,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION 

#bd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,SECTIONS 7,T,O,C7 3 
     

O ,=EWORD 

      #bg ,WORDS2 #a1#g#a#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,DEF9ITIONS & ,ANCE/ORS 

      #b1#h#d#i ,WORDS2 #a#i1#b#i#b ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS 

      #b1#f#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#g1#c#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,/ATES1 ,SOCIETIES1 & ! ,COLLAPSE ( ,SOCIALISM 

      #b1#b#a#h ,WORDS2 #a#d1#f#b#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,DEFLAT+ ,NATIONALISM & ,FUNDAM5TALISM 

      #b1#d#h ,WORDS2 #a#e1#g#g#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,CONTA9+ ,DEVIANCY & ,LIB]AT+ ,WORK 

      #b1#f#g ,WORDS2 #a#f1#i#f#f ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,FRE$OM 9 ,$UCATION 

      #b1#h#e#i ,WORDS2 #a#h1#g#a ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,RESPONSE 

      #b1#c#i#b ,WORDS2 #a#e1#h#c#d ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,QUIET ,REVOLUTIONS 

      #b1#c#c#d ,WORDS2 #a#e1#d#c ,*>ACT]S     

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,F$]ALI/ ,AG5DA 

      #e1#h ,WORDS2 #c#h1#d#d#h ,*>ACT]S     

O ,REF]5CES 

      #a1#d#i#h ,WORDS2 #a#c1#i#d#d ,*>ACT]S 

,SECTIONS 7,CONT5T7 3 

O ,=EWORD 

,AN>*ISM IS A SOCIAL & POLITICAL IDEOLOGY :I*1 DESPITE A HI/ORY ( 
DEFEAT1 CONT9UALLY REEM]GES 9 A NEW GUISE OR 9 A NEW C\NTRY1 SO 
?AT ANO!R *APT] HAS TO BE ADD$ TO ITS *RONOLOGY1 OR ANO!R 
DIM5SION TO ITS SCOPE4 

,9 #aifb ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK WROTE A #d#g-PAGE BOOK1 ,AN>*ISM1 :I*1 
CONT9UALLY REPR9T$ AS A ,P5GU9 ,BOOK & TRANSLAT$ 9TO MANY 
LANGUAGES1 BECAME PROBABLY ! MO/ WIDELY READ BOOK ON ! SUBJECT 
9 ! WORLD4 ,WOODCOCK WROTE A S]IES ( UPDAT+ PO/SCRIPTS UNTIL HIS 
DEA? 9 #a#i#i#e4 

,9 #aiib ,PET] ,M>%ALL WROTE A BOOK ( MORE ?AN #g PAGES CALL$ 
,DEM&+ ! ,IMPOSSIBLE3 ,A ,HI/ORY ( ,AN>*ISM 7,H>P],COLL9S7 
:I* SEEMS LIKELY TO OV]TAKE ! E>LI] BOOK 9 GLOBAL SALES4 
,WOODCOCK WAS GREATLY RELIEV$3 ',I N[ HAVE A BOOK1' HE WROTE1 'TO 
:I* ,I CAN DIRECT READ]S :5 !Y ASK ME H[ SOON ,I 9T5D TO BR+ 
MY ,AN>*ISM UP TO DATE4' ,LIKE ALL HIS O!R READ]S1 ,I HAVE BE5 V]Y 
GRATEFUL = ,PET] ,M>%ALL'S CAPACITY = SUMM>IZ+ COMPLEX IDEAS 
& = EXPLOR+ ! BY-WAYS ( AN>*I/ HI/ORY4 

,= DECADES1 :5 9 SE>* ( A FACT OR AN OP9ION1 ,I W\LD TELEPHONE 
,NICOLAS ,WALT]1 :O DI$ 9 ! YE> #b4 ,I GREATLY VALUE HIS NEAT LITTLE 
PAMPHLET ,AB\T ,AN>*ISM1 :I* IS P>T ( ! GLOBAL TREASURY ( 
AN>*I/ LIT]ATURE /OCK$ BY ! ,FRE$OM ,PRESS ,BOOK%OP 9 ,LONDON4 

,MY TASK HAS BE5 ONE ( SELECTION3 SIMPLY AN ATTEMPT TO 9TRODUCE ! 
READ] TO AN>*I/ IDEAS 9 A V]Y FEW WORDS & TO PO9T TO FUR!R 
S\RCES4 ,9 ?IS RI* FIELD ! EMPHASES >E B\ND TO BE MY [N4 

,C4 ,W4 
,FEBRU>Y #bd 

O ,*APT] #a 3 ,DEF9ITIONS & ,ANCE/ORS 

,! WORD 'AN>*Y' COMES FROM ! ,GREEK AN>KHIA1 MEAN+ 
CONTR>Y TO AU?ORITY OR )\T A RUL]1 & WAS US$ 9 A 
D]OGATORY S5SE UNTIL #a#h#d1 :5 IT WAS ADOPT$ BY ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH 
,PR\DHON TO DESCRIBE HIS POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,PR\DHON 
>GU$ ?AT ORGANIZATION )\T GOV]NM5T WAS BO? POSSIBLE 
& DESIRABLE4 ,9 ! EVOLUTION ( POLITICAL IDEAS1 AN>*ISM CAN BE 
SE5 AS AN ULTIMATE PROJECTION ( BO? LIB]ALISM & SOCIALISM1 & 
! DIFF]+ /R&S ( AN>*I/ ?\<T CAN BE RELAT$ TO !IR 
EMPHASIS ON ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 AN>*ISM >OSE NOT ONLY AS AN EXPLANATION ( ! 
GULF BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR 9 ANY COMMUNITY1 & ( ! 
REASON :Y ! POOR HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO FI<T = !IR %>E ( 
A COMMON 9H]ITANCE1 BUT AS A RADICAL ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION 
',:AT W5T WRONG8' ?AT FOLL[$ ! ULTIMATE \TCOME ( ! 
,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD 5D$ NOT ONLY ) A REIGN ( T]ROR & 
! EM]G5CE ( A NEWLY RI* RUL+ CA/E1 BUT ) A NEW ADOR$ 
EMP]OR1 ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE1 /RUTT+ ?R\< HIS CONQU]$ 
T]RITORIES4 

,! AN>*I/S & !IR PRECURSORS W]E UNIQUE ON ! POLITICAL 
,LEFT 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT WORK]S & PEASANTS1 GRASP+ ! *ANCE 
?AT >OSE TO BR+ AN 5D TO C5TURIES ( EXPLOITATION & TYRANNY1 
W]E 9EVITABLY BETRAY$ BY ! NEW CLASS ( POLITICIANS1 :OSE FIR/ 
PRIORITY WAS TO REE/ABLI% A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[]4 ,AFT] EV]Y 
REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+1 USUALLY WON AT A HEAVY CO/ = ORD9>Y 
POPULATIONS1 ! NEW RUL]S HAD NO HESITATION 9 APPLY+ VIOL5CE 
& T]ROR1 A SECRET POLICE1 & A PR(ESSIONAL >MY TO MA9TA9 
!IR CONTROL4 

,= AN>*I/S ! /ATE ITSELF IS ! 5EMY1 & !Y HAVE APPLI$ 
! SAME 9T]PRETATION TO ! \TCOME ( EV]Y REVOLUTION ( ! 
#a#i? & #b? C5TURIES4 ,?IS IS NOT M]ELY BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE 
KEEPS A WAT*FUL & SOMETIMES PUNITIVE EYE ON ITS DISSID5TS1 
BUT BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE PROTECTS ! PRIVILEGES ( ! P[]FUL4 

,! MA9/REAM ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A = MORE ?AN A C5TURY 
HAS BE5 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 :I* >GUES ?AT PROP]TY 9 
L&1 NATURAL RES\RCES1 & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION %\LD BE HELD 
9 MUTUAL CONTROL BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 F$]AT+ = 9NUM]ABLE 
JO9T PURPOSES ) O!R COMMUNES4 ,IT DIFF]S FROM /ATE SOCIALISM 
9 OPPOS+ ! CONCEPT ( ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,SOME AN>*I/S 
PREF] TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM & 
COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM 9 ORD] TO /RESS ! OBVI\SLY DESIRABLE 
FRE$OM ( AN 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY TO POSSESS ! RES\RCES NE$$ 
= LIV+1 :ILE NOT IMPLY+ ! RI<T TO [N ! RES\RCES 
NE$$ BY O!RS4 

,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM PUTS ITS EMPHASIS ON ! ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL 
WORK]S :O C\LD1 ?R\< A 'SOCIAL G5]AL /RIKE'1 EXPROPRIATE 
! POSSESSORS ( CAPITAL & ?US 5G9E] A WORK]S' TAKE-OV] ( 
9DU/RY & ADM9I/RATION4 

,!RE >E1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 SEV]AL TRADITIONS ( 9DIVIDUALI/ 
AN>*ISM1 ONE ( !M D]IV+ FROM ! 'CONSCI\S EGOISM' ( 
! ,G]MAN WRIT] ,MAX ,/IRN] 7#a#h#f-#e#f71 & ANO!R FROM A 
REM>KABLE S]IES ( #a#i?-C5TURY ,AM]ICAN FIGURES :O >GU$ 
?AT 9 PROTECT+ \R [N AUTONOMY & ASSOCIAT+ ) O!RS 
= COMMON ADVANTAGES1 WE >E PROMOT+ ! GOOD ( ALL4 ,!SE 
?9K]S DIFF]$ FROM FREE-M>KET LIB]ALS 9 !IR ABSOLUTE 
MI/RU/ ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM1 & 9 !IR EMPHASIS ON 
MUTUALISM4 ,9 ! LATE #b? C5TURY ! WORD 'LIB]T>IAN'1 :I* 
PEOPLE HOLD+ SU* A VIEWPO9T HAD PREVI\SLY US$ AS AN 
ALT]NATIVE TO ! WORD 'AN>*I/'1 WAS APPROPRIAT$ BY A NEW 
GR\P ( ,AM]ICAN ?9K]S1 :O >E DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #g4 

,PACIFI/ AN>*ISM FOLL[S BO? FROM ! ANTI-MILIT>ISM ?AT 
ACCOMPANIES REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ) ITS ULTIMATE DEP5D5CE ON 
>M$ =CES1 & FROM ! CONVICTION ?AT ANY MORALLY VIABLE 
HUMAN SOCIETY DEP5DS UPON ! UNCO]C$ GOODWILL ( ITS 
MEMB]S4 

,!SE & O!R ?READS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T HAVE DIFF]5T 
EMPHASES4 ,:AT L9KS !M ALL IS !IR REJECTION ( EXT]NAL 
AU?ORITY1 :E!R ?AT ( ! /ATE1 ! EMPLOY]1 OR ! HI]>*IES 
( ADM9I/RATION & ( E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! S*OOL & 
! *UR*4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( MORE REC5TLY EM]G+ V>IETIES ( 
AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 GRE5 AN>*ISM & AN>*A-FEM9ISM4 
,LIKE ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ANIMAL LIB]ATION IS AN ASPECT ( HUMAN 
LIB]ATION1 !Y CLAIM ?AT ! ONLY IDEOLOGY CONSI/5T ) !IR 
AIMS IS AN>*ISM4 

,IT IS CU/OM>Y TO RELATE ! AN>*I/ TRADITION TO F\R MAJOR 
?9K]S & WRIT]S4 ,! FIR/ WAS ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f71 
:O 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 
SET \T ! AN>*I/ CASE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T1 ! LAW1 PROP]TY1 
& ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE4 ,HE WAS ! P>TN] ( ,M>Y 
,WOLL/ONECRAFT & ! FA!R ( ,M>Y ,%ELLEY1 & WAS AN HEIR ( 
BO? ! ,5GLI% TRADITION ( RADICAL NONCON=MITY & ( ! 
,FR5* PHILOSOPHES4 ,HIS BOOK BR\<T HIM 9/ANT FAME1 SOON 
FOLL[$ BY HO/ILITY & NEGLECT 9 ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ! E>LY 
#a#i? C5TURY1 BUT IT HAD AN UND]GR\ND LIFE 9 RADICAL CIRCLES UNTIL 
ITS R$ISCOV]Y BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#iS4 

 7#a4 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f71 FROM ! PORTRAIT BY ,JAMES ,NOR?COTE1 N[ 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,PORTRAIT ,GALL]Y1 ,LONDON47 

,! SECOND ( !SE PIONE]S WAS ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 
7#a#h#i-#f#e71 ! ,FR5* PROPAG&I/ :O WAS ! FIR/ ONE TO CALL 
HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ,HE BECAME FAM\S 9 #ahd BY VIRTUE ( AN 
ESSAY ?AT DECL>$ ?AT ',PROP]TY IS ,!FT'1 BUT HE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT 
',PROP]TY IS ,FRE$OM'4 ,HE SAW NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !SE TWO 
SLOGANS1 S9CE HE ?\<T IT OBVI\S ?AT ! FIR/ RELAT$ TO ! 
L&[N] & CAPITALI/ :OSE [N]%IP D]IV$ FROM CONQUE/ 
OR EXPLOITATION & WAS SU/A9$ ONLY ?R\< ! /ATE1 ITS 
PROP]TY LAWS1 POLICE1 & >MY2 :ILE ! SECOND WAS CONC]N$ 
) ! PEASANT OR >TISAN FAMILY ) AN OBVI\S NATURAL RI<T TO A 
HOME1 TO ! L& IT C\LD CULTIVATE1 & TO ! TOOLS ( A TRADE1 BUT 
NOT TO [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( ! HOMES1 L&1 OR LIVELIHOOD ( 
O!RS4 ,PR\DHON WAS CRITICIZ$ = BE+ A M]E SURVIVOR ( ! 
WORLD ( PEASANT F>M]S & SMALL >TISANS 9 LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 
BUT HE HAD A READY RESPONSE 9 SETT+ \T ! PR9CIPLES ( 
SUCCESSFUL F$]ATION4 

 #b4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#f#e71 FROM ! PA9T+ ( ,PR\DHON & ,HIS ,*ILDR5 7#a#h#f#e7 BY ,GU/AVE ,C\RBET4 

,! ?IRD ( ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ LUM9>IES WAS ! ,RUSSIAN 
REVOLUTION>Y ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#g#f71 DES]V$LY FAM\S = 
HIS DISPUTES ) ,M>X 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! #a#h#gS1 
:]E1 = HIS SUCCESSORS1 HE PR$ICT$ ) REM>KABLE ACCURACY 
! \TCOME ( ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IPS 9 ! #b? C5TURY4 ',FRE$OM 
)\T SOCIALISM1' HE SAID1 'IS PRIVILEGE & 9JU/ICE1 BUT SOCIALISM 
)\T FRE$OM IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY4' ,HIS ELABORATIONS ON ?IS 
P]CEPTION >E CIT$ 9 9NUM]ABLE BOOKS PUBLI%$ S9CE ! 
COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ( ! REGIMES IT 
IMPOS$ ON ITS SATELLITES4 ,TYPICAL ( ,BAKUN9'S OBS]VATIONS WAS A 
LETT] ( #ahgb 9 :I* HE REM>K$3 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ,H]R ,M>X IS A V]Y S]I\S IF NOT V]Y HONE/ 
REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT HE REALLY IS 9 FAVOR ( ! REBELLION ( ! 
MASSES1 & ,I WOND] H[ HE MANAGES TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 A 
DICTATOR%IP :I* W\LD CREATE ! PO/ ( A K9D ( *IEF 5G9E] 
( WORLD REVOLUTION1 RUL+ & CONTROLL+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y 
ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 AS A MA*9E MI<T BE 
CONTROLL$ - ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD 9 
ITSELF SUFFICE TO KILL REVOLUTION & W>P & P>ALYZE ALL POPUL> 
MOVEM5TS 4 4 4 

 #c4 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#g#f71 AN E>LY PORTRAIT4 

,! LA/ ( !SE KEY ?9K]S WAS ANO!R ,RUSSIAN ( >I/OCRATIC 
ORIG91 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a74 ,HIS ORIG9AL REPUTATION 
D]IV$ FROM HIS WORK AS A GEOGRAPH]1 & 9 A LONG S]IES ( 
BOOKS & PAMPHLETS HE S\<T TO GIVE AN>*ISM A SCI5TIFIC 
BASIS4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7#a#h#i#b7 WAS HIS MANUAL ON ! 
SELF-ORGANIZATION ( A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#b7 
WAS WRITT5 TO CONFRONT ?OSE MIS9T]PRETATIONS ( ,D>W9ISM 
?AT JU/IFI$ COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 BY DEMON/RAT+ FROM 
! OBS]VATION ( ANIMAL & HUMAN SOCIETIES ?AT COMPETITION 
)9 SPECIES IS F> LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN COOP]ATION AS A 
PRECONDITION = SURVIVAL4 

,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7#a#h#i#i7 WAS ,KROPOTK9'S TREATISE ON 
! HUMANIZATION ( WORK1 ?R\< ! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE 
& 9DU/RY1 ( BRA9 WORK & PHYSICAL WORK1 & ( 9TELLECTUAL 
& MANUAL $UCATION4 ,! MO/ WIDELY READ ON A GLOBAL SCALE ( ALL 
AN>*I/ AU?ORS1 HE L9K$ AN>*ISM BO? ) SUBSEQU5T IDEAS 
( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ) EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE4 

,SOME AN>*I/S W\LD OBJECT TO ! ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM 
) ITS BE/-KN[N WRIT]S4 ,!Y W\LD PO9T \T ?AT 
EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD :]E AN>*I/ IDEAS HAVE >IS51 
!RE IS A LOCAL ACTIVI/ CONSPIR+ TO GET ACCESS TO A PR9T+ PRESS1 
AW>E ( ! AN>*I/ UND]CURR5T 9 EV]Y UPRIS+ ( ! 
D[NTRODD5 ALL ?R\< HI/ORY1 & FULL ( IDEAS AB\T ! 
APPLICATION ( AN>*I/ SOLUTIONS TO LOCAL ISSUES & DILEMMAS4 
,!Y PO9T TO ! WAY 9 :I* AN>*I/ ASPIRATIONS CAN BE 
TRAC$ ?R\< ! SLAVE REVOLTS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! PEASANT 
RIS+S ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 9 ! AIMS ( ! ,DIGG]S 9 ! 
,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 9 ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE 
9 #a<i & #a#h#d#h1 & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,9 ! 
#b? C5TURY1 AN>*ISM HAD A ROLE 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION ( 
#a#i#a#a1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & MO/ NOTABLY 9 ! 
REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 ?AT FOLL[$ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ?AT 
PRECIPITAT$ ! CIVIL W> 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,! P>T PLAY$ BY ! 
AN>*I/S 9 !SE REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS IS DESCRIB$ 9 
! FOLL[+ *APT]4 

,9 ALL !SE REVOLUTIONS ! FATE ( ! AN>*I/S WAS ?AT ( H]OIC 
LOS]S4 ,BUT AN>*I/S DO NOT NECESS>ILY FIT ! /]EOTYPE ( 
BELIEV]S 9 SOME ULTIMATE REVOLUTION1 SUCCE$+ :]E ALL O!RS 
HAD FAIL$1 & 9AUGURAT+ ,UTOPIA4 ,! ,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,GU/AV 
,L&AU] DECL>$ ?AT3 

,! /ATE IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 
BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A 
MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R 
RELATION%IPS1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY4 

 #d4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a7 PHOTOGRAPH$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 ! YE> ( HIS FIR/ EXPLORATIONS ( UNMAPP$ REGIONS ( ,SIB]IA4 

,MOREOV]1 IF ! AN>*I/S HAVE NOT *ANG$ SOCIETY 9 ! WAYS 
?AT !Y HOP$ W]E POSSIBLE1 ! SAME IS TRUE = ! ADVOCATES ( 
EV]Y O!R SOCIAL IDEOLOGY ( ! PA/ C5TURY1 :E!R SOCIALI/ OR 
CAPITALI/4 ,BUT1 AS ,I /RESS 9 ,*APT] #h1 !Y HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO A 
LONG S]IES ( SMALL LIB]ATIONS ?AT HAVE LIFT$ A HUGE LOAD ( HUMAN 
MIS]Y4 

,AN>*ISM HAS1 9 FACT1 AN 5DUR+ RESILI5CE4 ,EV]Y ,EUROPEAN1 
,NOR? ,AM]ICAN1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,ASIAN SOCIETY HAS HAD ITS 
AN>*I/ PUBLICI/S1 J\RNALS1 CIRCLES ( ADH]5TS1 IMPRISON$ 
ACTIVI/S1 & M>TYRS4 ,:5EV] AN AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE 
POLITICAL REGIME COLLAPSES1 ! AN>*I/S >E !RE1 A M9ORITY 
URG+ !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S TO ABSORB ! LESSONS ( ! %E] HORROR 
& IRRESPONSIBILITY ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! AN>*I/ PRESS REEM]G$ 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ,HITL]1 9 ,ITALY 
AFT] ,MUSSOL9I1 9 ,SPA9 AFT] ,FRANCO1 9 ,PORTUGAL AFT] ,SALAZ>1 9 
,>G5T9A AFT] ! G5]ALS1 & 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] #g YE>S ( BRUTAL 
SUPPRESSION4 ,= AN>*I/S ?IS IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! IDEAL ( A 
SELF-ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN 
UPON CO]CION IS IRREPRESSIBLE4 ,IT REPRES5TS1 !Y CLAIM1 A UNIV]SAL 
HUMAN ASPIRATION4 ,?IS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! WAY ?AT PEOPLE FROM 
NON-,EUROPEAN CULTURES TOOK ,WE/]N AN>*I/ IDEAS & CONCEPTS 
& L9K$ !M TO TRADITIONS & ?9K]S FROM !IR [N 
C\NTRIES4 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E BR\<T TO ,JAPAN BY ,KOTUKU ,%USUI 9 ! V]Y 
E>LY YE>S ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,HE HAD READ ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S 
:ILE 9 PRISON DUR+ ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W> ( #a#i#d-#e4 ,:5 
RELEAS$ HE VISIT$ ,CALI=NIA1 MAK+ CONTACT ) ! MILITANT 
AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 
& RETURN$ TO ,JAPAN TO PUBLI% AN ANTI-MILIT>I/ J\RNAL1 ,HEIM54 
,KOTUKU CLAIM$ ?AT !RE WAS ALWAYS AN AN>*I/ UND]CURR5T 9 
,JAPANESE LIFE1 D]IV+ FROM BO? ,BUDDHISM & ,TAOISM4 ,HE WAS 
ONE ( #ab AN>*I/S EXECUT$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 ACCUS$ ( PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! 
,EMP]OR ,MEIJI4 ,ALL ?R\< ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY1 A S]IES ( 
SUCCESSORS CONT9U$ PROPAG&A & 9DU/RIAL ACTION AGA9/ 
MILIT>ISM1 & W]E SUPPRESS$ BY GOV]NM5T1 TO REAPPE> 9 A 
*ANG$ CLIMATE AFT] ! HORRORS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,*9ESE AN>*ISM EM]G$ AT MU* ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< ! 
9FLU5CE ( /UD5TS :O HAD BE5 TO ,TOKYO OR TO ,P>IS4 ,?OSE :O 
/UDI$ 9 ,JAPAN W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,KOTUKU ,%USUI1 & /RESS$ 
! L9KS ) A LONG-E/ABLI%$ /REAM 9 ,*9ESE LIFE4 ,AS ,PET] 
,M>%ALL EXPLA9S1 

,MOD]N AN>*ISM NOT ONLY ADVOCAT$ ! ,TAOI/ RURAL IDYLL1 BUT ALSO 
E*O$ ! PEASANT LONG+ EMB$D$ 9 ,*9ESE CULTURE = A 
FRUGAL & EGALIT>IAN MILL5NIUM :I* HAD EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 
PEASANT REBELLIONS ?R\<\T ,*9ESE HI/ORY4 ,IT FUR!R /RUCK A 
*ORD ) TWO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS1 ,TA-T'UNG1 A LEG5D>Y GOLD5 
AGE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY & H>MONY1 & ,*+-T'I51 A SY/EM ( 
COMMUNAL L& T5URE4 

,?OSE Y\NG ,*9ESE :O /UDI$ 9 ,P>IS W]E ATTRACT$ 
BY ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 AS WELL AS BY 
,D>W9IAN EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,!Y REJECT$ ATTEMPTS TO L9K 
AN>*ISM ) ,LAO ,TZU'S ,TAOISM & ) AGR>IAN HI/ORY4 
,) ! FALL ( ! ,MAN*U DYNA/Y 9 #a#i#a#a1 BO? AN>*I/ 
FACTIONS ?\<T ?AT !IR H\R HAD COME4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! 
REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ?AT SL[LY TRIUMPH$ 9 ! TURBUL5T 
HI/ORY ( #b?-C5TURY ,*9A WAS ?AT ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/S4 
,& AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ,*APT] #b1 ! PROGRAMS IMPOS$ BY 
=CE ON ! ,*9ESE W]E A DICTATORIAL P>ODY ( AN>*I/ 
ASPIRATIONS4 

,KOREA1 TOO1 HAS AN AN>*I/ TRADITION L9K$ ) #a#i?-C5TURY 
HOPES = PEASANT COMMUNISM1 BUT DUE TO #ce YE>S ( ,JAPANESE 
OCCUPATION FI]CELY RESI/$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 AMONG O!R POLITICAL 
FACTIONS1 !IR REPUTATION IS ?AT ( PATRIOTS 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! 
,NOR? IS A ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IP :ILE ! ,S\? IS A MODEL ( 
,AM]ICAN-/YLE CAPITALISM4 

,9 ,9DIA ! HI/ORY ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY1 & ! 
/RUGGLE TO 5D ,BRITI% RULE1 WAS DOM9AT$ BY ,MOH&AS ,K4 
,G&HI1 :O BUILT A UNIQUE IDEOLOGY ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE & 
PEASANT SOCIALISM FROM A S]IES ( SEMI-AN>*I/ S\RCES & 
L9K$ !M ) ,9DIAN TRADITIONS4 ,FROM ,TOL/OY HE EVOLV$ HIS 
POLICY ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE1 FROM ,?OREAU HE TOOK HIS 
PHILOSOPHY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 & FROM A CLOSE READ+ ( 
,KROPOTK9 HIS PROGRAM ( DEC5TRALIZ$ & AUTONOM\S 
VILLAGE COMMUNES L9K+ AGRICULTURE ) LOCAL 9DU/RY4 ,AFT] 
9DEP5D5CE WAS A*IEV$1 HIS POLITICAL SUCCESSORS REV]$ HIS 
MEMORY BUT IGNOR$ HIS IDEAS4 ,LAT] 9 ! C5TURY ,V9OBA ,BHAVE'S 
,S>VODAYA MOVEM5T S\<T A NONVIOL5T L&-BAS$ REVOLUTION1 
REJECT+ ! POLITICS ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ,AFRICA1 ,MBAH & ,IG>EWEY ! AU?ORS ( A /UDY ( ! FAILURE 
( /ATE SOCIALISM IMPOS$ BY GOV]NM5TS DRAW ATT5TION TO ! 

SEEM+LY 5DEMIC PROBLEM ( E?NIC CONFLICTS ACROSS ! CONT95T2 
! CONT9U$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC M>G9ALIZATION ( ,AFRICA AT 
! GLOBAL LEVEL2 ! UNSPEAKABLE MIS]Y ( AB\T #i P]C5T ( 
,AFRICA'S POPULATION2 &1 9DE$1 ! ONGO+ COLLAPSE ( ! NATION 
/ATE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,AFRICA4 

,!Y >GUE ?AT3 

,GIV5 !SE PROBLEMS1 A RETURN TO ! 'AN>*IC ELEM5TS' 9 ,AFRICAN 
COMMUNALISM IS VIRTUALLY 9EVITABLE4 ,! GOAL ( A SELF-MANAG$ 
SOCIETY BORN \T ( ! FREE WILL ( ITS PEOPLE & DEVOID ( 
AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL & REGIM5TATION IS AS ATTRACTIVE AS IT IS 
FEASIBLE 9 ! LONG RUN4 

,! READ] MAY WOND] :Y1 IF IDEAS & ASPIRATIONS SIMIL> TO 
?OSE ( ! AN>*I/S CAN BE TRAC$ ?R\< SO MANY CULTURES 
>\ND ! WORLD1 ! CONCEPT IS SO REGUL>LY MISUND]/OOD OR 
C>ICATUR$4 ,! ANSW] IS TO BE F\ND 9 A V]Y SMALL EPISODE 9 
AN>*I/ HI/ORY4 

,!RE WAS A P]IOD1 A C5TURY AGO1 :5 A M9ORITY ( AN>*I/S1 
LIKE ! SUBSEQU5T M9ORITIES ( A DOZ5 O!R POLITICAL 
MOVEM5TS1 BELIEV$ ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION ( MON>*S1 PR9CES1 
& PRESID5TS W\LD HA/5 POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,SAD TO SAY1 ! 
MO/ DES]V+ VICTIMS1 ,MUSSOL9I1 ,FRANCO1 ,HITL]1 OR ,/AL91 W]E 
WELL PROTECT$1 & 9 T]MS ( *ANG+ ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY 
& RIDD+ ! WORLD ( ITS TYRANTS ! AN>*I/S W]E NO MORE 
SUCCESSFUL ?AN MO/ SUBSEQU5T POLITICAL ASSASS9S4 ,BUT !IR LEGACY 
HAS BE5 ! C>TOONI/'S /]EOTYPE ( ! AN>*I/ AS ! CLOAK$ 
& BE>D$ C>RI] ( A SPH]ICAL BOMB ) A SMOK+ FUZE1 
& ?IS HAS CONSEQU5TLY PROVID$ YET ANO!R OB/ACLE TO ! 
S]I\S DISCUSSION ( AN>*I/ APPROA*ES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 MOD]N 
POLITICAL T]RORISM ON AN 9DISCRIM9ATE SCALE IS ! MONOPOLY ( 
GOV]NM5TS & IS DIRECT$ AT CIVILIAN POPULATIONS1 OR IS ! 
WEAPON WE ALL ASSOCIATE ) RELIGI\S OR NATIONALI/ SEP>ATISM1 
BO? ( !M V]Y F> FROM ! ASPIRATIONS ( AN>*I/S4 

,9 ! 5TRY = ',AN>*ISM' ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WROTE 9 #aie = ! 
#a#a? $ITION ( ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 HE BEGAN BY 
EXPLA9+ ?AT IT IS 

! NAME GIV5 TO A PR9CIPLE OR !ORY ( LIFE & CONDUCT UND] 
:I* SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T - H>MONY 9 SU* A 
SOCIETY BE+ OBTA9$1 NOT BY SUBMISSION TO LAW1 OR BY OB$I5CE 
TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BUT BY FREE AGREEM5TS1 CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! 
V>I\S GR\PS1 T]RITORIAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 FREELY CON/ITUT$ = 
! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 AS ALSO = ! SATISFACTION 
( ! 9F9ITE V>IETY ( NE$S & ASPIRATIONS ( A CIVILIZ$ BE+4 

,IMPLICIT 9 ?IS DEF9ITION IS ! 9EVITABILITY ( COMPROMISE1 AN 
ORD9>Y ASPECT ( POLITICS :I* HAS BE5 F\ND DIFFICULT BY 
AN>*I/S1 PRECISELY BECAUSE !IR IDEOLOGY PRECLUDES ! USUAL 
R\TES TO POLITICAL 9FLU5CE4 

O ,*APT] #b 3 ,REVOLUTION>Y ,MOVEM5TS 

,9 ! C\RSE ( ! REVOLUTION>Y \TBREAKS ?AT SPREAD ACROSS 
,EUROPE 9 #ahdh ! ,PREFECT ( ,POLICE 9 ,P>IS IS SAID TO HAVE 
REM>K$ ( ! AN>*I/ ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ',:AT A MAN6 ,ON 
! FIR/ DAY ( ! REVOLUTION HE IS A P]FECT TREASURE2 BUT ON ! 
NEXT DAY HE \<T TO BE %OT4' ,HIS OBS]VATION EPITOMIZES BO? ! 
ROLE & ! ULTIMATE FATE ( ! AN>*I/S & !IR PRECURSORS 9 A 
LONG S]IES ( ,EUROPEAN POPUL> UPRIS+S4 

,*RONICL]S ( ALL POLITICAL MOVEM5TS 9V>IABLY DISCOV] 
ANTEC$5TS FROM ! PA/1 & ! AN>*I/S F\ND ANCE/ORS 
9 ! SLAVE REVOLTS ( ! ,ROMAN ,EMPIRE & 9 ALL SUBSEQU5T 
REVOLUTION>Y UPHEAVALS ( ! D[NTRODD54 ,!Y HAVE SIMIL>LY 
ID5TIFI$ PRECURSORS 9 SU* RIS+S AS ! ,PEASANTS' ,REVOLT ?AT 
BEGAN 9 ,5GL& 9 #a#c#i#a1 9 ! 9SURRECTION ( ! ,TABORITES 9 
,BOHEMIA 9 #adic & ?AT ( ! ,ANABAPTI/S A C5TURY LAT]4 

,9 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! CIVIL W> YE>S LEAD+ UP TO #a#f#d#i1 
! AN>*I/ ELEM5T WAS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! ACTIVITIES ( ! 
,DIGG]S1 ,RANT]S1 & ,LEVEL]S1 :O1 HAV+ HELP$ TO 5SURE 
,CROMWELL'S SUCCESS1 W]E DESCRIB$ BY ONE PAMPHLETE] AS 
',SWITZ]IS+ AN>*I/S' & W]E RAPIDLY ELIM9AT$ ONCE ! 
,PROTECTOR WAS SECURELY 9 P[]1 ONLY TO BE FOLL[$ BY ! EV5TUAL 
RETURN ( ! MON>*Y4 ,BUT ! PEOPLE :O D>$ TO REMOVE A K+ 
HAD OP5$ ! WAY TO MORE RADICAL ?\<TS ON ! RELATION%IP 
BETWE5 ! 9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY & BETWE5 SOCIETY 
& ! /ATE4 ,! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS ( ! 
FOLL[+ C5TURY BR\<T A MESSAGE BEAUTIFULLY EXPRESS$ 9 
,?OMAS ,PA9E'S ,COMMON ,S5SE 9 #a#g#g#f3 

,SOCIETY 9 EV]Y /ATE IS A BLESS+1 BUT GOV]NM5T EV5 9 ITS BE/ 
/ATE IS BUT A NECESS>Y EVIL2 9 ITS WOR/ /ATE AN 9TOL]ABLE ONE2 = 
:5 WE SUFF]1 OR >E EXPOS$ TO ! SAME MIS]IES BY A GOV]NM5T 
:I* WE MI<T EXPECT 9 A C\NTRY )\T A GOV]NM5T1 \R 
CALAMITY IS HEI<T5$ BY REFLECT+ ?AT WE FURNI% ! MEANS 
BY :I* WE SUFF]4 ,GOV]NM5T1 LIKE DRESS1 IS ! BADGE ( LO/ 
9NOC5CE3 ! PALACES ( K+S >E BUILT ON ! RU9S ( ! B[]S 
( P>ADISE4 

,POLITICAL IDEAS CROSS$ ! ,ATLANTIC ALMO/ AS RAPIDLY 9 ! #a#h? 
C5TURY AS 9 ! #b#a/1 & ! ,AM]ICAN ,REVOLUTION MADE ! 
,FR5* ,REVOLUTION 9EVITABLE4 ,JEFF]SON1 ,PA9E1 & ,FRANKL9 HAD A 
ROLE 9 BO?1 :ILE ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ 
,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE WAS >GU+ ! AN>*I/ CASE FROM FIR/ PR9CIPLES4 
,MEAN:ILE1 A S]IES ( BRAVE OPPON5TS ( ! NEW ,FR5* /ATE1 
KN[N AS ! ,5RAGES & GA!R$ >\ND ,JACQUES ,R\X & ,JEAN 
,V>LET1 OPPOS$ ! NEW RUL]S4 ,V>LET1 :O ACTUALLY SURVIV$ ! 
,T]ROR1 OBS]V$ ?AT 

,DESPOTISM HAS PASS$ FROM ! PALACE ( K+S TO ! CIRCLE ( A 
COMMITTEE4 ,IT IS NEI!R ! ROYAL ROBES1 NOR ! SCEPT]1 NOR ! 
CR[N1 ?AT MAKES K+S HAT$1 BUT AMBITION & TYRANNY4 ,9 MY 
C\NTRY !RE HAS BE5 ONLY A *ANGE 9 DRESS4 

,AN>*ISM REAPPE>$ 9 ! ,EUROPEAN REVOLUTIONS ( #a#h#d#h4 ,9 
! FOLL[+ YE>1 AFT] ! FAILURE ( ! REVOLUTION 9 ,DRESD51 
,BAKUN9 WAS IMPRISON$1 CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 & AFT] A 
YE> H&$ OV] TO ! ,AU/RIANS1 CONDEMN$ AGA91 BUT 9 
! NEXT YE> H&$ OV] TO ! ,RUSSIANS4 ,AFT] SIX YE>S 9 ! 
,PET]-&-,PAUL =TRESS AT ,/ ,PET]SBURG HE WAS EXIL$ TO ,SIB]IA1 
:5CE HE EV5TUALLY ESCAP$ TO ,LONDON BY WAY ( ,JAPAN1 ,SAN 
,FRANCISCO1 & ,NEW ,YORK4 ,AFT] ! ,FRANCO-,PRUSSIAN ,W> ( #a#h#g1 
,PR\DHON'S F$]ALI/ IDEAS %AP$ ! %ORT-LIV$ ,P>IS ,COMMUNE 
& ITS ',MANIFE/O TO ! ,FR5* ,PEOPLE' ( ,APRIL #a#h#g#a1 :I* URG$3 

