,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #a 
,LIMITATIONS ( ! ,DOCTR9E ( ,PUNI%M5T :I* ,RESULT FROM ! ,PR9CIPLES ( ,MORALITY 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,V,I,I 

,( ,C,R,I,M,E,S ,& ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T,S 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I 

  
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 ,DEF9ITION ( PUNI%M5T4 - ,NATURE ( CRIME4 - 
 ,RETRIBUTIVE JU/ICE NOT 9DEP5D5T & 
 ABSOLUTE - NOT TO BE V9DICAT$ FROM ! SY/EM 
 ( NATURE4 - ,=CE ( ! T]M1 DES]T4 - ,CON- 
   CLUSION4 

,! SUBJECT ( PUNI%M5T IS P]HAPS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL 9 ! SCI5CE ( POLITICS4 ,M5 ASSOCIAT$ = ! SAKE ( MUTUAL PROTECTION & B5EFIT4 ,IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$ ?AT ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS >E ( AN 9EXPRESSIBLY HI<] IMPORTANCE ?AN !IR EXT]NAL4#a ,IT HAS APPE>$ ?AT ! ACTION ( SOCIETY1 9 CONF]R+ REW>DS1 & SUP]9T5D+ OP9ION1 IS ( P]NICI\S EFFECT4#b ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT GOV]NM5T1 OR ! ACTION ( SOCIETY 9 ITS CORPORATE CAPACITY1 CAN SC>CELY BE ( ANY UTILITY EXCEPT SO F> AS IT IS REQUISITE = ! SUPPRESSION ( =CE BY =CE2 = ! PREV5TION ( ! HO/ILE ATTACK ( ONE MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY1 UPON ! P]SON OR PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 :I* PREV5TION IS USUALLY CALL$ BY ! NAME ( CRIM9AL JU/ICE1 OR PUNI%M5T4 

,BE=E WE CAN PROP]LY JUDGE ( ! NECESSITY OR URG5CY ( ?IS ACTION ( GOV]NM5T1 IT WILL BE ( SOME IMPORTANCE TO CONSID] ! PRECISE IMPORT ( ! WORD PUNI%M5T4 ,I MAY EMPLOY =CE TO C\NT]ACT ! HO/ILITY ?AT IS ACTUALLY COMMITT+ ON ME4 ,I MAY EMPLOY =CE TO COMPEL ANY MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY TO OCCUPY ! PO/ ?AT ,I CONCEIVE MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL ADVANTAGE1 EI!R 9 ! MODE ( IMPRESS+ SOLDI]S & SAILORS1 OR BY OBLIG+ A MILIT>Y (FIC]1 OR A M9I/] ( /ATE1 TO ACCEPT1 OR RETA9 HIS APPO9TM5T4 ,I MAY PUT A VALUABLE MAN TO DEA? = ! COMMON GOOD1 EI!R BECAUSE HE IS 9FECT$ ) A PE/IL5TIAL DISEASE1 OR BECAUSE SOME ORACLE HAS DECL>$ IT ESS5TIAL TO ! PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,NONE ( !SE1 ?\< !Y CONSI/ 9 EX]TION ( =CE = SOME MORAL PURPOSE1 COMES )9 ! IMPORT ( ! WORD PUNI%M5T4 ,PUNI%M5T IS ALSO (T5 US$ TO SIGNIFY ! VOLUNT>Y 9FLICTION ( EVIL UPON A VICI\S BE+1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ! PUBLIC ADVANTAGE DEM&S IT1 BUT BECAUSE !RE IS APPREH5D$ TO BE A C]TA9 FITNESS & PROPRIETY 9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ?AT R5D] SUFF]+1 AB/RACT$LY FROM ! B5EFIT TO RESULT1 ! SUITABLE CONCOMITANT ( VISE4 

,! JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T H[EV]1 9 ?IS IMPORT ( ! WORD1 CAN ONLY BE A D$UCTION FROM ! HYPO!SIS ( FREE WILL1 IF 9DE$ ?AT HYPO!SIS WILL SUFFICI5TLY SUPPORT IT2 & MU/ BE FALSE1 IF HUMAN ACTIONS >E NECESS>Y4 ,M9D1 AS WAS SUFFICI5TLY APP>5T :5 WE TREAT$ ( ?AT SUBJECT1#c IS AN AG5T 9 NO O!R S5SE ?AN MATT] IS AN AG5T4 ,IT OP]ATES & IS OP]AT$ UPON1 & ! NATURE1 ! =CE & L9E ( DIRECTION ( ! FIR/1 IS EXACTLY 9 PROPORTION TO ! NATURE1 =CE & L9E ( DIRECTION ( ! SECOND4 ,MORALITY1 9 A RATIONAL & DESIGN+ M9D1 IS NOT ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM MORALITY 9 AN 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCE4 ,A MAN ( C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL HABITS IS FITT$ TO BE AN ASSASS92 A DAGG] ( A C]TA9 =M IS FITT$ TO BE HIS 9/RUM5T4 ,! ONE OR ! O!R EXCITES A GREAT] DEGREE ( DISAPPROBATION1 9 PROPORTION AS ITS FITNESS = MIS*IEV\S PURPOSES APPE>S TO BE MORE 9H]5T & DIRECT4 ,I VIEW A DAGG]1 ON ?IS ACC\NT1 ) MORE DISAPPROBATION ?AN A KNIFE1 :I* IS P]HAPS EQUALLY ADAPT$ = ! PURPOSES ( ! ASSASS92 BECAUSE ! DAGG] HAS FEW OR NO B5EFICIAL USES TO WEI< AGA9/ ?OSE ?AT >E HURTFUL1 & BECAUSE IT HAS A T5D5CY BY MEANS ( ASSOCIATION TO ! EXCIT+ ( EVIL ?\<TS4 ,I VIEW ! ASSASS9 ) MORE DISAPPROBATION ?AN ! DAGG] BECAUSE HE IS MORE TO BE FE>$1 & IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO *ANGE HIS VICI\S /RUCTURE1 OR TO TAKE FROM HIM HIS CAPACITY TO 9JURE4 ,! MAN IS PROPELL$ TO ACT BY NECESS>Y CAUSES & IRRESI/IBLE MOTIVES1 :I*1 HAV+ ONCE OCCURR$1 >E LIKELY TO OCCUR AGA94 ,! DAGG] HAS NO QUALITY ADAPT$ TO ! CONTRACTION ( HABITS1 &1 ?\< IT HAVE COMMITT$ A ?\S& MURD]S1 IS NOT MORE LIKELY 7UNLESS SO F> AS ?OSE MURD]S1 BE+ KN[N1 MAY OP]ATE AS A SLI<T ASSOCIAT$ MOTIVE ) ! POSSESSOR7 TO COMMIT MURD] AGA94 ,EXCEPT 9 ! >TICLES HE SPECIFI$1 ! TWO CASES >E EXACTLY P>ALLEL4 ,! ASSASS9 CANNOT HELP ! MURD] HE COMMITS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! DAGG]4 

