,*APT] #i 
,! ,F$]ALI/ ,AG5DA 

#bdbd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,A FREQU5T CRITICISM ( AN>*ISM IS ?AT IT IS AN IDEOLOGY ?AT FITS A 
WORLD ( ISOLAT$ VILLAGES1 SMALL 5\< TO BE SELF-GOV]N+ 5TITIES1 
BUT NOT ! GLOBAL1 MULTI-NATIONAL SOCIETY ?AT WE ALL 9HABIT 9 REAL 
LIFE4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! MAJOR AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ! PA/3 ,PR\DHON1 
,BAKUN91 & ,KROPOTK91 HAD A F$]ALI/ AG5DA ?AT WAS A 
=ETA/E ( MOD]N DEBATES ON ,EUROPEAN UNITY4 

,?AT M9ORITY ( *ILDR5 9 ANY ,EUROPEAN C\NTRY :O W]E GIV5 
! OPPORTUNITY ( /UDY+ ! HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE AS WELL AS ?AT ( 
!IR [N NATIONS LE>N$ ?AT !RE W]E TWO GREAT EV5TS 9 ! 
#a#i? C5TURY3 ! UNIFICATION ( ,G]MANY1 A*IEV$ BY ,BISM>CK & 
! ,EMP]OR ,WILHELM ,I2 & ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY1 WON BY ,CAV\R1 
,MAZZ9I1 ,G>IBALDI1 & ,VITTORIO ,EMANUALE ,I,I4 ,!SE TRIUMPHS HAD 
BE5 WELCOM$ BY ! :OLE WORLD 7:I* 9 ?OSE DAYS MEANT ! 
,EUROPEAN WORLD7 BECAUSE ,G]MANY & ,ITALY HAD LEFT BEH9D ALL 
?OSE SILLY LITTLE PR9CIPALITIES1 REPUBLICS1 PAPAL PROV9CES1 & CITY 
/ATES1 TO BECOME NATION /ATES1 EMPIRES1 &1 ( C\RSE1 CONQU]ORS4 

,!Y HAD BECOME LIKE ,FRANCE1 :OSE LITTLE LOCAL DESPOTS W]E F9ALLY 
UNIFI$ BY =CE1 FIR/ BY ,L\IS ,X,I,V ) HIS MAJE/IC SLOGAN ',L',ETAT 
C'E/ MOI'1 & !N BY ,NAPOLEON1 HEIR TO ! ,GR&E ,REVOLUTION1 JU/ 
LIKE ,/AL9 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 :O BUILT UP ! ADM9I/RATIVE 
MA*9]Y ( T]ROR TO 5SURE ?AT ! SLOGAN WAS TRUE4 ,OR !Y HAD 
BECOME LIKE ,5GL&1 :OSE K+S 7& ITS ONE REPUBLICAN RUL]1 
,OLIV] ,CROMWELL7 HAD CONQU]$ ! ,WEL%1 ,SCOTS1 & ,IRI%1 & 
S\<T TO DOM9ATE ! RE/ ( ! WORLD \TSIDE ,EUROPE4 ,! 
SAME ?+ WAS HAPP5+ AT ! O!R 5D ( ,EUROPE4 ,IVAN ,I,V1 
APPROPRIATELY NAM$ ',! ,T]RIBLE'1 CONQU]$ C5TRAL ,ASIA AS F> AS 
! ,PACIFIC1 & ,PET] ,I1 KN[N AS ',! ,GREAT'1 US+ ! TE*NIQUES 
HE HAD LE>N$ 9 ,FRANCE & ,BRITA91 TOOK OV] ! ,BALTIC1 MO/ ( 
,POL&1 & ! WE/ ( ,UKRA9E4 

,ADVANC$ OP9ION ?R\<\T ,EUROPE WELCOM$ ,G]MANY & 
,ITALY TO ! G5TLEMAN'S CLUB ( NATIONAL & IMP]IAL P[]S4 ,! 
EV5TUAL RESULTS 9 ! #b? C5TURY W]E APPALL+ ADV5TURES 9 
CONQUE/1 ) ! DEVA/AT+ LOSS ( LIFE AMONG Y\NG M5 FROM 
! VILLAGES ( ,EUROPE 9 ! TWO WORLD W>S1 & ! RISE ( POPULI/ 
DEMAGOGUES LIKE ,HITL] & ,MUSSOL9I1 AS WELL AS !IR 5DLESS 
IMITATORS TO ?IS DAY1 :O CLAIM ,L',ETAT C'E/ MOI4 ,CONSEQU5TLY1 
AL?\< WE HAVE HAD ALL TOO FEW POLITICIANS >GU+ = ! 
BREAKD[N ( NATIONS1 WE HAVE A HO/ ( !M ( EV]Y P]SUASION 
:O HAVE S\<T ,EUROPEAN UNITY3 ECONOMIC1 SOCIAL1 ADM9I/RATIVE1 
OR1 ( C\RSE1 POLITICAL4 

,NE$LESS TO SAY1 9 EF=TS = UNIFICATION PROMOT$ BY POLITICIANS 
WE HAVE A MULTITUDE ( ADM9I/RATORS 9 ,BRUSSELS ISSU+ 
$ICTS AB\T :I* V>IETIES ( VEGETABLE SE$S1 OR :AT 
CON/ITU5TS ( BEEFBURG]S OR ICE CREAM1 MAY BE SOLD 9 ! 
%OPS ( MEMB] NATIONS4 ,! NEWSPAP]S JOYFULLY REPORT ALL 
?IS TRIVIA4 ,! PRESS GIVES F> LESS ATT5TION TO ANO!R UND]CURR5T 
( PAN-,EUROPEAN OP9ION1 EVOLV+ FROM ! VIEWS EXPRESS$ 9 
,/RASB\RG FROM PEOPLE ( EV]Y POLITICAL HUE1 CLAIM+ ! 
EXI/5CE ( A ',EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS'1 & D>+ TO >GUE ?AT 
! NATION /ATE WAS A PH5OM5ON ( ! #a#f? TO #a#i? C5TURIES1 
:I* WILL NOT HAVE ANY USEFUL FUTURE 9 ! #b#a/ C5TURY4 ,! 
=?COM+ PATT]N ( ADM9I/RATION 9 ! F$]AT$ ,EUROPE 
?AT !Y >E /RUGGL+ TO DISCOV] IS A L9K BETWE51 LET US SAY1 
,CALABRIA1 ,WALES1 ,&ALUSIA1 ,AQUITA9E1 ,GALICIA1 OR ,SAXONY1 AS 
REGIONS1 RA!R ?AN AS NATIONS1 SEEK+ !IR REGIONAL ID5TITY1 
ECONOMICALLY & CULTURALLY1 :I* HAS BE5 LO/ 9 !IR 
9CORPORATION 9 NATION /ATES1 :]E ! C5T] ( GRAVITY IS 
ELSE:]E4 

,9 ! GREAT TIDE ( NATIONALISM 9 ! #a#i? C5TURY !RE WAS A 
H&FUL ( PROPHETIC & DISS5T+ VOICES1 URG+ ! ALT]NATIVE ( 
F$]ALISM4 ,IT IS 9T]E/+1 AT LEA/1 ?AT ?OSE :OSE NAMES SURVIVE 
W]E ! ?REE BE/-KN[N AN>*I/ ?9K]S ( ?AT C5TURY4 ,! 
POLITICAL ,LEFT AS IT EVOLV$ 9 ! #b? C5TURY HAS DISMISS$ !IR 
LEGACY AS IRRELEVANT4 ,SO MU* ! WORSE = ! ,LEFT1 S9CE ! DEBATE 
IS N[ MONOPOLIZ$ BY ! POLITICAL ,RI<T1 :I* HAS ITS [N 
AG5DA 9 OPPOS+ BO? F$]ALISM & REGIONALISM4 

