,*APT] #a 
,DEF9ITIONS & ,ANCE/ORS 

#bdbd 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,COL9 ,W>D 

,TEXT 3 

,! WORD 'AN>*Y' COMES FROM ! ,GREEK AN>KHIA1 MEAN+ 
CONTR>Y TO AU?ORITY OR )\T A RUL]1 & WAS US$ 9 A 
D]OGATORY S5SE UNTIL #a#h#d1 :5 IT WAS ADOPT$ BY ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH 
,PR\DHON TO DESCRIBE HIS POLITICAL & SOCIAL IDEOLOGY4 ,PR\DHON 
>GU$ ?AT ORGANIZATION )\T GOV]NM5T WAS BO? POSSIBLE 
& DESIRABLE4 ,9 ! EVOLUTION ( POLITICAL IDEAS1 AN>*ISM CAN BE 
SE5 AS AN ULTIMATE PROJECTION ( BO? LIB]ALISM & SOCIALISM1 & 
! DIFF]+ /R&S ( AN>*I/ ?\<T CAN BE RELAT$ TO !IR 
EMPHASIS ON ONE OR ! O!R ( !SE4 

,HI/ORICALLY1 AN>*ISM >OSE NOT ONLY AS AN EXPLANATION ( ! 
GULF BETWE5 ! RI* & ! POOR 9 ANY COMMUNITY1 & ( ! 
REASON :Y ! POOR HAVE BE5 OBLIG$ TO FI<T = !IR %>E ( 
A COMMON 9H]ITANCE1 BUT AS A RADICAL ANSW] TO ! QUE/ION 
',:AT W5T WRONG8' ?AT FOLL[$ ! ULTIMATE \TCOME ( ! 
,FR5* ,REVOLUTION4 ,IT HAD 5D$ NOT ONLY ) A REIGN ( T]ROR & 
! EM]G5CE ( A NEWLY RI* RUL+ CA/E1 BUT ) A NEW ADOR$ 
EMP]OR1 ,NAPOLEON ,BONAP>TE1 /RUTT+ ?R\< HIS CONQU]$ 
T]RITORIES4 

,! AN>*I/S & !IR PRECURSORS W]E UNIQUE ON ! POLITICAL 
,LEFT 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT WORK]S & PEASANTS1 GRASP+ ! *ANCE 
?AT >OSE TO BR+ AN 5D TO C5TURIES ( EXPLOITATION & TYRANNY1 
W]E 9EVITABLY BETRAY$ BY ! NEW CLASS ( POLITICIANS1 :OSE FIR/ 
PRIORITY WAS TO REE/ABLI% A C5TRALIZ$ /ATE P[]4 ,AFT] EV]Y 
REVOLUTION>Y UPRIS+1 USUALLY WON AT A HEAVY CO/ = ORD9>Y 
POPULATIONS1 ! NEW RUL]S HAD NO HESITATION 9 APPLY+ VIOL5CE 
& T]ROR1 A SECRET POLICE1 & A PR(ESSIONAL >MY TO MA9TA9 
!IR CONTROL4 

,= AN>*I/S ! /ATE ITSELF IS ! 5EMY1 & !Y HAVE APPLI$ 
! SAME 9T]PRETATION TO ! \TCOME ( EV]Y REVOLUTION ( ! 
#a#i? & #b? C5TURIES4 ,?IS IS NOT M]ELY BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE 
KEEPS A WAT*FUL & SOMETIMES PUNITIVE EYE ON ITS DISSID5TS1 
BUT BECAUSE EV]Y /ATE PROTECTS ! PRIVILEGES ( ! P[]FUL4 

,! MA9/REAM ( AN>*I/ PROPAG&A = MORE ?AN A C5TURY 
HAS BE5 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM1 :I* >GUES ?AT PROP]TY 9 
L&1 NATURAL RES\RCES1 & ! MEANS ( PRODUCTION %\LD BE HELD 
9 MUTUAL CONTROL BY LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 F$]AT+ = 9NUM]ABLE 
JO9T PURPOSES ) O!R COMMUNES4 ,IT DIFF]S FROM /ATE SOCIALISM 
9 OPPOS+ ! CONCEPT ( ANY C5TRAL AU?ORITY4 ,SOME AN>*I/S 
PREF] TO DI/+UI% BETWE5 AN>*I/-COMMUNISM & 
COLLECTIVI/ AN>*ISM 9 ORD] TO /RESS ! OBVI\SLY DESIRABLE 
FRE$OM ( AN 9DIVIDUAL OR FAMILY TO POSSESS ! RES\RCES NE$$ 
= LIV+1 :ILE NOT IMPLY+ ! RI<T TO [N ! RES\RCES 
NE$$ BY O!RS4 

