,BOOK #e1 ,*APT] #b 
,( ,DEMOCRACY AS ,CONNECT$ ) ! ,TRANSACTIONS ( ,W> 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,BOOK ,V 

,( ,LEGISLATIVE & ,EXECUTIVE ,P[]  

 ,*,A,P,T,] ,X,X 

,( ,D,E,M,O,C,R,A,C,Y ,A,S ,C,O,N,N,E,C,T,$ ,) ,!  

,T,R,A,N,S,A,C,T,I,O,N,S ,( ,W,>  

,EXT]NAL AFFAIRS >E ( SUBORD9ATE CONSID]- 
ATION4 - ,APPLICATION4 - ,FUR!R OBJECTIONS TO  
DEMOCRACY - ,I4 IT IS UNFAVORABLE TO SECRECY 
- ?IS PROV$ TO BE AN EXCELL5CE - #b4 ITS MOVE- 
 M5TS >E TOO SL[ - #c4 TOO PRECIPITATE4 

,H,A,V,+ ?US 5DEAVOR$ TO R$UCE ! QUE/ION ( W> TO ITS TRUE PR9CIPLES1 IT IS TIME ?AT WE %\LD RECUR TO ! MAXIM DELIV]$ AT \R 5TRANCE UPON ?IS SUBJECT1 ?AT 9DIVIDUALS >E EV]Y?+1 & SOCIETY1 AB/RACT$ FROM ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :I* IT IS COMPOS$1 NO?+4 ,AN IMM$IATE CONSEQU5CE ( ?IS MAXIM IS ?AT ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( ! SOCIETY >E 5TITL$ TO \R PR9CIPAL ATT5TION1 & ! EXT]NAL >E MATT]S ( 9F]IOR & SUBORD9ATE CONSID]ATION4 ,! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS >E SUBJECTS ( P]PETUAL & H\RLY CONC]N1 ! EXT]NAL >E P]IODICAL & PREC>I\S ONLY4 ,?AT EV]Y MAN %\LD BE IMPRESS$ ) ! CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS 9DEP5D5CE1 & RESCUE FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( EXTREME WANT & >TIFICIAL DESIRES1 >E PURPOSES ! MO/ 9T]E/+ ?AT CAN SUGGE/ !MSELVES TO ! HUMAN M9D2 BUT ! LIFE ( MAN MI<T PASS 9 A /ATE UNCORRUPT$ BY IDEAL PASSIONS )\T ITS TRANQUILITY BE+ SO MU* AS ONCE DI/URB$ BY =EIGN 9VASIONS4 ,! 9FLU5CE ?AT A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MILLIONS' BORN UND] ! SAME CLIMATE ) \RSELVES1 & KN[N BY ! COMMON APPELLATION ( ,5GLI% OR ,FR5*1 %ALL POSSESS OV] ! ADM9I/RATIVE C\NCILS ( !IR NEI<BOR MILLIONS1 IS A CIRCUM/ANCE ( MU* TOO AIRY & DI/ANT CONSID]ATION TO DES]VE TO BE MADE A PR9CIPAL OBJECT 9 ! 9/ITUTIONS ( ANY PEOPLE4 ,! BE/ 9FLU5CE WE CAN EX]T IS ?AT ( A SAGE & UPRI<T EXAMPLE4 

,IF !RE=E IT %\LD APPE> ?AT ( !SE TWO >TICLES 9T]NAL & EXT]NAL AFFAIRS1 ONE MU/1 9 SOME DEGREE1 BE SACRIFIC$ TO ! O!R1 & ?AT A DEMOCRACY WILL1 9 C]TA9 RESPECTS1 BE LESS FITT$ = ! AFFAIRS ( W> ?AN SOME O!R SPECIES ( GOV]NM5T1 GOOD S5SE WILL NOT HESITATE 9 ! ALT]NATIVE4 ,WE %ALL HAVE SUFFICI5T REASON TO BE SATISFI$ IF1 TOGE!R ) ! B5EFITS ( JU/ICE & VIRTUE AT HOME1 WE HAVE NO REASON TO DESPAIR ( \R SAFETY FROM ABROAD4 ,A CONFID5CE 9 ?IS >TICLE WILL SELDOM DECEIVE US IF \R C\NTRYM51 H[EV] LITTLE TRA9$ TO =MAL RULES1 & ! UNI=MITY ( ME*ANISM1 HAVE /UDI$ ! PR(ESSION ( MAN1 UND]/& HIS ATTRIBUTES & HIS NATURE1 & HAVE !IR NECKS UNBROK5 TO ! YOKE ( BL9D CR$ULITY & ABJECT SUBMISSION4 ,SU* M51 9UR$1 AS WE >E N[ SUPPOS+ !M1 TO A RATIONAL /ATE ( SOCIETY1 WILL BE FULL ( CALM CONFID5CE & P5ETRAT+ ACTIVITY1 & !SE QUALITIES WILL /& !M 9 /EAD ( A ?\S& LESSONS 9 ! S*OOL ( MILIT>Y ME*ANISM4 IF DEMOCRACY CAN BE PROV$ ADEQUATE TO W>S ( DEF5SE1 & O!R GOV]NM5TS BE BETT] FITT$ = W>S ( A DIFF]5T SORT1 ?IS W\LD BE AN >GUM5T1 NOT ( ITS IMP]FECTION1 BUT ITS M]IT4 