,!SE >GUM5TS >E M]ELY CALCULAT$ TO SET 9 A MORE P]SPICU\S LI<T A PR9CIPLE :I* IS ADMITT$ BY MANY BY :OM ! DOCTR9E ( NECESSITY HAS NEV] BE5 EXAM9$2 ?AT ! ONLY MEASURE ( EQUITY IS UTILITY1 & :ATEV] IS NOT ATT5D$ ) ANY B5EFICIAL PURPOSE IS NOT JU/4 ,?IS IS SO EVID5T ?AT FEW REASONABLE & REFLECT+ M9DS WILL BE F\ND 9CL9$ TO D5Y IT4 ,:Y DO ,I 9FLICT SUFF]+ ON ANO!R8 ,IF NEI!R = HIS [N B5EFIT NOR ! B5EFIT ( O!RS1 CAN ,I BE RI<T8 ,WILL RES5TM5T1 ! M]E 9DIGNATION & HORROR ,I HAVE CONCEIV$ AGA9/ VISE1 JU/IFY ME 9 PUTT+ A BE+ TO USELESS TORTURE8 ',BUT SUPPOSE ,I ONLY PUT AN 5D TO HIS EXI/5CE4' ,:AT1 ) NO PROSPECT ( B5EFIT EI!R TO HIMSELF OR O!RS8 ,! REASON 9 M9D MORE EASILY RECONCILES ITSELF TO ?IS SUPPOSITION IS ?AT WE CONCEIVE EXI/5CE TO BE LESS A BLESS+ ?AN A CURSE TO A BE+ 9CORRIGIBLY VICI\S4 ,BUT1 9 ?AT CASE1 ! SUPPOSITION DOES NOT FALL )9 ! T]MS ( ! QUE/ION3 ,I AM 9 REALITY CONF]R+ A B5EFIT4 ,IT HAS BE5 ASK$1 ',IF WE CONCEIVE TO \RSELVES TWO BE+S1 EA* ( !M SOLIT>Y1 BUT ! FIR/ VIRTU\S1 & ! SECOND VICI\S1 ! FIR/ 9CL9$ TO BE ! HI<E/ ACTS ( B5EVOL5CE1 IF HIS SITUATION W]E *ANG$ = ! SOCIAL ! SECOND TO MALIGNITY1 TYRANNY & 9JU/ICE1 DO WE NOT EEL ?AT ! FIR/ IS 5TITL$ TO FELICITY 9 PREF]5CE TO ! SECOND8 ,IF !RE BE ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! QUE/ION1 IT IS :OLLY CAUS$ BY ! EXTRAVAGANCE ( ! SUPPOSITION4 ,NO BE+ CAN BE EI!R VIRTU\S1 OR VICI\S1 :O HAS NO OPPORTUNITY ( 9FLU5C+ ! HAPP9ESS ( O!RS4 ,HE MAY 9DE$1 ?\< N[ SOLIT>Y1 RECOLLECT OR IMAG9E A SOCIAL /ATE2 BUT ?IS S5TIM5T1 & ! PROP5SITIES IT G5]ATES CAN SC>CELY BE VIGOR\S1 UNLESS HE HAVE HOPES ( BE+ AT SOME FUTURE TIME1 RE/OR$ TO ?AT /ATE4 ,! TRUE SOLITAIRE CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS A MORAL BE+ UNLESS ! MORALITY WE CONTEMPLATE BE ?AT :I* HAS RELATION TO HIS [N P]MAN5T ADVANTAGE4 ,BUT1 IF ?AT BE \R MEAN+ PUNI%M5T1 UNLESS = RE=M1 IS PECULI>LY ABSURD4 ,HIS CONDUCT VICI\S1 BECAUSE IT HAS A T5D5CY TO R5D] HIM MIS]ABLE3 %ALL WE 9FLICT CALAMITY UPON HIM1 = ?IS REASON ONLY1 BECAUSE HE HAS ALREADY 9FLICT$ CALAMITY UPON HIMSELF8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO IMAG9E TO \RSELVES A SOLIT>Y 9TELLECTUAL BE+1 :OM NO FUTURE ACCID5T %ALL EV] R5D] SOCIAL4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO SEP>ATE1 EV5 AN IDEA1 VIRTUE & VISE FROM HAPP9ESS & MIS]Y1 &1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 NOT TO IMAG9E ?AT1 :5 WE BE/[ A B5EFIT UPON VIRTUE1 WE BE/[ IT :]E IT WILL TURN TO ACC\NT2 & :5 WE BE/[ A B5EFIT UPON VISE1 WE BE/[ IT :]E IT WILL BE UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,= !SE REASONS1 E QUE/ION ( DES]T1 AS IT RELATES TO A SOLIT>Y BE+1 WILL ALWAYS HAVE A T5D5CY TO MISLEAD & P]PLEX4 

,IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 ALLEG$ ?AT ! C\RSE ( NATURE HAS ANNEX$ SUFF]+ TO VISE1 & HAS ?US L$ US TO ! IDEA ( PUNI%M5T H]E REF]R$ TO4 ,>GUM5TS ( ?IS SORT %\LD BE LI/5$ TO ) GREAT CAUTION4 ,IT WAS BY REASON+S ( A SIMIL> NATURE ?AT \R ANCE/ORS JU/IFI$ ! PRACTICE ( RELIGI\S P]SECUTION3 ',H]ETICS & UNBELIEV]S >E ! OBJECTS ( ,GOD'S 9DIGNATION2 IT MU/ !RE=E BE M]ITORI\S 9 US TO MALTREAT ?OSE :OM ,GOD HAS CURS$4' ,WE KN[ TOO LITTLE ( ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE >E TOO LIABLE TO ]ROR RESPECT+ IT1 & SEE TOO SMALL A PORTION1 TO 5TITLE US TO =M \R MORAL PR9CIPLES UPON AN IMITATION ( :AT WE CONCEIVE TO BE ! C\RSE ( NATURE4 

