDIES4 

,!RE CAN BE LITTLE D\BT ?AT ?IS DEVELOPM5T >OSE FROM ! DECAY & COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 ! FALL ( ,COMMUNI/ REGIMES 9 ,EA/]N ,EUROPE1 ,*9A'S HEADLONG RU% D[N ! YELL[-BRICK CAPITALI/ ROAD1 ,FIDEL ,CA/RO PASS+ ! RE9S TO HIS SEPTUAG5>IAN Y\NG] BRO!R1 & ,KIM ,IL-SUNG TO HIS SON1 & PROBABLY GR&SON TOO4 ,?IS CATACLYSM1 ALONG ) ! FOSSILIZATION ( 0SOCIAL DEMOCRACY01 HAS 5C\RAG$ MANY K9DS ( PEOPLE ON ! LEFT TO LOOK = HOPE ELSE:]E1 & ALSO RE5GAGE ) NON-,L59I/ SOCIALI/ TRADITIONS4 ,ALL ! MORE SO1 S9CE OR?ODOX ,M>XI/ POLITICIANS & 9TELLECTUALS HAD LONG CA/ AN>*ISM1 0UTOPIAN0 RA!R ?AN 0SCI5TIFIC01 9TO ! DU/B9 ( HI/ORY1 & CREAT$ A GOOD DEAL ( FALSIFI$ HI/ORIOGRAPHY TO 5SURE IT /AY$ !RE4 

,:AT WE >E AW>E ( N[ IS ?AT AN>*ISM GOT AN E>LY />T ) ! WORK ( ,F\RI] & ,PR\DHON1 & WAS 0PASS$0 BY ,M>X & ,5GELS UNTIL ,BAKUN9 ?REAT5$ TO TAKE OV] ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL4 

,BETWE5 ,M>X'S DEA? & ,L59'S SUDD5 RISE TO P[] 9 #a#i#a#g1 OR?ODOX ,M>XISM WAS 9 ! M9ORITY AS F> AS LEFTI/ OPPOSITION TO CAPITALISM & IMP]IALISM WAS CONC]N$--SUCCESSFUL MA9LY 9 ! MORE ADVANC$ 9DU/RIAL & ,PROTE/ANT /ATES ( ,WE/]N & ,C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 & G5]ALLY PACIFIC 9 ITS POLITICAL POSITIONS4 ,IT WAS RA!R AN>*ISM 7OR AN>*ISMS--! \TLOOK WAS ALWAYS HI<LY CONTE/$1 DESPITE ! MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK97 ?AT /OLE HE>TS & HEADL9ES1 FIR/ ) ! WAVE ( SPECTACUL>LY SUCCESSFUL & FAIL$ ASSASS9ATIONS ( HEADS ( /ATES1 TOP POLITICIANS & CAPITALI/S 7FROM ,BUFFALO TO ,H>B97 UND] ! RUBRIC ( 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$02 !N BY ! RISE ( SYNDICALISM ) ITS SIGNATURE !ME ( ! REVOLUTION>Y G5]AL /RIKE1 DISCUSS$ BY ,SOREL BUT 9 FACT FIR/ !ORIZ$ BY ! AN>*I/S ( ! #a#h#gS4 ,9 HIS MEMOIRS1 ,LEON ,BLUM1 ! PEACEABLE =M] SOCIALI/ ,PRIME ,M9I/] ( ,FRANCE1 C\LD WRITE ?AT HIS G5]ATION WAS SATURAT$ ) AN>*I/ IDEAS & VALUES4.<#a.> 

,L59 WAS NOT EXACTLY A RABBIT1 BUT HIS E/ABLI%M5T ( A ,M>XI/,L59I/ REGIME 9 MU* ( =M] ,CZ>DOM %OT OR?ODOXY F> AHEAD ( ANY COMPETITION4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY ! E/ABLI%M5T ( ! ,COM9T]N1 ! ,COMMUNIZATION ( MU* ( EA/ & C5TRAL ,EUROPE1 ,MAO'S RISE TO AUTOCRATIC P[]1 & SO ON4 ,9 ! /&>D HI/ORIOGRAPHY1 AN>*ISM MADE ITS LA/ H]OIC & TRAGIC /& 9 ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W>4 ,EUROPE'S AN>*ISM WAS ON ITS LA/ LEGS BY ! 5D ( ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 & F9I%$ (F AS A MASS MOVEM5T 9 ! AFT]MA?--= ! TIME BE+ AT LEA/4 

,:AT W]E AN>*ISM'S E>LY ADVANTAGES8 ,C]TA9LY NOT !ORETICAL4 ,M>X'S T[]+ !ORETICAL CONTRIBUTIONS W]E WIDELY ACKN[L$G$ ON ! LEFT1 NOT LEA/ BY ,BAKUN91 :O GRACI\SLY CALL$ ,M>X ! 0SUPREME ECONOMIC & SOCIALI/ G5IUS ( \R DAY0 7( !IR RELATIONS1 HE LAT] WROTE1 ,M>X 0CALL$ ME A S5TIM5TAL IDEALI/1 & HE WAS RI<T2 ,I CALL$ HIM GLOOMY1 UNRELIABLE & VA91 & ,I WAS RI<T TOO407.<#b.> ,BUT 9 ,BAKUN9 & 9 ,KROPOTK91 & O!RS1 AN>*ISM HAD P[]FUL WRIT]S & LEAD]S2 9 ,MALATE/A IT HAD A *>ISMATIC1 NOMADIC POLITICAL ACTIVI/4 

,ITS MA9 ASSETS W]E1 ,I BELIEVE1 ?REE4 ,FIR/ ( ALL WAS ITS UTOPIAN ELAN4 ,JAMES ,5SOR'S MA/]PIECE1 ! HUGE PA9T+ HE COMPLET$ 9 #ahhh & 5TITL$ ,*RI/'S ,5TRY 9TO ,BRUSSELS1 #a#h#h#i1 EXEMPLIFI$ ?IS ELAN1 NOT ONLY BY ITS HECTIC DATES1 BUT BY ! HUGE R$ BANN] OV] ! POPUL> CR[DS SURR\ND+ ! TRIUMPHANT ,*RI/1 EMBLAZON$ ) ,VIVE ,LA ,SOCIALE1 MEAN+ 0LONG LIVE ! REVOLUTION>Y NEW SOCIETY BE+ BORN01 & BY ! 5IGMATIC1 GR&FA!RLY FACE ( ! ,M>QUIS DE ,SADE 9 ! L[] RI<T H& CORN]4 ,AB\T ! SAME TIME1 A GR\P ( ,ITALIAN AN>*I/S P]SUAD$ ! ELD]LY ,EMP]OR ,P$RO ,I,I ( ,BRAZIL TO MAKE OV] L& SUFFICI5T TO E/ABLI% UTOPIAN COLONIES :]E AN>*I/S C\LD LIVE UNMOLE/$ AS !Y DREAM$4 7,UNLUCKILY ! ,EMP]OR WAS SOON OV]?R[N1 & HIS BRUTAL REPUBLICAN SUCCESSORS QUICKLY OBLIT]AT$ !SE COLONIAS74 ,IT WAS SURELY ALSO ?IS SPIRIT ?AT MADE AN>*ISM ATTRACTIVE TO SO MANY >TI/S & WRIT]S1 AT LEA/ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE4 

,SECOND WAS AN>*ISM'S POSITIVE ATTITUDE T[>DS PEASANTS & AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S1 :O ALMO/ EV]Y:]E \TSIDE NOR!RN & WE/]N ,EUROPE W]E MU* L>G] 9 NUMB]S ?AN ! URBAN & 9DU/RIAL WORK+ CLASSES4 ,F9ALLY1 = A LONG TIME1 AN>*ISM C\LD BE SAID TO BE MORE S]I\SLY 9T]NATIONALI/ ?AN ITS COMPETITOR4 ,?IS ATTITUDE P>TLY >OSE BECAUSE AN>*ISM RODE ! HUGE WAVES ( MIGRATION \T ( ,EUROPE ?AT *>ACT]IZ$ ! LA/ #d YE>S BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I3 ,ITALIANS1 ,SPANI>DS1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,POLES1 ,JEWS & SO ON P\R$ 9TO ! ,NEW ,WORLD1 R\ND ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 & 9TO ! EMPIRES BE+ CREAT$ BY ! ,EUROPEANS 9 ,ASIA & ,AFRICA4 7,MALATE/A SP5T YE>S 9 ,>G5T9A & ,EGYPT1 = EXAMPLE1 :ILE ,M>X & ,5GELS /AY$ 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE74 