,FIR/ AMONG !SE AN>*I/ PRECURSORS WAS ,PR\DHON1 :O DEVOT$ 
TWO ( HIS BOOKS TO ! IDEA ( F$]ATION 9 OPPOSITION TO ?AT ( ! 
NATION /ATE4 ,!Y W]E ,LA ,F$]ATION ET L',UNITE 5 ,ITALIE ( #a#h#f#b1 
& 9 ! FOLL[+ YE> HIS ,DU ,PR9CIPE ,F$]ATIF4 ,PR\DHON WAS 
,FR5*1 A CITIZ5 ( A UNIFI$1 C5TRALIZ$ NATION /ATE1 ) ! 
RESULT ?AT HE WAS OBLIG$ TO BECOME A REFUGEE 9 ,BELGIUM4 ,& HE 
FE>$ ! UNIFICATION ( ,ITALY ON SEV]AL DIFF]5T LEVELS4 ,9 HIS BOOK 
,DE LA ,JU/ICE ( #a#h#e#h1 HE HAD =ECA/ ?AT ! CREATION ( ! 
,G]MAN ,EMPIRE W\LD BR+ ONLY TR\BLE BO? TO ! ,G]MANS 
& TO ! RE/ ( ,EUROPE1 & HE PURSU$ ?IS >GUM5T 9TO ! 
POLITICAL HI/ORY ( ,ITALY4 

,ON ! BOTTOM LEVEL WAS HI/ORY1 :]E NATURAL FACTORS LIKE GEOLOGY 
& CLIMATE HAD %AP$ LOCAL CU/OMS & ATTITUDES4 ',ITALY'1 HE CLAIM$1 

IS F$]AL BY ! CON/ITUTION ( H] T]RITORY2 BY ! DIV]SITY ( H] 
9HABITANTS2 9 ! NATURE ( H] G5IUS2 9 H] MORES2 9 H] HI/ORY4 
,%E IS F$]AL 9 ALL H] BE+ & HAS BE5 S9CE ALL ET]NITY 4 4 4 ,& 
BY F$]ATION Y\ WILL MAKE H] AS MANY TIMES FREE AS Y\ GIVE H] 
9DEP5D5T /ATES4 

,IT WAS !RE=E UNNATURAL = ,ITALY TO BECOME A NATION /ATE4 

,HE UND]/OOD ?AT ,CAV\R & ,NAPOLEON ,I,I,I HAD AGRE$ TO MAKE A 
F$]AL ,ITALY1 BUT HE KNEW !Y W\LD RELY ON A VA+LORI\S 
PR9CEL+ FROM ! ,H\SE ( ,SAVOY :O W\LD SETTLE = NO?+ 
LESS ?AN A C5TRALIZ$ CON/ITUTIONAL MON>*Y4 ,& BEYOND ?IS1 
HE PR(\NDLY MI/RU/$ ! LIB]AL ANTI-CL]ICALISM ( ,MAZZ9I1 
NOT ?R\< ANY LOVE ( ! ,PAPACY BUT BECAUSE HE RECOGNIZ$ ?AT 
,MAZZ9I'S SLOGAN ',DIO E POPOLO' C\LD BE EXPLOIT$ BY ANY DEMAGOGUE 
:O C\LD SEIZE ! MA*9]Y ( A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE4 ,HE SAW ?AT 
! EXI/5CE ( ?IS ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS AN ABSOLUTE 
?REAT TO P]SONAL & LOCAL LIB]TY4 ,PR\DHON WAS ALMO/ ALONE 
AMONG #a#i?-C5TURY POLITICAL !ORI/S TO P]CEIVE ?IS3 

,LIB]AL TODAY UND] A LIB]AL GOV]NM5T1 IT WILL TOMORR[ BECOME 
! =MIDABLE 5G9E ( A USURP+ DESPOT4 ,IT IS A P]PETUAL 
TEMPTATION TO ! EXECUTIVE P[]1 A P]PETUAL ?REAT TO ! PEOPLE'S 
LIB]TIES4 ,NO RI<TS1 9DIVIDUAL OR COLLECTIVE1 CAN BE SURE ( A FUTURE4 
,C5TRALIZATION MI<T1 !N1 BE CALL$ ! DIS>M+ ( A NATION = 
! PR(IT ( ITS GOV]NM5T 4 4 4 

,EV]Y?+ WE N[ KN[ AB\T ! #b?-C5TURY HI/ORY ( ,EUROPE1 
,ASIA1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICA1 OR ,AFRICA SUPPORTS ?IS P]CEPTION4 ,NOR DOES 
! ,NOR? ,AM]ICAN /YLE ( F$]ALISM1 SO LOV+LY CONCEIV$ BY 
,?OMAS ,JEFF]SON & HIS FRI5DS1 GU>ANTEE ! REMOVAL ( ?IS 
?REAT4 ,ONE ( ,PR\DHON'S ,5GLI% BIOGRAPH]S1 ,$W>D ,HYAMS1 
COMM5TS ?AT 

IT HAS BECOME APP>5T S9CE ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W> ?AT ,UNIT$ 
,/ATES ,PRESID5TS CAN & DO MAKE USE ( ! ,F$]AL ADM9I/RATIVE 
MA*9E 9 A WAY :I* MAKES A MOCK]Y ( DEMOCRACY4 

,& HIS ,CANADIAN TRANSLATOR ,RI*>D ,V]NON P>APHRASES 
,PR\DHON'S CONCLUSION ?US3 

,SOLICIT M5'S VIEWS 9 ! MASS1 & !Y WILL RETURN /UPID1 FICKLE 
& VIOL5T ANSW]S2 SOLICIT !IR VIEWS AS MEMB]S ( DEF9ITE 
GR\PS ) REAL SOLID>ITY & A DI/9CTIVE *>ACT]1 & !IR 
ANSW]S WILL BE RESPONSIBLE & WISE4 ,EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL 
'LANGUAGE' ( MASS DEMOCRACY1 :I* REPRES5TS '! PEOPLE' AS 
UNIT>Y & UNDIVID$1 & M9ORITIES AS TRAITORS1 & !Y WILL GIVE 
BIR? TO TYRANNY2 EXPOSE !M TO ! POLITICAL LANGUAGE ( F$]ALISM1 
9 :I* ! PEOPLE FIGURES AS A DIV]SIFI$ AGGREGATE ( REAL 
ASSOCIATIONS1 & !Y WILL RESI/ TYRANNY TO ! 5D4 

,?IS OBS]VATION REVEALS A PR(\ND UND]/&+ ( ! 
PSY*OLOGY ( POLITICS4 ,PR\DHON WAS EXTRAPOLAT+ FROM ! 
EVOLUTION ( ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 BUT ,EUROPE HAS O!R 
EXAMPLES 9 A :OLE S]IES ( SPECIALI/ FIELDS4 ,! ,NE!RL&S HAS 
A REPUTATION = ITS MILD OR L5I5T P5AL POLICY4 ,! (FICIAL 
EXPLANATION ( ?IS IS ! REPLACEM5T 9 #ahhf ( ! ,CODE ,NAPOLEON 
BY 'A G5U9E ,DUT* CRIM9AL CODE' BAS$ UPON CULTURAL TRADITIONS 
LIKE '! WELL-KN[N ,DUT* ''TOL]ANCE'' & T5D5CY TO ACCEPT 
DEVIANT M9ORITIES'4 ,I AM QUOT+ ! ,NE!RL&S CRIM9OLOGI/ 
,DR ,WILLEM DE ,HAAN1 :O CITES ! EXPLANATION ?AT ,DUT* SOCIETY 

HAS TRADITIONALLY BE5 BAS$ UPON RELIGI\S1 POLITICAL & IDEOLOGICAL 
RA!R ?AN CLASS L9ES4 ,! IMPORTANT D5OM9ATIONAL GR\P+S 
CREAT$ !IR [N SOCIAL 9/ITUTIONS 9 ALL MAJOR PUBLIC SPH]ES4 ,?IS 
PROCESS 4 4 4 IS RESPONSIBLE = TRANS=M+ A PRAGMATIC1 TOL]ANT 
G5]AL ATTITUDE 9TO AN ABSOLUTE SOCIAL MU/4 

,9 O!R WORDS IT IS DIV]SITY & NOT UNITY ?AT CREATES ! K9D 
( SOCIETY 9 :I* Y\ & ,I CAN MO/ COM=TABLY LIVE4 ,& 
MOD]N ,DUT* ATTITUDES >E ROOT$ 9 ! DIV]SITY ( ! M$IEVAL 
CITY /ATES ( ,HOLL& & ,ZEEL&1 :I* DEMON/RATES1 AS MU* AS 
,PR\DHON'S REGIONALISM1 ?AT A DESIRABLE FUTURE = ALL ,EUROPE LIES 9 
AN ACCOMMODATION ( LOCAL DIFF]5CES4 

