,BOOK #g 
,( ,CRIMES & ,PUNI%M5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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,! SUBJECT ( PUNI%M5T IS P]HAPS ! MO/ FUNDAM5TAL 9 ! SCI5CE 

( POLITICS4 ,M5 ASSOCIAT$ = ! SAKE ( MUTUAL PROTECTION & B5EFIT4 

,IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$ ?AT ! 9T]NAL AFFAIRS ( SU* ASSOCIATIONS >E 

( AN 9EXPRESSIBLY HI<] IMPORTANCE ?AN !IR EXT]NAL47#a"97 ,IT HAS APPE>$ 

?AT ! ACTION ( SOCIETY1 9 CONF]R+ REW>DS1 & SUP]9T5D+ OP9ION1 

IS ( P]NICI\S EFFECT47#b"97 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT GOV]NM5T1 OR ! ACTION 

( SOCIETY 9 ITS CORPORATE CAPACITY1 CAN SC>CELY BE ( ANY UTILITY EXCEPT 

SO F> AS IT IS REQUISITE = ! SUPPRESSION ( =CE BY =CE2 = ! 

PREV5TION ( ! HO/ILE ATTACK ( ONE MEMB] ( ! SOCIETY1 UPON ! P]SON 

OR PROP]TY ( ANO!R1 :I* PREV5TION IS USUALLY CALL$ BY ! NAME ( 

CRIM9AL JU/ICE1 OR PUNI%M5T4 

,BE=E WE CAN PROP]LY JUDGE ( ! NECESSITY OR URG5CY ( ?IS ACTION 

( GOV]NM5T1 IT WILL BE ( SOME IMPORTANCE TO CONSID] ! PRECISE IMPORT 

( ! WORD PUNI%M5T4 ,I MAY EMPLOY =CE TO C\NT]ACT ! HO/ILITY ?AT 

IS ACTUALLY COMMITT+ ON ME4 ,I MAY EMPLOY =CE TO COMPEL ANY MEMB] ( 

! SOCIETY TO OCCUPY ! PO/ ?AT ,I CONCEIVE MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL 

ADVANTAGE1 EI!R 9 ! MODE ( IMPRESS+ SOLDI]S & SAILORS1 OR BY OBLIG+ 

A MILIT>Y (FIC]1 OR A M9I/] ( /ATE1 TO ACCEPT1 OR RETA9 HIS APPO9TM5T4 

,I MAY PUT A VALUABLE MAN TO DEA? = ! COMMON GOOD1 EI!R BECAUSE HE 

IS 9FECT$ ) A PE/IL5TIAL DISEASE1 OR BECAUSE SOME ORACLE HAS DECL>$ 

IT ESS5TIAL TO ! PUBLIC SAFETY4 ,NONE ( !SE1 ?\< !Y CONSI/ 9 

EX]TION ( =CE = SOME MORAL PURPOSE1 COMES )9 ! IMPORT ( ! 

WORD PUNI%M5T4 ,PUNI%M5T IS ALSO (T5 US$ TO SIGNIFY ! VOLUNT>Y 9FLICTION 

( EVIL UPON A VICI\S BE+1 NOT M]ELY BECAUSE ! PUBLIC ADVANTAGE DEM&S 

IT1 BUT BECAUSE !RE IS APPREH5D$ TO BE A C]TA9 FITNESS & PROPRIETY 

9 ! NATURE ( ?+S ?AT R5D] SUFF]+1 AB/RACT$LY FROM ! B5EFIT 

TO RESULT1 ! SUITABLE CONCOMITANT ( VISE4 

,! JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T H[EV]1 9 ?IS IMPORT ( ! WORD1 CAN ONLY 

