,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bb 
,( ! ,FUTURE ,HI/ORY ( ,POLITICAL ,SOCIETIES 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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,QUANTITY ( ADM9I/RATION NECESS>Y TO BE  
MA9TA9$4 -- ,OBJECTS ( ADM9I/RATION3 
NATIONAL GLORY -- RIVAL%IP ( NATIONS4 --,9F]5CES3 #a4 COMPLICATION ( GOV]NM5T UNNECESS>Y4 -- #b4EXT5SIVE T]RITORY SUP]FLU\S -- #c4 
 CON/RA9T1 ITS LIMITATIONS4 -,PROJECT ( GOV]NM5T3 POLICE -- DEF5SE4 

,?,U,S WE HAVE 5DEAVOR$ TO UNFOLD & E/ABLI% C]TA9 G5]AL PR9CIPLES UPON ! SUBJECT ( LEGISLATIVE & EXECUTIVE P[]4 ,BUT !RE IS ONE 9T]E/+ TOPIC ?AT REMA9S TO BE DISCUSS$4 ,H[ MU* ( EI!R ( !SE P[]S DOES ! PUBLIC B5EFIT REQUIRE US TO MA9TA98 

,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5#a ?AT ! ONLY LEGITIMATE OBJECT ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION IS ! ADVANTAGE ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,ALL ?AT CANNOT BE BR\<T HOME TO !M1 NATIONAL WEAL?1 PROSP]ITY & GLORY1 CAN BE ADVANTAGE\S ONLY TO ?OSE SELF-9T]E/$ IMPO/ORS :O1 FROM ! E>LIE/ ACC\NTS ( TIME1 HAVE CONF\ND$ ! UND]/&+S ( MANK9D1 ! MORE SECURELY TO S9K !M 9 DEBASEM5T & MIS]Y4 

,! DESIRE TO GA9 A MORE EXT5SIVE T]RITORY1 TO CONQU] OR TO HOLD 9 AWE \R NEI<BOR+ /ATES1 TO SURPASS !M 9 >TS OR >MS1 IS A DESIRE S\ND$ 9 PREJUDICE & ]ROR4 ,USURP$ AU?ORITY IS A SPURI\S & UNSUB/ANTIAL M$IUM ( HAPP9ESS4 ,SECURITY & PEACE >E MORE TO BE DESIR$ ?AN A NATIONAL SPL5DOR ?AT %\LD T]RIFY ! WORLD4 ,MANK9D >E BRE?R54 ,WE ASSOCIATE 9 A P>TICUL> DI/RICT OR UND] A P>TICUL> CLIMATE1 BECAUSE ASSOCIATION IS NECESS>Y TO \R 9T]NAL TRANQUILITY1 OR TO DEF5D US AGA9/ ! WANTON ATTACKS ( A COMMON 5EMY4 ,BUT ! RIVAL%IP ( NATIONS IS A CREATURE ( ! IMAG9ATION4 ,IF RI*ES BE \R OBJECT1 RI*ES CAN ONLY BE CREAT$ BY COMM]CE2 & ! GREAT] IS \R NEI<BOR'S CAPACITY TO BUY1 ! GREAT] WILL BE \R OPPORTUNITY TO SELL4 ,! PROSP]ITY ( ALL IS ! 9T]E/ ( ALL4 