,IT HAS BE5 ONE ( ! OBJECTIONS TO ! ABILITY ( A DEMOCRACY 9 W> '?AT IT CANNOT KEEP SECRETS4 ,! LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY1 :E!R IT POSSESS ! 9ITIATIVE1 OR A P[] ( CONTROL ONLY1 9 EXECUTIVE AFFAIRS1 WILL BE P]PETUALLY CALL+ = PAP]S1 PLANS & 9=MATION1 CROSS-EXAM9+ M9I/]S1 & SIFT+ ! POLICY & JU/ICE ( PUBLIC UND]TAK+S4 ,H[ %ALL WE BE ABLE TO COPE ) AN 5EMY1 IF HE KN[ PRECISELY ! PO9TS WE MEAN TO ATTACK1 ! /ATE ( \R =TIFICATIONS1 & ! /R5G? & WEAKNESS ( \R >MIES8 ,H[ %ALL WE MANAGE \R TREATIES ) SKILL & ADDRESS1 IF HE BE PRECISELY 9=M$ ( \R S5TIM5TS1 & HAVE ACCESS TO ! 9/RUCTIONS ( \R AMBASSADORS8' 

,IT HAPP5S 9 ?IS 9/ANCE ?AT ?AT :I* ! OBJECTION ATTACKS AS ! VISE ( DEMOCRACY IS ONE ( ITS MO/ ESS5TIAL EXCELL5CIES4 ,! TRICK ( A MY/]I\S C>RIAGE IS ! PROLIFIC P>5T ( EV]Y VISE2 & IT IS AN EM95T ADVANTAGE 9CID5T TO DEMOCRACY ?AT1 ?\< ! PROCLIVITY ( ! HUMAN M9D HAS HI!RTO RECONCIL$ ?IS SPECIES ( ADM9I/RATION1 9 SOME DEGREE1 TO ! KEEP+ ( SECRETS1 ITS 9H]5T T5D5CY IS TO ANNIHILATE !M4 ,:Y %\LD DIS+5UITY & CONCEALM5T BE ?\<T VIRTU\S OR B5EFICIAL ON ! P>T ( NATIONS 9 CASES :]E !Y W\LD 9EVITABLY BE DISC>D$ ) CONTEMPT BY AN UPRI<T 9DIVIDUAL8 ,:]E IS !RE AN IG5U\S & 5LI<T5$ MAN :O IS NOT AW>E ( ! SUP]IOR ADVANTAGE -?AT BELONGS TO A PROCE$+1 FRANK1 EXPLICIT & 0 DIRECT8 ,:O IS !RE ?AT SEES NOT ?AT ?IS 9EXTRICABLE LABYR9? ( REASONS ( /ATE WAS >TFULLY 9V5T$1 LE/ ! PEOPLE %\LD UND]/& !IR [N AFFAIRS1 &1 UND]/&+1 BECOME 9CL9$ TO CONDUCT !M8 ,) RESPECT TO TREATIES1 IT IS TO BE SUSPECT$ ?AT !Y >E1 9 ALL 9/ANCES1 SUP]FLU\S4 ,BUT1 IF PUBLIC 5GAGEM5TS \<T TO BE 5T]$ 9TO1 :AT ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE IS !RE BETWE5 ! GOV]NM5TS ( TWO C\NTRIES 5DEAVOR+ TO OV]REA* EA* O!R1 & ! BUY] & SELL] 9 ANY PRIVATE TRANSACTION ADOPT+ A SIMIL> PROCE$+8 