,! ABSOLUTE AUTONOMY ( ! ,COMMUNE EXT5D$ TO ALL ! 
LOCALITIES ( ,FRANCE1 ASSUR+ TO EA* ITS 9TEGRAL RI<TS & TO EV]Y 
,FR5*MAN ! FULL EX]CISE ( HIS APTITUDES1 AS A MAN1 A CITIZ51 & 
A WORK]4 ,! AUTONOMY ( ! ,COMMUNE WILL HAVE = ITS LIMITS 
ONLY ! EQUAL AUTONOMY ( ALL O!R COMMUNITIES ADH]+ TO ! 
CONTRACT2 !IR ASSOCIATION MU/ ASSURE ! LIB]TY ( ,FRANCE4 

7,NE$LESS TO SAY1 AL?\< ! ,COMMUNE HAD AN ADMIR$ AN>*I/ 
H]O9E1 ,L\ISE ,MI*EL1 ITS ,MANIFE/O DID NOT EXT5D !SE RI<TS TO 
,FR5*WOM547 

,9 ! MAJOR REVOLUTIONS ( ! #b? C5TURY !RE W]E 
RECOGNIZABLE AN>*I/ ELEM5TS1 BUT 9 EA* ( !M ! AN>*I/S 
W]E VICTIMS ( ! NEW RUL]S4 ,9 ,MEXICO1 ,RIC>DO ,FLORES 
,MAGON & HIS BRO!RS HAD 9 #ai BEGUN PUBLICATION ( AN 
AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ NEWSPAP] ,REG5]ACION1 BUILD+ UP 
OPPOSITION TO ! DICTATOR ,PORFIRIO ,DIAZ1 SLIPP+ ACROSS ! BORD] 
9TO ,CALI=NIA :5 PUBLICATION BECAME TOO DIFFICULT4 ,) ! FALL 
( ,DIAZ1 ,MAGON E/ABLI%$ CONTACT ) ! PEASANT REVOLUTION>Y 
,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA 9 ! /ATE ( ,MORALES 9 ! ,S\?1 FI<T+ ! 
EF=TS ( L>GE L&[N]S TO ANNEX ! L& ( POOR GR[]S4 
,MAGON IS SAID TO HAVE MADE ,ZAPATA LIT]ATE ?R\< READ+ & 
DISCUSS+ ,KROPOTK9'S ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD4 ,ZAPATA WAS 
AMBU%$ & KILL$ 9 #a#i#a#i1 :ILE ,MAGON WAS JAIL$ 9 ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES & WAS MURD]$ 9 ,LEAV5WOR? ,P5IT5TI>Y 9 #a#i#b#c4 
,IRONICALLY1 BO? M5 >E CELEBRAT$ 9 ! ,ROTUNDA ( ,ILLU/RI\S 
,M5 9 ,MEXICO ,CITY4 ,! CONTEMPOR>Y ,E,Z,L,N 7,ZAPATI/A ,>MY ( 
,NATIONAL ,LIB]ATION7 IS ,MEXICO'S MOD]N 9C>NATION ( ,ZAPATA'S 
CAMPAIGN1 AS IS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! ,M,/ 7,MOVEM5T ( ,L&LESS 
,RURAL ,WORK]S7 9 ,BRAZIL4 ,BO? ( !SE >E CAMPAIGNS ( 
DISPOSSESS$ PEASANTS = COMMUNAL CONTROL ( L& SEIZ$ BY 
L>GE-SCALE CATTLE-RAN*+ OLIG>*IES4 

 #e4 ,9 ,*IAPAS1 ,MEXICO'S S\!RNMO/ &1 9 #b#c1 POORE/ /ATE1 A ,TZOTZIL ,9DIAN WOMAN WALKS PA/ A NOTICE PROCLAIM+ ?AT ',Y\ >E 9 ,ZAPATI/A T]RITORY4 ,H]E ! PEOPLE RULE & ! GOV]NM5T OBEYS4' 

 #f4 ,EMILIANO ,ZAPATA & ,PAN*O ,VILLA RID+ 9TO ,MEXICO ,CITY 9 #a#i#a#d1 HAV+ DRIV5 \T ,G5]AL ,HU]TA4 ,ZAPATA HIMSELF WAS AMBU%$ & KILL$ 9 #a#i#a#i4 

,9 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #aiag ! ,BOL%EVIK SEIZURE ( P[] 
WAS PU%$ ?R\< ) AN>*I/ SLOGANS LIKE ',BREAD & 
,FRE$OM' & ',ALL ,P[] TO ! ,SOVIETS'1 :I* W]E V]Y F> FROM 
DAILY EXP]I5CE 9 ! NEW REGIME4 ,! AN>*I/ H]O ( ! 
REVOLUTION WAS ! ,UKRA9IAN PEASANT ,NE/OR ,MAKHNO1 ORGANIZ+ 
PEASANT L& SEIZURES & DEF5D+ !M FROM BO? ! ,BOL%EVIKS 
& ! ,:ITES4 ,RETURN+ ,RUSSIAN EXILES 9CLUD$ ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN 
& ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 DEPORT$ FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & 
,KROPOTK91 :O HAD BE5 OBLIG$ TO LIVE ABROAD = #d YE>S4 
,KROPOTK9 ADDRESS$ CRITICAL LETT]S TO ,L59 & WROTE A ,LETT] TO 
! ,WORK]S ( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE DESCRIB+ = !M ! LESSONS ( 
! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION4 ,HIS FUN]AL 9 #aiba WAS ! LA/ OCCASION 
:5 ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/S W]E AT LIB]TY UNTIL ! SL[ RELEASES 
FROM ,/AL9'S PRISON CAMPS AFT] #a#i#e#f4 

 #g4 ,! BURIAL ( ,KROPOTK9 9 ,MOSC[ 9 #a#i#b#a4 ,IT IS SAID ?AT ! AN>*I/S W]E RELEAS$ FROM PRISON = ONE DAY TO ATT5D ?IS OCCASION4 ,! SPEAK] 9 ?IS PICTURE IS ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 & BEL[ H] IS ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN4 

,GOLDMAN & ,B]KMAN TRI$ TO TELL ! TRU? AB\T ,L59'S ,RUSSIA 
:5 !Y LEFT ! C\NTRY1 BUT F\ND ?AT ! POLITICAL ,LEFT 9 ! 
,WE/ REJECT$ !IR MESSAGE1 SEE+ IT AS 'C\NT]-REVOLUTION>Y'4 
,! SAME K9D ( EXCLUSION BY ! POLITICAL ,LEFT FAC$ CONT9UAL 
AN>*I/ ATTEMPTS TO REVEAL ! TRU? AB\T ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 :ILE 
,/AL9I/ 9FILTRATION DE/ROY$ ! 9TEGRITY ( A LONG S]IES ( 
WORK]S' ORGANIZATIONS 9 ! ,WE/4 

,ITALY'S AN>*I/ TRADITION BEGAN :5 ,BAKUN9 SETTL$ !RE 9 
#a#h#f#c1 RECOMM5D$ TO FELL[ REVOLUTION>IES BY ,G>IBALDI & 
,MAZZ9I1 :OSE NATIONALISM HE ACTUALLY OPPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( 
COMMUNAL AUTONOMY & F$]ALISM4 ,TO ?IS P]IOD ( ,BAKUN9'S 
LIFE BELONG HIS POLEMICS AGA9/ ,M>X :I*1 ACCURATELY & 
UNIQUELY1 =ESAW ! EVOLUTION ( ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IPS 9 ! 
#b? C5TURY4 ,HIS DISCIPLE ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 :O DI$ UND] 
H\SE >RE/ 9 ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY1 9ITIAT$ /REAMS ( AN>*I/ 
PROPAG&A 9 ,ITALY & ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :I* /ILL FL[ TO ?IS DAY 
9 ! =M ( AN IMPRESSIVE SPREAD ( PUBLICATIONS & CAMPAIGNS4 

,9 ! ,F> ,EA/1 ! HABIT ( S5D+ Y\NG M5 FROM AFFLU5T 
FAMILIES TO COMPLETE !IR $UCATION 9 ,EUROPE L$ TO A /R+ ( 
REVOLUTION>Y /UD5TS BR++ BACK TO ,*9A FROM ,P>IS ! 
AN>*I/ MESSAGE ( ,KROPOTK9 9 HIS PROPAG&I/ BOOKS ,! 
,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD1 ,MUTUAL ,AID1 & ESPECIALLY ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & 
,WORK%OPS4 ,MANY ( ! %IFTS & TURNS ( ,COMMUNI/ ,P>TY POLICY 
9 ,*9A 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS HAVE RECOGNIZABLE L9KS ) 
,KROPOTK9'S AG5DA1 AL?\<1 ( C\RSE1 !Y W]E IMPOS$ ) 
! UTMO/ 9DIFF]5CE TO HUMAN SUFF]+4 ,! CELEBRAT$ NOVELI/ 
,PA ,*9 7,LI ,PAI ,KAN7 SAW ,EMMA ,GOLDMAN AS HIS 'SPIRITUAL MO!R' 
& CON/RUCT$ HIS PSEUDONYM FROM ONE SYLLABLE EA* ( ! NAMES 
,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK94 ,NE$LESS TO SAY1 HE WAS SUBJECT$ TO 
'RE$UCATION' SEV]AL TIMES1 &1 9 #a#i#h#i1 AT ! AGE ( #h#d1 WAS 
>RE/$ BECAUSE ( HIS SUPPORT = ! DEMON/RATORS 9 
,TIANANM5 ,SQU>E4 

,BUT ! C\NTRY :]E AN>*ISM PUT D[N ITS DEEPE/ ROOTS WAS 
,SPA91 :I* 9 ! #a#i#cS HAD BO? A MASS AN>*O-SYNDICALI/ 
TRADE UNION1 ! ,C,N,T 7,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO71 & 
! ,F,A,I 7,F$]ACION ,AN>QUI/A ,IB]ICA71 AN AN>*I/ BODY 
:I* EM]G$ P]IODICALLY FROM AN UND]GR\ND EXI/5CE4 ,! 
REVOLUTION ( #ai ,JULY #aicf 9 ,SPA9 ILLU/RATES ANO!R GULF BETWE5 
! AN>*I/ ACC\NT ( EV5TS & ! WAY !Y >E P]CEIV$ & 
DESCRIB$ BY MORE 9FLU5TIAL VOICES4 

,ON #ah ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 ,SPA9 HAD ?REE ,POPUL> ,FRONT GOV]NM5TS 9 ! 
C\RSE ( A S+LE DAY1 DEBAT+ H[ TO OPPOSE ! MILIT>Y REVOLT 
FROM ! G5]ALS 9 ,MOROCCO1 :I* WAS MOV+ 9TO MA9L& 
,SPA91 & USUALLY CONCLUD+ ?AT RESI/ANCE WAS FUTILE4 ,MEAN:ILE 
9 SEV]AL CITIES & REGIONS1 NOT ONLY W]E ! WEAPONS ( ! 
MILIT>Y G>RISONS & ! CIVIL GU>DS SEIZ$1 BUT ,C,N,T MEMB]S 
TOOK CONTROL ( FACTORIES1 TRANSPORT1 & L&4 ,! FOLL[+ DAY 
M>K$ ! BEG9N+1 NOT ONLY ( A W> AGA9/ ,FRANCO'S 
9SURRECTION1 BUT ( A POPUL> REVOLUTION4 

 #h4 ,9 #aicf ! WORK]S ( ! ,C,N,T_/,F,A,I TOOK OV] ,B>CELONA'S TRANSPORT SY/EM & IMPROV$ ITS S]VICES = ! PEOPLE4 

,FRANCO'S REBELLION WAS AID$ BY WEAPONS1 TROOPS1 & BOMB] 
AIRCRAFT FROM ,MUSSOL9I'S ,ITALY & ,NAZI ,G]MANY1 BUT ! 
,NON-,9T]V5TION ,AGREEM5T UPHELD BY ! ,BRITI% & ,FR5* 
GOV]NM5TS LIMIT$ ! SUPPLY ( >MS = ! ANTI-,FASCI/ =CES 
TO ?OSE PROVID$ 7AT ! CO/ ( ,SPA9'S GOLD RES]VES7 BY ! 
,SOVIET ,UNION4 ,A FUR!R HEAVY P5ALTY WAS PAID = ,SOVIET 
SUPPORT4 ,/AL9'S =EIGN POLICY REQUIR$ ! REPUDIATION ( 
! ,SPANI% REVOLUTION 9 ! 9T]E/S ( ! ',POPUL> ,FRONT' 
CONCEPT4 ,9 ! EF=T TO RESI/ GR[+ ,SOVIET 9FLU5CE1 AN>*I/ 
& SYNDICALI/ MILITANTS ACTUALLY BECAME M9I/]S BO? 9 ! 
,CATALAN GOV]NM5T 9 ,B>CELONA & 9 ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 
9 ,MADRID4 

,! W> 9 ,SPA9 W\ND D[N TO ITS DESOLATE CONCLUSION 9 
,APRIL #a#i#c#i1 AFT] IMM5SE LOSS ( LIFE4 ,9 ,AUGU/ ?AT YE> ! 
NON-AGGRESSION PACT BETWE5 ,/AL9 & ,HITL] WAS SIGN$1 & 
9 ,SEPTEMB] ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> BEGAN4 ,FRANCO'S REGIME 9 
,SPA9 SURVIV$ UNTIL ! DICTATOR'S DEA? 9 #a#i#g#e4 ,! COLLAPSE ( 
OPPOSITION BR\<T A REL5TLESS CAMPAIGN ( V5GEANCE AGA9/ 
?OSE :O D>$ TO OPPOSE ,FRANCO4 ,!RE W]E UNTOLD NUMB]S ( 
EXECUTIONS & ! PRISONS W]E FILL$4 ,MILLIONS ( ,SPANI>DS LIV$ 
\T !IR LIVES 9 EXILE4 

 #i4 ,?RE%+ ! CORN ON A F>M 9 ,>AGON1 TAK5 OV] BY ITS WORK]S 9 #a#i#c#f4 

,FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ! AN>*I/S1 ,SPA9 ?US PROVID$ 
T]RIBLE IRONIES4 ,9 T]MS ( ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( AGRICULTURE 
& 9DU/RY1 IT GAVE A LIV+ & 9SPIR+ EXAMPLE ( 
,KROPOTK9'S !ORIES AB\T ! SEIZURE ( CONTROL BY ! WORK]S4 
,9 ?OSE P>TS ( ! C\NTRY ?AT HAD NOT BE5 SEIZ$ BY 
>MY UNITS SUPPORT+ ,FRANCO !RE W]E L>GE-SCALE SEIZURES 
( L&4 ,SPA9 WAS A PR$OM9ANTLY AGRICULTURAL C\NTRY1 9 
:I* #f#g.0 ( ! L& WAS [N$ BY #b.0 ( L&[N]S4 ,AT ! 
SAME TIME MANY SMALLHOLD+S W]E TOO SMALL TO FE$ A FAMILY4 
,G]ALD ,BR5AN1 9 HIS CLASSIC BOOK ,! ,SPANI% ,LABYR9?1 
EXPLA9$ ?AT '! ONLY REASONABLE SOLUTION ?R\< WIDE TRACTS 
( ,SPA9 IS A COLLECTIVE ONE'4 

,9 #aicf IT WAS E/IMAT$ ?AT 9 ?OSE P>TS ( ,SPA9 NOT OV]RUN 
BY ,FRANCO'S TROOPS1 AB\T ?REE MILLION M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 
W]E LIV+ 9 COLLECTIVIZ$ COMMUNES4 ,OBS]V]S FROM ! TIME 
SIMIL>LY REPORT$ ON ! COLLECTIVIZATION ( FACTORIES 9 ,CATALONIA 
& ( ! REORGANIZATION ( PUBLIC S]VICES1 TRANSPORT1 TELEPHONES1 
GAS1 & ELECTRICITY 9 ,B>CELONA4 

 #a4 ',! ,L& IS ,Y\RS3 ,WORK ,IT6'1 SLOGAN ON A TRA9 9 ,CATALONIA1 #a#i#c#f4 

,! ,AM]ICAN PHILOSOPH] ( LANGUAGE ,NOAM ,*OMSKY REMEMB]S 
READ+ AB\T !SE A*IEVEM5TS AS A BOY 9 ,NEW ,YORK1 9 ! 
,YIDDI%-LANGUAGE AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,FRAYE ,>BET] ,%TIME4 ,!RE 
/AY$ 9 HIS M9D A REPORT ON A POV]TY-/RICK5 ,SPANI% T[N1 
,MEMBRILLA1 9 :OSE MIS]ABLE HUTS EI<T ?\S& PEOPLE LIV$1 
) 'NO NEWSPAP]1 NO C9EMA1 NEI!R A CAFE NOR A LIBR>Y'4 ,BUT ! 
VILLAG]S %>$ FOOD1 CLO?+1 & TOOLS1 & TOOK 9 A L>GE 
NUMB] ( REFUGEES4 ',IT WAS1 H[EV]1 NOT A SOCIALIZATION ( WEAL? 
BUT ( POV]TY 4 4 4 ,MEMBRILLA IS P]HAPS ! POORE/ VILLAGE ( ,SPA91 
BUT IT IS ! MO/ JU/4' ,*OMSKY COMM5TS ?AT 

,AN ACC\NT SU* AS ?IS1 ) ITS CONC]N = HUMAN RELATIONS 
& ! IDEAL ( A JU/ SOCIETY1 MU/ APPE> V]Y /RANGE TO ! 
CONSCI\SNESS ( ! SOPHI/ICAT$ 9TELLECTUAL1 & IT IS !RE=E 
TREAT$ ) SCORN1 OR TAK5 TO BE NAIVE OR PRIMITIVE OR O!RWISE 
IRRATIONAL4 ,ONLY :5 SU* PREJUDICE IS AB&ON$ WILL IT BE POSSIBLE 
= HI/ORIANS TO UND]TAKE A S]I\S /UDY ( ! POPUL> MOVEM5T 
?AT TRANS=M$ ,REPUBLICAN ,SPA9 9 ONE ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE 
SOCIAL REVOLUTIONS ?AT HI/ORY RECORDS4 

,BY N[ ! S]I\S /UDIES HAVE BE5 MADE1 & ,*OMSKY HAS 
/RESS$ !IR SIGNIFICANCE & !IR LESSONS = ! FUTURE1 S9CE1 AS 
HE SAYS1 

,:AT ATTRACTS ME AB\T AN>*ISM P]SONALLY >E ! T5D5CIES 
9 IT ?AT TRY TO COME TO GRIPS ) ! PROBLEMS ( DEAL+ ) 
COMPLEX ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL SOCIETIES )9 A FRAMEWORK ( FREE 
9/ITUTIONS & /RUCTURES4 

,! ,SPANI% EXP]I5CE H>DLY MET ! SECOND ( HIS CRIT]IA1 
BUT ! EV5TS ( #aicf AMPLY JU/IFI$ HIS COMM5TS4 ,!SE 
A*IEVEM5TS W]E B>ELY NOTIC$ 9 ! NEWS M$IA ( ,WE/]N 
,EUROPE \TSIDE ! J\RNALS ( AN>*ISM & ! NONCOMMUNI/ 
F> ,LEFT1 & :5 ,GEORGE ,ORWELL1 BACK FROM ,SPA91 ATTEMPT$ TO 
PUNCTURE ! CONSPIRACY ( SIL5CE 9 HIS ,HOMAGE TO ,CATALONIA 9 
#a#i#c#g1 HIS BOOK HAD SOLD A M]E #c COPIES BE=E BE+ 
REMA9D]$ TO ! AN>*I/ BOOK%OP 9 #a#i#d4 ,MANY DECADES 
LAT]1 ,K5 ,LOA*'S FILM ,L& & ,FRE$OM 7#a#i#i#e7 WAS RAPTUR\SLY 
RECEIV$ 9 ,SPA9 = DRAMATIZ+ A KEY EPISODE 9 ! CIVIL W>1 
HI!RTO ALMO/ UNKN[N 9 ,SPA9 ITSELF4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 9 ! YE>S ( EXILE1 ?OSE AN>*I/S :O HAD 
SURVIV$ BO? ! W> & ,FRANCO'S REV5GE DEVOT$ 5DLESS DEBATE 
TO ! FATAL DECISION ( ! LEAD]S ( ! ,C,N,T TO BECOME P>T ( 
GOV]NM5T 9 AN EF=T TO COMBAT ,SOVIET DOM9ANCE4 ,S9CE EV]Y 
V>IETY ( AN>*ISM HAS OPPOS$ ! /RUCTURE ( POLITICS & ! 
POLITICAL SY/EM1 ?IS DECISION WAS SE5 AS A COMPROMISE ?AT 
BR\<T NO ADVANTAGE & MU* DISCR$IT4 ,?OSE AN>*I/S :O 
HAVE EXPLOR$ ! ISSUE T5D TO AGREE ) ! COMM5T ( ! 
VET]AN ,FR5* AN>*I/ ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE3 ',I AM AW>E ( ! FACT 
?AT IT IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE TO DO :AT ONE %\LD DO2 BUT ,I KN[ 
?AT !RE >E ?+S ?AT ON NO ACC\NT CAN ONE EV] DO4' 

,MEAN:ILE1 DECADES LAT]1 A NEW S]IES ( POPUL> UPRIS+S 
R$ISCOV]$ AN>*I/ SLOGANS 9 H]OIC DEFIANCE ( ,/AL9'S 
APP>5TLY MONOLI?IC EMPIRE4 ,SUPPRESS$ ASPIRATIONS EM]G$ ON 
! /REETS ( ,HUNG>IAN & ,POLI% CITIES 9 #aief & ON ?OSE ( 
,CZE*OSLOVAKIA 9 #a#i#f#h4 ,!Y W]E H>B+]S ( ! SUBSEQU5T 
BLOODLESS COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 AFT] DECADES ( APPALL+ 
SUFF]+ = ?OSE :O1 USUALLY 9ADV]T5TLY1 FAIL$ TO PLEASE !IR 
RUL]S4 

,AS ! REGIMES ( !IR JAIL]S COLLAPS$ >\ND !M1 !RE WAS 
SOME COM=T = ! SURVIV+ AN>*I/S1 ) !IR BLACK FLAGS ( 
PROTE/ AGA9/ ! NEW CAPITALISM /E]$ 9TO BE+ BY !IR OLD 
OPPRESSORS4 ,!Y W]E /ILL MONOTON\SLY RI<T & !IR PRIORITIES 
REMA9$ ! SAME4 

O ,*APT] #c 3 ,/ATES1 ,SOCIETIES1 & ! ,COLLAPSE ( ,SOCIALISM 

,!RE IS A VITAL DI/9CTION1 /RESS$ BY AN>*I/S1 BETWE5 SOCIETY 
& ! /ATE4 ,IT HAS BE5 OBVI\S = C5TURIES1 & AL?\< MANY 
POLITICAL ?9K]S HAVE IGNOR$ ?IS DI/9CTION1 IT WAS AS CLE>1 
= EXAMPLE1 TO SU* #b?-C5TURY ACADEMICS AS ,ISAIAH ,B]L9 OR 
,G4 ,D4 ,H4 ,COLE AS IT WAS 9 ! #a#h? C5TURY TO ,?OMAS ,PA9E1 CIT$ 9 
! PREVI\S *APT]4 ,H[EV]1 ACCOMPANY+ ! COLLAPSE ( ! 
,SOVIET ,EMPIRE !RE HAS BE5 A R$ISCOV]Y BY POLITICAL 5QUIR]S 
( 'CIVIL SOCIETY'4 

,! PHILOSOPH] ,M>T9 ,BUB] WAS ! FRI5D & EXECUTOR ( ! 
,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,GU/AV ,L&AU]1 :OSE OBS]VATION AB\T 
! NATURE ( ! /ATE AS A MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR IS DISCUSS$ 
9 ,*APT] #a4 ,9 HIS CAPACITY AS A PR(ESSOR ( SOCIOLOGY1 ,BUB] 
PROVID$ A /RIK+ POL>IZATION ( ! TWO PR9CIPLES ( HUMAN 
BEHAVIOR 9VOLV$3 ! POLITICAL & ! SOCIAL4 ,HE SAW ! 
*>ACT]I/ICS ( ! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE TO BE P[]1 AU?ORITY1 
HI]>*Y1 & DOM9ION1 :ILE ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE WAS VISIBLE TO 
HIM 9 ALL SPONTANE\S HUMAN ASSOCIATIONS BUILT >\ND A COMMON 
NE$ OR COMMON 9T]E/4 ,! PROBLEM ?AT >OSE WAS ?AT ( 
ID5TIFY+ ! REASON = ! CONT9UAL ASC5DANCY ( ! POLITICAL 
PR9CIPLE4 ,BUB]'S ANSW] SUGGE/$ ?AT 

! FACT ?AT EV]Y PEOPLE FEELS ITSELF ?REAT5$ BY ! O!RS GIVES 
! /ATE ITS DEF9ITE UNIFY+ P[]2 IT DEP5DS UPON ! 9/9CT ( 
SELF-PRES]VATION ( SOCIETY ITSELF2 ! LAT5T EXT]NAL CRISIS 5ABLES IT 
TO GET ! UPP] H& 9 9T]NAL CRISES 4 4 4 ,ALL =MS ( GOV]NM5T 
HAVE ?IS 9 COMMON3 EA* POSSESSES MORE P[] ?AN IS REQUIR$ 
BY ! GIV5 CONDITIONS2 9 FACT1 ?IS EXCESS 9 ! CAPACITY = 
MAK+ DISPOSITIONS IS ACTUALLY :AT WE UND]/& BY POLITICAL 
P[]4 ,! MEASURE ( ?IS EXCESS 4 4 4 REPRES5TS ! EXACT DIFF]5CE 
BETWE5 ADM9I/RATION & GOV]NM5T4 

,BUB] DESCRIB$ ?IS EXCESS1 :I* HE ADMITT$ C\LD NOT BE 
COMPUT$ EXACTLY1 AS ! 'POLITICAL SURPLUS'1 & OBS]V$ ?AT 

ITS JU/IFICATION D]IVES FROM ! EXT]NAL & 9T]NAL 9/ABILITY1 
FROM ! LAT5T /ATE ( CRISIS BETWE5 NATIONS & )9 EV]Y 
NATION4 ,! POLITICAL PR9CIPLE IS ALWAYS /RONG] 9 RELATION TO ! 
SOCIAL PR9CIPLE ?AN ! GIV5 CONDITIONS REQUIRE4 ,! RESULT IS A 
CONT9U\S DIM9UTION 9 SOCIAL SPONTANEITY4 

,SOCIAL SPONTANEITY IS HI<LY VALU$ BY AN>*I/S BUT IS NOT 
ON ! AG5DA ( ! POLITICIANS 9VOLV$ 9 DISMANTL+ ! 
,BRITI% PO/W> WELF>E /ATE1 & RECOMM5D+ ! VIRTUES ( 
PR(IT-MAK+ PRIVATE 5T]PRISE4 ,AN>*I/S >E FREQU5TLY TOLD ?AT 
!IR ANTIPA?Y TO ! /ATE IS HI/ORICALLY \TMOD$1 S9CE A MA9 
FUNCTION ( ! MOD]N /ATE IS ! PROVISION ( SOCIAL WELF>E4 ,!Y 
RESPOND BY /RESS+ ?AT SOCIAL WELF>E 9 ,BRITA9 DID NOT ORIG9ATE 
FROM GOV]NM5T1 NOR FROM ! PO/W> ,NATIONAL ,9SURANCE LAWS1 
NOR ) ! 9ITIATION ( ! ,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE 9 #a#i#d#h4 ,IT 
EVOLV$ FROM ! VA/ NETWORK ( FRI5DLY SOCIETIES & MUTUAL AID 
ORGANIZATIONS ?AT HAD SPRUNG UP ?R\< WORK+-CLASS SELF-HELP 
9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 

,! F\ND+ FA!R ( ! ,N,H,S WAS ! !N MEMB] ( 
P>LIAM5T = ,TR$EG> 9 ,S\? ,WALES1 ,ANEUR9 ,BEVAN1 ! ,LABOR 
,GOV]NM5T'S ,M9I/] ( ,HEAL?4 ,HIS CON/ITU5CY WAS ! HOME ( 
! ,TR$EG> ,M$ICAL ,SOCIETY1 F\ND$ 9 #ahg & SURVIV+ UNTIL 
#a#i#i#e4 ,IT PROVID$ M$ICAL C>E = ! LOCAL EMPLOY$ WORK]S1 :O 
W]E MO/LY M9]S & /EELWORK]S1 BUT ALSO 7UNLIKE ! PRE-#a#i#d#h 
,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,9SURANCE7 = ! NE$S ( DEP5D5TS1 *ILDR51 
! OLD1 & ! NON-EMPLOY$3 EV]YONE LIV+ 9 ! DI/RICT4 

,IT WAS 

SU/A9$ ?R\< ! YE>S BY VOLUNT>Y CONTRIBUTIONS ( ?REE OLD 
P5NIES 9 ! P\ND FROM ! WAGE-PACKETS ( M9]S & 
/EELWORK]S 4 4 4 ,AT ONE TIME ! SOCIETY EMPLOY$ FIVE DOCTORS1 A 
D5TI/1 A *IROPODI/ & A PHYSIO!RAPI/ TO C>E = ! HEAL? ( 
AB\T #b#e1 PEOPLE4 

,A RETIR$ M9] TOLD ,PET] ,H5NESSY ?AT :5 ,BEVAN 9ITIAT$ ! 
,NATIONAL ,HEAL? ,S]VICE1 ',WE ?\<T HE WAS TURN+ ! :OLE 
C\NTRY 9TO ONE BIG ,TR$EG>4' ,9 PRACTICE1 ! ,HEAL? ,S]VICE 
HAS BE5 9 A /ATE ( CONT9U\S REORGANIZATION EV] S9CE ITS 
F\NDATION1 BUT HAS NEV] BE5 SUBMITT$ TO A LOCAL & F$]ALIZ$ 
APPROA* TO M$ICAL C>E4 ,A SECOND REFLECTION ON ! /ORY ( 
,TR$EG> IS ?AT :5 EV]Y EMPLOY$ WORK] 9 ?AT T[N PAID A 
VOLUNT>Y LEVY TO EXT5D ! LOCAL M$ICAL S]VICE TO EV]Y RESID5T1 
! E>N+S ( EV5 HI<LY SKILL$ 9DU/RIAL WORK]S W]E BEL[ 
! LIABILITY TO 9COME TAX4 ,BUT EV] S9CE FULL EMPLOYM5T & ! 
SY/EM ( ,P,A,Y,E 7AUTOMATIC D$UCTION ( TAX AS A DUTY ( EMPLOY]S7 
WAS 9TRODUC$ DUR+ ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 ! C5TRAL 
GOV]NM5T'S ,TREASURY HAS CREAM$ (F ! CA% ?AT ONCE 
SUPPORT$ LOCAL 9ITIATIVES4 ,IF ! PATT]N ( LOCAL SELF-TAXATION ON 
! ,TR$EG> MODEL HAD BECOME ! G5]AL PATT]N = HEAL? 
PROVISION1 ?IS P]MAN5T DAILY NE$ W\LD NOT HAVE BECOME ! 
PLAY?+ ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T F9ANCIAL POLICY4 

,AN>*I/S CITE ?IS LITTLE1 LOCAL EXAMPLE ( AN ALT]NATIVE APPROA* 
TO ! PROVISION ( HEAL? C>E TO 9DICATE ?AT A DIFF]5T /YLE ( 
SOCIAL ORGANIZATION C\LD HAVE EVOLV$4 ,9 ,BRITI% EXP]I5CE1 
ANO!R V>IETY WAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! #a#i#cS & #a#i#eS 9 :AT 
BECAME KN[N AS ! ,PECKHAM ,EXP]IM5T 9 S\? ,LONDON1 :I* 
WAS ESS5TIALLY A FAMILY HEAL? CLUB :]E M$ICAL C>E WAS A 
FEATURE ( A SOCIAL CLUB PROVID+ SPORT+ & SWIMM+ FACILITIES4 
,!SE & MU* MORE REC5T ATTEMPTS TO *ANGE ! RELATION%IPS 
9 MEET+ UNIV]SAL SOCIAL NE$S EXEMPLIFY ! URG5CY ( ! 
SE>* = ALT]NATIVES TO ! DRE>Y POL>ITY ( PUBLIC BUREAUCRACY 
ON ! ONE H& & PRIVATE PR(IT ON ! O!R4 ,I HAVE MYSELF HE>D 
! =M] *IEF >*ITECT TO ! ,M9I/RY ( ,HEAL? ADMIT ?AT ! 
ADVICE HE GAVE = YE>S ON HOSPITAL DESIGN WAS MISGUID$1 & HAVE 
HE>D SIMIL> CONFESSIONS FROM MANAGEM5T CONSULTANTS1 
EXP5SIVELY HIR$ TO SOLVE ! ,N,H,S'S ORGANIZATIONAL PROBLEMS4 

,A C5TURY AGO1 ,KROPOTK9 NOT$ ! 5DLESS V>IETY ( 'FRI5DLY 
SOCIETIES1 ! UNITIES ( ODD FELL[S1 ! VILLAGE & T[N CLUBS 
ORGANIZ$ = MEET+ ! DOCTOR'S BILLS' BUILT UP BY WORK+-CLASS 
SELF-HELP2 AS P>T ( HIS EVID5CE = ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( 
,EVOLUTION1 & 9 A LAT] BOOK1 ,MOD]N ,SCI5CE & ,AN>*ISM1 HE 
DECL>$ ?AT '! ECONOMIC & POLITICAL LIB]ATION ( MAN WILL HAVE 
TO CREATE NEW =MS = ITS EXPRESSION 9 LIFE1 9/EAD ( ?OSE 
E/ABLI%$ BY ! ,/ATE'4 ,= HE SAW IT AS SELF-EVID5T ?AT '?IS NEW 
=M WILL HAVE TO BE MORE POPUL>1 MORE DEC5TRALIZ$1 & NE>] 
TO ! FOLK-MOTE SELF-GOV]NM5T ?AN REPRES5TATIVE GOV]NM5T 
CAN EV] BE'4 ,HE REIT]AT$ ?AT WE WILL BE COMPELL$ TO F9D NEW 
=MS ( ORGANIZATION = ! SOCIAL FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE FULFILLS 
?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY1 & ?AT 'AS LONG AS ?IS IS NOT DONE1 
NO?+ WILL BE DONE'4 

,IT IS (T5 SUGGE/$ ?AT AS A RESULT ( MOD]N P]SONAL MOBILITY 
& 9/ANT COMMUNICATIONS1 WE ALL LIVE 9 A S]IES ( GLOBAL VILLAGES 
& ?AT CONSEQU5TLY ! CONCEPT ( LOCAL CONTROL ( LOCAL S]VICES IS 
OBSOLETE4 ,BUT !RE IS CONFUSION H]E BETWE5 ! CONCEPTS ( 
COMMUNITIES ( PROP9QUITY & COMMUNITIES ( 9T]E/4 ,WE MAY 
%>E CONC]NS ) PEOPLE ON ! O!R SIDE ( ! WORLD1 & NOT 
EV5 KN[ \R NEI<BORS4 ,BUT ! PICTURE IS TRANS=M$ AT 
DIFF]5T /AGES 9 \R P]SONAL OR FAMILY HI/ORY :5 WE HAVE 
%>$ 9T]E/S ) O!R US]S ( ! LOCAL PRIM>Y S*OOL OR 
HEAL? C5T]1 & ! LOCAL %OP OR PO/ (FICE4 ,H]E !RE IS1 AS 
EV]Y P>5T WILL CONFIRM1 AN 9T5SE CONC]N ) V]Y LOCAL ISSUES4 

,ALT]NATIVE PATT]NS ( SOCIAL CONTROL ( LOCAL FACILITIES C\LD HAVE 
EM]G$1 BUT = ! FACT ?AT C5TRALIZ$ GOV]NM5T IMPOS$ 
NATIONAL UNI=MITY1 :ILE POPUL> DISILLUSIONM5T ) ! 
BUREAUCRATIC WELF>E /ATE CO9CID$ ) ! RISE ( ! ALL-P>TY 
GOSPEL ( MANAG]IAL CAPITALISM4 ,AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT AFT] ! 
9EVITABLE DISAPPO9TM5T1 AN ALT]NATIVE CONCEPT ( SOCIALISM WILL 
BE R$ISCOV]$4 ,!Y >GUE ?AT ! ID5TIFICATION ( SOCIAL WELF>E 
) BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IALISM IS ONE ( ! FACTORS ?AT HAS 
DELAY$ ! EXPLORATION ( O!R APPROA*ES = HALF A C5TURY4 
,! PRIVATE SECTOR1 AS IT IS CALL$1 IS HAPPY TO TAKE OV] ! HEAL? 
NE$S ( ?OSE CITIZ5S :O CAN PAY ITS BILLS4 ,O!R CITIZ5S W\LD 
EI!R HAVE TO SUFF] ! M9IMAL S]VICES ?AT REMA9 = !M1 OR 
TO RE-CREATE ! 9/ITUTIONS ?AT !Y BUILT UP 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY4 
,! AN>*I/S SEE !IR ME?ODS AS MORE RELEVANT ?AN EV]1 
WAIT+ TO BE RE9V5T$1 PRECISELY BECAUSE MOD]N SOCIETY HAS 
LE>N$ ! LIMITATIONS ( BO? SOCIALI/ & CAPITALI/ ALT]NATIVES4 