,! MORE ACCURATELY WE UND]/& \R [N ADVANTAGE1 ! LESS %ALL WE BE DISPOS$ TO DI/URB ! PEACE ( \R NEI<BOR4 ,! SAME PR9CIPLE IS APPLICABLE TO HIM 9 RETURN4 ,IT BECOMES US !RE=E TO DESIRE ?AT HE MAY BE WISE4 ,BUT WISDOM IS ! GR[? ( EQUALITY & 9DEP5D5CE1 NOT ( 9JURY & OPPRESSION4 ,IF OPPRESSION HAD BE5 ! S*OOL ( WISDOM1 ! IMPROVEM5T ( MANK9D W\LD HAVE BE5 9E/IMABLE1 = !Y HAVE BE5 9 ?AT S*OOL = MANY ?\S& YE>S4 ,WE \<T !RE=E TO DESIRE ?AT \R NEI<BOR %\LD BE 9DEP5D5T4 ,WE \<T TO DESIRE ?AT HE %\LD BE FREE2 = W>S DO NOT ORIG9ATE 9 ! UNBIAS$ PROP5SITIES ( NATIONS1 BUT 9 ! CABALS ( GOV]NM5T & ! PROP5SITIES ?AT GOV]NM5TS 9SPIRE 9TO ! PEOPLE AT L>GE4#b ,IF \R NEI<BOR 9VADE \R T]RITORY1 ALL WE %\LD DESIRE IS TO REPEL HIM FROM IT1#c &1 = ?AT PURPOSE1 IT IS NOT NECESS>Y WE %\LD SURPASS HIM 9 PR[ESS1 S9CE UPON \R [N GR\ND HIS MAT* IS UNEQUAL4#d ,NOT TO SAY ?AT TO CONCEIVE A NATION ATTACK$ BY ANO!R1 SO LONG AS ITS [N CONDUCT IS SOB]1 EQUITABLE & MOD]ATE1 IS AN EXCE$+LY IMPROBABLE SUPPOSITIONS4#e 

,:]E NATIONS >E NOT BR\<T 9TO AV[$ HO/ILITY1 ALL JEAL\SY BETWE5 !M IS AN UN9TELLIGIBLE *IM]A4 ,I RESIDE UPON A C]TA9 SPOT BECAUSE ?AT RESID5CE IS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO MY HAPP9ESS OR USEFULNESS4 ,I AM 9T]E/$ 9 ! POLITICAL JU/ICE & VIRTUE ( MY SPECIES BECAUSE !Y >E M51 ?AT IS1 CREATURES EM95TLY CAPABLE ( JU/ICE & VIRTUE2 & ,I HAVE P]HAPS ADDITIONAL REASON TO 9T]E/ MYSELF = ?OSE :O LIVE UND] ! SAME GOV]NM5T AS MYSELF BECAUSE ,I AM BETT] QUALIFI$ TO UND]/& !IR CLAIMS1 & MORE CAPABLE ( EX]T+ MYSELF 9 !IR BEHALF4 ,BUT ,I CAN C]TA9LY HAVE NO 9T]E/ 9 ! 9FLICTION ( PA9 UPON O!RS1 UNLESS SO F> AS !Y >E EXPRESSLY 5GAG$ 9 ACTS ( 9JU/ICE4 ,! OBJECT ( S\ND POLICY & MORALITY IS TO DRAW M5 NE>] TO EA* O!R1 NOT TO SEP>ATE !M2 TO UNITE !IR 9T]E/S1 NOT TO OPPOSE !M4 

,9DIVIDUALS \<T1 NO D\BT1 TO CULTIVATE A MORE FREQU5T & CONFID5TIAL 9T]C\RSE ) EA* O!R ?AN AT PRES5T SUBSI/S2 BUT POLITICAL SOCIETIES ( M51 AS SU*1 HAVE NO 9T]E/S TO EXPLA9 & ADJU/1 EXCEPT SO F> AS ]ROR & VIOL5CE MAY T5D] EXPLANATION NECESS>Y4 ,?IS CONSID]ATION ANNIHILATES1 AT ONCE1 ! PR9CIPAL OBJECTS ( ?AT MY/]I\S & CROOK$ POLICY :I* HAS HI!RTO OCCUPI$ ! ATT5TION ( GOV]NM5TS4 ,BE=E ?IS PR9CIPLE1 (FIC]S ( ! >MY & ! NAVY1 AMBASSADORS & NEGOTIATORS1 ALL ! TRA9 ( >TIFICES ?AT HAS BE5 9V5T$ TO HOLD O!R NATIONS AT BAY1 TO P5ETRATE !IR SECRETS1 TO TRAV]SE !IR MA*9ATIONS1 TO =M ALLIANCES & C\NT]-ALLIANCES1 S9K 9TO NO?+4 ,! EXP5SE ( GOV]NM5T IS ANNIHILAT$1 &1 TOGE!R ) ITS EXP5SE1 ! MEANS ( SUBDU+ & UND]M9+ ! VIRTUES ( ITS SUBJECTS4#f  

