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,! ,*>ACT]S ( ,M5 ,ORIG9ATE 9 !IR ,EXT]NAL ,CIRCUM/ANCES 

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,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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,!ORY ( ! HUMAN M9D4--,SUBJECTS ( ! PRES5T *APT]--( !  
 NEXT4--,]RONE\S OP9IONS REFUT$4--,I4 ,9NATE PR9CIPLES4--,?IS 
 HYPO!SIS1 #a1 SUP]FL\S--#b1 UNSATISFACTORY--#c1 ABSURD4--,I,I4 ,9- 
 /9CTS4--,EXAM9ATION ( ?IS DOCTR9E--( ! >GUM5TS BY :I* IT  
 HAS BE5 5=C$3 FROM ! E>LY ACTIONS ( 9FANTS--FROM ! DESIRE  
 ( SELF-PRES]VATION--FROM SELF-LOVE--FROM PITY4--,I,I,I4 ,EFFECTS (  
 ANT5ATAL IMPRESSIONS & ORIG9AL /RUCTURE4--,V>IABL5ESS ( !  
 *>ACT]S ( M54--,EASE ) :I* IMPRESSIONS MAY BE C\NT]- 
 ACT$4--,=M ( ! 9FANT UNDET]M9$4--,HABITS ( M5 & O!R 
 ANIMALS COMP>$4--,9F]5CE4--,IMPORTANCE ( !SE SPECULATIONS4-- 
 ,I,V4 ,REASON+S ( ! PRES5T *APT] APPLI$4--,?REE SORTS ( $U- 
 CATION--#a1 ACCID5T--#b1 PRECEPT--#c1 POLITICAL 9/ITUTION4 

  

,?,U,S F> WE HAVE >GU$ FROM HI/ORICAL FACTS1 & FROM !M HAVE COLLECT$ A V]Y /RONG PRESUMPTIVE EVID5CE ?AT POLITICAL 9/ITUTIONS HAVE A MORE P[]FUL & EXT5SIVE 9FLU5CE ?AN IT HAS BE5 G5]ALLY ! PRACTICE TO ASCRIBE TO !M4 

,BUT WE CAN NEV] >RIVE AT PRECISE CONCEPTIONS RELATIVE TO ?IS P>T ( ! SUBJECT )\T 5T]+ 9TO AN ANALYSIS ( ! HUMAN M9D1#b & 5DEAVOR+ TO ASC]TA9 ! NATURE ( ! CAUSES BY :I* ITS OP]ATIONS >E DIRECT$4 ,UND] ?IS BRAN* ( ! SUBJECT ,I %ALL ATTEMPT TO PROVE TWO ?+S3 FIR/1 ?AT ! ACTIONS & DISPOSITIONS ( MANK9D >E ! (FSPR+ ( CIRCUM/ANCES & EV5TS1 & NOT ( ANY ORIG9AL DET]M9ATION ?AT !Y BR+ 9TO ! WORLD2 &1 SECONDLY1 ?AT ! GREAT /REAM ( \R VOLUNT>Y ACTIONS ESS5TIALLY DEP5DS1 NOT UPON ! DIRECT & IMM$IATE IMPULSES ( S5SE1 BUT UPON ! DECISIONS ( ! UND]/&+4 ,IF !SE PROPOSITIONS CAN BE SUFFICI5TLY E/ABLI%$1 IT WILL FOLL[ ?AT ! HAPP9ESS M5 >E ABLE TO ATTA9 IS PROPORTION$ TO ! JU/NESS ( ! OP9IONS !Y TAKE AS GUIDES 9 ! PURSUIT2 & IT WILL ONLY REMA91 = ! PURPOSE ( APPLY+ !SE PREMISES TO ! PO9T UND] CONSID]ATION1 ?AT WE %\LD DEMON/RATE ! OP9IONS ( M5 TO BE1 = ! MO/ P>T1 UND] ! ABSOLUTE CONTROL ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION4 

,FIR/1 ! ACTIONS & DISPOSITIONS ( M5 >E NOT ! (F-SPR+ ( ANY ORIG9AL BIAS ?AT !Y BR+ 9TO ! WORLD 9 FAVOR ( ONE S5TIM5T OR *>ACT] RA!R ?AN ANO!R1 BUT FL[ 5TIRELY FROM ! OP]ATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES & EV5TS ACT+ UPON A FACULTY ( RECEIV+ S5SIBLE IMPRESSIONS4 

,!RE >E ?REE MODES 9 :I* ! HUMAN M9D HAS BE5 CONCEIV$ TO BE MODIFI$1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES :I* OCCUR TO US1 & ! S5SATIONS EXCIT$3 FIR/1 9NATE PR9CIPLES2 SECONDLY1 9/9CTS2 ?IRDLY1 ! ORIG9AL DIFF]5CES ( \R /RUCTURE1 TOGE!R ) ! IMPRESSIONS WE RECEIVE 9 ! WOMB4 ,LET US EXAM9E EA* ( !SE 9 !IR ORD]4 

,FIR/1 9NATE PR9CIPLES ( JUDGM5T4 ,?OSE BY :OM ?IS DOCTR9E HAS BE5 MA9TA9$ HAVE SUPPOS$ ?AT !RE W]E C]TA9 BRAN*ES ( KN[L$GE1 & ?OSE P]HAPS ( ALL O!RS ! MO/ IMPORTANT1 CONC]N+ :I* WE FELT AN IRRESI/IBLE P]SUASION1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE W]E :OLLY UNABLE TO TRACE !M ?R\< ANY *ANNELS ( EXT]NAL EVID5CE & ME?ODICAL D$UCTION4 ,!Y CONCEIV$ !RE=E ?AT !Y W]E ORIG9ALLY WRITT5 9 \R HE>TS2 OR P]HAPS1 MORE PROP]LY SPEAK+1 ?AT !RE WAS A G5]AL PROP5SITY 9 ! HUMAN M9D SUGGE/+ !M TO \R REFLECTIONS1 & FA/5+ !M UPON \R CONVICTION4 ,ACCORD+LY1 !Y E/ABLI%$ ! UNIV]SAL CONS5T ( MANK9D AS ONE ( ! MO/ 9FALLIBLE CRIT]IA ( FUNDAM5TAL TRU?4 ,IT APPE>$ UPON !IR SY/EM ?AT WE W]E FURNI%$ ) A SORT ( SIX? S5SE1 ! EXI/5CE ( :I* WAS NOT PROV$ TO US1 LIKE ?AT ( \R O!R S5SES1 BY DIRECT & PROP] EVID5CE1 BUT FROM ! CONSID]ATION ( C]TA9 PH5OM5A 9 ! HI/ORY ( ! HUMAN M9D1 :I* CANNOT BE O!RWISE ACC\NT$ = ?AN BY ! ASSUMPTION ( ?IS HYPO!SIS4 

,!RE IS AN ESS5TIAL DEFICI5CY 9 EV]Y SPECULATION ( ?IS SORT4 ,IT TURNS 5TIRELY UPON AN APPEAL TO \R IGNORANCE4 ,ITS LANGUAGE IS AS FOLL[S3 0,Y\ CANNOT ACC\NT = C]TA9 EV5TS FROM ! KN[N LAWS ( ! SUBJECTS TO :I* !Y BELONG2 !RE=E !Y >E NOT D$UCIBLE FROM ?OSE LAWS2 !RE=E Y\ MU/ ADMIT A NEW PR9CIPLE 9TO ! SY/EM = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( ACC\NT+ = !M40 ,BUT !RE CANNOT BE A S\ND] MAXIM ( REASON+ ?AN ?AT :I* PO9TS \T TO US ! ]ROR ( ADMITT+ 9TO \R HYPO!SES UNNECESS>Y PR9CIPLES1 OR REF]R+ ! PH5OM5A ?AT OCCUR TO REMOTE & EXTRAORD9>Y S\RCES1 :5 !Y MAY ) EQUAL FACILITY BE REF]R$ TO S\RCES :I* OBVI\SLY EXI/1 & ! RESULTS ( :I* WE DAILY OBS]VE4 ,?IS MAXIM ALONE IS SUFFICI5T TO P]SUADE US TO REJECT ! DOCTR9E ( 9NATE PR9CIPLES4 ,IF WE CONSID] ! 9F9ITELY V>I\S CAUSES BY :I* ! HUMAN M9D IS P]CEPTIBLY MODIFI$1 & ! DIFF]5T PR9CIPLES1 >GUM5T1 IMITATION1 9CL9ATION1 E>LY PREJUDICE & IMAG9>Y 9T]E/1 BY :I* OP9ION IS G5]AT$1 WE %ALL READILY P]CEIVE ?AT NO?+ CAN BE MORE DIFFICULT ?AN TO ASSIGN ANY OP9ION1 EXI/+ AMONG ! HUMAN SPECIES1 & AT ! SAME TIME 9CAPABLE ( BE+ G5]AT$ BY ANY ( !SE CAUSES & PR9CIPLES4 