,AN>*O-SYNDICALISM PUTS ITS EMPHASIS ON ! ORGANIZ$ 9DU/RIAL 
WORK]S :O C\LD1 ?R\< A 'SOCIAL G5]AL /RIKE'1 EXPROPRIATE 
! POSSESSORS ( CAPITAL & ?US 5G9E] A WORK]S' TAKE-OV] ( 
9DU/RY & ADM9I/RATION4 

,!RE >E1 UNSURPRIS+LY1 SEV]AL TRADITIONS ( 9DIVIDUALI/ 
AN>*ISM1 ONE ( !M D]IV+ FROM ! 'CONSCI\S EGOISM' ( 
! ,G]MAN WRIT] ,MAX ,/IRN] 7#a#h#f-#e#f71 & ANO!R FROM A 
REM>KABLE S]IES ( #a#i?-C5TURY ,AM]ICAN FIGURES :O >GU$ 
?AT 9 PROTECT+ \R [N AUTONOMY & ASSOCIAT+ ) O!RS 
= COMMON ADVANTAGES1 WE >E PROMOT+ ! GOOD ( ALL4 ,!SE 
?9K]S DIFF]$ FROM FREE-M>KET LIB]ALS 9 !IR ABSOLUTE 
MI/RU/ ( ,AM]ICAN CAPITALISM1 & 9 !IR EMPHASIS ON 
MUTUALISM4 ,9 ! LATE #b? C5TURY ! WORD 'LIB]T>IAN'1 :I* 
PEOPLE HOLD+ SU* A VIEWPO9T HAD PREVI\SLY US$ AS AN 
ALT]NATIVE TO ! WORD 'AN>*I/'1 WAS APPROPRIAT$ BY A NEW 
GR\P ( ,AM]ICAN ?9K]S1 :O >E DISCUSS$ 9 ,*APT] #g4 

,PACIFI/ AN>*ISM FOLL[S BO? FROM ! ANTI-MILIT>ISM ?AT 
ACCOMPANIES REJECTION ( ! /ATE1 ) ITS ULTIMATE DEP5D5CE ON 
>M$ =CES1 & FROM ! CONVICTION ?AT ANY MORALLY VIABLE 
HUMAN SOCIETY DEP5DS UPON ! UNCO]C$ GOODWILL ( ITS 
MEMB]S4 

,!SE & O!R ?READS ( AN>*I/ ?\<T HAVE DIFF]5T 
EMPHASES4 ,:AT L9KS !M ALL IS !IR REJECTION ( EXT]NAL 
AU?ORITY1 :E!R ?AT ( ! /ATE1 ! EMPLOY]1 OR ! HI]>*IES 
( ADM9I/RATION & ( E/ABLI%$ 9/ITUTIONS LIKE ! S*OOL & 
! *UR*4 ,! SAME IS TRUE ( MORE REC5TLY EM]G+ V>IETIES ( 
AN>*I/ PROPAG&A1 GRE5 AN>*ISM & AN>*A-FEM9ISM4 
,LIKE ?OSE :O BELIEVE ?AT ANIMAL LIB]ATION IS AN ASPECT ( HUMAN 
LIB]ATION1 !Y CLAIM ?AT ! ONLY IDEOLOGY CONSI/5T ) !IR 
AIMS IS AN>*ISM4 

