,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #c 
,( ,PROMISES 

#agicagic 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

,B,O,O,K ,I,I,I 

,PR9CIPLES ( ,GOV]NM5T 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I 

  
,( ,P,R,O,M,I,S,E,S 

  

,PROMISES NOT ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY - >E ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 AN  
 EVIL - >E ( UNFREQU5T NECESSITY4 - ,IMP]FECT PROMISES UNAVOIDABLE4 -  
 ,P]FECT PROMISES 9 SOME CASES NECESS>Y4-,OBLIGATION ( PROMISES - (  
 ! SAME NATURE AS ! OBLIGATION NOT TO 9VADE4 ANO!R MAN'S PROP]TY  
 - ADMITS ( GRADATIONS4 - ,RECAPITULATION4 - ,APPLICATION4 

,! :OLE PR9CIPLE ( AN ORIG9AL CONTRACT RE/S UPON ! OBLIGATION UND] :I* WE >E CONCEIV$ TO BE PLAC$ TO OBS]VE \R PROMISES4 ,! REASON+ UPON :I* IT IS F\ND$ IS 0?AT WE HAVE PROMIS$ OB$I5CE TO GOV]NM5T1 & !RE=E >E B\ND TO OBEY40 ,! DOCTR9E ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ?\<T WOR? ! =MALITY ( AN >GUM5T HAD IT NOT BE5 PRESUM$ TO BE ONE ( \R FIR/ & P>AM\NT OBLIGATIONS TO P]=M \R 5GAGEM5TS4 ,IT MAY BE PROP] !RE=E TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! NATURE ( ?IS OBLIGATION4 

,& H]E ! FIR/ OBS]VATION ?AT (F]S ITSELF1 UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DOCTR9ES ALREADY DELIV]$1#a IS ?AT PROMISES & COMPACTS >E 9 NO S5SE ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY4 

,! F\NDATION ( MORALITY IS JU/ICE4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( VIRTUE IS AN IRRESI/IBLE D$UCTION FROM ! WANTS ( ONE MAN1 & ! ABILITY ( ANO!R TO RELIEVE !M4 ,IT IS NOT BECAUSE ,I HAVE PROMIS$ ?AT ,I AM B\ND TO DO ?AT = MY NEI<BOR :I* WILL BE B5EFICIAL TO HIM & NOT 9JURI\S TO ME4 ,?IS IS AN OBLIGATION :I* >ISES \T ( NO COMPACT1 DIRECT OR UND]/OOD2 & W\LD /ILL REMA91 ?\< IT W]E IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ,I %\LD EXP]I5CE A RETURN1 EI!R FROM HIM OR ANY O!R HUMAN BE+4 ,IT IS NOT ON ACC\NT ( ANY PROMISE OR PREVI\S 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I AM B\ND TO TELL MY NEI<BOR ! TRU?4 ,UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ,I %\LD DO SO IS BECAUSE ! OBVI\S USE ( ! FACULTY ( SPEE* IS TO 9=M1 & NOT TO MISLEAD4 ,BUT IT IS AN ABSURD ACC\NT ( ?IS MOTIVE1 TO SAY ?AT MY HAV+ REC\RSE TO ! FACULTY ( SPEE* AM\NTS TO A TACIT 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I WILL USE IT = ITS G5U9E PURPOSES4 ,! TRUE GR\ND ( CONFID5CE BETWE5 MAN & MAN IS ! KN[L$GE WE HAVE ( ! MOTIVES BY :I* ! HUMAN M9D IS 9FLU5C$2 \R P]CEPTION ?AT ! MOTIVES TO DECEIVE CAN BUT R>ELY OCCUR1 :ILE ! MOTIVES TO V]ACITY WILL GOV]N ! /REAM ( HUMAN ACTIONS4 

,?IS POSITION WILL BE MADE /ILL MORE 9CONTROV]TIBLE IF WE BE/[ A MOM5T'S ATT5TION UPON ! QUE/ION1 ,:Y %\LD WE OBS]VE \R PROMISES8 ,! ONLY RATIONAL ANSW] ?AT CAN BE MADE IS BECAUSE IT T5DS TO ! WELF>E ( 9TELLIG5T BE+S4 ,BUT ?IS ANSW] IS EQUALLY COG5T IF APPLI$ TO ANY O!R BRAN* ( MORALITY4 ,IT IS !RE=E ABSURD TO RE/ ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY ?US CIRCUIT\SLY UPON PROMISES1 :5 IT MAY ) EQUAL PROPRIETY BE RE/$ UPON ?AT FROM :I* PROMISES !MSELVES D]IVE !IR OBLIGATION4#b 

,AGA92 :5 ,I 5T] 9TO AN 5GAGEM5T1 ,I 5GAGE = ?AT :I* IS 9 ITS [N NATURE CONDUCIVE TO HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 OR :I* IS NOT SO4 ,CAN MY 5GAGEM5T ALWAYS R5D] ?AT :I* BE=E WAS 9JURI\S AGREEABLE TO1 & ?AT :I* WAS B5EFICIAL ! OPPOSITE ( DUTY8 ,PREVI\SLY TO MY 5T]+ 9TO A PROMISE1 !RE IS SOME?+ :I* ,I \<T TO PROMISE1 & SOME?+ :I* ,I \<T NOT4 ,PREVI\SLY TO MY 5T]+ 9TO A PROMISE1 ALL MODES ( ACTION W]E NOT 9DIFF]5T4 ,NAY1 ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ?IS IS TRUE4 ,EV]Y CONCEIVABLE MODE ( ACTION HAS ITS APPROPRIATE T5D5CY1 & %ADE ( T5D5CY1 TO B5EFIT1 OR TO MIS*IEF1 & CONSEQU5TLY ITS APPROPRIATE CLAIM TO BE P]=M$ OR AVOID$4 ,?US CLE>LY DOES IT APPE> ?AT PROMISES & COMPACTS >E NOT ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY4 