,DISCUSSIONS AB\T ,EUROPEAN 9TEGRATION 9 ! #a#h#fS PROMPT$ A 
SKEPTICAL REACTION FROM ,PR\DHON3 

,AMONG ,FR5* DEMOCRATS !RE HAS BE5 MU* TALK ( A ,EUROPEAN 
CONF$]ATION1 OR A ,UNIT$ ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE4 ,BY ?IS !Y SEEM TO 
UND]/& NO?+ BUT AN ALLIANCE ( ALL ! /ATES :I* PRES5TLY 
EXI/ 9 ,EUROPE1 GREAT & SMALL1 PRESID$ OV] BY A P]MAN5T 
CONGRESS4 ,IT IS TAK5 = GRANT$ ?AT EA* /ATE WILL RETA9 ! =M 
( GOV]NM5T ?AT SUITS IT BE/4 ,N[ S9CE EA* /ATE WILL HAVE VOTES 
9 ! CONGRESS 9 PROPORTION TO ITS POPULATION & T]RITORY1 ! 
SMALL /ATES 9 ?IS SO-CALL$ CONF$]ATION WILL SOON BE 9CORPORAT$ 
9TO ! L>GE ONES 4 4 4 

,SWALL[+ UP NEI<BOR+ C\NTRIES MAY BE UNFA%IONABLE 
N[ADAYS1 BUT WE CAN SEE ,PR\DHON'S MISGIV+S BE+ REALIZ$ 9 
! WAY DEBATES & DECISIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN ,COMMUNITY >E 
DOM9AT$ BY ! L>GE /ATES AT ! EXP5SE ( ! SMALL] MEMB] 
NATIONS4 

,! SECOND ( MY #a#i?-C5TURY M5TORS1 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN91 
DEM&S \R ATT5TION = A V>IETY ( REASONS4 ,HE WAS ALMO/ ALONE 
AMONG ?AT C5TURY'S POLITICAL ?9K]S 9 =ESEE+ ! HORRORS ( 
! CLA% ( MOD]N NATION /ATES 9 ! ,FIR/ & ,SECOND ,WORLD 
,W>S1 AS WELL AS PR$ICT+ ! RESULTS ( C5TRALIZ+ ,M>XISM 9 
! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 ,9 #ahfg ,PRUSSIA & ,FRANCE SEEM$ TO BE 
POIS$ = A W> AB\T :O %\LD CONTROL ,LUXEMB\RG & ?IS1 
?R\< ! NETWORK ( 9T]E/S & ALLIANCES1 '?REAT5$ TO 5GULF 
ALL ,EUROPE'4 ,A ,LEAGUE = ,PEACE & ,FRE$OM HELD ITS CONGRESS 9 
,G5EVA1 SPONSOR$ BY PROM95T PEOPLE FROM V>I\S C\NTRIES1 
SU* AS ,GIUSEPPE ,G>IBALDI1 ,VICTOR ,HUGO1 & ,JOHN ,/U>T ,MILL4 
,BAKUN9 SEIZ$ ! OPPORTUNITY TO ADDRESS ?IS AUDI5CE1 & 
PUBLI%$ HIS OP9IONS UND] ! TITLE ,F$]ALISME1 ,SOCIALISME1 ET 
,ANTI-,!OLOGISME4 ,?IS DOCUM5T SET \T #ac PO9TS ON :I*1 
ACCORD+ TO ,BAKUN91 ! ,G5EVA ,CONGRESS WAS UNANIM\S4 

,! FIR/ ( !SE PO9TS PROCLAIM$ 

,?AT 9 ORD] TO A*IEVE ! TRIUMPH ( LIB]TY1 JU/ICE & PEACE 9 
! 9T]NATIONAL RELATIONS ( ,EUROPE1 & TO R5D] CIVIL W> 
IMPOSSIBLE AMONG ! V>I\S PEOPLES :I* MAKE UP ! ,EUROPEAN 
FAMILY1 ONLY A S+LE C\RSE LIES OP53 TO CON/ITUTE ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES 
( ,EUROPE4 

,HIS SECOND PO9T >GU$ ?AT ?IS AIM IMPLI$ ?AT /ATES MU/ BE 
REPLAC$ BY REGIONS1 = IT OBS]V$ 

,?AT ! =MATION ( !SE ,/ATES ( ,EUROPE CAN NEV] COME AB\T 
BETWE5 ! ,/ATES AS CON/ITUT$ AT PRES5T1 9 VIEW ( ! 
MON/R\S DISP>ITY :I* EXI/S BETWE5 !IR V>I\S P[]S4 

,HIS F\R? PO9T CLAIM$ 

,?AT NOT EV5 IF IT CALL$ ITSELF A REPUBLIC C\LD ANY C5TRALIZ$1 
BUREAUCRATIC & BY ! SAME TOK5 MILIT>I/ ,/ATE 5T] S]I\SLY 
& G5U9ELY 9TO AN 9T]NATIONAL F$]ATION4 ,BY VIRTUE ( ITS 
CON/ITUTION1 :I* WILL ALWAYS BE AN EXPLICIT OR IMPLICIT D5IAL 
( DOME/IC LIB]TY1 IT W\LD NECESS>ILY IMPLY A DECL>ATION ( 
P]MAN5T W> & A ?REAT TO ! EXI/5CE ( NEI<BOR+ 
C\NTRIES4 

,CONSEQU5TLY HIS FIF? PO9T DEM&$ 

,?AT ALL ! SUPPORT]S ( ! ,LEAGUE %\LD !RE=E B5D ALL !IR 
5]GIES T[>DS ! RECON/RUCTION ( !IR V>I\S C\NTRIES1 9 
ORD] TO REPLACE ! OLD ORGANIZATION F\ND$ ?R\<\T UPON 
VIOL5CE & ! PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY BY A NEW ORGANIZATION BAS$ 
SOLELY UPON ! 9T]E/S1 NE$S & 9CL9ATIONS ( ! POPULACE1 
& [N+ NO PR9CIPLE O!R ?AN ?AT ( ! FREE F$]ATION ( 
9DIVIDUALS 9TO COMMUNES1 COMMUNES 9TO PROV9CES1 PROV9CES 
9TO NATIONS1 & ! LATT] 9TO ! ,UNIT$ ,/ATES1 FIR/ ( ,EUROPE1 
!N ( ! :OLE WORLD4 

,! VISION ?US BECAME BIGG] & BIGG]1 BUT ,BAKUN9 WAS C>EFUL 
TO 9CLUDE ! ACCEPTANCE ( SECESSION4 ,HIS EI<? PO9T DECL>$ 
?AT 

,JU/ BECAUSE A REGION HAS =M$ P>T ( A ,/ATE1 EV5 BY VOLUNT>Y 
ACCESSION1 IT BY NO MEANS FOLL[S ?AT IT 9CURS ANY OBLIGATION TO 
REMA9 TI$ TO IT = EV]4 ,NO OBLIGATION 9 P]PETUITY IS ACCEPTABLE 
TO HUMAN JU/ICE 4 4 4 ,! RI<T ( FREE UNION & EQUALLY FREE SECESSION 
COMES FIR/ & =EMO/ AMONG ALL POLITICAL RI<TS2 )\T IT1 
CONF$]ATION W\LD BE NO?+ BUT C5TRALIZATION 9 DISGUISE4 

,BAKUN9 REF]S ADMIR+LY TO ! ,SWISS ,CONF$]ATION1 'PRACTIC+ 
F$]ATION SO SUCCESSFULLY TODAY'1 AS HE PUT IT1 & ,PR\DHON TOO 
EXPLICITLY TOOK AS A MODEL ! ,SWISS SUPREMACY ( ! COMMUNE AS 
! UNIT ( SOCIAL ORGANIZATION1 L9K$ BY ! CANTON1 ) A PURELY 
ADM9I/RATIVE F$]AL C\NCIL4 ,BUT BO? REMEMB]$ ! EV5TS ( 
#a#h#d#h1 :5 ! ,SOND]BUND ( SECESSIONI/ CANTONS W]E COMPELL$ 
BY W> TO ACCEPT ! NEW CON/ITUTION ( ! MAJORITY4 ,PR\DHON & 
,BAKUN9 AGRE$ 9 CONDEMN+ ?IS SUBV]SION ( F$]ALISM BY ! 
UNIT>Y PR9CIPLE4 ,!RE MU/ BE A RI<T ( SECESSION4 