,A C>EFUL 5QUIR] WILL BE /RONGLY 9CL9$ TO SUSPECT ! S\NDNESS ( OP9IONS :I* RE/ = !IR SUPPORT ON SO AMBIGU\S A F\NDATION AS ?AT ( 9NATE IMPRESSION4 ,WE CANNOT REASONABLY QUE/ION ! EXI/5CE ( FACTS2 ?AT IS1 WE CANNOT D5Y ! EXI/5CE ( \R S5SATIONS1 OR ! S]IES 9 :I* !Y OCCUR4 ,WE CANNOT D5Y ! AXIOMS ( MA!MATICS2 = !Y EXHIBIT NO?+ MORE ?AN A CONSI/5T USE ( WORDS1 & AFFIRM ( SOME IDEA ?AT IT IS ITSELF & NOT SOME?+ ELSE4 ,WE CAN 5T]TA9 LITTLE D\BT ( ! VALIDITY ( MA!MATICAL DEMON/RATIONS1 :I* APPE> TO BE IRRESI/IBLE CONCLUSIONS D$UC$ FROM ID5TICAL PROPOSITIONS4 ,WE ASCRIBE A C]TA9 VALUE1 SOMETIMES GREAT] & SOMETIMES LESS1 TO CONSID]ATIONS DRAWN FROM ANALOGY4 ,BUT :AT DEGREE ( WEI<T %ALL WE ATTRIBUTE TO AFFIRMATIONS :I* PRET5D TO RE/ UPON NONE ( !SE GR\NDS8 ,! MO/ PREPO/]\S PROPOSITIONS1 9CAPABLE ( ANY RATIONAL DEF5SE1 HAVE 9 DIFF]5T AGES & C\NTRIES APPEAL$ TO ?IS 9EXPLICABLE AU?ORITY1 & PASS$ = 9FALLIBLE & 9NATE4 ,! 5QUIR] ?AT HAS NO O!R OBJECT ?AN TRU?1 ?AT REFUSES TO BE MISL$1 & IS DET]M9$ TO PROCE$ ONLY UPON JU/ & SUFFICI5T EVID5CE WILL F9D LITTLE REASON TO BE SATISFI$ ) DOGMAS :I* RE/ UPON NO O!R F\NDATION ?AN A PRET5D$ NECESSITY IMPELL+ ! HUMAN M9D TO YIELD ITS ASS5T4 

,BUT !RE IS A /ILL MORE IRRESI/IBLE >GUM5T PROV+ TO US ! ABSURDITY ( ! SUPPOSITION ( 9NATE PR9CIPLES4 ,EV]Y PR9CIPLE IS A PROPOSITION3 EI!R IT AFFIRMS1 OR IT D5IES4 ,EV]Y PROPOSITION CONSI/S 9 ! CONNECTION ( AT LEA/ TWO DI/9CT IDEAS1 :I* >E AFFIRM$ TO AGREE OR DISAGREE ) EA* O!R4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ! PROPOSITION CAN BE 9NATE1 UNLESS ! IDEAS TO :I* IT RELATES BE ALSO 9NATE4 ,A CONNECTION :]E !RE IS NO?+ TO BE CONNECT$1 A PROPOSITION :]E !RE IS NEI!R SUBJECT NOR CONCLUSION1 IS ! MO/ 9COH]5T ( ALL SUPPOSITIONS4 ,BUT NO?+ CAN BE MORE 9CONTROV]TIBLE ?AN ?AT WE DO NOT BR+ PREE/ABLI%$ IDEAS 9TO ! WORLD ) US4 

,LET ! 9NATE PR9CIPLE BE ?AT 0VIRTUE IS A RULE TO :I* WE >E OBLIG$ TO CON=M40 ,H]E >E ?REE PR9CIPAL & LEAD+ IDEAS1 NOT TO M5TION SUBORD9ATE ONES1 :I* IT IS NECESS>Y TO =M1 BE=E WE CAN SO MU* AS UND]/& ! PROPOSITION4 ,:AT IS VIRTUE8 ,PREVI\SLY TO \R =M+ AN IDEA CORRESPOND+ TO ?IS G5]AL T]M1 IT SEEMS NECESS>Y ?AT WE %\LD HAVE OBS]V$ ! SEV]AL FEATURES BY :I* VIRTUE IS DI/+UI%$1 & ! SEV]AL SUBORD9ATE >TICLES ( RI<T CONDUCT1 ?AT TAK5 TOGE!R CON/ITUTE ?AT MASS ( PRACTICAL JUDGM5TS TO :I* WE GIVE ! D5OM9ATION ( VIRTUE4 ,!SE >E SO F> FROM BE+ 9NATE ?AT ! MO/ IMP>TIAL & LABORI\S 5QUIR]S >E NOT YET AGRE$ RESPECT+ !M4 ,! NEXT IDEA 9CLUD$ 9 ! ABOVE PROPOSITION IS ?AT ( A RULE OR /&>D1 A G5]IC MEASURE ) :I* 9DIVIDUALS >E TO BE COMP>$1 & !IR CON=MITY OR DISAGREEM5T ) :I* IS TO DET]M9E !IR VALUE4 ,LA/LY1 !RE IS ! IDEA ( OBLIGATION1 ITS NATURE & S\RCE1 ! OBLIG] & ! SANCTION1 ! P5ALTY & ! REW>D4 

,:O IS !RE 9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( SCI5TIFIC IMPROVEM5T ?AT WILL BELIEVE ?AT ?IS VA/ *A9 ( P]CEPTIONS & NOTIONS IS SOME?+ ?AT WE BR+ 9TO ! WORLD ) US1 A MY/ICAL MAGAZ9E1 %UT UP 9 ! HUMAN EMBRYO1 :OSE TREASURES >E TO BE GRADUALLY UNFOLD$ AS CIRCUM/ANCES %ALL REQUIRE8 ,:O DOES NOT P]CEIVE ?AT !Y >E REGUL>LY G5]AT$ 9 ! M9D BY A S]IES ( IMPRESSIONS1 & DIGE/$ & >RANG$ BY ASSOCIATION & REFLECTION8 

,BUT1 IF WE >E NOT 5D[$ ) 9NATE PR9CIPLES ( JUDGM5T1 IT HAS NEV]!LESS BE5 SUPPOS$ BY SOME P]SONS ?AT WE MI<T HAVE 9/9CTS TO ACTION1 LEAD+ US TO ! P]=MANCE ( C]TA9 USEFUL & NECESS>Y FUNCTIONS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY PREVI\S REASON+ AS TO ! ADVANTAGE ( !SE FUNCTIONS4 ,!SE 9/9CTS1 LIKE ! 9NATE PR9CIPLES ( JUDGM5T WE HAVE ALREADY EXAM9$1 >E CONCEIV$ TO BE ORIG9AL1 A SEP>ATE 5D[M5T ANNEX$ TO \R BE+1 & NOT ANY?+ ?AT IRRESI/IBLY FL[S FROM ! M]E FACULTY ( P]CEPTION & ?\<T1 AS ACT$ UPON BY ! CIRCUM/ANCES1 EI!R ( \R ANIMAL FRAME1 OR ( ! EXT]NAL OBJECTS1 BY :I* WE >E AFFECT$4 ,!Y >E LIABLE !RE=E TO ! SAME OBJECTION AS ?AT ALREADY URG$ AGA9/ 9NATE PR9CIPLES4 ,! SY/EM BY :I* !Y >E ATTEMPT$ TO BE E/ABLI%$ IS A M]E APPEAL TO \R IGNORANCE1 ASSUM+ ?AT WE >E FULLY ACQUA9T$ ) ALL ! POSSIBLE OP]ATIONS ( KN[N P[]S1 & IMPOS+ UPON US AN UNKN[N P[] AS 9DISP5SABLE TO ! ACC\NT+ = C]TA9 PH5OM5A4 ,IF WE W]E :OLLY UNABLE TO SOLVE !SE PH5OM5A1 IT W\LD YET BEHOOVE US TO BE EXTREMELY CAUTI\S 9 AFFIRM+ ?AT KN[N PR9CIPLES & CAUSES >E 9ADEQUATE TO !IR SOLUTION4 ,IF WE >E ABLE UPON /RICT & MATURE 9VE/IGATION TO TRACE ! GREAT] P>T ( !M TO !IR S\RCE1 ?IS NECESS>ILY ADDS =CE TO ! CAUTION H]E RECOMM5D$4 