,A ONCE-FAM\S BOOK1 ,JAMES ,BURNHAM'S ,! ,MANAG]IAL 
,REVOLUTION1 TRAC$ A %IFT 9 P[] 9 COMPANIES FROM %>EHOLD]S 
TO MANAG]S4 ,BUT ANO!R MORE REC5T *ANGE 9 ! P[] 
/RUCTURE ( PUBLIC S]VICES ( EV]Y K9D HAS BE5 FELT1 = EXAMPLE1 
ALL ?R\< ! $UCATION SY/EM4 ,IT IS ! RISE TO DOM9ANCE ( 
PR(ESSIONAL MANAG]S :O >E ! NEW UNASSAILABLE MA/]S ( 
EV]Y K9D ( 9/ITUTION4 ,MIDDLE-CLASS PR(ESSIONALS 91 SAY1 PUBLIC 
HEAL?1 5VIRONM5TAL PLANN+1 S*OOLS & UNIV]SITIES1 & ! 
SOCIAL S]VICES HAVE F\ND !MSELVES SUBJECT$ TO ! SAME K9D 
( MANAG]IAL ,NEWSPEAK ?AT US$ TO \TRAGE WORK+-CLASS 
TRADE UNIONI/S4 ,MA/]Y ( ITS GROTESQUE J>GON HAS BECOME ! 
PR]EQUISITE = APPO9TM5T & PROMOTION ?R\<\T ! JOB 
M>KET1 EXCEPT 9 ! SUBM]G$ ECONOMY ( H>D REPETITIVE WORK1 
:]E ! OLD ASSUMPTIONS ( 9SECURITY1 LONG H\RS1 & L[ PAY 
REMA9 TRUE4 

,! NEW MANAG]IALISM HAS SU* 9SUB/ANTIAL F\NDATIONS & HAS 
>\S$ SU* RES5TM5T AMONG PEOPLE PR\D ( !IR PR(ESSIONAL 
SKILLS 7AS WAS ALSO TRUE ( SKILL$ WORK]S DISPLAC$ BY GLOBALIZATION7 
?AT IT IS B\ND TO BE *ALL5G$ BY A NEW BRE$ ( ADVOCATES ( 
WORKPLACE DEMOCRACY4 ,ALREADY ! AU?ORS ( ALT]NATIVE TEXTBOOKS 
( MANAGEM5T >E BORR[+ ! LANGUAGE1 IF NOT ! 9T5TIONS1 
( ! AN>*I/S1 = EXAMPLE ) A MANUAL 5TITL$ ,MANAG+ 
,)\T ,MANAGEM5T1 & ANO!R CALL$ ,ACTION & ,EXI/5CE3 
,AN>*ISM = ,BUS9ESS ,ADM9I/RATION4 

,IT SEEMS 9EVITABLE ?AT AN>*I/ CONCEPTS WILL BE RE9V5T$ 
OR R$ISCOV]$ CONT9UALLY1 9 FIELDS NEV] 5VISAG$ BY ! 
PROPAG&I/S ( ! PA/1 AS PEOPLE 9 SO MANY >EAS ( HUMAN 
ACTIVITY SE>* = ALT]NATIVES TO ! CRUDITIES & 9JU/ICES ( BO? 
FREE-M>KET CAPITALISM & BUREAUCRATIC MANAG]IAL SOCIALISM4 ,IT IS 
POSSIBLE TO DISC]N F\R PR9CIPLES ?AT W\LD %APE AN AN>*I/ 
!ORY ( ORGANIZATIONS3 ?AT !Y %\LD BE 7#a7 VOLUNT>Y1 7#b7 
FUNCTIONAL1 7#c7 TEMPOR>Y1 & 7#d7 SMALL4 

,!Y %\LD BE VOLUNT>Y & FUNCTIONAL = OBVI\S REASONS4 ,!RE 
IS NO PO9T 9 ADVOCAT+ 9DIVIDUAL FRE$OM & RESPONSIBILITY IF WE 
GO ON TO SET UP ORGANIZATIONS 9 :I* MEMB]%IP IS M&ATORY1 OR 
:I* HAVE NO PURPOSE4 ,!RE IS A T5D5CY = BODIES TO CONT9UE 
TO EXI/ AFT] HAV+ \TLIV$ !IR FUNCTIONS4 ,!Y %\LD BE 
TEMPOR>Y PRECISELY BECAUSE P]MAN5CE IS ONE ( ?OSE FACTORS ?AT 
H>D5S ! >T]IES ( ANY ORGANIZATION1 GIV+ IT A VE/$ 9T]E/ 
9 ITS [N SURVIVAL1 OR 9 S]V+ ! 9T]E/S ( ITS (FICE-HOLD]S 
RA!R ?AN P]=M+ ITS O/5SIBLE FUNCTIONS4 ,F9ALLY1 !Y %\LD 
BE SMALL BECAUSE 9 SMALL1 FACE-TO-FACE GR\PS ! BUREAUCRATIZ+ 
& HI]>*ICAL T5D5CIES 9H]5T 9 ALL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE LEA/ 
OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOP4 

,! #b? C5TURY EXP]I5C$ OR WITNESS$ EV]Y V>IETY ( /ATE 
SOCIALISM1 & LE>N$ ?AT IF ITS RUL]S >E RU?LESS 5\<1 !Y 
CAN IMPOSE1 = A :ILE1 ! MO/ BIZ>RE REGIMES & DESCRIBE !M 
AS SOCIALISM4 ,AS SOCIALISM HAS BE5 GROSSLY MISREPRES5T$1 SO 
AN>*ISM SUFF]S FROM ! WIDELY HELD VIEW ?AT IT IS SIMPLY 
ANO!R V>IETY ( MILL5>IANISM1 ! BELIEF 9 ! EV5TUAL >RIVAL1 
'AFT] ! REVOLUTION'1 ( A P]IOD ( ULTIMATE HAPP9ESS :5 ALL ! 
PROBLEMS ?AT BESET HUMANITY WILL HAVE BE5 SOLV$1 P]MAN5TLY4 

,! #a#i?-C5TURY AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 9 COMMON ) O!R 
V>IETIES ( SOCIALI/ PROPAG&A1 FREQU5TLY IMPLI$ ?IS1 BUT ,I HAVE 
SELDOM MET #b?-C5TURY AN>*I/S :O ADMITT$ TO ?IS SIMPLE 
FAI?4 ,AS = ! GREAT #b?-C5TURY TRAG$Y ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 
PROMIS+ E>?LY P>ADISE = FUTURE G5]ATIONS E>N$ BY TODAY'S 
SACRIFICE1 ! AN>*I/ 9QUE/ ON IT WAS WRITT5 AS LONG AGO AS #ahdg 
BY ,BAKUN9'S FRI5D1 ! ,RUSSIAN POPULI/ ,ALEX&] ,H]Z53 

,IF PROGRESS IS ! GOAL1 = :OM !N >E WE WORK+8 ,:O IS ?IS 
,MOLO* :O1 AS ! TOIL]S APPROA* HIM1 9/EAD ( REW>D+ 
!M1 DRAWS BACK1 & AS A CONSOLATION TO ! EXHAU/$ MULTITUDES 
%\T+1 ',WE1 :O >E AB\T TO DIE1 SALUTE !E6'1 CAN ONLY GIVE ! 
MOCK+ ANSW] ?AT AFT] !IR DEA? ALL WILL BE BEAUTIFUL ON E>?4 
,DO Y\ REALLY WI% TO CONDEMN HUMAN BE+S ALIVE TODAY TO ! 
M]E SAD ROLE ( C>YATIDS SUPPORT+ A FLOOR = O!RS ONE DAY TO 
DANCE UPON8 ,( WRET*$ GALLEY SLAVES :O1 UP TO !IR KNEES 9 MUD1 
DRAG A B>GE ) ! HUMBLE WORDS ',FUTURE ,PROGRESS' ON ITS FLAG8 

,A GOAL :I* IS 9F9ITELY REMOTE IS NOT A GOAL AT ALL1 IT IS A DECEPTION4 
,A GOAL MU/ BE CLOS] - AT ! V]Y LEA/ ! LABOR]'S WAGE OR 
PLEASURE 9 ! WORK P]=M$4 ,EA* EPO*1 EA* G5]ATION1 EA* 
LIFE HAS HAD1 & HAS1 ITS [N EXP]I5CE1 & 5 R\TE NEW DEM&S 
GR[1 NEW ME?ODS4 

,SOCIALISM 9 ! #b? C5TURY PROMIS$ 'JAM TOMORR[' SO REGUL>LY1 
& ! PROMISE REMA9$ SO (T5 UNFULFILL$1 ?AT AS ,H]Z5 
9SI/$1 NEW G5]ATIONS WILL HAVE TO EVOLVE !IR [N MORE 
IMM$IATE SOCIAL AIMS1 :I*1 ! AN>*I/S HOPE1 WILL BE 
/RUCTUR$ >\ND /YLES ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION O!R ?AN ! 
MA*9]Y ( ! /ATE4 

,BUT BECAUSE IT IS FREQU5TLY SUGGE/$ ?AT AN>*ISM IS SIMPLY 
9APPROPRIATE = ! SCALE ( MOD]N SOCIETY1 ! CONCEPT ( 
F$]ALISM IS VITAL = ANY ATTEMPT TO BUILD AN AN>*I/ !ORY ( 
ORGANIZATION4 ,AN>*I/ APPROA*ES TO F$]ALISM >E FULLY 
DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #i4 

O ,*APT] #d 3 ,DEFLAT+ ,NATIONALISM & ,FUNDAM5TALISM 

,! AN>*I/S CLAIM ?AT POPUL> SELF-ORGANIZATION C\LD PROVIDE 
?OSE NEW =MS ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION :I*1 AS ,KROPOTK9 PUT IT 9 
AN OBS]VATION ,I HAVE CIT$ E>LI]1 W\LD UND]TAKE '?OSE SOCIAL 
FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE FULFILLS ?R\< ! BUREAUCRACY'4 ,H[EV]1 
!SE >E NOT ! ONLY ISSUES ?AT >E RAIS$ :5 SKEPTICS DISMISS 
AN>*ISM AS A PRIMITIVE IDEOLOGY ?AT IS SIMPLY NOT RELEVANT TO ! 
MOD]N WORLD4 ,!Y HAVE A DIFF]5T REASON1 AS !Y OBS]VE ! 
MOD]N NATION /ATE & ! 9T5SE HO/ILITIES & RIVALRIES >IS+ 
BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5T ( ANY MAJOR /ATE & O!RS4 ,OR1 9DE$1 
! LE?AL HATR$S VISIBLE AMONG DIFF]5T FACTIONS )9 ONE 
T]RITORY ?AT HAS BE5 DESIGNAT$ AS A /ATE1 & ! FRI<T5+ 
ANTAGONISMS ?AT EM]GE BETWE5 ! ADH]5TS ( DIFF]5T 
RELIGIONS4 ,!Y MAY NOTICE ESPECIALLY ! POISON\S LEGACY ( 
,EUROPEAN IMP]IALISM TO ! T]RITORIES ?AT ! EMPIRE-BUILD+ 
P[]S SEIZ$ & COLONIZ$4 

,IT IS PROBABLY /ILL IMPORTANT TO REM9D ! ,BRITI%1 ,FR5*1 
,BELGIANS1 ,G]MANS1 ,SPANI%1 ,PORTUGUESE1 ,ITALIANS1 ,DUT*1 
,AU/RIANS1 ,GREEKS1 ,TURKS1 ,RUSSIANS1 & ,AM]ICANS1 AMONG O!RS1 
?AT MO/ ( ! 9TRACTABLE DISPUTES >\ND ! GLOBE TODAY >E A 
DIRECT RESULT ( ! IMP]IALI/ POLICIES ( !IR ONE-TIME RUL]S1 ) 
!IR FATAL FASC9ATION = SEIZ+ SOME O!R P>T ( ! WORLD1 & 
!IR CYNICAL APPLICATION ( ! SLOGAN ',DIVIDE & ,RULE'4 ,ALL >\ND 
! WORLD PEOPLE >E SUFF]+ TODAY AS A RESULT ( ! ACTIVITY ( ! 
EMPIRE-BUILD]S1 & MILITANT ATTITUDES USUALLY SUCCE$ 9 MAK+ 
MATT]S WORSE4 ,= NATIONALI/ MOVEM5TS1 AS ,AVI ,%LAIM HAS 
EXPRESS$ IT1 

HAVE AN 9-BUILT T5D5CY T[>DS EXTREMISM & X5OPHOBIA1 
T[>DS SELF-RI<TE\SNESS ON ! ONE H& & DEMONIZ+ ! 
5EMY ON ! O!R4 ,HI/ORY IS (T5 FALSIFI$ & EV5 FABRICAT$ TO 
S]VE A NATIONALI/ POLITICAL AG5DA4 

,IT IS H>D TO SEE H[ ! AN>*I/S1 ) AN ABSOLUTE HO/ILITY TO 
BO? RELIGI\S RIVALRIES & T]RITORIAL POLITICS1 CAN 5GAGE 9 !SE 
DISPUTES1 BEYOND ! DIRECT REJECTION ( IMP]IALISM1 EXCEPT TO WI% 
?AT !Y W]E 9 ! PA/4 ,AB/5TION ITSELF CAN BE A P]IL\S1 
?\< NECESS>Y1 ATTITUDE1 & WE HAVE ALL OBS]V$ >\ND ! 
GLOBE 9/ANCES :5 ! ZEALOTS HAVE TURN$ !IR MO/ VICI\S 
ATT5TION TO ?OSE :O D>E TO ATTEMPT AN ACCOMMODATION ) 
! PEOPLE ON '! O!R SIDE'4 ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 :O1 HALF A C5TURY AGO1 
MADE SOME VALUABLE CONTRIBUTIONS TO AN ASSESSM5T ( AN>*ISM1 
W>N$ HIS FELL[ ,ZIONI/S AS LONG AGO AS #aiba ?AT IF ! ,JEWS 9 
,PALE/9E DID NOT LIVE ) ! ,>ABS AS WELL AS NEXT TO !M1 
!Y W\LD F9D !MSELVES LIV+ 9 5MITY ) !M4 ,:5 
HE DI$1 #dd YE>S LAT]1 ! OBITU>I/S NOT$ ?AT HIS ADVOCACY ( 
BI-NATIONALISM CAUS$ HIM TO BE O/RACIZ$ BY ! OR?ODOX AS 
'AN 5EMY ( ! PEOPLE'4 

,!SE #b?-C5TURY RESPONSES W]E C]TA9LY NOT ANTICIPAT$ BY 
! #a#i?-C5TURY AN>*I/S4 ,!IR CLASSICAL /ATEM5T ON RELIGION 
AS A SOCIAL PH5OM5ON CAME FROM ! MO/ WIDELY CIRCULAT$ 
WORK ( ! ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! 
,/ATE4 ,9 ?IS FRAGM5T1 WRITT5 9 #a#h#g#a1 HE DEPLORES ! FACT ?AT 
BELIEF 9 ,GOD /ILL SURVIV$ AMONG ! PEOPLE1 ESPECIALLY1 AS HE PUT 
IT1 '9 ! RURAL DI/RICTS1 :]E IT IS MORE WIDESPREAD ?AN AMONG 
! PROLET>IAT ( ! CITIES'4 ,HE ?\<T ?IS FAI? 9 RELIGION WAS 
ALL TOO NATURAL1 S9CE ALL GOV]NM5TS PR(IT$ FROM ! IGNORANCE 
( ! PEOPLE AS ONE ( ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( !IR [N 
P[]2 :ILE WEI<$ D[N BY LABOR1 DEPRIV$ ( LEISURE & ( 
9TELLECTUAL 9T]C\RSE1 ! PEOPLE S\<T AN ESCAPE4 ,BAKUN9 
CLAIM$ ?AT !RE W]E ?REE R\TES ( ESCAPE FROM ! MIS]IES 
( LIFE1 TWO ( !M ILLUSORY & ONE REAL4 ,! FIR/ TWO W]E ! 
BOTTLE & ! *UR*1 'DEBAU*]Y ( ! BODY OR DEBAU*]Y ( 
! M9D2 ! ?IRD IS SOCIAL REVOLUTION'4 ,SOCIAL REVOLUTION1 HE 
ASS]T$1 

WILL BE MU* MORE POT5T ?AN ALL ! !OLOGICAL PROPAG&ISM ( 
! FREE?9K]S TO DE/ROY TO !IR LA/ VE/IGE ! RELIGI\S BELIEFS 
& DISSOLUTE HABITS ( ! PEOPLE1 BELIEFS & HABITS MU* MORE 
9TIMATELY CONNECT$ ?AN IS G5]ALLY SUPPOS$4 

,BAKUN9 !N TURN$ TO ! P[]FUL1 DOM9ANT CLASSES 9 SOCIETY 
:O1 :ILE TOO WORLDLY-WISE TO BE BELIEV]S !MSELVES1 'MU/ AT 
LEA/ MAKE A SEMBLANCE ( BELIEV+' BECAUSE ! SIMPLE FAI? ( ! 
PEOPLE WAS A USEFUL FACTOR 9 KEEP+ !M D[N4 ,F9ALLY1 9 ?IS 
P>TICUL> /ATEM5T ( HIS ATTITUDES1 ,BAKUN9 TURNS TO ?OSE 
PROPAG&I/S = RELIGION :O1 :5 Y\ *ALL5GE !M ON ANY 
SPECIFIC ABSURDITY 9 !IR DOGMA1 RELAT+ TO MIRACLES1 VIRG9 BIR?S1 
OR RESURRECTION1 L(TILY EXPLA9 ?AT !Y >E TO BE UND]/OOD AS 
BEAUTIFUL MY?S RA!R ?AN LIT]AL TRU?S1 & ?AT WE >E TO BE 
PITI$ = \R PROSAIC QUE/IONS1 RA!R ?AN !M = PROPAGAT+ 
MY?OLOGY AS TRU?4 

,BAKUN9'S OP9IONS W]E MU* ! SAME ON ?IS MATT] AS ?OSE 
( HIS ADV]S>Y ,K>L ,M>X1 ONE ( :OSE BE/-KN[N PHRASES 
WAS HIS DESCRIPTION ( RELIGION AS ! 'OPIUM ( ! PEOPLE'4 ,& 
! HI/ORIANS ( IDEAS W\LD CATEGORIZE LIB]ALISM1 SOCIALISM1 
COMMUNISM1 & AN>*ISM ALL AS PRODUCTS ( ! P]IOD KN[N AS 
! ,5LI<T5M5T1 ! RESULT ( ! ,AGE ( ,REASON1 ! F]M5T ( 
IDEAS & ! SPIRIT ( 9QUIRY BETWE5 ! ,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( 
! #a#f#dS & ! ,AM]ICAN & ,FR5* REVOLUTIONS ( ! #a#g#gS 
& #a#g#hS4 

,9 P>O*IAL ,5GLI% T]MS1 ONE SL[1 GRUDG+LY CONC$$ RESULT ( 
! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS RELIGI\S TOL]ATION4 ,WE T5D TO =GET ?AT 
,5GL& HAS A /ATE *UR*1 F\ND$ BECAUSE ( A R[ ?AT ,H5RY 
,V,I,I,I HAD ) ! ,POPE OV] ONE ( HIS DIVORCES4 ,IT TOO CLAIM$ ITS 
M>TYRS1 AS ! LONG HI/ORY ( ! SUPPRESSION ( DISS5T]S 
REM9DS US1 AS DOES ! CONT9UAL /RUGGLE = RELIGI\S FRE$OM4 
,IT WASN'T UNTIL #aheh ?AT LEGAL DISABILITIES W]E LIFT$ FROM BELIEV+ 
,JEWS1 & NOT UNTIL #ahga ?AT PEOPLE :O C\LD NOT SUBSCRIBE 
TO ! #ci ,>TICLES ( ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& W]E ADMITT$ TO 
! ANCI5T UNIV]SITIES4 ,! ,*UR* ( ,5GL& MAY BE AN 
IRRELEVANCE TO ! MAJORITY ( ! ,BRITI% PEOPLE1 BUT IT IS A 
REM9D] ( AN IMPORTANT SOCIAL & POLITICAL FACT4 ,ONE RESULT ( 
! ,5LI<T5M5T WAS ?AT ! PEOPLE :O WROTE ! CON/ITUTIONS 
( MANY /ATES S\<T TO LE>N ! LESSONS ( HI/ORY & ! 
HORRORS ( RELIGI\S W>S BY 9SI/+ ON ! ABSOLUTE SEP>ATION 
( RELIGI\S PRACTICES FROM PUBLIC LIFE4 ,RELIGION WAS TO BE A PRIVATE 
AFFAIR4 

,?IS WAS TRUE ( ! F\ND+ FA!RS ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( 
,AM]ICA1 :OSE ANCE/ORS HAD FL$ RELIGI\S P]SECUTION 9 ,EUROPE2 
IT WAS TRUE ( ! ,FR5* ,REPUBLIC1 & CONSEQU5TLY ( ?OSE 
C\NTRIES :I*1 ) IMM5SE LOSS ( LIFE1 LIB]AT$ !MSELVES 
FROM ,FR5* IMP]IALISM4 ,& IT IS TRUE ( MANY NEW REPUBLICS 
SIMIL>LY F\ND$ AS A RESULT ( ! COLLAPSE ( IMP]IALISM 9 ! 
#b? C5TURY4 ,SOME KEY EXAMPLES >E ! REPUBLICS ( ,9DIA1 ,TURKEY1 
,EGYPT1 ,ALG]IA1 & ,ISRAEL4 

,N[1 ALL OV] ! WORLD1 ! SECUL> /ATE IS UND] ?REAT4 ,SECUL> 
POLITICAL REGIMES 9 ,NOR? ,AFRICA & ! ,MIDDLE ,EA/ >E 
CONFRONT$ BY MILITANT RELIGI\S MOVEM5TS1 & !RE IS A GR[+ 
FUNDAM5TALI/ ?REAT TO ! SECUL> CON/ITUTION ( ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES4 ,?IS ISN'T :AT ,BAKUN9 OR ,M>X1 OR ANY O!R POLITICAL 
?9K] ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 FROM ,ALEXIS DE ,TOCQUEVILLE TO ,JOHN 
,/U>T ,MILL1 PR$ICT$4 

,! UNEXPECT$ & UNWELCOME *ANGE 9 ! RELIGI\S ATMOSPH]E 
:I* WE CALL FUNDAM5TALISM >OSE FROM A TR5D 9 RELIGI\S 
REVIVALISM 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AFT] ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 :I* 
9SI/$ ON BELIEF 9 ! LIT]AL TRU? ( EV]Y?+ 9 ! ,BIBLE4 ,! 
USE ( ! T]M HAS SPREAD TO DESCRIBE TR5DS 9 ! ,JEWI%1 ,MUSLIM1 
,H9DU1 ,SIKH1 & ,%9TO RELIGIONS :I*1 TO \TSID]S1 PRES5T 
SIMIL> FEATURES4 ,!Y >E A ?REAT NOT ONLY TO ! H>D-WON CONCEPT 
( ! SECUL> /ATE1 :I* AN>*I/S MAY NOT FEEL TO BE IMPORTANT1 
BUT TO ! H>D-WON FRE$OMS ( EV]Y CITIZ54 ,! AN>*I/ & 
SECUL>I/ PROPAG&I/ ,NICOLAS ,WALT] URG$ US TO TAKE ?IS ?REAT 
S]I\SLY1 /RESS+ ?AT 

,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,*RI/IANS >E TRY+ TO SUPPRESS ! /UDY ( 
EVOLUTION & ! PRACTICE ( CONTRACEPTION & ABORTION 9 ! ,WE/ 
& ! ,?IRD ,WORLD4 ,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,JEWS >E TRY+ TO 9CORPOATE 
! :OLE ( ,PALE/9E 9TO ,ISRAEL & TO IMPOSE ! HALA*AH1 ! 
TRADITIONAL LAW ( ,JUDAISM4 ,FUNDAM5TALI/ ,MUSLIMS >E TRY+ TO 
E/ABLI% ,MUSLIM REGIMES 9 ALL C\NTRIES ) ,MUSLIM POPULATIONS 
79CLUD+ ,BRITA97 & TO IMPOSE ! %>IA1 ! TRADITIONAL LAW ( 
,ISLAM4 ,& FUNDAM5TALI/S ( ALL FAI?S >E US+ ASSASS9ATION & 
T]ROR ALL OV] ! WORLD TO SUPPRESS FRE$OM & DISCUSSION ( SU* 
MATT]S4 

,?IS IS AN ABSOLUTE TRAG$Y = ?AT MAJORITY ( CITIZ5S 9 ANY 
C\NTRY :O >E SIMPLY CONC]N$ ) ! ORD9>Y BUS9ESS ( 
LIV+1 FE$+ A FAMILY1 & 5JOY+ ! DAILY PLEASURES ( LIFE1 AS 
WELL AS = ?OSE :O ASPIRE TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS ?R\< 
COMMUNITY ACTION & SOCIAL JU/ICE4 

,GOV]NM5TAL SUPPRESSION ( RELIGION NEV] WORKS4 ,! ,SOVIET 
,UNION WITNESS$ #g YE>S ( /ATE HO/ILITY1 SOMETIMES VIOL5T & 
SOMETIMES B5IGN1 TO RELIGI\S ACTIVITY4 ,:5 ! REGIME COLLAPS$1 
!RE WAS A HUGE REVIVAL ( ! ,OR?ODOX FAI? & A HAPPY HUNT+ 
GR\ND = ,AM]ICAN ,PROTE/ANT EVANGELI/S4 ,9 ,SOVIET ,C5TRAL ,ASIA1 
,MALISE ,RU?V5 SUGGE/S1 

! LOCAL ELITES1 ATTA*$ TO ,ISLAMIC CU/OMS & RECOGNIZ+ A 
DEGREE ( AFF9ITY BETWE5 ,ISLAMIC & SOCIAL VALUES1 *EAT$ ON 
!IR ANTI-RELIGI\S ACTIVITIES AS ASSIDU\SLY AS !Y FAK$ !IR 
COTTON-PRODUCTION FIGURES4 ,GA!R+S ( OLD M5 READ+ ! ,KORAN 
W\LD BE DESCRIB$ TO ZEALOTS ( ! ,SOCIETY = ,SCI5TIFIC ,A!ISM AS 
MEET+S ( ,GREAT ,PATRIOTIC ,W> VET]ANS4 

,9 ,TURKEY1 ,KEMAL ,ATATURK1 :O ALSO %>$ ,BAKUN9'S VIEWS 
ON RELIGION1 EMB>K$ ON A DICTATORIAL POLICY ( :AT WE MI<T 
CALL 'DE-,ISLAMIFICATION'4 ,HIS CURR5T SUCCESSORS >E PREV5T$ 
FROM 9/ITUT+ EV5 A FACADE ( DEMOCRACY PRECISELY BECAUSE 
( ! ?REAT ( ! RETURN ( RELIGION4 ,ON A DIFF]5T TIME-SCALE1 
! ,%AH ( ,IRAN1 :O WAS A RU?LESS ,WE/]NIZ]1 WAS SUCCE$$ 
BY A FUNDAM5TALI/ REGIME ?AT NO ONE PR$ICT$4 ,EGYPT & 
,ALG]IA >E TORN AP>T BY RIVAL ELITES ( ! SECUL> OR RELIGI\S 
/ATE4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ! MO/ P[]FUL ( ALL POLITICAL 
LOBBIES IS ?AT ( ! ,*RI/IAN ,COALITION1 ) A GR[+ 
9FLU5CE 9 ! ,REPUBLICAN ,P>TY4 ,IT D5IES ANY RESPONSIBILITY = 
! MURD] ( ! LA/ DOCTOR TO P]=M AN ABORTION 9 ! 
,AM]ICAN ,S\?4 

,IT IS DISAPPO9T+ & UNEXPECT$ = SECUL>I/ AN>*I/S1 
:O ?\<T ?AT W>S ( RELIGION BELONG$ TO ! PA/1 N[ 
TO HAVE TO CONFRONT ISSUES ( ! RECOGNITION ( DIFF]5CE1 
:ILE !Y >E TRY+ TO MOVE ON TO ! ISSUES ?AT UNITE RA!R 
?AN DIVIDE US4 ,ONE APPROA* !Y CAN TAKE IS ?AT ( ! 
AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ ,RUDOLF ,ROCK]1 A C5TURY AGO1 9 ! 
,JEWI% COMMUNITY ( ,:ITE*APEL 9 EA/ ,LONDON4 ,SOME 
SECUL>I/ ALLIES HAD *OS5 ! PROPAG&A ( PROVOCATIVE 
BEHAVIOR ON ,SABBA? MORN+S \TSIDE ! SYNAGOGUE 9 ,BRICK 
,LANE4 ,ASK$ HIS OP9ION ( !SE DEMON/RATIONS1 ,ROCK] REPLI$ 
?AT ! PLACE = BELIEV]S WAS ! H\SE ( WOR%IP1 & ! PLACE 
= NONBELIEV]S WAS ! RADICAL MEET+4 ,BUT ! SC5E HAS 
*ANG$4 ,= ! SAME BUILD+ ?AT HAS SE5 MANY FAI?S COME & 
GO1 AS A ,HUGU5OT *UR*1 A DISS5T+ MEET+-H\SE1 & A 
,JEWI% SYNAGOGUE1 IS N[ A MOSQUE4 ,ANYONE H>ASS+ ! 
EM]G+ WOR%IP]S TODAY IS NOT A SECUL>I/ ,BANGLADE%I BUT AN 
,5GLI% RACI/1 M5AC+ & HEAVY1 B5T ON 9/ILL+ FE> & 
MAK+ TR\BLE4 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID1 = EXAMPLE1 ( ! ,BH>ATIYA ,JANATA 7',9DIAN 
,PEOPLE'S'7 ,P>TY 7,B,J,P7 9 ,9DIA1 :O SUCCE$$ 9 SPREAD+ 
COMMUNAL VIOL5CE 9TO P>TS ( ! ,PUNJAB :]E DIFF]5T 
COMMUNITIES HAD PREVI\SLY LIV$ 9 H>MONY TOGE!R1 ?AT ! 
NAME ( ! DISEASE IS NOT FUNDAM5TALISM BUT E?NIC NATIONALISM4 
,?IS VIEW FITS O!R P>TS ( ! GLOBE1 & 9 SU* 9/ANCES1 
9CLUD+ MANY >EAS ( ! ,ISLAMIC WORLD1 WE CAN AGA9 *OOSE TO 
BLAME ! 5DLESS HUMILIATIONS & DEVALUATIONS ( ! LOCAL CULTURE 
9FLICT$ BY ,WE/]N IMP]IALISM4 

,! FE> & T]ROR 9DUC$ BY ! OV]SCALE IMAGES ( 
'T]RORISM' & 'FUNDAM5TALISM' - CALL !M ! FIGURES ( AN 
9T]NATIONAL OR TRANSNATIONAL IMAG]Y MADE UP ( =EIGN 
DEVILS - HA/5S ! 9DIVIDUAL'S SUBORD9ATION TO ! DOM9ANT 
NORMS ( ! MOM5T4 ,?IS IS AS TRUE 9 ! NEW PO/-COLONIAL 
SOCIETIES AS IT IS 9 ! ,WE/ G5]ALLY & ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES P>TICUL>LY4 ,?US TO OPPOSE ! ABNORMALITY & 
EXTREMISM EMB$D$ 9 T]RORISM & FUNDAM5TALISM - MY 
EXAMPLE HAS ONLY A SMALL DEGREE ( P>ODY - IS ALSO TO UPHOLD 
! MOD]ATION1 RATIONALITY1 EXECUTIVE C5TRALITY ( A VAGUELY 
DESIGNAT$ ',WE/]N' 7OR O!RWISE LOCAL & PATRIOTICALLY 
ASSUM$7 E?OS4 ,! IRONY IS ?AT F> FROM 5D[+ ! 
,WE/]N E?OS ) ! CONFID5CE & SECURE 'NORMALITY' WE 
ASSOCIATE ) PRIVILEGE & RECTITUDE1 ?IS DYNAMIC IMBUES 
'US' ) A RI<TE\S ANG] & DEF5SIV5ESS 9 :I* 
'O!RS' >E F9ALLY SE5 AS 5EMIES1 B5T ON DE/ROY+ \R 
CIVILIZATION & WAY ( LIFE4 

,$W>D ,W4 ,SAID1 ,CULTURE & ,IMP]IALISM 

7,LONDON3 ,*ATTO & ,W9DUS1 #a#i#i#c7 

,$W>D ,SAID'S DIFFICULT DIAGNOSIS 7SEE BOX BEL[7 5VELOPS BIG 
TRU?S4 ,! C\NTRIES ( ! ,NE> & ,MIDDLE ,EA/ W]E = 
C5TURIES SUBJECT$ TO ONE IMP]IALISM OR ANO!R1 !IR CULTURES 
RIDICUL$ OR PATRONIZ$1 & EV5 !IR B\ND>IES =M$ BY 
L9ES DRAWN ON ! MAP BY ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5TS & BUS9ESS4 
,!Y >E VALU$ TODAY ACCORD+ TO !IR OIL RES\RCES OR AS 
POT5TIAL M>KETS1 :ILE !Y >E AWA% ) WEAPONS LEFT OV] 
FROM ,COLD ,W> BRIBES4 ,! ,WE/]N SECUL> RELIGION ( CONSPICU\S 
CONSUMPTION WAS READILY ADOPT$ BY ,MIDDLE ,EA/]N RUL]S1 BUT 
!Y (F]$ NO?+ BUT FRU/RAT$ HOPES TO ! POOR MAJORITY ( 
!IR SUBJECTS4 

,ANO!R VITAL ISSUE WAS RAIS$ BY ! ,MOROCCAN S*OL> ,FATIMA 
,M]NISSI1 :5 %E WAS ASK$ TO PROVIDE A PREFACE = ! ,5GLI% 
TRANSLATION ( H] BOOK ON ,WOM5 & ,ISLAM4 

,:5 ,I F9I%$ WRIT+ ?IS BOOK ,I HAD COME TO UND]/& ONE 
?+3 IF WOM5'S RI<TS >E A PROBLEM = SOME MOD]N ,MUSLIM 
M51 IT IS NEI!R BECAUSE ( ! ,KORAN1 NOR ! ,PROPHET1 NOR ! 
,ISLAMIC TRADITION1 BUT SIMPLY BECAUSE ?OSE RI<TS CONFLICT ) 
! 9T]E/S ( A MALE ELITE4 ,! ELITE FACTION IS TRY+ TO CONV9CE US 
?AT !IR EGOTI/ICAL1 HI<LY SUBJECTIVE & M$IOCRE VIEW ( CULTURE 
& SOCIETY HAS A SACR$ BASIS4 

,9 COMMON ) ALL ! O!R LEFT-W+ FACTIONS ( ! LATE #a#i? & 
E>LY #b? C5TURIES1 ! AN>*I/S SAW T]RITORIAL & RELIGI\S 
SEP>ATISM AS IRRELEVANT PREOCCUPATIONS ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY HAD 
\TGR[N4 ,!IR ONLY POSSIBLE MESSAGE IS ! HOPE ?AT ZEALOTRY WILL 
LOSE ITS IMPETUS :5 ITS LEAD]S F9D !Y HAVE NO FOLL[]S1 AS 
PEOPLE DISCOV] MORE 9T]E/+1 MORE 5JOYABLE1 OR AT ! V]Y 
LEA/ LESS LE?AL1 ISSUES TO DISCUSS ) !IR NEI<BORS4 

O ,*APT] #e 3 ,CONTA9+ ,DEVIANCY & ,LIB]AT+ ,WORK 

,FROM ! FALL ( ! ,BA/ILLE 9 #a#g#h#i1 :I* ACTUALLY RELEAS$ ONLY 
SEV5 PRISON]S1 TO ! DEA? ( ,/AL9 9 #a#i#e#c1 :I* SL[LY 
LIB]AT$ MILLIONS1 ! AN>*I/S1 ?R\< P]SONAL EXP]I5CE1 
PROVID$ AN IMPRESSIVE LIT]ATURE ON ! DEFECTS ( ! P5AL SY/EM4 
,KROPOTK9'S FIR/ BOOK WAS HIS ACC\NT ( HIS EXP]I5CES ,9 ,RUSSIAN 
& ,FR5* ,PRISONS 7#a#h#h#g71 & ,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN'S WAS HIS 
,PRISON ,MEMOIRS ( AN ,AN>*I/ 7#a#i#a#b74 

,IT WAS ,KROPOTK9 :O FIR/ US$ ! PHRASE 'PRISONS >E ! 
UNIV]SITIES ( CRIME'1 & HIS OBS]VATION REMA9S TRUE 9 ! S5SE 
?AT ! FIR/ IMPRISONM5T ( ANY (F5D] BECOMES A GU>ANTEE 
?AT HE1 LIKE ! PEOPLE ) :OM HE %>ES A CELL1 WILL LE>N 9 
JAIL A LONG S]IES ( MORE SOPHI/ICAT$ CRIM9AL TE*NIQUES ?AN 
! PETTY L>C5Y ?AT />T$ (F HIS PRISON C>E]4 ,KROPOTK9 
CLAIM$ 9 #ahhf ?AT A SOCIETY BUILT >\ND COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN 
COMPETITION W\LD1 = ?AT V]Y REASON1 SUFF] LESS FROM ANTISOCIAL 
ACTIVITY4 ,HE >GU$ ?AT 

,PEOPLES )\T POLITICAL ORGANIZATION1 & !RE=E LESS DEPRAV$ 
?AN \RSELVES1 HAVE P]FECTLY UND]/OOD ?AT ! MAN :O IS CALL$ 
'CRIM9AL' IS SIMPLY UN=TUNATE2 ?AT ! REM$Y IS NOT TO FLOG HIM1 
TO *A9 HIM UP1 OR TO KILL HIM ON ! SCAFFOLD OR 9 PRISON1 BUT TO 
HELP HIM BY ! MO/ BRO!RLY C>E1 BY TREATM5T BAS$ ON EQUALITY1 
BY ! USAGES ( LIFE AMONG HONE/ M54 

