,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #d 
,( ,POLITICAL ,AU?ORITY 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,I,I,I 

,PR9CIPLES ( ,GOV]NM5T 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

  

,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y 

,COMMON DELIB]ATION ! TRUE F\NDATION ( 
GOV]NM5T - PROV$ FROM ! EQUAL CLAIMS ( 
MANK9D - FROM ! NATURE ( \R FACULTIES  
FROM ! OBJECT ( GOV]NM5T - FROM ! 
EFFECTS ( COMMON DELIB]ATION4 - ,DELEGATION 
V9DICATCD4 - ,DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! DOCTR9E 
H]E MA9TA9$ & ?AT ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 - 
 ,REM>K4 

,H,A,V,+ REJECT$ ! HYPO!SES ?AT HAVE MO/ G5]ALLY BE5 ADVANC$ AS TO ! RATIONAL BASIS ( A POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 LET US 9QUIRE :E!R WE MAY NOT >RIVE AT ! SAME OBJECT BY A SIMPLE 9VE/IGATION ( ! OBVI\S REASON ( ! CASE1 )\T REF9EM5T ( SY/EM OR FICTION ( PROCESS4 

,GOV]NM5T !N BE+ FIR/ SUPPOS$ NECESS>Y = ! WELF>E ( MANK9D1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$ RELATIVE TO ITS /RUCTURE SEEMS TO BE ?IS2 ?AT1 AS GOV]NM5T IS A TRANSACTION 9 ! NAME & = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE1 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY \<T TO HAVE SOME %>E 9 ! SELECTION ( ITS MEASURES4 ,! >GUM5TS 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS PROPOSITION >E V>I\S4 

,FIR/1 IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$ ?AT !RE IS NO SATISFACTORY CRIT]ION M>K+ \T ANY MAN1 OR SET ( M51 TO PRESIDE OV] ! RE/4 

,SECONDLY1 ALL M5 >E P>TAK]S ( ! COMMON FACULTY1 REASON2 & MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE SOME COMMUNICATION ) ! COMMON 9/RUCTOR1 TRU?4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG 9 AN AFFAIR ( SU* MOM5T\S CONC]N ?AT ANY *ANCE = ADDITIONAL WISDOM %\LD BE REJECT$2 NOR CAN WE TELL1 9 MANY CASES1 TILL AFT] ! EXP]IM5T1 H[ EM95T ANY 9DIVIDUAL MAY BE F\ND 9 ! BUS9ESS ( GUID+ & DELIB]AT+ = HIS FELL[S4 

,?IRDLY1 GOV]NM5T IS A CONTRIVANCE 9/ITUT$ = ! SECURITY ( 9DIVIDUALS2 & IT SEEMS BO? REASONABLE ?AT EA* MAN %\LD HAVE A %>E 9 PROVID+ = HIS [N SECURITY2 & PROBABLE ?AT P>TIALITY & CABAL WILL BY ?IS MEANS BE MO/ EFFECTUALLY EXCLUD$4 

,LA/LY1 TO GIVE EA* MAN A VOICE 9 ! PUBLIC CONC]NS COMES NE>E/ TO ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PURPOSE ( :I* WE %\LD NEV] LOSE SI<T1 ! UNCONTROLL$ EX]CISE ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T4 ,EA* MAN WILL ?US BE 9SPIR$ ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N IMPORTANCE1 & ! SLAVI% FEEL+S ?AT %R9K UP ! S\L 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN IMAG9$ SUP]IOR WILL BE UNKN[N4 

,ADMITT+ !N ! PROPRIETY ( EA* MAN HAV+ A %>E 9 DIRECT+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! :OLE 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 IT SEEMS NECESS>Y ?AT HE %\LD CONCUR 9 ELECT+ A H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES1 IF HE BE ! MEMB] ( A L>GE /ATE2 OR1 EV5 9 A SMALL ONE1 ?AT HE %\LD ASSI/ 9 ! APPO9TM5T ( (FIC]S & ADM9I/RATORS#a2 :I* IMPLIES1 FIR/1 A DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY TO !SE (FIC]S1 &1 SECONDLY1 A TACIT CONS5T1 OR RA!R AN ADMISSION ( ! NECESSITY1 ?AT ! QUE/IONS TO BE DEBAT$ %\LD ABIDE ! DECISION ( A MAJORITY4 

,BUT TO ?IS SY/EM ( DELEGATION ! SAME OBJECTIONS MAY BE URG$ ?AT W]E CIT$ FROM ,R\SSEAU UND] ! HEAD ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,IT MAY BE ALLEG$ ?AT 0IF IT BE ! BUS9ESS ( EV]Y MAN TO EX]CISE HIS [N JUDGM5T1 HE CAN 9 NO 9/ANCE SURR5D] ?IS FUNCTION 9TO ! H&S ( ANO!R40 