,SECONDLY1 ,I OBS]VE ?AT PROMISES >E1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 AN EVIL1 & /& 9 OPPOSITION TO ! G5U9E & :OLESOME EX]CISE ( AN 9TELLECTUAL NATURE4 

,JU/ICE HAS ALREADY APPE>$ TO BE ! SUM ( MORAL & POLITICAL DUTY4 ,BUT ! MEASURE ( JU/ICE IS ! USEFUL OR 9JURI\S *>ACT]S ( ! M5 ) :OM ,I AM CONC]N$2 ! CRIT]ION ( JU/ICE IS ! 9FLU5CE MY CONDUCT WILL HAVE UPON ! /OCK ( G5]AL GOOD4 ,H5CE IT 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ?AT ! MOTIVES BY :I* DUTY REQUIRES ME TO GOV]N MY ACTIONS MU/ BE SU* AS >E ( G5]AL APPLICATION4 

,:AT IS IT !N TO :I* ! OBLIGATION ( A PROMISE APPLIES8 ,:AT ,I HAVE PROMIS$ IS :AT ,I \<T TO HAVE P]=M$1 IF NO PROMISE HAD 9T5V5$1 OR IT IS NOT4 ,IT IS CONDUCIVE1 OR NOT CONDUCIVE1 TO ! G5]AT+ ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS4 ,IF IT BE ! =M]1 !N PROMISE COMES 9 M]ELY AS AN ADDITIONAL 9DUCEM5T1 9 FAVOR ( ?AT :I*1 9 ! EYE ( MORALITY1 WAS ALREADY ( 9DISP5SABLE OBLIGATION4- ,IT TEA*ES ME TO DO SOME?+ FROM A PREC>I\S & TEMPOR>Y MOTIVE :I* \<T TO BE DONE = ITS 9TR9SIC RECOMM5DATIONS4 ,IF !RE=E RI<T MOTIVES & A PURE 9T5TION >E CON/ITU5T P>TS ( VIRTUE1 PROMISES >E CLE>LY AT V>IANCE ) VIRTUE4 

,BUT PROMISES WILL NOT ALWAYS COME 9 RE9=CEM5T ( ?AT :I* WAS DUTY BE=E ! PROMISE WAS MADE4 ,:5 IT IS O!RWISE1 !RE IS OBVI\SLY A CONT5TION BETWE5 :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIGATORY1 IF NO PROMISE HAD 9T]V5$1 & :AT ! PROMISE :I* HAS BE5 GIV5 HAS A T5D5CY TO R5D] OBLIGATORY4 

,NOR CAN IT ) MU* COG5CY BE ALLEG$ 9 ?IS >GUM5T ?AT PROMISES MAY AT LEA/ ASSUME AN EMPIRE OV] ?+S 9DIFF]5T4 ,!RE IS NO?+ :I* IS TRULY 9DIFF]5T4 ,ALL ?+S 9 ! UNIV]SE >E CONNECT$ TOGE!R4#c ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY ( !SE L9KS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS >E TOO SUBTLE TO BE TRAC$ BY \R GROSS] OPTICS4 ,BUT WE %\LD OBS]VE AS MANY ( !M AS WE >E ABLE4 ,HE ?AT IS EASILY SATISFI$ AS TO ! MORALITY ( HIS CONDUCT WILL SUPPOSE ?AT QUE/IONS ( DUTY >E ( R>E OCCURR5CE1 & P]HAPS LAM5T ?AT !RE IS SO LITTLE )9 HIS SPH]E TO P]=M4 ,BUT HE ?AT IS ANXI\SLY ALIVE TO ! 9SPIRATIONS ( VIRTUE WILL SC>CELY F9D AN H\R 9 :I* HE CANNOT1 BY ACT OR PREP>ATION7 CONTRIBUTE TO ! G5]AL WEAL4 ,IF !N EV]Y %ILL+ ( \R PROP]TY1 & EVE,IY FACULTY ( \R M9D1 HAVE RECEIV$ !IR DE/9ATION FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( UNALT]ABLE JU/ICE1 PROMISES HAVE SC>CELY AN ATOM ( GR\ND UPON :I* !Y CAN PROP]LY & LEGITIMATELY BE CALL$ TO DECIDE4 

,!RE IS ANO!R CONSID]ATION ( GREAT WEI<T 9 ?IS CASE4 ,\R FACULTIES & \R POSSESSIONS >E ! MEANS BY :I* WE >E 5ABL$ TO B5EFIT O!RS4 ,\R TIME IS ! !AT] 9 :I* ONLY !SE MEANS CAN UNFOLD !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ ! RI<T DISPOSAL ( :I* IS MORE SACR$4 ,9 ORD] TO ! EMPLOY+ \R FACULTIES & \R POSSESSIONS 9 ! WAY MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL GOOD1 WE >E B\ND TO ACQUIRE ALL ! 9=MATION :I* \R OPPORTUNITIES 5ABLE US TO ACQUIRE4 ,N[ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( 9=MATION IS TIME4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E DEVOTE TO ?AT OBJECT ALL ! TIME \R SITUATION WILL ALL[4 ,BUT WE ABRIDGE1 & ?AT 9 ! MO/ ESS5TIAL PO9T1 ! TIME ( GA9+ 9=MATION1 IF WE B9D \RSELVES TODAY TO ! CONDUCT WE WILL OBS]VE TWO MON?S H5CE4 ,HE :O ?US ANTICIPATES UPON ! /ORES ( KN[L$GE IS C]TA9LY NOT LESS IMPROVID5T ?AN HE :O LIVES BY ANTICIPAT+ ! /ORES ( =TUNE4 