,?IS 9T]NATIONALISM C]TA9LY HAD ITS !ORETICAL SIDE1 BUT MORE IMPORTANT1 IT WAS A MATT] ( EXP]I5CE & /RUGGLE 9 NON-,EUROPEAN CONTEXTS & T]RA9S4 ,NECESS>ILY !SE FIR/ G5]ATION ACTIVI/S F\ND !MSELVES (T5 AS 0=EIGN]S01 & AS SU* BR++ ! \TSIDE 9T]NATIONAL WORLD ) !M4 ,IF & :5 !Y RETURN$ TO ,EUROPE1 AS MANY DID1 ESPECIALLY ,ITALIANS1 !Y BR\<T ?AT EXTRA-,EUROPE EXP]I5CE BACK HOME4 ,! MA9 ?+ WAS ?AT !Y DID NOT ONLY WORK1 BUT !Y CON/ANTLY CROSS$ /ATE BORD]S4 

,IT IS JU/ H]E ?AT WE SEE ! E/IMABLE CONTRIBUTION ( ! PRES5T VOLUME1 :I* FOCUSES ON AN>*I/S 9 ! WORLD \TSIDE WE/]N ,EUROPE 7EXCEPT = ! CASE ( ,IREL&73 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 ,P]U1 ,>G5T9A1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,EGYPT1 !N ,KOREA1 5LAC$ ) ,*9A & ,JAPAN1 & ! ,UKRA9E4.<#c.> ,9 SOME CASES1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,C>IBBEAN & ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! MIGRANTS C\LD FLOAT 9 ON SU* IMP]IAL1 OR EX-IMP]IAL1 LANGUAGES AS ,5GLI% & ,SPANI%4 ,BUT ,ITALIANS HAD TO DEAL ) ,SPANI% 9 ,>G5T9A1 & 9 ,EGYPT ) ,GREEK1 ,FR5*1 ,>ABIC & ,5GLI%4 ,9T]NATIONALISM WAS ONLY S]I\SLY POSSIBLE IF L+UI/IC COMMUNICATION WAS SUCCESSFUL4 ,ONE C\LD SAY ?AT AN>*I/S W]E ! MO/ PRODUCTIVE TRANSLATORS ( ! ]A--\T ( NE$4 ,LA ,SOCIALE WAS NO LESS SIGNIFICANT4 

,?IS BOOK (F]S NUM]\S & FASC9AT+ EXAMPLES ( /RAI<T=W>D POLITICAL ACTIVITY & ORGANIZATION--UNIONS1 F$]ATIONS ( UNIONS1 /RIKES1 WALK\TS1 DEMON/RATIONS1 MEET+S1 CLUBS1 EV5 OCCASIONAL P>TICIPATION 9 ELECTORAL POLITICS4 ,BUT !SE ACTIVITIES & ORGANIZATIONS W]E ALSO UND]/OOD AS ! SOCIAL BASES ( ! GOOD SOCIETY TO COME3 MUTUAL HELP1 MUTUAL SOCIABILITY1 LOYALTY TO ! COMRADES1 A COMMON VOCABUL>Y4 ,BUT WE CAN SEE AN ADDITIONAL SIDE ( ,LA ,SOCIALE BY LOOK+ AT ,$G> ,RODRIGUES' ,OS ,AN>QUI/AS3 ,TRABALHADORES ITALIANOS NO ,BRAZIL1.<#d.> A FIR/ H& ACC\NT ( ! LIFE ( AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S 9 ! ,BRAZIL ( ?AT ]A1 :I* FEATURES A LONG LI/ ( PLAYS & 0MUSICALS01 /AG$ = AN>*I/ AUDI5CES 9 %ORT-T]M-R5T$ !AT]S 9 ,RIO & ,SAO ,PAULO4 ,!RE W]E ALSO W$D+S1 B>S1 P>KS1 & SO =?4 ,IT IS JU/ H]E ?AT ONE SEES ! L9K TO ! PEACEABLE1 ISOLAT$ COLONIAS M5TION$ ABOVE4 

,! 0,AFRICAN0 CASES >E ESPECIALLY 9T]E/+1 BECAUSE ! AN>*I/S' AIMS W]E MU* MORE DIFFICULT TO A*IEVE 9 ?IS REG>D4 ,AN>*ISM WAS BR\<T TO ,EGYPT BY ,ITALIAN WORK]S RECRUIT$ = ! GIGANTIC CON/RUCTION PROJECT ?AT WAS ! ,SUEZ ,CANAL4 ,DIRECT ACCESS TO ! ,>ABICSPEAK+ POPULATION WAS A HUGE PROBLEM1 QUITE ASIDE FROM ! CULTURE ( ,M$IT]RANEAN ,ISLAM4 ,DEMOTIC ,GREEK WAS A SORT ( L+UA FRANCA 9 ! BIG CITIES1 ESPECIALLY ,ALEX&RIA1 BUT ,GREEK WASN'T A ,ROMANCE LANGUAGE & HAD ITS [N OR?OGRAPHY4 ,GREEKS W]E ALSO NOT ,CA?OLICS4 

,GORMAN'S *APT] %[S BEAUTIFULLY H[ H>DLY SOLID>ITY WAS WON3 BY 5DLESS TRANSLATIONS1 WRITT5 & ORAL1 & CON/ANT ORAL PRACTICE4 ,& WON IT WAS1 ) DIFFICULTY & P]SEV]ANCE1 VIA 09T]NATIONAL0 UNIONS ORGANIZ+ ,>ABS & ,EUROPEANS1 MULTI-L+UAL MEET+S & SPEE*ES1 & EV5 A DEGREE ( COOP]ATION ) NATIONALI/ICALLYM9D$ ,EGYPTIAN 9TELLECTUALS4 ,! MOVEM5T WAS AN*OR$ 9 RADICAL & AN>*I/ NETWORKS SPANN+ ! ?REE SIDES ( ! ,M$IT]RANEAN1 L9K+ ,EUROPE & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/1 L$ /RIKES & HELP$ LAUN* COMMUNISM 9 ,EGYPT4 ,AS AN EXAMPLE ( ITS PRACTICAL 9T]NATIONALISM1 !RE IS ,MALATE/A'S REM>KABLE 9VOLVEM5T 9 ,AHMAD ',URABI'S #ahhb REVOLT4 

,VAN D] ,WALT'S F9E *APT] ON ,S\? ,AFRICA %[S ANO!R SET ( 9TRACTABLE NON-,EUROPEAN DIFFICULTIES3 ?OSE CONNECT$ TO RACE4 ,H[ C\LD Y\NG ,SCOTTI% AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S REA* \T TO BLACK WORK]S :5 FE>FUL :ITE WORK]S TYPICALLY TRI$ TO SECURE !IR FRAGILE PLACE BY =M+ :ITE-ONLY UNIONS8 ,BORNE 9TO ,S\? ,AFRICA BY ,EUROPEAN IMMIGRANTS1 ! AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T NEV] APPEAL$ TO MORE ?AN A SMALL SECTION ( ! :ITES4 ,9DE$1 ITS MA9 SUCCESS WAS :5 IT DEVELOP$ 9TO AS A POPUL>1 RADICAL1 UNION TRADITION AMONG ! ,AFRICANS1 ,COLOR$1 & ,9DIANS4 ,SOMETIMES COOP]AT+ ) NATIONALI/S 7AS DID ! ,EGYPTIANS & ! ,ASIANS71 IT HAD NO LOVE = ! NATION-/ATE2 IT S\<T ! GRAIL ( AN ANTI-NATIONALI/ MODE ( ANTI-IMP]IALISM1 VIA ! ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION4 

,NOR!A/ ,ASIA IS A DIFF]5T /ORY 9 MANY RESPECTS4 ,NEI!R ,JAPAN NOR ,*9A WAS EV] COLONIZ$ 7AL?\< A SUB/ANTIAL P>T ( ,*9A WAS CONQU]$ OR CONCESSION$71 BUT ,KOREA1 FROM #aia TO #aide WAS =CIBLY 9CLUD$ 9 ! REALM ( ! ,JAPANESE 0,EMP]OR04 ,!RE W]E PL5TY ( ,EUROPEANS >\ND1 BUT !Y W]E SOLDI]S1 DIPLOMATS1 MISSION>IES1 TEA*]S1 J\RNALI/S1 & CAPITALI/S3 NO WORK]S OR PEASANTS4 ,ALL ?REE C\NTRIES W]E 0,CONFUCIAN0 TO V>I$ EXT5TS1 BUT !IR SPOK5 LANGUAGES W]E MUTUALLY UN9TELLIGIBLE4 ,! $ITORS ( ?IS BOOK POSIT ,MEIJI-,TAI%O ,TOKYO AS ,EA/ ,ASIA'S C\NT]P>T TO ,KROPOTK9'S ,LONDON4 ,! ,BRITI% CAPITAL WAS SAF] = AN>*I/S ?AN ,P>IS1 ,MADRID OR ,ROME1 &1 AS WE %ALL SEE1 RADICAL ,KOREANS & ,*9ESE W]E SAF] 9 ,TOKYO ?AN 9 ,%AN<AI OR ,SE\L4 