,ANO!R ( ! GREAT OPPROBRIUMS ( POLITICAL SCI5CE IS1 AT ! SAME TIME1 COMPLETELY REMOV$1 ?AT EXT5T ( T]RITORY1 SUBJECT TO ONE HEAD1 RESPECT+ :I* PHILOSOPH]S & MORALI/S HAVE ALT]NATELY DISPUT$ :E!R IT BE MO/ UNFIT = A MON>*Y1 OR = A DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T4 ,! APPE>ANCE :I* MANK9D1 9 A FUTURE /ATE ( IMPROVEM5T1 MAY BE EXPECT$ TO ASSUME IS A POLICY ?AT1 9 DIFF]5T C\NTRIES1 WILL WE> A SIMIL> =M1 BECAUSE WE HAVE ALL ! SAME FACULTIES & ! SAME WANTS BUT A POLICY ! 9DEP5D5T BRAN*ES ( :I* WILL EXT5D !IR AU?ORITY OV] A SMALL T]RITORY1 BECAUSE NEI<BORS >E BE/ 9=M$ ( EA* O!RS CONC]NS1 & >E P]FECTLY EQUAL TO !IR ADJU/M5T4 ,NO RECOMM5DATION CAN BE IMAG9$ ( AN EXT5SIVE RA!R ?AN A LIMIT$ T]RITORY1 EXCEPT ?AT ( EXT]NAL SECURITY4 

,:ATEV] EVILS >E 9CLUD$ 9 ! AB/RACT IDEA ( GOV]NM5T1 !Y >E ALL ( !M EXTREMELY AGGRAVAT$ BY ! EXT5SIV5ESS ( ITS JURISDICTION1 & S(T5$ UND] CIRCUM/ANCES ( AN OPPOSITE NATURE4 ,AMBITION1 :I* MAY BE NO LESS =MIDABLE ?AN A PE/IL5CE 9 ! =M]1 HAS NO ROOM TO UNFOLD ITSELF 9 ! LATT]4 ,POPUL> COMMOTION IS LIKE ! WAT]S ( ! E>?1 CAPABLE :]E ! SURFACE IS L>GE1 ( PRODUC+ ! MO/ TRAGICAL EFFECTS1 BUT MILD & 9NOCU\S :5 CONF9$ )9 ! CIRCUIT ( A HUMBLE LAKE4 ,SOBRIETY & EQUITY >E ! OBVI\S *>ACT]I/ICS ( A LIMIT$ CIRCLE4 

,IT MAY 9DE$ BE OBJECT$ '?AT GREAT TAL5TS >E ! (FSPR+ ( GREAT PASSIONS1 & ?AT1 9 ! QUIET M$IOCRITY ( A PETTY REPUBLIC1 ! P[]S ( 9TELLECT MAY BE EXPECT$ TO SUBSIDE 9TO 9ACTIVITY'4 ,?IS OBJECTION1 IF TRUE1 W\LD BE 5TITL$ TO ! MO/ S]I\S CONSID]ATION4 ,BUT IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ ?AT1 UPON ! HYPO!SIS H]E ADVANC$1 ! :OLE HUMAN SPECIES W\LD CON/ITUTE1 9 SOME S5SE1 ONE GREAT REPUBLIC1 & ! PROSPECTS ( HIM :O DESIR$ TO ACT B5EFICIALLY UPON A GREAT SURFACE ( M9D W\LD BECOME MORE ANIMAT+ ?AN EV]4 ,DUR+ ! P]IOD 9 :I* ?IS /ATE WAS GR[+1 BUT NOT YET COMPLETE1 ! COMP>ISON ( ! BLESS+S WE 5JOY$ ) ! 9IQUITIES PRACTIC+ AMONG \R NEI<BORS W\LD AF=D AN ADDITIONAL /IMULUS TO EX]TION4#g  