,TO ?IS OBJECTION IT MAY BE ANSW]$1 FIR/1 ?AT ! P>ALLEL IS BY NO MEANS COMPLETE BETWE5 AN 9DIVIDUAL'S EX]CISE ( HIS JUDGM5T 9 A CASE ?AT IS TRULY HIS [N1 & HIS EX]CISE ( HIS JUDGM5T 9 AN >TICLE :]E ! PROV9CE ( A GOV]NM5T IS ALREADY ADMITT$4 ,IF !RE BE SOME?+ CONTR>Y TO ! SIMPLE/ IDEAS ( JU/ICE 9 SU* A DELEGATION1 ?IS IS AN EVIL 9SEP>ABLE FROM POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! TRUE & ONLY ADEQUATE APOLOGY ( GOV]NM5T IS NECESSITY2 ! (FICE ( COMMON DELIB]ATION IS SOLELY TO SUPPLY ! MO/ ELIGIBLE MEANS ( MEET+ ?AT NECESSITY4 

,SECONDLY1 ! DELEGATION WE >E H]E CONSID]+ IS NOT1 AS ! WORD 9 ITS MO/ OBVI\S S5SE MAY SEEM TO IMPLY1 ! ACT ( ONE MAN COMMITT+ TO ANO!R A FUNCTION :I*1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 IT BECAME HIM TO EX]CISE = HIMSELF4 ,DELEGATION1 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE 9 :I* IT CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) JU/ICE1 PROPOSES = ITS OBJECT ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS TO :OM ! DELEGATION IS MADE >E EI!R MORE LIKELY1 FROM TAL5TS OR LEISURE1 TO P]=M ! FUNCTION 9 ! MO/ ELIGIBLE MANN]1 OR !RE IS AT LEA/ SOME PUBLIC 9T]E/ REQUIR+ ?AT IT %\LD BE P]=M$ BY ONE OR A FEW P]SONS1 RA!R ?AN BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL = HIMSELF4 ,?IS IS ! CASE :E!R 9 ?AT FIR/ & SIMPLE/ ( ALL POLITICAL DELEGATIONS1 ! PR]OGATIVE ( A MAJORITY1 OR 9 ! ELECTION ( A H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES1 OR 9 ! APPO9TM5T ( PUBLIC (FIC]S4 ,N[ ALL CONTE/ AS TO ! P]SON :O %ALL EX]CISE A C]TA9 FUNCTION & ! PROPRIETY ( RESIGN+ IT IS FRIVOL\S ! MOM5T IT IS DECID$ H[ & BY :OM IT CAN MO/ ADVANTAGE\SLY BE EX]CIS$4 ,IT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE ?AT ,I AM ! P>5T ( A *ILD :5 IT HAS ONCE BE5 ASC]TA9$ ?AT ! *ILD WILL LIVE ) GREAT] B5EFIT UND] ! SUP]9T5D5CE ( A /RANG]4 

,LA/LY1 IT IS A MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT ! PROPRIETY ( RE/RA9+ ME1 :5 MY CONDUCT IS 9JURI\S1 RISES \T ( ANY DELEGATION ( M9E4 ,! JU/ICE ( EMPLOY+ =CE UPON C]TA9 EM]G5CIES WAS AT LEA/ EQUALLY COG5T BE =E ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY4#b ,=CE \<T NEV] TO BE RESORT$ TO BUT 9 CASES ( ABSOLUTE NECESSITY2 &1 :5 SU* CASES OCCUR1 IT IS ! DUTY ( EV]Y MAN TO DEF5D HIMSELF FROM VIOLATION4 ,!RE IS !RE=E NO DELEGATION NECESS>Y ON ! P>T ( ! (F5D]2 BUT ! COMMUNITY1 9 ! C5SURE IT EX]CISES OV] HIM1 PUTS ITSELF 9 ! PLACE ( ! 9JUR$ P>TY4 

,FROM :AT IS H]E /AT$1 WE MAY BE 5ABL$ TO =M ! CLE>E/ & MO/ UNEXCEPTIONABLE IDEA ( ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,EV]Y MAN1 AS WAS =M]LY OBS]V$1#c HAS A SPH]E ( DISCRETION2 ?AT SPH]E IS LIMIT$ BY ! COORD9ATE SPH]E ( HIS NEI<BOR4 ,! MA9T5ANCE ( ?IS LIMITATION1 ! (FICE ( TAK+ C>E ?AT NO MAN EXCE$S HIS SPH]E1 IS ! FIR/ BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,ITS P[]S1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 >E A COMB9ATION ( ! P[]S ( 9DIVIDUALS TO CONTROL ! EXCESSES ( EA* O!R4 ,H5CE IS D]IV$ TO ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ! COMMUNITY A SECOND & 9DIRECT PROV9CE1 ( PROVID+1 BY !MSELVES OR !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 ?AT ?IS CONTROL IS NOT EX]CIS$ 9 A DESPOTICAL MANN]1 OR C>RI$ TO AN UNDUE EXCESS4 