,IT IS CU/OM>Y TO RELATE ! AN>*I/ TRADITION TO F\R MAJOR 
?9K]S & WRIT]S4 ,! FIR/ WAS ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f71 
:O 9 HIS ,9QUIRY ,CONC]N+ ,POLITICAL ,JU/ICE1 PUBLI%$ 9 #a#g#i#c1 
SET \T ! AN>*I/ CASE AGA9/ GOV]NM5T1 ! LAW1 PROP]TY1 
& ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ! /ATE4 ,HE WAS ! P>TN] ( ,M>Y 
,WOLL/ONECRAFT & ! FA!R ( ,M>Y ,%ELLEY1 & WAS AN HEIR ( 
BO? ! ,5GLI% TRADITION ( RADICAL NONCON=MITY & ( ! 
,FR5* PHILOSOPHES4 ,HIS BOOK BR\<T HIM 9/ANT FAME1 SOON 
FOLL[$ BY HO/ILITY & NEGLECT 9 ! POLITICAL CLIMATE ( ! E>LY 
#a#i? C5TURY1 BUT IT HAD AN UND]GR\ND LIFE 9 RADICAL CIRCLES UNTIL 
ITS R$ISCOV]Y BY ! AN>*I/ MOVEM5T 9 ! #a#h#iS4 

  

 7#a4 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 7#a#g#e#f-#a#h#c#f71 FROM ! PORTRAIT BY ,JAMES ,NOR?COTE1 N[ 9 ! ,NATIONAL ,PORTRAIT ,GALL]Y1 ,LONDON47 

,! SECOND ( !SE PIONE]S WAS ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 
7#a#h#i-#f#e71 ! ,FR5* PROPAG&I/ :O WAS ! FIR/ ONE TO CALL 
HIMSELF AN AN>*I/4 ,HE BECAME FAM\S 9 #ahd BY VIRTUE ( AN 
ESSAY ?AT DECL>$ ?AT ',PROP]TY IS ,!FT'1 BUT HE ALSO CLAIM$ ?AT 
',PROP]TY IS ,FRE$OM'4 ,HE SAW NO CONTRADICTION BETWE5 !SE TWO 
SLOGANS1 S9CE HE ?\<T IT OBVI\S ?AT ! FIR/ RELAT$ TO ! 
L&[N] & CAPITALI/ :OSE [N]%IP D]IV$ FROM CONQUE/ 
OR EXPLOITATION & WAS SU/A9$ ONLY ?R\< ! /ATE1 ITS 
PROP]TY LAWS1 POLICE1 & >MY2 :ILE ! SECOND WAS CONC]N$ 
) ! PEASANT OR >TISAN FAMILY ) AN OBVI\S NATURAL RI<T TO A 
HOME1 TO ! L& IT C\LD CULTIVATE1 & TO ! TOOLS ( A TRADE1 BUT 
NOT TO [N]%IP OR CONTROL ( ! HOMES1 L&1 OR LIVELIHOOD ( 
O!RS4 ,PR\DHON WAS CRITICIZ$ = BE+ A M]E SURVIVOR ( ! 
WORLD ( PEASANT F>M]S & SMALL >TISANS 9 LOCAL COMMUNITIES1 
BUT HE HAD A READY RESPONSE 9 SETT+ \T ! PR9CIPLES ( 
SUCCESSFUL F$]ATION4 

  

 #b4 ,PI]RE-,JOSEPH ,PR\DHON 7#a#h#i-#f#e71 FROM ! PA9T+ ( ,PR\DHON & ,HIS ,*ILDR5 7#a#h#f#e7 BY ,GU/AVE ,C\RBET4 

,! ?IRD ( ! CLASSICAL AN>*I/ LUM9>IES WAS ! ,RUSSIAN 
REVOLUTION>Y ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#g#f71 DES]V$LY FAM\S = 
HIS DISPUTES ) ,M>X 9 ! ,FIR/ ,9T]NATIONAL 9 ! #a#h#gS1 
:]E1 = HIS SUCCESSORS1 HE PR$ICT$ ) REM>KABLE ACCURACY 
! \TCOME ( ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IPS 9 ! #b? C5TURY4 ',FRE$OM 
)\T SOCIALISM1' HE SAID1 'IS PRIVILEGE & 9JU/ICE1 BUT SOCIALISM 
)\T FRE$OM IS SLAV]Y & BRUTALITY4' ,HIS ELABORATIONS ON ?IS 
P]CEPTION >E CIT$ 9 9NUM]ABLE BOOKS PUBLI%$ S9CE ! 
COLLAPSE ( ! ,SOVIET ,UNION1 & SUBSEQU5TLY ( ! REGIMES IT 
IMPOS$ ON ITS SATELLITES4 ,TYPICAL ( ,BAKUN9'S OBS]VATIONS WAS A 
LETT] ( #ahgb 9 :I* HE REM>K$3 