,AMBITION & TUMULT >E EVILS ?AT >ISE \T ( GOV]NM5T1 9 AN 9DIRECT MANN]1 9 CONSEQU5CE ( ! HABITS1 :I* GOV]NM5T 9TRODUCES1 ( CONC]T & COMB9ATION EXT5D+ !MSELVES OV] MULTITUDES ( M54 ,!RE >E O!R EVILS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ITS EXI/5CE4 ,! OBJECT ( GOV]NM5T IS ! SUPPRESSION ( SU* VIOL5CE1 AS WELL EXT]NAL AS 9T]NAL1 AS MI<T DE/ROY1 OR BR+ 9TO JEOP>DY1 ! WELL BE+ ( ! COMMUNITY OR ITS MEMB]S2 & ! MEANS IT EMPLOYS >E CON/RA9T & VIOL5CE ( A MORE REGULAT$ K9D4 ,= ?IS PURPOSE ! CONC5TRATION ( 9DIVIDUAL =CES BECOMES NECESS>Y1 & ! ME?OD 9 :I* ?IS CONC5TRATION IS USUALLY OBTA9$ IS ALSO CON/RA9T4 ,! EVILS ( CON/RA9T HAVE BE5 CONSID]$ ON A =M] OCCASION4#h  ,CON/RA9T EMPLOY$ AGA9/ DEL9QU5TS1 OR P]SONS TO :OM DEL9QU5CY IS IMPUT$1 IS BY NO MEANS )\T ITS MIS*IEFS4 ,CON/RA9T EMPLOY$ BY ! MAJORITY ( A SOCIETY AGA9/ ! M9ORITY1 :O MAY DIFF] FROM !M UPON SOME QUE/ION ( PUBLIC GOOD1 IS CALCULAT$1 AT FIR/ SI<T AT LEA/1 TO EXCITE A /ILL GREAT] DISAPPROBATION4 

,BO? !SE EX]TIONS MAY 9DE$ APPE> TO RE/ UPON ! SAME PR9CIPLE4 ,VISE IS UNQUE/IONABLY NO MORE1 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1?AN ]ROR O JUDGE!NT1 & NO?+ CAN JU/IFY AN ATTEMPT TO CORRECT IT BY =CE1 BUT ! EXTREME NECESSITY ( ! CASE4#i  ,! M9ORITY1 IF ]RONE\S1 FALL UND] PRECISELY ! SAME G5]AL DESCRIPTION1 ?\< !IR ]ROR MAY NOT BE ( EQUAL MAGNITUDE4 ,BUT ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE CAN SELDOM BE EQUALLY IMPRESSIVE4 ,IF ! IDEA ( SECESSION1 = EXAMPLE1 W]E SOME:AT MORE FAMILI>IZ$ TO ! CONCEPTIONS ( MANK9D1 IT C\LD SELDOM HAPP5 ?AT ! SECESSION ( ! M9ORITY FROM DIFF]5CE ( OP9ION C\LD 9 ANY DEGREE COMP>E1 9 MIS*IEV\S T5D5CY1 ) ! HO/ILITY ( A CRIM9AL (F5D+ AGA9/ ! MO/ OBVI\S PR9CIPLES ( SOCIAL JU/ICE4 ,! CASES >E P>ALLEL TO ?OSE ( (F5SIVE & DEF5SIVE W>4 ,9 PUTT+ CON/RA9T UPON A M9ORITY1 WE YIELD TO A SUSPICI\S TEMP] ?AT TELLS US ! OPPOS+ P>TY MAY H]EAFT]1 9 SOME WAY1 9JURE US1 & WE WILL ANTICIPATE HIS 9JURY4 ,9 PUTT+ CON/RA9T UPON A CRIM9AL1 WE SEEM TO REPEL AN 5EMY :O HAS 5T]$ \R T]RITORY1 & REFUSES TO QUIT IT4 