,IT MAY P]HAPS BE IMAG9$ BY SOME P]SONS ?AT ! DOCTR9E H]E DELIV]$1 ( ! JU/ICE ( PROCE$+ 9 COMMON CONC]NS BY A COMMON DELIB]ATION1 IS NE>LY CO9CID5T ) ?AT :I* AFFIRMS A LAWFUL GOV]NM5T TO D]IVE ITS AU?ORITY FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,LET US CONSID] :AT IS ! TRUE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M3 & ?IS SEEMS PR9CIPALLY TO LIE 9 ! FOLL[+ P>TICUL>4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT IS AN 5GAGEM5T TO :I* A MAN IS B\ND BY HONOR1 FIDELITY OR CONSI/5CY TO ADH]E4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE H]E LAID D[N1 HE IS B\ND TO NO?+4 ,HE JO9S 9 ! COMMON DELIB]ATION BECAUSE HE =ESEES ?AT SOME AU?ORITY WILL BE EX]CIS$1 & BECAUSE ?IS IS ! BE/ *ANCE ?AT (F]S ITSELF = APPROXIMAT+ ! EX]CISE ( ?AT AU?ORITY1 TO ! DICTATES ( HIS [N UND]/&+4 ,BUT1 :5 ! DELIB]ATION IS OV]1 HE F9DS HIMSELF AS MU* DIS5GAG$ AS EV]4 ,IF HE CON=M TO ! M&ATE ( AU?ORITY1 IT IS EI!R BECAUSE HE 9DIVIDUALLY APPROVES IT1 OR FROM A PR9CIPLE ( PRUD5CE1 BECAUSE HE =ESEES ?AT A GREAT] MASS ( EVIL WILL RESULT FROM HIS DISOB$I5CE ?AN ( GOOD4 ,HE OBEYS ! FREE/ & BE/ CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY1 UPON ! SAME PR9CIPLE ?AT W\LD LEAD HIM1 9 MO/ 9/ANCES1 TO YIELD OB$I5CE TO A DESPOTISM2 ONLY ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT1 IF ! ACT ( AU?ORITY BE ]RONE\S1 HE F9DS IT LESS PROBABLE ?AT IT WILL BE CORRECT$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ?AN 9 ! SECOND1 S9CE IT PROCE$S FROM ! ]RONE\S JUDGM5T ( A :OLE PEOPLE4 - ,BUT ALL ?IS WILL APPE> ) ADDITIONAL EVID5CE :5 WE COME TO TREAT ( ! SUBJECT ( OB$I5CE4 

,TOO MU* /RESS HAS UND\BT$LY BE5 LAID UPON ! IDEA1 AS ( A GR& & MAGNIFIC5T SPECTACLE1 ( A NATION DECID+ = ITSELF UPON SOME GREAT PUBLIC PR9CIPLE1 & ( ! HI<E/ MAGI/RACY YIELD+ ITS CLAIMS :5 ! G5]AL VOICE HAS PRON\NC$4 ,! VALUE ( ! :OLE MU/ AT LA/ DEP5D UPON ! QUALITY ( !IR DECISION4 ,TRU? CANNOT BE MADE MORE TRUE BY ! NUMB] ( ITS VOT>IES4 ,NOR IS ! SPECTACLE MU* LESS 9T]E/+ ( A SOLIT>Y 9DIVIDUAL1 BE>+ HIS UNDAUNT$ TE/IMONY 9 FAVOR ( JU/ICE1 ?\< OPPOS$ BY MISGUID$ MILLIONS4 ,)9 C]TA9 LIMITS H[EV] ! BEAUTY ( ! EXHIBITION MAY BE ACKN[L$G$4 ,?AT A NATION %\LD EX]CISE UNDIM9I%$ ITS FUNCTION ( COMMON DELIB]ATION IS A /EP GA9$1 & A /EP ?AT 9EVITABLY LEADS TO AN IMPROVEM5T ( ! *>ACT] ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?AT M5 %\LD AGREE 9 ! ASS]TION ( TRU? IS NO UNPLEAS+ EVID5CE ( !IR VIRTUE4 ,LA/LY1 ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL1 H[ EV] GREAT MAY BE HIS IMAG9>Y ELEVATION1 %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO YIELD HIS P]SONAL PRET5SIONS TO ! S5SE ( ! COMMUNITY AT LEA/ BE>S ! APPE>ANCE ( A PRACTICAL CONFIRMATION ( ! GREAT PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL PRIVATE CONSID]ATIONS MU/ YIELD TO ! G5]AL GOOD4 

,FOOTNOTES  

#a,WE %ALL BE L$1 9 A SUBSEQU5T BRAN* ( ?IS 9QUIRY1 TO 
9VE/IGATE H[ F> EI!R ( !SE MEASURES IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! 
MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,X,I,V4 

#b,*AP4 ,I1 PP4 #b#i-#a4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
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