,AN ACTIVE & CONSCI5TI\S MAN WILL CONT9UALLY ADD TO HIS MAT]IALS ( JUDGM5T4 ,NOR IS IT 5\< TO SAY ?AT EV]Y MAN \<T TO REG>D HIS JUDGM5T AS IMMATURE1 & LOOK =W>D ) IMPATI5CE TO ! MOM5T :I* %ALL DETECT HIS PRES5T OV]SI<TS4 ,BESIDE ?IS1 IT WILL ALWAYS HAPP5 ?AT1 H[EV] MATURE ! FACULTIES ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL MAY DES]VE TO BE CONSID]$1 HE WILL BE P]PETUALLY ACQUIR+ NEW 9=MATION AS TO ?AT RESPECT+ :I* HIS CONDUCT IS TO BE DECID$ AT SOME FUTURE P]IOD4 ,LET ! CASE BE ( AN 9D5TUR$ S]VANT4 ,:Y %\LD ,I1 UNLESS !RE BE SOME?+ 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES OBLIG+ ME TO SUBMIT TO ?IS DISADVANTAGE1 5GAGE TO ALL[ HIM TO RESIDE = A T]M ( YE>S UND] MY RO(1 & TO EMPLOY T[>DS HIM A UNI=M MODE ( TREATM5T1 :ATEV] HIS *>ACT] MAY PROVE 9 ! SEQUEL8 ,:Y %\LD HE 5GAGE TO LIVE ) & S]VE ME H[EV] TYRANNICAL1 CRUEL OR ABSURD MAY BE MY C>RIAGE T[>DS HIM8 ,WE %ALL BO? ( US H]EAFT] KN[ MORE ( EA* O!R1 & ( ! B5EFITS OR 9CONV5I5CES ATT5DANT ON \R CONNECTION4 ,:Y PRECLUDE \RSELVES FROM4 ! USE ( ?IS KN[L$GE8 ,SU* A SITUATION WILL 9EVITABLY G5]ATE A P]PETUAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 9DEP5D5T DICTATES ( REASON1 & ! CONDUCT :I* ! P>TICUL> COMPACT 9TO :I* WE HAVE 5T]$ MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO PRESCRIBE4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM :AT HAS BE5 H]E ADDUC$ ?AT PROMISES1 9 ! SAME S5SE AS HAS ALREADY BE5 OBS]V$ ( GOV]NM5T1 >E AN EVIL1 ?\<1 IT MAY BE1 9 SOME CASES A NECESS>Y EVIL4 - ,TO REMOVE ! OBSCURITY :I* MI<T O!RWISE ACCOMPANY ?IS MODE ( EXPRESSION1 IT IS P]HAPS PROP] TO ADV]T TO ! S5SE 9 :I* ! WORD EVIL IS H]E US$4 

,EVIL MAY BE EI!R G5]AL OR 9DIVIDUAL3 AN EV5T MAY EI!R BE PRODUCTIVE ( EVIL 9 ITS DIRECT & IMM$IATE OP]ATION1 OR 9 A JU/ BALANCE & COMPREH5SIVE E/IMATE ( ALL ! EFFECTS ) :I* IT IS PREGNANT4 ,9 :I* SOEV] ( !SE S5SES ! WORD IS UND]/OOD1 ! EVIL IS NOT IMAG9>Y1 BUT REAL4 

,EVIL IS A T]M :I* DIFF]S FROM PA9 ONLY AS IT HAS A MORE COMPREH5SIVE MEAN+4 ,IT MAY-BE DEF9$ TO SIGNIFY :ATEV] IS PA9FUL ITSELF1 OR IS CONNECT$ ) PA91 AS AN ANTEC$5T IS CONNECT$ ) ITS CONSEQU5T4 ,?US EXPLA9$1 IT APPE>S ?AT A ?+ NOT IMM$IATELY PA9FUL MAY BE EVIL1 BUT 9 A SOME:AT IMPROP] & IMP]FECT S5SE4 ,IT BE>S ! NAME ( EVIL NOT UPON ITS [N ACC\NT4 ,NO?+ IS EVIL 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE BUT PA94 

,TO ?IS IT MAY BE ADD$ ?AT PA9 IS ALWAYS AN EVIL4 ,PLEASURE & PA91 HAPP9ESS & MIS]Y1 CON/ITUTE ! :OLE ULTIMATE SUBJECT ( MORAL 9QUIRY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ DESIRABLE BUT ! OBTA9+ ( ! ONE & ! AVOID+ ( ! O!R4 ,ALL ! RESE>*ES ( HUMAN IMAG9ATION CANNOT ADD A S+LE >TICLE TO ?IS SUMM>Y ( GOOD4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT1 :]EV] PA9 EXI/S1 !RE IS EVIL4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 !RE W\LD BE NO SU* ?+ AS EVIL4 ,IF PA9 9 ONE 9DIVIDUAL BE NOT AN EVIL1 !N IT W\LD NOT BE AN EVIL = PA9 TO BE FELT BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ?AT EXI/S1 & =EV]4 ,! UNIV]SE IS NO MORE ?AN A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS BY AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 ,! AMPUTATION ( A LEG IS AN EVIL ( CONSID]ABLE MAGNITUDE4 ,! PA9 ATT5DANT ON ! OP]ATION IS EXQUISITE4 ,! CURE IS SL[ & TORM5T+4 ,:5 CUR$1 ! MAN :O HAS SUFF]$ ! AMPUTATION IS PRECLUD$ = EV] FROM A V>IETY BO? ( AGREEABLE AMUSEM5TS & USEFUL OCCUPATIONS4 ,SUPPOSE HIM TO SUFF] ?IS OP]ATION FROM PURE WANTONNESS1 & WE %ALL !N SEE ITS CALAMITY 9 ! MO/ /RIK+ LI<T4 ,SUPPOSE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! OP]ATION TO BE ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE = /OPP+ A MORTIFICATION1 & IT BECOMES RELATIVELY GOOD4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT1 UPON ?IS ACC\NT1 CEASE TO BE AN ABSOLUTE EVIL4 ,! PA9FUL S5SATION1 AT LEA/ TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 REMA9S2 & ! ABRIDGM5T ( HIS PLEASURES & UTILITY = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE IS 9 NO RESPECT ALT]$4 