,?US IT APPE>S1 :E!R WE 5T] PHILOSOPHICALLY 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( HUMAN ACTIONS1 OR M]ELY ANALYZE !IR IDEAS ( RECTITUDE & JU/ICE :I* HAVE ! UNIV]SAL CONS5T ( MANK9D1 ?AT1 9 ! REF9$ & ABSOLUTE S5SE 9 :I* ?AT T]M HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 EMPLOY$1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ AS DES]T2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT IT CANNOT BE JU/ ?AT WE %\LD 9FLICT SUFF]+ ON ANY MAN1 EXCEPT F> AS IT T5DS TO GOOD4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ALSO ?AT PUNI%M5T1 9 ! LA/ ( ! S5SES 5UM]AT$ T[>DS ! BEG9N+ ( ?IS *APT]1 BY NO MEANS ACCORDS ) ANY S\ND PR9CIPLES ( REASON+4 ,IT IS RI<T ?AT ,I %\LD 9FLICT SUFF]+1 9 EV]Y CASE :]E IT CAN BE CLE>LY %[N ?AT SU* 9FLICTION WILL PRODUCE AN OV]BALANCE ( GOOD4 ,BUT ?IS 9FLICTION BE>S NO REF]5CE TO ! M]E 9NOC5CE OR GUILT ( ! P]SON UPON :OM IT IS MADE4 ,AN 9NOC5T MAN IS ! PROP] SUBJECT ( IT1 IF IT T5D TO GOOD4 ,A GUILTY MAN IS ! PROP] SUBJECT ( IT UND] NO O!R PO9T ( VIEW4 ,TO PUNI% HIM1 UPON ANY HYPO!SIS1 = :AT IS PA/ & IRRECOV]ABLE1 & = ! CONSID]ATION ( ?AT ONLY1 MU/ BE RANK$ AMONG ! MO/ P]NICI\S EXHIBITIONS ( AN UNTUTOR$ B>B>ISM4 ,EV]Y MAN UPON :OM DISCIPL9E IS EMPLOY$ IS TO BE CONSID]$ AS TO ! PURPOSE ( ?IS DISCIPL9E AS 9NOC5T4 ,! ONLY S5SE ( ! WORD PUNI%M5T ?AT CAN BE SUPPOS$ TO BE COMPATIBLE ) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! PRES5T WORK IS ?AT ( PA9 9FLICT$ ON A P]SON CONVICT$ ( PA/ 9JURI\S ACTION1 = ! PURPOSE ( PREV5T+ FUTURE MIS*IEF4 

,IT IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE ?AT WE %\LD BE> !SE IDEAS CON/ANTLY 9 M9D1 DUR+ \R EXAM9ATION ( ! !ORY ( PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS !ORY W\LD1 9 ! PA/ TRANSACTIONS ( MANK9D1 HAVE BE5 TOTALLY DIFF]5T IF !Y HAD DIVE/$ !MSELVES ( ! EMOTIONS ( ANG] & RES5TM5T2 IF !Y HAD CONSID]$ ! MAN :O TORM5TS ANO!R = :AT HE HAS DONE AS UPON A P> ) ! *ILD :O BEATS ! TABLE2 IF !Y HAD CONJUR$ UP TO !IR IMAG9ATION1 & PROP]LY E/IMAT$1 ! MAN :O %\LD %UT UP 9 PRISON & P]IODICALLY TORTURE SOME ATROCI\S CRIM9AL1 FROM ! M]E CONSID]ATION ( ! AB/RACT CONGRUITY ( CRIME & PUNI%M5T1 )\T A POSSIBLE B5EFIT TO O!RS OR TO HIMSELF2 IF !Y HAD REG>D$ PUNI%M5T AS ?AT :I* WAS TO BE REGULAT$ SOLELY1 BY A DISPASSIONATE CALCULATION ( ! FUTURE1 )\T SUFF]+ ! PA/1 ON ITS [N ACC\NT1 = A MOM5T TO 5T] 9TO ! PROCE$+4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,X4 

#b,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,XLL2 ,BOOK ,VL1 ?R\<\T4 

#c,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #a -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #g1 ,*APT] #a -- ,ADD$4 

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