,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #c 
,( ! ,PURPOSES ( ,PUNI%M5T 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,V,I,I 

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,NATURE ( DEF5SE CONSID]$4 - ,PUNI%M5T 
= RE/RA9T - = RE=MATION4 - ,SUPPOS$ USES 
( ADV]SITY - DEFECTIVE - UNNECESS>Y4 - ,PUNI%- 
M5T = EXAMPLE - I4 NUGATORY4 - #b4 UNTIL4 - 
,UNFEEL+ *>ACT] ( ?IS SPECIES ( CO]CION4 

,L,E,T ,U,S PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! ?REE PR9CIPAL 5DS ?AT PUNI%M5T PROPOSES TO ITSELF1 RE/RA9T1 RE=MATION & EXAMPLE4 ,UND] EA* ( !SE HEADS ! >GUM5TS ON ! AFFIRMATIVE SIDE MU/ BE ALL[$ TO BE COG5T1 NOT IRRESI/IBLE4 ,UND] EA* ( !M CONSID]ATIONS WILL OCCUR ?AT WILL OBLIGE US TO D\BT UNIV]SALLY ( ! PROPRIETY ( PUNI%M5T4 

,! FIR/ & MO/ 9NOC5T ( ALL ! CLASSES ( CO]CION IS ?AT :I* IS EMPLOY$ 9 REPELL+ ACTUAL =CE4 ,?IS HAS BUT LITTLE TO DO ) ANY SPECIES ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 BUT MAY NEV]!LESS DES]VE TO BE FIR/ CONSID]$4 ,9 ?IS CASE ,I AM EMPLOY$ 7SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 A DRAWN SWORD IS PO9T$ AT MY [N BREA/ OR ?AT ( ANO!R1 ) ?REATS ( 9/ANT DE/RUCTION7 9 PREV5T+ A MIS*IEF ?AT SEEMS AB\T 9EVITABLY TO 5SUE4 ,9 ?IS CASE !RE APPE>S TO BE NO TIME = EXP]IM5TS4 ,& YET1 EV5 H]E1 A /RICT RESE>* WILL SUGGE/ TO US IMPORTANT D\BTS4 ,! P[]S ( REASON & TRU? >E YET UNFA?OM$4 ,?AT TRU? :I* ONE MAN CANNOT COMMUNICATE 9 LESS ?AN A YE>1 ANO!R CAN COMMUNICATE 9 A =TNI<T4 ,! %ORTE/ T]M MAY HAVE AN UND]/&+ COMM5SURATE TO IT4 ,:5 ,M>IUS SAID1 ) A /]N LOOK & A COMM&+ C\NT5ANCE1 TO ! SOLDI] ?AT WAS S5T D[N 9TO HIS DUNGEON TO ASSASS9ATE HIM1 ',WRET*1 HAVE Y\ ! TEM]ITY TO KILL ,M>IUS ,I' & ) !SE FEW WORDS DROVE HIM TO FLI<T2 IT WAS ?AT ! GR&EUR ( ! IDEA CONCEIV$ 9 HIS [N M9D MADE ITS WAY ) IRRESI/IBLE =CE TO ! M9D ( HIS EXECUTION]4 ,HE HAD NO >MS = RESI/ANCE2 HE HAD NO V5GEANCE TO ?REAT52 HE WAS DEBILITAT$ & DES]T$2 IT WAS BY ! =CE ( S5TIM5T ONLY ?AT HE DIS>M$ HIS DE/ROY]4 ,IF !RE W]E FALSEHOOD & PREJUDICE MIX$ ) ! IDEA COMMUNICAT$1 9 ?IS CASE1 CAN WE BELIEVE ?AT TRU? IS NOT /ILL MORE P[]FUL8 ,IT W\LD BE WELL = ! HUMAN SPECIES IF !Y W]E ALL1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 LIKE ,M>IUS1 ALL ACCU/OM$ TO PLACE AN 9TREPID CONFID5CE 9 ! S+LE 5]GY ( 9TELLECT4 ,:O %ALL SAY :AT !RE IS ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO M5 ?US BOLD1 & ACTUAT$ ONLY BY ! PURE/ S5TIM5TS8 ,:O %ALL SAY H[ F> ! :OLE SPECIES MI<T BE IMPROV$1 DID !Y CEASE TO RESPECT =CE 9 O!RS1 & DID !Y REFUSE TO EMPLOY IT = !MSELVES8 