BE A D$UCTION FROM ! HYPO!SIS ( FREE WILL1 IF 9DE$ ?AT HYPO!SIS 

WILL SUFFICI5TLY SUPPORT IT2 & MU/ BE FALSE1 IF HUMAN ACTIONS >E NECESS>Y4 

,M9D1 AS WAS SUFFICI5TLY APP>5T :5 WE TREAT$ ( ?AT SUBJECT17#c"97 IS 

AN AG5T 9 NO O!R S5SE ?AN MATT] IS AN AG5T4 ,IT OP]ATES & IS OP]AT$ 

UPON1 & ! NATURE1 ! =CE & L9E ( DIRECTION ( ! FIR/1 IS EXACTLY 

9 PROPORTION TO ! NATURE1 =CE & L9E ( DIRECTION ( ! SECOND4 ,MORALITY1 

9 A RATIONAL & DESIGN+ M9D1 IS NOT ESS5TIALLY DIFF]5T FROM MORALITY 

9 AN 9ANIMATE SUB/ANCE4 ,A MAN ( C]TA9 9TELLECTUAL HABITS IS FITT$ 

TO BE AN ASSASS92 A DAGG] ( A C]TA9 =M IS FITT$ TO BE HIS 9/RUM5T4 

,! ONE OR ! O!R EXCITES A GREAT] DEGREE ( DISAPPROBATION1 9 PROPORTION 

AS ITS FITNESS = MIS*IEV\S PURPOSES APPE>S TO BE MORE 9H]5T & DIRECT4 

,I VIEW A DAGG]1 ON ?IS ACC\NT1 ) MORE DISAPPROBATION ?AN A KNIFE1 

:I* IS P]HAPS EQUALLY ADAPT$ = ! PURPOSES ( ! ASSASS92 BECAUSE 

! DAGG] HAS FEW OR NO B5EFICIAL USES TO WEI< AGA9/ ?OSE ?AT >E 

HURTFUL1 & BECAUSE IT HAS A T5D5CY BY MEANS ( ASSOCIATION TO ! EXCIT+ 

( EVIL ?\<TS4 ,I VIEW ! ASSASS9 ) MORE DISAPPROBATION ?AN ! DAGG] 

BECAUSE HE IS MORE TO BE FE>$1 & IT IS MORE DIFFICULT TO *ANGE HIS VICI\S 

/RUCTURE1 OR TO TAKE FROM HIM HIS CAPACITY TO 9JURE4 ,! MAN IS PROPELL$ 

TO ACT BY NECESS>Y CAUSES & IRRESI/IBLE MOTIVES1 :I*1 HAV+ ONCE OCCURR$1 

>E LIKELY TO OCCUR AGA94 ,! DAGG] HAS NO QUALITY ADAPT$ TO ! CONTRACTION 

( HABITS1 &1 ?\< IT HAVE COMMITT$ A ?\S& MURD]S1 IS NOT MORE 

LIKELY 7UNLESS SO F> AS ?OSE MURD]S1 BE+ KN[N1 MAY OP]ATE AS A SLI<T 

ASSOCIAT$ MOTIVE ) ! POSSESSOR7 TO COMMIT MURD] AGA94 ,EXCEPT 9 ! 

>TICLES HE SPECIFI$1 ! TWO CASES >E EXACTLY P>ALLEL4 ,! ASSASS9 CANNOT 

HELP ! MURD] HE COMMITS1 ANY MORE ?AN ! DAGG]4 

,!SE >GUM5TS >E M]ELY CALCULAT$ TO SET 9 A MORE P]SPICU\S LI<T 

A PR9CIPLE :I* IS ADMITT$ BY MANY BY :OM ! DOCTR9E ( NECESSITY HAS 

NEV] BE5 EXAM9$2 ?AT ! ONLY MEASURE ( EQUITY IS UTILITY1 & :ATEV] 