,SWITZ]L&1 PRECISELY BECAUSE ( ITS DEC5TRALIZ$ /RUCTURE1 WAS A 
REFUGE = NUM]\S POLITICAL REFUGEES FROM ! ,AU/RO-,HUNG>IAN1 
,G]MAN1 & ,RUSSIAN EMPIRES4 ,ONE ,RUSSIAN AN>*I/ WAS EV5 
EXPELL$ FROM ,SWITZ]L&3 HE WAS TOO MU* EV5 = ! ,SWISS 
,F$]AL ,C\NCIL4 ,?IS WAS ,PET] ,KROPOTK91 :OSE IDEAS CONNECT 
#a#i?-C5TURY F$]ALISM ) #b?-C5TURY REGIONAL GEOGRAPHY4 

,KROPOTK9'S Y\? WAS SP5T AS AN >MY (FIC] 9 GEOLOGICAL 
EXP$ITIONS 9 ! ,F> ,EA/]N PROV9CES ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE4 
,HIS AUTOBIOGRAPHY TELLS ( ! \TRAGE HE FELT TO SEE H[ C5TRAL 
ADM9I/RATION & FUND+ DE/ROY$ ANY IMPROVEM5T ( LOCAL 
CONDITIONS1 ?R\< IGNORANCE1 9COMPET5CE1 & UNIV]SAL 
CORRUPTION1 & ?R\< ! DE/RUCTION ( ANCI5T COMMUNAL 
9/ITUTIONS :I* MI<T HAVE 5ABL$ PEOPLE TO *ANGE !IR 
[N LIVES4 ,! RI* GOT RI*]1 ! POOR GOT POOR]1 & ! 
ADM9I/RATIVE MA*9]Y WAS SUFFOCAT$ BY BOR$OM & 
EMBEZZLEM5T4 ,!RE IS A SIMIL> LIT]ATURE FROM ANY O!R EMPIRE 
OR NATION /ATE4 

,9 #ahgb ,KROPOTK9 MADE HIS FIR/ VISIT TO ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 & 9 
,SWITZ]L& WAS 9TOXICAT$ BY ! AIR ( DEMOCRACY1 EV5 A 
B\RGEOIS ONE4 ,9 ! ,JURA HILLS HE /AY$ ) ! WAT*-MAK]S1 A 
COMMUNITY ( SELF-EMPLOY$ CRAFTSM54 ,HIS BIOGRAPH] ,M>T9 
,MILL] DESCRIBES HIS REACTIONS3 

,KROPOTK9'S MEET+S & TALKS ) ! WORK]S ON !IR JOBS 
REVEAL$ ! K9D ( SPONTANE\S FRE$OM )\T AU?ORITY OR 
DIRECTION FROM ABOVE ?AT HE HAD DREAM$ AB\T4 ,ISOLAT$ & 
SELF-SUFFICI5T1 ! ,JURA WAT*MAK]S IMPRESS$ ,KROPOTK9 AS AN 
EXAMPLE ?AT C\LD TRANS=M SOCIETY IF SU* A COMMUNITY W]E 
ALL[$ TO DEVELOP ON A L>GE SCALE4 ,!RE WAS NO D\BT 9 HIS M9D 
?AT ?IS COMMUNITY W\LD WORK BECAUSE IT WAS NOT A MATT] ( 
IMPOS+ AN >TIFICIAL 'SY/EM' SU* AS HAD BE5 ATTEMPT$ BY 
,MURAVIEV 9 ,SIB]IA BUT ( P]MITT+ ! NATURAL ACTIVITY ( ! 
WORK]S TO FUNCTION ACCORD+ TO !IR [N 9T]E/S4 

,HIS /AY 9 ! ,JURA HILLS WAS A TURN+ PO9T = ,KROPOTK94 ,! RE/ 
( HIS LIFE WAS1 9 A S5SE1 DEVOT$ TO GA!R+ ! EVID5CE = 
AN>*ISM1 F$]ALISM1 & REGIONALISM4 

,KROPOTK9'S APPROA* IS NOT SIMPLY A MATT] ( ACADEMIC HI/ORY4 ,9 
A /UDY ( ,UN F$]ALI/A ,RUSSO1 ,PIETRO ,KROPOTK9 7#a#i#b#b71 ! 
,ITALIAN AN>*I/ ,CAMILLO ,B]N]I QUOTES ! ',LETT] TO ! ,WORK]S 
( ,WE/]N ,EUROPE' ?AT ,KROPOTK9 H&$ TO ! ,BRITI% ,LABOR 
,P>TY POLITICIAN ,M>G>ET ,BONDFIELD 9 ,JUNE #a#i#b4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( IT 
HE DECL>$ ?AT3 

,IMP]IAL ,RUSSIA IS DEAD & WILL NEV] BE REVIV$4 ,! FUTURE ( ! 
V>I\S PROV9CES :I* COMPOS$ ! ,EMPIRE WILL BE DIRECT$ 
T[>DS A L>GE F$]ATION4 ,! NATURAL T]RITORIES ( ! DIFF]5T 
SECTIONS ( ?IS F$]ATION >E 9 NO WAY DI/9CT FROM ?OSE ) 
:I* WE >E FAMILI> 9 ! HI/ORY ( ,RUSSIA1 ( ITS E?NOGRAPHY 
& ECONOMIC LIFE4 ,ALL ! ATTEMPTS TO BR+ TOGE!R ! CONSITU5T 
P>TS ( ! ,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE1 SU* AS ,F9L&1 ! ,BALTIC PROV9CES1 
,LI?UANIA1 ,UKRA9E1 ,GEORGIA1 ,>M5IA1 ,SIB]IA & O!RS1 UND] A 
C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E DOOM$ TO FAILURE4 ,! FUTURE ( :AT WAS ! 
,RUSSIAN ,EMPIRE IS DIRECT$ T[>DS A F$]ATION ( 9DEP5D5T 
UNITS4 

,TODAY WE CAN SEE ! RELEVANCE ( ?IS OP9ION1 IGNOR$ = #g YE>S4 
,AS AN EXILE 9 ,WE/]N ,EUROPE1 ,KROPOTK9 HAD CLOSE CONTACT ) A 
RANGE ( PIONE]S ( REGIONAL ?9K+4 ,! RELATION%IP BETWE5 
REGIONALISM & AN>*ISM HAS BE5 H&SOMELY DEL9EAT$ BY ! 
GEOGRAPH] ,PET] ,HALL1 :5 DIRECTOR ( ! ,9/ITUTE ( ,URBAN & 
,REGIONAL ,DEVELOPM5T AT ,B]KELEY1 ,CALI=NIA1 9 HIS BOOK ,CITIES 
( ,TOMORR[ 7#a#i#h#h74 ,!RE WAS ,KROPOTK9'S FELL[ AN>*I/ 
GEOGRAPH] ,ELISEE ,RECLUS1 >GU+ = SMALL-SCALE HUMAN SOCIETIES 
BAS$ ON ! ECOLOGY ( !IR REGIONS4 ,!RE WAS ,PAUL ,VIDAL DE LA 
,BLA*E1 ANO!R F\ND] ( ,FR5* GEOGRAPHY1 :O >GU$ ?AT '! 
REGION WAS MORE ?AN AN OBJECT ( SURVEY2 IT WAS TO PROVIDE ! BASIS 
= ! TOTAL RECON/RUCTION ( SOCIAL & POLITICAL LIFE'4 ,= ,VIDAL1 AS 
,PR(ESSOR ,HALL EXPLA9S1 IT WAS ! REGION1 NOT ! NATION1 :I* 