,AN UNKN[N CAUSE IS EXCEPTIONABLE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 9ASMU* AS TO MULTIPLY CAUSES IS CONTR>Y TO ! EXP]I5C$ OP]ATION ( SCI5TIFIC IMPROVEM5T4 ,IT IS EXCEPTIONABLE1 SECONDLY1 BECAUSE ITS T5D5CY IS TO BREAK ?AT TRA9 ( ANTEC$5TS & CONSEQU5TS ( :I* ! HI/ORY ( ! UNIV]SE IS COMPOS$4 ,IT 9TRODUCES AN ACTION APP>5TLY EXTRANE\S1 9/EAD ( IMPUT+ ! NATURE ( :AT FOLL[S TO ! PROP]TIES ( ?AT :I* PREC$$4 ,IT B>S ! PROGRESS ( 9QUIRY BY 9TRODUC+ ?AT :I* IS OCCULT1 MY/]I\S & 9CAPABLE ( FUR!R 9VE/IGATION4 ,IT ALL[S NO?+ TO ! FUTURE ADVANCEM5T ( HUMAN KN[L$GE2 BUT REPRES5TS ! LIMITS ( :AT IS ALREADY KN[N1 AS ! LIMITS ( HUMAN UND]/&+4 

,LET US REVIEW A FEW ( ! MO/ COMMON EXAMPLES ADDUC$ 9 FAVOR ( HUMAN 9/9CTS1 & EXAM9E H[ F> !Y AU?ORIZE ! CONCLUSION ?AT IS ATTEMPT$ TO BE DRAWN FROM !M3 & FIR/1 SOME ( ?OSE ACTIONS :I* APPE> TO RISE 9 ! MO/ 9/ANTANE\S & IRRESI/IBLE MANN]4 

,A C]TA9 IRRITATION ( ! PALM ( ! H& WILL PRODUCE ?AT CONTRACTION ( ! F+]S :I* ACCOMPANIES ! ACTION ( GRASP+4 ,?IS CONTRACTION WILL AT FIR/ TAKE PLACE UNACCOMPANI$ ) DESIGN1 ! OBJECT WILL BE GRASP$ )\T ANY 9T5TION TO RETA9 IT1 & LET GO AGA9 )\T ?\<T OR OBS]VATION4 ,AFT] A C]TA9 NUMB] ( REPETITIONS1 ! NATURE ( ! ACTION WILL BE P]CEIV$2 IT WILL BE P]=M$ ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( ITS T5D5CY2 & EV5 ! H& /RET*$ \T UPON ! APPROA* ( ANY OBJECT ?AT IS DESIR$4 ,PRES5T TO ! *ILD1 ?US F> 9/RUCT$1 A LI<T$ C&LE4 ,! SI<T ( IT WILL PRODUCE A PLEASURABLE /ATE ( ! ORGANS ( P]CEPTION4 ,HE WILL PROBABLY /RET* \T HIS H& TO ! FLAME1 & WILL HAVE NO APPREH5SION ( ! PA9 ( BURN+ TILL HE HAS FELT ! S5SATION4 

,AT ! AGE ( MATURITY1 ! EYELIDS 9/ANTANE\SLY CLOSE :5 ANY SUB/ANCE FROM :I* DANG] IS APPREH5D$ IS ADVANC$ T[>DS !M2 & ?IS ACTION IS SO CON/ANT AS TO BE ) GREAT DIFFICULTY PREV5T$ BY A GR[N P]SON1 ?\< HE %\LD EXPLICITLY DESIRE IT4 ,9 9FANTS !RE IS NO SU* PROP5SITY2 & AN OBJECT MAY BE APPROA*$ TO !IR ORGANS1 H[EV] NE> & H[EV] SUDD5LY1 )\T PRODUC+ ?IS EFFECT4 ,FR[NS WILL BE TOTALLY 9DIFF]5T TO A *ILD1 :O HAS NEV] F\ND !M ASSOCIAT$ ) ! EFFECTS ( ANG]4 ,FE> ITSELF IS A SPECIES ( =ESI<T1 & 9 NO CASE EXI/S TILL 9TRODUC$ BY EXP]I5CE4 

,IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT ! DESIRE ( SELF-PRES]VATION IS 9NATE4 ,I DEM& :AT IS MEANT BY ?IS DESIRE8 ,MU/ WE NOT UND]/& BY IT A PREF]5CE ( EXI/5CE TO NONEXI/5CE8 ,DO WE PREF] ANY?+ BUT BECAUSE IT IS APPREH5D$ TO BE GOOD 8 ,IT FOLL[S ?AT WE CANNOT PREF] EXI/5CE1 PREVI\SLY TO \R EXP]I5CE ( ! MOTIVES = PREF]5CE IT POSSESSES4 ,9DE$ ! IDEAS ( LIFE & DEA? >E EXCE$+LY COMPLICAT$1 & V]Y T>DY 9 !IR =MATION4 ,A *ILD DESIRES PLEASURE & LOA!S PA9 LONG BE=E HE CAN HAVE ANY IMAG9ATION RESPECT+ ! CEAS+ TO EXI/4 

,AGA91 IT HAS BE5 SAID ?AT SELF-LOVE IS 9NATE4 ,BUT !RE CANNOT BE AN ]ROR MORE EASY ( DETECTION4 ,BY ! LOVE ( SELF WE UND]/& ! APPROBATION ( PLEASURE1 & DISLIKE ( PA93 BUT ?IS IS ONLY ! FACULTY ( P]CEPTION UND] ANO!R NAME4 ,:O EV] D5I$ ?AT MAN WAS A P]CIPI5T BE+8 ,:O EV] DREAM$ ?AT !RE WAS A P>TICUL> 9/9CT NECESS>Y TO R5D] HIM P]CIPI5T8 

,PITY HAS SOMETIMES BE5 SUPPOS$ AN 9/ANCE ( 9NATE PR9CIPLE2 P>TICUL>LY AS IT SEEMS TO >ISE ) GREAT] FACILITY 9 Y\NG P]SONS1 & P]SONS ( LITTLE REF9EM5T1 ?AN 9 O!RS4 ,BUT IT WAS REASONABLE TO EXPECT ?AT ?REATS & ANG]1 CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT HAVE BE5 ASSOCIAT$ ) \R [N SUFF]+S1 %\LD EXCITE PA9FUL FEEL+S 9 US 9 ! CASE ( O!RS1 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY LABOR$ ANALYSIS4 ,! CRIES ( DI/RESS1 ! APPE>ANCE ( AGONY OR CORPORAL 9FLICTION1 IRRESI/IBLY REVIVE ! MEMORY ( ! PA9S ACCOMPANI$ BY ?OSE SYMPTOMS 9 \RSELVES4 ,LONG] EXP]I5CE & OBS]VATION 5ABLE US TO SEP>ATE ! CALAMITIES ( O!RS & \R [N SAFETY1 ! EXI/5CE ( PA9 9 ONE SUBJECT & ( PLEASURE OR B5EFIT 9 O!RS1 OR 9 ! SAME AT A FUTURE P]IOD1 MORE ACCURATELY ?AN WE C\LD BE EXPECT$ TO DO PREVI\SLY TO ?AT EXP]I5CE4 

,IF !N IT APPE> ?AT ! HUMAN M9D IS UNATT5D$ EI!R ) 9NATE PR9CIPLES OR 9/9CTS1 !RE >E ONLY TWO REMA9+ CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$ TO ANTICIPATE ! EFFECTS ( 9/ITUTION1 & FIX ! HUMAN *>ACT] 9DEP5D5TLY ( EV]Y SPECIES ( $UCATION3 !SE >E1 ! QUALITIES ?AT MAY BE PRODUC$ 9 ! HUMAN M9D PREVI\SLY TO ! ]A ( \R BIR?1 & ! DIFF]5CES ?AT MAY RESULT FROM ! DIFF]5T /RUCTURE ( ! GREAT] OR SUBTL] ELEM5TS ( ! ANIMAL FRAME4 