,I BELIEVE ?AT ,H]R ,M>X IS A V]Y S]I\S IF NOT V]Y HONE/ 
REVOLUTION>Y1 & ?AT HE REALLY IS 9 FAVOR ( ! REBELLION ( ! 
MASSES1 & ,I WOND] H[ HE MANAGES TO OV]LOOK ! FACT ?AT ! 
E/ABLI%M5T ( A UNIV]SAL DICTATOR%IP1 COLLECTIVE OR 9DIVIDUAL1 A 
DICTATOR%IP :I* W\LD CREATE ! PO/ ( A K9D ( *IEF 5G9E] 
( WORLD REVOLUTION1 RUL+ & CONTROLL+ ! 9SURRECTION>Y 
ACTIVITY ( ! MASSES 9 ALL C\NTRIES1 AS A MA*9E MI<T BE 
CONTROLL$ - ?AT ! E/ABLI%M5T ( SU* A DICTATOR%IP W\LD 9 
ITSELF SUFFICE TO KILL REVOLUTION & W>P & P>ALYZE ALL POPUL> 
MOVEM5TS 4 4 4 

  

 #c4 ,MI*AEL ,BAKUN9 7#a#h#a#d-#g#f71 AN E>LY PORTRAIT4 

,! LA/ ( !SE KEY ?9K]S WAS ANO!R ,RUSSIAN ( >I/OCRATIC 
ORIG91 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a74 ,HIS ORIG9AL REPUTATION 
D]IV$ FROM HIS WORK AS A GEOGRAPH]1 & 9 A LONG S]IES ( 
BOOKS & PAMPHLETS HE S\<T TO GIVE AN>*ISM A SCI5TIFIC 
BASIS4 ,! ,CONQUE/ ( ,BREAD 7#a#h#i#b7 WAS HIS MANUAL ON ! 
SELF-ORGANIZATION ( A PO/-REVOLUTION>Y SOCIETY4 ,MUTUAL ,AID 7#a#i#b7 
WAS WRITT5 TO CONFRONT ?OSE MIS9T]PRETATIONS ( ,D>W9ISM 
?AT JU/IFI$ COMPETITIVE CAPITALISM1 BY DEMON/RAT+ FROM 
! OBS]VATION ( ANIMAL & HUMAN SOCIETIES ?AT COMPETITION 
)9 SPECIES IS F> LESS SIGNIFICANT ?AN COOP]ATION AS A 
PRECONDITION = SURVIVAL4 

,FIELDS1 ,FACTORIES & ,WORK%OPS 7#a#h#i#i7 WAS ,KROPOTK9'S TREATISE ON 
! HUMANIZATION ( WORK1 ?R\< ! 9TEGRATION ( AGRICULTURE 
& 9DU/RY1 ( BRA9 WORK & PHYSICAL WORK1 & ( 9TELLECTUAL 
& MANUAL $UCATION4 ,! MO/ WIDELY READ ON A GLOBAL SCALE ( ALL 
AN>*I/ AU?ORS1 HE L9K$ AN>*ISM BO? ) SUBSEQU5T IDEAS 
( SOCIAL ECOLOGY & ) EV]YDAY EXP]I5CE4 