,MEIJI ,JAPAN1 EAG] TO GET FULL] ACCESS TO ,EUROPEAN PHILOSOPHY1 NATURAL & SOCIAL SCI5CE1 LIT]ATURE1 ETC41 PLUNG$ 9TO A MASSIVE 5DEAVOR ( TRANSLATION1 NOT ONLY FROM ,FR5* & ,5GLI%1 BUT ALSO ,G]MAN & ,RUSSIAN4 7,TOL/OY1 AN AN>*I/ FAVORITE1 >RIV$ /RAI<T FROM ,/4 ,PET]SBURG74 ,AN>*I/ TEXTS 9T]E/$ BO? ! ,JAPANESE POLICE & HOME-SPRUNG RADICALS OPPOS$ TO ! AU?ORIT>IAN POLITICAL REGIME3 ! TIM+ IS PROBABLY SIGNIFICANT1 S9CE #a#h#g-#a#i#c#i WAS ! NOONDAY ( AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM 9 ! ,WE/4 

,JAPAN NATURALLY PRODUC$ ITS [N 9FLU5TIAL AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S1 SOME ( HI< 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL CALIB]1 & SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 ?\< !Y (T5 CAME TO BLOODY 5DS1 BUT IMMIGRANTS ALSO PROV$ KEY PEOPLE1 AS ,HWANG NICELY %[S4 ,?\S&S ( Y\NG ,*9ESE1 EI!R S5T BY ! ,MAN*US OR %IPP$ BY O!R MEANS1 CAME TO /UDY 9 ,JAPAN AT A TIME :5 ! WRIT+ ( ,JAPANESE WAS /ILL HEAVILY DONE 9 KANJI4 ,KOREANS W]E ALSO BR\<T TO ,JAPAN1 ) ! IDEA ?AT ?IS WAS A GOOD WAY TO DOME/ICATE !M & W>D (F NATIONALI/ RESI/ANCE4 ,A SMALL ,JAPAN-$UCAT$ 9TELLIG5TSIA BECAME VISIBLE AS E>LY AS ! LATE #a#i#aS4 

,BOOKS PROHIBIT$ BACK HOME W]E USUALLY AVAILABLE 9 ! METROPOLIS4 ,IT %\LD ALSO BE SAID ?AT NEWSPAP]S PLAY$ A P>ALLEL ROLE4 ,ALREADY 9 ! #a#h#gS A GLOBAL CIRCUIT ( TELEGRAPHIC UND]-OCEAN CABLES WAS 9 PLACE1 SO ?AT LIT]ATE ,EA/ ,ASIANS HAD ALMO/ IMM$IATE ACCESS TO ! ,BO] ,W> 9 ,AFRICA1 ! ,CUBAN REBELLION 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 & NE> TO HOME ! REVOLUTION 9 ! ,PHILIPP9ES4 

,:AT IS BO? T\*+ & 9/RUCTIVE 9 ,HWANG'S /UDY1 & ALSO 9DICAT$ 9 ,DIRLIK'S *APT] ON ,*9A1 IS ACTUALLY ! PRACTICAL 9T]NATIONALISM ( ! FIR/ G5]ATION ( ,KOREAN AN>*I/S1 SOME ( :OM FL$ TO ,*9A & L9K$ UP ) ,*9ESE COMRADES 9 AN A/ONI%+LY 5]GETIC CAMPAIGN TO CREATE ,LA ,SOCIALE--S*OOLS1 WORK]S' COLLEGES1 LIBR>IES1 COOP]ATIVES1 MILITIAS1 REFUGES & SO =?4 ,!SE DAYS1 :5 ,KOREANS HAVE A REPUTATION = DIEH>D1 9W>D-TURN+ NATIONALISM1 ,HWANG'S ACC\NT IS REALLY POIGNANT4 ,! TRANSNATIONAL DIM5SION ( 0,ASIAN0 AN>*ISM IS ALSO /RESS$ BY ,DIRLIK1 :O FOCUSES ON ! ROLE ( NETWORKS & TRANSLOCAL CONNECTIONS 9 ! MAK+ ( ! MOVEM5T4 

,! NEXT P>T ( ?IS BOOK1 PROBABLY MORE FAMILI> TO READ]S ?AN ! ,ASIAN & ,AFRICAN SECTIONS1 CONSI/S ( F\R P[]FUL /UDIES ( ! ,SPANI%- & ,PORTUGUESE-SPEAK+ ,AM]ICAS1 ?\< ! IMPORTANT ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN ,I,W,W ,WOBBLIES MAKE BRIEF BUT SIGNIFICANT APPE>ANCES4 ,:AT IS MO/ VALUABLE H]E IS ! %>P CONTRA/ 9 EXP]I5CE & PRAXIS ?AT ! AU?ORS BR+ \T4 ,BIONDO & ,TOL$O'S DESCRIPTION ( RADICAL POLITICS 9 ,SAO ,PAULO FROM #ahie UNTIL #aice ET*ES ESPECIALLY CLE>LY ! FAMILIAL T5SION ?AT C\LD >ISE BETWE5 EXTREMI/ AN>*ISM & ITS PRAGMATIC RELATIVE1 SYNDICALISM4 

,9 ,EUROPE1 ! UPSURGE ( SYNDICALISM WAS MA9LY A RESPONSE TO ! DEEP5+ ( 9DU/RIALISM & ! RAPID GR[? ( ! URBAN WORK+-CLASS1 AS WELL AS ! VIOL5T /ATE REACTION TO AN>*ISM'S SPECTACUL> 0PROPAG&A BY ! DE$01 9 ! LA/ QU>T] ( ! #a#i? C5TURY4 ,! EM]G5CE ( SYNDICALI/ UNIONS 9 ,*9A & ,JAPAN 79 ,KOREA1 !SE W]E RU?LESSLY CRU%$7 WAS CONDITION$ BY SIMIL> FACTORS4 ,SYNDICALI/S BELIEV$ ?AT REVOLUTION>Y *ANGE C\LD ONLY COME FROM ! MASSIVE ORGANIZATION ( TRADE UNIONS1 & !IR F$]ATION 9 DIFF]5T =MS1 9CLUD+ ! DREAM ( A S+LE 0BIG UNION0 ( !M ALL4 ,!IR ME?OD ( ACTION WAS C5TRALLY DEF9$ BY ! /RIKE1 LOCAL1 TRADE OR G5]AL4 

,AN>*I/S DID NOT IGNORE ! SIGNIFICANCE ( UNIONS1 & MANY PLAY$ ACTIVE ROLES )9 !M4 ,MOREOV]1 ! ROOTS ( SYNDICALISM LAY 9 ! AN>*I/ W+ ( ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL1 & A GREAT MANY AN>*I/S EMBRAC$ SYNDICALISM4 ,NONE!LESS1 A VOCAL SECTION ( AN>*I/S ALWAYS SUSPECT$ ?AT !SE UNIONS W]E BASES = UNDESIRABLE 9T]NAL HI]>*IES1 & ?AT1 TOO (T51 !Y FOCUS$ ON %ORT-T]M 0ECONOMIC GA9S0--HI<] WAGES1 %ORT] WORK+ H\RS1 & SO ON--AT ! EXP5SE ( G5]AL SOCIAL LIB]ATION4 

,SYNDICALISM FL\RI%$ 9 ,SAO ,PAULO1 ! SOLE L>GE 9DU/RIAL C5T] ( A ,BRAZIL ?AT WAS /ILL OV]:ELM+LY RURAL & PRE-9DU/RIAL1 & ITS MA9 CONC]NS W]E (T5 ) ! 0WORK+ MAN40 ,9 SOME AN>*I/ EYES1 IT !RE=E M>G9ALIZ$ WOM5 & RURAL LABOR1 & WAS NOT MU* 9T]E/$ 9 ! G5]AL SOCIAL & CULTURAL TRANS=MATION ( ! POPULATION4 ,9 A C\NTRY DOM9AT$ BY A TI<T-KNIT OLIG>*Y1 & =EIGN CAPITAL1 & ) A V]Y LIMIT$ SUFFRAGE1 AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S W]E NONE!LESS UNIT$ 9 !IR HO/ILITY TO ! COALITION ( OLIG>*S1 CAPITALI/S1 & ! >M$ P[] ( ! /ATE4 