,TO OBJECTIONS D]IV$ FROM !SE S\RCES ! ANSW] WILL BE 9 BO? CASES SIMIL>4 

,FIR/1 IDEAS >E TO ! M9D NE>LY :AT ATOMS >E TO ! BODY4 ,! :OLE MASS IS 9 A P]PETUAL FLUX2 NO?+ IS /ABLE & P]MAN5T2 AFT] ! LAPSE ( A GIV5 P]IOD NOT A S+LE P>TICLE PROBABLY REMA9S ! SAME4 ,:O KN[S NOT ?AT 9 ! C\RSE ( A HUMAN LIFE ! *>ACT] ( ! 9DIVIDUAL FREQU5TLY UND]GOES TWO OR ?REE REVOLUTIONS ( ITS FUNDAM5TAL /AM9A8 ,! TURBUL5T MAN WILL FREQU5TLY BECOME CONTEMPLATIVE1 ! G5]\S BE *ANG$ 9TO SELFI%1 & ! FRANK & GOODHUMOR$ 9TO PEEVI% & MOROSE4 ,H[ (T5 DOES IT HAPP5 ?AT1 IF WE MEET \R BE/ LOV$ FRI5D AFT] AN ABS5CE ( TW5TY YE>S1 WE LOOK 9 VA9 9 ! MAN BE=E US = ! QUALITIES ?AT =M]LY EXCIT$ \R SYMPA?Y1 &1 9/EAD ( ! EXQUISITE DELI<T WE PROMIS$ \RSELVES1 REAP NO?+ BUT DISAPPO9TM5T8 ,IF IT IS ?US 9 HABITS APP>5TLY ! MO/ ROOT$1 :O WILL BE DISPOS$ TO LAY ANY EXTRAORD9>Y /RESS UPON ! IMPRESSIONS :I* AN 9FANT MAY HAVE RECEIV$ 9 ! WOMB ( HIS MO!R8 

,HE ?AT CONSID]S HUMAN LIFE ) AN ATT5TIVE EYE WILL NOT FAIL TO REM>K ?AT !RE IS SC>CELY SU* A ?+ 9 *>ACT] & PR9CIPLES AS AN IRREM$IABLE ]ROR4 ,P]SONS ( N>R[ & LIMIT$ VIEWS MAY UPON MANY OCCASIONS 9CL9E TO SIT D[N 9 DESPAIR2 BUT ?OSE :O >E 9SPIR$ ) A G5U9E 5]GY WILL D]IVE NEW 9C5TIVES FROM MISC>RIAGE4 ,HAS ANY UN=TUNATE & UNDESIRABLE IMPRESSION BE5 MADE UPON ! Y\?FUL M9D8 ,NO?+ WILL BE MORE EASY ?AN = A JUDICI\S SUP]9T5D5T1 PROVID$ ITS NATURE IS UND]/OOD1 & IT IS UND]TAK5 SUFFICI5TLY E>LY1 TO REM$Y & OBLIT]ATE IT4 ,HAS A *ILD PASS$ A C]TA9 P]IOD ( EXI/5CE 9 ILL-JUDG$ 9DULG5CE & HABITS ( COMM& & CAPRICE8 ,! SKILLFUL P>5T1 :5 ! *ILD RETURNS TO ITS PAT]NAL RO(1 KN[S ?AT ?IS EVIL IS NOT 9V9CIBLE1 & SETS HIMSELF ) AN UND\BT+ SPIRIT TO ! REMOVAL ( ! DEPRAVITY4 ,IT (T5 HAPP5S ?AT ! V]Y IMPRESSION :I*1 IF NOT C\NT]ACT$1 %ALL DECIDE UPON ! PURSUITS & =TUNE ( AN 5TIRE LIFE MI<T P]HAPS UND] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES BE R$UC$ TO COMPLETE 9EFFICI5CY 9 HALF AN H\R4 

,IT IS 9 CORPOREAL /RUCTURE AS 9 9TELLECTUAL IMPRESSIONS4 ,! FIR/ IMPRESSIONS ( \R 9FANCY >E SO MU* UPON ! SURFACE ?AT !IR EFFECTS SC>CELY SURVIVE ! P]IOD ( ! IMPRESSION ITSELF4 ,! MATURE MAN SELDOM RETA9S ! FA9TE/ RECOLLECTION ( ! 9CID5TS ( ! TWO FIR/ YE>S ( HIS LIFE4 ,IS IT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT ?AT :I* HAS LEFT NO TRACE UPON ! MEMORY CAN BE 9 AN EM95T DEGREE P[]FUL 9 ITS ASSOCIAT$ EFFECTS8 ,JU/ SO 9 ! /RUCTURE ( ! ANIMAL FRAME4 ,:AT IS BORN 9TO ! WORLD IS AN UNF9I%$ SKET*1 )\T *>ACT] OR DECISIVE FEATURE IMPRESS$ UPON IT4 ,9 ! SEQUEL !RE IS A CORRESPOND5CE BETWE5 ! PHYSIOGNOMY & ! 9TELLECTUAL & MORAL QUALITIES ( ! M9D4 ,BUT IS IT NOT REASONABLE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS IS PRODUC$ BY ! CONT9UAL T5D5CY ( ! M9D TO MODIFY ITS MAT]IAL 5G9E 9 A P>TICUL> WAY8 ,!RE IS = ! MO/ P>T NO ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! *ILD ( ! LORD & ( ! PORT]4 ,PROVID$ HE DO NOT COME 9TO ! WORLD 9FECT$ ) ANY RU9\S DI/EMP]1 ! *ILD ( ! LORD1 IF *ANG$ 9 ! CRADLE1 W\LD SC>CELY F9D ANY GREAT] DIFFICULTY ?AN ! O!R 9 LE>N+ ! TRADE ( HIS S(T] FA!R1 & BECOM+ A C>RI] ( BURD5S4 ,! MUSCLES ( ?OSE LIMBS :I* >E MO/ FREQU5TLY CALL$ 9TO PLAY >E ALWAYS OBS]V$ TO ACQUIRE PECULI> FLEXIBILITY OR /R5G?4 ,IT IS NOT IMPROBABLE1 IF IT %\LD BE F\ND ?AT ! CAPACITY ( ! SKULL ( A WISE MAN IS GREAT] ?AN ?AT ( A FOOL1 ?AT ?IS 5L>GEM5T %\LD BE PRODUC$ BY ! 9CESSANTLY REPEAT$ ACTION ( ! 9TELLECTUAL FACULTIES1 ESPECIALLY IF WE RECOLLECT ( H[ FLEXIBLE MAT]IALS ! SKULLS ( 9FANTS >E COMPOS$1 & AT H[ E>LY AN AGE P]SONS ( EM95T 9TELLECTUAL M]IT ACQUIRE SOME PORTION ( !IR FUTURE *>ACT]I/ICS4 

,9 ! MEANTIME IT W\LD BE RIDICUL\S TO QUE/ION ! REAL DIFF]5CES ?AT EXI/ BETWE5 *ILDR5 AT ! P]IOD ( !IR BIR?4 ,H]CULES & HIS BRO!R1 ! ROBU/ 9FANT :OM SC>CELY ANY NEGLECT CAN DE/ROY1 & ! 9FANT ?AT IS ) DIFFICULTY RE>$1 >E UND\BT$LY FROM ! MOM5T ( P>TURITION V]Y DIFF]5T BE+S4 ,IF EA* ( !M C\LD RECEIVE AN $UCATION PRECISELY EQUAL & EM95TLY WISE1 ! *ILD LABOR+ UND] ORIG9AL DISADVANTAGE W\LD BE B5EFIT$1 BUT ! *ILD TO :OM CIRCUM/ANCES HAD BE5 MO/ FAVORABLE 9 ! \TSET W\LD ALWAYS RETA9 HIS PRIORITY4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS H[EV] DO NOT APPE> MAT]IALLY TO AFFECT ! DOCTR9E ( ! PRES5T *APT]2 & ?AT = ! FOLL[+ REASONS4 

,FIR/1 $UCATION NEV] CAN BE EQUAL4 ,! 9EQUALITY ( EXT]NAL CIRCUM/ANCES 9 TWO BE+S :OSE SITUATIONS MO/ NE>LY RESEMBLE IS SO GREAT AS TO BAFFLE ALL P[] ( CALCULATION4 ,9 ! PRES5T /ATE ( MANK9D ?IS IS EM95TLY ! CASE4 ,!RE IS NO FACT MORE PALPABLE ?AN ?AT *ILDR5 ( ALL SIZES & =MS 9DIFF]5TLY BECOME WISE4 ,IT IS NOT ! MAN ( GREAT /ATURE OR VIGOR\S MAKE ?AT \T/RIPS HIS FELL[ 9 UND]/&+4 ,IT IS NOT ! MAN :O POSSESSES ALL ! EXT]NAL S5SES 9 ! HI<E/ P]FECTION4 ,IT IS NOT ! MAN :OSE HEAL? IS MO/ VIGOR\S & 9V>IABLE4 ,?OSE MORAL CAUSES ?AT AWAK5 ! M9D1 ?AT 9SPIRE S5SIBILITY1 IMAG9ATION & P]SEV]ANCE1 >E DI/RIBUT$ )\T DI/9CTION TO ! TALL OR ! DW>FI%1 ! GRACEFUL OR ! DE=M$1 ! LYNX-EY$ OR ! BL9D4 ,BUT1 IF ! MORE OBVI\S DI/9CTIONS ( ANIMAL /RUCTURE APPE> TO HAVE LITTLE %>E 9 DECID+ UPON !IR ASSOCIAT$ V>IETIES ( 9TELLECT1 IT IS SURELY 9 ! HI<E/ DEGREE UNJU/IFIABLE TO ATTRIBUTE !SE V>IETIES TO SU* SUBTLE & IMP]CEPTIBLE DIFF]5CES AS1 BE+ \T ( \R P[] TO ASSIGN1 >E YET GRATUIT\SLY ASSUM$ TO ACC\NT = ! MO/ /UP5D\S EFFECTS4 ,?IS MY/]I\S SOLUTION IS ! REFUGE ( 9DOL5CE OR ! 9/RUM5T ( IMPO/URE1 BUT 9COMPATIBLE ) A SOB] & P]SEV]+ SPIRIT ( 9VE/IGATION4 