,SOME AN>*I/S W\LD OBJECT TO ! ID5TIFICATION ( AN>*ISM 
) ITS BE/-KN[N WRIT]S4 ,!Y W\LD PO9T \T ?AT 
EV]Y:]E 9 ! WORLD :]E AN>*I/ IDEAS HAVE >IS51 
!RE IS A LOCAL ACTIVI/ CONSPIR+ TO GET ACCESS TO A PR9T+ PRESS1 
AW>E ( ! AN>*I/ UND]CURR5T 9 EV]Y UPRIS+ ( ! 
D[NTRODD5 ALL ?R\< HI/ORY1 & FULL ( IDEAS AB\T ! 
APPLICATION ( AN>*I/ SOLUTIONS TO LOCAL ISSUES & DILEMMAS4 
,!Y PO9T TO ! WAY 9 :I* AN>*I/ ASPIRATIONS CAN BE 
TRAC$ ?R\< ! SLAVE REVOLTS ( ! ANCI5T WORLD1 ! PEASANT 
RIS+S ( M$IEVAL ,EUROPE1 9 ! AIMS ( ! ,DIGG]S 9 ! 
,5GLI% ,REVOLUTION ( ! #a#f#dS1 9 ! REVOLUTIONS 9 ,FRANCE 
9 #a<i & #a#h#d#h1 & ! ,P>IS ,COMMUNE ( #a#h#g#a4 ,9 ! 
#b? C5TURY1 AN>*ISM HAD A ROLE 9 ! ,MEXICAN ,REVOLUTION ( 
#a#i#a#a1 ! ,RUSSIAN ,REVOLUTION ( #a#i#a#g1 & MO/ NOTABLY 9 ! 
REVOLUTION 9 ,SPA9 ?AT FOLL[$ ! MILIT>Y UPRIS+ ?AT 
PRECIPITAT$ ! CIVIL W> 9 #a#i#c#f4 ,! P>T PLAY$ BY ! 
AN>*I/S 9 !SE REVOLUTION>Y SITUATIONS IS DESCRIB$ 9 
! FOLL[+ *APT]4 

,9 ALL !SE REVOLUTIONS ! FATE ( ! AN>*I/S WAS ?AT ( H]OIC 
LOS]S4 ,BUT AN>*I/S DO NOT NECESS>ILY FIT ! /]EOTYPE ( 
BELIEV]S 9 SOME ULTIMATE REVOLUTION1 SUCCE$+ :]E ALL O!RS 
HAD FAIL$1 & 9AUGURAT+ ,UTOPIA4 ,! ,G]MAN AN>*I/ ,GU/AV 
,L&AU] DECL>$ ?AT3 

,! /ATE IS NOT SOME?+ :I* CAN BE DE/ROY$ BY A REVOLUTION1 
BUT IS A CONDITION1 A C]TA9 RELATION%IP BETWE5 HUMAN BE+S1 A 
MODE ( HUMAN BEHAVIOR2 WE DE/ROY IT BY CONTRACT+ O!R 
RELATION%IPS1 BY BEHAV+ DIFF]5TLY4 

  

 #d4 ,PET] ,KROPOTK9 7#a#h#d#b-#a#i#b#a7 PHOTOGRAPH$ 9 #a#h#f#d1 ! YE> ( HIS FIR/ EXPLORATIONS ( UNMAPP$ REGIONS ( ,SIB]IA4 

,MOREOV]1 IF ! AN>*I/S HAVE NOT *ANG$ SOCIETY 9 ! WAYS 
?AT !Y HOP$ W]E POSSIBLE1 ! SAME IS TRUE = ! ADVOCATES ( 
EV]Y O!R SOCIAL IDEOLOGY ( ! PA/ C5TURY1 :E!R SOCIALI/ OR 
CAPITALI/4 ,BUT1 AS ,I /RESS 9 ,*APT] #h1 !Y HAVE CONTRIBUT$ TO A 
LONG S]IES ( SMALL LIB]ATIONS ?AT HAVE LIFT$ A HUGE LOAD ( HUMAN 
MIS]Y4 

,AN>*ISM HAS1 9 FACT1 AN 5DUR+ RESILI5CE4 ,EV]Y ,EUROPEAN1 
,NOR? ,AM]ICAN1 ,LAT9 ,AM]ICAN1 & ,ASIAN SOCIETY HAS HAD ITS 
AN>*I/ PUBLICI/S1 J\RNALS1 CIRCLES ( ADH]5TS1 IMPRISON$ 
ACTIVI/S1 & M>TYRS4 ,:5EV] AN AU?ORIT>IAN & REPRESSIVE 
POLITICAL REGIME COLLAPSES1 ! AN>*I/S >E !RE1 A M9ORITY 
URG+ !IR FELL[ CITIZ5S TO ABSORB ! LESSONS ( ! %E] HORROR 
& IRRESPONSIBILITY ( GOV]NM5T4 