,GOV]NM5T CAN HAVE NO MORE ?AN TWO LEGITIMATE PURPOSES1 ! SUPPRESSION ( 9JU/ICE AGA9/ 9DIVIDUALS )9 ! COMMUNITY1 & ! COMMON DEF5SE AGA9/ EXT]NAL 9VASION4 ,! FIR/ ( !SE PURPOSES1 :I* ALONE CAN HAVE AN UN9T]RUPT$ CLAIM UPON US1 IS SUFFICI5TLY ANSW]$ BY AN ASSOCIATION1 ( SU* AN EXT5T1 AS TO AF=D ROOM = ! 9/ITUTION ( A JURY TO DECIDE UPON ! (F5SES ( 9DIVIDUALS )9 ! COMMUNITY1 & UPON ! QUE/IONS & CONTROV]SIES RESPECT+ PROP]TY :I* MAY *ANCE TO >ISE4 ,IT MI<T BE EASY 9DE$ = AN (F5D] TO ESCAPE FROM ! LIMITS ( SO PETTY A JURISDICTION2 & IT MI<T SEEM NECESS>Y1 AT FIR/1 ?AT ! NEI<BOR+ P>I%ES1#a OR JURISDICTIONS1 %\LD BE GOV]N$ 9 A SIMIL> MANN]1 OR AT LEA/ %\LD BE WILL+1 :ATEV] WAS !IR =M ( GOV]NM5T1 TO COOP]ATE ) US 9 ! REMOVAL OR RE=MATION ( AN (F5D] :OSE PRES5T HABITS W]E ALIKE 9JURI\S TO US & TO !M4 ,BUT !RE WILL BE NO NE$ ( ANY EXPRESS COMPACT1 & /ILL LESS ( ANY COMMON C5T] ( AU?ORITY1 = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,G5]AL JU/ICE1 & MUTUAL 9T]E/1 >E F\ND MORE CAPABLE ( B9D+ M5 ?AN SIGNATURES & SEALS4 ,9 ! MEANTIME1 ALL NECESSITY = CAUS+ ! PUNI%M5T ( ! CRIME1 TO PURSUE ! CRIM9AL W\LD SOON1 AT LEA/1 CEASE1 IF IT EV] EXI/$4 ,! MOTIVES TO (F5SE W\LD BECOME R>E3 ITS AGGRAVATIONS FEW3 & RIGOR SUP]FLU\S4 ,! PR9CIPAL OBJECT ( PUNI%M5T IS RE/RA9T UPON A DANG]\S MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY2 & ! 5D ( ?IS RE/RA9T W\LD BE ANSW]$ BY ! G5]AL 9SPECTION ?AT IS EX]CIS$ BY ! MEMB]S ( A LIMIT$ CIRCLE OV] ! CONDUCT ( EA* O!R1 & BY ! GRAVITY & GOOD S5SE ?AT W\LD *>ACT]IZE ! C5SURES ( M51 FROM :OM ALL MY/]Y & EMPIRICISM W]E BANI%$4 ,NO 9DIVIDUAL W\LD BE H>DY 5\< 9 ! CAUSE ( VISE TO DEFY ! G5]AL CONS5T ( SOB] JUDGM5T ?AT W\LD SURR\ND HIM4 ,IT W\LD C>RY DESPAIR TO HIS M9D1 OR1 :I* IS BETT]1 IT W\LD C>RY CONVICTION4 ,HE W\LD BE OBLIG$1 BY A =CE NOT LESS IRRESI/IBLE ?AN :IPS & *A9S1 TO RE=M HIS CONDUCT4 