,LA=CADE'S WOND]FUL MICRO-/UDY ( AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ RADICALISM 9 RIV]9E ,>G5T9A 9 ! SAME ]A =MS A NICE P>ALLEL TO ! CASE ( ,SAO ,PAULO4 ,IT IS 9/RUCTIVE ?AT HE FOCUSES NOT ON 9DU/RIAL WORK]S 9 ! RE/RICT$ S5SE1 BUT RA!R ON ! LONG%OREM5 & SAILORS EMPLOY$ 9 COA/AL & RIV]9E %IPP+1 :O HELD A KEY /RATEGIC POSITION 9 A C\NTRY :OSE 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL COMM]CE WAS HEAVILY DET]M9$ BY ITS UNUSUAL GEOGRAPHY4 ,BU5OS ,AIRES /OOD NE> ! MEET+-PO9T BETWE5 ! ,ATLANTIC ,OCEAN & ! GIGANTIC ,RIO DE LA ,PLATA1 NAVIGABLE = HUNDR$S ( MILES 9TO ! 9T]IOR1 %>$ ) ,URUGUAY & ,P>AGUAY1 & DOTT$ ) ! RIV]9E PORTS ?R\< :I* AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS FROM ! 9T]IOR OV]:ELM+LY PASS$ 9 A L>GELY PRE-RAILWAY ]A4 ,WAT]FRONT & ON-%IP /RIKES HAD A CAPACITY = 9FLICT+ 0DAMAGE0 ON ! CLASS 5EMY ?AT WAS UNMAT*$ BY ANY RADICAL GR\P 9 ,SAO ,PAULO4 ,ONE CONSEQU5CE WAS ?AT AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S F\ND 9 UNIONISM A P[]FUL WEAPON1 & COOP]AT$ & COMPET$ ON ! WAT]FRONT = MANY YE>S4 

,9 BO? /UDIES1 WE SEE ! CRUCIAL ROLE ?AT IMMIGRATION PLAY$ 9 DEVELOP+ COMMUNICATION ) ,EUROPEAN COMRADES1 ESPECIALLY 9 ,ITALY1 ,PORTUGAL & ,SPA94 ,BUT WE >E ALSO %[N H[ ! EXP]I5CE ( BE+ 0=EIGN0 CREAT$ A /RONG /IMULUS = ASSIMILATION TO LOCAL CONDITIONS & = DEVELOP+ SOLID>ITY ACROSS E?NO-L+UI/IC L9ES1 P>TICUL>LY 9 ! FACE ( (FICIAL EF=TS TO CREATE A DEEP DIVIDE BETWE5 0=EIGN0 TR\BLE-MAK]S & LOYAL1 NATIONALI/-M9D$ 0CITIZ5S10 P>ALLEL+1 = EXAMPLE1 ! EF=TS 9 ,EGYPT TO UNITE 0=EIGN0 & 0LOCAL0 LABOR4 

,TO ! CASES ( ,SAO ,PAULO & ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 ,%AFF]'S ORIG9AL *APT] PROVIDES AN IMPRESSIVE CONTRA/4 ,HE DESCRIBES & COMP>ES TWO V]Y DIFF]5T TYPES ( TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL NETWORKS ?AT GREW UP ON ! FR+ES ( ! RAPIDLY EXP&+ ,U,S EMPIRE 9 ! ,AM]ICAS4 ,! FIR/ L9K$ ,CUBA ) ,PU]TO ,RICO1 S\!RN ,FLORIDA 7,TAMPA MA9LY71 & ,PANAMA1 ?AT ,YANKEE IMP]IALISM SNAT*$ \T ( ,COLOMBIA'S H&S TO 5ABLE ! CREATION ( ! 9T]-OCEANIC ,PANAMA ,CANAL4 ,SMALL PLACES1 )\T BIG 9DU/RIAL CITIES1 ALL CONTROLL$ BY ! ,U,S AFT] #a#i#c2 HUGE IMMIGRATION FROM RURAL ,SPA9 TO ,CUBA 9 ! #a#h#hS & #a#h#iS1 & L>GE ,CUBAN EMIGRATION TO S\!RN ,FLORIDA & ,PANAMA LAT] ON4 ,H5CE A NETWORK 9 :I* 0LANGUAGE0 WAS NO OB/ACLE1 BUT RA!R A S\RCE ( SOLID>ITY ACROSS /ATE L9ES4 ,9 ?IS CONTEXT1 SYNDICALISM WAS A P[]FUL =CE1 /RADDL+ BORD]S1 & CONFLICT BETWE5 AN>*I/ 0PURISM0 & SYNDICALI/ UNIONISM WAS R>E4 

,AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM HAD COME TO ,CUBA E>LY1 ) ! WAVE ( IMMIGRATION FROM AN>*I/ ,CATALONIA1 ABOVE ALL4 ,BUT ALMO/ AT ONCE IT FAC$ ! PROBLEM ( NATIONALISM 9 A WAY ?AT IS 9VISIBLE 9 ,BRAZIL & ,>G5T9A4 ,AN>*I/S HAD DEF5D$ IMMIGRATION AGA9/ CREOLE NATIONALISM1 & IF !Y 9ITIALLY HESITAT$ TO SUPPORT ,M>TI'S NATIONAL REVOLUTION AGA9/ ,SPANI% COLONIALISM1 !Y EV5TUALLY CAME R\ND ON ANTI-IMP]IALI/ GR\NDS1 PLAY+ A C5TRAL ROLE4 ,CURI\SLY 5\<1 ! ,AM]ICAN OCCUPATION 9 #ahih ALL[$ ! AN>*I/S TO DEVELOP SOME FAVORITE TRADITIONAL !MES1 ! CONDITION ( WOM51 ESPECIALLY ?OSE WORK+ 9 ! TOBACCO FACTORIES ( ,CUBA & ,TAMPA1 ! PITIABLE CONDITION ( *ILDR5'S HEAL? & $UCATION1 & SO =?4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 B\ND BY ! ,SPANI% LANGUAGE IT ALSO MOV$ EASILY ACROSS /ATE B\ND>IES1 & CREAT$ A D5SE NETWORK ( COMMUNICATION1 F9ANCIAL SUPPORT1 & $UCATIONAL ACTIVITIES ?AT CROSS$ OV] 9TO ! S\!A/ TIP ( ! ,U,S,A & ACROSS ! ,C>IBBEAN TO ! ,CANAL ,ZONE4 

,%AFF]'S CONTRA/+ CASE DEVELOP$ >\ND & ACROSS ! BORD] BETWE5 ! ,U,S & ,MEXICO1 ESPECIALLY ONCE ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION GOT UND] WAY4 ,H]E WE F9D SYNDICALISM %[+ UP1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! OIL-FIELDS ALONG ! ,C>IBBEAN COA/ & 9 ! L>GE/ URBAN CONGLOM]ATIONS4 ,D\BTLESS1 ?IS WAS P>TIALLY ! RESULT ( G5]ALLY CLOSE TIES ) ! SYNDICALI/ ,WOBBLIES !MSELVES1 :O 9CLUD$ A SIGNIFICANT NUMB] ( NATIVE ,SPANI% SPEAK]S & WELL AS BIL+UAL ,ANGLOS 9 ! ,AM]ICAN BORD] /ATES BETWE5 ,CALI=NIA & ,TEXAS1 :O ALSO W]E COMMITT$ TO 9T]NATIONALISM4 

,HIRS*'S MOV+ *APT] ON ,P]U MAKES 0AN>*O-SYNDICALISM0 ITS BASIC SUBJECT4 ,FAC+ ! REMOTE S\!RN ,PACIFIC RA!R ?AN ! HEAVILY CRISS-CROSS$ ,ATLANTIC1 ,P]U EXP]I5C$ V]Y LITTLE LIKE ! VA/ ,EUROPEAN MIGRATIONS 9TO ,BRAZIL1 ,>G5T9A1 & ,CUBA4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 IT HAD A HUGE NATIVE POPULATION1 :I* HAD LONG BE5 EXTIRPAT$ 9 ,CUBA & ,>G5T9A1 & BE5 COMPLETELY M>G9ALIZ$ 9 COA/AL ,BRAZIL4 ,H5CE IT FAC$ A V]Y DIFF]5T K9D ( NATIONALI/ QUE/ION-- ONE F> CLOS] TO ?AT CONFRONT+ ! MOVEM5T 9 ,EGYPT & ,S\? ,AFRICA1 :]E ,EUROPEANS W]E A SMALL M9ORITY4 

,! ORIG9S ( ,P]UVIAN AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM !RE=E HAVE SOME FEATURES COMP>ABLE TO ! ?REE PREVI\S ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN & ,C>IBBEAN CASES1 BUT O!RS />TL+LY DIFF]5T4 ,ON ! ONE H&1 IT WAS BR\<T TO ,P]U NOT BY POOR EMIGRES BUT BY AN UPP]-CLASS ,P]UVIAN 9TELLECTUAL1 ,MANUEL ,GONZALEZ ,PRADA1 :O SP5T #g YE>S ( SELF-EXILE 7#a#h#i#a-#a#h#i#h7 9 ,SPA9 & ,FRANCE4 ,!RE HE DEVELOP$ CLOSE CONTACTS ) RADICAL LEFTI/S JU/ AT ! TIME :5 SYNDICALISM WAS 9 ! ASC5DANT AT ! BASE & :5 AN>*ISM /ILL HAD A /RONG 9FLU5CE 9 9TELLECTUAL CIRCLES4 ,ON ! O!R H&1 AT ! 5D ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ,LIMA & ! NE>BY PORT-CITY ( ,CALLAO W]E />T+ TO FOLL[ ! E>LI] PA? ( ,SAO ,PAULO1 ,BU5OS ,AIRES1 & ,JOHANNESBURG--9DU/RIALIZ+ BIG CITY AGGLOM]ATIONS 9CREAS+LY CONNECT$ TO =EIGN CAPITALI/ 9VE/M5TS 9 M9ES & O!R EXPORT 9DU/RIES4 