,SECONDLY1 IT IS SUFFICI5T TO RECOLLECT ! NATURE ( MORAL CAUSES TO BE SATISFI$ ?AT !IR EFFICI5CY IS NE>LY UNLIMIT$4 ,! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES ?AT >E TO BE F\ND BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & 9DIVIDUAL ORIG9ATE 9 ! OP9IONS !Y =M1 & ! CIRCUM/ANCES BY :I* !Y >E CONTROLL$4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO BELIEVE ?AT ! SAME MORAL TRA9 W\LD NOT MAKE NE>LY ! SAME MAN4 ,LET US SUPPOSE A BE+ TO HAVE HE>D ALL ! >GUM5TS & BE5 SUBJECT TO ALL ! EXCITEM5TS ?AT W]E EV] ADDRESS$ TO ANY CELEBRAT$ *>ACT]4 ,! SAME >GUM5TS1 ) ALL !IR /R5G? & ALL !IR WEAKNESS1 UNACCOMPANI$ ) ! SMALLE/ ADDITION OR V>IATION1 & RETAIL$ 9 EXACTLY ! SAME PROPORTIONS FROM MON? TO MON? & YE> TO YE>1 MU/ SURELY HAVE PRODUC$ ! SAME OP9IONS4 ,! SAME EXCITEM5TS1 )\T RES]VATION1 :E!R DIRECT OR ACCID5TAL1 MU/ HAVE FIX$ ! SAME PROP5SITIES4 ,:ATEV] SCI5CE OR PURSUIT WAS SELECT$ BY ?IS CELEBRAT$ *>ACT] MU/ BE LOV$ BY ! P]SON RESPECT+ :OM WE >E SUPPOS+ ?IS ID5TITY ( IMPRESSIONS4 ,9 F9E1 IT IS IMPRESSION ?AT MAKES ! MAN1 &1 COMP>$ ) ! EMPIRE ( IMPRESSION1 ! M]E DIFF]5CES ( ANIMAL /RUCTURE >E 9EXPRESSIBLY UNIMPORTANT & P[]LESS4 

,!SE TRU?S WILL BE BR\<T TO \R M9DS ) MU* ADDITIONAL EVID5CE IF WE COMP>E 9 ?IS RESPECT ! CASE ( BRUTES ) ?AT ( M54 ,AMONG ! 9F]IOR ANIMALS1 BRE$ IS A CIRCUM/ANCE ( CONSID]ABLE IMPORTANCE1 & A JUDICI\S MIXTURE & PRES]VATION 9 ?IS PO9T IS F\ND TO BE ATT5D$ ) ! MO/ UNEQUIVOCAL RESULTS4 ,BUT NO?+ ( ?AT K9D APPE>S TO TAKE PLACE 9 \R [N SPECIES4 ,A G5]\S BLOOD1 A GALLANT & FE>LESS SPIRIT IS BY NO MEANS PROPAGAT$ FROM FA!R TO SON4 ,:5 A P>TICUL> APPELLATION IS GRANT$1 AS IS USUALLY PRACTIC$ 9 ! EXI/+ GOV]NM5TS ( ,EUROPE1 TO DESIGNATE ! DESC5DANTS ( A MAGNANIM\S ANCE/RY1 WE DO NOT F9D1 EV5 ) ALL ! >TS ( MOD]N $UCATION1 TO ASSI/1 ?AT SU* DESC5DANTS >E ! LEGITIMATE REPRES5TATIVES ( DEP>T$ H]OISM4 ,:5CE COMES ?IS DIFF]5CE8 ,PROBABLY FROM ! MORE IRRESI/IBLE OP]ATION ( MORAL CAUSES4 ,IT IS NOT IMPOSSIBLE ?AT AMONG SAVAGES ?OSE DIFF]5CES W\LD BE CONSPICU\S :I* ) US >E ANNIHILAT$4 ,IT IS NOT UNLIKELY ?AT IF M51 LIKE BRUTES1 W]E )HELD FROM ! MORE CONSID]ABLE MEANS ( 9TELLECTUAL IMPROVEM5T1 IF !Y D]IV$ NO?+ FROM ! DISCOV]IES & SAGACITY ( !IR ANCE/ORS1 IF EA* 9DIVIDUAL HAD TO BEG9 ABSOLUTELY DE NOVO 9 ! DISCIPL9E & >RANGEM5T ( HIS IDEAS1 BLOOD OR :ATEV] O!R CIRCUM/ANCES DI/+UI% ONE MAN FROM ANO!R AT ! P]IOD ( HIS NATIVITY W\LD PRODUCE AS MEMORABLE EFFECTS 9 MAN AS !Y N[ DO 9 ?OSE CLASSES ( ANIMALS ?AT >E DEPRIV$ ( \R ADVANTAGES4 ,EV5 9 ! CASE ( BRUTES1 $UCATION & C>E ON ! P>T ( ! MAN SEEM TO BE NE>LY 9DISP5SABLE1 IF WE W\LD NOT HAVE ! FOAL ( ! F9E/ RAC] DEG5]ATE TO ! LEVEL ( ! C>?ORSE4 ,9 PLANTS ! PECULI>ITIES ( SOIL DECIDE 9 A GREAT DEGREE UPON ! FUTURE PROP]TIES ( EA*4 ,BUT :O W\LD ?9K ( =M+ ! *>ACT] ( A HUMAN BE+ BY ! OP]ATIONS ( HEAT & COLD1 DRYNESS & MOI/URE UPON ! ANIMAL FRAME8 ,) US MORAL CONSID]ATIONS SWALL[ UP ! EFFECTS ( EV]Y O!R ACCID5T4 ,PRES5T A PURSUIT TO ! M9D1 CONVEY TO IT ! APPREH5SION ( CALAMITY OR ADVANTAGE1 EXCITE IT BY MOTIVES ( AV]SION OR MOTIVES ( AFFECTION1 & ! SL[ & SIL5T 9FLU5CE ( MAT]IAL CAUSES P]I%ES LIKE DEWS AT ! RIS+ ( ! SUN4 

,! RESULT ( !SE CONSID]ATIONS IS ?AT AT ! MOM5T ( BIR? MAN HAS REALLY A C]TA9 *>ACT]1 & EA* MAN A *>ACT] DIFF]5T FROM HIS FELL[S4 ,! ACCID5TS :I* PASS DUR+ ! MON?S ( P]CIPI5CY 9 ! WOMB ( ! MO!R PRODUCE A REAL EFFECT4 ,V>I\S EXT]NAL ACCID5TS1 UNLIMIT$ AS TO ! P]IOD ( !IR COMM5CEM5T1 MODIFY 9 DIFF]5T WAYS ! ELEM5TS ( ! ANIMAL FRAME4 ,EV]Y?+ 9 ! UNIV]SE IS L9K$ & UNIT$ TOGE!R4 ,NO EV5T1 H[EV] M9UTE & IMP]CEPTIBLE1 IS B>R5 ( A TRA9 ( CONSEQU5CES1 H[EV] COMP>ATIVELY EVANESC5T ?OSE CONSEQU5CES MAY 9 SOME 9/ANCES BE F\ND4 ,IF !RE HAVE BE5 PHILOSOPH]S ?AT HAVE ASS]T$ O!RWISE1 & TAU<T ?AT ALL M9DS FROM ! P]IOD ( BIR? W]E PRECISELY ALIKE1 !Y HAVE REFLECT$ DISCR$IT BY SU* AN 9CAUTI\S /ATEM5T UPON ! TRU? !Y PROPOS$ TO DEF5D4 