,IT C\LD BE CLAIM$ ?AT ! BE/ S]VICE ! ,BRITI% & 
,AM]ICAN GOV]NM5TS 9 ! TWO WORLD W>S ( ! 
#b? C5TURY C\LD HAVE PROVID$ TO ! CAUSE ( P5AL 
RE=M WAS ! IMPRISONM5T ( W>-RESI/]S4 ,! JAIL$ 
OBJECTORS1 BEYOND ! APPALL+ H>D%IPS ?AT BEFELL SOME ( 
!M 9 ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 HAD SEV]AL IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTES4 
,!Y T5D$ TO BE LIT]ATE PEOPLE & KE5 OBS]V]S ( !IR 
SURR\ND+S & ( !IR FELL[ PRISON]S4 ,!Y ALSO HAD A 
USEFUL S5SE ( MORAL SUP]IORITY OV] !IR JAIL]S1 SEE+ ! 
HUMILIATIONS !Y SUFF]$ AS A REFLECTION1 NOT ( !IR [N SITUATION1 
BUT ( ?AT ( ! GOOD CITIZ5S :O HAD *OS5 TO 9C>C]ATE 
!M4 

,!SE OBS]V]S RECOGNIZ$ & PUBLICIZ$ :AT A H&FUL ( 
#a#i?-C5TURY RE=M]S HAD ALREADY PO9T$ \T3 ?AT MANY 
( !IR FELL[ PRISON]S1 S]V+ ! CURR5T PRISON S5T5CE 
= A LIFETIME C>E] ( PETTY !FT1 PETTY VIOL5CE1 DRUG-DEAL+1 
OR DRUNK5 IDIOCY1 CAME FROM A BACKGR\ND ?AT MADE !IR 
(F5SES & 9C>C]ATION ALMO/ 9EVITABLE4 ,MANY ( US1 
LE>N+ ! CO/ TO ! CITIZ5 ( KEEP+ ANY 9DIVIDUAL 9 JAIL1 
& REALIZ+ ?AT IT IS F> MORE ?AN \R [N 9COMES1 C\LD 
F]V5TLY WI% ?AT WE HAD TAK5 HE$ ( ! W>N+S ( ! P5AL 
RE=M]S1 :O HAD S\<T TO DRAW \R ATT5TION TO ! COMMON 
FACTORS 9 ! LIVES ( ! PEOPLE WE IMPRISON4 ,FREQU5TLY1 = 
EXAMPLE1 9MATES HAVE A BACKGR\ND ( 9/ITUTIONAL *ILDHOOD1 
( M5TAL 9/ABILITY1 OR ( $UCATIONAL FAILURE4 ,!Y >E ALSO1 
OV]:ELM+LY1 MALE4 

,RECOGNITION ( !SE FACTORS WAS ONE ( ! 9FLU5CES AT ! 5D ( 
! #a#i? C5TURY LEAD+ TO ! E/ABLI%M5T 9 BO? ,BRITA9 & 
,AM]ICA ( ! PROBATION S]VICE1 9 :I*1 AS AN ALT]NATIVE TO 
PRISON1 A PROBATION (FIC] WAS *>G$ ) ! TASK ( BECOM+ 
! FRI5D & ADVIS] ( ! (F5D]1 & ) HELP+ HIM 
TO LEAD A NORMAL WORK+ & FAMILY LIFE4 ,?R\< MU* ( ! 
#b? C5TURY !RE WAS A SL[ HUMANIZATION ( ! P5AL SY/EM1 SO 
F> AS ?IS WAS POSSIBLE1 9SPIR$ BY ! RE=M]S :O HAD BE5 
9MATES & OBS]V]S 9 ! W> YE>S1 DESPITE FREQU5T OPPOSITION 
FROM ! /AFF ( P5AL E/ABLI%M5TS4 

,PRACTITION]S ( V>I\S !RAPEUTIC APPROA*ES GA9$ ACCESS1 
SPORADICALLY1 TO ! P5AL SY/EM1 ) ! SUPPORT ( SOME PRISON 
GOV]NORS1 ) SIGNIFICANT RESULTS4 ,!Y URG$ ! PRISON /AFF ?AT 
!IR [N /ATUS & JOB SATISFACTION W\LD BE 5HANC$ IF !IR 
WORK WAS P]CEIV$ AS CURATIVE RA!R ?AN CU/ODIAL4 ,MANY 
AN>*I/S W]E SKEPTICAL AB\T !SE EF=TS TO CIVILIZE ! P5AL 
SY/EM1 & SO1 ( C\RSE1 WAS ! POPUL> PRESS1 :I* REGUL>LY 
DESCRIB$ OP5 PRISONS AS HOLIDAY CAMPS 7REVEAL+ !IR 
J\RNALI/S' IGNORANCE ( BO?74 ,9 ! DECADES FOLL[+ ! 
,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>1 MANY C\NTRIES WITNESS$ A /EADY DECL9E 9 
! PRISON POPULATION4 7,NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS W]E ! ,SOVIET ,UNION 
& ! NATIONS :OSE GOV]NM5TS IT 9FLU5C$47 ,DAVID ,CAYLEY 
EXPLA9$ ?AT 

,! ,NE!RL&S SET ! /&>D1 BR++ A RATE ( #i PRISON]S 
P] #a1 ( POPULATION AFT] ! W> D[N TO A REM>KABLE 
#ag P] #a1 9 #aige 4 4 4 ,R$UCTIONS 9 IMPRISONM5T HAD BE5 
BR\<T AB\T BY :AT ,DUT* CRIM9OLOGI/ ,WILLEM DE ,HAAN ONCE 
CALL$ ! 'POLITICS ( BAD CONSCI5CE4' 

,BUT FROM ! LATE #a#i#gS ONW>DS1 ! POLITICS ( BAD CONSCI5CE W]E 
REPLAC$ BY ! CONTRA/+ APPROA* DESCRIB$ BY ! CRIM9OLOGI/ 
,&REW ,RU!R=D AS 'A POLITICS ( GOOD CONSCI5CE AB\T 
IMPRISONM5T'4 ,CRIM9AL /ATI/ICS >E NOTORI\SLY DIFFICULT TO 
9T]PRET1 BECAUSE !Y REFLECT SIMPLY ! NUMB] ( >RE/S = A 
RANGE ( (F5SES ?AT ANY POLICE =CE IS EXPECT$ TO RECORD4 ,BUT 
P5AL /ATI/ICS >E READILY AVAILABLE & TELL A T]RIFY+ /ORY4 ,DAVID 
,CAYLEY REPORT$ 9 #aiih ?AT 

,TO HELP H\SE ! #a4#e MILLION ,AM]ICANS CURR5TLY 9 PRISON1 #afh 
NEW /ATE PRISONS & #de NEW F$]AL PRISONS W]E BUILT BETWE5 
#aii & #aiie ALONE1 BUT !SE W]E /ILL NOT 5\< TO 
ACCOMMODATE ! NUMB]S ( NEW PRISON]S 4 4 4 ,! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
HAS N[ EXPOS$ SO MANY ( ITS CITIZ5S - ESPECIALLY ITS ,BLACK & 
,HISPANIC CITIZ5S - TO ! BRUTALIZ+ EFFECTS ( ITS PRISONS ?AT 
A SELF-FULFILL+ PROPHECY HAS BE5 SET 9 MOTION4 ,! MORE 
,AM]ICANS :O >E MANH&L$ BY ! CRIM9AL JU/ICE SY/EM1 ! 
MORE !RE >E :OSE BEHAVIOR SEEMS TO JU/IFY & DEM& ?IS 
TREATM5T4 

,BY ! YE> #b1 PRISONS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES HAD RECEIV$ !IR 
TWO-MILLION? 9MATE4 ,! SOCIOLOGI/ ,DAVID ,D[NES REM>K$ AT 
A CONF]5CE ON CRIME AT ,NEW ,YORK ,UNIV]SITY ?AT NO O!R NATION 
9 HI/ORY HAS EV] PUT A BIGG] PROPORTION ( ITS CITIZ5S 9 JAIL4 
,! JUDICIAL SY/EM ALSO 5SURES ?AT ,AFRICAN-,AM]ICAN M5 HAVE 
A #a 9 #d *ANCE ( GO+ TO PRISON DUR+ !IR LIFETIMES1 :ILE ! 
*ANCE IS #a 9 #bc = !IR :ITE FELL[ CITIZ5S4 ,PR(ESSOR ,D[NES 
WAS ASK$ :E!R ,EUROPE W\LD BE AFFECT$ BY ! ,AM]ICAN 
EXAMPLE4 ,HE REPLI$ ?AT ',! COMPON5TS ( A /EEP RISE 9 
IMPRISONM5T 9 ,EUROPE HAVE ALREADY BE5 ASSEMBL$4' ,HIS ANSW] 
WAS CORRECT1 & ,BRITA9 LEADS ,EUROPE 9 ! PROPORTION ( ITS 
CITIZ5S ?AT IT 9C>C]ATES4 ,ALT]NATIVE APPROA*ES1 %>$ BY ! 
AN>*I/S ) O!R P5AL RE=M]S1 HAVE BE5 REJECT$ BY ! 
POLITICIANS & !IR PUBLIC4 ,?IS DOES NOT P]SUADE RE=M]S TO 
*ANGE !IR OP9IONS1 BUT M]ELY TO AWAIT AN EV5TUAL %IFT 9 
PUBLIC ATTITUDES4 

,!RE IS JU/ ONE FIELD ( LAW-BREAK+ & LAW-5=CEM5T 
9 :I* A POLICY ( DECRIM9ALIZATION IS GA9+ ADVOCATES1 
& :I* W\LD GREATLY R$UCE ! PRISON POPULATION4 ,?IS 
CONC]NS ! IMPRISONM5T ( DRUG US]S & DRUG TRAD]S4 
,EV]YONE AGREES ?IS POLICY IS AN EXP5SIVE FAILURE ?AT1 AS 
,DAVID ,CAYLEY OBS]VES1 'HAS FO/]$ EVILS F> WORSE ?AN ?OSE 
IT WAS SUPPOS$ TO ELIM9ATE'4 ,IT HAS ! ADDITIONAL IRONY ?AT 
MANY US]S F9D ! DRUGS ( !IR *OICE >E MORE EASILY AVAILABLE 
9SIDE PRISON ?AN ON ! \TSIDE4 ,H]E IT IS WOR? NOT+ ! 
OP9IONS ( ! AN>*I/ ,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 AS F> BACK AS #a#i#b#b1 
LONG BE=E \R P>5TS OR GR&P>5TS IMAG9$ ?AT WE HAD A 
DRUG PROBLEM4 

,IT IS ! OLD MI/AKE ( LEGISLATORS1 9 SPITE ( EXP]I5CE 
9V>IABLY %[+ ?AT LAWS1 H[EV] B>B>\S !Y MAY 
BE1 HAVE NEV] S]V$ TO SUPPRESS VISE OR TO DISC\RAGE 
DEL9QU5CY4 ,! MORE SEV]E ! P5ALTIES IMPOS$ ON ! 
CONSUM]S & TRAFFICK]S ( COCA9E1 ! GREAT] WILL BE 
! ATTRACTIONS ( =BIDD5 FRUITS & ! FASC9ATION ( ! 
RISKS 9CURR$ BY ! CONSUM]1 & ! GREAT] WILL BE 
! PR(ITS MADE BY ! SPECULATORS1 AVID = MONEY4 

,IT IS USELESS1 !RE=E1 TO HOPE = ANY?+ FROM ! LAW4 ,WE 
MU/ SUGGE/ ANO!R SOLUTION4 ,MAKE ! USE & SALE ( 
COCA9E FREE FROM RE/RICTIONS1 & OP5 KIOSKS :]E IT 
W\LD BE SOLD AT CO/ PRICE OR EV5 UND] CO/4 ,& !N 
LAUN* A GREAT PROPAG&A CAMPAIGN TO EXPLA9 TO ! PUBLIC1 
& LET !M SEE = !MSELVES1 ! EVILS ( COCA9E2 NO ONE 
W\LD 5GAGE 9 C\NT]-PROPAG&A BECAUSE NO ONE C\LD 
EXPLOIT ! MIS=TUNE ( ADDICTS4 

,C]TA9LY ! H>MFUL USE ( COCA9E W\LD NOT DISAPPE> 
COMPLETELY1 BECAUSE ! SOCIAL CAUSES :I* CREATE & DRIVE 
?OSE POOR DEVILS TO ! USE ( DRUGS W\LD /ILL EXI/4 ,BUT 9 
ANY CASE ! EVIL W\LD DECREASE1 BECAUSE NOBODY C\LD 
MAKE PR(ITS \T ( ITS SALE1 & NOBODY C\LD SPECULATE ON 
! HUNT = SPECULATORS4 ,& = ?IS REASON \R SUGGE/ION 
EI!R WILL NOT BE TAK5 9TO ACC\NT1 OR IT WILL BE CONSID]$ 
IMPRACTICAL & MAD4 ,YET 9TELLIG5T & DIS9T]E/$ PEOPLE 
MI<T SAY TO !MSELVES3 ,S9CE ! P5AL LAWS HAVE PROV$ TO 
BE IMPOT5T1 W\LD IT NOT BE A GOOD ?+1 AS AN EXP]IM5T1 
TO TRY \T ! AN>*I/ ME?OD8 

,]RICO ,MALATE/A 9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 #b ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 

REPR9T$ 9 ,V4 ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 

7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e7 

,9 TWO ,EUROPEAN CITIES1 ,ZURI* & ,AM/]DAM1 LOCAL AU?ORITIES 
HAVE BOLDLY S\<T TO IMPLEM5T SU* A POLICY1 & 9 ,BRITA91 BY 
! BEG9N+ ( ! #b#a/ C5TURY1 AT LEA/ TWO *IEF CON/ABLES HAVE 
EXPRESS$ A SIMIL> PO9T ( VIEW1 E>N+ S5SATIONAL HEADL9ES BUT 
LITTLE PRACTICAL SUPPORT4 

,POLITICIANS ( ! MAJOR P>TIES 9 ,BRITA9 WON POPUL> ACCLAIM ) 
RHETORIC AB\T GIV+ (F5D]S A '%ORT1 %>P %OCK' OR S5D+ 
!M TO ',BOOT ,CAMPS'1 & BY CIRCUMSCRIB+ ! EF=TS ( ! 
PROBATION S]VICE TO KEEP RELEAS$ (F5D]S \T ( JAIL4 ,EV5 ! 
/ACCATO1 S+LE-SYLLABLE LANGUAGE ( !SE PROGRAMS 9DICATES 
?AT ! 9T5TION WAS NOT TO COPE ) ! PROBLEM ( CRIME BUT 
TO SATISFY ! HEADL9E-WRIT]S ( ! POPUL> PRESS1 ! REAL 
DET]M9ANTS ( P5AL POLICY4 ,9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 ! ,REPUBLICAN 
,P>TY'S ELECTORAL SUCCESS IS SE5 TO BE RELAT$ TO ITS ABILITY TO PORTRAY 
ITS OPPON5TS AS 'S(T ON CRIME'4 

,MEAN:ILE1 SUICIDES GREW AMONG Y\NG PRISON]S JAIL$ = (F5SES 
?AT W]E A NUISANCE1 RA!R ?AN A ?REAT1 TO SOCIETY4 ,MOREOV]1 IT 
IS P]FECTLY OBVI\S ?AT PRISON DOES NO?+ TO R$UCE ! CRIME 
RATE4 ,AS ,LORD ,WADD+TON1 ,HOME ,SECRET>Y TO ,M>G>ET ,?AT*]1 
PUT IT1 ',PRISON IS A V]Y EXP5SIVE WAY ( MAK+ BAD M5 WORSE'4 
,EV5 ! POLITICIANS NO LONG] BELIEVE 9 ! POLICIES !Y 
ADM9I/]4 ,?IS IS H>DLY SURPRIS+ :5 Y\ CONSID] ! 
/ATI/ICS4 ,9 #bc IT WAS REPORT$ ?AT #h#d.0 ( Y\NG PEOPLE 
RELEAS$ FROM CU/ODIAL S5T5CES 9 ,BRITA9 RAPIDLY RE(F5D4 
,FIGURES FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES W\LD EXCE$ ?IS RECORD4 

,BUT ! ISSUES RAIS$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 AMONG ! RANKS ( ! P5AL 
RE=M]S1 WILL NOT DISAPPE>4 ,!Y >E MADE MORE 9TRACTABLE BY 
SOCIETY'S ASSUMPTIONS1 AS MANIPULAT$ BY ! POPUL> PRESS4 

,ANO!R CRUCIAL QUE/ION1 :I* >OSE E>LY 9 ! HI/ORY ( 
AN>*ISM1 CONC]N$ ITS APPLICATION TO ! WORLD ( WORK1 
ESPECIALLY S9CE ! AN>*I/ PIONE]S T5D$ TO HAVE L9KS ) 
! EM]G+ TRADE UNION MOVEM5T4 ,!Y ID5TIFI$ ) 
! RADICAL 5D ( ! UNION SPECTRUM1 PROCLAIM+ 
AN>*O-SYNDICALISM 7FROM ! ,FR5* SYNDICAT1 MEAN+ 
UNION71 :I* SAW EV]Y LOCAL 9DU/RIAL /RUGGLE AS A /EP 
T[>DS A G5]AL /RIKE1 :5 ! COLLAPSE ( CAPITALISM W\LD 
LEAD TO A TAKE-OV] BY ! WORK]S4 

,9 ,FRANCE ! ,CONF$]ATION ,G5]ALE DU ,TRAVAIL 7,C,G,T7 & 9 
,SPA9 ! ,CONF$]ACION ,NACIONAL DEL ,TRABAJO 7,C,N,T7 BECAME 
L>GE-SCALE MASS MOVEM5TS1 AS1 = A TIME1 DID ! ,9DU/RIAL 
,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W7 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,!RE W]E1 ( 
C\RSE1 9BUILT CONFLICTS )9 SYNDICALI/ UNIONS1 BETWE5 ?OSE 
MEMB]S :O W]E WILL+ TO FI<T & SOMETIMES W9 LITTLE LOCAL 
BATTLES OV] SMALL ISSUES1 & ! MILITANTS :O HOP$ TO TURN EV]Y 
SMALL DISPUTE 9TO ! F9AL /RUGGLE TO SEIZE CONTROL ( ! MEANS ( 
PRODUCTION & ?US 'EXPROPRIATE ! EXPROPRIATORS'1 CONT9U+ 
PRODUCTION UND] WORK]S' CONTROL4 

,BUT ! FAD+ AWAY ( ! AIM ( LIB]AT+ WORK HAS LITTLE TO DO 
) ! GULF BETWE5 RE=M]S & REVOLUTION>IES 9 ! WORK]S' 
ORGANIZATIONS4 ,IT HAS A F> CLOS] CONNECTION ) ! NEW1 ULTIMATE 
WEAPON 9 ! H&S ( EMPLOY]S AGA9/ ! CLAIMS ( WORK]S3 
'ACCEPT \R CONDITIONS OR WE WILL TRANSF] \R ACTIVITIES & Y\R JOBS 
TO ,S\?-EA/ ,ASIA OR ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 :]E ! LABOR =CE WILL BE 
DELI<T$ TO WORK ON \R T]MS4' ,! [N]S ( CAPITAL REMA9 9 ! 
RI* WORLD1 BUT ! PROVID]S ( LABOR >E N[ 9 ! DEVELOP+ 
WORLD1 & IF !Y %\LD DEM& A L>G] %>E ( ! PRODUCTS ( 
!IR WORK1 ! EMPLOY]S SIMPLY %IFT TO A *EAP] LABOR =CE 9 
ANO!R C\NTRY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! RI* WORLD HAS A CONCEAL$ LABOR =CE ( ITS [N4 
,AGRICULTURAL WORK 9 ! PICK+ & PACK+ ( FRUIT & VEGETABLES 
IS UND]TAK5 BY GANG-MA/]S ) !IR TEAMS ( ILLEGAL 
IMMIGRANTS1 ,EA/ ,EUROPEAN PUBLIC EMPLOYES WAIT+ = WAGES 9 
!IR [N C\NTRIES1 /UD5TS1 & MIGRANTS4 ,ANO!R UND]CLASS 
COPES ) TELEPHONE & ,9T]NET 9QUIRIES1 OP]AT+ 9 CALL 
C5T]S FROM PROV9CIAL ,BRITA9 TO ,BANGALORE 9 ,9DIA4 

 #a#a4 ,LIB]AT+ WORK3 ! COMMUNITY WORK%OP1 AS 5VISAG$ BY ,CLIF=D ,H>P]4 

,A C5TURY AGO1 ! 'NEW UNIONISM' 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,I,W,W 9 
,AM]ICA SET AB\T ORGANIZ+ & REPRES5T+ ! UNSKILL$ 
& UNC\NT$ WORK]S ON ! FR+ES ( ! (FICIAL ECONOMY1 
& SUCCE$$4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 ! AN>*I/ ,KROPOTK9 WAS 
ADDRESS+ A ,BRITI% AUDI5CE :I* ASSUM$ ?AT ,BRITA9 WAS 
! WORK%OP ( ! WORLD1 & ?AT = EV] MORE ! :OLE GLOBE 
W\LD DEP5D ON TEXTILES FROM ,LANCA%IRE1 COAL FROM ,NEWCA/LE1 
& %IPS FROM ! ,CLYDE4 ,9 #a#h#i#i1 :5 HE WROTE HIS ,FIELDS1 
,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS1 ONE ( HIS AIMS WAS TO DEMON/RATE ?AT1 
:ILE ! POLITICIANS & ECONOMI/S ?\<T 9 T]MS ( VA/ 
FACTORIES1 ! GREAT] P>T ( 9DU/RIAL PRODUCTION WAS ACTUALLY 
C>RI$ \T 9 SMALL WORK%OPS & LITTLE LOCAL 5T]PRISES4 
,ELECTRICITY & MOD]N TRANSPORT HAD DEC5TRALIZ$ PRODUCTION1 
& ,KROPOTK9 URG$ ?AT ?IS LIB]AT$ NOT ONLY ! LOCATION 
( WORK BUT ! 9DIVIDUAL'S *OICE ( OCCUPATION4 ,IT WAS N[ 
POSSIBLE TO COMB9E BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 :I* WAS 
HIS 9DU/RIAL IDEAL4 

,AN>*I/S >E SELDOM TO BE F\ND 9 ! DIM9I%+ WORLD ( 
C>E] EMPLOYM5T 9 =MAL 9DU/RY OR BUREAUCRACY4 ,!Y T5D TO 
F9D !IR NI*E 9 ! 9=MAL OR SMALL-SCALE ECONOMY4 ,?IS IS NOT 
SURPRIS+1 S9CE 9DU/RIAL PSY*OLOGI/S FREQU5TLY REPORT ?AT 
SATISFACTION 9 WORK IS DIRECTLY RELAT$ TO ! 'SPAN ( AUTONOMY' IT 
(F]S1 MEAN+ ! AM\NT ( ! WORK+ DAY OR WEEK 9 :I* ! 
WORK]S >E FREE TO MAKE !IR [N DECISIONS4 ,9 ?IS PO/-9DU/RIAL 
WORLD ( WORK1 ! ONLY S]I\S /UDY ( ! SMALL BUS9ESSMAN F9DS 
HIM TO BE NOT A ,?AT*]ITE H]O1 BUT A CREATIVE REBEL AGA9/ ! 
COMPULSION TO BE EI!R AN EMPLOY] OR AN EMPLOYEE4 ,PAUL 
,?OMPSON REPORTS ?AT 

,IT TURNS \T ?AT F> FROM BE+ AN ESPECIALLY PURPOSEFUL BRE$ ( 
M51 ,SAMUEL ,SMILES' H]OES A HUNDR$ YE>S ON1 MANY SMALL 
BUS9ESSM5 >E CLOS] TO A K9D ( DROP-\T4 ,!Y DISLIK$ ! 
:OLE MOD]N CAPITALI/ E?IC1 & ESPECIALLY BE+ EMPLOY$ BY 
O!RS2 9/EAD !Y PREF]R$ TO FEEL ! SATISFACTION ( PROVID+ A 
'S]VICE' & 'DO+ A GOOD JOB'4 ,QUITE (T5 IT WAS A M]E *ANCE ?AT 
ALL[$ !M TO F9D !IR PRES5T VOCATION4 ,MOREOV]1 !Y WILL NOT 
PROVIDE ! BASIS = \R NEXT 9DU/RIAL REVOLUTION1 BECAUSE !Y 
DON'T WANT TO EXP&3 ?AT W\LD IMPLY EMPLOY+ PEOPLE & 
LOS+ ! P]SONAL RELATION%IPS !Y LIKE TO HAVE ) A SMALL 
NUMB] ( WORK]S4 

,F9D+S LIKE !SE >E F> FROM ! EXPECTATIONS ( ! 
AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S1 :O 5VISAG$ A TRIUMPHANT TAKE-OV] ( 
! FACTORY BY ITS WORK]S1 BUT !Y 9DICATE CLE>LY ?AT AN>*I/ 
ASPIRATIONS >E CLOSE TO ! DREAMS ( VA/ NUMB]S ( CITIZ5S :O 
FEEL TRAPP$ BY ! CULTURE ( EMPLOYM5T4 

O ,*APT] #f 3 ,FRE$OM 9 ,$UCATION 

,! $ITORS ( A WELL-KN[N AN?OLOGY ( AN>*I/ WRIT+S 
REM>K ?AT1 FROM ! S*OOL PROSPECTUS ISSU$ BY ,WILLIAM 
,GODW9 9 #a<c TO ,PAUL ,GOODMAN'S BOOK ( #aifd ON ,COMPULSORY 
,MIS$UCATION1 'NO O!R MOVEM5T :ATEV] HAS ASSIGN$ TO 
$UCATIONAL PR9CIPLES1 CONCEPTS1 EXP]IM5TS & PRACTICES A 
MORE SIGNIFICANT PLACE 9 ITS WRIT+S & ACTIVITIES'4 ,GODW9'S 
TRACT WAS PUBLI%$ AS ,AN ,ACC\NT ( ! ,SEM9>Y ?AT WILL BE 
,OP5$ ON ,MONDAY ! ,F\R? ,DAY ( ,AUGU/1 AT ,EPSOM 9 
,SURREY1 = ! ,9/RUCTION ( ,TWELVE ,PUPILS4 ,IT FAIL$ TO CONV9CE 
5\< P>5TS1 & ! S*OOL NEV] OP5$4 ,9 ?IS PAMPHLET 
HE DECL>$ ?AT 

MOD]N $UCATION NOT ONLY CORRUPTS ! HE>T ( \R Y\?1 BY 
! RIGID SLAV]Y TO :I* IT CONDEMNS !M1 IT ALSO UND]M9ES 
!IR REASON1 BY ! UN9TELLIGIBLE J>GON ) :I* !Y >E 
OV]:ELM$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 & ! LITTLE ATT5TION ?AT IS 
GIV5 TO ACCOMMODAT+ !IR PURSUITS TO !IR CAPACITIES 9 ! 
SECOND4 

,& HE ADD$ ?AT 

!RE IS NOT 9 ! WORLD A TRU] OBJECT ( PITY ?AN A *ILD T]RIFI$ AT 
EV]Y GLANCE1 & WAT*+ ) ANXI\S UNC]TA9TY ! CAPRICES ( 
A P$AGOGUE4 

,A LAT] BOOK ( ,GODW9'S1 ,! ,5QUIR] 7#a#g#i#g71 CONTA9S1 AS 
HIS BIOGRAPH] RI<TLY SAYS1 'SOME ( ! MO/ REM>KABLE & 
ADVANC$ IDEAS ON $UCATION EV] WRITT5'4 ,ITS OP5+ WORDS >E 
! SPL5DID AFFIRMATION ?AT ',! TRUE OBJECT ( $UCATION1 LIKE 
?AT ( EV]Y O!R MORAL PROCESS1 IS ! G5]ATION ( HAPP9ESS'4 
,& IT GOES ON TO ASS]T ! RI<TS ( ! *ILD AGA9/ ! AUTOMATIC 
ASSUMPTIONS ( AU?ORITY BY ! ADULT WORLD4 ,= EXAMPLE1 HE 
OBS]V$ ?AT 

,*ILDR51 IT IS SAID1 >E FREE FROM ! C>ES ( ! WORLD4 ,>E !Y 
)\T !IR C>ES8 ,( ALL C>ES1 ?OSE ?AT BR+ ) !M ! 
GREATE/ CONSOLATION >E ! C>ES ( 9DEP5D5CE4 ,!RE IS NO MORE 
C]TA9 S\RCE ( EXULTATION ?AN ! CONSCI\SNESS ?AT ,I AM ( 
SOME IMPORTANCE 9 ! WORLD4 ,A *ILD USUALLY FEELS ?AT HE IS A 
NOBODY4 ,P>5TS1 9 ! ABUNDANCE ( !IR PROVID5CE1 TAKE GOOD 
C>E TO ADM9I/] TO !M ?IS BITT] RECOLLECTION4 ,H[ SUDD5LY 
DOES A *ILD RISE TO AN 5VIABLE DEGREE ( HAPP9ESS1 :O FEELS ?AT 
HE HAS ! HONOR TO BE TRU/$ & CONSULT$ BY HIS SUP]IORS8 

,BETWE5 !SE TWO RES\ND+ MANIFE/OS CAME ,GODW9'S 
BE/-KN[N BOOK1 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 7#a#g#i#c74 
,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS BOOK HE DIV]G$ %>PLY FROM PROGRESSIVE 
OP9ION 9 ,BRITA9 & FROM ! ,5LI<T5M5T PHILOSOPH]S 
,R\SSEAU1 ,HELVETIUS1 ,DID]OT1 & ,CONDORCET1 ALL ( :OM PUT 
=W>D S*EMES = NATIONAL SY/EMS ( S*OOL+1 PO/ULAT+ AN 
IDEAL /ATE1 :I* 9 ,GODW9'S VIEW WAS A CONTRADICTION 9 T]MS4 
,HE \TL9$ HIS ?REE MAJOR OBJECTIONS ?US3 

,! 9JURIES ?AT RESULT FROM A SY/EM ( NATIONAL $UCATION >E1 9 
! FIR/ PLACE1 ?AT ALL PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5TS 9CLUDE 9 !M ! 
IDEA ( P]MAN5CE 4 4 4 PUBLIC $UCATION HAS ALWAYS EXP5D$ ITS 
5]GIES 9 ! SUPPORT ( PREJUDICE 4 4 4 ,?IS FEATURE RUNS ?R\< 
EV]Y SPECIES ( PUBLIC E/ABLI%M5T2 & EV5 9 ! PETTY 
9/ITUTION ( ,SUNDAY S*OOLS1 ! *IEF LESSONS TO BE TAU<T >E A 
SUP]/ITI\S V5]ATION = ! ,*UR* ( ,5GL&1 & TO B[ TO 
EV]Y MAN 9 A H&SOME COAT 4 4 4 

,SECONDLY1 ! IDEA ( NATIONAL $UCATION IS F\ND$ 9 AN 9ATT5TION 
TO ! NATURE ( M9D4 ,:ATEV] EA* MAN DOES = HIMSELF IS DONE 
WELL2 :ATEV] HIS NEI<BORS OR HIS C\NTRY UND]TAKE TO DO = 
HIM IS DONE ILL4 ,IT IS \R WISDOM TO 9CITE M5 TO ACT = !MSELVES1 
NOT TO RETA9 !M 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL PUPILAGE 4 4 4 

,?IRDLY1 ! PROJECT ( A NATIONAL $UCATION \<T UNI=MLY TO BE 
DISC\RAG$ ON ACC\NT ( ITS OBVI\S ALLIANCE ) NATIONAL 
GOV]NM5T4 ,?IS IS AN ALLIANCE ( A MORE =MIDABLE NATURE ?AN 
! OLD & MU* CONTE/$ ALLIANCE ( *UR* & /ATE4 ,BE=E WE 
PUT SO P[]FUL A MA*9E UND] ! DIRECTION ( SO AMBITI\S AN 
AG5T1 IT BEHOOVES US TO CONSID] WELL :AT WE DO4 ,GOV]NM5T WILL 
NOT FAIL TO EMPLOY IT TO /R5G!N ITS H& & P]PETUATE ITS 
9/ITUTIONS 4 4 4 ,!IR VIEWS AS 9/IGATORS ( A SY/EM ( $UCATION 
WILL NOT FAIL TO BE ANALOG\S TO !IR VIEWS 9 !IR POLITICAL CAPACITY 
4 4 4 .<,EV5.> 9 ! C\NTRIES :]E LIB]TY *IEFLY PREVAILS1 IT IS 
REASONABLY TO BE ASSUM$ ?AT !RE >E IMPORTANT ]RORS1 & A 
NATIONAL SY/EM HAS ! MO/ DIRECT T5D5CY TO P]PETUATE ?OSE 
]RORS & TO =M ALL M9DS ON ONE MODEL4 

,SOME ADMIR]S ( ,GODW9'S ?\<T HAVE BE5 EMB>RASS$ BY ?IS 
REJECTION ( 'PROGRESSIVE' OP9ION4 ,!Y RECALL ! H>D /RUGGLE TO 
A*IEVE FREE1 UNIV]SAL1 COMPULSORY $UCATION = ALL 9 BO? ,BRITA9 
& ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES AFT] #a#h#g4 7,!RE IS A CONFUS+ SIMIL>ITY ( 
$UCATIONAL LANGUAGE 9 ,BRITA9 & ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES 'PUBLIC' S*OOLS >E ! PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y 
S*OOLS PROVID$ AT ! PUBLIC EXP5SE4 ,9 ,BRITA9 'PRIVATE' & 
'PUBLIC' >E ! WORDS US$ TO DESCRIBE ! JUNIOR & S5IOR S*OOLS 
FUND$ BY AFFLU5T P>5TS = !IR PRIVILEG$ *ILDR52 ! S*OOLS 
DESCRIB$ AS '/ATE' S*OOLS >E ACTUALLY ADM9I/]$ BY LOCAL 
GOV]NM5T AU?ORITIES47 ,9 ,BRITA91 A C5T5>Y PUBLICATION FROM 
! ,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,TEA*]S 9 #aig EXPLA9$ ?AT 'AP>T FROM 
RELIGI\S & *>ITABLE S*OOLS1 ''DAME'' OR COMMON S*OOLS W]E 
OP]AT$ BY ! PRIVATE 5T]PRISE ( PEOPLE :O W]E (T5 B>ELY 
LIT]ATE'1 & IT DISMISS$ ! WIDESPREAD WORK+-CLASS HO/ILITY TO 
! ,S*OOL ,BO>DS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY ) ! REM>K ?AT 'P>5TS 
W]E NOT ALWAYS QUICK TO APPRECIATE ! ADVANTAGES ( FULL-TIME 
S*OOL+ AGA9/ ! LOSS ( EXTRA WAGES'4 

,BUT MORE REC5TLY HI/ORIANS HAVE SE5 ?IS RESI/ANCE TO /ATE 
S*OOL+ 9 A QUITE DIFF]5T LI<T4 ,/EPH5 ,HUMPHRIES F\ND ?AT1 
BY ! #a#h#fS1 WORK+-CLASS PRIVATE S*OOLS 7AS OPPOS$ TO :AT IS 
MEANT TODAY BY PRIVATE S*OOLS7 W]E PROVID+ AN ALT]NATIVE 
$UCATION TO ?AT ( ! *>ITABLE OR RELIGI\S ',NATIONAL' OR ',BRITI%' 
S*OOLS = AB\T ONE-?IRD ( ALL WORK+-CLASS *ILDR51 & HE 
SUGGE/S ?AT 

,?IS 5ORM\S DEM& = PRIVATE AS OPPOS$ TO PUBLIC $UCATION 
IS P]HAPS BE/ ILLU/RAT$ BY ! FACT ?AT WORK+-CLASS P>5TS 9 
A NUMB] ( MAJOR CITIES RESPOND$ TO ! 9TRODUCTION ( 
COMPULSORY ATT5DANCE REGULATIONS NOT BY S5D+ !IR *ILDR5 TO 
PROVID$ /ATE S*OOLS1 AS GOV]NM5T 9SPECTORS HAD PR$ICT$1 
BUT BY EXT5D+ ! L5G? ( !IR *ILDR5'S $UCATION 9 PRIVATE 
S*OOLS4 ,P>5TS FAVOR$ !SE S*OOLS = A NUMB] ( REASONS3 
!Y W]E SMALL & CLOSE TO HOME & W]E CONSEQU5TLY MORE 
P]SONAL & MORE CONV5I5T ?AN MO/ PUBLICLY PROVID$ 
S*OOLS2 !Y W]E 9=MAL & TOL]ANT ( IRREGUL> ATT5DANCE 
& UNPUNCTUALITY2 NO ATT5DANCE REGI/]S W]E KEPT2 !Y W]E 
NOT SEGREGAT$ ACCORD+ TO AGE & SEX2 !Y US$ 9DIVIDUAL AS 
OPPOS$ TO AU?ORIT>IAN TEA*+ ME?ODS2 &1 MO/ IMPORTANT1 
!Y BELONG$ TO & W]E CONTROLL$ BY ! LOCAL COMMUNITY 
RA!R ?AN BE+ IMPOS$ ON ! NEI<BORHOOD BY AN ALI5 
AU?ORITY4 