IS NOT ATT5D$ ) ANY B5EFICIAL PURPOSE IS NOT JU/4 ,?IS IS SO EVID5T 

?AT FEW REASONABLE & REFLECT+ M9DS WILL BE F\ND 9CL9$ TO D5Y IT4 

,:Y DO ,I 9FLICT SUFF]+ ON ANO!R8 ,IF NEI!R = HIS [N B5EFIT NOR 

! B5EFIT ( O!RS1 CAN ,I BE RI<T8 ,WILL RES5TM5T1 ! M]E 9DIGNATION 

& HORROR ,I HAVE CONCEIV$ AGA9/ VISE1 JU/IFY ME 9 PUTT+ A BE+ TO 

USELESS TORTURE8 ',BUT SUPPOSE ,I ONLY PUT AN 5D TO HIS EXI/5CE4' ,:AT1 

) NO PROSPECT ( B5EFIT EI!R TO HIMSELF OR O!RS8 ,! REASON 9 M9D 

MORE EASILY RECONCILES ITSELF TO ?IS SUPPOSITION IS ?AT WE CONCEIVE EXI/5CE 

TO BE LESS A BLESS+ ?AN A CURSE TO A BE+ 9CORRIGIBLY VICI\S4 ,BUT1 

9 ?AT CASE1 ! SUPPOSITION DOES NOT FALL )9 ! T]MS ( ! QUE/ION3 

,I AM 9 REALITY CONF]R+ A B5EFIT4 ,IT HAS BE5 ASK$1 ',IF WE CONCEIVE 

TO \RSELVES TWO BE+S1 EA* ( !M SOLIT>Y1 BUT ! FIR/ VIRTU\S1 & 

! SECOND VICI\S1 ! FIR/ 9CL9$ TO BE ! HI<E/ ACTS ( B5EVOL5CE1 

IF HIS SITUATION W]E *ANG$ = ! SOCIAL ! SECOND TO MALIGNITY1 TYRANNY 

& 9JU/ICE1 DO WE NOT EEL ?AT ! FIR/ IS 5TITL$ TO FELICITY 9 PREF]5CE 

TO ! SECOND8 ,IF !RE BE ANY DIFF]5CE 9 ! QUE/ION1 IT IS :OLLY CAUS$ 

BY ! EXTRAVAGANCE ( ! SUPPOSITION4 ,NO BE+ CAN BE EI!R VIRTU\S1 

OR VICI\S1 :O HAS NO OPPORTUNITY ( 9FLU5C+ ! HAPP9ESS ( O!RS4 

,HE MAY 9DE$1 ?\< N[ SOLIT>Y1 RECOLLECT OR IMAG9E A SOCIAL /ATE2 

BUT ?IS S5TIM5T1 & ! PROP5SITIES IT G5]ATES CAN SC>CELY BE VIGOR\S1 

UNLESS HE HAVE HOPES ( BE+ AT SOME FUTURE TIME1 RE/OR$ TO ?AT /ATE4 

,! TRUE SOLITAIRE CANNOT BE CONSID]$ AS A MORAL BE+ UNLESS ! MORALITY 

WE CONTEMPLATE BE ?AT :I* HAS RELATION TO HIS [N P]MAN5T ADVANTAGE4 

,BUT1 IF ?AT BE \R MEAN+ PUNI%M5T1 UNLESS = RE=M1 IS PECULI>LY 

ABSURD4 ,HIS CONDUCT VICI\S1 BECAUSE IT HAS A T5D5CY TO R5D] HIM MIS]ABLE3 

%ALL WE 9FLICT CALAMITY UPON HIM1 = ?IS REASON ONLY1 BECAUSE HE HAS 

ALREADY 9FLICT$ CALAMITY UPON HIMSELF8 ,IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO IMAG9E 

TO \RSELVES A SOLIT>Y 9TELLECTUAL BE+1 :OM NO FUTURE ACCID5T %ALL 

EV] R5D] SOCIAL4 ,IT IS DIFFICULT = US TO SEP>ATE1 EV5 AN IDEA1 VIRTUE 

& VISE FROM HAPP9ESS & MIS]Y1 &1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 NOT TO IMAG9E ?AT1 

:5 WE BE/[ A B5EFIT UPON VIRTUE1 WE BE/[ IT :]E IT WILL TURN TO 

ACC\NT2 & :5 WE BE/[ A B5EFIT UPON VISE1 WE BE/[ IT :]E IT WILL 

BE UNPRODUCTIVE4 ,= !SE REASONS1 E QUE/ION ( DES]T1 AS IT RELATES TO 

A SOLIT>Y BE+1 WILL ALWAYS HAVE A T5D5CY TO MISLEAD & P]PLEX4 

,IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 ALLEG$ ?AT ! C\RSE ( NATURE HAS ANNEX$ SUFF]+ 