,9 ,HIRS*'S N>RATIVE !RE >E ?REE !MES ( UNUSUAL 9T]E/4 ,! FIR/ IS ?AT1 WELL BE=E ANY O!R POLITICAL GR\P1 ! AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S MADE DET]M9$ EF=TS TO REA* \T TO1 & CREATE SOLID>ITY1 ) ! 9DIG5\S POPULATIONS1 BO? 9 ! =M] ,9CA CAPITAL ( ,CUZCO 9 ! REMOTE HI<L&S & 9 URBAN COA/AL T[NS :]E MIGRATIONS FROM ! 9T]IOR W]E BEG9N+4 ,?IS CANNOT HAVE BE5 EASY1 S9CE FEW PEOPLE ( ,SPANI% DESC5T MA/]$ EI!R ,QUE*UA OR ,AYM>A1 & ! CULTURAL GAP BETWE5 ! HI<L&S & ! COA/ WAS TRULY VA/4 

,H]E A COMP>ISON IS W>RANT$ ) ,BRAZIL & ,CUBA1 AS WELL AS ,S\? ,AFRICA4 ,9 ! #a#h#hS1 ,BRAZIL & ,CUBA W]E ! LA/ 9 ! WORLD LEGALLY TO 5D SLAV]Y4 ,%AFF] %[S H[ ! ,CUBAN AN>*I/S S\<T TO DEAL ) ! RACE QUE/ION1 AL?\< ,TOL$O & ,BIONDI DO NOT M5TION ! L>GE POPULATION ( URBAN BLACKS ALONG ! C\NTRY'S NOR!A/ COA/4 ,YET ! BLACKS 9 BO? C\NTRIES W]E F> CLOS] 9 RELIGION & LANGUAGE TO ! DOM9ANT :ITES ?AN ANY?+ COMP>ABLE 9 ,P]U4 ,9 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ! 9DIG5\S ,AFRICAN MAJORITY 7& ,AFRICAN WORK]S 9 P>TICUL>7 W]E CULTURALLY DI/9CT1 YET1 AS VAN D] ,WALT %[S1 ! LATT] W]E NONE!LESS *AMPION$ BY & 9CREAS+LY C5TRAL 9 ! LOCAL AN>*I/ & SYNDICALI/ MOVEM5T4 

,SECOND1 ,HIRS* UND]L9ES ! ,P]UVIAN RADICALS' CLOSE TIES ) !IR C\NT]P>TS 9 NEI<BOR+ ,*ILI--AT A TIME :5 ! GOV]NM5TS ( ! TWO C\NTRIES W]E F]OCI\SLY HO/ILE TO ONE ANO!R4 ,F9ALLY1 ! AU?OR UND]SCORES ! S]I\S EF=TS TO EMP[] & SUCCOR WOM51 ESPECIALLY WOM5 WORK]S1 AS WELL AS TO C>RY \T ! TRADITIONAL AN>*I/ 5DEAVORS TO CREATE A NEW CULTURE BY BUILD+ S*OOLS1 PAMPHLETE]+1 LIT]ACY CAMPAIGNS1 & ALL ! SOCIABILITY *>ACT]I/IC ( ,LA ,SOCIALE4 

,:Y IS !RE A *APT] ON ,IREL& 9 ?IS BOOK8 ,MORPHOLOGICALLY1 IT CAN H>DLY BE CALL$ A COLONY 9 ! /&>D S5SE1 P>ALLEL TO1 SAY ,S\? ,AFRICA1 ,9DONESIA1 ,SYRIA1 OR ,MOZAMBIQUE4 ,IT HAD ITS [N P>LIAM5T 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY1 & AFT] ! ,RE=M ,ACT & ! 5D ( LEGAL DISCRIM9ATION AGA9/ ,CA?OLICS1 BO? HAPP5+ 9 ! #a#h#cS1 IT HAD A P[]FUL ELECTORALLY-BAS$ PRES5CE 9 ,WE/M9/]4 ,FROM ! #a#h? C5TURY ON SOME ( ! MO/ \T/&+ WRIT]S 9 ! ,U,K W]E ,IRI%M5 TOO1 9CLUD+ ,SWIFT1 ,BURKE1 ,%]IDAN1 ,WILDE1 & ,JOYCE4 ,IMMIGRATION 9TO ,IREL& FROM ,BRITA9 WAS NEGLIGIBLE1 :ILE ,IRI% EMIGRATION 9TO ,BRITA9 7& ! ,U,S,A7 FROM ! #a#i? C5TURY ON HAS BE5 MASSIVE4 ,BY #a#i1 ONLY A V]Y SMALL M9ORITY1 9 ! F> WE/ ( ! ISL&1 SPOKE ,GAELIC RA!R ?AN ,5GLI%4 ,:AT M>K$ MO/ ( ! ISL& (F FROM ,BRITA9 WAS ! ATTA*M5T TO AN (T5 CRUELLY P]SECUT$ ,CA?OLICISM & ITS POV]TY-/RICK5 AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY4 ,IT WAS ONE ( ! E>LIE/ ,EUROPEAN PLACES :]E A MILITANT NATIONALI/ MOVEM5T WAS BORN4 

,O',CONNOR'S SOB] TEXT MAKES ! L9K1 NOT ?R\< AN>*ISM 7:I* IS NOT MU* M5TION$7 BUR RA!R ?R\< SYNDICALISM1 EV5 ?\<1 BY HIS [N ACC\NT1 FEW ,IRI% WORK] RADICALS CALL$ !MSELVES SYNDICALI/S4 ,IT APPE>S 9 ! DECADE BE=E ,WORLD ,W> ,I1 AT A TIME :5 SYNDICALISM WAS A MAJOR SOCIAL =CE 9 ,CA?OLIC ,WE/]N ,EUROPE-- ,FRANCE1 ,ITALY1 & ,SPA91 & :5 ! ,WOBBLIES W]E A H\SEHOLD WORD 9 ! ,U,S,A TO :I* SO MANY ,IRI% PEOPLE HAD FL$ DUR+ & AFT] ! GREAT FAM9E ( ! #a#h#dS4 ,IT WAS ALSO 9EXTRICABLY L9K$ TO ! RIS+ MOBILIZATION ( ,IRI% NATIONALI/ ID5TITY1 & HO/ILITY TO ,BRITI% DOM9ATION--EV5 ( ! LOCAL BRAN*ES ( P[]FUL TRADE UNIONS CONTROLL$ FROM ACROSS ! ,IRI% ,SEA4 

,O',CONNOR'S WORK %[S US SOME P>ALLELS ) ,S\? ,AM]ICA1 & TO AN EXT5T ,S\? ,AFRICA--RADICAL UNIONS C5T]$ 9 ! BIG COMM]CIAL & 9DU/RIAL PORT-CITIES ( ,BELFA/ & ,DUBL92 & ! /RATEGY ( SEIZ+ = WORK]S' CONTROL1 NOT SO MU* ( FACTORIES1 AS ( ! >T]IES ( TRANSPORTATION1 %IPP+ & RAILWAYS ABOVE ALL1 9 AN ECONOMY DEP5D5T ON ! EXPORT ( AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS1 AS WELL AS CATTLE & HORSES4 ,9 SYNDICALI/ FA%ION1 IT WAS ?\<T POSSIBLE TO CREATE A P[]FUL C5TRAL TRANSPORT WORK]S' UNION :I* C\LD !N EXP& TO 9CLUDE SMALL] UNIONS & EV5TUALLY AGRICULTURAL LABOR4 ,H5CE1 ! BIR? ( ! ,WOBBLYI% GOAL ( ,ONE ,BIG ,UNION4 