,HUMPHRIES' REM>KABLE OBS]VATION WAS RE9=C$ BY A MASS ( 
CONTEMPOR>Y EVID5CE EXHUM$ BY ,PHILIP ,G>DN] 9 HIS BOOK ON 
,! ,LO/ ,ELEM5T>Y ,S*OOLS ( ,VICTORIAN ,5GL&4 ,?IS RESE>*] 
CONCLUD$ ?AT !SE WORK+-CLASS S*OOLS 

A*IEV$ JU/ :AT ! CU/OM] WANT$3 QUICK RESULTS 9 BASIC SKILLS 
LIKE READ+1 WRIT+ & >I?METIC1 WA/$ NO TIME ON RELIGI\S 
/UDIES & MORAL UPLIFT1 & REPRES5T$ A G5U9ELY ALT]NATIVE 
APPROA* TO *ILDHOOD LE>N+ TO ?AT PRESCRIB$ BY ! $UCATION 
EXP]TS4 

,9 ! VIEW ( ! HI/ORIAN ,PAUL ,?OMPSON1 ! PRICE ( ELIM9AT+ 
!SE S*OOLS ?R\< ! IMPOSITION ( ! NATIONAL $UCATION 
SY/EM WAS 

! SUPPRESSION 9 C\NTLESS WORK+-CLASS *ILDR5 ( ! APPETITE 
= $UCATION & ABILITY TO LE>N 9DEP5D5TLY :I* CONTEMPOR>Y 
PROGRESSIVE $UCATION SEEKS TO REK9DLE4 

,RADICALLY DIFF]5T AS IT IS FROM ! HI/ORY ( $UCATION AS TAU<T TO 
/UD5T TEA*]S1 ?IS APPROA* HELPS US TO LOCATE ! AN>*I/ 
?9K]S 9 ! SPECTRUM ( $UCATIONAL IDEAS4 ,!SE 9CLUDE1 = 
EXAMPLE1 ! SPECULATIONS ( ,LEO ,TOL/OY ON ! S*OOL HE />T$ 
AT ,YASNAYA ,POLYANA1 & ?OSE ( ,FRANCESCO ,F]R] 7#a#h#e#i-#a#i#i71 
! F\ND] ( ! ',MOD]N ,S*OOL' MOVEM5T4 ,F]R] OP5$ HIS 
FIR/ S*OOL 9 ,B>CELONA 9 #a#i#a1 AIM+ AT A SECUL>1 RATIONALI/ 
$UCATION4 ,HE 9SPIR$ EMULATORS 9 SEV]AL C\NTRIES & >\S$ 
! 5MITY ( ! *UR*4 ,:5 ! ,SPANI% GOV]NM5T CALL$ 
= CONSCRIPTION 9 ,CATALONIA = ITS W> 9 ,MOROCCO 9 #a#i#i1 ,F]R] 
WAS HELD RESPONSIBLE = /REET BATTLES 9 ,B>CELONA 9 :I* #b 
DEMON/RATORS W]E KILL$1 EV5 ?\< HE WAS NOT PRES5T4 ,HE WAS 
EXECUT$1 BUT HIS CAMPAIGN = SECUL> $UCATION DID NOT DIE4 ,AFT] 
! REVOLUTION ( #ai ,JULY #a#i#c#f1 AT LEA/ #f1 *ILDR5 9 ,CATALONIA 
ATT5D$ ,F]R] S*OOLS4 

,IT IS 9T]E/+ TO SEE H[ !IR APPROA* L$ A V>IETY ( AN>*I/S 
TO (F] $UCATIONAL OP9IONS 9 ANTICIPATION ( ! PROGRESSIVE 
PROPAG&I/S ( A C5TURY LAT]4 ,= EXAMPLE1 ,BAKUN91 9 A M]E 
FOOTNOTE TO A POLEMIC ON A DIFF]5T TOPIC1 5VISAG$ ! S*OOL AS A 
LIFELONG RES\RCE = US ALL3 

,!Y WILL BE S*OOLS NO LONG]2 !Y WILL BE POPUL> ACADEMIES1 9 
:I* NEI!R PUPILS NOR MA/]S WILL BE KN[N1 :]E ! PEOPLE 
WILL COME FREELY TO GET1 IF !Y NE$ IT1 FREE 9/RUCTION1 & 9 :I*1 
RI* 9 !IR [N EXP]I5CE1 !Y WILL TEA* 9 TURN MANY ?+S TO 
! PR(ESSORS :O %ALL BR+ !M KN[L$GE :I* !Y LACK4 
,?IS !N WILL BE A MUTUAL 9/RUCTION1 AN ACT ( 9TELLECTUAL 
FRAT]NITY4 

 #a#b4 ,MEALTIME AT A ,F]R] S*OOL 9 ,CATALONIA4 ,AFT] ! REVOLUTION ( #a#i#c#f1 AT LEA/ #f1 *ILDR5 ATT5D$ ,F]R] S*OOLS4 

,HE WAS WRIT+ 9 #a#h#g1 & IF HIS >GUM5T IS FAMILI> ?IS IS 
PRECISELY BECAUSE ID5TICAL ASPIRATIONS W]E EXPRESS$ A C5TURY 
LAT] BY PEOPLE LIKE ,IVAN ,ILLI* & ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 9 ,AM]ICA1 OR 
9 ,BRITA9 BY ,MI*AEL ,Y\NG1 & BY ,PR(ESSOR ,H>RY ,REE4 ,9 #aigb 
,REE TOLD AN AUDI5CE ( Y\NG TEA*]S ?AT 

,I ?9K WE >E GO+ TO SEE 9 Y\R LIFETIME ! 5D ( S*OOLS AS WE 
KN[ !M4 ,9/EAD !RE WILL BE A COMMUNITY C5T] ) ! DOORS 
OP5 TWELVE H\RS A DAY1 SEV5 DAYS A WEEK1 :]E ANYBODY CAN 
W&] 9 & \T ( ! LIBR>Y1 WORK%OPS1 SPORTS C5T]1 SELF- 
S]VICE /ORE & B>4 ,9 A HUNDR$ YE>S TIME ! COMPULSORY 
ATT5DANCE LAWS = *ILDR5 TO GO TO S*OOL MAY HAVE GONE ! SAME 
WAY AS ! COMPULSORY LAWS = ATT5DANCE AT *UR*4 

,HIS PROPHECY IS UNLIKELY TO BE FULFILL$1 = )9 T5 YE>S ( HIS 
ADDRESS1 AN 9COM+ GOV]NM5T WAS BLAM+ ! COLLAPSE ( 
! ,BRITI% MANUFACTUR+ 9DU/RY ON1 ( ALL UNLIKELY SCAPEGOATS1 
! S*OOLS4 ,!RE FOLL[$ A NEW REGIME ( UNPREC$5T$ 
9T]V5TION BY C5TRAL GOV]NM5T 9 ! MANAGEM5T & 
CURRICULUM ( PRIM>Y & SECOND>Y S*OOLS1 :I* 9 ,BRITA9 >E 
PROVID$ BY LOCAL AU?ORITIES4 ,!SE 9CLUD$ ! IMPOSITION1 = ! 
FIR/ TIME1 ( A ,NATIONAL ,CURRICULUM BY ! C5TRAL GOV]NM5T1 A 
CONT9U\S PROGRAM ( TE/+ *ILDR5 AT P>TICUL> AGES1 & 
AN AVALAN*E ( =M-FILL+ = TEA*]S4 7,?IS 5DLESS ASSESSM5T 
PROV$ BEYOND D\BT ?AT S*OOLS 9 AFFLU5T DI/RICTS A*IEVE 
HI<] M>KS ?AN S*OOLS 9 POOR >EAS ) A MAJORITY ( *ILDR5 
:OSE NATIVE LANGUAGE IS NOT ,5GLI%4 ,!SE >E SOCIAL FACTS ?AT 
MO/ PEOPLE ALREADY KNEW47 

,BY #a#i#i#e1 ,H] ,MAJE/Y'S ,*IEF ,9SPECTOR ( ,S*OOLS WAS DECL>+ 
?AT ! REAL IMP$IM5T TO ! DEVELOPM5T ( A BETT] $UCATIONAL 
SY/EM 9 ,BRITA9 WAS 'A COMMITM5T TO P>TICUL> BELIEFS AB\T ! 
PURPOSES & CONDUCT ( $UCATION'1 & ?AT :AT WAS NE$$ WAS 
'LESS LE>N+ BY DO+ & MORE TEA*+ BY TELL+'4 ,HE WAS 
REPUDIAT+ A HUNDR$ YE>S ( PROGRESSIVE 9FLU5CE ON ! (FICIAL1 
COMPULSORY $UCATION SY/EM1 FITFULLY MOV+ UP ! AGE-RANGE 
FROM ! NURS]Y TO ! SECOND>Y S*OOL4 ,ONE IRONY AB\T ! 
REJECTION ( 'PROGRESSIVE' $UCATION BY POLITICIANS ( ! POLITICAL 
,RI<T IS ?AT ! $UCATIONAL AIMS ( MANY AN>*I/S W\LD BE 
COMPLETELY ACCEPTABLE TO !M4 ,MI*AEL ,SMI?1 ! HI/ORIAN ( 
,! ,LIB]T>IANS & ,$UCATION1 REM>KS ?AT ,PR\DHON 

WAS ALWAYS CONSCI\S ( ! FACT ?AT ! *ILDR5 HE WAS TALK+ 
AB\T W]E ! *ILDR5 ( WORK]S4 ,WORK WAS GO+ TO BE !IR LIFE 
:5 !Y GREW UP4 ,PR\DHON SAW NO?+ WRONG ) ?IS4 ,! 
WORK A MAN DID WAS SOME?+ TO BE PR\D (1 IT WAS :AT 
GAVE 9T]E/1 VALUE & DIGNITY TO HIS LIFE4 ,IT WAS RI<T1 !RE=E1 
?AT S*OOL %\LD PREP>E ! Y\NG = A LIFE ( WORK4 ,AN $UCATION 
?AT WAS DIVORC$ FROM ! WORLD ( WORK1 ?AT IS1 AN $UCATION ?AT 
WAS 5TIRELY BOOKI% OR GRAMM>-S*OOLI% 9 CONCEPTION1 WAS 
VALUELESS FROM ! PO9T ( VIEW ( ORD9>Y WORK+-CLASS *ILDR54 
,( C\RSE1 AN $UCATION ?AT W5T TOO F> 9 ! O!R DIRECTION1 
:I* BR\<T UP *ILDR5 M]ELY TO BE FODD] = FACTORIES1 WAS 
EQUALLY UNACCEPTABLE4 ,:AT WAS REQUIR$ WAS AN $UCATION :I* 
W\LD EQUIP A *ILD = ! WORKPLACE BUT W\LD ALSO GIVE HIM A 
DEGREE ( 9DEP5D5CE 9 ! LABOR M>KET4 ,?IS C\LD BE 
A*IEV$ BY GIV+ HIM NOT JU/ ! BASIS ( A TRADE BUT1 AS WELL1 A 
:OLE RANGE ( M>KETABLE SKILLS :I* W\LD 5SURE ?AT HE WAS 
NOT TOTALLY AT ! M]CY ( AN 9DU/RIAL SY/EM :I* REQUIR$ 
SPECIALIZATION ( ITS WORK]S & !N DISC>D$ !M :5 ! 
SPECIALIZATION WAS NO LONG] ( 9T]E/ TO ! FIRM4 ,?US ,PR\DHON 
WAS L$ TO ! IDEA ( AN $UCATION ?AT WAS 'POLYTE*NICAL'4 

,READ]S WILL HAVE GUESS$1 CORRECTLY1 ?AT ,PR\DHON WAS CONC]N+ 
HIMSELF SOLELY ) ! $UCATION ( BOYS1 BUT ?IS WAS NOT TRUE ( 
SU* SUCCESSORS AS ,KROPOTK91 ) HIS HOPES = ! 9TEGRATION ( 
BRA9 WORK & MANUAL WORK1 NOT ONLY 9 $UCATION BUT 9 LIFE2 NOR 
( SU* H]OES AS ,FRANCESCO ,F]R] 9 ,SPA91 :OSE APPROA* WAS 
SIMIL>LY ?AT ( AN $UCATION = EMANCIPATION1 AS OPPOS$ TO 
:AT HE SAW AS $UCATION = SUBS]VI5CE4 ,MI*AEL ,SMI?'S 
MO/ 9T]E/+ PAGES = ! ,5GLI% READ] DESCRIBE ',9TEGRAL 
,$UCATION' 9 PRACTICE1 ?R\< ! EXP]I5CE ( ! ,FR5* 
AN>*I/ ,PAUL ,ROB9 & ! S*OOL HE RAN FROM #ahh TO #ahid 
AT ,CEMPIUS4 ,IT WAS BAS$ UPON WORK%OP TRA9+ & ! 
AB&ONM5T ( ! CLASSROOM 9 FAVOR ( :AT WE W\LD N[ 
CALL ! RES\RCE C5T]4 ,COOK+1 NE$LECRAFT1 C>P5TRY1 & 
METALWORK W]E UND]TAK5 BY BO? SEXES1 :ILE '! ,CEMPIUS 
*ILDR51 BO? GIRLS & BOYS1 W]E AMONG ! FIR/ *ILDR5 9 
,FRANCE TO GO 9 = CYCL+'4 

,CO-$UCATION1 SEXUAL EQUALITY1 & A!ISM BR\<T D[N ,ROB9'S 
S*OOL1 BUT ANO!R CELEBRAT$ ,FR5* AN>*I/1 ,SEBA/I5 ,FAURE1 
RAN A FAM\S S*OOL CALL$ ,LA ,RU*E 7',! ,BEEHIVE'74 ,MI*AEL ,SMI? 
COMM5TS ?AT ',FAURE HAD LE>N$ ONE V]Y SIGNIFICANT LESSON FROM 
,ROB9'S D[NFALL3 /AY COMPLETELY \T ( ! /ATE SY/EM & ?US 
BE ASSUR$ ( COMPLETE 9DEP5D5CE4' ,BUT 9 ,BRITA9 !RE HAS BE5 
A CONT9UAL EF=T TO 9TRODUCE ! APPROA*ES ( LIB]T>IAN 
$UCATION 9TO ! S*OOL SY/EM FUND$ BY ALL CITIZ5S4 ,ANO!R 
HI/ORIAN1 ,JOHN ,%OTTON1 HAS TRAC$ ! HI/ORY ( !SE ATTEMPTS1 
& ( SIMIL> EF=TS TO HELP ALL ?OSE *ILDR5 :O HAVE BE5 
EXCLUD$ BY ! (FICIAL SY/EM4 

,A C5TURY ( PROGRESSIVE EXP]IM5TS HAVE HAD A PR(\ND EFFECT 
ON EV]Y S*OOL1 MO/ EVID5TLY ! PRIM>Y S*OOLS4 ,! ROLE ( 
! TEA*] HAS *ANG$ FROM ?AT ( FE>SOME M>T9ET TO ?AT ( 
FRI5DLY GUIDE1 :ILE CORPORAL PUNI%M5T1 ONCE ! MA9/AY 
( ! S*OOL SY/EM1 HAS BE5 LEGALLY \TLAW$4 ,!RE IS1 H[EV]1 
A DI/9CTION TO BE MADE BETWE5 'PROGRESSIVE' $UCATION & 
'LIB]T>IAN' $UCATION1 :I* 9 PRACTICE REVOLVES >\ND ! 
ISSUE ( COMPULSORY OR VOLUNT>Y ATT5DANCE AT LESSONS4 ,=EMO/ 
AMONG ! LIB]T>IANS WAS ,A4 ,S4 ,NEILL1 :O = MANY DECADES RAN 
,SUMM]HILL ,S*OOL 9 ,SUFFOLK1 :I* SURVIVES TO ?IS DAY1 L$ BY HIS 
DAU<T] ,ZOE ,READHEAD4 

 #a#c4 ,BEACON ,HILL ,S*OOL1 RUN BY ,DORA ,RUSSELL FROM #aibg TO #a#i#d#c4 

,NEILL C\LD NOT /& ! HI<-M9D$ & MANIPULATIVE 
PROGRESSIVES4 ,BY ! #a#i#cS HE WAS WRIT+ TO ,DORA ,RUSSELL ( ,BEACON 
,HILL ,S*OOL ?AT %E & HE W]E '! ONLY $UCATORS'4 ,AS ONE ( HIS 
M5TORS1 ,HOM] ,LANE1 PUT IT3 

',GIVE ! *ILD FRE$OM' IS ! 9SI/5T CRY ( ! ,NEW ,$UCATORS1 
BUT !N ITS EXPON5TS USUALLY DEVISE A 'SY/EM' :I*1 AL?\< 
BAS$ ON ! S\NDE/ ( PR9CIPLES1 LIMITS ?AT FRE$OM & 
CONTRADICTS ! PR9CIPLE4 

,LANE WAS E*O+ ! OP9ION ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 9 ,! ,5QUIR]1 
:5 HE F\ND ?AT ,R\SSEAU1 EV5 ?\< ! WORLD WAS 9DEBT$ 
TO HIM '= ! IRRESI/IBLE 5]GY ( HIS WRIT+S & ! MAGNITUDE 
( HIS SPECULATIONS'1 HAD FALL5 9TO ! COMMON ]ROR ( 
MANIPULAT+ ! *ILD3 

,HIS :OLE SY/EM ( $UCATION IS A S]IES ( TRICKS1 A PUPPET-%[ 
EXHIBITION1 ( :I* ! MA/] HOLDS ! WIRES1 & ! S*OL> IS 
NEV] TO SUSPECT 9 :AT MANN] !Y >E MOV$4 

,! AN>*I/ APPROA* HAS BE5 MORE 9FLU5TIAL 9 $UCATION ?AN 
9 MO/ O!R FIELDS ( LIFE4 ,IT MAY BE CONTE/$ & DEPLOR$ BY 
AU?ORIT>IANS1 ) !IR [N NO/ALGIA = AN IDEALIZ$ PA/1 BUT IT 
IS DIFFICULT TO CONCEIVE ?AT Y\NG PEOPLE WILL TOL]ATE 9 ! FUTURE 
! $UCATIONAL REGIME TO :I* ! GR&P>5TS ( !IR RUL]S 
W]E SUBJECT$4 

,9 SOME P>TS ( ! WORLD1 ! BATTLE = ! FRE$OM ( ! Y\NG IS 
9 ! PA/4 ,9 O!RS1 IT HAS /ILL TO BE WON4 ,SOME ( ! ATTEMPTS 9 
,BRITA9 TO PROVIDE AN ALT]NATIVE EXP]I5CE = ! Y\NG PEOPLE 
:O >E EXCLUD$ FROM ! (FICIAL $UCATION SY/EM >E DESCRIB$ 
9 ,*APT] #h4 

O ,*APT] #g 3 ,! ,9DIVIDUALI/ ,RESPONSE 

,= A C5TURY1 AN>*I/S HAVE US$ ! WORD 'LIB]T>IAN' AS A 
SYNONYM = 'AN>*I/'1 BO? AS A N\N & AN ADJECTIVE4 ,! 
CELEBRAT$ AN>*I/ J\RNAL ,LE ,LIB]TAIRE WAS F\ND$ 9 #a#h#i#e4 
,H[EV]1 MU* MORE REC5TLY ! WORD HAS BE5 APPROPRIAT$ BY 
V>I\S ,AM]ICAN FREE-M>KET PHILOSOPH]S - ,DAVID ,FRI$MAN1 
,ROB]T ,NOZICK1 ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D1 & ,ROB]T ,PAUL ,WOLFF - SO IT 
IS NECESS>Y TO EXAM9E ! MOD]N 9DIVIDUALI/ 'LIB]T>IAN' 
RESPONSE FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! AN>*I/ TRADITION4 

,9 APPROA*+ ?IS !ME1 ONE OB/ACLE TO CIRCUMNAVIGATE IS ! 
,G]MAN ADVOCATE ( 'CONSCI\S EGOISM'1 ,MAX ,/IRN]4 ,HE WAS BORN 
,JOHANN ,CASP> ,S*MIDT 7#a#h#f-#e#f7 & HIS BOOK1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#h#d#e1 
,D] ,E9ZIGE UND SE9 ,EIG5TUM1 WAS TRANSLAT$ 9TO ,5GLI% 9 #aig 
AS ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N4 ,I HAVE MADE SEV]AL EF=TS TO READ ?IS 
BOOK1 BUT HAVE CONT9UALLY F\ND IT 9COMPREH5SIBLE4 ,I US$ TO 
EXCUSE MYSELF ) ! COMM5T ?AT ! CULT ( ! ',EGO' SEEM$ TO 
ME AS DI/A/EFUL AS ,NIETZS*E'S ',SUP]MAN'1 BUT AN>*I/ ADMIR]S 
( ,/IRN] ASSURE ME ?AT HIS APPROA* IS QUITE DIFF]5T FROM 
,NIETZS*E'S4 ,!Y >GUE ?AT ,/IRN]'S 'CONSCI\S EGOISM' DOES NOT 9 
ANY WAY D5Y ! HUMAN T5D5CY T[>DS ALTRUI/IC BEHAVIOR1 
PRECISELY BECAUSE \R [N SELF-IMAGE IS GRATIFI$ BY ! WAY WE 
P]CEIVE \RSELVES AS SOCIAL BE+S4 ,!Y ALSO DRAW MY ATT5TION TO 
,/IRN]'S ANTICIPATION ( ! LAT] P]CEPTION BY ,ROB]T ,MI*ELS ( 
AN 'IRON LAW ( OLIG>*Y'1 DIAGNOS+ AN 9BUILT T5D5CY ( ALL 
HUMAN 9/ITUTIONS TO OSSIFY 9TO OPPRESSIVE BODIES1 :I* HAVE TO 
BE OPPOS$ 9 ! NAME ( 9DIVIDUAL LIB]TY4 

,F> MORE TYPICAL ?AN ,/IRN] ( ! AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALI/ CURR5T 
WAS A LONG S]IES ( ,AM]ICAN ACTIVI/S & 9NOVATORS1 PR$AT+ 
! VIGOR\S HI/ORY ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A AMONG NUM]\S 
IMMIGRANT GR\PS ( ! LATE #a#i? & E>LY #b? C5TURIES3 
,G]MAN1 ,RUSSIAN1 ,JEWI%1 ,SW$I%1 ,DUT*1 ,ITALIAN1 & ,SPANI%4 
,SU* GUIDEBOOKS AS ,JAMES ,J4 ,M>T9'S ,M5 ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE 
7:I* FIR/ APPE>$ 9 #a#i#e#c7 & ,DAVID ,DE,LEON'S ,! ,AM]ICAN 
AS ,AN>*I/3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,9DIG5\S ,RADICALISM 7:I* FIR/ 
APPE>$ 9 #a#i#g#h7 PROVIDE A RI* & V>I$ HI/ORY 9 ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES ( 9V5TIVE 9DIVIDUAL & SOCIAL AN>*I/ >GUM5T & 
EXP]IM5T4 

,! IMMIGRANT TRADITION WAS ( SOCIAL & COLLECTIVE V5TURES 
RAPIDLY GR[+ 9TO DEEPLY ROOT$ ORGANIZATIONS = WELF>E & 
CONVIVIALITY4 ,IT 9CLUD$ WORK]S' UNIONS1 S*OOLS1 & COOP]ATIVES4 
,! 9DIG5\S TRADITION WAS F> MORE 9DIVIDUALI/IC BUT ITS 
PROTAGONI/S HAVE HAD A REM>KABLE RANGE ( IMPACTS ON ,AM]ICAN 
LIFE4 ,!IR *RONICL]S DI/+UI% BETWE5 ! IDEOLOGIES ( !SE 
LIB]T>IANS ( ! ,LEFT1 & ?AT ( ! LIB]T>IANS ( ! ,RI<T4 ,AS 
,DAVID ,DE,LEON SEP>ATES !M3 ',:ILE ! LIB]T>IANS ( ! ,RI<T 
DESPISE ! /ATE BECAUSE IT H9D]S ! FRE$OM ( PROP]TY1 ,LEFT 
LIB]T>IANS CONDEMN ! /ATE BECAUSE IT IS A BA/ION ( PROP]TY4' 

,! FIR/ ( !SE LUM9>IES WAS ,JOSIAH ,W>R5 7#a#g#i#h-#a#h#g#d7 :O1 
DISAPPO9T$ BY ! FAILURE ( ,ROB]T ,[5'S COOP]ATIVE COLONY ( 
,NEW ,H>MONY1 SET UP A ,TIME ,/ORE 9 ,C9C9NATI1 :OSE CU/OM]S 
B\<T GOODS 9 RETURN = 'LABOR NOTES' PROMIS+ ! TRAD] AN 
EQUIVAL5T PRODUCT OR S]VICE4 ,?IS WAS FOLL[$ BY A COOP]ATIVE 
,VILLAGE ( ,EQUITY 9 ,OHIO1 ! LONG-LIV$ 'MUTUALI/' VILLAGE ( 
,UTOPIA1 & ! COMMUNITY ( ,MOD]N ,TIMES ON ,LONG ,ISL& ?AT 
SIMIL>LY RETA9$ ITS COOP]ATIVE *>ACT] = AT LEA/ #b YE>S4 
,W>R5'S BELIEF 9 ! IMPORTANCE ( ! 9DIVIDUAL L$ HIM TO 
ADVOCATE COMMUNAL KIT*5S1 TO 'RELIEVE ! FEMALES ( ! FAMILY 
FROM ! FULL1 MILL-HORSE DRUDG]Y TO :I* !Y O!RWISE >E 
IRRETRIEVABLY DOOM$'4 

,LYS&] ,SPOON] 7#a#h#h-#h#g7 WANT$ AN ,AM]ICA ( SELF-EMPLOY$ 
9DIVIDUALS %>+ EQUAL ACCESS TO CR$IT4 ,HE >GU$1 TOO1 ?AT 

IF A MAN HAS NEV] CONS5T$ OR AGRE$ TO SUPPORT A GOV]NM5T1 HE 
BREAKS NO FAI? 9 REFUS+ TO SUPPORT IT4 ,& IF HE MAKES W> ON IT1 
HE DOES SO AS AN OP5 5EMY1 & NOT AS A TRAITOR4 

,/EPH5 ,PE>L ,&REWS 7#a#h#a#b-#h#f7 SIMIL>LY ACCEPT$ ?AT ! 
SOV]EIGNTY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL APPLI$ TO EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL4 
,CONSEQU5TLY1 AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL EXPLA9S1 

,HE CONSI/5TLY OPPOS$ SLAV]Y & TRI$ TO FREE ! /ATE ( ,TEXAS 
BY RAIS+ MONEY TO BUY (F ALL ( ITS SLAVES BUT ! W> ) ,MEXICO 
9T]V5$4 ,HE ALSO >GU$ ?AT SEXUAL BEHAVIOR & FAMILY LIFE 
%\LD BE MATT]S ( P]SONAL RESPONSIBILITY BEYOND ! CONTROL ( 
,*UR* & ,/ATE4 

,LIKE ?AT ( ,W>R51 ! 9DIVIDUALISM ( ,S4 ,P4 ,&REWS L$ HIM TO 
RECOMM5D COMMUNAL NURS]IES1 9FANT S*OOLS1 & COOP]ATIVE 
CAFET]IAS1 9 ORD] TO LIB]ATE WOM54 

,B5JAM9 ,R4 ,TUCK] 7#a#h#e#d-#a#i#c#i7 WAS1 9 HIS DAY1 ! BE/-KN[N ( 
! ,AM]ICAN 9DIVIDUALI/ AN>*I/S1 S9CE HIS J\RNAL ,LIB]TY 
LA/$ A QU>T] ( A C5TURY1 UNTIL HIS ,BO/ON PR9T+ %OP WAS 
BURN$ D[N 9 #a#i#g4 ,HE WAS ALSO ! PIONE] TRANSLATOR ( 
,PR\DHON & ,BAKUN94 

,BUT AMONG ! ,AM]ICAN LIB]T>IANS ( ! #a#i? C5TURY1 ! 
MO/ 9DIVIDUAL & ! BE/ REMEMB]$ IS ,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU 
7#a#h#a#g-#f#b74 ,HIS FAM\S BOOK ,WALD5 IS AN ACC\NT ( ! TWO YE>S 
HE SP5T SEEK+ SELF-SUFFICI5CY 9 ! HUT HE BUILT = HIMSELF NE> 
,CONCORD1 ,MASSA*USETTS4 ,?IS DID NOT IMPLY A )DRAWAL FROM 
,AM]ICAN LIFE1 = ! MAN :O DECL>$ ?AT ! SOLDI]'S NATURAL 
5EMY IS ! GOV]NM5T ?AT DRILLS HIM WAS HIS C\NTRY'S MO/ 
=?RI<T SUBV]SIVE4 ,ONE ( HIS ESSAYS1 USUALLY CALL$ ',ON ! 
DUTY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE'1 ?\< ORIG9ALLY PUBLI%$ 9 #ahdi AS 
',RESI/ANCE TO CIVIL GOV]NM5T'1 ATTRACT$ NO ATT5TION AT ! TIME1 
BUT SUBSEQU5TLY 9FLU5C$ BO? ,TOL/OY & ,G&HI 7:O READ IT 
9 PRISON 9 ,S\? ,AFRICA74 ,M>T9 ,LU!R ,K+ READ IT AS A /UD5T 
9 ,ATLANTA1 & RECALL$ ?AT1 

,FASC9AT$ BY ! IDEA ( REFUS+ TO COOP]ATE ) AN EVIL SY/EM1 
,I WAS SO DEEPLY MOV$ ?AT ,I R]EAD ! WORK SEV]AL TIMES4 ,?IS 
WAS MY FIR/ 9TELLECTUAL CONTACT ) ! !ORY ( NONVIOL5T 
RESI/ANCE4 

,?OREAU'S ESSAY ON CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 ORIG9AT+ 9 HIS S5SE ( 
\TRAGE AT ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES' GOV]NM5T'S ,MEXICAN ,W> & AT 
! CONT9UANCE ( BLACK SLAV]Y1 BEGAN ITS HI/ORY AS A LECTURE 
TO HIS FELL[ CITIZ5S AT ! ,CONCORD ,LYCEUM 9 #a#h#d#h4 ,:5 ! 
ABOLITIONI/ ,JOHN ,BR[N TOOK UP >MS AGA9/ ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
9 #ahei & WAS CONDEMN$ TO DEA?1 ,?OREAU1 AGA9/ SOME 
OPPOSITION1 DELIV]$ AN ADDRESS 9 ! ,T[N ,HALL CALL$ ',A ,PLEA 
= ,CAPTA9 ,JOHN ,BR[N'4 ,MANY DECADES LAT] ,HAVELOCK ,ELLIS 
REM>K$ ?AT ,?OREAU WAS '! ONE MAN 9 ,AM]ICA TO RECOGNIZE 
! GREATNESS ( ! OCCASION & TO /& UP PUBLICLY ON HIS SIDE'4 

,ANO!R REM>KABLE ,AM]ICAN 9DIVIDUALI/1 ,R&OLPH ,B\RNE 
7#a#h#h#f-#a#i#a#h71 9V5T$ A FAM\S PHRASE DUR+ ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 
AS HE OBS]V$ ! PROCESS BY :I* HIS C\NTRY WAS MAN\EVR$ 
9TO P>TICIPAT+ 9 ?AT W>4 ',W> IS ! HEAL? ( ! /ATE'1 HE 
CLAIM$1 & HE EXPLA9$ ?AT 

,! ,/ATE IS ! ORGANIZATION ( ! H]D TO ACT (F5SIVELY OR 
DEF5SIVELY AGA9/ ANO!R H]D SIMIL>LY ORGANIZ$4 ,W> S5DS ! 
CURR5T ( PURPOSE & ACTIVITY FL[+ D[N TO ! L[E/ LEVEL ( 
! H]D1 & TO ITS MO/ REMOTE BRAN*ES4 ,ALL ! ACTIVITIES ( 
SOCIETY >E L9K$ TOGE!R AS FA/ AS POSSIBLE TO ?IS C5TRAL PURPOSE 
( MAK+ A MILIT>Y (F5SIVE OR MILIT>Y DEF5SE1 & ! ,/ATE 
BECOMES :AT 9 PEACETIME IT HAS VA9LY /RUGGL$ TO BECOME 4 4 4 
,! SLACK IS TAK5 UP1 ! CROSS-CURR5TS FADE \T1 & ! NATION 
MOVES LUMB]+LY & SL[LY1 BUT ) EV] ACCEL]AT$ SPE$ 
& 9TEGRATION1 T[>DS ! GREAT 5D1 T[>DS ?AT PEACEFULNESS 
( BE+ AT W> 4 4 4 

,HIS P]CEPTION ( ! WAY ?AT #b?-C5TURY GOV]NM5TS HAVE 
BE5 ABLE TO MANUFACTURE & MANIPULATE OP9ION IS AMPLY 
DEMON/RAT$ BY EV5TS 9 ! #i YE>S S9CE HE WAS WRIT+4 
,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ 9DIVIDUALI/ PROTE/]S HAVE LOBBI$ 9 ! 
/REETS AGA9/ ! POLICIES ( ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES GOV]NM5T EV] 
S9CE4 ,ONE WAS ,AMMON ,H5NACY1 ALWAYS DESCRIB$ AS '! ONE-MAN 
REVOLUTION'1 :O MA9TA9$ A CONT9UAL 9DIVIDUAL PROTE/ AGA9/ 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES IMP]IALISM1 FROM ! ,EA/ ,COA/ TO ! ,S\?WE/1 
& ANO!R WAS ,DORO?Y ,DAY ( ! ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] ,MOVEM5T1 
:O TE/IFI$ = MANY DECADES ( ! #b? C5TURY TO H] FAI? 9 
SELF-ORGANIZ+ COOP]ATIVE COMMUNITIES1 :I* 9 POLITICAL T]MS 
HAS TO BE DESCRIB$ AS AN>*ISM4 

,SOME TIME LAT]1 9 ! #a#i#gS1 A S]IES ( BOOKS1 FROM ACADEMICS 
RA!R ?AN ACTIVI/S1 PROCLAIM$ A DIFF]5T /YLE ( ,AM]ICAN 
LIB]T>IANISM4 ,!Y W]E ,ROB]T ,PAUL ,WOLFF'S ,9 ,DEF5SE ( 
,AN>*ISM2 ,ROB]T ,NOZICK'S ,AN>*Y1 ,/ATE & ,UTOPIA2 
,DAVID ,FRI$MAN'S ,! ,MA*9]Y ( ,FRE$OM2 & ,MURRAY 
,RO?B>D'S ,= A ,NEW ,LIB]TY3 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MANIFE/O4 
,?IS PHALANX ( AU?ORS HAVE PROVID$ ! 'IDEOLOGICAL 
SUP]/RUCTURE' ( ! SW+ TO ! ,RI<T 9 F$]AL & LOCAL 
POLITICS 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 & 9 ,BRITI% POLITICS = ! AIM 
( 'ROLL+ BACK ! FRONTI]S ( ! ,/ATE'1 :I* WAS ACTUALLY A 
CLOAK = 9CREAS$ SUBS]VI5CE TO C5TRAL DECISION-MAK+4 
,ROB]T ,PAUL ,WOLFF CLAIM$ ?AT 'PHILOSOPHICAL AN>*ISM W\LD 
SEEM TO BE ! ONLY REASONABLE BELIEF = AN 5LI<T5$ MAN'4 
,ROB]T ,NOZICK IS SAID BY ! HI/ORIAN ,PET] ,M>%ALL TO HAVE 
'HELP$ TO MAKE LIB]T>IAN & AN>*I/ !ORY ACCEPTABLE 9 
ACADEMIC CIRCLES' - NO SMALL A*IEVEM5T2 :ILE ,DAVID ,FRI$MAN 
HAS POPUL>IZ$ = AN ,AM]ICAN READ]%IP ! >GUM5T ( 
,FRI$RI* VON ,HAYEK ?AT WELF>E LEGISLATION IS ! FIR/ /EP ON ,! 
,ROAD TO ,S]FDOM4 

,PET] ,M>%ALL SEES ! ECONOMI/ ,MURRAY ,RO?B>D AS ! MO/ 
AW>E ( ! ACTUAL AN>*I/ TRADITION AMONG ! AN>*O- 
CAPITALI/ APOLOGI/S3 

,HE WAS ORIG9ALLY REG>D$ AS AN EXTREME RI<T-W+ ,REPUBLICAN1 
BUT W5T ON TO $IT ,LA ,BOETIE'S LIB]T>IAN CLASSIC ,( ,VOLUNT>Y 
,S]VITUDE & N[ CALLS HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ',IF Y\ WI% TO KN[ 
H[ ! LIB]T>IANS REG>D ! ,/ATE & ANY ( ITS ACTS1' HE WROTE 9 
,= A ,NEW ,LIB]TY1 'SIMPLY ?9K ( ! ,/ATE AS A CRIM9AL B&1 & 
ALL ! LIB]T>IAN ATTITUDES WILL LOGICALLY FALL 9TO PLACE4' ,HE R$UCES 
! LIB]T>IAN CRE$ TO ONE C5TRAL AXIOM1 '?AT NO MAN OR GR\P ( 
M5 MAY AGGRESS AGA9/ ! P]SON OR PROP]TY ( ANYONE ELSE4' 
,NEI!R ! ,/ATE NOR ANY PRIVATE P>TY !RE=E CAN 9ITIATE 
OR ?REAT5 ! USE ( =CE AGA9/ ANY P]SON = ANY PURPOSE4 
,FREE 9DIVIDUALS %\LD REGULATE !IR AFFAIRS & DISPOSE ( !IR 
PROP]TY ONLY BY VOLUNT>Y AGREEM5T BAS$ ON CONTRACTUAL 
OBLIGATION4 