TO VISE1 & HAS ?US L$ US TO ! IDEA ( PUNI%M5T H]E REF]R$ TO4 

,>GUM5TS ( ?IS SORT %\LD BE LI/5$ TO ) GREAT CAUTION4 ,IT WAS BY 

REASON+S ( A SIMIL> NATURE ?AT \R ANCE/ORS JU/IFI$ ! PRACTICE 

( RELIGI\S P]SECUTION3 ',H]ETICS & UNBELIEV]S >E ! OBJECTS ( ,GOD'S 

9DIGNATION2 IT MU/ !RE=E BE M]ITORI\S 9 US TO MALTREAT ?OSE :OM 

,GOD HAS CURS$4' ,WE KN[ TOO LITTLE ( ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE >E TOO 

LIABLE TO ]ROR RESPECT+ IT1 & SEE TOO SMALL A PORTION1 TO 5TITLE US 

TO =M \R MORAL PR9CIPLES UPON AN IMITATION ( :AT WE CONCEIVE TO BE 

! C\RSE ( NATURE4 

,?US IT APPE>S1 :E!R WE 5T] PHILOSOPHICALLY 9TO ! PR9CIPLE ( 

HUMAN ACTIONS1 OR M]ELY ANALYZE !IR IDEAS ( RECTITUDE & JU/ICE :I* 

HAVE ! UNIV]SAL CONS5T ( MANK9D1 ?AT1 9 ! REF9$ & ABSOLUTE 

S5SE 9 :I* ?AT T]M HAS FREQU5TLY BE5 EMPLOY$1 !RE IS NO SU* ?+ 

AS DES]T2 9 O!R WORDS1 ?AT IT CANNOT BE JU/ ?AT WE %\LD 9FLICT 

SUFF]+ ON ANY MAN1 EXCEPT F> AS IT T5DS TO GOOD4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ALSO 

?AT PUNI%M5T1 9 ! LA/ ( ! S5SES 5UM]AT$ T[>DS ! BEG9N+ 

( ?IS *APT]1 BY NO MEANS ACCORDS ) ANY S\ND PR9CIPLES ( REASON+4 

,IT IS RI<T ?AT ,I %\LD 9FLICT SUFF]+1 9 EV]Y CASE :]E IT CAN BE 

CLE>LY %[N ?AT SU* 9FLICTION WILL PRODUCE AN OV]BALANCE ( GOOD4 ,BUT 

?IS 9FLICTION BE>S NO REF]5CE TO ! M]E 9NOC5CE OR GUILT ( ! 

P]SON UPON :OM IT IS MADE4 ,AN 9NOC5T MAN IS ! PROP] SUBJECT ( IT1 

IF IT T5D TO GOOD4 ,A GUILTY MAN IS ! PROP] SUBJECT ( IT UND] NO O!R 

PO9T ( VIEW4 ,TO PUNI% HIM1 UPON ANY HYPO!SIS1 = :AT IS PA/ & IRRECOV]ABLE1 

& = ! CONSID]ATION ( ?AT ONLY1 MU/ BE RANK$ AMONG ! MO/ P]NICI\S 

EXHIBITIONS ( AN UNTUTOR$ B>B>ISM4 ,EV]Y MAN UPON :OM DISCIPL9E IS 

EMPLOY$ IS TO BE CONSID]$ AS TO ! PURPOSE ( ?IS DISCIPL9E AS 9NOC5T4 

,! ONLY S5SE ( ! WORD PUNI%M5T ?AT CAN BE SUPPOS$ TO BE COMPATIBLE 

) ! PR9CIPLES ( ! PRES5T WORK IS ?AT ( PA9 9FLICT$ ON A P]SON 

CONVICT$ ( PA/ 9JURI\S ACTION1 = ! PURPOSE ( PREV5T+ FUTURE 

MIS*IEF4 

,IT IS ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE ?AT WE %\LD BE> !SE IDEAS CON/ANTLY 