,! AN>*I/ PRESS REEM]G$ 9 ,G]MANY AFT] ,HITL]1 9 ,ITALY 
AFT] ,MUSSOL9I1 9 ,SPA9 AFT] ,FRANCO1 9 ,PORTUGAL AFT] ,SALAZ>1 9 
,>G5T9A AFT] ! G5]ALS1 & 9 ,RUSSIA AFT] #g YE>S ( BRUTAL 
SUPPRESSION4 ,= AN>*I/S ?IS IS AN 9DICATION ?AT ! IDEAL ( A 
SELF-ORGANIZ+ SOCIETY BAS$ ON VOLUNT>Y COOP]ATION RA!R ?AN 
UPON CO]CION IS IRREPRESSIBLE4 ,IT REPRES5TS1 !Y CLAIM1 A UNIV]SAL 
HUMAN ASPIRATION4 ,?IS IS ILLU/RAT$ BY ! WAY ?AT PEOPLE FROM 
NON-,EUROPEAN CULTURES TOOK ,WE/]N AN>*I/ IDEAS & CONCEPTS 
& L9K$ !M TO TRADITIONS & ?9K]S FROM !IR [N 
C\NTRIES4 

,AN>*I/ IDEAS W]E BR\<T TO ,JAPAN BY ,KOTUKU ,%USUI 9 ! V]Y 
E>LY YE>S ( ! #b? C5TURY4 ,HE HAD READ ,KROPOTK9'S WRIT+S 
:ILE 9 PRISON DUR+ ! ,RUSSO-,JAPANESE ,W> ( #a#i#d-#e4 ,:5 
RELEAS$ HE VISIT$ ,CALI=NIA1 MAK+ CONTACT ) ! MILITANT 
AN>*O-SYNDICALI/S ( ! ,9DU/RIAL ,WORK]S ( ! ,WORLD 7,I,W,W71 
& RETURN$ TO ,JAPAN TO PUBLI% AN ANTI-MILIT>I/ J\RNAL1 ,HEIM54 
,KOTUKU CLAIM$ ?AT !RE WAS ALWAYS AN AN>*I/ UND]CURR5T 9 
,JAPANESE LIFE1 D]IV+ FROM BO? ,BUDDHISM & ,TAOISM4 ,HE WAS 
ONE ( #ab AN>*I/S EXECUT$ 9 #a#i#a#a1 ACCUS$ ( PLOTT+ AGA9/ ! 
,EMP]OR ,MEIJI4 ,ALL ?R\< ! FIR/ HALF ( ! C5TURY1 A S]IES ( 
SUCCESSORS CONT9U$ PROPAG&A & 9DU/RIAL ACTION AGA9/ 
MILIT>ISM1 & W]E SUPPRESS$ BY GOV]NM5T1 TO REAPPE> 9 A 
*ANG$ CLIMATE AFT] ! HORRORS ( ! ,SECOND ,WORLD ,W>4 

,*9ESE AN>*ISM EM]G$ AT MU* ! SAME TIME1 ?R\< ! 
9FLU5CE ( /UD5TS :O HAD BE5 TO ,TOKYO OR TO ,P>IS4 ,?OSE :O 
/UDI$ 9 ,JAPAN W]E 9FLU5C$ BY ,KOTUKU ,%USUI1 & /RESS$ 
! L9KS ) A LONG-E/ABLI%$ /REAM 9 ,*9ESE LIFE4 ,AS ,PET] 
,M>%ALL EXPLA9S1 

,MOD]N AN>*ISM NOT ONLY ADVOCAT$ ! ,TAOI/ RURAL IDYLL1 BUT ALSO 
E*O$ ! PEASANT LONG+ EMB$D$ 9 ,*9ESE CULTURE = A 
FRUGAL & EGALIT>IAN MILL5NIUM :I* HAD EXPRESS$ ITSELF 9 
PEASANT REBELLIONS ?R\<\T ,*9ESE HI/ORY4 ,IT FUR!R /RUCK A 
*ORD ) TWO TRADITIONAL CONCEPTS1 ,TA-T'UNG1 A LEG5D>Y GOLD5 
AGE ( SOCIAL EQUALITY & H>MONY1 & ,*+-T'I51 A SY/EM ( 
COMMUNAL L& T5URE4 