,! CASE ( PROMISES IS CONSID]ABLY SIMIL> TO ?IS4 ,SO F> AS !Y HAVE ANY EFFECT1 !Y DEPOSE US1 AS TO ! P>TICUL> TO :I* !Y RELATE1 FROM ! USE ( \R [N UND]/&+2 !Y CALL (F \R ATT5TION FROM ! DIRECT T5D5CIES ( \R CONDUCT1 & FIX IT UPON A M]ELY LOCAL & PREC>I\S CONSID]ATION4 ,!RE MAY BE CASES 9 :I* !Y >E NECESS>Y & \<T TO BE EMPLOY$3 BUT WE %\LD NEV] SUFF] \RSELVES BY !IR TEMPOR>Y UTILITY TO BE 9DUC$ TO =GET !IR 9TR9SIC NATURE1 & ! DEM]ITS :I* ADH]E TO !M 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY PECULI> CONCURR5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,?IRDLY1 IT MAY BE ADD$ TO ! PREC$+ OBS]VATIONS ?AT PROMISES >E BY NO MEANS ( SO FREQU5T NECESSITY AS HAS BE5 (T5 IMAG9$4 

,IT MAY BE ASK$1 0,H[1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( PROMISES1 CAN ! AFFAIRS ( ! WORLD BE C>RI$ ON80 ,TO ?IS IT WILL BE A SUFFICI5T ANSW] 9 ! MAJORITY ( 9/ANCES TO SAY ?AT !Y WILL BE BE/ C>RI$ ON BY RATIONAL & 9TELLIG5T BE+S ACT+ AS IF !Y W]E RATIONAL & 9TELLIG5T4 ,:Y %\LD IT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT AFFAIRS W\LD NOT = ! MO/ P>T GO ON SUFFICI5TLY WELL1 ?\< MY NEI<BOR C\LD NO FUR!R DEP5D UPON MY ASSI/ANCE ?AN IT APPE>$ REASONABLE TO GRANT IT8 ,?IS WILL1 UPON MANY OCCASIONS1 BE A SUFFICI5T DEP5D5CE1 IF ,I BE HONE/2 NOR WILL HE1 IF HE BE HONE/1 DESIRE ANY?+ FUR!R4 

,BUT IT WILL BE ALLEG$1 0,HUMAN PURSUITS >E (T5 ( A CONT9U$ T5OR1 MADE UP ( A S]IES ( ACTIONS1 EA* ( :I* IS ADOPT$1 NOT = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT = ! SAKE ( SOME CONCLUSION 9 :I* IT T]M9ATES4 ,MANY ( !SE DEP5D = !IR SUCCESS UPON COOP]ATION & CONC]T4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y ?AT ,I %\LD HAVE SOME CLE> & SPECIFIC REASON TO DEP5D UPON ! FIDELITY ( MY COADJUTOR1 ?AT SO ,I MAY NOT BE 9 DANG]1 :5 ,I HAVE = A L5G? ( TIME P]SI/$ 9 MY EX]TIONS1 ( BE+ FRU/RAT$ BY SOME *ANGE ?AT HIS S5TIM5TS HAVE UND]GONE 9 ! 9T]VAL40 ,TO ?IS IT MAY BE REPLI$ ?AT SU* A PL$GE ( FIDELITY IS LESS FREQU5TLY NECESS>Y ?AN IS ORD9>ILY IMAG9$4 ,W]E IT TO BE SUP]S$$ 9 A V>IETY ( CASES1 M5 W\LD BE TAU<T TO HAVE MORE REG>D TO !IR [N EX]TIONS1 & LESS TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( O!RS1 :I* CAPRICE MAY REFUSE1 OR JU/ICE OBLIGE !M TO )HOLD4 ,!Y W\LD ACQUIRE SU* M]IT AS %\LD OBLIGE EV]Y HONE/ MAN1 IF NE$FUL1 TO HA/5 TO !IR SUCCOR2 & 5GAGE 9 SU* PURSUITS AS1 NOT DEP5D+ UPON ! MOM5T>Y CAPRICE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 RE/$ = !IR SUCCESS UPON ! LESS PREC>I\S NATURE ( G5]AL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,HAV+ SPECIFI$ ! V>I\S LIMITATIONS ?AT EXI/ AS TO ! UTILITY ( PROMISES1 IT REMA9S = US TO DISCUSS !IR =M & OBLIGATION 9 ! CASES :]E !Y MAY BE CONCEIV$ TO BE NECESS>Y4 

,PROMISES >E ( TWO K9DS1 P]FECT & IMP]FECT4 ,A P]FECT PROMISE IS :]E ! DECL>ATION ( 9T5TION IS MADE BY ME1 = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( S]V+ AS A GR\ND ( EXPECTATION TO MY NEI<BOR RESPECT+ MY FUTURE CONDUCT4 ,AN IMP]FECT PROMISE IS :]E IT ACTUALLY ?US S]VES AS A GR\ND ( EXPECTATION1 ?\< ?AT WAS NOT MY PURPOSE :5 ,I MADE ! DECL>ATION4 ,IMP]FECT PROMISES >E ( TWO CLASSES3 ,I MAY HAVE REASON1 OR ,I MAY HAVE NO REASON1 TO KN[1 :5 ,I MAKE ! DECL>ATION1 ?AT IT WILL BE ACT$ UPON BY MY NEI<BOR1 ?\< NOT ASSUM+ ! SPECIFIC =M ( AN 5GAGEM5T4 