9 M9D1 DUR+ \R EXAM9ATION ( ! !ORY ( PUNI%M5T4 ,?IS !ORY 

W\LD1 9 ! PA/ TRANSACTIONS ( MANK9D1 HAVE BE5 TOTALLY DIFF]5T IF 

!Y HAD DIVE/$ !MSELVES ( ! EMOTIONS ( ANG] & RES5TM5T2 IF 

!Y HAD CONSID]$ ! MAN :O TORM5TS ANO!R = :AT HE HAS DONE AS 

UPON A P> ) ! *ILD :O BEATS ! TABLE2 IF !Y HAD CONJUR$ UP TO 

!IR IMAG9ATION1 & PROP]LY E/IMAT$1 ! MAN :O %\LD %UT UP 9 

PRISON & P]IODICALLY TORTURE SOME ATROCI\S CRIM9AL1 FROM ! M]E CONSID]ATION 

( ! AB/RACT CONGRUITY ( CRIME & PUNI%M5T1 )\T A POSSIBLE B5EFIT 

TO O!RS OR TO HIMSELF2 IF !Y HAD REG>D$ PUNI%M5T AS ?AT :I* WAS 

TO BE REGULAT$ SOLELY1 BY A DISPASSIONATE CALCULATION ( ! FUTURE1 )\T 

SUFF]+ ! PA/1 ON ITS [N ACC\NT1 = A MOM5T TO 5T] 9TO ! PROCE$+4 

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#c4 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

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,HAV+ ?US 5DEAVOR$ TO %[ :AT D5OM9ATIONS ( PUNI%M5T JU/ICE1 

& A S\ND IDEA ( ! NATURE ( MAN1 W\LD 9V>IABLY PROSCRIBE1 IT BELONGS 

TO US1 9 ! FUR!R PROSECUTION ( ! SUBJECT1 TO CONSID] M]ELY ?AT 

CO]CION1 :I* IT HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ RI<T TO EMPLOY1 AGA9/ P]SONS CONVICT$ 

( PA/ 9JURI\S ACTION1 = ! PURPOSE ( PREV5T+ FUTURE MIS*IEF4 

,& H]E WE WILL1 FIR/1 RECOLLECT :AT IS ! QUANTITY ( EVIL :I* ACCRUES 

FROM ALL SU* CO]CION2 & SECONDLY1 EXAM9E ! COG5CY ( ! V>I\S 

REASONS BY :I* IT IS RECOMM5D$4 ,IT WILL NOT BE POSSIBLE TO AVOID ! 

REPETITION ( SOME ( ! REASONS :I* OCCURR$ 9 ! PRELIM9>Y DISCUSSION 

( ! EX]CISE ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T47#a"97 ,BUT ?OSE REASON+S WILL N[ BE 

EXT5D$1 & WILL P]HAPS D]IVE ADDITIONAL ADVANTAGE FROM A FULL] >RANGEM5T4 

,IT IS COMMONLY SAID '?AT NO MAN \<T TO BE COMPELL$1 9 MATT]S ( 

RELIGION1 TO ACT CONTR>Y TO ! DICTATES ( HIS CONSCI5CE4 ,RELIGION IS 

A PR9CIPLE :I* ! PRACTICE ( ALL AGES HAS DEEPLY IMPRESS$ UPON ! 