,?IS :OLE SY/EM PROCE$S UPON ! IDEA ( NATIONAL GR&EUR & GLORY1 AS IF1 9 REALITY1 !SE WORDS HAD ANY SPECIFIC MEAN+4 ,!SE CONTEMPTIBLE OBJECTS1 !SE AIRY NAMES1 HAVE1 FROM ! E>LIE/ PAGE ( HI/ORY1 BE5 MADE A COLOR = ! MO/ P]NICI\S UND]TAK+S4 ,LET US TAKE A SPECIM5 ( !IR VALUE FROM ! MO/ 9NOC5T & LAUDABLE PURSUITS4 ,IF ,I ASPIRE TO BE A GREAT POET OR A GREAT HI/ORIAN1 SO F> AS ,I AM 9FLU5C$ BY ! DICTATES ( REASON1 IT IS ?AT ,I MAY BE USEFUL TO MANK9D1 & NOT ?AT ,I MAY DO HONOR TO MY C\NTRY4 ,IS ,NEWTON ! BETT] BECAUSE HE WAS AN ,5GLI%MAN2 OR ,GALILEO ! WORSE BECAUSE HE WAS AN ,ITALIAN8 ,:O CAN 5DURE TO PUT ?IS HI<-S\ND+ NONS5SE 9 ! BALANCE AGA9/ ! BE/ 9T]E/S ( MANK9D1 :I* WILL ALWAYS SUFF] A MORTAL W\ND :5 DEXT]ITY1 >TIFICE & CONCEALM5T >E MADE ! TOPICS ( ADMIRATION & APPLAUSE8 ,! UND]/&+ & ! VIRTUES ( MANK9D WILL ALWAYS KEEP PACE ) ! MANLY SIMPLICITY ( !IR DESIGNS1 & ! UNDISGUIS$ 9TEGRITY ( !IR HE>TS4 

,IT HAS FUR!R BE5 OBJECT$ TO A DEMOCRATIC /ATE1 9 ITS TRANSACTIONS ) =EIGN P[]S1 '?AT IT IS 9CAPABLE ( ?OSE RAPID & DECISIVE PROCE$+S :I*1 9 SOME SITUATIONS1 HAVE SO EM95T A T5D5CY TO 5SURE SUCCESS'4 ,IF BY ?IS OBJECTION IT BE UND]/OOD ?AT A4 DEMOCRATIC /ATE IS ILL FITT$ = DEXT]ITY & SURPRISE1 ! RAPIDITY ( AN ASSASS91 IT HAS ALREADY RECEIV$ A SUFFICI5T ANSW]4 ,IF IT BE MEANT ?AT ! REGUL>ITY ( ITS PROCE$+S MAY ILL ACCORD ) ! IMPATI5CE ( A NEI<BOR+ DESPOT1 &1 LIKE ! ,JEWS ( OLD1 WE DESIRE A K+ '?AT WE MAY BE LIKE ! O!R NATIONS'1 ?IS IS A V]Y UNREASONABLE REQUISITION4 ,A JU/ & IMP>TIAL 5QUIR] WILL BE LITTLE DESIR\S TO SEE HIS C\NTRY PLAC$ HI< 9 ! DIPLOMATICAL ROLL1 DEEPLY 9VOLV$ 9 ! 9TRIGUES ( NATIONS1 & ASSIDU\SLY C\RT$ BY =EIGN PR9CES1 AS ! 9/RUM5T ( !IR PURPOSES4 ,A MORE GR\NDLESS & ABSURD PASSION CANNOT SEIZE UPON ANY PEOPLE ?AN ?AT ( GLORY1 ! PREF]R+ !IR 9FLU5CE 9 ! AFFAIRS ( ! GLOBE TO !IR 9T]NAL HAPP9ESS & VIRTUE2 = !SE OBJECTS WILL P]PETUALLY C\NT]ACT & CLA% ) EA* O!R4 