,?OSE Y\NG ,*9ESE :O /UDI$ 9 ,P>IS W]E ATTRACT$ 
BY ! WRIT+S ( ,BAKUN9 & ,KROPOTK91 AS WELL AS BY 
,D>W9IAN EVOLUTION>Y !ORY4 ,!Y REJECT$ ATTEMPTS TO L9K 
AN>*ISM ) ,LAO ,TZU'S ,TAOISM & ) AGR>IAN HI/ORY4 
,) ! FALL ( ! ,MAN*U DYNA/Y 9 #a#i#a#a1 BO? AN>*I/ 
FACTIONS ?\<T ?AT !IR H\R HAD COME4 ,BUT 9 FACT ! 
REVOLUTION>Y IDEOLOGY ?AT SL[LY TRIUMPH$ 9 ! TURBUL5T 
HI/ORY ( #b?-C5TURY ,*9A WAS ?AT ( ! ,M>XI/-,L59I/S4 
,& AS WE %ALL SEE 9 ,*APT] #b1 ! PROGRAMS IMPOS$ BY 
=CE ON ! ,*9ESE W]E A DICTATORIAL P>ODY ( AN>*I/ 
ASPIRATIONS4 

,KOREA1 TOO1 HAS AN AN>*I/ TRADITION L9K$ ) #a#i?-C5TURY 
HOPES = PEASANT COMMUNISM1 BUT DUE TO #ce YE>S ( ,JAPANESE 
OCCUPATION FI]CELY RESI/$ BY ! AN>*I/S1 AMONG O!R POLITICAL 
FACTIONS1 !IR REPUTATION IS ?AT ( PATRIOTS 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! 
,NOR? IS A ,M>XI/ DICTATOR%IP :ILE ! ,S\? IS A MODEL ( 
,AM]ICAN-/YLE CAPITALISM4 

,9 ,9DIA ! HI/ORY ( ! FIR/ HALF ( ! #b? C5TURY1 & ! 
/RUGGLE TO 5D ,BRITI% RULE1 WAS DOM9AT$ BY ,MOH&AS ,K4 
,G&HI1 :O BUILT A UNIQUE IDEOLOGY ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE & 
PEASANT SOCIALISM FROM A S]IES ( SEMI-AN>*I/ S\RCES & 
L9K$ !M ) ,9DIAN TRADITIONS4 ,FROM ,TOL/OY HE EVOLV$ HIS 
POLICY ( NONVIOL5T RESI/ANCE1 FROM ,?OREAU HE TOOK HIS 
PHILOSOPHY ( CIVIL DISOB$I5CE1 & FROM A CLOSE READ+ ( 
,KROPOTK9 HIS PROGRAM ( DEC5TRALIZ$ & AUTONOM\S 
VILLAGE COMMUNES L9K+ AGRICULTURE ) LOCAL 9DU/RY4 ,AFT] 
9DEP5D5CE WAS A*IEV$1 HIS POLITICAL SUCCESSORS REV]$ HIS 
MEMORY BUT IGNOR$ HIS IDEAS4 ,LAT] 9 ! C5TURY ,V9OBA ,BHAVE'S 
,S>VODAYA MOVEM5T S\<T A NONVIOL5T L&-BAS$ REVOLUTION1 
REJECT+ ! POLITICS ( C5TRAL GOV]NM5T4 

,9 ,AFRICA1 ,MBAH & ,IG>EWEY ! AU?ORS ( A /UDY ( ! FAILURE 
( /ATE SOCIALISM IMPOS$ BY GOV]NM5TS DRAW ATT5TION TO ! 