AS ! MOTOR =CE ( HUMAN DEVELOPM5T2 ! ALMO/ S5SUAL 
RECIPROCITY BETWE5 M5 & WOM5 & !IR SURR\ND+S1 WAS 
! SEAT ( COMPREH5SIBLE LIB]TY & ! MA9SPR+ ( CULTURAL 
EVOLUTION1 :I* W]E BE+ ATTACK$ & ]OD$ BY ! C5TRALIZ$ 
NATION-/ATE & BY L>GE-SCALE MA*9E 9DU/RY4 

,F9ALLY !RE WAS ! EXTRAORD9>Y ,SCOTTI% BIOLOGI/ ,PATRICK 
,G$DES1 :O TRI$ TO 5CAPSULATE ALL !SE REGIONALI/ IDEAS1 
:E!R GEOGRAPHICAL1 SOCIAL1 HI/ORICAL1 POLITICAL1 OR ECONOMIC1 
9TO AN IDEOLOGY ( REASONS = REGIONS1 KN[N TO MO/ ( US ?R\< 
! WORK ( HIS DISCIPLE ,LEWIS ,MUM=D4 

,PR(ESSOR ,HALL PO9T$ \T ?AT 

MANY1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ALL1 ( ! E>LY VISIONS ( ! PLANN+ 
MOVEM5T /EMM$ FROM ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T1 :I* 
FL\RI%$ 9 ! LA/ DECADES ( ! N9ETE5? C5TURY & ! FIR/ 
YE>S ( ! TW5TIE? 4 4 4 ,! VISION ( !SE AN>*I/ PIONE]S WAS 
NOT M]ELY ( AN ALT]NATIVE BUILT =M1 BUT ( AN ALT]NATIVE SOCIETY1 
NE!R CAPITALI/ NOR BUREAUCRATIC-SOCIALI/3 A SOCIETY BAS$ ON 
VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION AMONG M5 & WOM51 WORK+ & LIV+ 
9 SMALL SELF-GOV]N+ COMMUNITIES4 

,?OSE #a#i?-C5TURY AN>*I/ ?9K]S W]E A C5TURY 9 ADVANCE ( 
!IR CONTEMPOR>IES 9 W>N+ ! PEOPLES ( ,EUROPE ( ! 
CONSEQU5CES ( NOT ADOPT+ A REGIONALI/ & F$]ALI/ APPROA*4 
,AFT] EV]Y K9D ( DISA/R\S EXP]I5CE 9 ! #b? C5TURY1 ! 
RUL]S ( ! NATION /ATES ( ,EUROPE HAVE DIRECT$ POLICY T[>DS 
SEV]AL K9DS ( SUPRANATIONAL 5TITIES4 ,! CRUCIAL ISSUE ?AT FACES 
!M IS :E!R TO CONCEIVE ( A ,EUROPE ( ,/ATES OR A ,EUROPE ( 
,REGIONS4 

,TO DO !M JU/ICE1 ! ADVOCATES ( A UNIT$ ,EUROPE HAVE DEVELOP$ 
A DOCTR9E ( 'SUBSIDI>ITY'1 BY :I* GOV]NM5TAL DECISIONS \TSIDE 
! REMIT ( ! SUPRANATIONAL 9/ITUTIONS ( ! ,EUROPEAN 
,COMMUNITY %\LD BE TAK5 BY REGIONAL OR LOCAL LEVELS ( 
ADM9I/RATION1 RA!R ?AN BY NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS4 ,A RESOLUTION 
HAS BE5 ADOPT$ BY ! ,C\NCIL ( ,EUROPE1 CALL+ = NATIONAL 
GOV]NM5TS TO ADOPT ITS ,*>T] = ,LOCAL ,SELF-,GOV]NM5T1 'TO 
=MALIZE COMMITM5T TO ! PR9CIPLE ?AT GOV]NM5T FUNCTIONS 
%\LD BE C>RI$ \T AT ! L[E/ LEVEL POSSIBLE & ONLY 
TRANSF]R$ TO HI<] GOV]NM5T BY CONS5T4' 

,?IS PRECEPT IS AN EXTRAORD9>Y TRIBUTE TO ,PR\DHON1 ,BAKUN91 & 
,KROPOTK9 & ! IDEAS ?AT !Y W]E ALONE 9 VOIC+ 7AP>T 
FROM SOME 9T]E/+ ,SPANI% ?9K]S LIKE ,PI Y ,M>GALL OR ,JOAQU9 
,CO/A74 ,( C\RSE IT IS ONE ( ! FIR/ ASPECTS ( PAN-,EUROPEAN 
IDEOLOGY ?AT NATIONAL GOV]NM5TS WILL *OOSE TO IGNORE1 ?\< 
!RE >E OBVI\S DIFF]5CES BETWE5 V>I\S NATION /ATES 9 ?IS 
RESPECT4 ,9 MANY ( !M1 = EXAMPLE ,G]MANY1 ,ITALY1 ,SPA91 & 
EV5 ,FRANCE1 ! MA*9]Y ( GOV]NM5T IS CONSID]ABLY MORE 
DEVOLV$ ?AN IT WAS #e YE>S AGO4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( ! =M] 
,SOVIET ,UNION4 

,ONE AN>*I/ ?9K] FROM ! ,NE!RL&S1 ,?OM ,HOLT]MAN1 HAS 
SET \T ! CRIT]IA :I* AN>*I/S W\LD SEE AS ! PR]EQUISITES 
= A FREE UNIT$ ,EUROPE4 ,HIS W>N+ IS PRECISELY ?AT ! OB/ACLE 
TO A ,EUROPE ( ! ,REGIONS IS ! EXI/5CE ( NATION /ATES4 ,ANO!R 
IS ?AT BECAUSE ! ?9K+ & PLANN+ ( ! FUTURE ( ,EUROPE IS 
9 ! H&S ( GOV]NM5TAL BUREAUCRACIES1 !Y >E ALL PREP>+ 
= A ,EUROPE ( ! BUREAUCRATS4 

,KROPOTK9 US$ TO CITE ! LIFEBOAT 9/ITUTION AS AN EXAMPLE ( 
! K9D ( VOLUNT>Y & NON-CO]CIVE ORGANIZATION 5VISAG$ BY 
AN>*I/S ?AT C\LD PROVIDE A WORLDWIDE S]VICE )\T ! 
PR9CIPLE ( AU?ORITY 9T]V5+4 ,TWO O!R EXAMPLES ( ! WAY 9 
:I* LOCAL GR\PS & ASSOCIATIONS C\LD COMB9E TO PROVIDE A 
COMPLEX NETWORK ( FUNCTIONS )\T ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY >E ! 
PO/ (FICE & ! RAILWAYS4 ,Y\ CAN PO/ A LETT] TO ,*ILI OR ,*9A1 
CONFID5T ?AT IT WILL GET !RE1 AS A RESULT ( FREELY->RIV$-AT 
AGREEM5TS BETWE5 DIFF]5T NATIONAL PO/ (FICES1 )\T !RE 
BE+ ANY C5TRAL WORLD PO/AL AU?ORITY AT ALL4 ,OR Y\ CAN TRAVEL 
ACROSS ,EUROPE & ,ASIA OV] ! L9ES ( A DOZ5 DIFF]5T RAILWAY 
SY/EMS1 PUBLIC & PRIVATE1 )\T ANY K9D ( C5TRAL RAILWAY 
AU?ORITY4 ,COORD9ATION REQUIRES NEI!R UNI=MITY NOR 
BUREAUCRACY4 

 ,*APT] #a4 ,GRE5 ASPIRATIONS & AN>*I/ FUTURES 

,:5 ,KROPOTK9'S ,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS FIR/ APPE>$ 
9 #a#h#i#i1 ! PRECURSORS ( ! ,GRE5 MOVEM5T F\ND IT AN 
9SPIRATION1 S9CE ITS AU?OR /RESS$ ! PRODUCTIVITY ( 
SMALL-SCALE DEC5TRALIZ$ 9DU/RY1 & ( A 'HORTICULTURAL' 
APPROA* TO FOOD PRODUCTION1 = ITS IMM5SE \TPUT4 ,:5 
HIS BOOK WAS RE-ISSU$ AT ! 5D ( ! ,FIR/ ,WORLD ,W>1 AN 
ADD$ PRELIM9>Y NOTE OBS]V$ ?AT3 ',IT PLEADS = A NEW 
ECONOMY 9 ! 5]GIES US$ 9 SUPPLY+ ! NE$S ( HUMAN 
LIFE1 S9CE !SE NE$S >E 9CREAS+ & ! 5]GIES >E NOT 
9EXHAU/IBLE4' 