,RO?B>D IS AW>E ( A TRADITION1 BUT HE IS S+UL>LY UNAW>E ( 
! OLD PROV]B ?AT FRE$OM = ! PIKE MEANS DEA? = ! 
M9N[4 ,= ! BLEAK FACTS AB\T ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ECONOMY >E 
?AT #a.0 ( ITS CITIZ5S POSSESS #h#e.0 ( ! NATION'S NET WEAL?1 & 
?AT ?IS M9ORITY >E ALSO ! PEOPLE :O B5EFIT FROM EV]Y 
R$UCTION 9 ! NATION'S SOCIAL WELF>E BUDGET4 

,! LIB]T>IANS ( ! ,RI<T HAVE1 NEV]!LESS1 A FUNCTION 9 
! SPECTRUM ( AN>*I/ DISCUSSION4 ,EV]Y AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/ 
F9DS ?AT ! AUDI5CE OR READ]%IP IS P]PLEX$ BY ! V]Y 
IDEA ?AT IT MI<T BE POSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE HUMAN LIFE )\T 
GOV]NM5T4 ,?AT IS :Y ,KROPOTK91 AS A LIB]T>IAN ( ! ,LEFT1 AS 
WE SAW 9 ,*APT] #c1 9SI/$ ?AT AN>*I/ PROPAG&I/S %\LD 
ID5TIFY NEW =MS ( ORGANIZATION = ?OSE FUNCTIONS ?AT ! /ATE 
N[ FULFILLS ?R\< BUREAUCRACY4 

,MURRAY ,RO?B>D WAS ONE ( ! F\ND]S ( A ,LIB]T>IAN ,P>TY 9 
! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 SEEK+1 AS ,PET] ,M>%ALL EXPLA9S1 TO ABOLI% 
'! 5TIRE ,F$]AL REGULATORY APP>ATUS AS WELL AS SOCIAL SECURITY1 
WELF>E1 PUBLIC $UCATION & TAXATION'1 & URG+ ! ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES 'TO )DRAW FROM ! ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS & ITS =EIGN 
COMMITM5TS1 & TO R$UCE ITS MILIT>Y =CES TO ?OSE REQUIR$ 
= M9IMAL DEF5SE4' 

,BEYOND AN ASPIRATION TO REPEAL ALL 'VICTIMLESS CRIME' LAWS1 WE DID NOT 
LE>N AB\T ANY COMMITM5T TO A *ANGE 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES P5AL 
SY/EM1 :I* N[ IMPRISONS A L>G] PROPORTION ( ! POPULATION 
?AN ANY O!R NATION ?AT KEEPS RELIABLE RECORDS4 ,BUT 9 ANY CASE1 
! O!R PHILOSOPH]S ( ! NEW LIB]T>IAN ,RI<T SEEM TO HAVE A 
LESS SWEEP+ AG5DA4 ,ROB]T ,PAUL ,WOLFF1 = EXAMPLE1 9 ! #aiih 
REPR9T ( HIS BOOK ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,AN>*ISM1 SUGGE/S ?AT 'A SY/EM 
( 9-!-HOME VOT+ MA*9ES BE SET UP'1 EA* ( !M 'ATTA*$ TO 
! TELEVISION SET'1 TO DECIDE SOCIAL & POLITICAL ISSUES4 ,HE ASS]TS 
?AT 'SOCIAL JU/ICE W\LD FL\RI% AS IT HAS NEV] FL\RI%$ BE=E'4 

,MO/ AN>*I/S W\LD SEE ?IS AS A RA!R PA!TIC EVASION ( ! 
ISSUES RAIS$ BY ! AN>*I/ CRITICISM ( ,AM]ICAN SOCIETY1 & 
W\LD PREF] TO COMMEMORATE A F> RI*] H]ITAGE ( DISS5T 9 
! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 EXEMPLIFI$ BY A LONG S]IES ( WELL-REMEMB]$ 
PROPAG&I/S1 FROM ,?OREAU 9 ONE G5]ATION & ,EMMA 
,GOLDMAN 9 ANO!R1 D[N TO ,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 :O BEQUEA!D AN 
9TRIGU+ LEGACY TO HIS AN>*I/ SUCCESSORS4 ,9 HIS LA/ >TICLE 9 
! ,AM]ICAN PRESS1 HE SUGGE/$ ?AT 

,= ME1 ! *IEF PR9CIPLE ( AN>*ISM IS NOT FRE$OM BUT 
AUTONOMY1 ! ABILITY TO 9ITIATE A TASK & DO IT ONE'S [N WAY4 ,! 
WEAKNESS ( 'MY' AN>*ISM IS ?AT ! LU/ = FRE$OM IS A P[]FUL 
MOTIVE = POLITICAL *ANGE1 :]EAS AUTONOMY IS NOT4 ,AUTONOM\S 
PEOPLE PROTECT !MSELVES /UBBORNLY BUT BY LESS /R5U\S MEANS1 
9CLUD+ PL5TY ( PASSIVE RESI/ANCE4 ,!Y DO IT !IR [N WAY 
ANYWAY4 ,! PA?OS ( OPPRESS$ PEOPLE1 H[EV]1 IS ?AT1 IF !Y 
BREAK FREE1 !Y DON'T KN[ :AT TO DO4 ,NOT HAV+ BE5 
AUTONOM\S1 !Y DON'T KN[ :AT IT'S LIKE1 & BE=E !Y LE>N1 
!Y HAVE NEW MANAG]S :O >E NOT 9 A HURRY TO ABDICATE 4 4 4 

,! #a#i?-C5TURY ,AM]ICAN 9DIVIDUALI/S W]E BUSY CREAT+ 
COMMUNES1 COOP]ATIVES1 ALT]NATIVE S*OOLS1 LOCAL CURR5CIES1 
& S*EMES = MUTUAL BANK+4 ,!Y W]E BUSY SOCIAL 9V5TORS 
EXPLOR+ ! POT5TIAL ( AUTONOMY1 9CLUD+ WOM5'S LIB]ATION 
& BLACK EQUALITY4 ,!IR EXP]I5CE1 9 ! SOCIAL CLIMATE ( 
,AM]ICA1 ILLU/RATES ,M>T9 ,BUB]'S 9SI/5CE1 CIT$ 9 ,*APT] #c1 
ON ! 9V]SE RELATION%IP BETWE5 ! SOCIAL PR9CIPLE & ! 
POLITICAL PR9CIPLE4 ,! PRACTICE ( AUTONOMY G5]ATES ! 
EXP]I5CE ?AT 5L>GES ! POSSIBILITY ( SUCCESS4 ,OR AS ! 
,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,DAVID ,WIECK EXPRESSS$ IT3 ',! HABIT ( DIRECT 
ACTION IS1 P]HAPS1 ID5TICAL ) ! HABIT ( BE+ FREE1 PREP>$ TO 
LIVE RESPONSIBLY 9 A FREE SOCIETY4' 

,! ,AM]ICAN 'LIB]T>IANS' ( ! #b? C5TURY >E ACADEMICS 
RA!R ?AN SOCIAL ACTIVI/S1 & !IR 9V5TIV5ESS SEEMS TO BE 
LIMIT$ TO PROVID+ AN IDEOLOGY = UNTRAMMEL$ M>KET 
CAPITALISM4 

O ,*APT] #h 3 ,QUIET ,REVOLUTIONS 

,! GULF BETWE5 AN>*I/ ASPIRATIONS & ! ACTUAL HI/ORY ( 
! #b? C5TURY C\LD BE SE5 AS AN 9DICATION ( ! FOLLY ( 
IMPOSSIBLE HOPES1 BUT = ! CONCURR5T FAILURE ( O!R POLITICAL 
IDEOLOGIES ( ! ,LEFT4 ,:I* ( US WAS NOT PR(\NDLY RELIEV$ BY 
! COLLAPSE ( ,SOVIET COMMUNISM1 EV5 ?\< WE HAVE HAD LITTLE 
REASON TO REJOICE 9 SUBSEQU5T REGIMES8 ,AS ! P5AL SETTLEM5TS 
SL[LY EMPTI$ ( !IR SURVIVORS1 ! TRUE BELIEV]S W]E OBLIG$ TO 
QUE/ION !IR ASSUMPTIONS4 

,MANY YE>S AGO1 ! ,AM]ICAN J\RNALI/ ,DWI<T ,MACDONALD WROTE 
AN >TICLE ON ',POLITICS ,PA/' :I* 9CLUD$ A LONG FOOTNOTE ?AT HE 
LAT] TOLD ME WAS ! MO/-QUOT$ P>AGRAPH HE HAD EV] WRITT54 
,HIS FOOTNOTE SAID3 

,! REVOLUTION>Y ALT]NATIVE TO ! /ATUS QUO TODAY IS NOT 
COLLECTIVIZ$ PROP]TY ADM9I/]$ BY A 'WORK]S' /ATE' :ATEV] 
?AT MEANS1 BUT SOME K9D ( AN>*I/ DEC5TRALIZATION ?AT WILL 
BREAK UP MASS SOCIETY 9TO SMALL COMMUNITIES :]E 9DIVIDUALS CAN 
LIVE TOGE!R AS V>IEGAT$ HUMAN BE+S 9/EAD ( AS IMP]SONAL 
UNITS 9 ! MASS SUM4 ,! %ALL[NESS ( ! ,NEW ,DEAL & ! 
,BRITI% ,LABOR ,P>TY'S PO/W> REGIME IS %[N BY !IR FAILURE TO 
IMPROVE ANY ( ! IMPORTANT ?+S 9 PEOPLE'S LIVES - ! ACTUAL 
RELATION%IPS ON ! JOB1 ! WAY !Y SP5D !IR LEISURE1 & *ILD- 
RE>+ & SEX & >T4 ,IT IS MASS LIV+ ?AT VITIATES ALL !SE TODAY1 
& ! ,/ATE ?AT HOLDS TOGE!R ! /ATUS QUO4 ,M>XISM GLORIFIES 
'! MASSES' & 5DORSES ! ,/ATE4 ,AN>*ISM LEADS BACK TO ! 
9DIVIDUAL & ! COMMUNITY1 :I* IS 'IMPRACTICAL' BUT NECESS>Y - 
?AT IS TO SAY1 IT IS REVOLUTION>Y4 

,9 A P>TIAL1 9COMPLETE1 BUT VISIBLE WAY1 SEV]AL ( ! REVOLUTIONS 
HE S\<T HAVE ALREADY TRANS=M$ ! SURFACE ( LIFE4 ,TO TAKE AN 
EXAMPLE ?AT IS BY DEF9ITION SUP]FICIAL1 ONE ?AT IS OBVI\S & 
VISIBLE BUT SELDOM DISCUSS$1 CONSID] ! REVOLUTION 9 DRESS 9 
! SECOND HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,FIFTY YE>S AGO 9 ,BRITA91 ! 
SOCIAL CLASS ( M51 WOM51 & *ILDR5 C\LD BE RECOGNIZ$ FROM 
!IR CLO?+4 ,TODAY ?IS IS NO LONG] TRUE1 EXCEPT = ! T9Y 
M9ORITY :O CAN READ ! SIGNS ( EXP5SIVE & EXCLUSIVE DRESS4 
,?IS IS USUALLY ATTRIBUT$ TO ! GR[? ( MASS PRODUCTION & 
! FACT ?AT ! G>M5T TRADE IS ! FIR/ R\TE TO ! GLOBAL 
ECONOMY = A L[-PAID WORK=CE 9 ! 'DEVELOP+' WORLD4 ,BUT IT 
HAS MORE TO DO ) ! RELAXATION ( DRESS CODES1 PIONE]$ ALL 
?R\< ! #b? C5TURY BY ! RADICAL NONCON=MI/S' REJECTION 
( FA%ION4 

,! IGNOR+ ( DRESS CODES BAS$ ON OCCUPATION OR SOCIAL CLASS WAS 
A SMALL & P]SONAL REBUFF TO CONV5TION4 ,BUT ( C\RSE A F> MORE 
SIGNIFICANT REVOLUTION1 GA9+ GR\ND ALL ?R\< ! C5TURY1 HAS 
BE5 ! WOM5'S MOVEM5T1 REJECT+ ! UNIV]SAL CONV5TION 
( MALE DOM9ANCE4 ,AMONG ITS AN>*I/ PIONE]S WAS ,EMMA 
,GOLDMAN1 ) H] TR5*ANT PAMPHLET ON ,! ,TRAG$Y ( ,WOM5'S 
,EMANCIPATION1 >GU+ ?AT ! VOTE1 :I* HAD FAIL$ TO LIB]ATE 
M51 WAS NOT LIKELY TO FREE WOM54 ,EMANCIPATION1 %E >GU$1 MU/ 
COME FROM ! WOMAN H]SELF1 

,FIR/1 BY ASS]T+ H]SELF AS A P]SONALITY1 & NOT A SEX COMMODITY4 
,SECOND1 BY REFUS+ ! RI<T TO ANYONE OV] H] BODY2 BY REFUS+ TO 
BE> *ILDR51 UNLESS %E WANTS !M2 BY REFUS+ TO BE A S]VANT TO 
,GOD1 ! ,/ATE1 SOCIETY1 ! HUSB&1 ! FAMILY ETC41 BY MAK+ H] 
LIFE SIMPL]1 BUT DEEP] & RI*]4 ,?AT IS1 BY TRY+ TO LE>N ! 
MEAN+ & SUB/ANCE ( LIFE 9 ALL ITS COMPLEXITIES1 BY FREE+ 
H]SELF FROM ! FE> ( PUBLIC OP9ION & PUBLIC CONDEMNATION4 
,ONLY ?AT1 & NOT ! BALLOT1 WILL SET WOM5 FREE 4 4 4 

,IT WAS AMONG ! AN>*I/S ?AT ! HABIT BEGAN ( :AT W]E 
CALL$ 'FREE UNIONS' AS OPPOS$ TO M>RIAGES LIC5S$ BY *UR* 
OR /ATE4 ,TODAY !SE >E ALMO/ AS COMMON AS REGUL> M>RIAGES1 
) ! RESULT ?AT ! /IGMA ONCE ASSOCIAT$ ) ILLEGITIMACY 
HAS1 DUR+ ! C5TURY1 DISAPPE>$4 ,?IS *ANGE WAS1 ( 
C\RSE1 ACCEL]AT$ BY ! PH>MACOLOGICAL REVOLUTION ( ! 
CONTRACEPTIVE PILL4 

,ALEX ,COM=T 7#a#i#b-#b7 WAS A PHYSICIAN1 NOVELI/1 POET1 & 
AN>*I/4 ,HIS LECTURES TO MEET+S ( ! ,LONDON ,AN>*I/ ,GR\P 
9 ! LATE #a#i#dS GAVE RISE TO HIS BOOK ,B>B>ISM & ,SEXUAL 
,FRE$OM1 PUBLI%$ BY ,FRE$OM ,PRESS 9 #aidh AT A TIME :5 NO 
'RESPECTABLE' PUBLI%] W\LD ISSUE SU* A BOOK4 ,?IS 9 TURN L$ TO 
HIS ,SEXUAL ,BEHAVIOR 9 ,SOCIETY & TO HIS PH5OM5ALLY SUCCESSFUL 
MANUALS ON SEX4 ,9 HIS BOOK ,MORE ,JOY3 ,A ,LOVEMAK+ ,COMPANION TO 
,! ,JOY ( ,SEX 7#a#i#g#c71 HE 9CLUD$ AN AN>*I/ ACC\NT ( ! 
CONNECTION BETWE5 SEXUALITY & POLITICS4 ,HE ASS]T$ ?AT 

ACQUIR+ ! AW>5ESS & ! ATTITUDES :I* CAN COME FROM 
GOOD SEXUAL EXP]I5CE DOES NOT MAKE = SELFI% )DRAWAL3 IT 
IS MORE 9CL9$ TO RADICALIZE PEOPLE4 ,! ANTI-SEXUALISM ( 
AU?ORIT>IAN SOCIETIES & ! PEOPLE :O RUN !M DOES NOT SPR+ 
FROM CONVICTION 7!Y !MSELVES HAVE SEX71 BUT FROM ! VAGUE 
P]CEPTION ?AT FRE$OM H]E MI<T LEAD TO A LIK+ = FRE$OM 
ELSE:]E4 ,PEOPLE :O HAVE ]OTICIZ$ !IR EXP]I5CE ( 
!MSELVES & ! WORLD >E1 ON ! ONE H&1 9CONV5I5TLY 
UNW>LIKE1 & ON ! O!R1 VIOL5TLY COMBATIVE 9 RESI/+ 
POLITICAL SALESM5 & RACI/S :O ?REAT5 ! P]SONAL FRE$OM 
!Y HAVE ATTA9$ & WANT TO SEE O!RS %>E4 

,COM=T HOP$ ?AT HIS BOOKS W\LD PROVIDE BO? REASSURANCE 
& LIB]ATION1 & ?AT !Y W\LD BE A CONTRIBUTION TO ANO!R 
#b?-C5TURY REVOLUTION3 ?AT ( ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 P>5TS 
& *ILDR54 ,IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E 9 TODAY'S ,WE/]N ,EUROPE ! 
PUNITIVE BEHAVIOR ( P>5TS T[>DS *ILDR5 ?AT WAS TAK5 = 
GRANT$ A C5TURY AGO4 

,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! RELATION%IPS BETWE5 TEA*]S & *ILDR54 
,! RECOLLECTIONS ( PEOPLE :O W]E S*OOL*ILDR5 9 ! FIR/ 
DECADE ( ! #b? C5TURY >E FULL ( ACC\NTS ( ! PHYSICAL 
PUNI%M5T !Y RECEIV$ OR ?AT !Y CONT9UALLY FE>$4 ,9 ! 
C5TURY'S LA/ DECADE A LAW 9 ,BRITA9 BANN$ CORPORAL PUNI%M5T 
9 S*OOLS4 ,?IS WAS NOT A SUDD5 LEGAL DECISION4 ,IT REFLECT$ ! 
9FLU5CE ( A H&FUL ( 'PROGRESSIVE' S*OOLS ON G5]AL 
$UCATIONAL ?9K+4 

,MANY OBS]V]S CLAIM ?AT ! S*OOL SY/EM HAS FAIL$ TO PREP>E 
= ! DILEMMAS ?AT CAME 9 ! WAKE ( ! AB&ONM5T ( 
PHYSICAL PUNI%M5T4 ,! TEA*] IS DEPRIV$ ( ! WEAPON ?AT 
WAS SE5 AS ! ULTIMATE SANCTION ( ! S*OOL4 ,?IS HAS RESULT$ 9 
9CREAS$ NUMB]S ( *ILDR5 BE+ EXCLUD$ FROM S*OOL BECAUSE 
TEA*]S HAVE DECL9$ TO HAVE !M 9 ! CLASS4 ,ANYONE :O HAS 
OBS]V$ H[ ONE DISRUPTIVE MEMB] ( ! CLASS CAN MAKE LE>N+ 
IMPOSSIBLE = ! :OLE GR\P HAS NO CRITICISM TO MAKE ( ?OSE 
TEA*]S 7ESPECIALLY S9CE !IR EMPLOY]S PUT PRESSURE ON !M NOT 
TO UPSET /ATI/ICS74 

,9 ! #a#i#fS & #a#i#gS AN 9TRIGU+ SITUATION >OSE 9 SEV]AL 
,BRITI% CITIES3 ,LONDON1 ,LIV]POOL1 ,LE$S1 & ,GLASG[4 ,GR\PS ( 
5?USIA/S F\ND EMPTY BUILD+S & SET UP 'FREE S*OOLS' TO 
PROVIDE AN 9=MAL $UCATION = *ILDR5 :O W]E EI!R 
EXCLUD$ FROM S*OOL OR HAD EXCLUD$ !MSELVES ?R\< TRUANCY4 
7,ONE ( !M1 ,:ITE ,LION ,FREE ,S*OOL 9 ,LONDON1 LA/$ FROM #aigb 
TO #a#i#i47 ,! REGIME ( !SE S*OOLS WAS CONSCI\SLY MODEL$ ON 
! EXP]I5CE ( ! PROGRESSIVE S*OOL MOVEM5T4 ,I ASK$ A 
VET]AN ( ?OSE EXP]IM5TS :Y ! IDEA HAD NOT BE5 REVIV$ 
AMONG ! NEW G5]ATION ( EXCLUD$ *ILDR5 AT ! />T ( ! 
NEW C5TURY4 ,%E GAVE ME TWO REASONS3 FIR/1 ! LEGAL REQUIREM5T 
9 ,BRITA9 = ALL S*OOLS TO TEA* ! ,NATIONAL ,CURRICULUM 
9TRODUC$ DUR+ ! ,?AT*] REGIME & RETA9$ BY ITS 
SUCCESSORS2 & SECOND1 ! DIFFICULTY ( F9D+ PREMISES ?AT W\LD 
MEET ! SAFETY & SANIT>Y REGULATIONS PRESCRIB$ = S*OOLS4 
,H[EV]1 IT IS H>D TO IMAG9E RETURN+ TO ! REGIME ( FE> ?AT 
GOV]N$ S*OOLS A C5TURY AGO4 ,! QUIET REVOLUTION 9 $UCATION 
CAN ONLY MOVE =W>D4 

,TWO O!R *ANGES 9 ,BRITA9 FROM ! #a#i#fS ALSO SEEM IRREV]SIBLE4 
,ONE IS ! REMOVAL ( ! FE> ( CRIM9AL PROSECUTION = 
HOMOSEXUALITY4 ,?IS HAD BE5 RECOMM5D$ 9 A GOV]NM5T 
REPORT COMMISSION$ FROM ,JOHN ,WOLF5D5 & PUBLI%$ 9 #a#i#e#g1 
BUT YE>S ( >GUM5T & AGITATION W]E NE$$ TO 5G9E] A 
*ANGE 9 ! LAW4 ,! O!R WAS ! 5D+ ( CAPITAL PUNI%M5T 
9 #a#i#f#e4 ,ON ! EVE ( ! DEBATE ?AT BR\<T ?IS *ANGE1 ! 
AN>*I/ PUBLI%]S ,FRE$OM ,PRESS PRES5T$ EV]Y ,MEMB] ( 
,P>LIAM5T ) A COPY ( !IR $ITION ( ,*>LES ,DUFF'S DEVA/AT+ 
BOOK1 ,A ,H&BOOK ON ,HANG+1 :I* TOOK ! =M ( AN 
5?USIA/IC MANUAL = EXECUTION]S4 ,ONLY V]Y HUMORLESS 
OBS]V]S W\LD COMPLA9 ?AT SUPPORT = CAMPAIGNS TO 
5D B>B>IC LAWS WAS A CONTRADICTION ( ! AN>*I/ 
ANTI-P>LIAM5T>Y /ANCE4 

,TAK5 TOGE!R1 ! SOCIAL *ANGES 9 ,BRITA9 ?AT ,I HAVE LI/$ >E 
AN 9DICATION ?AT :ILE ! AN>*I/S HAVE MADE LITTLE PROGRESS 
T[>DS ! L>GE-SCALE *ANGES 9 SOCIETY ?AT !Y HOP$ TO BR+ 
AB\T1 !Y HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO A LONG S]IES ( SMALL LIB]ATIONS 
?AT HAVE LIFT$ A HUGE LOAD ( HUMAN MIS]Y4 

,SEV]AL AN>*I/ GR\PS S\<T TO L9K TOGE!R !SE /RUGGLES = 
HUMAN LIB]ATION 9TO A CONSCI\S CAMPAIGN ) A WID] RELEVANCE4 
,9 ! ,NE!RL&S1 ! ,PROVOS 9TRODUC$ GAMES & PLAYFUL 
ALT]NATIVES TO RIDICULE ! (FICIAL CITY MANAGEM5T4 ,!IR MO/ 
FAM\S PLOY WAS TO LITT] ,AM/]DAM ) :ITE BICYCLES = PUBLIC 
USE1 TO DEMON/RATE ?AT C>S W]E UNNECESS>Y4 ,!Y W]E FOLL[$ 
BY ! ,KAB\T]S1 OR GNOMES1 =]UNN]S ( ! ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 
,ONE ( !M1 ,ROEL VAN ,DUYN1 MADE ! SAME L9KS BETWE5 
AN>*ISM & CYB]NETICS1 ! SCI5CE ( CONTROL & 
COMMUNICATION SY/EMS1 ?AT HAD BE5 SUGGE/$ BY ! F\ND] ( 
CYB]NETICS1 ! NEUROLOGI/ ,GRAY ,WALT]4 ,HE HAD PO9T$ \T ?AT 

,WE F9D NO BOSS 9 ! BRA91 NO OLIG>*IC GANGLION OR GL&UL> 
,BIG ,BRO!R4 ,)9 \R HEADS \R V]Y LIVES DEP5D ON EQUALITY ( 
OPPORTUNITY1 ON SPECIALIZATION ) V]SATILITY1 ON FREE COMMUNICATION 
& JU/ RE/RA9T1 A FRE$OM )\T 9T]F]5CE4 ,H]E TOO1 LOCAL 
M9ORITIES CAN & DO CONTROL !IR [N MEANS ( PRODUCTION & 
EXPRESSION 9 FREE & EQUAL 9T]C\RSE ) !IR NEI<BORS4 

,AMONG ,FR5* ATTEMPTS TO %>P5 ! WIDESPREAD VAGUELY 
LIB]T>IAN TR5DS W]E ! ,SITUATIONI/S1 NOTABLY ,RA\L ,VANEIGEM 
) HIS MANIFE/O ON ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE 7#a#i#f#g74 ,AS 
,PET] ,M>%ALL PUTS IT3 

,! WAY \T = ! ,SITUATIONI/S WAS NOT TO WAIT = A DI/ANT 
REVOLUTION BUT TO RE9V5T DAILY LIFE H]E & N[4 ,TO TRANS=M ! 
P]CEPTION ( ! WORLD & TO *ANGE ! /RUCTURE ( SOCIETY IS ! 
SAME ?+4 ,BY LIB]AT+ ONESELF1 ONE *ANG$ P[] RELATIONS & 
!RE=E TRANS=M$ SOCIETY 4 4 4 

,! ,SITUATIONI/S1 LIKE ! ,KAB\T]S1 HAVE PASS$ 9TO HI/ORY 
)\T MANAG+ TO TRANS=M SOCIETY1 BUT ,FRANCE & ! 
,NE!RL&S1 LIKE ,BRITA91 HAVE SE5 A S]IES ( MODE/ GA9S 9 
CIVILIZATION4 

,!N ! QUIET REVOLUTION BECAME NOISI] AS1 ?ANKS TO ! ,9T]NET1 
! AN>*I/S W]E L9K$ TO A V>IETY ( ANTI-CAPITALI/ PROTE/]S 9 
A S]IES ( L>GE-SCALE DEMON/RATIONS :5EV] GLOBAL BODIES MET 
TO ADVANCE !IR 9T]E/S4 ,GEORGE ,MONBIOT1 9 HIS BOOK ,CAPTIVE 
,/ATE1 DESCRIBES H[ 

,9 ,APRIL #a#i#i#h1 A RAGG$ B& ( PROTE/]S 9FLICT$ ! FIR/ ( A 
S]IES ( DEFEATS ON A COALITION ( ! MO/ P[]FUL 9T]E/S ON 
E>?4 ,! #bi RI*E/ NATIONS HAD JO9$ =CES ) ! WORLD'S 
BIGGE/ MULT9ATIONAL COMPANIES TO WRITE '! CON/ITUTION ( A 
S+LE GLOBAL ECONOMY'4 ,PROPOS$ & DRAFT$ BY BUS9ESSM51 
SECRETLY DISCUSS$ BY GOV]NM5TS1 ! ,MULTILAT]AL ,AGREEM5T ON 
,9VE/M5T W\LD1 HAD IT SUCCE$$1 HAVE GRANT$ CORPORATIONS ! 
RI<T TO SUE ANY C\NTRY :OSE LAWS RE/RICT$ !IR ABILITY TO MAKE 
MONEY4 ,! TREATY WAS1 ITS OPPON5TS CLAIM$1 A *>T] = ! 
CORPORATE TAKEOV] ( ! WORLD4 

,MONBIOT EXPLA9S H[ ! LEAK+ ( ?IS SECRET TREATY 9 #aiig 
L$ TO OBJECTORS PO/+ ! DETAILS ON ! ,WEB1 GU>ANTEE+ 
DEMON/RATIONS :]EV] ! GOV]NM5TAL NEGOTIATORS MI<T 
MEET4 ,PUBLIC PRESSURE & 9T]NAL DISPUTES OBLIG$ ! GLOBAL 
LEAD]S TO AB&ON !IR NEGOTIATIONS1 ONLY TO REVIVE !M 
UND] ! AUSPICES ( ! ,WORLD ,TRADE ,ORGANIZATION4 ,ITS NEGOTIATORS 
MET 9 ,SEATTLE 9 ,NOVEMB] #a#i#i#i1 BUT ! TALKS !RE COLLAPS$ AS 
T5S ( ?\S&S ( PEOPLE FROM >\ND ! WORLD PROTE/$ 
\TSIDE1 9 ! NAME ( ! POOR C\NTRIES & ! PLANET'S 
5VIRONM5T4 

,9 ! /R+ ( DEMON/RATIONS ?AT BEGAN AT ,SEATTLE1 ! TE*NIQUES 
ADOPT$ BY ! ,PROVOS & ,KAB\T]S W]E US$ TO RIDICULE ! 
=CES ( LAW & ORD]4 ,SEAN ,%EEHAN1 9 HIS ACC\NT ( 
CONTEMPOR>Y AN>*ISM1 DESCRIBES ! SC5E 9 ,PRAGUE1 A YE> AFT] 
,SEATTLE1 :]E 9 DEMON/RATIONS AGA9/ ! ,9T]NATIONAL 
,MONET>Y ,FUND1 

M9I >MIES ( PROTE/]S CAME DRESS$ AS FAIRIES & >M$ ) 
FEA!R DU/]S TO TICKLE ! RANKS ( HEAVILY CLO!D1 >M$ POLICE4 
,AT SU* PROTE/S1 L9ES ( TRANSPORT T5D TO BE BLOCK$ NOT SO 
MU* BY BURN+ B>RICADES & /REET BATTLES BUT BY GIANT 
CONTRAPTIONS LIKE ! ,LIB]ATION ,PUPPET1 CAPABLE ( SN>L+ UP A 
MAJOR HI<WAY4 

,BUT AFT] FIVE DAYS ( PROTE/ HAD BR\<T A ,WORLD ,TRADE 
,ORGANIZATION CONF]5CE CLOSE TO COLLAPSE1 ! HEAVILY >M$ 
POLICE RESPOND$4 ,AS ,%EEHAN REPORTS1 

,?AT ! SIZE & ORGANIZATION ( ! PROTE/S SPOOK$ ! POLICE 
9TO FR5ZI$ & BLATANTLY ILLEGAL BEHAVIOR WAS CONFIRM$ BY ! 
FACT ?AT ( ! #fca >RE/S1 ONLY #ad EV] W5T TO TRIAL4 

,HAV+ />T$ G5TLY & HUMOR\SLY1 ! BIG 9T]NATIONAL 
DEMON/RATIONS ( OPPOSITION TO GLOBAL CAPITALISM >E NO LONG] 
QUIET REVOLUTIONS4 ,!RE SEEMS TO HAVE BE5 A PACT BETWE5 ! 
WORLD'S POLICE =CES TO ESCALATE ! VIOL5CE ( !IR RESPONSE TO 
DEMON/RATORS4 ,SEAN ,%EEHAN GOES ON TO RECORD ?AT 

',NORMAL' POLICE VIOL5CE AT ,SEATTLE ESCALAT$ AT ! ANTI-CAPITALISM 
PROTE/ 9 ,GO!NBURG 9 ,JUNE #ba TO ! ISSU+ ( LIVE 
AMMUNITION TO ! POLICE ) ?REE PEOPLE %OT4 ,:5 ANO!R 
ANTI-CAPITALI/ PROTE/ WAS M\NT$ 9 ,G5OA 9 ,JULY1 ! EV5T 
TURN$ 9TO A VIOL5T RIOT1 ) >MOR$ VANS DRIV+ AT SPE$ 9TO 
CR[DS ( PROTE/]S & A LATE-NI<T1 COLD-BLOOD$ & V]Y VIOL5T 
ASSAULT BY ! POLICE ON A BUILD+ :]E M$IA ACTIVI/S & !IR 
MAT]IAL W]E LODG$4 

,ONE Y\NG AN>*I/ WAS KILL$ AT ,G5OA1 & HIS DEA? PROMPT$ A 
R5EW$ DISCUSSION ( /RATEGIES ( PROTE/4 ,MAYBE !RE >E SUBTL] 
WAYS ( UND]M9+ GLOBAL CAPITALISM8 ,! QUIET REVOLUTION>IES 
:O TRANS=M$ ! CULTURE ( ,WE/]N C\NTRIES 9 ! 
#b? C5TURY HAVE NOT YET DISCOV]$ !M4 

O ,*APT] #i 3 ,! ,F$]ALI/ ,AG5DA 

,A FREQU5T CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM IS ?AT IT IS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT FITS A 
WORLD ( ISOLAT$ VILLAGES1 SMALL 5\< TO BE SELF-GOV]N+ 5TITIES1 
BUT NOT ! GLOBAL1 MULTI-NATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT WE ALL 9HABIT 9 REAL 
LIFE4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! MAJOR AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! PA/3 ,PR\DHON1 
,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK91 HAD A F$]ALI/ AG5DA ?AT WAS A 
=ETA/E ( MOD]N DEBATES ON ,EUROPEAN UNITY4 

,?AT M9ORITY ( *ILDR5 9 ANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY :O W]E GIV5 
! OPPORTUNITY ( /UDY+ ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE AS WELL AS ?AT ( 
!IR [N NATIONS LE>N$ ?AT !RE W]E TWO GREAT EV5TS 9 ! 
#a#i? C5TURY3 ! UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY1 A*IEV$ BY ,BISM>CK & 
! ,EMP]OR ,WILHELM ,I2 & ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY1 WON BY ,CAV\R1 
,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI1 & ,VITTORIO ,EMANUALE ,I,I4 ,!SE TRIUMPHS HAD 
BE5 WELCOM$ BY ! :OLE WORLD 7:I* 9 ?OSE DAYS MEANT ! 
,EUROPEAN WORLD7 BECAUSE ,G]MANY & ,ITALY HAD LEFT BEH9D ALL 
?OSE SILLY LITTLE PR9CIPALITIES1 REPUBLICS1 PAPAL PROV9CES1 & CITY 
/ATES1 TO BECOME NATION /ATES1 EMPIRES1 &1 ( C\RSE1 CONQU]ORS4 

,!Y HAD BECOME LIKE ,FRANCE1 :OSE LITTLE LOCAL DESPOTS W]E F9ALLY 
UNIFI$ BY =CE1 FIR/ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V ) HIS MAJE/IC SLOGAN ',L',ETAT 
C'E/ MOI'1 & !N BY ,NAPOLEON1 HEIR TO ! ,GR&E ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ 
LIKE ,/AL9 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 :O BUILT UP ! ADM9I/RATIVE 
MA*9]Y ( T]ROR TO 5SURE ?AT ! SLOGAN WAS TRUE4 ,OR !Y HAD 
BECOME LIKE ,5GL&1 :OSE K+S 7& ITS ONE REPUBLICAN RUL]1 
,OLIV] ,CROMWELL7 HAD CONQU]$ ! ,WEL%1 ,SCOTS1 & ,IRI%1 & 
S\<T TO DOM9ATE ! RE/ ( ! WORLD \TSIDE ,EUROPE4 ,! 
SAME ?+ WAS HAPP5+ AT ! O!R 5D ( ,EUROPE4 ,IVAN ,I,V1 
APPROPRIATELY NAM$ ',! ,T]RIBLE'1 CONQU]$ C5TRAL ,ASIA AS F> AS 
! ,PACIFIC1 & ,PET] ,I1 KN[N AS ',! ,GREAT'1 US+ ! TE*NIQUES 
HE HAD LE>N$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 TOOK OV] ! ,BALTIC1 MO/ ( 
,POL&1 & ! WE/ ( ,UKRA9E4 

,ADVANC$ OP9ION ?R\<\T ,EUROPE WELCOM$ ,G]MANY & 
,ITALY TO ! G5TLEMAN'S CLUB ( NATIONAL & IMP]IAL P[]S4 ,! 
EV5TUAL RESULTS 9 ! #b? C5TURY W]E APPALL+ ADV5TURES 9 
CONQUE/1 ) ! DEVA/AT+ LOSS ( LIFE AMONG Y\NG M5 FROM 
! VILLAGES ( ,EUROPE 9 ! TWO WORLD W>S1 & ! RISE ( POPULI/ 
DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I1 AS WELL AS !IR 5DLESS 
IMITATORS TO ?IS DAY1 :O CLAIM ,L',ETAT C'E/ MOI4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 
AL?\< WE HAVE HAD ALL TOO FEW POLITICIANS >GU+ = ! 
BREAKD[N ( NATIONS1 WE HAVE A HO/ ( !M ( EV]Y P]SUASION 
:O HAVE S\<T ,EUROPEAN UNITY3 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 
OR1 ( C\RSE1 POLITICAL4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 9 EF=TS = UNIFICATION PROMOT$ BY POLITICIANS 
WE HAVE A MULTITUDE ( ADM9I/RATORS 9 ,BRUSSELS ISSU+ 
$ICTS AB\T :I* V>IETIES ( VEGETABLE SE$S1 OR :AT 
CON/ITU5TS ( BEEFBURG]S OR ICE CREAM1 MAY BE SOLD 9 ! 
%OPS ( MEMB] NATIONS4 ,! NEWSPAP]S JOYFULLY REPORT ALL 
?IS TRIVIA4 ,! PRESS GIVES F> LESS ATT5TION TO ANO!R UND]CURR5T 
( PAN-,EUROPEAN OP9ION1 EVOLV+ FROM ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 
,/RASB\RG FROM PEOPLE ( EV]Y POLITICAL HUE1 CLAIM+ ! 
EXI/5CE ( A ',EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS'1 & D>+ TO >GUE ?AT 
! NATION /ATE WAS A PH5OM5ON ( ! #a#f? TO #a#i? C5TURIES1 
:I* WILL NOT HAVE ANY USEFUL FUTURE 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY4 ,! 
=?COM+ PATT]N ( ADM9I/RATION 9 ! F$]AT$ ,EUROPE 
?AT !Y >E /RUGGL+ TO DISCOV] IS A L9K BETWE51 LET US SAY1 
,CALABRIA1 ,WALES1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,AQUITA9E1 ,GALICIA1 OR ,SAXONY1 AS 
REGIONS1 RA!R ?AN AS NATIONS1 SEEK+ !IR REGIONAL ID5TITY1 
ECONOMICALLY & CULTURALLY1 :I* HAS BE5 LO/ 9 !IR 
9CORPORATION 9 NATION /ATES1 :]E ! C5T] ( GRAVITY IS 
ELSE:]E4 