,! DIFF]5CE H[EV] BETWE5 ?IS SPECIES ( CO]CION1 & ! SPECIES :I* USUALLY BE>S ! D5OM9ATION ( PUNI%M5T1 IS OBVI\S4 ,PUNI%M5T IS EMPLOY$ AGA9/ AN 9DIVIDUAL :OSE VIOL5CE IS OV]4 ,HE IS1 AT PRES5T1 5GAG$ 9 NO HO/ILITY AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY1 OR ANY ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,HE IS QUIETLY PURSU+1 IT MAY BE1 ?OSE OCCUPATIONS :I* >E B5EFICIAL TO HIMSELF1 & 9JURI\S TO NONE4 ,UPON :AT PRET5SE IS ?IS MAN TO BE ! SUBJECT ( VIOL5CE8 

,= RE/RA9T4 ,RE/RA9T FROM :AT8 ',FROM SOME FUTURE 9JURY :I* IS TO BE FE>$ LIE WILL COMMIT4' ,?IS IS ! V]Y >GUM5T :I* HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ TO JU/IFY ! MO/ EXECRABLE TYRANNIES4 ,BY :AT REASON+S HAVE ! 9QUISITION1 ! EMPLOYM5T ( SPIES1 & ! V>I\S K9DS ( PUBLIC C5SURE DIRECT$ AGA9/ OP9ION BE5 V9DICAT$ ,BY RECOLLECT+ ?AT !RE IS AN 9TIMATE CONNECTION BETWE5 M5'S OP9IONS & !IR CONDUCT2 ! IMMORAL S5TIM5TS LEAD1 BY A V]Y PROBABLE CONSEQU5CE1 TO IMMORAL ACTIONS4 ,!RE IS NOT MORE REASON1 9 MANY CASES AT LEA/1 TO APPREH5D ?AT ! MAN :O HAS ONCE COMMITT$ ROBB]Y WILL COMMIT IT AGA9 ?AN ! MAN :O HAS DISSIPAT$ HIS PROP]TY AT ! GAM+-TABLE OR :O IS ACCU/OM$ TO PR(ESS ?AT1 UPON ANY EM]G5CY1 BE WILL NOT SCRUPLE TO HAVE REC\RSE TO ?IS EXP$I5T4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE OBVI\S ?AN ?AT1 :ATEV] PRECAUTIONS MAY BE ALL[ABLE ) RESPECT TO ! FUTURE1 JU/ICE WILL RELUCTANTLY CLASS AMONG !SE PRECAUTIONS A VIOL5CE TO BE COMMITT$ ON MY NEI<BOR4 ,NOR IT IS (T5] UNJU/ ?AN IT IS SUP]FLU\S4 ,:Y NOT >M MYSELF ) VIGILANCE & 5]GY1 9/EAD ( LOCK+ UP EV]Y MAN :OM MY IMAG9ATION MAY BID ME FE>1 ?AT ,I MAY SP5D MY DAYS 9 UNDI/URB$ 9ACTIVITY8 ,IF COMMUNITIES1 9/EAD ( ASPIR+1 AS !Y HAVE HI!RTO DONE1 TO EMBRACE A VA/ T]RITORY1 & GLUT !IR VANITY ) IDEAS ( EMPIRE1 W]E CONT5T$ ) A SMALL DI/RICT1 ) A PROVISO ( CONF$]ATION 9 CASES ( NECESSITY1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL W\LD !N LIVE UND] ! PUBLIC EYE2 & ! DISAPPROBATION ( HIS NEI<BORS1 A SPECIES ( CO]CION NOT D]IV$ FROM ! CAPRICE ( M51 BUT FROM ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 W\LD 9EVITABLY OBLIGE HIM EI!R TO RE=M OR TO EMIGRATE4 - ,! SUM ( ! >GUM5TS UND] ?IS HEAD IS ?AT ALL PUNI%M5T = ! SAKE ( RE/RA9T IS PUNI%M5T UPON SUSPICION1 A SPECIES ( PUNI%M5T ! MO/ ABHORR5T TO REASON1 & >BITR>Y 9 ITS APPLICATION1 ?AT CAN BE DEVIS$4 