,BUT1 ?\< ! ORIG9AL DIFF]5CES ( MAN & MAN BE >I?METICALLY SPEAK+ SOME?+1 SPEAK+ 9 ! WAY ( A G5]AL & COMPREH5SIVE E/IMATE !Y MAY BE SAID TO BE ALMO/ NO?+4 ,IF ! E>LY IMPRESSIONS ( \R *ILDHOOD MAY BY A SKILLFUL OBS]V] BE AS IT W]E OBLIT]AT$ ALMO/ AS SOON AS MADE1 H[ MU* LESS CAN ! CONFUS$ & UNPRON\NC$ IMPRESSIONS ( ! WOMB BE EXPECT$ TO RESI/ ! MULTIPLICITY ( IDEAS ?AT SUCCESSIVELY CONTRIBUTE TO WE> \T !IR TRACES8 ,IF ! TEMP] ( ! MAN APPE> 9 MANY 9/ANCES TO BE TOTALLY *ANG$1 H[ CAN IT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT !RE IS ANY?+ P]MAN5T & 9FLEXIBLE 9 ! PROP5SITIES ( A NEW-BORN 9FANT8 &1 IF NOT 9 ! *>ACT] ( ! DISPOSITION1 H[ MU* LESS 9 ?AT ( ! UND]/&+8 

,SPEAK ! LANGUAGE ( TRU? & REASON TO Y\R *ILD1 & BE UND] NO APPREH5SION = ! RESULT4 ,%[ HIM ?AT :AT Y\ RECOMM5D IS VALUABLE & DESIRABLE1 & FE> NOT BUT HE WILL DESIRE IT4 ,CONV9CE HIS UND]/&+1 & Y\ 5LI/ ALL HIS P[]S ANIMAL & 9TELLECTUAL 9 Y\R S]VICE4 ,H[ LONG HAS ! G5IUS ( $UCATION BE5 DI%E>T5$ & UNN]V$ BY ! PRET5SE ?AT MAN IS BORN ALL ?AT IT IS POSSIBLE = HIM TO BECOME8 ,H[ LONG HAS ! J>GON IMPOS$ UPON ! WORLD :I* W\LD P]SUADE US ?AT 9 9/RUCT+ A MAN Y\ DO NOT ADD TO1 BUT UNFOLD HIS /ORES8 ,! MISC>RIAGES ( $UCATION DO NOT PROCE$ FROM ! B\ND$NESS ( ITS P[]S1 BUT FROM ! MI/AKES ) :I* IT IS ACCOMPANI$4 ,WE (T5 9SPIRE DISGU/1 :]E WE MEAN TO 9FUSE DESIRE4 ,WE >E WRAPP$ UP 9 \RSELVES1 & DO NOT OBS]VE1 AS WE \<T1 /EP BY /EP ! S5SATIONS ?AT PASS 9 ! M9D ( \R HE>]4 ,WE MI/AKE COMPULSION = P]SUASION1 & DELUDE \RSELVES 9TO ! BELIEF ?AT DESPOTISM IS ! ROAD TO ! HE>T4 

,$UCATION WILL PROCE$ ) A FIRM /EP & ) G5U9E LU/] :5 ?OSE :O CONDUCT IT %ALL KN[ :AT A VA/ FIELD IT EMBRACES2 :5 !Y %ALL BE AW>E ?AT ! EFFECT1 ! QUE/ION :E!R ! PUPIL %ALL BE A MAN ( P]SEV]ANCE & 5T]PRISE OR A /UPID & 9ANIMATE DOLT1 DEP5DS UPON ! P[]S ( ?OSE UND] :OSE DIRECTION HE IS PLAC$ & ! SKILL ) :I* ?OSE P[]S %ALL BE APPLI$4 ,9DU/RY WILL BE EX]T$ ) T5FOLD ALACRITY :5 IT %ALL BE G5]ALLY CONFESS$ ?AT !RE >E NO OB/ACLES TO \R IMPROVEM5T :I* DO NOT YIELD TO ! P[]S ( 9DU/RY4 ,MULTITUDES WILL NEV] EX]T ! 5]GY NECESS>Y TO EXTRAORD9>Y SUCCESS1 TILL !Y %ALL DISMISS ! PREJUDICES ?AT FETT] !M1 GET RID ( ! *ILL+ SY/EM ( OCCULT & 9EXPLICABLE CAUSES1 & CONSID] ! HUMAN M9D AS AN 9TELLIG5T AG5T1 GUID$ BY MOTIVES & PROSPECTS PRES5T$ TO ! UND]/&+1 & NOT BY CAUSES ( :I* WE HAVE NO PROP] COGNIZANCE & CAN =M NO CALCULATION4 

,APPLY !SE CONSID]ATIONS TO ! SUBJECT ( POLITICS1 & !Y WILL AU?ORIZE US TO 9F] ?AT ! EXCELL5CIES & DEFECTS ( ! HUMAN *>ACT] >E NOT D]IV$ FROM CAUSES BEYOND ! REA* ( +5UITY TO MODIFY & CORRECT4 ,IF WE 5T]TA9 FALSE VIEWS & BE 9VOLV$ 9 P]NICI\S MI/AKES1 ?IS DISADVANTAGE IS NOT ! (FSPR+ ( AN IRRESI/IBLE DE/9Y4 ,WE HAVE BE5 IGNORANT1 WE HAVE BE5 HA/Y1 OR WE HAVE BE5 MISL$4 ,REMOVE ! CAUSES ( ?IS IGNORANCE OR ?IS MISCALCULATION1 & ! EFFECTS WILL CEASE4 ,%[ ME 9 ! CLE>E/ & MO/ UNAMBIGU\S MANN] ?AT A C]TA9 MODE ( PROCE$+ IS MO/ REASONABLE 9 ITSELF OR MO/ CONDUCIVE TO MY 9T]E/1 & ,I %ALL 9FALLIBLY PURSUE ?AT MODE1 AS LONG AS ! VIEWS Y\ SUGGE/$ TO ME CONT9UE PRES5T TO MY M9D4 ,! CONDUCT ( HUMAN BE+S 9 EV]Y SITUATION IS GOV]N$ BY ! JUDGM5TS !Y MAKE & ! S5SATIONS ?AT >E COMMUNICAT$ TO !M4 

,IT HAS APPE>$ ?AT ! *>ACT]S ( M5 >E DET]M9$ 9 ALL !IR MO/ ESS5TIAL CIRCUM/ANCES BY $UCATION4 ,BY $UCATION 9 ?IS PLACE ,I W\LD BE UND]/OOD TO CONVEY ! MO/ COMPREH5SIVE S5SE ?AT CAN POSSIBLY BE ANNEX$ TO ?AT WORD1 9CLUD+ EV]Y 9CID5T ?AT PRODUCES AN IDEA 9 ! M9D1 & CAN GIVE BIR? TO A TRA9 ( REFLECTIONS4 ,IT MAY BE ( USE = A CLE>] UND]/&+ ( ! SUBJECT WE H]E EXAM9E TO CONSID] $UCATION UND] ?REE HEADS3 ! $UCATION ( ACCID5T1 OR ?OSE IMPRESSIONS WE RECEIVE 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY DESIGN ON ! P>T ( ! PRECEPTOR2 $UCATION COMMONLY SO CALL$1 OR ! IMPRESSIONS :I* HE 9T5TIONALLY COMMUNICATES2 & POLITICAL $UCATION1 OR ! MODIFICATION \R IDEAS RECEIVE FROM ! =M ( GOV]NM5T UND] :I* WE LIVE4 ,9 ! C\RSE ( ?IS SUCCESSIVE REVIEW WE %ALL BE 5ABL$ 9 SOME DEGREE TO ASC]TA9 ! RESPECTIVE 9FLU5CE :I* IS TO BE ATTRIBUT$ TO EA*4 