,9 ! GREAT TIDE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE WAS A 
H&FUL ( PROPHETIC & DISS5T+ VOICES1 URG+ ! ALT]NATIVE ( 
F$]ALISM4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+1 AT LEA/1 ?AT ?OSE :OSE NAMES SURVIVE 
W]E ! ?REE BE/-KN[N AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ?AT C5TURY4 ,! 
POLITICAL ,LEFT AS IT EVOLV$ 9 ! #b? C5TURY HAS DISMISS$ !IR 
LEGACY AS IRRELEVANT4 ,SO MU* ! WORSE = ! ,LEFT1 S9CE ! DEBATE 
IS N[ MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! POLITICAL ,RI<T1 :I* HAS ITS [N 
AG5DA 9 OPPOS+ BO? F$]ALISM & REGIONALISM4 

,FIR/ AMONG !SE AN>*I/ PRECURSORS WAS ,PR\DHON1 :O DEVOT$ 
TWO ( HIS BOOKS TO ! IDEA ( F$]ATION 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( ! 
NATION /ATE4 ,!Y W]E ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L',UNITE 5 ,ITALIE ( #a#h#f#b1 
& 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> HIS ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF4 ,PR\DHON WAS 
,FR5*1 A CITIZ5 ( A UNIFI$1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION /ATE1 ) ! 
RESULT ?AT HE WAS OBLIG$ TO BECOME A REFUGEE 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,& HE 
FE>$ ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY ON SEV]AL DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,9 HIS BOOK 
,DE LA ,JU/ICE ( #a#h#e#h1 HE HAD =ECA/ ?AT ! CREATION ( ! 
,G]MAN ,EMPIRE W\LD BR+ ONLY TR\BLE BO? TO ! ,G]MANS 
& TO ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 & HE PURSU$ ?IS >GUM5T 9TO ! 
POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ,ITALY4 

,ON ! BOTTOM LEVEL WAS HI/ORY1 :]E NATURAL FACTORS LIKE GEOLOGY 
& CLIMATE HAD %AP$ LOCAL CU/OMS & ATTITUDES4 ',ITALY'1 HE CLAIM$1 

IS F$]AL BY ! CON/ITUTION ( H] T]RITORY2 BY ! DIV]SITY ( H] 
9HABITANTS2 9 ! NATURE ( H] G5IUS2 9 H] MORES2 9 H] HI/ORY4 
,%E IS F$]AL 9 ALL H] BE+ & HAS BE5 S9CE ALL ET]NITY 4 4 4 ,& 
BY F$]ATION Y\ WILL MAKE H] AS MANY TIMES FREE AS Y\ GIVE H] 
9DEP5D5T /ATES4 

,IT WAS !RE=E UNNATURAL = ,ITALY TO BECOME A NATION /ATE4 

,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ,CAV\R & ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I HAD AGRE$ TO MAKE A 
F$]AL ,ITALY1 BUT HE KNEW !Y W\LD RELY ON A VA+LORI\S 
PR9CEL+ FROM ! ,H\SE ( ,SAVOY :O W\LD SETTLE = NO?+ 
LESS ?AN A C5TRALIZ$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,& BEYOND ?IS1 
HE PR(\NDLY MI/RU/$ ! LIB]AL ANTI-CL]ICALISM ( ,MAZZ9I1 
NOT ?R\< ANY LOVE ( ! ,PAPACY BUT BECAUSE HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 
,MAZZ9I'S SLOGAN ',DIO E POPOLO' C\LD BE EXPLOIT$ BY ANY DEMAGOGUE 
:O C\LD SEIZE ! MA*9]Y ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,HE SAW ?AT 
! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS AN ABSOLUTE 
?REAT TO P]SONAL & LOCAL LIB]TY4 ,PR\DHON WAS ALMO/ ALONE 
AMONG #a#i?-C5TURY POLITICAL !ORI/S TO P]CEIVE ?IS3 

,LIB]AL TODAY UND] A LIB]AL GOV]NM5T1 IT WILL TOMORR[ BECOME 
! =MIDABLE 5G9E ( A USURP+ DESPOT4 ,IT IS A P]PETUAL 
TEMPTATION TO ! EXECUTIVE P[]1 A P]PETUAL ?REAT TO ! PEOPLE'S 
LIB]TIES4 ,NO RI<TS1 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE1 CAN BE SURE ( A FUTURE4 
,C5TRALIZATION MI<T1 !N1 BE CALL$ ! DIS>M+ ( A NATION = 
! PR(IT ( ITS GOV]NM5T 4 4 4 

,EV]Y?+ WE N[ KN[ AB\T ! #b?-C5TURY HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE1 
,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 OR ,AFRICA SUPPORTS ?IS P]CEPTION4 ,NOR DOES 
! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN /YLE ( F$]ALISM1 SO LOV+LY CONCEIV$ BY 
,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON & HIS FRI5DS1 GU>ANTEE ! REMOVAL ( ?IS 
?REAT4 ,ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S ,5GLI% BIOGRAPH]S1 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 
COMM5TS ?AT 

IT HAS BECOME APP>5T S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ?AT ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES ,PRESID5TS CAN & DO MAKE USE ( ! ,F$]AL ADM9I/RATIVE 
MA*9E 9 A WAY :I* MAKES A MOCK]Y ( DEMOCRACY4 

,& HIS ,CANADIAN TRANSLATOR ,RI*>D ,V]NON P>APHRASES 
,PR\DHON'S CONCLUSION ?US3 

,SOLICIT M5'S VIEWS 9 ! MASS1 & !Y WILL RETURN /UPID1 FICKLE 
& VIOL5T ANSW]S2 SOLICIT !IR VIEWS AS MEMB]S ( DEF9ITE 
GR\PS ) REAL SOLID>ITY & A DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]1 & !IR 
ANSW]S WILL BE RESPONSIBLE & WISE4 ,EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL 
'LANGUAGE' ( MASS DEMOCRACY1 :I* REPRES5TS '! PEOPLE' AS 
UNIT>Y & UNDIVID$1 & M9ORITIES AS TRAITORS1 & !Y WILL GIVE 
BIR? TO TYRANNY2 EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL LANGUAGE ( F$]ALISM1 
9 :I* ! PEOPLE FIGURES AS A DIV]SIFI$ AGGREGATE ( REAL 
ASSOCIATIONS1 & !Y WILL RESI/ TYRANNY TO ! 5D4 

,?IS OBS]VATION REVEALS A PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ! 
PSY*OLOGY ( POLITICS4 ,PR\DHON WAS EXTRAPOLAT+ FROM ! 
EVOLUTION ( ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 BUT ,EUROPE HAS O!R 
EXAMPLES 9 A :OLE S]IES ( SPECIALI/ FIELDS4 ,! ,NE!RL&S HAS 
A REPUTATION = ITS MILD OR L5I5T P5AL POLICY4 ,! (FICIAL 
EXPLANATION ( ?IS IS ! REPLACEM5T 9 #ahhf ( ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON 
BY 'A G5U9E ,DUT* CRIM9AL CODE' BAS$ UPON CULTURAL TRADITIONS 
LIKE '! WELL-KN[N ,DUT* ''TOL]ANCE'' & T5D5CY TO ACCEPT 
DEVIANT M9ORITIES'4 ,I AM QUOT+ ! ,NE!RL&S CRIM9OLOGI/ 
,DR ,WILLEM DE ,HAAN1 :O CITES ! EXPLANATION ?AT ,DUT* SOCIETY 

HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 BAS$ UPON RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL 
RA!R ?AN CLASS L9ES4 ,! IMPORTANT D5OM9ATIONAL GR\P+S 
CREAT$ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ALL MAJOR PUBLIC SPH]ES4 ,?IS 
PROCESS 4 4 4 IS RESPONSIBLE = TRANS=M+ A PRAGMATIC1 TOL]ANT 
G5]AL ATTITUDE 9TO AN ABSOLUTE SOCIAL MU/4 

,9 O!R WORDS IT IS DIV]SITY & NOT UNITY ?AT CREATES ! K9D 
( SOCIETY 9 :I* Y\ & ,I CAN MO/ COM=TABLY LIVE4 ,& 
MOD]N ,DUT* ATTITUDES >E ROOT$ 9 ! DIV]SITY ( ! M$IEVAL 
CITY /ATES ( ,HOLL& & ,ZEEL&1 :I* DEMON/RATES1 AS MU* AS 
,PR\DHON'S REGIONALISM1 ?AT A DESIRABLE FUTURE = ALL ,EUROPE LIES 9 
AN ACCOMMODATION ( LOCAL DIFF]5CES4 

,DISCUSSIONS AB\T ,EUROPEAN 9TEGRATION 9 ! #a#h#fS PROMPT$ A 
SKEPTICAL REACTION FROM ,PR\DHON3 

,AMONG ,FR5* DEMOCRATS !RE HAS BE5 MU* TALK ( A ,EUROPEAN 
CONF$]ATION1 OR A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BY ?IS !Y SEEM TO 
UND]/& NO?+ BUT AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! /ATES :I* PRES5TLY 
EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 GREAT & SMALL1 PRESID$ OV] BY A P]MAN5T 
CONGRESS4 ,IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT EA* /ATE WILL RETA9 ! =M 
( GOV]NM5T ?AT SUITS IT BE/4 ,N[ S9CE EA* /ATE WILL HAVE VOTES 
9 ! CONGRESS 9 PROPORTION TO ITS POPULATION & T]RITORY1 ! 
SMALL /ATES 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ CONF$]ATION WILL SOON BE 9CORPORAT$ 
9TO ! L>GE ONES 4 4 4 

,SWALL[+ UP NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES MAY BE UNFA%IONABLE 
N[ADAYS1 BUT WE CAN SEE ,PR\DHON'S MISGIV+S BE+ REALIZ$ 9 
! WAY DEBATES & DECISIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY >E 
DOM9AT$ BY ! L>GE /ATES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! SMALL] MEMB] 
NATIONS4 

,! SECOND ( MY #a#i?-C5TURY M5TORS1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 
DEM&S \R ATT5TION = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,HE WAS ALMO/ ALONE 
AMONG ?AT C5TURY'S POLITICAL ?9K]S 9 =ESEE+ ! HORRORS ( 
! CLA% ( MOD]N NATION /ATES 9 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,WORLD 
,W>S1 AS WELL AS PR$ICT+ ! RESULTS ( C5TRALIZ+ ,M>XISM 9 
! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #ahfg ,PRUSSIA & ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE 
POIS$ = A W> AB\T :O %\LD CONTROL ,LUXEMB\RG & ?IS1 
?R\< ! NETWORK ( 9T]E/S & ALLIANCES1 '?REAT5$ TO 5GULF 
ALL ,EUROPE'4 ,A ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM HELD ITS CONGRESS 9 
,G5EVA1 SPONSOR$ BY PROM95T PEOPLE FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES1 
SU* AS ,GIUSEPPE ,G>IBALDI1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO1 & ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL4 
,BAKUN9 SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS ?IS AUDI5CE1 & 
PUBLI%$ HIS OP9IONS UND] ! TITLE ,F$]ALISME1 ,SOCIALISME1 ET 
,ANTI-,!OLOGISME4 ,?IS DOCUM5T SET \T #ac PO9TS ON :I*1 
ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS WAS UNANIM\S4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE PO9TS PROCLAIM$ 

,?AT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]TY1 JU/ICE & PEACE 9 
! 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 & TO R5D] CIVIL W> 
IMPOSSIBLE AMONG ! V>I\S PEOPLES :I* MAKE UP ! ,EUROPEAN 
FAMILY1 ONLY A S+LE C\RSE LIES OP53 TO CON/ITUTE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
( ,EUROPE4 

,HIS SECOND PO9T >GU$ ?AT ?IS AIM IMPLI$ ?AT /ATES MU/ BE 
REPLAC$ BY REGIONS1 = IT OBS]V$ 

,?AT ! =MATION ( !SE ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE CAN NEV] COME AB\T 
BETWE5 ! ,/ATES AS CON/ITUT$ AT PRES5T1 9 VIEW ( ! 
MON/R\S DISP>ITY :I* EXI/S BETWE5 !IR V>I\S P[]S4 

,HIS F\R? PO9T CLAIM$ 

,?AT NOT EV5 IF IT CALL$ ITSELF A REPUBLIC C\LD ANY C5TRALIZ$1 
BUREAUCRATIC & BY ! SAME TOK5 MILIT>I/ ,/ATE 5T] S]I\SLY 
& G5U9ELY 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS 
CON/ITUTION1 :I* WILL ALWAYS BE AN EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT D5IAL 
( DOME/IC LIB]TY1 IT W\LD NECESS>ILY IMPLY A DECL>ATION ( 
P]MAN5T W> & A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( NEI<BOR+ 
C\NTRIES4 

,CONSEQU5TLY HIS FIF? PO9T DEM&$ 

,?AT ALL ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,LEAGUE %\LD !RE=E B5D ALL !IR 
5]GIES T[>DS ! RECON/RUCTION ( !IR V>I\S C\NTRIES1 9 
ORD] TO REPLACE ! OLD ORGANIZATION F\ND$ ?R\<\T UPON 
VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY BY A NEW ORGANIZATION BAS$ 
SOLELY UPON ! 9T]E/S1 NE$S & 9CL9ATIONS ( ! POPULACE1 
& [N+ NO PR9CIPLE O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! FREE F$]ATION ( 
9DIVIDUALS 9TO COMMUNES1 COMMUNES 9TO PROV9CES1 PROV9CES 
9TO NATIONS1 & ! LATT] 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FIR/ ( ,EUROPE1 
!N ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,! VISION ?US BECAME BIGG] & BIGG]1 BUT ,BAKUN9 WAS C>EFUL 
TO 9CLUDE ! ACCEPTANCE ( SECESSION4 ,HIS EI<? PO9T DECL>$ 
?AT 

,JU/ BECAUSE A REGION HAS =M$ P>T ( A ,/ATE1 EV5 BY VOLUNT>Y 
ACCESSION1 IT BY NO MEANS FOLL[S ?AT IT 9CURS ANY OBLIGATION TO 
REMA9 TI$ TO IT = EV]4 ,NO OBLIGATION 9 P]PETUITY IS ACCEPTABLE 
TO HUMAN JU/ICE 4 4 4 ,! RI<T ( FREE UNION & EQUALLY FREE SECESSION 
COMES FIR/ & =EMO/ AMONG ALL POLITICAL RI<TS2 )\T IT1 
CONF$]ATION W\LD BE NO?+ BUT C5TRALIZATION 9 DISGUISE4 

,BAKUN9 REF]S ADMIR+LY TO ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 'PRACTIC+ 
F$]ATION SO SUCCESSFULLY TODAY'1 AS HE PUT IT1 & ,PR\DHON TOO 
EXPLICITLY TOOK AS A MODEL ! ,SWISS SUPREMACY ( ! COMMUNE AS 
! UNIT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 L9K$ BY ! CANTON1 ) A PURELY 
ADM9I/RATIVE F$]AL C\NCIL4 ,BUT BO? REMEMB]$ ! EV5TS ( 
#a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,SOND]BUND ( SECESSIONI/ CANTONS W]E COMPELL$ 
BY W> TO ACCEPT ! NEW CON/ITUTION ( ! MAJORITY4 ,PR\DHON & 
,BAKUN9 AGRE$ 9 CONDEMN+ ?IS SUBV]SION ( F$]ALISM BY ! 
UNIT>Y PR9CIPLE4 ,!RE MU/ BE A RI<T ( SECESSION4 

,SWITZ]L&1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE1 WAS A 
REFUGE = NUM]\S POLITICAL REFUGEES FROM ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN1 
,G]MAN1 & ,RUSSIAN EMPIRES4 ,ONE ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ WAS EV5 
EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L&3 HE WAS TOO MU* EV5 = ! ,SWISS 
,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS WAS ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 :OSE IDEAS CONNECT 
#a#i?-C5TURY F$]ALISM ) #b?-C5TURY REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY4 

,KROPOTK9'S Y\? WAS SP5T AS AN >MY (FIC] 9 GEOLOGICAL 
EXP$ITIONS 9 ! ,F> ,EA/]N PROV9CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 
,HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY TELLS ( ! \TRAGE HE FELT TO SEE H[ C5TRAL 
ADM9I/RATION & FUND+ DE/ROY$ ANY IMPROVEM5T ( LOCAL 
CONDITIONS1 ?R\< IGNORANCE1 9COMPET5CE1 & UNIV]SAL 
CORRUPTION1 & ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ANCI5T COMMUNAL 
9/ITUTIONS :I* MI<T HAVE 5ABL$ PEOPLE TO *ANGE !IR 
[N LIVES4 ,! RI* GOT RI*]1 ! POOR GOT POOR]1 & ! 
ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS SUFFOCAT$ BY BOR$OM & 
EMBEZZLEM5T4 ,!RE IS A SIMIL> LIT]ATURE FROM ANY O!R EMPIRE 
OR NATION /ATE4 

,9 #ahgb ,KROPOTK9 MADE HIS FIR/ VISIT TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & 9 
,SWITZ]L& WAS 9TOXICAT$ BY ! AIR ( DEMOCRACY1 EV5 A 
B\RGEOIS ONE4 ,9 ! ,JURA HILLS HE /AY$ ) ! WAT*-MAK]S1 A 
COMMUNITY ( SELF-EMPLOY$ CRAFTSM54 ,HIS BIOGRAPH] ,M>T9 
,MILL] DESCRIBES HIS REACTIONS3 

,KROPOTK9'S MEET+S & TALKS ) ! WORK]S ON !IR JOBS 
REVEAL$ ! K9D ( SPONTANE\S FRE$OM )\T AU?ORITY OR 
DIRECTION FROM ABOVE ?AT HE HAD DREAM$ AB\T4 ,ISOLAT$ & 
SELF-SUFFICI5T1 ! ,JURA WAT*MAK]S IMPRESS$ ,KROPOTK9 AS AN 
EXAMPLE ?AT C\LD TRANS=M SOCIETY IF SU* A COMMUNITY W]E 
ALL[$ TO DEVELOP ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT 9 HIS M9D 
?AT ?IS COMMUNITY W\LD WORK BECAUSE IT WAS NOT A MATT] ( 
IMPOS+ AN >TIFICIAL 'SY/EM' SU* AS HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ BY 
,MURAVIEV 9 ,SIB]IA BUT ( P]MITT+ ! NATURAL ACTIVITY ( ! 
WORK]S TO FUNCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR [N 9T]E/S4 

,HIS /AY 9 ! ,JURA HILLS WAS A TURN+ PO9T = ,KROPOTK94 ,! RE/ 
( HIS LIFE WAS1 9 A S5SE1 DEVOT$ TO GA!R+ ! EVID5CE = 
AN>*ISM1 F$]ALISM1 & REGIONALISM4 

,KROPOTK9'S APPROA* IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( ACADEMIC HI/ORY4 ,9 
A /UDY ( ,UN F$]ALI/A ,RUSSO1 ,PIETRO ,KROPOTK9 7#a#i#b#b71 ! 
,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I QUOTES ! ',LETT] TO ! ,WORK]S 
( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE' ?AT ,KROPOTK9 H&$ TO ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR 
,P>TY POLITICIAN ,M>G>ET ,BONDFIELD 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( IT 
HE DECL>$ ?AT3 

,IMP]IAL ,RUSSIA IS DEAD & WILL NEV] BE REVIV$4 ,! FUTURE ( ! 
V>I\S PROV9CES :I* COMPOS$ ! ,EMPIRE WILL BE DIRECT$ 
T[>DS A L>GE F$]ATION4 ,! NATURAL T]RITORIES ( ! DIFF]5T 
SECTIONS ( ?IS F$]ATION >E 9 NO WAY DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ) 
:I* WE >E FAMILI> 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 ( ITS E?NOGRAPHY 
& ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ALL ! ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TOGE!R ! CONSITU5T 
P>TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 SU* AS ,F9L&1 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 
,LI?UANIA1 ,UKRA9E1 ,GEORGIA1 ,>M5IA1 ,SIB]IA & O!RS1 UND] A 
C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,! FUTURE ( :AT WAS ! 
,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS DIRECT$ T[>DS A F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T 
UNITS4 

,TODAY WE CAN SEE ! RELEVANCE ( ?IS OP9ION1 IGNOR$ = #g YE>S4 
,AS AN EXILE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,KROPOTK9 HAD CLOSE CONTACT ) A 
RANGE ( PIONE]S ( REGIONAL ?9K+4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 
REGIONALISM & AN>*ISM HAS BE5 H&SOMELY DEL9EAT$ BY ! 
GEOGRAPH] ,PET] ,HALL1 :5 DIRECTOR ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,URBAN & 
,REGIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T AT ,B]KELEY1 ,CALI=NIA1 9 HIS BOOK ,CITIES 
( ,TOMORR[ 7#a#i#h#h74 ,!RE WAS ,KROPOTK9'S FELL[ AN>*I/ 
GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 >GU+ = SMALL-SCALE HUMAN SOCIETIES 
BAS$ ON ! ECOLOGY ( !IR REGIONS4 ,!RE WAS ,PAUL ,VIDAL DE LA 
,BLA*E1 ANO!R F\ND] ( ,FR5* GEOGRAPHY1 :O >GU$ ?AT '! 
REGION WAS MORE ?AN AN OBJECT ( SURVEY2 IT WAS TO PROVIDE ! BASIS 
= ! TOTAL RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE'4 ,= ,VIDAL1 AS 
,PR(ESSOR ,HALL EXPLA9S1 IT WAS ! REGION1 NOT ! NATION1 :I* 

AS ! MOTOR =CE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T2 ! ALMO/ S5SUAL 
RECIPROCITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 & !IR SURR\ND+S1 WAS 
! SEAT ( COMPREH5SIBLE LIB]TY & ! MA9SPR+ ( CULTURAL 
EVOLUTION1 :I* W]E BE+ ATTACK$ & ]OD$ BY ! C5TRALIZ$ 
NATION-/ATE & BY L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY4 

,F9ALLY !RE WAS ! EXTRAORD9>Y ,SCOTTI% BIOLOGI/ ,PATRICK 
,G$DES1 :O TRI$ TO 5CAPSULATE ALL !SE REGIONALI/ IDEAS1 
:E!R GEOGRAPHICAL1 SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL1 OR ECONOMIC1 
9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( REASONS = REGIONS1 KN[N TO MO/ ( US ?R\< 
! WORK ( HIS DISCIPLE ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 

,PR(ESSOR ,HALL PO9T$ \T ?AT 

MANY1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ALL1 ( ! E>LY VISIONS ( ! PLANN+ 
MOVEM5T /EMM$ FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* 
FL\RI%$ 9 ! LA/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ 
YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? 4 4 4 ,! VISION ( !SE AN>*I/ PIONE]S WAS 
NOT M]ELY ( AN ALT]NATIVE BUILT =M1 BUT ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY1 
NE!R CAPITALI/ NOR BUREAUCRATIC-SOCIALI/3 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON 
VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION AMONG M5 & WOM51 WORK+ & LIV+ 
9 SMALL SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES4 

,?OSE #a#i?-C5TURY AN>*I/ ?9K]S W]E A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE ( 
!IR CONTEMPOR>IES 9 W>N+ ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE ( ! 
CONSEQU5CES ( NOT ADOPT+ A REGIONALI/ & F$]ALI/ APPROA*4 
,AFT] EV]Y K9D ( DISA/R\S EXP]I5CE 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 ! 
RUL]S ( ! NATION /ATES ( ,EUROPE HAVE DIRECT$ POLICY T[>DS 
SEV]AL K9DS ( SUPRANATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,! CRUCIAL ISSUE ?AT FACES 
!M IS :E!R TO CONCEIVE ( A ,EUROPE ( ,/ATES OR A ,EUROPE ( 
,REGIONS4 

,TO DO !M JU/ICE1 ! ADVOCATES ( A UNIT$ ,EUROPE HAVE DEVELOP$ 
A DOCTR9E ( 'SUBSIDI>ITY'1 BY :I* GOV]NM5TAL DECISIONS \TSIDE 
! REMIT ( ! SUPRANATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN 
,COMMUNITY %\LD BE TAK5 BY REGIONAL OR LOCAL LEVELS ( 
ADM9I/RATION1 RA!R ?AN BY NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,A RESOLUTION 
HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE1 CALL+ = NATIONAL 
GOV]NM5TS TO ADOPT ITS ,*>T] = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T1 'TO 
=MALIZE COMMITM5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT GOV]NM5T FUNCTIONS 
%\LD BE C>RI$ \T AT ! L[E/ LEVEL POSSIBLE & ONLY 
TRANSF]R$ TO HI<] GOV]NM5T BY CONS5T4' 

,?IS PRECEPT IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y TRIBUTE TO ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & 
,KROPOTK9 & ! IDEAS ?AT !Y W]E ALONE 9 VOIC+ 7AP>T 
FROM SOME 9T]E/+ ,SPANI% ?9K]S LIKE ,PI Y ,M>GALL OR ,JOAQU9 
,CO/A74 ,( C\RSE IT IS ONE ( ! FIR/ ASPECTS ( PAN-,EUROPEAN 
IDEOLOGY ?AT NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS WILL *OOSE TO IGNORE1 ?\< 
!RE >E OBVI\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S NATION /ATES 9 ?IS 
RESPECT4 ,9 MANY ( !M1 = EXAMPLE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 & 
EV5 ,FRANCE1 ! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T IS CONSID]ABLY MORE 
DEVOLV$ ?AN IT WAS #e YE>S AGO4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! =M] 
,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,ONE AN>*I/ ?9K] FROM ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,?OM ,HOLT]MAN1 HAS 
SET \T ! CRIT]IA :I* AN>*I/S W\LD SEE AS ! PR]EQUISITES 
= A FREE UNIT$ ,EUROPE4 ,HIS W>N+ IS PRECISELY ?AT ! OB/ACLE 
TO A ,EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS IS ! EXI/5CE ( NATION /ATES4 ,ANO!R 
IS ?AT BECAUSE ! ?9K+ & PLANN+ ( ! FUTURE ( ,EUROPE IS 
9 ! H&S ( GOV]NM5TAL BUREAUCRACIES1 !Y >E ALL PREP>+ 
= A ,EUROPE ( ! BUREAUCRATS4 

,KROPOTK9 US$ TO CITE ! LIFEBOAT 9/ITUTION AS AN EXAMPLE ( 
! K9D ( VOLUNT>Y & NON-CO]CIVE ORGANIZATION 5VISAG$ BY 
AN>*I/S ?AT C\LD PROVIDE A WORLDWIDE S]VICE )\T ! 
PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9T]V5+4 ,TWO O!R EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 
:I* LOCAL GR\PS & ASSOCIATIONS C\LD COMB9E TO PROVIDE A 
COMPLEX NETWORK ( FUNCTIONS )\T ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E ! 
PO/ (FICE & ! RAILWAYS4 ,Y\ CAN PO/ A LETT] TO ,*ILI OR ,*9A1 
CONFID5T ?AT IT WILL GET !RE1 AS A RESULT ( FREELY->RIV$-AT 
AGREEM5TS BETWE5 DIFF]5T NATIONAL PO/ (FICES1 )\T !RE 
BE+ ANY C5TRAL WORLD PO/AL AU?ORITY AT ALL4 ,OR Y\ CAN TRAVEL 
ACROSS ,EUROPE & ,ASIA OV] ! L9ES ( A DOZ5 DIFF]5T RAILWAY 
SY/EMS1 PUBLIC & PRIVATE1 )\T ANY K9D ( C5TRAL RAILWAY 
AU?ORITY4 ,COORD9ATION REQUIRES NEI!R UNI=MITY NOR 
BUREAUCRACY4 

 ,*APT] #a4 ,GRE5 ASPIRATIONS & AN>*I/ FUTURES 

,:5 ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS FIR/ APPE>$ 
9 #a#h#i#i1 ! PRECURSORS ( ! ,GRE5 MOVEM5T F\ND IT AN 
9SPIRATION1 S9CE ITS AU?OR /RESS$ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 
SMALL-SCALE DEC5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RY1 & ( A 'HORTICULTURAL' 
APPROA* TO FOOD PRODUCTION1 = ITS IMM5SE \TPUT4 ,:5 
HIS BOOK WAS RE-ISSU$ AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 AN 
ADD$ PRELIM9>Y NOTE OBS]V$ ?AT3 ',IT PLEADS = A NEW 
ECONOMY 9 ! 5]GIES US$ 9 SUPPLY+ ! NE$S ( HUMAN 
LIFE1 S9CE !SE NE$S >E 9CREAS+ & ! 5]GIES >E NOT 
9EXHAU/IBLE4' 

,9 ?OSE DAYS ?IS WAS A R>E RECOGNITION ( ! LIMITS TO GR[?4 
,TODAY WE HAVE A VA/ LIT]ATURE ON ! PROBLEMS ( RES\RCE 
DEPLETION & 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! DIFFICULTY = 
5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S1 TRY+ TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( FELL[ 
CITIZ5S1 IS ONE ( PRIORITIES3 :I* CAMPAIGN MO/ URG5TLY NE$S 
A HELP+ H&8 ,CAPITALISM ROAMS ! GLOBE1 SEEK+ ! LEA/ 
PROTECT$ LABOR M>KET & ! LEA/ PROTECT$ PHYSICAL 
5VIRONM5T1 9 ORD] TO /IMULATE1 & TO W91 AN EV]-GR[+ 
M>KET = ITS GOODS4 ,IT DESCRIBES ?IS PROCESS AS 'CONSUM] 
SOV]EIGNTY' & ?US EVADES ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ITS RU?LESS 
EXPLOITATION ( POOR PEOPLE & WEAK ECONOMIES4 ,! RI*] WE >E1 
! MORE WE >E 9CL9$ TO %RUG (F \R %>E ( ?IS 
RESPONSIBILITY4 

,= MANY YE>S N[1 WE 9 ! RI* ECONOMIES HAVE HAD A S]IES 
( MOVEM5TS & CAMPAIGNS DESCRIB$ 9 G5]AL T]MS AS 
'5VIRONM5TAL'1 'CONS]VATIONI/'1 OR 'GRE5'1 OR EV5 'ECOLOGICAL'1 
DRAW+ \R ATT5TION TO ! CRISES ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 GLOBAL 
W>M+1 & ! DEPLETION ( F9ITE RES\RCES4 ,CRITICS ( !SE 
CAMPAIGNS 9 ! RI* WORLD PO9T \T ?AT !Y DO NOT ALWAYS 
9CLUDE AN AW>5ESS ( ! PLI<T ( ! RI* WORLD'S POOR4 ,AM>TYA 
,S5 REM>K$ ON ! P>ADOX ?AT ',9 ! POOR WORLD ! POOR >E 
?9 & ! RI* >E FAT4 ,9 ! RI* WORLD ! RI* >E ?9 & ! 
POOR >E FAT4' ,HE IS ! AU?OR ( A FAM\S /UDY ( :O EATS & 
:O />VES1 & ( :AT !Y EAT1 ) A !ORY ( '5TITLEM5TS'1 
DEF9+ !SE AS ! SET ( 'ALT]NATIVE COMMODITY BUNDLES :I* A 
P]SON CAN COMM&'4 ,HIS OBS]VATION IS A REM9D] ?AT 9 EV]Y 
SOCIETY !RE >E SEV]AL SIMULTANE\S FOOD CULTURES1 ULTIMATELY 
DET]M9$ BY LEVELS ( POV]TY & AFFLU5CE4 ,9 ! POOR WORLD ! 
P[]FUL & WEAL?Y & !IR MILIT>Y ELITES LIVE GR&LY1 :ILE 
! POOR >E ILL-N\RI%$ & SOMETIMES />V+4 ,9 ! RI* WORLD 
A SIGNIFICANT POOR M9ORITY LIVES ON ! 'JUNK FOOD' ?AT ! AFFLU5T 
CAN AF=D TO DESPISE4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 GR[+ UP 
9 POV]TY TREBL$ BETWE5 #aifh & #a#i#i#h4 

,ANY DISCUSSION ( 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES HAS TO />T ) ! FACT ( 
MALNUTRITION 9 A WORLD ( PL5TY1 & !N PROCE$ TO EXAM9E ! 
HI< CO/ ( ! RI* WORLD'S '*EAP' FOOD4 ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5TS 
9CLUD$ ! CLAIM ?AT A D5SELY POPULAT$ SMALL C\NTRY LIKE 
,BRITA9 C\LD FE$ ITSELF FROM ITS [N L&1 AN IDEA REG>D$ AS 
ABSURD EV5 ?\< IT WAS BAS$ ON ,EUROPEAN EXP]I5CE4 ,A 
C5TURY LAT] ,I HAD ! PLEASURE ( MEET+ ,JAC ,SMIT1 PRESID5T 
( ! ,URBAN ,AGRICULTURE ,NETWORK & COAU?OR ( ! ,UNIT$ 
,NATIONS REPORT ON ,URBAN ,AGRICULTURE3 ,FOOD1 ,JOBS & ,SU/A9ABLE 
,CITIES1 :O EXPLA9$ H[ 9 ,*9ESE CITIES #i.0 ( VEGETABLES >E 
LOCALLY GR[N1 & ?AT 

,HONG ,KONG1 ! D5SE/ L>GE CITY 9 ! WORLD1 PRODUCES )9 ITS 
B\ND>IES TWO-?IRDS ( ! P\LTRY1 ONE-SIX? ( ! PIGS1 & CLOSE 
TO HALF ! VEGETABLES EAT5 BY ITS CITIZ5S & VISITORS4 

,! BE/-KN[N EXAMPLES ( URBAN 9T5SIVE FOOD PRODUCTION 
>E PROVID$ BY ! VA/ CITIES ( ,S\?-,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,S+APORE'S 
#a1#e HECT>ES ( 'AGRO-TE*NOLOGY P>KS' >E FAM\S4 ,AS !IR 
ADMIR] ,GE(F ,WILSON PO9TS \T1 

,! 9ESCAPABLE LOGIC IS ?AT :ILE RURAL AGRICULTURE CAN NE$ UP TO 
EI<T FOSSIL FUEL 5]GY UNITS TO PRODUCE ONE FOOD 5]GY UNIT SOLD 9 
SUP]M>KETS1 URBAN AGRICULTURE CAN PROVIDE UP TO EI<T FOOD 5]GY 
UNITS = EV]Y ONE FOSSIL FUEL 5]GY UNIT4 

,TIM ,LANG1 A PR(ESSOR ( FOOD POLICY :O HAS BE5 CONC]N$ = 
YE>S ) ! IMPLICATIONS ( F9D+S LIKE !SE1 REM9DS US ?AT 

,SUP]M>KET DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS >E TOTALLY DEP5D5T UPON *EAP 
5]GY4 ,F> FROM BE+ MORE CONV5I5T1 HYP]M>KETS >E ACTUALLY 
MAK+ US MAKE MORE1 NOT LESS1 %OPP+ TRIPS4 ,! AV]AGE NUMB] 
9CREAS$ BY #bh P]C5T BETWE5 #ai< & #a#i#i#a4 ,%OPP]S ALSO HAVE 
TO GO FUR!R3 ! DI/ANCE ROSE BY #f P]C5T BETWE5 #ai< & 
#aiia 4 4 4 ,! COMMON FACTOR TO ALL ?IS IS ! FOOD RETAIL]S' USE ( 
C5TRALIZ$ DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS4 ,EA* FIRM HAS ITS [N REGIONAL 
DI/RIBUTION C5T]S 7,R,D,CS74 ,ALL FOOD GOES TO ! ,R,D,C & !NCE TO 
! %OPS4 ,AS A RESULT ! FOOD TRAVELS MU* FUR!R 4 4 4 

,?IS IS KN[N AS ! FOOD-MILES ISSUE4 ,IT HAS BE5 EXT5D$ TO EV5 
MORE BIZ>RE L5G?S BY ! POLICIES ( ! GIANT FOOD RETAIL]S1 
SE>*+ ! GLOBE = SUPPLI]S :O >E *EAPE/1 REG>DLESS ( ! 
DIV]SION ( LOCAL WAT] SUPPLIES FROM MEET+ TRADITIONAL LOCAL 
NE$S4 ,9 MY NE>E/ T[N 9 ,EA/ ,ANGLIA ,I CAN BUY ,MEXICAN C>ROTS1 
,AU/RALIAN ONIONS1 ,AFRICAN MANGE-T\T PEAS1 & ,P]UVIAN 
ASP>AGUS4 ,?IS FACT CONTRIBUTES F> MORE TO GLOBAL W>M+ ?AN 
MY C>ELESS USE ( ELECTRICITY4 ,PR(ESSOR ,JOHN ,H\<TON1 ,*AIRMAN 
( ! ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION ON ,5VIRONM5TAL ,POLLUTION & ( ! 
,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,ADVISORY ,PANEL ON ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE1 ?\<T !RE 
WAS SOME?+ ABSURD 9 ! FACT ?AT HE HAD EAT5 DELICI\S NEW 
POTATOES = HIS LUN*4 ,!Y HAD BE5 DELIV]$ BY A #d-TONNE LORRY 
TO HIS LOCAL HYP]M>KET AFT] BE+ FL[N BY SUP]JET TO ,5GL&4 
,&1 AS HE COMM5T$1 ',I C\LD HAVE GR[N !M 9 MY [N BACK 
G>D54' 