,9 ?OSE DAYS ?IS WAS A R>E RECOGNITION ( ! LIMITS TO GR[?4 
,TODAY WE HAVE A VA/ LIT]ATURE ON ! PROBLEMS ( RES\RCE 
DEPLETION & 5VIRONM5TAL DE/RUCTION4 ,! DIFFICULTY = 
5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/S1 TRY+ TO 5LI/ ! SUPPORT ( FELL[ 
CITIZ5S1 IS ONE ( PRIORITIES3 :I* CAMPAIGN MO/ URG5TLY NE$S 
A HELP+ H&8 ,CAPITALISM ROAMS ! GLOBE1 SEEK+ ! LEA/ 
PROTECT$ LABOR M>KET & ! LEA/ PROTECT$ PHYSICAL 
5VIRONM5T1 9 ORD] TO /IMULATE1 & TO W91 AN EV]-GR[+ 
M>KET = ITS GOODS4 ,IT DESCRIBES ?IS PROCESS AS 'CONSUM] 
SOV]EIGNTY' & ?US EVADES ANY RESPONSIBILITY = ITS RU?LESS 
EXPLOITATION ( POOR PEOPLE & WEAK ECONOMIES4 ,! RI*] WE >E1 
! MORE WE >E 9CL9$ TO %RUG (F \R %>E ( ?IS 
RESPONSIBILITY4 

,= MANY YE>S N[1 WE 9 ! RI* ECONOMIES HAVE HAD A S]IES 
( MOVEM5TS & CAMPAIGNS DESCRIB$ 9 G5]AL T]MS AS 
'5VIRONM5TAL'1 'CONS]VATIONI/'1 OR 'GRE5'1 OR EV5 'ECOLOGICAL'1 
DRAW+ \R ATT5TION TO ! CRISES ( ! 5VIRONM5T1 GLOBAL 
W>M+1 & ! DEPLETION ( F9ITE RES\RCES4 ,CRITICS ( !SE 
CAMPAIGNS 9 ! RI* WORLD PO9T \T ?AT !Y DO NOT ALWAYS 
9CLUDE AN AW>5ESS ( ! PLI<T ( ! RI* WORLD'S POOR4 ,AM>TYA 
,S5 REM>K$ ON ! P>ADOX ?AT ',9 ! POOR WORLD ! POOR >E 
?9 & ! RI* >E FAT4 ,9 ! RI* WORLD ! RI* >E ?9 & ! 
POOR >E FAT4' ,HE IS ! AU?OR ( A FAM\S /UDY ( :O EATS & 
:O />VES1 & ( :AT !Y EAT1 ) A !ORY ( '5TITLEM5TS'1 
DEF9+ !SE AS ! SET ( 'ALT]NATIVE COMMODITY BUNDLES :I* A 
P]SON CAN COMM&'4 ,HIS OBS]VATION IS A REM9D] ?AT 9 EV]Y 
SOCIETY !RE >E SEV]AL SIMULTANE\S FOOD CULTURES1 ULTIMATELY 
DET]M9$ BY LEVELS ( POV]TY & AFFLU5CE4 ,9 ! POOR WORLD ! 
P[]FUL & WEAL?Y & !IR MILIT>Y ELITES LIVE GR&LY1 :ILE 
! POOR >E ILL-N\RI%$ & SOMETIMES />V+4 ,9 ! RI* WORLD 
A SIGNIFICANT POOR M9ORITY LIVES ON ! 'JUNK FOOD' ?AT ! AFFLU5T 
CAN AF=D TO DESPISE4 ,9 ,BRITA9 ! NUMB] ( *ILDR5 GR[+ UP 
9 POV]TY TREBL$ BETWE5 #aifh & #a#i#i#h4 

,ANY DISCUSSION ( 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES HAS TO />T ) ! FACT ( 
MALNUTRITION 9 A WORLD ( PL5TY1 & !N PROCE$ TO EXAM9E ! 
HI< CO/ ( ! RI* WORLD'S '*EAP' FOOD4 ,KROPOTK9'S >GUM5TS 
9CLUD$ ! CLAIM ?AT A D5SELY POPULAT$ SMALL C\NTRY LIKE 
,BRITA9 C\LD FE$ ITSELF FROM ITS [N L&1 AN IDEA REG>D$ AS 
ABSURD EV5 ?\< IT WAS BAS$ ON ,EUROPEAN EXP]I5CE4 ,A 
C5TURY LAT] ,I HAD ! PLEASURE ( MEET+ ,JAC ,SMIT1 PRESID5T 
( ! ,URBAN ,AGRICULTURE ,NETWORK & COAU?OR ( ! ,UNIT$ 
,NATIONS REPORT ON ,URBAN ,AGRICULTURE3 ,FOOD1 ,JOBS & ,SU/A9ABLE 
,CITIES1 :O EXPLA9$ H[ 9 ,*9ESE CITIES #i.0 ( VEGETABLES >E 
LOCALLY GR[N1 & ?AT 

,HONG ,KONG1 ! D5SE/ L>GE CITY 9 ! WORLD1 PRODUCES )9 ITS 
B\ND>IES TWO-?IRDS ( ! P\LTRY1 ONE-SIX? ( ! PIGS1 & CLOSE 
TO HALF ! VEGETABLES EAT5 BY ITS CITIZ5S & VISITORS4 

,! BE/-KN[N EXAMPLES ( URBAN 9T5SIVE FOOD PRODUCTION 
>E PROVID$ BY ! VA/ CITIES ( ,S\?-,EA/ ,ASIA4 ,S+APORE'S 
#a1#e HECT>ES ( 'AGRO-TE*NOLOGY P>KS' >E FAM\S4 ,AS !IR 
ADMIR] ,GE(F ,WILSON PO9TS \T1 

,! 9ESCAPABLE LOGIC IS ?AT :ILE RURAL AGRICULTURE CAN NE$ UP TO 
EI<T FOSSIL FUEL 5]GY UNITS TO PRODUCE ONE FOOD 5]GY UNIT SOLD 9 
SUP]M>KETS1 URBAN AGRICULTURE CAN PROVIDE UP TO EI<T FOOD 5]GY 
UNITS = EV]Y ONE FOSSIL FUEL 5]GY UNIT4 

,TIM ,LANG1 A PR(ESSOR ( FOOD POLICY :O HAS BE5 CONC]N$ = 
YE>S ) ! IMPLICATIONS ( F9D+S LIKE !SE1 REM9DS US ?AT 

,SUP]M>KET DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS >E TOTALLY DEP5D5T UPON *EAP 
5]GY4 ,F> FROM BE+ MORE CONV5I5T1 HYP]M>KETS >E ACTUALLY 
MAK+ US MAKE MORE1 NOT LESS1 %OPP+ TRIPS4 ,! AV]AGE NUMB] 
9CREAS$ BY #bh P]C5T BETWE5 #ai< & #a#i#i#a4 ,%OPP]S ALSO HAVE 
TO GO FUR!R3 ! DI/ANCE ROSE BY #f P]C5T BETWE5 #ai< & 
#aiia 4 4 4 ,! COMMON FACTOR TO ALL ?IS IS ! FOOD RETAIL]S' USE ( 
C5TRALIZ$ DI/RIBUTION SY/EMS4 ,EA* FIRM HAS ITS [N REGIONAL 
DI/RIBUTION C5T]S 7,R,D,CS74 ,ALL FOOD GOES TO ! ,R,D,C & !NCE TO 
! %OPS4 ,AS A RESULT ! FOOD TRAVELS MU* FUR!R 4 4 4 