,IT IS NOT UNUSUAL TO HE> P]SONS DWELL ) EMPHASIS ON ! WIDE DIFF]5CE ( ! RESULTS 9 TWO Y\NG P]SONS :O HAVE BE5 $UCAT$ TOGE!R2 & ?IS HAS BE5 PRODUC$ AS A DECISIVE >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! ESS5TIAL DIFF]5CES WE >E SUPPOS$ TO BR+ 9TO ! WORLD ) US4 ,BUT ?IS C\LD SC>CELY HAVE HAPP5$ BUT FROM EXTREME 9ATT5TION 9 ! P]SONS :O HAVE SO >GU$4 ,9NUM]ABLE IDEAS1 OR *ANGES 9 ! /ATE ( ! P]CIPI5T BE+1 PROBABLY OCCUR 9 EV]Y MOM5T ( TIME4 ,H[ MANY ( !SE 5T] 9TO ! PLAN ( ! PRECEPTOR8 ,TWO *ILDR5 WALK \T TOGE!R4 ,ONE BUSIES HIMSELF 9 PLUCK+ FL[]S OR RUNN+ AFT] BUTT]FLIES1 ! O!R WALKS 9 ! H& ( !IR CONDUCTOR4 ,TWO M5 VIEW A PICTURE4 ,!Y NEV] SEE IT FROM ! SAME PO9T ( VIEW1 & !RE=E /RICTLY SPEAK+ NEV] SEE ! SAME PICTURE4 ,IF !Y SIT D[N TO HE> A LECTURE OR ANY PIECE ( 9/RUCTION1 !Y NEV] SIT D[N ) ! SAME DEGREE ( ATT5TION1 S]I\SNESS OR GOOD HUMOR4 ,! PREVI\S /ATE ( M9D IS DIFF]5T1 & !RE=E ! IMPRESSION RECEIV$ CANNOT BE ! SAME4 ,IT HAS BE5 F\ND 9 ! HI/ORY ( SEV]AL EM95T M51 & PROBABLY W\LD HAVE BE5 F\ND MU* (T5] HAD !IR JUV5ILE ADV5TURES BE5 MORE ACCURATELY RECORD$1 ?AT ! MO/ TRIVIAL CIRCUM/ANCE HAS SOMETIMES FURNI%$ ! ORIG9AL OCCASION ( AWAK5+ ! >DOR ( !IR M9DS & DET]M9+ ! B5T ( !IR /UDIES4 

,IT MAY H[EV] REASONABLY BE SUSPECT$ :E!R ! $UCATION ( DESIGN BE NOT1 9TR9SICALLY CONSID]$1 MORE P[]FUL ?AN ! $UCATION ( ACCID5T4 ,IF AT ANY TIME IT APPE> IMPOT5T1 ?IS IS PROBABLY [+ TO MI/AKE 9 ! PROJECT4 ,! 9/RUCTOR CONT9UALLY FAILS 9 WISDOM ( CONTRIVANCE1 OR CONCILIATION ( MANN]1 OR BO?4 ,IT MAY (T5 HAPP51 EI!R FROM ! P$ANTRY ( HIS HABITS1 OR ! IMPATI5CE ( HIS TEMP]1 ?AT HIS RECOMM5DATION %ALL OP]ATE RA!R AS AN ANTIDOTE ?AN AN ATTRACTION4 ,PRECEPTORS >E APT TO PIQUE !MSELVES UPON DISCLOS+ P>T & CONCEAL+ P>T ( ! TRU?1 UPON A SORT ( COMMON PLACE1 CANT EXHORTATION TO BE ADDRESS$ TO Y\?1 :I* IT W\LD BE AN 9SULT TO (F] TO ! UND]/&+S ( M54 ,BUT *ILDR5 >E NOT 9CL9$ TO CONSID] HIM 5TIRELY AS !IR FRI5D :OM !Y DETECT 9 AN ATTEMPT TO IMPOSE UPON !M4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 W]E WE SUFFICI5TLY FRANK & SUFFICI5TLY SKILLFUL1 DID WE APPLY \RSELVES TO EXCITE ! SYMPA?Y ( ! Y\NG & TO GA9 !IR CONFID5CE1 IT IS NOT TO BE BELIEV$ BUT ?AT ! SY/EMATICAL MEASURES ( ! PRECEPTOR W\LD HAVE A DECISIVE ADVANTAGE OV] ! DESULTORY 9FLU5CE ( ACCID5TAL IMPRESSION4 ,*ILDR5 >E A SORT ( RAW MAT]IAL PUT 9TO \R H&S1 A DUCTILE & YIELD+ SUB/ANCE1 :I*1 IF WE DO NOT ULTIMATELY MOLD 9 CON=MITY TO \R WI%ES1 IT IS BECAUSE WE ?R[ AWAY ! P[] COMMITT$ TO US1 BY ! FOLLY ) :I* WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO EX]T IT4 ,BUT !RE IS ANO!R ]ROR NOT LESS DECISIVE4 ,! OBJECT WE *OOSE IS AN IMPROP] ONE4 ,\R LABOR IS EXP5D$1 NOT 9 TEA*+ TRU?1 BUT 9 TEA*+ FALSEHOOD4 ,:5 ?AT IS ! CASE1 $UCATION IS NECESS>ILY & HAPPILY MAIM$ ( HALF ITS P[]S4 ,! SUCCESS ( AN ATTEMPT TO MISLEAD CAN NEV] BE COMPLETE4 ,WE CONT9UALLY COMMUNICATE 9 SPITE ( \RSELVES ! MAT]IALS ( JU/ REASON+2 REASON IS ! G5U9E EX]CISE1 & TRU? ! NATIVE ELEM5T ( AN 9TELLECTUAL NATURE2 IT IS NO WOND] !RE=E ?AT1 ) A CRUDE & ABORTIVE PLAN TO GOV]N HIS EF=TS1 ! PRECEPTOR IS P]PETUALLY BAFFL$1 & ! PUPIL1 :O HAS BE5 ?US /OR$ ) SY/EMATIC DELUSIONS1 & P>TIAL1 OBSCURE1 & DISFIGUR$ TRU?S1 %\LD COME \T ANY?+ RA!R ?AN ?AT :I* HIS 9/RUCTOR 9T5D$ HIM4 

,IT REMA9S TO BE CONSID]$ :AT %>E POLITICAL 9/ITUTION & =MS ( GOV]NM5T OCCUPY 9 ! $UCATION ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+4 ,!IR DEGREE ( 9FLU5CE DEP5DS UPON TWO ESS5TIAL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,FIR/1 IT IS NE>LY IMPOSSIBLE TO OPPOSE ! $UCATION ( ! PRECEPTOR1 & ! $UCATION WE D]IVE FROM ! =MS ( GOV]NM5T UND] :I* WE LIVE1 TO EA* O!R2 & !RE=E1 H[EV] P[]FUL ! =M] ( !SE MAY BE1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 IT CAN NEV] 5T] ! LI/S ) ! LATT] UPON EQUAL T]MS4 ,%\LD ANYONE TALK TO US ( RESCU+ A Y\NG P]SON FROM ! S9I/] 9FLU5CE ( A CORRUPT GOV]NM5T BY ! P[] ( $UCATION1 IT WILL BE FAIR TO ASK :O IS ! PRECEPTOR BY :OM ?IS TALK IS TO BE EFFECT$8 ,IS HE BORN 9 ! ORD9>Y MODE ( G5]ATION1 OR DOES HE DESC5D AMONG US FROM ! SKIES8 ,HAS HIS *>ACT] BE5 9 NO DEGREE MODIFI$ BY ?AT V]Y 9FLU5CE HE UND]TAKES TO C\NT]ACT8 ,IT IS BEYOND ALL CONTROV]SY ?AT M5 :O LIVE 9 A /ATE ( EQUALITY1 OR ?AT APPROA*ES EQUALITY1 WILL BE FRANK1 +5U\S & 9TREPID 9 !IR C>RIAGE2 :ILE ?OSE :O 9HABIT :]E A GREAT DISP>ITY ( RANKS HAS PREVAIL$ WILL BE DI/+UI%$ BY COLDNESS1 IRRESOLUT5ESS1 TIMIDITY & CAUTION4 ,WILL ! PRECEPTOR 9 QUE/ION BE ALTOGE!R SUP]IOR TO !SE QUALITIES8 ,:I* ( US IS !RE :O UTT]S HIS ?\<TS 9 ! FE>LESS & EXPLICIT MANN] ?AT TRUE WISDOM W\LD PRESCRIBE8 ,:O1 ?AT IS SUFFICI5TLY CRITICAL & SEV]E1 DOES NOT DETECT HIMSELF EV]Y H\R 9 SOME ACT ( FALSEHOOD OR EQUIVOCATION ?AT EXAMPLE & E>LY HABITS HAVE PLANT$ TOO DEEPLY TO BE ]ADICAT$8 ,BUT ! QUE/ION IS NOT :AT EXTRAORD9>Y P]SONS CAN BE F\ND :O MAY %9E ILLU/RI\S EXCEPTIONS TO ! PREVAIL+ DEG5]ACY ( !IR NEI<BORS4 ,AS LONG AS P>5TS & TEA*]S 9 G5]AL %ALL FALL UND] ! E/ABLI%$ RULE1 IT IS CLE> ?AT POLITICS & MODES ( GOV]NM5T WILL $UCATE & 9FECT US ALL4 ,!Y POISON \R M9DS BE=E WE CAN RESI/1 OR SO MU* AS SUSPECT !IR MALIGNITY4 ,LIKE ! B>B>\S DIRECTORS ( ! ,EA/]N S]AGLIOS1 !Y DEPRIVE US ( \R VIRILITY1 & FIT US = !IR DESPICABLE EMPLOYM5T FROM ! CRADLE4 ,SO FALSE IS ! OP9ION ?AT HAS TOO G5]ALLY PREVAIL$ ?AT POLITICS IS AN AFFAIR ) :I* ORD9>Y M5 HAVE LITTLE CONC]N4 