SEEM+LY 5DEMIC PROBLEM ( E?NIC CONFLICTS ACROSS ! CONT95T2 
! CONT9U$ POLITICAL & ECONOMIC M>G9ALIZATION ( ,AFRICA AT 
! GLOBAL LEVEL2 ! UNSPEAKABLE MIS]Y ( AB\T #i P]C5T ( 
,AFRICA'S POPULATION2 &1 9DE$1 ! ONGO+ COLLAPSE ( ! NATION 
/ATE 9 MANY P>TS ( ,AFRICA4 

,!Y >GUE ?AT3 

,GIV5 !SE PROBLEMS1 A RETURN TO ! 'AN>*IC ELEM5TS' 9 ,AFRICAN 
COMMUNALISM IS VIRTUALLY 9EVITABLE4 ,! GOAL ( A SELF-MANAG$ 
SOCIETY BORN \T ( ! FREE WILL ( ITS PEOPLE & DEVOID ( 
AU?ORIT>IAN CONTROL & REGIM5TATION IS AS ATTRACTIVE AS IT IS 
FEASIBLE 9 ! LONG RUN4 

,! READ] MAY WOND] :Y1 IF IDEAS & ASPIRATIONS SIMIL> TO 
?OSE ( ! AN>*I/S CAN BE TRAC$ ?R\< SO MANY CULTURES 
>\ND ! WORLD1 ! CONCEPT IS SO REGUL>LY MISUND]/OOD OR 
C>ICATUR$4 ,! ANSW] IS TO BE F\ND 9 A V]Y SMALL EPISODE 9 
AN>*I/ HI/ORY4 

,!RE WAS A P]IOD1 A C5TURY AGO1 :5 A M9ORITY ( AN>*I/S1 
LIKE ! SUBSEQU5T M9ORITIES ( A DOZ5 O!R POLITICAL 
MOVEM5TS1 BELIEV$ ?AT ! ASSASS9ATION ( MON>*S1 PR9CES1 
& PRESID5TS W\LD HA/5 POPUL> REVOLUTION4 ,SAD TO SAY1 ! 
MO/ DES]V+ VICTIMS1 ,MUSSOL9I1 ,FRANCO1 ,HITL]1 OR ,/AL91 W]E 
WELL PROTECT$1 & 9 T]MS ( *ANG+ ! C\RSE ( HI/ORY 
& RIDD+ ! WORLD ( ITS TYRANTS ! AN>*I/S W]E NO MORE 
SUCCESSFUL ?AN MO/ SUBSEQU5T POLITICAL ASSASS9S4 ,BUT !IR LEGACY 
HAS BE5 ! C>TOONI/'S /]EOTYPE ( ! AN>*I/ AS ! CLOAK$ 
& BE>D$ C>RI] ( A SPH]ICAL BOMB ) A SMOK+ FUZE1 
& ?IS HAS CONSEQU5TLY PROVID$ YET ANO!R OB/ACLE TO ! 
S]I\S DISCUSSION ( AN>*I/ APPROA*ES4 ,MEAN:ILE1 MOD]N 
POLITICAL T]RORISM ON AN 9DISCRIM9ATE SCALE IS ! MONOPOLY ( 
GOV]NM5TS & IS DIRECT$ AT CIVILIAN POPULATIONS1 OR IS ! 
WEAPON WE ALL ASSOCIATE ) RELIGI\S OR NATIONALI/ SEP>ATISM1 
BO? ( !M V]Y F> FROM ! ASPIRATIONS ( AN>*I/S4 

,9 ! 5TRY = ',AN>*ISM' ?AT ,KROPOTK9 WROTE 9 #aie = ! 
#a#a? $ITION ( ! ,5CYCLOP$IA ,BRITANNICA1 HE BEGAN BY 
EXPLA9+ ?AT IT IS 

! NAME GIV5 TO A PR9CIPLE OR !ORY ( LIFE & CONDUCT UND] 
:I* SOCIETY IS CONCEIV$ )\T GOV]NM5T - H>MONY 9 SU* A 
SOCIETY BE+ OBTA9$1 NOT BY SUBMISSION TO LAW1 OR BY OB$I5CE 
TO ANY AU?ORITY1 BUT BY FREE AGREEM5TS1 CONCLUD$ BETWE5 ! 
V>I\S GR\PS1 T]RITORIAL & PR(ESSIONAL1 FREELY CON/ITUT$ = 
! SAKE ( PRODUCTION & CONSUMPTION1 AS ALSO = ! SATISFACTION 
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