,?IS IS KN[N AS ! FOOD-MILES ISSUE4 ,IT HAS BE5 EXT5D$ TO EV5 
MORE BIZ>RE L5G?S BY ! POLICIES ( ! GIANT FOOD RETAIL]S1 
SE>*+ ! GLOBE = SUPPLI]S :O >E *EAPE/1 REG>DLESS ( ! 
DIV]SION ( LOCAL WAT] SUPPLIES FROM MEET+ TRADITIONAL LOCAL 
NE$S4 ,9 MY NE>E/ T[N 9 ,EA/ ,ANGLIA ,I CAN BUY ,MEXICAN C>ROTS1 
,AU/RALIAN ONIONS1 ,AFRICAN MANGE-T\T PEAS1 & ,P]UVIAN 
ASP>AGUS4 ,?IS FACT CONTRIBUTES F> MORE TO GLOBAL W>M+ ?AN 
MY C>ELESS USE ( ELECTRICITY4 ,PR(ESSOR ,JOHN ,H\<TON1 ,*AIRMAN 
( ! ,ROYAL ,COMMISSION ON ,5VIRONM5TAL ,POLLUTION & ( ! 
,UNIT$ ,NATIONS ,ADVISORY ,PANEL ON ,CLIMATE ,*ANGE1 ?\<T !RE 
WAS SOME?+ ABSURD 9 ! FACT ?AT HE HAD EAT5 DELICI\S NEW 
POTATOES = HIS LUN*4 ,!Y HAD BE5 DELIV]$ BY A #d-TONNE LORRY 
TO HIS LOCAL HYP]M>KET AFT] BE+ FL[N BY SUP]JET TO ,5GL&4 
,&1 AS HE COMM5T$1 ',I C\LD HAVE GR[N !M 9 MY [N BACK 
G>D54' 

,HIS REM>K WAS IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT ILLU/RATES ! GULF BETWE5 
\R GRE5 ASPIRATIONS & \R ACTUAL BEHAVIOR4 ,9 EXPLOR+ ?IS 
GAP1 ! WORK ( ! ,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 HAS BE5 
SIGNIFICANT & 9FLU5TIAL4 ,HE1 LIKE ,RA*EL ,C>SON1 HAD BE5 A 
PROPAG&I/ ON 5VIRONM5TAL ISSUES 9 ! #a#i#eS & #a#i#fS1 & 
?IS GAVE HIM ! SAME K9D ( =]UNN] /ATUS 9 ! EM]G+ 
,AM]ICAN ,GRE5 MOVEM5T4 ,HE L9K$ ?IS ) ! HOMEGR[N 
,AM]ICAN AN>*I/ TRADITION4 ',:AT WE >E TRY+ TO DO'1 HE 
EXPLA9$1 

IS TO R$EEM C]TA9 ASPECTS ( ! ,AM]ICAN ,DREAM4 ,!RE >E1 ( 
C\RSE1 SEV]AL ,AM]ICAN DREAMS3 ONE IS ! ,JOHN ,WAYNE TRADITION 
( ! C[BOY GO+ \T TO ! ,WE/1 & ! :OLE NOTION ( 
PIONE]+ 9DIVIDUALISM2 ANO!R IS ! IMMIGRANT ,AM]ICAN 
DREAM1 ?IS BE+ ! L& ( OPPORTUNITY :]E ! /REETS >E 
MADE ( GOLD4 ,BUT !RE IS A ?IRD ,AM]ICAN DREAM1 :I* IS ! 
OLDE/ ( ! LOT1 DAT+ BACK TO ,PURITAN TIMES1 :I* /RESSES 
COMMUNITY1 DEC5TRALIZATION1 SELF-SUFFICI5CY1 MUTUAL AID & FACE- 
TO-FACE DEMOCRACY4 

,?IS IS :]E ,BOOK*9 CAME 9TO CONFLICT ) YET ANO!R 
,AM]ICAN DREAM4 ,AS ECOLOGICAL AW>5ESS SPREAD AMONG ! 
*ILDR5 ( ! AFFLU5T1 ! NATIONAL GUILT OV] ! G5OCIDE 
( 9DIG5\S PEOPLES L$ TO AN EXALTATION ( ! ,NOBLE ,SAVAGE1 
& A DI/A/E = ORD9>Y MORTALS :O HADN'T GOT ! ,MESSAGE4 
,:AT WAS SE5 AS ',DEEP ,ECOLOGY' BECAME FA%IONABLE AMONG 
?OSE AFFLU5T 5\< TO 'GET AWAY FROM IT ALL' & PURSUE EV]Y 
K9D ( MY/ICAL BELIEF1 SO LONG AS ! *ECKS KEPT FL[+ 
9TO !IR BANK ACC\NTS4 ,MANY ( ,BOOK*9'S FELL[ CITIZ5S 
%IFT$ FROM AN 9VOLVEM5T 9 SOCIAL ISSUES TO A S5TIM5TAL 
& PRIVILEG$ IDEALIZATION ( 'WILD]NESS' & ! NATURAL 
5VIRONM5T1 ) A CONSEQU5T MISAN?ROPY T[>DS !IR 
FELL[ HUMANS4 

,BOOK*9'S VIGOR\S REPUDIATION ( !SE APPROA*ES HAS S\<T 
TO CONFRONT ! AB&ONM5T ( SOCIAL CONC]NS 9 AN 9CREAS+LY 
DIVID$ ,AM]ICA1 RE-ASS]T+ ! CLAIMS ( ',SOCIAL ,ECOLOGY' 
& AIM+1 AS HE SAID1 TO ADVANCE 'A S]I\S *ALL5GE TO SOCIETY 
) ITS VA/1 HI]>*ICAL1 SEXI/1 CLASS-RUL$1 /ATE APP>ATUS & 
MILIT>I/IC HI/ORY'4 

,MO/ AN>*I/S W\LD TAKE IT = GRANT$ ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY 
VIABLE SOCIETY IS 9COMPATIBLE ) CAPITALISM & ITS 
DEM& = CONT9UALLY EXP&+ M>KETS1 A*IEV$ ?R\< 
! 9V5TION ( WANTS & ! BUILT-9 OBSOLESC5CE ( 
CONSUM] GOODS4 ,AT ! SAME TIME1 MO/ ( US FEEL ?AT 9 
SEEK+ MORE ECOLOGICALLY VIABLE WAYS ( LIV+1 WE CANNOT 
WAIT UNTIL ! D[NFALL ( ! CAPITALI/ SY/EM4 ,! ,GRE5 
MOVEM5T HAS BE5 9 EXI/5CE LONG 5\< = ITS 
ADH]5TS TO LE>N :I* APPROA*ES >E MO/ RELEVANT 
= !M4 

,9 ! #a#i#gS ,I WAS LUCKY 5\< TO BE EMPLOY$ TO />T A 
J\RNAL = TEA*]S & /UD5TS CALL$ ! ,BULLET9 ( 
,5VIRONM5TAL ,$UCATION 7,B,E,E74 ,ONE ( ITS MO/ /IMULAT+ 
M5TORS WAS AN 9V5TIVE Y\NG MAN CALL$ ,PET] ,H>P]1 
:O 9 #aige W5T TO ,WALES TO JO9 A GR\P ( 5?USIA/S 
:O W]E />T+ ! ,C5T] = ,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY 7,C,A,T7 
AT ,MA*YNLLE?1 9 AN OLD QU>RY 9 A L&SCAPE ( 9DU/RIAL 
D]ELICTION4 ,BY ! 5D ( ! C5TURY ?AT 5T]PRISE 
7OP]AT+ AS A WORK]S' COOP]ATIVE ( #bh MEMB]S7 WAS 
BE+ VISIT$ BY AB\T #h1 PEOPLE EV]Y YE>1 9CLUD+ 
#b1 *ILDR51 & IS WORLD-FAM\S AS A DEMON/RATION SITE 
= 5VIRONM5TALLY FRI5DLY P[] G5]ATION1 BUILD+ 
CON/RUCTION1 & SEWAGE DISPOSAL4 ,I AM TOLD ?AT IT G5]ATES 
#i.0 ( ITS [N 5]GY REQUIREM5TS 9 R5EWABLE =M FROM 
SUN1 W9D1 & WAT]4 

,S9CE HE HAS LONG PRACTICAL EXP]I5CE 9 ?IS FIELD1 ,I TAKE ,PET] 
,H>P]'S CONCLUSIONS S]I\SLY4 ,HE TOLD 9T]VIEW]S 9 #aiih ?AT 