,! SECOND OBJECT :I* PUNI%M5T MAY BE IMAG9$ TO PROPOSE TO ITSELF IS RE=MATION4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 V>I\S OBJECTIONS ?AT MAY BE (F]$ TO IT 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,CO]CION CANNOT CONV9CE1 CANNOT CONCILIATE1 BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ALI5ATES ! M9D ( HIM AGA9/ :OM IT IS EMPLOY$4 ,CO]CION HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) REASON1 & !RE=E CAN HAVE NO PROP] T5D5CY TO ! CULTIVATION ( VIRTUE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT REASON IS NO?+ MORE ?AN A COLLATION & COMP>ISON ( V>I\S EMOTIONS & FEEL+S2 BUT !Y MU/ BE ! FEEL+S ORIG9ALLY1 APPROPRIATE TO ! QUE/ION1 NOT ?OSE :I* AN >BITR>Y WILL1 /IMULAT$ BY ! POSSESSION ( P[]1 MAY ANNEX TO IT4 ,REASON IS OMNIPOT5T3 IF MY CONDUCT BE WRONG1 A V]Y SIMPLE /ATEM5T1 FL[+ FROM A CLE> & COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 WILL MAKE IT APPE> TO BE SU*2 NOR IS IT PROBABLE ?AT !RE IS ANY P]V]S5ESS ?AT W\LD P]SI/ 9 VISE 9 ! FACE ( ALL ! RECOMM5DATIONS ) :I* VIRTUE MI<T BE 9VE/$1 & ALL ! BEAUTY 9 :I* IT MI<T BE DISPLAY$4 

,BUT TO ?IS IT MAY BE ANSW]$ '?AT ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT MAY 9DE$ BE AB/RACT$LY TRUE1 BUT ?AT IT IS NOT TRUE RELATIVE TO ! PRES5T IMP]FECTION ( HUMAN FACULTIES4 ,! GR& REQUISITE = ! RE=MATION & IMPROVEM5T ( ! HUMAN SPECIES SEEMS TO CONSI/ 9 ! R\S+ ( ! M9D4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! S*OOL ( ADV]SITY HAS SO (T5 BE5 CONSID]$ AS ! S*OOL ( VIRTUE4#a ,9 AN EV5 C\RSE ( EASY & PROSP]\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 ! FACULTIES SLEEP4 ,BUT1 :5 GREAT & URG5T OCCASION IS PRES5T$1 IT %\LD SEEM ?AT ! M9D RISES TO ! LEVEL ( ! OCCASION4 ,DIFFICULTIES AWAK5 VIGOR & 5G5D] /R5G?2 & IT WILL FREQU5TLY HAPP5 ?AT ! MORE Y\ *ECK & OPPRESS ME1 ! MORE WILL MY FACULTIES SWELL1 TILL !Y BUR/ ALL ! OB/ACLES ( OPPRESSION4' 

,! OP9ION ( ! EXCELL5CE ( ADV]SITY IS BUILT UPON A V]Y OBVI\S MI/AKE4 ,IF WE WILL DIVE/ \RSELVES ( P>ADOX & S+UL>ITY1 WE %ALL P]CEIVE ?AT ADV]SITY IS A BAD ?+1 BUT ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ ELSE ?AT IS WORSE4 ,M9D CAN NEI!R EXI/1 NOR BE IMPROV$1 )\T ! RECEPTION ( IDEAS4 ,IT WILL IMPROVE MORE 9 A CALAMIT\S ?AN A TORPID /ATE4 ,A MAN WILL SOMETIMES BE F\ND WIS] AT ! 5D ( HIS C>E]1 :O HAS BE5 TREAT$ ) SEV]ITY ?AN ) NEGLECT4 ,BUT1 BECAUSE SEV]ITY IS ONE WAY ( G5]AT+ ?\<T1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT IT IS ! BE/4 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N ?AT CO]CION1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 IS 9JU/ICE4 ,CAN 9JU/ICE BE ! BE/ MODE ( DISSEM9AT+ PR9CIPLES ( EQUITY & REASON8 ,OPPRESSION1 EX]CIS$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 IS ! MO/ RU9\S ( ALL ?+S4 ,:AT IS IT BUT ?IS ?AT HAS HABITUAT$ MANK9D TO SO MU* IGNORANCE & VISE = SO MANY ?\S& YE>S8 ,IS IT PROBABLE ?AT ?AT :I* HAS BE5 ?US T]RIBLE 9  ITS CONSEQU5CES %\LD1 UND] ANY V>IATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 BE MADE A S\RCE ( EM95T GOOD8 ,ALL CO]CION S\RS ! M9D4 ,HE ?AT SUFF]S IT IS PRACTICALLY P]SUAD$ ( ! WANT ( A PHILAN?ROPY SUFFICI5TLY 5L>G$1 9 ?OSE ) :OM HE HAS 9T]C\RSE4 ,HE FEELS ?AT JU/ICE PREVAILS ONLY ) GREAT LIMITATIONS1 & ?AT HE CANNOT DEP5D UPON BE+ TREAT$ ) JU/ICE4 ,! LESSON :I* CO]CION READS TO HIM IS1 ',SUBMIT TO =CE1 & ABJURE REASON4 ,BE NOT DIRECT$ BY ! CONVICTIONS ( Y\R UND]/&+1 BUT BY ! BASE/ P>T ( Y\R NATURE1 ! FE> ( P]SONAL PA91 & A COMPULSORY AWE ( ! 9JU/ICE ( O!RS4' ,IT WAS ?US ,ELIZABE? ( ,5GL& & ,FR$]IC ( ,PRUSSIA W]E $UCAT$ 9 ! S*OOL ( ADV]SITY4 ,! WAY 9 :I* !Y PR(IT$ BY ?IS DISCIPL9E WAS BY F9D+ RES\RCES 9 !IR [N M9DS1 5ABL+ !M TO REG>D1 ) AN UNCONQU]$ SPIRIT1 ! VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ AGA9/ !M4 ,CAN ?IS BE ! BE/ MODE ( =M+ M5 TO VIRTUE8 ,IF IT BE1 P]HAPS IT IS FUR!R REQUISITE ?AT ! CO]CION WE USE %\LD BE FLAGRANTLY UNJU/1 S9CE ! IMPROVEM5T SEEMS TO LIE1 NOT 9 SUBMISSION1 BUT RESI/ANCE4 