,! RAPID RISE ( RADICAL ,IRI% SYNDICALISM 9T]SECT$ ) ! ONSET ( ! HI!RTO L>GE/ & BLOODIE/ W> 9 HUMAN HI/ORY1 :I* PROVID$ AN OPPORTUNITY OR TWO = >M$ REBELLIONS AGA9/ ,LONDON4 ,FIR/ CAME ! HOPELESS ,EA/] ,UPRIS+ ( #a#i#a#f1 :I* *>ISMATIC SYNDICALI/ LABOR LEAD] ,JAMES ,CONNOLLY QUIXOTICALLY JO9$ ) A FEW HUNDR$ FOLL[]S1 LEAD+ TO HIS EXECUTION4 ,!N1 9 ! IMM$IATE AFT]MA? ( ! ,>MI/ICE1 CAME ! RE9VIGORAT$ ,I,R,A'S GU]RILLA W> = 9DEP5D5CE1 :I* 5D$ ) ! 9DEP5D5CE ( ! ,CA?OLIC TWO ?IRDS ( ,IREL&1 & ,LONDON'S CONT9U$ CONTROL ( ,PROTE/ANT ,UL/]4 ,SYNDICALI/ LABOR PLAY$ ONLY A M9OR ROLE 9 ! W>1 & !N FAC$ ! DET]M9ATION ( ! DOM9ANT ,CA?OLIC B\RGEOISIE TO CEM5T ITS P[]1 & ! MASSIVE HO/ILITY ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,*UR* TO ANY K9D ( RADICALISM1 ESPECIALLY AS ,L59 WAS N[ 9 P[] 9 ! ,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,YET IT WAS A POT5T =CE4 

,F9ALLY1 & ?IS IS A LOVELY SURPRISE1 !RE IS A BRILLIANT *APT] BY ,%UB9 ON ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T L$ BY ! ,UKRA9IAN ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO FROM ,CZ>DOM'S COLLAPSE 9 #aiag TO ITS CRU%+ BY ,L59 & ,TROTSKY 9 #aiba 7ALMO/ ! SAME P]IOD AS ?AT BETWE5 ! ,EA/] ,UPRIS+ & ! ,W> = ,9DEP5D5CE 9 ,IREL&74 ,%UB9 TELLS ! READ] ?AT E>LY ,RUSSIAN AN>*ISM GREW \T ( ! N>ODNIK MOVEM5T ( ! #a#h#fS & #a#h#gS1 BUT WAS COMPLETELY DE/ROY$ BY ! ,CZ>I/ POLICE1 & WAS ONLY REVIV$ A G5]ATION LAT]1 ) /RON<OLDS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,LIT]ATE ,RUSSIANS 79 ! BROAD VAGUE S5SE7 W]E C]TA9LY AW>E ( ! ,RUSSIAN ROOTS ( CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM--,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK9--BUT !IR TRACES >E ONLY DIMLY VISIBLE 9 ?IS ACC\NT4 

,! UNIQU5ESS ( ,MAKHNO--= ?IS BOOK--IS ?AT HE CAME TO P[] 9 L>GE P>TS ( ! ,UKRA9E ?ANKS TO AN ORGANIZ$ >M$ =CE :I* HE L$ ) BRIO4 ,! CORE ( ?IS >M$ BASE MAY EXPLA9 :Y HE WAS USUALLY HO/ILE TO ,UKRA9IAN NATIONALI/S1 :O W]E NOTORI\SLY ANTI-,SEMITIC AS WELL AS NAVEL-GAZ+4 ,! M5 & WOM5 :O COMPRIS$ ! ,MAKHNOVI/ >MY W]E E?NIC ,UKRA9IAN & O!R PEASANTS1 SOME URBAN WORK]S1 AS WELL AS LOCAL ,JEWS & EV5 A SUB/ANTIAL NUMB] ( ,COSSACKS1 :OSE [N E?NIC ORIG9S W]E A WILD MELANGE ( DIFF]5T L+UI/IC & E?NIC GR\PS4 7,YET ! ,CZ>S HAD (T5 US$ ! ,COSSACKS = POGROMS AGA9/ ! ,JEWS74 ,LIKE ! MOVEM5TS 9 ,*9A1 ,CUBA1 ,EGYPT1 ,IREL&1 ,P]U1 ,S\? ,AFRICA & ELSE:]E1 IT S\<T TO ORGANIZE BEYOND NATIONALI/ CATEGORIES4 

,MAKHNO'S >MY WAS P>TIALLY MADE POSSIBLE BY ,B]L9'S PULV]IZATION ( ! ,CZ>'S >MIES1 5D+ ) ,L59'S & ,TROTSKY'S SIGN+ ! HUMILIAT+ TREATY ( ,BRE/-,LITOVSK TO PREV5T FUR!R ,G]MAN 9CURSIONS1 ESPECIALLY 9 ! ,UKRA9E4 ,G]MANY'S [N COLLAPSE T[>DS ! 5D ( #a#i#a#h1 LET LOOSE A VA/ SW>M ( M5 ) WEAPONS & MILIT>Y EXP]I5CE 9 ! OLD EMPIRE1 = ,MAKHNO1 AS WELL AS ! ,BOL%EVIKS & ,:ITES1 TO RECRUIT4 

,! IMM$IATE ONSET ( ! ,CIVIL ,W> GAVE ,MAKHNO FUR!R ROOM TO MANEUV]1 BETWE5 ,R$S & ,:ITES--= A :ILE4 ,%UB9 GIVES TWO /RIK+ EXAMPLES ( H[ ,MAKHNO US$ HIS MILIT>Y P[] BEYOND ! BATTLEFIELD4 ,ANTI-,SEMITIC KILL]S1 RAPI/S & LOOT]S1 EV5 :5 !Y APPE>$ 9 HIS [N >MY1 W]E LIABLE TO EXECUTION \T ( H&4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ,MAKHNO ORD]$ A MASSIVE DI/RIBUTION ( L& TO ! PEASANTS & AGRICULTURAL LABOR]S WELL BE=E ! ,BOL%EVIKS PASS$ SIMIL> DECREES4 ,)\T MILIT>Y P[]1 ?IS DI/RIBUTION WAS SC>CELY POSSIBLE4 ,ONLY 9 ,MAN*URIA 9 ! LATE #a#i#bS AMONG ! ,KOREAN =CES1 & !N 9 ! #a#i#cS1 9 ,CIVIL ,W> ,SPA91 DID AN>*ISM HAVE COMP>ABLE P[] & OPPORTUNITIES4 

,ONE CRUCIAL !MATIC ?R\<\T ?IS BOOK WAS ! RISE ( NATIONALISM--9 ,CANTON1 ,TOKYO1 ,SE\L1 ,ODESSA1 ,DUBL91 ,HAVANA1 ,CAIRO1 ,B>CELONA & ,CAPE ,T[N--9 ! SPR+TIME ( AN>*ISM4 ,= ALL ITS G5U9E 9T]NATIONALISM1 AN>*ISM HAD TO DEAL ) A =CE :I* IT DID NOT :OLLY COMPREH5D1 & HAD SOME GOOD REASONS TO SUSPECT4 ,ALLIANCES1 AS ?IS BOOK %[S1 W]E POSSIBLE 9 MANY PLACES1 P]HAPS ESPECIALLY :]E AN>*I/S W]E !MSELVES 0NATIVES40 ,BUT IT WAS A GOOD DEAL H>D] :]E AN>*I/S & SYNDICALI/S HAD LEFT !IR NATIVE L&S4 ,/ILL1 !Y ADAPT$4 ,9 ! *APT]S ON ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA WE CAN OBS]VE !M MAK+ 9T]NATIONAL L9KS1 = EXAMPLE1 BETWE5 ,>G5T9A1 ,URUGUAY & ,BRAZIL1 ,*ILI & ,P]U1 & 9 ,CUBA & ,SPA94 ,9 ,*9A1 ,CUBA1 ,KOREA1 ,IREL& & ,UKRA9E1 !Y PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE 9 09DEP5D5CE0 W>S4 

,& N[8 ,! $ITORS ( ?IS BOOK BEG9 ITS TIME-FRAME 9 >\ND #ahg & CLOSE IT 9 #a#i#d4 ,READ]S WILL RECOGNIZE #aid AS ! YE> AFT] ! BLOODY TRIUMPH ( ,FRANCO'S >MIES 9 ,SPA9 7& ! FIR/ YE> ( FASCISM'S MILIT>Y DOM9ATION ( MO/ ( ,EUROPE74 ,WAS ! ,SPANI% ,CIVIL ,W> P]HAPS ! LA/ 9T]NATIONAL W>8 ,VOLUNTE]S FROM MANY PLACES F\<T ON BO? SIDES--,S\? ,AFRICA'S POET ,ROY ,CAMPBELL = ,FRANCO1 ,FRANCE'S ,&RE ,MALRAUX = ! DY+ ,REPUBLIC4 ,?IS BOOK %[S1 9 A POIGNANT S5T5CE OR TWO1 SOME?+ TRULY AMAZ+-- Y\NG ,*9ESE1 AN>*I/S & NOT1 JO9+ ! ,REPUBLIC ( ,SPA9'S /RUGGLE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! WORLD4 