,AS TO IMP]FECT PROMISES IT MAY BE OBS]V$ ?AT !Y >E :OLLY UNAVOIDABLE4 ,NO MAN CAN ALWAYS REFRA9 FROM DECL>+ HIS 9T5TION AS TO HIS FUTURE CONDUCT4 ,NAY1 IT %\LD SEEM ?AT1 9 MANY CASES1 IF A MAN 9QUIRE ( ME ! /ATE ( MY M9D 9 ?IS RESPECT1 DUTY OBLIGES ME TO 9=M HIM ( ?IS AS ,I W\LD ( ANY O!R FACT4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 A P]PETUAL COLDNESS & RES]VE W\LD P]VADE ALL HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4 ,BUT ! IMPROVEM5T ( MANK9D RE/S UPON NO?+ SO ESS5TIALLY AS UPON ! HABITUAL PRACTICE ( C&OR1 FRANKNESS & S9C]ITY4 

,P]FECT PROMISES WILL ALSO 9 V>I\S 9/ANCES OCCUR4 ,I HAVE OCCASION = AN 9T]VIEW ) A P>TICUL> P]SON1 TOMORR[4 ,I 9=M HIM ( MY 9T5TION ( BE+ UPON A C]TA9 SPOT AT A GIV5 H\R ( ! DAY4 ,IT IS CONV5I5T TO HIM TO GO TO ! SAME PLACE AT ! SAME TIME1 = ! PURPOSE ( MEET+ ME4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREV5T ! MUTUAL DECL>ATION ( 9T5TION FROM S]V+ AS A SORT ( PL$GE ( ! P]=MANCE4 ,QUALIFY+ EXPRESSIONS WILL MAKE LITTLE ALT]ATION3 ! ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES :I* QUALIFY 5GAGEM5TS WILL 9 MO/ CASES BE UND]/OOD1 :E!R !Y >E /AT$ OR NO4 ,APPO9TM5TS ( ?IS SORT1 SO F> FROM DES]V+ TO BE UNI=MLY AVOID$1 \<T 9 MANY CASES TO BE S\<T1 ?AT !RE MAY BE AS LITTLE WA/E ( TIME OR EX]TION ON EI!R SIDE AS ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION WILL ADMIT4 

,TO PROCE$ FROM ! MANN] 9 :I* 5GAGEM5TS >E MADE TO ! OBLIGATION ?AT RESULTS FROM !M4 ,?IS OBLIGATION IS ( DIFF]5T DEGREES ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ! CASE2 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO D5Y ?AT IT MAY BE ( ! MO/ S]I\S IMPORT4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT EA* MAN IS 5TITL$ TO HIS SPH]E ( DISCRETION1 :I* ANO!R MAY NOT1 UNLESS UND] ! MO/ IMP]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 9FR+E4#d ,BUT ,I 9FR+E IT AS SUB/ANTIALLY BY LEAD+ HIM 9TO A C]TA9 SPECIES ( CONDUCT ?R\< ! MEANS ( DELUSIVE EXPECTATIONS1 AS BY ANY SY/EM ( USURPATION IT IS POSSIBLE TO EMPLOY4 ,A P]SON PROMISES ME1 ,I WILL SUPPOSE1 FIVE HUNDR$ P\NDS = A C]TA9 COMMODITY1 A BOOK IT MAY BE1 :I* ,I AM TO MANUFACTURE4 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO SP5D SEV]AL MON?S 9 ! PRODUCTION4 ,SURELY1 AFT] ?IS1 HE CAN R>ELY BE JU/IFI$ 9 DISAPPO9T+ ME1 & SAY+ ,I HAVE F\ND A BETT] OBJECT UPON :I* TO EMPLOY MY MONEY4 ,! CASE IS NE>LY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! LABOR] :O1 AFT] HAV+ P]=M$ HIS DAY'S WORK1 %\LD BE REFUS$ HIS WAGES4 ,TAKE ! CASE ! O!R WAY1 & SUPPOSE ?AT1 ,I HAV+ CONTRACT$ TO PRODUCE ! COMMODITY1 ! O!R P>TY TO ! CONTRACT HAS ADVANC$ ME ?REE \T ( ! FIVE HUNDR$ P\NDS4 ,SUPPOSE FUR!R1 ?AT ,I AM UNABLE TO REPLACE ?IS SUM4 ,SURELY ,I AM NOT AT LIB]TY TO DISP5SE MYSELF FROM ! P]=MANCE ( MY 5GAGEM5T4 

,! CASE H]E IS ( ! SAME NATURE AS ( ANY O!R SPECIES ( PROP]TY4 ,PROP]TY IS SACR$3 !RE IS BUT ONE WAY 9 :I* DUTY REQUIRES ! POSSESSOR TO DISPOSE ( IT1 BUT ,I MAY NOT =CIBLY 9T]F]E1 & DISPOSE ( IT 9 ! BE/ WAY 9 HIS /EAD4 ,?IS IS ! ORD9>Y LAW ( PROP]TY1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( UNIV]SAL MORALITY4#e ,BUT !RE >E CASES ?AT SUP]S$E ?IS LAW4 ,! PR9CIPLE ?AT ATTRIBUTES TO EV]Y MAN ! DISPOSAL ( HIS PROP]TY1 AS WELL AS ?AT DI/RIBUTES TO EV]Y MAN HIS SPH]E ( DISCRETION1 D]IVES ITS =CE 9 BO? 9/ANCES FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT A GREAT] SUM ( HAPP9ESS WILL RESULT FROM ITS OBS]VANCE ?AN ITS 9FR+EM5T4 ,:]EV] !RE=E ! CONTR>Y TO ?IS IS CLE>LY ! CASE1 !RE ! =CE ( ! PR9CIPLE IS SUSP5D$4 ,:AT %ALL PREV5T ME FROM TAK+ BY =CE FROM MY NEI<BOR'S /ORE1 IF ! ALT]NATIVE BE ?AT ,I MU/ O!RWISE P]I% ) HUNG]8 ,:AT %ALL PREV5T ME FROM SUPPLY+ ! DI/RESS ( MY NEI<BOR FROM PROP]TY ?AT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 IS NOT MY [N1 IF ! EM]G5CE BE T]RIBLE1 & WILL NOT ADMIT ( DELAY8 ,NO?+2 UNLESS IT BE ! PUNI%M5T ?AT IS RES]V$ = SU* CONDUCT 9 SOME 9/ANCES2 S9CE IT IS NO MORE FITT+ ?AT ,I %\LD BR+ UPON MYSELF CALAMITY & DEA? ?AN ?AT ,I %\LD SUFF] !M TO FALL UPON ANO!R4 