,! CRAZE = SELF-SUFFICI5CY & SMALL-IS-BEAUTIFUL HAS PASS$4 
,DON'T TRY TO DO IT ALL Y\RSELF4 ,/>T :]E Y\ >E /RONG1 NOT :]E 
Y\ >E WEAK 4 4 4 ,DON'T TRY TO MAKE Y\R 5]GY3 TRY TO SAVE Y\R 
5]GY4 ,MO/ ( ! ACTION IS GO+ TO BE 9 CITIES1 :]E ! MAJORITY 
( HUMANS WILL SOON BE LIV+ & :]E1 CONTR>Y TO \R OLD 
,>CADIAN ASSUMPTIONS1 SU/A9ABLE MOD]N LIFE/YLES >E MORE EASILY 
A*IEV$4 

,HIS CONT9UAL PROB+ ( ! 5VIRONM5TAL CONSCI\SNESS ( 
\R FELL[ CITIZ5S HAS L$ HIM TO MAKE A DIFF]5T DI/9CTION 
FROM ?AT BETWE5 ,DEEP ,ECOLOGI/S & ,SOCIAL ,ECOLOGI/S4 
,PET] ,H>P] DIVIDES US 9TO ,LI<T ,GRE5S 7) MORE MONEY 
?AN TIME7 & ,DEEP ,GRE5S 7)1 P]HAPS1 MORE TIME ?AN 
MONEY74 ,! ,LI<T ,GRE5S1 HE SUGGE/S1 >E 9VOLV$ ) ! 
NEW TE*NOLOGY ( SOL> HEAT+1 FUEL-EFFICI5T LI<TWEI<T 
MOTOR C>S1 & SU/A9ABLE CONSUMPTION1 :ILE ! ,DEEP ,GRE5S 
BELIEVE 9 SMALL1 9SULAT$ H\SES1 BICYCLES & PUBLIC TRANSPORT1 
HOMEGR[N FOOD1 REPAIR & RECYCL+1 LOCAL CURR5CY S*EMES1 
& B>T]4 

,MEAN:ILE1 ! RE/ ( SOCIETY WILL CONT9UE TO BELONG TO ! CULTURE 
( ,M,O,R,E6 ,=1 AS HE OBS]VES1 

,PEOPLE ASPIRE TO GREAT] CONV5I5CE & COM=T1 MORE P]SONAL 
SPACE1 EASY MOBILITY1 A S5SE ( EXP&+ POSSIBILITIES4 ,?IS IS ! 
MOD]N CONSUM]I/ PROJECT3 :AT MOD]N SOCIETIES >E ALL AB\T4 
,IT IS A C5TRAL FEATURE ( MA9/REAM POLITICS & ECONOMICS ?AT 
CONSUM]I/ ASPIRATIONS >E NOT S]I\SLY *ALL5G$4 ,ON ! 
CONTR>Y1 ! IMPLI$ (FICIAL MESSAGE IS ',HANG ON 9 !RE3 WE WILL 
DELIV]4' ,! C5TRAL SLOGAN IS BRUTALLY SIMPLE3 ,M,O,R,E6 

,SOME ( US1 ,PET] ,H>P] NOT$ 9 HIS ,S*UMA*] ,LECTURE AT 
,BRI/OL 9 #b#a1 HAVE APOCALYPTIC VISIONS ( UNCONTROLLABLE 
CATA/ROPHES 9 ! FUTURE RESULT+ FROM 9DISCRIM9ATE ECONOMIC 
ACTIVITY4 ,HE1 AS AN OPTIMI/1 & FROM HIS [N EXP]I5CE AS AN 
5VIRONM5TAL ACTIVI/1 HAS A DIFF]5T EXPECTATION4 ,HE ?9KS ?AT 
AS LIFE GRADUALLY GETS WORSE = EV]YONE ELSE1 ! ,DEEP ,GRE5S 
7! PEOPLE HE CALLS ! RECESSIVE G5ES ( ! SU/A9ABILITY 
MOVEM5T7 WILL BE F\ND TO HAVE SOLV$ :AT HE CALLS ! GREAT 
RIDDLE ( RECONCIL+ MOD]NITY & SU/A9ABILITY3 ',!Y WILL QUITE 
VISIBLY BE HAV+ A GOOD TIME3 COM=TABLE1 ) V>I$ LIVES & LESS 
/RESS1 HEAL?Y & FIT1 HAV+ R$ISCOV]$ ! ELEM5T>Y VIRTUES ( 
RE/RA9T & BALANCE4' 

,TW5TY-FIVE YE>S ( (F]+ 5VIRONM5TAL *OICES TO FELL[ 
CITIZ5S :O CAME TO ! ,C5T] = ,ALT]NATIVE ,TE*NOLOGY ) A 
V>IETY ( MOTIVES HAVE L$ ,PET] ,H>P] TO ADOPT HIS RELAX$ 
APPROA* TO ! TASK ( CONV9C+ US ALL ?AT \R LIFE/YLES HAVE TO 
*ANGE4 ,MURRAY ,BOOK*9 W\LD PROBABLY REACT DIFF]5TLY1 BUT 
MANY YE>S E>LI] HE POS$ ! SAME ISSUES 9 DISCUSS+ ! NATURE 
( A LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY1 ONE :I* FREES RA!R ?AN 5SLAVES US4 
,CAN WE IMAG9E1 HE ASK$1 ?AT AN ECOLOGICALLY VIABLE ECONOMY 
C\LD BE BAS$ ON A C5TRALIZ$ NATION /ATE & ITS BUREAUCRATIC 
APP>ATUS8 ,HE URG$ ?AT1 FROM ! /&PO9T ( ! VIABILITY ( ! 
PLANET & ALL LIV+ ?+S ON IT1 AN>*I/ CONCEPTS >E NOT M]ELY 
DESIRABLE1 !Y >E NECESS>Y3 

,:AT WAS ONCE REG>D$ AS IMPRACTICAL & VISION>Y HAS N[ 
BECOME EM95TLY PRACTICAL 4 4 4 ,IF COMMUNITY FACE-TO-FACE DEMOCRACY1 
A HUMANI/IC1 LIB]ATORY TE*NOLOGY1 & DEC5TRALIZATION >E 
CONCEIV$ ( M]ELY AS REACTIONS TO ! PREVAIL+ /ATE ( AFFAIRS - A 
VIGOR\S 'NAY' TO ! 'YES' ( :AT EXI/S TODAY - A COMPELL+1 
OBJECTIVE CASE CAN BE MADE = ! PRACTICABILITY ( AN AN>*I/ 
SOCIETY4 

  

 #a#d4 ,COMMUNITY G>D5S1 AS 5VISAG$ BY ,CLIF=D ,H>P]4 

,5VIRONM5TAL & ECOLOGICAL CONC]NS HAVE BE5 ADVOCAT$ LONG 
5\< = US TO RECOGNIZE PEAKS & TR\<S 9 ! SUPPORT !Y 
RECEIVE FROM ! G5]AL1 UNCOMMITT$ PUBLIC1 :OSE 9VOLVEM5T 
IS VITAL = ! MANIPULATORS ( *ANGE4 ,!RE >E FA%IONS 9 
CRISIS-CONSCI\SNESS1 AS 9 MO/ O!R ASPECTS ( \R COMMUNAL LIFE4 
,A COM=T+ ?\<T = AN>*I/S IS ! REFLECTION ?AT A SOCIETY 
ADVANC$ 5\< TO ACCEPT ! 5VIRONM5TAL IMP]ATIVES ( ! 
#b#a/ C5TURY WILL BE OBLIG$ TO RE9V5T AN>*ISM AS A RESPONSE 
TO !M4 

,= A V]Y /RONG CASE HAS BE5 MADE BY SU* AU?ORS AS ,MURRAY 
,BOOK*9 & ,ALAN ,C>T] ?AT AN>*ISM IS ! ONLY POLITICAL 
IDEOLOGY CAPABLE ( ADDRESS+ ! *ALL5GES POS$ BY \R NEW 
GRE5 CONSCI\SNESS TO ! ACCEPT$ RANGE ( POLITICAL IDEAS4 
,AN>*ISM BECOMES MORE & MORE RELEVANT = ! NEW C5TURY4 

,FROM 3 ,!,AN>*I/,LIBR>Y4ORG4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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