,9 ?IS SKET* IS CONTA9$ ! RUDE \TL9E ( POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,CONTROV]SIES BETWE5 P>I% & P>I% W\LD BE1 9 AN EM95T DEGREE1 UNREASONABLE1 S9CE1 IF ANY QUE/ION >OSE1 AB\T LIMITS1 = EXAMPLE1 ! OBVI\S PR9CIPLES ( CONV5I5CE C\LD SC>CELY FAIL TO TEA* US TO :AT DI/RICT ANY PORTION ( L& %\LD BELONG4 ,NO ASSOCIATION ( M51 SO LONG AS !Y ADH]$ TO ! PR9CIPLES ( REASON1 C\LD POSSIBLY HAVE AN 9T]E/ 9 EXT5D+ !IR T]RITORY4 ,IF WE W\LD PRODUCE ATTA*M5T 9 \R ASSOCIATES1 WE CAN ADOPT NO SUR] ME?OD ?AN ?AT ( PRACTIC+ ! DICTATES1( EQUITY & MOD]ATION2 AXID1 IF ?IS FAIL$ 9 ANY 9/ANCE1 IT C\LD ONLY FAIL ) HIM :O1 TO :ATEV] SOCIETY HE BELONG$1 W\LD PROVE AN UNWOR?Y MEMB]4 ,! DUTY ( ANY SOCIETY TO PUNI% (F5D]S IS NOT DEP5D5T UPON ! HYPO!TICAL CONS5T ( ! (F5D] TO BE PUNI%$1 BUT UPON ! DUTY ( NECESS>Y DEF5SE4 

,BUT H[EV] IRRATIONAL MI<T BE ! CONTROV]SY ( P>I% ) P>I% 9 SU* A /ATE ( SOCIETY1 IT W\LD NOT BE ! LESS POSSIBLE4 ,= SU* EXTRAORD9>Y EM]G5CIES !RE=E1 PROVISION \<T TO BE MADE4 ,!SE EM]G5CIES >E SIMIL> 9 !IR NATURE TO ?OSE ( =EIGN 9VASION4 ,!Y CAN ONLY BE PROVID$ AGA9/ BY ! CONC]T ( SEV]AL DI/RICT DECL>+ &1 IF NE$FUL1 5=C+ ! DICTATES ( JU/ICE4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ OBVI\S REM>KS ?AT SUGGE/S ITSELF1 UPON !SE TWO CASES1 ( HO/ILITY BETWE5 DI/RICT & DI/RICT1 & ( =EIGN 9VASION :I* ! 9T]E/ ( ALL CALLS UPON !M JO9TLY TO REPEL1 IS ?AT IT IS !IR NATURE TO BE ONLY ( OCCASIONAL RECURR5CE1 & ?AT !RE=E ! PROVISIONS TO BE MADE RESPECT+ !M NE$ NOT BE1 9 ! /RICTE/ S5SE1 ( P]PETUAL OP]ATION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 ! P]MAN5CE ( A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY1 AS IT HAS HI!RTO BE5 PRACTIC$ 9 ,FRANCE1 CANNOT BE NECESS>Y 9 A P]IOD ( TRANQUILITY1 & MAY P]HAPS BE P]NICI\S4 ,?AT WE MAY =M A MORE ACCURATE JUDGM5T ( ?IS1 LET US RECOLLECT SOME ( ! PR9CIPAL FEATURES ?AT 5T] 9TO ! CON/ITUTION ( A NATIONAL ASSEMBLY4 

,FOOTNOTES 

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#f,HUME'S ,ESSAYS1 ,P>T ,I1 ,ESSAY ,V4 

#g,?IS OBJECTION WILL BE FULLY DISCUSS$ 9 ! EI<T BOOK ( ! PRES5T WORK4 

#h,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I4 

#i,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I3 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

#a,! WORD P>I% IS H]E US$ )\T REG>D TO ITS ORIG91 & M]ELY 9 CONSID]ATION ( ITS BE+ A WORD DESCRIPTIVE ( A C]TA9 SMALL PORTION ( T]RITORY1 :E!R 9 POPULATION OR EXT5T1 :I* CU/OM HAS R5D]$ FAMILI> TO US4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bb -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #bb -- ,ADD$4 

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