,! VE/+ ( PROP]TY 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL ADMITS ( DIFF]5T DEGREES ( FULLNESS1 &1 9 PROPORTION TO ?AT FULLNESS1 WILL BE ! MIS*IEF RESULT+ FROM ITS VIOLATION4 ,IF1 !N1 IT APPE> ?AT1 EV5 :5 ! VE/+ AM\NTS TO ! FULLNESS ( REGUL> POSSESSION1 !RE >E CASES 9 :I* IT \<T TO BE VIOLAT$1 ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ?AT FALL %ORT ( ?IS WILL ADMIT ( /ILL GREAT] MODIFICATION4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ! :OLE MULTITUDE ( MORALI/S ASSURES US ?AT ! SUM ,I [E TO ANO!R MAN IS AS LITTLE TO BE 9FR+$ UPON AS ! WEAL? ( :I* HE IS 9 POSSESSION4 ,EV]YONE FEELS ! FALLACY ( ?IS MAXIM4 ,! SUM ,I [E TO ANO!R MAY 9 MANY CASES BE PAID1 AT MY PLEASURE1 EI!R TODAY OR TOMORR[1 EI!R ?IS WEEK OR NEXT4 ,! MEANS ( PAYM5T1 P>TICUL>LY ) A MAN ( SL5D] RES\RCES1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE FLUCTUAT+1 & HE MU/ EMPLOY HIS DISCRETION AS TO ! PROPORTION BETWE5 HIS NECESS>Y & HIS GRATUIT\S DISBURSEM5TS4 ,:5 HE ULTIMATELY FAILS ( PAYM5T1 ! MIS*IEF HE PRODUCES IS REAL1 BUT IS NOT SO GREAT1 AT LEA/ 9 ORD9>Y CASES1 AS ?AT :I* ATT5DS UPON ROBB]Y4 ,9 F9E1 IT IS A LAW RESULT+ FROM ! NECESSITY ( NATURE ?AT HE :O HAS ANY SPECIES ( PROP]TY 9 TRU/1 = H[EV] %ORT A TIME1 MU/ HAVE A DISCRETION1 SOMETIMES LESS & SOMETIMES GREAT]1 AS TO ! DISPOSAL ( IT4 

,TO RETURN ONCE MORE TO ! MA9 PR9CIPLE 9 ?IS GRADATION4 ,! PROP]TY1 MO/ COMPLETELY SANCTION$ BY ALL ! G5]AL RULES ?AT CAN BE DEVIS$1 IS YET NOT 9VIOLABLE4 ,! IMP]I\S PR9CIPLE ( SELF-PRES]VATION MAY AU?ORIZE ME TO VIOLATE IT4 ,A GREAT & EM95T BALANCE ( GOOD TO ! PUBLIC MAY AU?ORIZE ITS VIOLATION2 & UPON ?IS GR\ND WE SEE PROPRIETORS OCCASIONALLY COMPELL$ TO P>T ) !IR POSSESSIONS1 UND] EV]Y MODE ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD4 ,AS A G5]AL MAXIM IT MAY BE ADMITT$ ?AT =CE IS A LEGITIMATE MEANS ( PREV5TION1 :]E ! ALT]NATIVE IS COMPLETE1 & ! EMPLOYM5T ( =CE WILL NOT PRODUCE A GREAT] EVIL1 OR SUBV]T ! G5]AL TRANQUILITY4 ,BUT1 IF DIRECT =CE BE 9 C]TA9 CASES JU/IFIABLE1 9DIRECT =CE1 OR ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! MEANS PLAC$ 9 MY H&S )\T AN ANXI\S 9QUIRY RESPECT+ ! SUBORD9ATE REGULATIONS ( PROP]TY1 :]E ! B5EFIT TO BE PRODUC$ IS CLE>1 IS /ILL MORE JU/IFIABLE4 ,UPON ?IS GR\ND1 IT MAY BE MY DUTY TO RELIEVE1 UPON SOME OCCASIONS1 ! WRET*$NESS ( MY NEI<BOR1 )\T HAV+ FIR/ BALANC$ ! DEBTOR & CR$ITOR SIDE ( MY ACC\NTS1 OR :5 ,I KN[ ?AT BALANCE TO BE AGA9/ ME4 ,UPON ?IS GR\ND1 EV]Y PROMISE IS CONSID]$ AS GIV5 UND] A RES]VE = UN=ESE5 & IMP]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 :E!R ?AT RES]VE BE SPECIFICALLY /AT$ OR NO4 ,UPON ! SAME GR\ND AN APPO9TM5T = AN 9T]VIEW IS CONSID]$ AS SUBJECT TO A SIMIL> RES]VE2 ?\< ! TIME ( MY NEI<BOR :I* ,I DISSIPATE UPON ?AT SUPPOSITION1 IS AS REAL A PROP]TY AS HIS WEAL?1 IS A P>T ( ?AT SPH]E OV] :I* EV]Y MAN IS 5TITL$ TO ! EX]CISE ( HIS SEP>ATE DISCRETION4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY CAN SUBSI/ )\T FREQU5T 5CROA*M5TS ( ONE MAN UPON HIS NEI<BOR3 WE SUFFICI5TLY DIS*>GE \R DUTY IF WE HABITUALLY RECOLLECT ?AT EA* MAN HAS HIS PROV9CE1 & 5DEAVOR TO REGULATE \R CONDUCT ACCORD+LY4 