,BUT 9 FACT1 AS !SE *APT]S ALSO %[1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM WAS 5T]+ A RELATIVE DECL9E FROM ! LATE #a#i#bS1 P]HAPS BECAUSE IT USUALLY ES*EW$ ! RU?LESS DISCIPL9E & C5TRALIZATION PROMOT$ BY ! ,COM9T]N4 ,9 AN AGE ( MASS MILIT>IZATION1 VA/LY 5HANC$ POLICE P[] AID$ BY TE*NOLOGICAL 9NOVATION1 & MILIT>IZ$ NATIONALISMS1 AN>*ISM APPE>$ TO HAVE LESS & LESS RELEVANCE4 ,9 ! SUBSEQU5T ]A ( ! ,COLD ,W>1 NEI!R ( ! OPPOS+ BLOCS1 :I* ALSO 9CLUD$ SATELLITES 9 ! EX-COLONIAL WORLD & SATELLITE P>TIES1 PAID MU* ATT5TION TO AN>*ISM--CONSIGN$ BY HI/ORIAN ,]IC ,HOBSBAWM1 ) SOME TE>DROPS ( NO/ALGIA1 TO ! CATEGORY ( 0PRIMITIVE REBELS04 ,NOT A S+LE PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I NATIONALI/ REVOLUTION WAS L$ BY AN>*ISM 7AL?\< 9 SOME1 LIKE ,KOREA1 IT /ILL PLAY$ AN IMPORTANT ROLE7--UNSURPRIS+LY S9CE ALL !SE MOVEM5TS ASPIR$ TO BECOME 0NATION-/ATES0 )9 ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS1 NO MATT] :AT !IR IDEOLOGICAL ORI5TATION4 

,IT MAY BE ?AT ?IS SITUATION WAS A K9D ( BLESS+ 9 DISGUISE4 ,?IS YE>1 = ! FIR/ TIME1 ,S\? ,AFRICA1 RUL$ BY =M] EM95CES ( ! NATIONALI/ ,A,N,C 7,AFRICAN ,NATIONAL ,CONGRESS71 ) ! SUPPORT ( ! ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY1 HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ ! MO/ UNEQUAL SOCIETY 9 ! WORLD1 N>R[LY \TPAC+ ! TRADITIONAL 0*AMPION01 ,LULA'S ,BRAZIL4 ,IREL& IS VIRTUALLY BANKRUPT1 ,EGYPT IS 9 RU9\S %APE UND] ! 5DLESS DICTATOR%IP ( ,MUB>AK4 ,NEI!R ,LA ,KIR*N]'S ,>G5T9A1 ,G>CIA'S ,P]U1 0,ORANGE0 ,UKRA9E1 G]ONTOCRATIC ,CUBA1 NOR DEEPLYDIVID$ ,KOREA (F] MU* REASON = OPTIMISM4 ,BUT AN>*ISM & SYNDICALISM CANNOT 9 ANY WAY BE BLAM$4 

,9 ,P>IS1 9 ,MAY #a#i#f#h1 ONE ( ! /UD5T ACTIVI/S' MO/ FAM\S SLOGANS WAS3 0,MAY ! LA/ CAPITALI/ BE /RANGL$ ) ! GUTS ( ! LA/ BUREAUCRAT04 ,BEH9D ! ,ROG] ,CORMAN IMAG]Y WE CAN SEE SOME?+ 9H]IT$ FROM ! TIME ( ,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN93 HO/ILITY TO ! /ATE1 ANY /ATE1 AS A HI]>*ICAL 9/ITUTION ( 5ORM\S P[] ) AN UNAPPEASABLE HUNG] = MORE ( IT4 ,ANO!R SLOGAN WAS3 0,LIB]TY = ! ,IMAG9ATION01 ) ITS RETRO-E*O ( ,L5NON4 

,AN>*ISM 9 ITS HEYDAY W\LD HAVE BE5 DELI<T$ ) ?IS K9D ( RHETORICAL EFF]VESC5CE4 ,! ,U,S ( ! %ORT #a#i#fS CREAT$1 PROBABLY )\T MU* MEMORY ( ,AM]ICAN AN>*ISM1 ,MAKE ,LOVE ,NOT ,W>1 ) ! SC5T ( ,LA ,SOCIALE >\ND IT4 ,OLD AN>*I/S W]E (T5 /RONG AB\T ,FREE ,LOVE1 AT LEA/ 9 PR9CIPLE1 EV5 IF 9 PRACTICE IT WAS MU* MESSI] ?AN !Y HAD EXPECT$4 ,NONE!LESS1 0LIB]ATION0 = WOM51 !N A BIT LAT] = GAYS & LESBIANS1 AS WELL AS OPPRESS$ E?NO-L+UI/IC M9ORITIES1 DREW ON AN>*ISM'S UTOPIAN ELAN & ADHESION TO ! IDEA ( SELF-RULE BY SMALL]1 HEAD-TO-HEAD COMMUNITIES & FRI5DLY 0HORIZONTAL0 RELATIONS ) O!RS ( ! SAME TYPE4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! WORLD WAS *ANG+ RAPIDLY 9 WAYS ?AT P>TLY REV]B]AT$ ) ! WORLD ( #a#h#g-#a#i#d4 ,FIR/ & =EMO/ WAS ! TSUNAMI ( CROSS-NATIONAL MIGRATIONS AFT] ,WORLD ,W> ,I,I1 NO LONG] MA9LY FROM ! ,NOR? TO ! ,S\? BUT VISE V]SA1 DRIV5 FROM BEH9D BY FE> & MIS]Y & DRAWN AHEAD BY HOPE & CAPITALISM'S HUNG] = *EAP LABOR4 ,WE CAN SEE H]E C]TA9 REFLECTIONS ( !MES DOM9AT+ ?IS BOOK4 ,POOR ,*9ESE LE>N$ ,SPANI%1 ,9DONESIANS ,JAPANESE1 ,FILIP9OS ,>ABIC1 ,MOZAMBICANS ,XHOSA OR ,5GLI%1 ,TURKS ,G]MAN1 ,IVOIRI5S ,FR5*1 & SO ON4 

,BUT ! PROCESSES DID NOT WORK ONLY 9 ONE DIRECTION4 ,API*AI ,%IPP]'S F9E REC5T ,FI<T+ = ,=EIGN]S3 ,IMMIGRATION & ITS ,IMPACT ON ,JAPANESE ,DEMOCRACY BOOK %[S !SE PROCESSES P]FECTLY4.<#e.> ,:ILE ! SCORNFUL ,?AI1 ,P]SIAN1 ,9DIAN1 ,FILIP9O & ,9DONESIAN NATIONAL EMBASSIES DID LESS ?AN NO?+ = !IR DESPIS$ FELL[-CITIZ5S1 ESPECIALLY IF !Y W]E ILLEGAL IMMIGRANTS1 & ! ,JAPANESE NATIONAL /ATE1 ! MEGA-CORPORATIONS & ! YAKUZA EXPLOIT$ & ABUS$ !M1 IT WAS PRECISELY A FASC9AT+ MELANGE ( ORD9>Y ,JAPANESE :O CAME TO !IR AID1 P]HAPS AS 9 AN AN>*I/'S DREAM-WORLD3 UNIONS1 ANGRY LAWY]S & DOCTORS1 LOCAL GOV]NM5TS1 *UR*-PEOPLE FROM ! ,*RI/IAN M9ORITY1 ,N,G,O,S & SO ON4 ,! IMMIGRANTS' NATIONAL SOLIPSISM WAS ALSO DILUT$ 9 MANY WAYS1 NOT LEA/ BECAUSE ! ,FILIP9OS CAME TO UND]/& !IR ,B5GALI OPPOSITE NUMB]S AS 9 ! SAME BOAT & HELP$ BY ! SAME D$ICAT$ ,JAPANESE1 NOT AB/RACTLY 9 ! MANN] ( 0HUMAN RI<TS RHETORIC01 BUT ) HUMAN SOLID>ITY & A GOOD NATIONALI/ %AME AT H[ 0,JAPAN0 WAS EXPLOIT+ !SE WRET*$ ( ! E>?4 

,SECOND WAS ! COMMUNICATIONS REVOLUTION ( ! #a#i#iS1 P>ALLEL+ ! TELEGRAPHIC REVOLUTION ( ! #a#h#hS1 :I* COLOSSALLY ADVANC$ ! SPE$ & DEP? ( GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS1 NOT ONLY = NATIONAL-/ATE SURVEILLANCE AG5CIES1 BUT = ANYONE :O WAS LIT]ATE & HAD *EAP ACCESS TO 9T]NET CAFES4 ,ONCE AGA91 !RE WAS A VA/ NE$ = TRANSLATION1 S9CE ! CROSS-NATIONAL NETWORKS WORK$ MA9LY ) ! 0GR& LANGUAGES0 ( \R TIME1 ,ANGLO-,AM]ICAN ,5GLI%1 ,FR5*1 ,*9ESE1 ,>ABIC1 ,RUSSIAN1 ,PORTUGUESE1 & SO ON4 ,:AT IS 9T]E/+ H]E IS RECOGNITION4 ,LEFTI/S1 GAYS & LESBIANS1 WORK]S1 FEM9I/S1 & ECOLOGI/S KNEW !Y BELONG$ TO GLOBALITY1 BUT ?IS WAS SOME?+ NEW = M9ORITIES ?REAT5$ ) EXT9CTION1 = :I* ! /ORY ( ,*IAPAS BECAME A TEMPLATE = >M$1 MILITANT AUTONOMY )9 A BLEA*$ \T NATION /ATE4 