,SECONDLY1 SUPPOS+ ! PRECEPTOR HAD ALL ! QUALIFICATIONS ?AT CAN REASONABLY BE IMPUT$1 LET US RECOLLECT = A MOM5T :AT >E ! 9FLU5CES ) :I* HE W\LD HAVE TO /RUGGLE4 ,POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 BY ! CONSEQU5CES ) :I* IT IS PREGNANT1 /RONGLY SUGGE/S TO EV]YONE :O 5T]S )9 ITS SPH]E :AT IS ! PA? HE %\LD AVOID1 AS WELL AS :AT HE %\LD PURSUE4 ,UND] A GOV]NM5T FUNDAM5TALLY ]RONE\S1 HE WILL SEE 9TREPID VIRTUE PROSCRIB$1 & A S]VILE & CORRUPT SPIRIT UNI=MLY 5C\RAG$4 ,BUT MORALITY ITSELF IS NO?+ BUT A CALCULATION ( CONSEQU5CES4 ,:AT /RANGE CONFUSION WILL ! SPECTACLE ( ?AT KNAV]Y :I* IS UNIV]SALLY PRACTIC$ ?R\< ALL ! EXI/+ CLASSES ( SOCIETY PRODUCE 9 ! M9D8 ,! PRECEPTOR CANNOT GO \T ( ! WORLD1 OR PREV5T ! 9T]C\RSE ( HIS PUPIL ) HUMAN BE+S ( A *>ACT] DIFF]5T FROM HIS [N4 ,ATTEMPTS ( ?IS K9D >E G5]ALLY UNHAPPY1 /AMP$ ) ! IMPRESSION ( >TIFICE1 9TOL]ANCE & USURPATION4 ,FROM E>LIE/ 9FANCY !RE=E !RE WILL BE TWO PR9CIPLES CONT5D+ = EMPIRE1 ! PECULI> & ELEVAT$ SY/EM ( ! PRECEPTOR1 & ! GROVEL+ VIEWS ( ! GREAT MASS ( MANK9D4 ,!SE WILL G5]ATE CONFUSION1 UNC]TA9TY & IRRESOLUTION4 ,AT NO P]IOD ( LIFE WILL ! EFFECT CORRESPOND TO :AT IT W\LD HAVE BE5 IF ! COMMUNITY W]E VIRTU\S & WISE4 ,BUT ITS EFFECT1 OBSCURE & IMP]CEPTIBLE = A TIME1 MAY BE EXPECT$ TO BUR/ 9TO EXPLOSION AT ! P]IOD ( PUB]TY4 ,:5 ! PUPIL FIR/ BECOMES MA/] ( HIS [N ACTIONS1 & *OOSES HIS AVOCATIONS & HIS ASSOCIATES1 HE WILL NECESS>ILY BE ACQUA9T$ ) MANY ?+S ( :I* BE=E HE HAD V]Y SL5D] NOTIONS4 ,AT ?IS TIME ! FOLLIES ( ! WORLD WE> !IR MO/ ALLUR+ FACE4 ,HE CAN SC>CELY AVOID IMAG9+ ?AT HE HAS HI!RTO LABOR$ UND] SOME SPECIES ( DELUSION4 ,DELUSION1 :5 DETECT$1 CAUSES HIM UPON :OM IT WAS PRACTIC$ TO BE 9DIGNANT & RE/IVE4 ,! ONLY *ANCE :I* REMA9S IS ?AT1 AFT] A TIME1 HE %\LD BE RECALL$ & AWAK5$3 & AGA9/ ?IS *ANCE !RE >E ! PROGRESSIVE 5TICEM5TS ( SOCIETY2 S5SUALITY1 AMBITION1 SORDID 9T]E/1 FALSE RIDICULE & ! 9CESSANT DECAY ( ?AT UNBLEMI%$ PURITY :I* ATT5D$ HIM 9 HIS \TSET4 ,! BE/ ?AT CAN BE EXPECT$ IS ?AT HE %\LD RETURN AT LA/ TO SOBRIETY & TRU?1 ) A M9D DEBILITAT$ & RELAX$ BY REPEAT$ ]RORS1 & A MORAL CON/ITUTION 9 :I* ! SE$S ( DEG5]ACY HAVE BE5 DEEPLY & EXT5SIVELY S[N4 

,FOOTNOTES 

#a,9 ! PLAN ( ?IS WORK IT WAS ORIG9ALLY CONCEIV$ ?AT IT WAS ADVISABLE NOT TO PRESS MATT]S ( CLOSE & LABORI\S SPECULATION 9 ! \TSET4 ,IT APPE>$ AS IF MORAL & POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY MI<T ASSUME SOME?+ MORE ?AN HAD BE5 USUAL ( A POPUL> =M1 )\T D$UCT+ FROM ! JU/NESS & DEP? ( ITS 9VE/IGATION4 ,UPON REVISAL H[EV]1 IT WAS F\ND ?AT ! 9F]5CES ( ! ,FIR/ ,BOOK HAD BE5 MAT]IALLY 9JUR$ BY AN OV]SCRUPUL\SNESS 9 ?AT PO9T4 ,! FRUIT ( ! DISCOV]Y WAS ?IS & ! FOLL[+ *APT]1 AS !Y N[ /&4 ,IT IS RECOMM5D$1 TO ! READ] :O F9DS HIMSELF DET]R$ BY !IR APP>5T DIFFICULTY1 TO PASS ON TO ! REMA9+ DIVISIONS ( ! 9QUIRY4 

#b ,SOME P]SONS HAVE ( LATE SUGGE/$ D\BTS CONC]N+ ! PROPRIETY ( ! USE ( ! WORD M9D4 ,AN ACCURATE PHILOSOPHY HAS L$ MOD]N 5QUIR]S TO QUE/ION ! EXI/5CE ( TWO CLASSES ( SUB/ANCES 9 ! UNIV]SE1 TO REJECT ! METAPHYSICAL D5OM9ATIONS ( SPIRIT & S\L1 & EV5 TO D\BT :E!R HUMAN BE+S HAVE ANY SATISFACTORY ACQUA9TANCE ) ! PROP]TIES ( MATT]4 ,! SAME ACCURACY1 IT HAS BE5 SAID1 \<T TO TEA* US TO DISC>D ! T]M M9D4 ,BUT ?IS OBJECTION SEEMS TO BE PREMATURE4 ,WE >E 9DE$ :OLLY UNC]TA9 :E!R ! CAUSES ( \R S5SATIONS1 HEAT1 COLOR1 H>DNESS & EXT5SION 7! TWO =M] ( !SE PROP]TIES HAVE BE5 QUE/ION$ 9 A V]Y =CIBLE MANN] BY ,LOCKE1 ,HUMAN ,UND]/&+1 ! TWO LATT] BY ,B]KELEY & ,HUME7 BE 9 ANY RESPECT SIMIL> TO ! IDEAS !Y PRODUCE4 ,WE KN[ NO?+ ( ! SUB/ANCE OR SUB/RATUM ( MATT]1 OR ( ?AT :I* IS ! RECIPI5T ( ?\<T & P]CEPTION4 ,WE DO NOT EV5 KN[ ?AT ! IDEA ANNEX$ TO ! WORD SUB/ANCE IS CORRECT1 OR HAS ANY C\NT]P>T 9 ! REALITY ( EXI/5CE4 ,BUT1 IF !RE BE ANY ONE ?+ ?AT WE KN[ MORE C]TA9LY ?AN ANO!R1 IT IS ! EXI/5CE ( \R [N ?\<TS1 IDEAS1 P]CEPTIONS OR S5SATIONS 7BY :ATEV] T]M WE MAY *OOSE TO EXPRESS !M71 & ?AT !Y >E ORD9>ILY L9K$ TOGE!R SO AS TO PRODUCE ! COMPLEX NOTION ( UNITY OR P]SONAL ID5TITY4 ,N[ IT IS ?IS S]IES ( ?\<TS ?US L9K$ TOGE!R1 )\T CONSID]+ :E!R !Y RESIDE 9 ANY OR :AT SUB/RATUM1 ?AT IS MO/ APTLY EXPRESS$ BY ! T]M M9D2 & 9 ?IS S5SE ! T]M IS 9T5D$ TO BE US$ ?R\<\T ! FOLL[+ WORK4 

,FROM 3 ,AN>*Y ,>*IVES4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,NOVEMB] #c1 #agib 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,PUBLICATION4 
,JANU>Y #b#f1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #a1 ,*APT] #d -- ,ADD$4 

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