,!SE PR9CIPLES >E CALCULAT$ TO SET 9 A CLE>] LI<T ?AN !Y HAVE (T5 BE5 EXHIBIT$ ! CASES ?AT AU?ORIZE ! VIOLATION ( PROMISES4 ,COMPACT IS NOT ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS AN EXP$I5T TO :I* WE >E SOMETIMES OBLIG$ TO HAVE RESORT1 BUT ! 9TRODUCTION ( :I* MU/ ALWAYS BE REG>D$ BY AN 5LI<T5$ OBS]V] ) JEAL\SY4 ,IT \<T NEV] TO BE CALL$ =? BUT 9 CASES ( ! CLE>E/ NECESSITY4 ,IT IS NOT ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* \R COMMON HAPP9ESS REPOSES2 IT IS ONLY ONE ( ! MEANS = SECUR+ ?AT HAPP9ESS4 ,! ADH]5CE TO PROMISES !RE=E1 AS WELL AS !IR EMPLOYM5T 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 MU/ BE DECID$ BY ! G5]AL CRIT]ION1 & MA9TA9$ ONLY SO F> AS1 UPON A COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 IT %ALL BE F\ND PRODUCTIVE ( A BALANCE ( HAPP9ESS4 

,!RE IS FUR!R AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION TO BE MADE BETWE5 A PROMISE GIV5 )\T AN 9T5TION TO P]=M IT1 & A PROMISE :I* 9=MATION1 AFT]W>DS ACQUIR$1 P]SUADES ME TO VIOLATE4 ,! FIR/ CAN SC>CELY 9 ANY 9/ANCE TAKE PLACE )\T FIX+ A /A9 UPON ! PROMIS]1 & EXHIBIT+ HIM1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 AS A MAN GREATLY DEFICI5T 9 DELICACY ( MORAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,! CASE ( ! SECOND IS 9COMP>ABLY DIFF]5T4 ,EV]Y 5GAGEM5T 9TO :I* ,I HAVE 5T]$ AN ADH]5CE TO :I* ,I %ALL AFT]W>DS F9D TO BE A MAT]IAL OB/ACLE TO MY UTILITY 7SUPPOSE AN 5GAGEM5T NOT TO WRITE ANY?+ 9 D]OGATION ( ! ?IRTY-N9E >TICLES7 \<T TO BE VIOLAT$3 NOR CAN !RE BE ANY LIMITATION UPON ?IS MAXIM1 EXCEPT :]E ! VIOLATION WILL GREATLY 5CROA* UPON ! PROV9CE & JURISDICTION ( MY NEI<BOR4 

,LET US APPLY !SE REM>KS UPON ! NATURE ( PROMISES TO ! DOCTR9E ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,IT IS NOT ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ANY SUPPOS$ PROMISE OR 5GAGEM5T ?AT WE >E 9DUC$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! CONDUCT ( \R NEI<BOR WILL NOT BE RIDICUL\SLY 9CONSI/5T OR WANTONLY MALICI\S4 ,IF HE PROTE/ 9 ! MO/ SOLEMN WAY AGA9/ BE+ CONCLUD$ BY ANY SU* PROMISE1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE CONDUCTS HIMSELF 9 A RATIONAL & SOB] MANN]1 HE WILL NOT F9D US LESS DISPOS$ TO CONFIDE 9 HIM4 ,WE DEP5D AS READILY UPON A =EIGN] ?AT HE WILL NOT BREAK ! LAWS1 & EXPOSE HIMSELF TO !IR P5ALTIES 7= ?IS HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ TO BE ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL BRAN*ES ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT71 AS WE DO UPON \R C\NTRYMAN4 ,IF WE DO NOT DEP5D EQUALLY UPON ! ,>ABS :O 9HABIT ! PLA9S ( ,ASIA1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE WE IMPUTE TO !M A DEFICI5CY 9 !IR SOCIAL CONTRACT1 BUT BECAUSE WE >E IGNORANT ( !IR PR9CIPLES ( CONDUCT1 OR KN[ ?AT ?OSE PR9CIPLES DO NOT AF=D US A SUFFICI5T SECURITY AS TO ! P>TICUL>S ( \R 9T]C\RSE ) !M4 ,TELL A MAN :AT WILL BE ! SOLID & SUB/ANTIAL EFFECTS ( HIS PROCE$+1 H[ IT WILL AFFECT HIS NEI<BORS1 & :AT 9FLU5CE IT WILL HAVE UPON HIS [N HAPP9ESS1 & Y\ SPEAK TO ! UNALI5ABLE FEEL+S ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,BUT TELL HIM ?AT1 PUTT+ !SE ?+S = ! PRES5T \T ( \R CONSID]ATION1 IT IS SUFFICI5T ?AT HE HAS PROMIS$ A C]TA9 CONDUCT1 OR ?AT1 IF HE HAVE NOT EXPRESSLY PROMIS$ IT1 HE HAS PROMIS$ IT BY IMPLICATION1 OR ?AT1 IF HE HAVE NOT PROMIS$ IT1 HIS ANCE/ORS A FEW G5]ATIONS BACK PROMIS$ IT = HIM2 & Y\ SPEAK ( A MOTIVE ?AT SC>CELY F9DS A SYMPA!TIC *ORD 9 ONE HUMAN BREA/1 & ?AT FEW WILL SO MU* AS UND]/&4 