,BUT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT TRU? IS ADEQUATE TO EXCITE ! M9D1 )\T ! AID ( ADV]SITY4 ,BY TRU? IS H]E UND]/OOD A JU/ VIEW ( ALL ! ATTRACTIONS ( 9DU/RY1 KN[L$GE & B5EVOL5CE4 ,IF ,I APPREH5D ! VALUE ( ANY PURSUIT1 %ALL ,I NOT 5GAGE 9 IT8 ,IF ,I APPREH5D IT CLE>LY1 %ALL ,I NOT 5GAGE 9 IT ZEAL\SLY8 ,IF Y\ W\LD AWAK5 MY M9D 9 ! MO/ EFFECTUAL MANN]1 SPEAK TO ! G5U9E & HONORABLE FEEL+S ( MY NATURE4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE1 ?OR\<LY UND]/& Y\RSELF ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD RECOMM5D TO ME1 IMPREGNATE Y\R M9D ) ITS EVID5CE1 & SPEAK FROM ! CLE>NESS ( Y\R VIEW1 & ) FULLNESS ( CONVICTION4 ,W]E WE ACCU/OM$ TO AN $UCATION 9 :I* TRU? WAS NEV] NEGLECT$ FROM 9DOL5CE1 OR TOLD 9 A WAY TREA*]\S TO ITS EXCELL5CE1 9 :I* ! PRECEPTOR SUBJECT$ HIMSELF TO ! P]PETUAL DISCIPL9E ( F9D+ ! WAY TO COMMUNICATE IT ) BREVITY & =CE1 BUT )\T PREJUDICE & ACRIMONY1 IT CANNOT BE BELIEV$ BUT ?AT SU* AN $UCATION W\LD BE  MORE EFFECTUAL = ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! M9D1 ?AN ALL ! MODES ( ANGRY OR B5EVOL5T CO]CION ?AT EV] W]E DEVIS$4 

,! LA/ OBJECT :I* PUNI%M5T PROPOSES IS EXAMPLE4 ,HAD LEGISLATORS CONF9$ !IR VIEWS TO RE=MATION & RE/RA9T1 !IR EX]TIONS ( P[]1 ?\< MI/AK51 W\LD /ILL HAVE BORNE ! /AMP ( HUMANITY4 ,BUT1 ! MOM5T V5GEANCE PRES5T$ ITSELF AS A /IMULUS ON ! ONE SIDE1 OR ! EXHIBITION ( A T]RIBLE EXAMPLE ON ! O!R1 NO B>B>ITY WAS ?\<T TOO GREAT4 ,+5I\S CRUELTY WAS BUSI$ TO F9D NEW MEANS ( TORTUR+ ! VICTIM1 OR ( R5D]+ ! SPECTACLE IMPRESSIVE & HORRIBLE4 