,BUT DEMOCRACY IS BY NO MEANS NECESS>ILY ( A PHLEGMATIC *>ACT]1 OR OBLIG$ TO TAKE EV]Y PROPOSITION ?AT IS MADE TO IT1 AD REF]5DUM1 = ! CONSID]ATION ( C]TA9 PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES1 LIKE ! /ATES ( ,HOLL&4 ,! FIR/ PR9CIPLE 9 ! 9/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T ITSELF IS ! NECESSITY1 UND] ! PRES5T IMP]FECTIONS ( MANK9D1 ( HAV+ SOME MAN1 OR BODY ( M51 TO ACT ON ! P>T ( ! :OLE4 ,:]EV] GOV]NM5T SUBSI/S1 ! AU?ORITY ( ! 9DIVIDUAL MU/ BE1 9 SOME DEGREE1 SUP]S$$4 ,IT DOES NOT !RE=E SEEM UNREASONABLE = A REPRES5TATIVE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY TO EX]CISE1 9 C]TA9 CASES1 A DISCRETION>Y P[]4 ,?OSE PRIVILEGES :I* >E VE/$ 9 9DIVIDUALS SELECT$ \T ( ! MASS BY ! VOICE ( !IR FELL[S1 & :O WILL SPE$ILY RETURN TO A PRIVATE /ATION1 >E BY NO MEANS LIABLE TO ! SAME OBJECTIONS AS ! EXECUTIVE & UNSYMPA!TIC PRIVILEGES ( AN >I/OCRACY4 ,REPRES5TATION1 TOGE!R ) MANY DISADVANTAGES1 HAS ?IS B5EFIT1 ?AT IT IS ABLE1 IMP>TIALLY1 & ) DISC]NM5T1 TO CALL UPON ! MO/ 5LI<T5$ P>T ( ! NATION TO DELIB]ATE = ! :OLE1 & MAY ?US G5]ATE A DEGREE ( WISDOM1 & A REF9$ P5ETRATION ( S5TIM5T1 :I* IT W\LD HAVE BE5 UNREASONABLE TO EXPECT AS ! RESULT ( PRIM>Y ASSEMBLIES4 

,A ?IRD OBJECTION MORE FREQU5TLY (F]$ AGA9/ DEMOCRATIC GOV]NM5T IS '?AT IT IS 9CAPABLE ( ?AT MATURE & DELIB]ATE PROCE$+1 :I* IS ALONE SUITABLE TO ! DECISION ( SU* IMPORTANT CONC]NS4 ,MULTITUDES ( M5 HAVE APPE>$ SUBJECT TO FITS ( OCCASIONAL 9SANITY3 !Y ACT FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( RAGE1 SUSPICION & DESPAIR3 !Y >E LIABLE TO BE HURRI$ 9TO ! MO/ UNJU/IFIABLE EXTREMES1 BY ! >TFUL PRACTICES ( AN IMPO/OR4' ,ONE ( ! MO/ OBVI\S ANSW]S TO ?IS OBJECTION IS ?AT = ALL M5 TO %>E ! PRIVILEGES ( ALL IS ! LAW ( \R NATURE1 & ! DICTATE ( JU/ICE4 ,! CASE1 9 ?IS 9/ANCE1 IS P>ALLEL TO ?AT ( AN 9DIVIDUAL 9 HIS PRIVATE CONC]NS4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT1 :ILE EA* MAN IS MA/] ( HIS [N AFFAIRS1 HE IS LIABLE TO ! />TS ( PASSION4 ,HE IS ATTACK$ BY ! ALLUREM5TS ( TEMPTATION & ! TEMPE/ ( RAGE1 & MAY BE GUILTY ( FATAL ]ROR1 BE=E REFLECTION & JUDGM5T COME =W>D TO HIS AID4 ,BUT ?IS IS NO SUFFICI5T REASON = DEPRIV+ M5 ( ! DIRECTION ( !IR [N CONC]NS4 ,WE %\LD 5DEAVOR TO MAKE !M WISE1 NOT TO MAKE !M SLAVES4 ,! DEPRIV+ M5 ( !IR SELF GOV]NM5T IS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 UNJU/1 :ILE1 9 ! SECOND1 ?IS SELF-GOV]NM5T1 IMP]FECT AS IT IS1 WILL BE F\ND MORE SALUT>Y ?AN ANY?+ ?AT CAN BE SUB/ITUT$ 9 ITS PLACE4 - ,ANO!R ANSW] TO ?IS OBJECTION WILL OCCUR 9 ! CONCLUD+ *APT]S ( ! PRES5T BOOK4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

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