,FEW ?+S CAN BE MORE ABSURD ?AN TO TALK ( \R HAV+ PROMIS$ OB$I5CE TO ! LAWS4 ,IF ! LAWS DEP5D UPON PROMISES = !IR EXECUTION1 :Y >E !Y ACCOMPANI$ ) SANCTIONS8 ,:Y IS IT CONSID]$ AS ! GREAT >CANUM ( LEGISLATION TO MAKE LAWS ?AT >E EASY ( EXECUTION1 & ?AT NE$ NO ASSI/ANCE FROM ! EXECRABLE 9T]V5TION ( OA?S & 9=M]S8 ,AGA91 :Y %\LD ,I PROMISE ?AT ,I WILL DO EV]Y?+ ?AT A C]TA9 P[]1 CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T1 %ALL IMAG9E IT CONV5I5T1 OR DECIDE ?AT IT IS FITT+1 = ME TO DO8 ,IS !RE 9 ?IS EI!R MORALITY1 OR JU/ICE1 OR COMMON S5SE8 ,DOES BRUTE =CE ALONE COMMUNICATE TO ITS POSSESSOR A SUFFICI5T CLAIM UPON MY V5]ATION8 ,=1 BE IT OBS]V$1 ! WISDOM OR DUTY ( OB$I5CE PROCE$S UPON EXACTLY ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 :E!R IT BE TO A TYRANT1 OR TO ! MO/ REGUL>LY ELECT$ H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE P[] TO :I* ,I CAN YIELD A HE>T-FELT OB$I5CE1 ! DECISION ( MY [N UND]/&+1 ! DICTATE ( MY [N CONSCI5CE4 ,! DECREES ( ANY O!R P[]1 ESPECIALLY IF ,I HAVE A FIRM & 9DEP5D5T M9D1 ,I %ALL OBEY ) RELUCTANCE & AV]SION4 ,MY OB$I5CE IS PURELY AN AFFAIR ( COMPOSITION3 ,I *OOSE TO DO ?AT :I*1 9 ITSELF CONSID]$1 MY JUDGM5T DISAPPROVES1 RA!R ?AN 9CUR ! GREAT] EVIL :I* ! P[] FROM :OM ! M&ATE ISSUES ANNEXES TO MY DISOB$I5CE4#f 

,!RE IS ANO!R PR9CIPLE CONC]N$ 9 ?IS SUBJECT1 & ?AT IS S9C]ITY3 ,I MAY NOT EVADE ! LAWS ( ! SOCIETY BY ANY DI%ONORABLE SUBT]FUGE OR CONTEMPTIBLE DUPLICITY4 ,BUT ! OBLIGATION ( S9C]ITY1 LIKE ALL ! O!R GREAT PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY1 IS NOT F\ND$ 9 PROMISES1 BUT 9 ! 9DEFEASIBLE B5EFIT ANNEX$ TO ITS OBS]VANCE4 ,ADD TO :I*1 ! S9C]ITY ,I AM B\ND TO PRACTICE T[>DS ! MAGI/RATE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A CASE :]E HIS REQUISITION %ALL BE UNJU/1 IS NOT DIFF]5T 9 ITS PR9CIPLE1 & IS C]TA9LY ( NO HI<] OBLIGATION1 ?AN ! S9C]ITY ,I AM B\ND TO PRACTICE T[>DS A PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL4 

,LET US H[EV] SUPPOSE ?AT ! ASS]TION ( AN IMPLI$ CONTRACT 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY IS TRUE1 OR LET US TAKE ! CASE :]E AN ACTUAL 5GAGEM5T HAS BE5 5T]$ 9TO BY ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY4 ,?IS APPE>S FROM :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY DELIV]$ TO BE ( ?AT CLASS ( PROMISES :I* >E ( SLI<TE/ OBLIGATION4 ,9 ! NOTION ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT LITTLE IS MADE OV]1 LITTLE EXPECTATION IS EXCIT$1 & !RE=E LITTLE MIS*IEF IS 9CLUD$ 9 ITS BREA*4 ,:AT WE MO/ EXPECT & REQUIRE 9 A MEMB] ( ! SAME COMMUNITY IS ! QUALITIES ( A MAN1 & ! CONDUCT ?AT \<T TO BE OBS]V$ 9DIFF]5TLY BY A NATIVE OR A /RANG]4 ,:]E A PROMISE OR AN OA? IS IMPOS$ UPON ME SUP]FLU\SLY1 AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE ) PROMISES ( ALLEGIANCE2 OR :]E ,I AM COMPELL$ TO MAKE IT BY ! OP]ATION ( A P5ALTY2 ! TREATM5T ,I SUFF] IS ATROCI\SLY UNJU/1 & ( CONSEQU5CE ! BREA* ( SU* A PROMISE IS PECULI>LY SUSCEPTIBLE ( APOLOGY4 ,A PROMISE ( ALLEGIANCE IS A DECL>ATION ?AT ,I APPROVE ! ACTUAL CON/ITUTION ( ?+S1 &1 SO F> AS IT IS B9D+1 AN 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I WILL CONT9UE TO SUPPORT ?AT CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT ,I %ALL SUPPORT = AS LONG A TIME1 & 9 AS GREAT A DEGREE1 AS ,I APPROVE ( IT1 )\T NE$+ ! 9T]V5TION ( A PROMISE ,IT WILL BE MY DUTY NOT TO UND]TAKE ITS DE/RUCTION BY PRECIPITATE & UNPROMIS+ MEANS1 = A MU* MORE COG5T REASON ?AN CAN BE D$UC$ FROM ANY PROMISE ,I HAVE MADE4 ,AN 5GAGEM5T = ANY?+ FUR!R ?AN ?IS IS BO? IMMORAL & ABSURD3 IT IS AN 5GAGEM5T TO A NON-5TITY1 A CON/ITUTION2 A PROMISE ?AT ,I WILL AB/A9 FROM DO+ ?AT :I* ,I BELIEVE TO BE B5EFICIAL TO MY FELL[ CITIZ5S4 

,FOOTNOTES  

#a,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*4,I,I1@&C4 

#b,HUME'S ,ESSAYS1 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,ESSAY XII4 

#c,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V1 P4 #a#i#b4 

#d,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V4 

#e,BOOK ,V,I,I,I4 

#f,*AP4 ,V,I4 #i 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #c1 ,*APT] #c -- ,ADD$4 

 FILE G5]AT$ FROM 3  
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