,IT HAS LONG S9CE BE5 OBS]V$ ?AT ?IS SY/EM ( POLICY CON/ANTLY FAILS ( ITS PURPOSE4 ,FUR!R REF9EM5TS 9 B>B>ITY PRODUCE A C]TA9 IMPRESSION1 SO LONG AS !Y >E NEW2 BUT ?IS IMPRESSION SOON VANI%ES1 & ! :OLE SCOPE ( A GLOOMY 9V5TION IS EXHAU/$ 9 VA94#b ,! REASON ( ?IS PH5OM5ON IS ?AT1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! =CE ) :I* NOVELTY /RIKES ! IMAG9ATION1 ! 9H]5T NATURE ( ! SITUATION SPE$ILY RECURS1 & ASS]TS ITS 9DE/RUCTIBLE EMPIRE4 ,WE FEET ! EM]G5CIES TO :I* WE >E EXPOS$1 & WE FEEL1 OR ?9K WE FEEL1 ! DICTATES ( REASON 9CIT+ US TO !IR RELIEF4 ,:ATEV] IDEAS WE =M 9 OPPOSITION TO ! M&ATES ( LAW1 WE DRAW1 ) S9C]ITY1 ?\< IT MAY BE ) SOME MIXTURE ( MI/AKE1 FROM ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,WE COMP>E !M ) ! DESPOTISM :I* SOCIETY EX]CISES 9 ITS CORPORATE CAPACITY2 &1 ! MORE FREQU5T IS \R COMP>ISON1 ! GREAT] >E \R MURMURS & 9DIGNATION AGA9/ ! 9JU/ICE TO :I* WE >E EXPOS$4 ,BUT 9DIGNATION IS NOT A S5TIM5T ?AT CONCILIATES2 B>B>ITY POSSESSES NONE ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( P]SUASION4 ,IT MAY T]RIFY2 BUT IT CANNOT PRODUCE 9 US C&OR & DOCILITY4 ,?US ULC]AT$ ) 9JU/ICE1 \R DI/RESSES1 \R TEMPTATIONS1 & ALL ! ELOQU5CE ( FEEL+ PRES5T !MSELVES AGA9 & AGA94 ,IS IT ANY WOND] !Y %\LD PROVE VICTORI\S8 

,PUNI%M5T = EXAMPLE IS LIABLE TO ALL ! OBJECTIONS  :I* >E URG$ AGA9/ PUNI%M5T = RE/RA9T OR RE=MATION1 & TO C]TA9 O!R OBJECTIONS PECULI> TO ITSELF4 ,IT IS EMPLOY$ AGA9/ A P]SON NOT N[ 9 ! COMMISSION ( (F5SE1 & ( :OM WE CAN ONLY SUSPECT ?AT HE EV] WILL (F5D4 ,IT SUP]S$ES >GUM5T1 REASON & CONVICTION1 & REQUIRES US TO ?9K SU* A SPECIES ( CONDUCT \R DUTY1 BECAUSE SU* IS ! GOOD PLEASURE ( \R SUP]IORS1 & BECAUSE1 AS WE >E TAU<T BY ! EXAMPLE 9 QUE/ION1 !Y WILL MAKE US RUE \R /UBBORNNESS IF WE ?9K O!RWISE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS IT IS TO BE REMEMB]$ ?AT1 :5 ,I AM MADE TO SUFF] AS AN EXAMPLE TO O!RS1 ,I AM MYSELF TREAT$ ) SUP]CILI\S NEGLECT1 AS IF ,I W]E TOTALLY 9CAPABLE ( FEEL+ & MORALITY4 ,IF Y\ 9FLICT PA9 UPON ME1 Y\ >E EI!R JU/ OR UNJU/1 ,IF Y\ BE JU/1 IT %\LD SEEM NECESS>Y ?AT !RE %\LD BE SOME?+ 9 ME ?AT MAKES ME ! FIT SUBJECT ( PA91 EI!R ABSOLUTE DES]T1 :I* IS ABSURD1 OR MIS*IEF ,I MAY BE EXPECT$ TO P]PETRATE1 OR LA/LY1 A T5D5CY 9 :AT Y\ DO TO PRODUCE MY RE=MATION4 ,IF ANY ( !SE BE ! REASON :Y ! SUFF]+ ,I UND]GO IS JU/1 !N EXAMPLE IS \T ( ! QUE/ION3 IT MAY BE AN 9CID5TAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! PROC$URE1 BUT IT =MS NO P>T ( ITS PR9CIPLE4 ,IT MU/ SURELY BE A V]Y 9>TIFICIAL & 9JUDICI\S S*EME = GUID+ ! S5TIM5TS ( MANK9D1 TO FIX UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL AS A SUBJECT ( TORTURE OR DEA?1 RESPECT+ :OM ?IS TREATM5T HAS NO DIRECT FITNESS1 M]ELY ?AT WE MAY BID O!RS LOOK ON1 & D]IVE 9/RUCTION FROM HIS MIS]Y4 ,?IS >GUM5T WILL D]IVE ADDITIONAL =CE FROM ! REASON+S ( ! FOLL[+ *APT]4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,I,I1 P4 #d#a#a4 

#b,BECC>IA1 ,DEI ,DELITTI E DELLE ,P5E4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

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