,HIS REM>K WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ILLU/RATES ! GULF BETWE5 
\R GRE5 ASPIRATIONS & \R ACTUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,9 EXPLOR+ ?IS 
GAP1 ! WORK ( ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS BE5 
SIGNIFICANT & 9FLU5TIAL4 ,HE1 LIKE ,RA*EL ,C>SON1 HAD BE5 A 
PROPAG&I/ ON 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 & 
?IS GAVE HIM ! SAME K9D ( =]UNN] /ATUS 9 ! EM]G+ 
,AM]ICAN ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,HE L9K$ ?IS ) ! HOMEGR[N 
,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ',:AT WE >E TRY+ TO DO'1 HE 
EXPLA9$1 

IS TO R$EEM C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM4 ,!RE >E1 ( 
C\RSE1 SEV]AL ,AM]ICAN DREAMS3 ONE IS ! ,JOHN ,WAYNE TRADITION 
( ! C[BOY GO+ \T TO ! ,WE/1 & ! :OLE NOTION ( 
PIONE]+ 9DIVIDUALISM2 ANO!R IS ! IMMIGRANT ,AM]ICAN 
DREAM1 ?IS BE+ ! L& ( OPPORTUNITY :]E ! /REETS >E 
MADE ( GOLD4 ,BUT !RE IS A ?IRD ,AM]ICAN DREAM1 :I* IS ! 
OLDE/ ( ! LOT1 DAT+ BACK TO ,PURITAN TIMES1 :I* /RESSES 
COMMUNITY1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 MUTUAL AID & FACE- 
TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,?IS IS :]E ,BOOK*9 CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) YET ANO!R 
,AM]ICAN DREAM4 ,AS ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS SPREAD AMONG ! 
*ILDR5 ( ! AFFLU5T1 ! NATIONAL GUILT OV] ! G5OCIDE 
( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES L$ TO AN EXALTATION ( ! ,NOBLE ,SAVAGE1 
& A DI/A/E = ORD9>Y MORTALS :O HADN'T GOT ! ,MESSAGE4 
,:AT WAS SE5 AS ',DEEP ,ECOLOGY' BECAME FA%IONABLE AMONG 
?OSE AFFLU5T 5\< TO 'GET AWAY FROM IT ALL' & PURSUE EV]Y 
K9D ( MY/ICAL BELIEF1 SO LONG AS ! *ECKS KEPT FL[+ 
9TO !IR BANK ACC\NTS4 ,MANY ( ,BOOK*9'S FELL[ CITIZ5S 
%IFT$ FROM AN 9VOLVEM5T 9 SOCIAL ISSUES TO A S5TIM5TAL 
& PRIVILEG$ IDEALIZATION ( 'WILD]NESS' & ! NATURAL 
5VIRONM5T1 ) A CONSEQU5T MISAN?ROPY T[>DS !IR 
FELL[ HUMANS4 

,BOOK*9'S VIGOR\S REPUDIATION ( !SE APPROA*ES HAS S\<T 
TO CONFRONT ! AB&ONM5T ( SOCIAL CONC]NS 9 AN 9CREAS+LY 
DIVID$ ,AM]ICA1 RE-ASS]T+ ! CLAIMS ( ',SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY' 
& AIM+1 AS HE SAID1 TO ADVANCE 'A S]I\S *ALL5GE TO SOCIETY 
) ITS VA/1 HI]>*ICAL1 SEXI/1 CLASS-RUL$1 /ATE APP>ATUS & 
MILIT>I/IC HI/ORY'4 

,MO/ AN>*I/S W\LD TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY 
VIABLE SOCIETY IS 9COMPATIBLE ) CAPITALISM & ITS 
DEM& = CONT9UALLY EXP&+ M>KETS1 A*IEV$ ?R\< 
! 9V5TION ( WANTS & ! BUILT-9 OBSOLESC5CE ( 
CONSUM] GOODS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MO/ ( US FEEL ?AT 9 
SEEK+ MORE ECOLOGICALLY VIABLE WAYS ( LIV+1 WE CANNOT 
WAIT UNTIL ! D[NFALL ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! ,GRE5 
MOVEM5T HAS BE5 9 EXI/5CE LONG 5\< = ITS 
ADH]5TS TO LE>N :I* APPROA*ES >E MO/ RELEVANT 
= !M4 

,9 ! #a#i#gS ,I WAS LUCKY 5\< TO BE EMPLOY$ TO />T A 
J\RNAL = TEA*]S & /UD5TS CALL$ ! ,BULLET9 ( 
,5VIRONM5TAL ,$UCATION 7,B,E,E74 ,ONE ( ITS MO/ /IMULAT+ 
M5TORS WAS AN 9V5TIVE Y\NG MAN CALL$ ,PET] ,H>P]1 
:O 9 #aige W5T TO ,WALES TO JO9 A GR\P ( 5?USIA/S 
:O W]E />T+ ! ,C5T] = ,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY 7,C,A,T7 
AT ,MA*YNLLE?1 9 AN OLD QU>RY 9 A L&SCAPE ( 9DU/RIAL 
D]ELICTION4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY ?AT 5T]PRISE 
7OP]AT+ AS A WORK]S' COOP]ATIVE ( #bh MEMB]S7 WAS 
BE+ VISIT$ BY AB\T #h1 PEOPLE EV]Y YE>1 9CLUD+ 
#b1 *ILDR51 & IS WORLD-FAM\S AS A DEMON/RATION SITE 
= 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY P[] G5]ATION1 BUILD+ 
CON/RUCTION1 & SEWAGE DISPOSAL4 ,I AM TOLD ?AT IT G5]ATES 
#i.0 ( ITS [N 5]GY REQUIREM5TS 9 R5EWABLE =M FROM 
SUN1 W9D1 & WAT]4 

,S9CE HE HAS LONG PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE 9 ?IS FIELD1 ,I TAKE ,PET] 
,H>P]'S CONCLUSIONS S]I\SLY4 ,HE TOLD 9T]VIEW]S 9 #aiih ?AT 

,! CRAZE = SELF-SUFFICI5CY & SMALL-IS-BEAUTIFUL HAS PASS$4 
,DON'T TRY TO DO IT ALL Y\RSELF4 ,/>T :]E Y\ >E /RONG1 NOT :]E 
Y\ >E WEAK 4 4 4 ,DON'T TRY TO MAKE Y\R 5]GY3 TRY TO SAVE Y\R 
5]GY4 ,MO/ ( ! ACTION IS GO+ TO BE 9 CITIES1 :]E ! MAJORITY 
( HUMANS WILL SOON BE LIV+ & :]E1 CONTR>Y TO \R OLD 
,>CADIAN ASSUMPTIONS1 SU/A9ABLE MOD]N LIFE/YLES >E MORE EASILY 
A*IEV$4 

,HIS CONT9UAL PROB+ ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONSCI\SNESS ( 
\R FELL[ CITIZ5S HAS L$ HIM TO MAKE A DIFF]5T DI/9CTION 
FROM ?AT BETWE5 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGI/S & ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGI/S4 
,PET] ,H>P] DIVIDES US 9TO ,LI<T ,GRE5S 7) MORE MONEY 
?AN TIME7 & ,DEEP ,GRE5S 7)1 P]HAPS1 MORE TIME ?AN 
MONEY74 ,! ,LI<T ,GRE5S1 HE SUGGE/S1 >E 9VOLV$ ) ! 
NEW TE*NOLOGY ( SOL> HEAT+1 FUEL-EFFICI5T LI<TWEI<T 
MOTOR C>S1 & SU/A9ABLE CONSUMPTION1 :ILE ! ,DEEP ,GRE5S 
BELIEVE 9 SMALL1 9SULAT$ H\SES1 BICYCLES & PUBLIC TRANSPORT1 
HOMEGR[N FOOD1 REPAIR & RECYCL+1 LOCAL CURR5CY S*EMES1 
& B>T]4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! RE/ ( SOCIETY WILL CONT9UE TO BELONG TO ! CULTURE 
( ,M,O,R,E6 ,=1 AS HE OBS]VES1 

,PEOPLE ASPIRE TO GREAT] CONV5I5CE & COM=T1 MORE P]SONAL 
SPACE1 EASY MOBILITY1 A S5SE ( EXP&+ POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS IS ! 
MOD]N CONSUM]I/ PROJECT3 :AT MOD]N SOCIETIES >E ALL AB\T4 
,IT IS A C5TRAL FEATURE ( MA9/REAM POLITICS & ECONOMICS ?AT 
CONSUM]I/ ASPIRATIONS >E NOT S]I\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 ! IMPLI$ (FICIAL MESSAGE IS ',HANG ON 9 !RE3 WE WILL 
DELIV]4' ,! C5TRAL SLOGAN IS BRUTALLY SIMPLE3 ,M,O,R,E6 

,SOME ( US1 ,PET] ,H>P] NOT$ 9 HIS ,S*UMA*] ,LECTURE AT 
,BRI/OL 9 #b#a1 HAVE APOCALYPTIC VISIONS ( UNCONTROLLABLE 
CATA/ROPHES 9 ! FUTURE RESULT+ FROM 9DISCRIM9ATE ECONOMIC 
ACTIVITY4 ,HE1 AS AN OPTIMI/1 & FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE AS AN 
5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/1 HAS A DIFF]5T EXPECTATION4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT 
AS LIFE GRADUALLY GETS WORSE = EV]YONE ELSE1 ! ,DEEP ,GRE5S 
7! PEOPLE HE CALLS ! RECESSIVE G5ES ( ! SU/A9ABILITY 
MOVEM5T7 WILL BE F\ND TO HAVE SOLV$ :AT HE CALLS ! GREAT 
RIDDLE ( RECONCIL+ MOD]NITY & SU/A9ABILITY3 ',!Y WILL QUITE 
VISIBLY BE HAV+ A GOOD TIME3 COM=TABLE1 ) V>I$ LIVES & LESS 
/RESS1 HEAL?Y & FIT1 HAV+ R$ISCOV]$ ! ELEM5T>Y VIRTUES ( 
RE/RA9T & BALANCE4' 

,TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( (F]+ 5VIRONM5TAL *OICES TO FELL[ 
CITIZ5S :O CAME TO ! ,C5T] = ,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY ) A 
V>IETY ( MOTIVES HAVE L$ ,PET] ,H>P] TO ADOPT HIS RELAX$ 
APPROA* TO ! TASK ( CONV9C+ US ALL ?AT \R LIFE/YLES HAVE TO 
*ANGE4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 W\LD PROBABLY REACT DIFF]5TLY1 BUT 
MANY YE>S E>LI] HE POS$ ! SAME ISSUES 9 DISCUSS+ ! NATURE 
( A LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY1 ONE :I* FREES RA!R ?AN 5SLAVES US4 
,CAN WE IMAG9E1 HE ASK$1 ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY VIABLE ECONOMY 
C\LD BE BAS$ ON A C5TRALIZ$ NATION /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRATIC 
APP>ATUS8 ,HE URG$ ?AT1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! VIABILITY ( ! 
PLANET & ALL LIV+ ?+S ON IT1 AN>*I/ CONCEPTS >E NOT M]ELY 
DESIRABLE1 !Y >E NECESS>Y3 

,:AT WAS ONCE REG>D$ AS IMPRACTICAL & VISION>Y HAS N[ 
BECOME EM95TLY PRACTICAL 4 4 4 ,IF COMMUNITY FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 
A HUMANI/IC1 LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY1 & DEC5TRALIZATION >E 
CONCEIV$ ( M]ELY AS REACTIONS TO ! PREVAIL+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS - A 
VIGOR\S 'NAY' TO ! 'YES' ( :AT EXI/S TODAY - A COMPELL+1 
OBJECTIVE CASE CAN BE MADE = ! PRACTICABILITY ( AN AN>*I/ 
SOCIETY4 

 #a#d4 ,COMMUNITY G>D5S1 AS 5VISAG$ BY ,CLIF=D ,H>P]4 

,5VIRONM5TAL & ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS HAVE BE5 ADVOCAT$ LONG 
5\< = US TO RECOGNIZE PEAKS & TR\<S 9 ! SUPPORT !Y 
RECEIVE FROM ! G5]AL1 UNCOMMITT$ PUBLIC1 :OSE 9VOLVEM5T 
IS VITAL = ! MANIPULATORS ( *ANGE4 ,!RE >E FA%IONS 9 
CRISIS-CONSCI\SNESS1 AS 9 MO/ O!R ASPECTS ( \R COMMUNAL LIFE4 
,A COM=T+ ?\<T = AN>*I/S IS ! REFLECTION ?AT A SOCIETY 
ADVANC$ 5\< TO ACCEPT ! 5VIRONM5TAL IMP]ATIVES ( ! 
#b#a/ C5TURY WILL BE OBLIG$ TO RE9V5T AN>*ISM AS A RESPONSE 
TO !M4 

,= A V]Y /RONG CASE HAS BE5 MADE BY SU* AU?ORS AS ,MURRAY 
,BOOK*9 & ,ALAN ,C>T] ?AT AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY POLITICAL 
IDEOLOGY CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ ! *ALL5GES POS$ BY \R NEW 
GRE5 CONSCI\SNESS TO ! ACCEPT$ RANGE ( POLITICAL IDEAS4 
,AN>*ISM BECOMES MORE & MORE RELEVANT = ! NEW C5TURY4 

O ,REF]5CES 
,REF]5CES 

,*APT] #a 

,PET] ,M>%ALL 7$471 ,! ,AN>*I/ ,WRIT+S ( ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 
7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#f7 

,/EW>T ,$W>DS 7$471 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S ( ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 
7,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN1 #a#i#f#i7 

,K4 ,J4 ,K5AFICK 7$471 ,M>XISM1 ,FRE$OM & ! ,/ATE 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM 
,PRESS1 #a#i#h#d7 

,PAUL ,AVRI* 7$471 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7,LONDON3 ,ALL5 ,LANE1 #aigb .<#a#h#i#b.>7 

,COL9 ,W>D 7$471 ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7,LONDON3 ,ALL5 & 
,UNW91 #a#i#g#d2 ,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #aihe .<#a#h#i#i.>7 

,JOHN ,HEWETSON 7$471 ,MUTUAL ,AID3 ,A ,FACTOR ( ,EVOLUTION 7,LONDON3 
,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #aihg .<#a#i#b.>7 

,! PASSAGE QUOT$ FROM ,L&AU] IS FROM ,M>T9 ,BUB]1 ,PA?S 9 
,UTOPIA 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 #a#i#d#i74 

,F4 ,G4 ,NOTEHELF]1 ,KOTUKU ,%USUI3 ,PORTRAIT ( A ,JAPANESE ,RADICAL 
7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a7 

,ROB]T ,A4 ,SCALAP9O & ,GEORGE ,T4 ,YU1 ,! ,*9ESE ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T 
7,BRI/OL3 ,DR[N$ ,RAT ,PUBLICATIONS1 #a#i#h#e7 

,HAI ,KI-,RAK1 ,HI/ORY ( ! ,KOREAN ,AN>*I/ ,MOVEM5T 7,TUEGA1 ,KOREA3 
,AN>*I/ ,PUBLI%+ ,COMMITTEE1 #a#i#h#f7 

,ADI ,DOCTOR1 ,AN>*I/ ,?\<T 9 ,9DIA 7,BOMBAY3 ,ASIA ,PUBLI%+ 
,H\SE1 #a#i#f#d7 

,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D & ,M4 ,CURRELL1 ,! ,G5TLE ,AN>*I/S 7,OX=D3 
,CL>5DON ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#a7 

,SAM ,MBAH & ,I4 ,E4 ,IG>EWEY1 ,AFRICAN ,AN>*ISM3 ,! ,HI/ORY ( A 
,MOVEM5T 7,TUCSON1 ,>IZONA3 ,SEE ,%>P ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g7 

,= ! EXT5T ( AN>*I/ 9VOLVEM5T 9 ASSASS9ATIONS1 SEE ,*>LES 
,T[N%5D1 ,T]RORISM3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D 
,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #b#b7 

,KROPOTK9'S >TICLE ON AN>*ISM = ! #a#a? $ITION ( ! 
,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA IS REPR9T$ 9 ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 
,AN>*ISM & ,AN>*I/ ,COMMUNISM 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 
#a#i#h#g7 

,*APT] #b 

,?OMAS ,PA9E1 ,COMMON ,S5SE 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU91 #aiga .<#a#g#g#f.>7 
,J4 ,V>LET1 QUOT$ 9 ,GEORGE ,WOODCOCK1 ,AN>*ISM 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 
,P5GU91 #a#i#f#c7 

,P>IS ,COMMUNE1 CIT$ 9 ,WOODCOCK OP4 CIT4 

,JOHN ,WOMACK1 ,ZAPATA & ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION 7,LONDON3 ,?AMES 
& ,HUDSON1 #a#i#g#b7 

,JOHN ,ROSS1 ,! ,W> ,AGA9/ ,OBLIVION3 ,! ,ZAPATI/A ,*RONICLES 
7,MONROE1 ,MA9E3 ,COMMON ,C\RAGE ,PRESS1 #b7 

,SUE ,BRAN=D & ,JAN ,RO*A1 ,CUTT+ ! ,WIRE3 ,! ,/ORY ( ! 
,L&LESS ,MOVEM5T 9 ,BRAZIL 7,LONDON3 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN ,BUREAU1 
#b#b7 

,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,RUSSIAN ,AN>*I/S 7,NEW ,J]SEY3 ,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY 
,PRESS1 #a#i#f#g7 

,C>L ,LEVY1 ',ITALIAN AN>*ISM #a#h#g-#a#i#b#f'1 9 ,= ,AN>*ISM3 ,HI/ORY1 
,!ORY & ,PRACTICE1 $4 ,DAVID ,GOODWAY 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#h#i7 

,G]ALD ,BR5AN1 ,! ,SPANI% ,LABYR9? 7,CAMBRIDGE3 ,CAMBRIDGE 
,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#d#c74 

,PI]RE ,BR\E & ,EMILE ,TEM9E1 ,! ,REVOLUTION & ! ,CIVIL ,W> 9 
,SPA9 7,LONDON3 ,FAB]1 #a#i#g7 

,BURNETT ,BOLLOT51 ,! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 7,*APEL ,HILL3 ,UNIV]SITY ( 
,NOR? ,C>OL9A ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 

,NOAM ,*OMSKY1 ,AM]ICAN ,P[] & ! ,NEW ,M&>9S 7,NEW ,YORK3 
,R&OM ,H\SE1 #a#i#f#g7 

,S4 ,FAURE1 CIT$ 9 ,V]NON ,RI*>DS1 ,LESSONS ( ! ,SPANI% ,REVOLUTION 
7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#e#c2 #cRD $N4 #a#i#h#c7 

,*APT] #c 

,M4 ,BUB]1 ',SOCIETY & ! ,/ATE'1 9 ,WORLD ,REVIEW1 ,JULY #a#i#e#a1 REPR9T$ 
9 ,M4 ,BUB]1 ,PO9T+ ! ,WAY 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 
#a#i#e#g7 

,COL9 ,W>D1 ,SOCIAL ,POLICY3 ,AN ,AN>*I/ ,RESPONSE 7,LONDON3 ,LONDON 
,S*OOL ( ,ECONOMICS1 #a#i#i#f2 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b7 
,JAMES ,BURNHAM1 ,! ,MANAG]IAL ,REVOLUTION 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 
,P5GU91 #a#i#d#d7 

,RI*>D ,KO* & ,IAN ,GODD51 ,MANAG+ ,)\T ,MANAGEM5T 
7,LONDON3 ,NI*OLAS ,BREALEY1 #a#i#i#f7 

,PI]RE ,GUILLET DE ,MON?\X1 ,ACTION & ,EXI/5CE3 ,AN>*ISM = 
,BUS9ESS ,ADM9I/RATION 7,*I*E/]3 ,JOHN ,WILEY1 #a#i#h#c7 

,A4 ,H]Z51 ,FROM ! ,O!R ,%ORE 7,LONDON3 ,WEID5FELD & ,NI*OLSON1 
#a#i#e#f2 ,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 

,*APT] #d 

,AVI ,S*LAIM1 9 ,! ,GU>DIAN1 #bi ,M>* #bc 

,M4 ,BUB]1 ,ISRAEL & ,PALE/9E 7,LONDON3 ,EA/ & ,WE/ ,LIBR>Y1 #a#i#e#b7 

,M4 ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE1 9 ,BAKUN9 ON ,AN>*Y1 $4 ,SAM 
,DOGL(F 7,LONDON3 ,ALL5 & ,UNW91 #a#i#g#c7 

,N4 ,WALT]1 CIT$ 9 ,COL9 ,W>D1 ',FUNDAM5TALISM'1 9 ,! ,RAV51 #b#g1 
,VOL4 #g1 ,NO4 #c 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#d7 

,MALISE ,RU?V5 ',PHANTOMS ( IDEOLOGY' 9 ,TIMES ,LIT]>Y ,SUPPLEM5T1 
#ai ,AUGU/ #aiid 

,R4 ,ROCK]1 CIT$ 9 ,W4 ,J4 ,FI%MAN1 ,EA/ ,5D ,JEWI% ,RADICALS #a#h#g#e-#a#i#a#d 
7,LONDON3 ,DUCKWOR?1 #a#i#g#e7 

,E4 ,W4 ,SAID1 ,CULTURE & ,IMP]IALISM 7,LONDON3 ,*ATTO & ,W9DUS1 
#a#i#i#c7 

,FATIMA ,M]NISSI1 ,WOM5 & ,ISLAM3 ,AN ,HI/ORICAL & ,!OLOGICAL 
,9QUIRY 7,OX=D3 ,BASIL ,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#i#a7 

,*APT] #e 

,PET] ,KROPOTK91 ,9 ,RUSSIAN & ,FR5* ,PRISONS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,S*OCK5 
,BOOKS1 #aiga .<#a#h#h#g.>7 

,ALEX&] ,B]KMAN1 ,PRISON ,MEMOIRS ( AN ,AN>*I/ 7,NEW ,YORK3 
,S*OCK5 ,BOOKS1 #aig .<#a#i#a#b.>7 

,DAVID ,CAYLEY1 ,! ,EXP&+ ,PRISON3 ,! ,CRISIS 9 ,CRIME & 
,PUNI%M5T & ! ,SE>* = ,ALT]NATIVES 7,TORONTO3 ,ANANSI1 #a#i#i#h7 
,DAVID ,D[NES1 ',! ,MA*O ,P5AL ,ECONOMY3 ,MASS ,9C>C]ATION 9 ! 
,UNIT$ ,/ATES4 ,A ,EUROPEAN ,P]SPECTIVE'1 ,LECTURE AT ,NEW ,YORK 
,UNIV]SITY1 ,FEBRU>Y #b4 

,]RICO ,MALATE/A1 9 ,UMANITA ,NOVA1 #b ,SEPTEMB] #a#i#b1 REPR9T$ 9 
,V4 ,RI*>DS 7$471 ,]RICO ,MALATE/A3 ,HIS ,LIFE & ,IDEAS 7,LONDON3 
,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#e7 

,DAVID ,WADD+TON1 ON ,B,B,C ,RADIO #d1 #ai ,FEBRU>Y #bc 
,GE(FREY ,O/]GA>D1 ,! ,TRADITION ( ,WORK]S' ,CONTROL1 $4 ,BRIAN 
,BAM=D 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#g7 

,PAUL ,?OMPSON1 ,:Y ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ,MATT]S ,TODAY3 ,HUMAN ,CREATIVITY 
& ! ,FUTURE ,WORLD ,5VIRONM5T 7,LONDON3 ,WILLIAM ,MORRIS ,SOCIETY1 
#a#i#i#a7 

,*APT] #f 

,WILLIAM ,GODW91 ,AN ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE 
7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU91 #aigf .<#a#g#i#c.>72 "9,UNCOLLECT$ ,WRIT+S 
"97#a#g#h#e-#a#h#b#b71 $S ,J4 ,W4 ,M>K5 & ,B4 ,R4 ,POLL9 7,GA9SVILLE1 ,FLORIDA3 
,S*OL>S' ,FACSIMILES1 #a#i#f#h7 

,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ,COMPULSORY ,MIS$UCATION1 #bND $N4 7,H>MONDSWOR?3 
,P5GU91 #a#i#g#a7 

,NATIONAL ,UNION ( ,TEA*]S1 ,! ,/RUGGLE = ,$UCATION 7,LONDON3 ,N,U,T1 
#a#i#g7 

,/EPH5 ,HUMPHRIES1 ,HOOLIGANS OR ,REBELS8 ,AN ,ORAL ,HI/ORY ( ,WORK+-,CLASS 
,*ILDHOOD & ,Y\? #a#h#h#i-#a#i#c#i 7,OX=D3 ,BASIL ,BLACKWELL1 
#a#i#h#a7 

,PHILIP ,G>DN]1 ,! ,LO/ ,ELEM5T>Y ,S*OOLS ( ,VICTORIAN ,5GL& 
7,LONDON3 ,CROOM ,HELM1 #a#i#h#d7 

,PAUL ,?OMPSON1 ',BASIC ,SKILLS'1 9 ,NEW ,SOCIETY1 #f ,DECEMB] #aihd 

,FRANCESCO ,F]R]1 SEE ,PAUL ,AVRI*1 ,! ,MOD]N ,S*OOL ,MOVEM5T3 
,AN>*ISM & ,$UCATION 9 ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 7,NEW ,J]SEY3 
,PR9CETON ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#h7 

,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 ,GOD & ! ,/ATE 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#a2 
,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #a#i#g7 

,H>RY ,REE1 REPORT$ 9 ,! ,TEA*]1 #h ,APRIL #aigb 

,H4 ,M4 ,*IEF ,9SPECTOR ( ,S*OOLS1 9T]VIEW$ 9 ,! ,TIMES1 #a ,FEBRU>Y 
#a#i#i#e1 & REPORT$ 9 ,! ,TIMES ,$UCATIONAL ,SUPPLEM5T1 
#bg ,JANU>Y #aiie 

,MI*AEL ,SMI?1 ,! ,LIB]T>IANS & ,$UCATION 7,LONDON3 ,ALL5 & 
,UNW91 #a#i#h#c7 

,JOHN ,%OTTON1 ,NO ,MA/] ,HI< OR ,L[3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,$UCATION & 
,S*OOL+ #a#h#i-#a#i#i 7,BRI/OL3 ,LIB]T>IAN ,$UCATION1 #a#i#i#c7 

,JONA?AN ,CROALL1 ,NEILL ( ,SUMM]HILL3 ,! ,P]MAN5T ,REBEL 7,LONDON3 
,R\TL$GE & ,KEGAN ,PAUL1 #a#i#h#c7 

,JONA?AN ,CROALL 7$471 ,ALL ! ,BE/1 ,NEILL3 ,LETT]S FROM ,SUMM]HILL 
7,LONDON3 ,&RE ,DEUTS*1 #a#i#g#d7 

,*APT] #g 

,MAX ,/IRN]1 ,! ,EGO & ,HIS ,[N1 TR4 ,/EV5 ,BY+TON 7,NEW ,YORK3 
,LIB]T>IAN ,BOOK ,CLUB1 #aifc .<#a#i#g.>7 

,JAMES ,J4 ,M>T91 ,M5 ,AGA9/ ! ,/ATE 7,COLORADO ,SPR+S3 ,RALPH ,MYLES1 
#a#i#g7 

,DAVID ,DE,LEON1 ,! ,AM]ICAN AS ,AN>*I/3 ,REFLECTIONS ON ,9DIG5\S 
,RADICALISM 7,BALTIMORE3 ,JOHNS ,HOPK9S ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#h7 

,H5RY ,DAVID ,?OREAU1 9 ,C>L ,BODE 7$471 ,! ,PORTABLE ,?OREAU 
7,H>MONDSWOR?3 ,P5GU91 #a#i#g#i7 

,R&OLPH ,B\RNE1 ,W> & ! ,9TELLECTUALS3 ,COLLECT$ ,ESSAYS #a#i#a#e- 
#aiai 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,! ,RESI/ANCE ,PRESS1 #a#i#f#d7 

,AMMON ,H5NACY1 ,! ,AUTOBIOGRAPHY ( A ,CA?OLIC ,AN>*I/ 7,NEW 
,YORK3 ,CA?OLIC ,WORK] ,BOOKS1 #a#i#e#d7 

,DORO?Y ,DAY1 ,! ,LONG ,LONEL9ESS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] & ,R[1 
#a#i#e#b7 

,ROB]T ,PAUL ,WOLFF1 ,9 ,DEF5SE ( ,AN>*ISM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P] 
,COLOPHON1 #a#i#g#f7 

,ROB]T ,NOZICK1 ,AN>*Y1 ,/ATE & ,UTOPIA 7,OX=D3 ,BLACKWELL1 
#a#i#g#d7 

,DAVID ,FRI$MAN1 ,! ,MA*9]Y ( ,FRE$OM 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,H>P]1 
#a#i#g#e7 

,MURRAY ,RO?B>D1 ,= A ,NEW ,LIB]TY3 ,! ,LIB]T>IAN ,MANIFE/O 
7,NEW ,YORK3 ,COLLI]1 #a#i#g#h7 

,F4 VON ,HAYEK1 ,! ,ROAD TO ,S]FDOM 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 #a#i#d#d7 

,PAUL ,GOODMAN1 ',POLITICS )9 ,LIMITS'1 REPR9T$ 9 ,TAYLOR ,/OEHR 7$471 
"9,CRAZY ,HOPE & ,F9ITE ,EXP]I5CE3 ,F9AL ,ESSAYS ( ,PAUL ,GOODMAN 
"97,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,JOSSEY-,BASS1 #a#i#i#d7 

,*APT] #h 

,DWI<T ,MACDONALD1 ',POLITICS ,PA/'1 9 ,5C\NT]1 ,APRIL #aieg 

,EMMA ,GOLDMAN1 ',! ,TRAG$Y ( ,WOM5'S ,EMANCIPATION'1 9 
,AN>*ISM & ,O!R ,ESSAYS 7,NEW ,YORK3 ,DOV]1 #aifi .<#a#i#a#a.>7 

,ALEX ,COM=T1 ,MORE ,JOY3 ,A ,LOVEMAK+ ,COMPANION TO ,! ,JOY ( ,SEX 
7,LONDON3 ,QU>TET1 #a#i#g#c7 

,*>LES ,DUFF1 ,A ,H&BOOK ON ,HANG+ 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 
#a#i#f#e7 

,RUDOLF DE ,JONG1 ,PROVOS & ,KAB\T]S 7,BUFFALO1 ,N,Y3 ,FRI5DS ( 
,MALATE/A1 NO DATE7 

,RA\L ,VANEIGEM1 ,! ,REVOLUTION ( ,EV]YDAY ,LIFE1 REV4 $N4 7,LONDON3 
,REBEL ,PRESS1 #a#i#h#c7 

,GEORGE ,MONBIOT1 ,CAPTIVE ,/ATE 7,LONDON3 ,MACMILLAN1 #b7 

,SEAN ,M4 ,%EEHAN1 ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,REAKTION ,BOOKS1 #b#c7 

,*APT] #i 

,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON1 ,! ,PR9CIPLE ( ,F$]ATION1 TR4 ,RI*>D 
,V]NON 7,TORONTO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,TORONTO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#i7 

,$W>D ,HYAMS1 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7,LONDON3 ,JOHN ,MURRAY1 #a#i#g#i7 

,WILLEM DE ,HAAN1 ,! ,POLITICS ( ,R$RESS 7,LONDON3 ,UNW9 ,HYMAN1 
#a#i#i7 

,>?UR ,LEHN+ 7$471 ,BAKUN93 ,SELECT$ ,WRIT+S 7,LONDON3 ,JONA?AN 
,CAPE1 #a#i#g#c7 

,M>T9 ,MILL]1 ,KROPOTK9 7,*ICAGO3 ,UNIV]SITY ( ,*ICAGO ,PRESS1 #a#i#g#f7 

,CAMILLO ,B]N]I1 ,PET] ,KROPOTK93 ,HIS ,F$]ALI/ ,IDEAS 7,LONDON3 
,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #aidb .<#a#i#b#b.>7 

,PET] ,HALL1 ,CITIES ( ,TOMORR[ 7,OX=D3 ,BASIL ,BLACKWELL1 #a#i#h#h7 

,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE1 ',! ,IMPACT ( ! ,COMPLETION ( ! ,9T]NAL 
,M>KET ON ,LOCAL & ,REGIONAL ,AUTONOMY' 7,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE ,/UDIES 
& ,TEXTS1 ,S]IES ,NO4#a#b1 #a#i#i7 

,?OM ,HOLT]MAN1 ',A ,FREE ,UNIT$ ,EUROPE'1 9 ,! ,RAV51 #c#a1 ,VOL4 #h1 
,NO4 #c 7,LONDON3 ,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#e7 

,*APT] #a 

,AM>TYA ,S51 ,POV]TY & ,FAM9E 7,OX=D3 ,OX=D ,UNIV]SITY ,PRESS1 
#a#i#h#a7 

,JAC ,SMIT ET AL41 ,URBAN ,AGRICULTURE3 ,FOOD1 ,JOBS & ,SU/A9ABLE ,CITIES 
7,NEW ,YORK3 ,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,DEVELOPM5T ,PROGRAM1 #a#i#i#f7 

,TIM ,LANG1 9 ,K5 ,WORPOLE 7$471 ,RI*] ,FUTURES3 ,FA%ION+ A ,NEW 
,POLITICS 7,LONDON3 ,E>?SCAN1 #a#i#i#i7 

,JOHN ,H\<TON1 CIT$ 9 ,! ,RAV51 #d#c1 ,VOL4 #a#a1 ,NO4 #c 7,LONDON3 
,FRE$OM ,PRESS1 #b#a7 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE 
#a#i#g#d7 

,PET] ,H>P]1 9T]VIEW$ 9 ,W4 @& ,D4 ,S*W>TZ ,LIV+ ,LI<TLY3 ,TRAVELS 
9 ,PO/-,CONSUM] ,SOCIETY 7,OX=D3 ,JON ,C>P5T] #a#i#i#h71 & ',NATURAL 
,TE*NOLOGY'1 LECTURE TO ! ,S*UMA*] ,SOCIETY1 ,BRI/OL #ba 

,ALAN ,C>T]1 ,A ,RADICAL ,GRE5 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 
#a#i#i#i7 

,FUR!R READ+ 

,AN E>LI] 9T]PRET] ( AN>*ISM REM>K$ ?AT 'AN>*ISM IS 
LIKE BLOTT+-PAP]3 IT SOAKS UP EV]Y?+'1 &1 LIKE MO/ POLITICAL 
IDEOLOGIES1 IT CAN BE GIV5 A V>IETY ( EMPHASES4 ,BEYOND ! G5]AL 
HI/ORIES DESCRIB$ 9 ! ,=EWORD1 !RE >E SEV]AL BOOKS ,I %\LD 
M5TION1 PROVID+ ALT]NATIVE OR ADDITIONAL 9T]PRETATIONS EXT5D+ 
?OSE EXPLOR$ 9 ?IS VOLUME4 

,MAX ,BLE*MAN 7$471 ,DRUNK5 ,BOAT3 ,>T1 ,REBELLION1 ,AN>*Y 7,BROOKLYN1 
,N,Y3 ,AUTOM$IA2 & ,SEATTLE1 ,W,A3 ,LEFT ,BANK ,BOOKS1 #a#i#h#d7 

,MURRAY ,BOOK*91 ,PO/-,SC>CITY ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,WILDWOOD ,H\SE1 
#a#i#g#d7 

,ALAN ,C>T]1 ,A ,RADICAL ,GRE5 ,POLITICAL ,!ORY 7,LONDON3 ,R\TL$GE1 
#a#i#i#i7 

,H[>D ,J4 ,EHRLI* 7$471 ,RE9V5T+ ,AN>*Y1 ,AGA9 7,$9BUR< & 
,SAN ,FRANCISCO3 ,A,K ,PRESS1 #a#i#i#f7 

,CLIF=D ,H>P]1 ,AN>*Y3 ,A ,GRAPHIC ,GUIDE 7,LONDON3 ,CAMD5 ,PRESS1 
#a#i#h#g7 

,GEORGE ,MC,KAY 7$471 ,D,I,Y ,CULTURE3 ,P>TY & ,PROTE/ 9 ,N9ETIES ,BRITA9 
7,LONDON3 ,V]SO1 #a#i#i#h7 

,JON ,PURKIS & ,JAMES ,B[5 7$S71 ,TW5TY-,FIR/ ,C5TURY ,AN>*ISM3 
,UNOR?ODOX ,IDEAS = A ,NEW ,MILL5NIUM 7,LONDON3 ,CASSELL1 #a#i#i#g7 

,SEAN ,M4 ,%EEHAN1 ,AN>*ISM 7,LONDON3 ,REAKTION ,BOOKS1 #b#c7 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #bc 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JULY #b#b1 #bai 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#c1 #bbb 3 ,AN>*ISM3 ,A ,V]Y ,%ORT ,9TRODUCTION -- ,UPDAT$4 

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