,?IRD WAS ! *ALL5GE ( ELECTORAL1 M$IATIC DEMOCRACY & ! 0REGIME0 ( HUMAN RI<TS4 ,EV5 9 ! TIME ( CLASSICAL AN>*ISM ELECTORAL DEMOCRACY1 R>E AS IT !N APPE>$1 WAS A !ORETICAL & PRACTICAL PROBLEM4 ,BRITI% EXP]I5CE1 ALSO ,G]MAN & ,FR5*1 HAD %[N ?AT LEFT-W+ PRESSURE1 EXPRESS$ ?R\< ELECTORAL *ANNELS1 C\LD CREATE1 ?R\< NATIONAL LAWS1 *ANGES ?AT A HUNDR$ /RIKES C\LD NOT EASILY EMULATE4 ,PROTECTION ( WOM5 & *ILDR5 FROM APPALL+ ABUSE 9 M9ES & FACTORIES1 SAFETY MEASURES1 LAT] 9SURANCE1 RECOGNITION ( UNIONS1 WAGE >BITRATION1 & SO ON4 ,BUT !SE *ANGES W]E EMB$D$ 9 0LAW01 & 5=C$ 7OR NOT7 BY ! NATIONAL /ATE 9 ! =M ( PROLIF]AT+ BUREAUCRACIES3 5D PRODUCT1 ! PO/-,WORLD ,W> ,I,I WELF>E /ATE4 0,RELAX1 WE'LL TAKE C>E ( Y\01 SO TO SPEAK1 EMPHASIZ+ ! OBV]SE PRON\NS4 

,! /ORY ( 0HUMAN RI<TS0 (F]S C]TA9 P>ALLELS4 ,AS ORIG9ALLY PROPOS$ BY ,AMNE/Y ,9T]NATIONAL1 CLASSICAL AN>*ISM W\LD HAVE LOV$ ! IDEA & ITS ORIG9AL AG5T3 NON-/ATE & G5U9ELY 9T]NATIONAL1 EV5 IF ITS' ,H,Q WAS 9 PO/-IMP]IAL ,LONDON & ITS GUID+ SPIRIT AN ,IRI% POLITICIAN4 7,9DE$1 ,KROPOTK9 SAW ! ,R$ ,CROSS & LIFEBOAT ASSOCIATIONS AS EXAMPLES ( AN EM]G5T AN>*I/-COMMUNI/ T5D5CY74 ,! /ILL SMALL SECRET>IAT HAD EXEMPL>Y RULES1 ( :I* ! MO/ IMPORTANT W]E ?AT NO ,H,Q RESE>*] C\LD /UDY OR C>E = HIS OR H] [N C\NTRY ( ORIG91 NOR C\LD ,A,I SUPPORT-GR\PS >\ND ! WORLD4 ,! DISA/] = ,A,I WAS BE+ AW>D$ ! ,NOBEL ,PEACE ,PRIZE4 0,HUMAN RI<TS0 SOON AFT] BECAME ! MASK+ SLOGAN = ALL K9DS ( ,MA*IAVELLIAN MILIT>Y 9T]V5TIONS 7AS WELL AS CYNICAL NON9T]V5TIONS7 BY ! DOM9ANT ,WE/]N P[]S1 L$ BY ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,ONCE AGA91 0LEAVE IT TO US04 

,LA/ WAS ! TRANS=MATION ( F9ANCE CAPITAL ITSELF1 UND] ! MOTTO ( NEO-LIB]ALISM4 ,9 =M] DAYS1 PEOPLE 9 ! ,C>IBBEAN1 & ,C5TRAL & ,S\? ,AM]ICA C\LD BE SURE ?AT ,UNIT$ ,FRUIT'S VIOL5T SUCCESSES W]E ,AM]ICAN4 ,:ATEV] ITS CROSS-NATIONAL REA*1 GIANT CAPITALISM WAS /ILL NATIONAL AT ITS ROOTS3 ?US IT WAS SOME?+ :I* LOCAL NATIONALISMS C\LD COMBAT1 IF !Y WI%$1 UND] ! FLAG ( ANTICOLONIAL NATIONALISM'S TRADITIONAL OPPOSITION TO IMP]IALISM4 

,MEAN:ILE F9ANCE CAPITAL1 AT LEA/ 9 P>T1 MOV$ ON4 ,ONE HAS TO CONSID] AN IMAG9>Y 7BUT EXEMPL>Y7 ,UNIT$ ,FRUIT1 :OSE HEADQU>T]S >E /ILL 9 ,BO/ON1 BUT :OSE MAJOR %>EHOLD]S >E ,SAUDI ,>ABIAN PR9CES1 ,SWISS BANK]S1 ,UNIT$ ,EMIRATES %EIKHS1 ,AM]ICAN 9SURANCE COMPANIES1 ,JAPANESE CONGLOM]ATES1 & SO ON1 )1 SAY1 ,9DIAN ,C,E,OS4 ,MEANTIME1 ! FAMILY ?AT BUILT ,UNIT$ ,FRUIT VEGETATES ON H$GE FUNDS4 ,9 FACT1 ,M>XI/ !ORI/S & AN>*I/ ACTIVI/S HAD LONG EMPHASIZ$ ! TRANSNATIONALITY ( CAPITAL4 ,NONE!LESS1 P]HAPS 9 ! GRIP ( OLD-/YLE ANTI-7NATIONAL7 IMP]IALI/ NATIONALISM1 !Y DID NOT IMAG9E ! SITUATION WE >E FAC$ ) TODAY4 

,! BEAUTY ( ?IS BOOK IS ?AT IT %[S :AT CLASSICAL AN>*ISM1 & ITS PROG5Y1 SYNDICALISM1 BEQUEA!D TO \R DYSPEPTIC TIMES4 ,EXEMPL>Y C\RAGE1 !ORETICAL CONTE/ATION 7:I* LA/S LONG] ?AN !ORETICAL C]TITUDE71 CONC]NS AB\T H[ TO LIVE FRE$OM1 9T]NATIONALISM FROM EXP]I5CE1 NOT FROM LIBR>IES1 A SKEPTICAL VIEW ( ! LIMITS ( NATIONALISM1 NO MATT] H[ ANTI-IMP]IALI/1 ! BUILD+ ( TRANSNATIONAL & TRANSREGIONAL NETWORKS1 A COMMITM5T TO SOCIO-CULTURAL EMANCIPATION & GRASS-ROOTS LEVEL ORGANIZATION1 5MITY T[>D 0DON'T WORRY WE WILL TAKE C>E ( Y\0 WELF>E BUREAUCRACIES1 & ( C\RSE UTOPIAS1 OV] ! RA9B[4 

,CLASSICAL AN>*ISM >OSE 9 AN ]A :5 ULTIMATE PROGRESS SEEM$ ASSUR$2 ONE C\LD SAY IT WAS 0SIMPLY0 A MATT] ( ! HOPEFUL /RUGGLE ( ! OPPRESS$ AGA9/ ! OPPRESSORS4 ,DY/OPIA WAS (F ! SCRE54 ,TODAY'S AN>*ISM LIVES UND] ! SIGN ( DISA/]--GLOBAL W>M+1 EXT9CTION ( SPECIES & LANGUAGES1 & SAUVE-QUI-PEUT-ISM ( EV]Y K9D ON4 ,LET'S HOPE ! TORTOISE CAN KEEP ON TRUCK94' 

,REF]5CES CIT$ 9 TEXT 

  
  

,ALDR$1 ,GUY1 7$471 ,BAKUN9'S ,WRIT+S4 ,9DORE_/,BOMBAY3 ,MOD]N ,PUBLI%]S_/,LIB]T>IAN ,BOOK ,H\SE1 #a#i#d#g4 

,RODRIGUES1 ,$G>1 ,OS ,AN>QUI/AS3 ,TRABALHADORES ITALIANOS NO ,BRAZIL4 ,SAO ,PAULO3 ,GLOBAL $ITORA E DI/RIBUIDORA1 #a#i#h#d4 

,%IPP]1 ,API*AI1 ,FI<T+ = ,=EIGN]S3 ,IMMIGRATION & ITS ,IMPACT ON ,JAPANESE ,DEMOCRACY4 ,I?ACA3 ,CORNELL ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#h4 

,UNG]SMA ,HALP]91 ,JOAN1 ,! ,>TI/ & ,SOCIAL ,RE=M3 ,FRANCE & ,BELGIUM1 #a#h#h#e- #a#h#i#h4 ,NEW ,HAV53 ,YALE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#a4  

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bi 3 ,PREFACE -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,APRIL #c1 #bb 3 ,PREFACE -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
HTTP3_/_/REVOLTLIB4COM_/