HUMAN M9D4 ,HE ?AT DIS*>GES :AT HIS APPREH5SIONS PRESCRIBE TO HIM ON 

! SUBJECT /&S APPROV$ TO ! TRIBUNAL ( HIS [N M9D1 &1 CONSCI\S 

( RECTITUDE 9 HIS 9T]C\RSE ) ! AU?OR ( NATURE1 CANNOT FAIL TO 

OBTA9 ! GREATE/ ( ?OSE ADVANTAGES1 :ATEV] MAY BE !IR AM\NT1 :I* 

RELIGION HAS TO BE/[4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ,I 5DEAVOR1 BY P]SECUT+ /ATUTES1 

TO COMPEL HIM TO RESIGN A FALSE RELIGION = A TRUE4 ,>GUM5TS MAY CONV9CE1 

BUT P]SECUTION CANNOT4 ,! NEW RELIGION1 :I* ,I OBLIGE HIM TO PR(ESS CONTR>Y 

TO HIS [N CONVICTION1 H[EV] PURE & HOLY IT MAY BE 9 ITS [N NATURE1 

HAS NO B5EFITS 9 /ORE = HIM4 ,! SUBLIME/ WOR%IP BECOMES TRANS=M$ 

9TO A S\RCE ( DEPRAVITY :5 IT IS NOT CONSECRAT$ BY ! TE/IMONY ( 

A PURE CONSCI5CE4 ,TRU? IS ! SECOND OBJECT 9 ?IS RESPECT1 9TEGRITY 

( HE>T IS ! FIR/3 OR RA!R1 A PROPOSITION ?AT1 9 ITS AB/RACT NATURE1 

IS TRU? ITSELF CONV]TS 9TO RANK FALSEHOOD & MORTAL POISON1 IF IT BE 

PR(ESS$ ) ! LIPS ONLY1 & ABJUR$ BY ! UND]/&+4 ,IT IS !N 

! F\L G>B ( HYPOCRISY4 ,9/EAD ( ELEVAT+ ! M9D ABOVE SORDID TEMPTATIONS1 

IT P]PETUALLY REM9DS ! WOR%IP] ( ! DEGRAD+ SUBJECTION TO :I* 

HE HAS YIELD$4 ,9/EAD ( FILL+ HIM ) SACR$ CONFID5CE1 IT OV]:ELMS 

HIM ) CONFUSION & REMORSE4' 

,! 9F]5CE ?AT HAS BE5 MADE FROM !SE REASON+S IS '?AT CRIM9AL 

LAW IS EM95TLY MISAPPLI$ 9 AFFAIRS ( RELIGION1 & ?AT ITS TRUE PROV9CE 

IS CIVIL MISDEMEANORS'4 ,BUT ?IS DI/9CTION IS BY NO MEANS SO SATISFACTORY 

& WELL F\ND$ AS AT FIR/ SI<T IT MAY APPE>47#b"97 ,IS IT NOT /RANGE ?AT 

M5 %\LD HAVE AFFIRM$ RELIGION TO BE ! SACR$ PROV9CE ( CONSCI5CE1 

:ILE MORAL DUTY IS TO BE LEFT UNDEF9$ TO ! DECISION ( ! MAGI/RATE8 

,IS IT ( NO CONSEQU5CE :E!R ,I BE ! B5EFACTOR ( MY SPECIES1 OR !IR 

BITT]E/ 5EMY8 :E!R ,I BE AN 9=M]1 A ROBB]1 OR A MURD]]8 :E!R 

,I BE EMPLOY$1 AS A SOLDI]1 TO EXTIRPATE MY FELL[ BE+S1 OR1 AS A CITIZ51 

CONTRIBUTE MY PROP]TY TO !IR EXTIRPATION8 :E!R ,I DECL>E ! TRU?1 

) ?AT FIRMNESS & UNRES]VE :I* AN >D5T PHILAN?ROPY WILL NOT FAIL 

TO 9SPIRE1 OR SUPPRESS SCI5CE1 LE/ ,I BE CONVICT$ ( BLASPHEMY1 & FACT1 

LE/ ,I BE CONVICT$ ( A LIBEL8 :E!R ,I CONTRIBUTE MY EF=TS = ! FUR!RANCE 

( POLITICAL IMPROVEM5T1 OR QUIETLY SUBMIT TO ! EXILE ( A PR9CE ( :OSE 

CLAIMS ,I AM AN ADVOCATE1 OR TO ! SUBV]SION ( LIB]TY1 ! MO/ VALUABLE 

( ALL HUMAN POSSESSIONS8 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE CLE> ?AN ?AT ! VALUE ( 

RELIGION1 OR ( ANY O!R SPECIES ( OP9ION1 LIES 9 ITS MORAL T5D5CY4 

,IF ,I AM TO HOLD AS ( NO ACC\NT ! CIVIL P[]1 = ! SAKE ( ?AT :I* 

IS ! MEANS1 H[ MU* MORE :5 IT RISES 9 CONTRADICTION TO ! 5D8 

,( ALL HUMAN CONC]NS MORALITY IS ! MO/ 9T]E/+4 ,IT IS ! CON/ANT 

ASSOCIATE ( ALL \R TRANSACTIONS3 !RE IS NO SITUATION 9 :I* WE CAN 

BE PLAC$1 NO ALT]NATIVE ?AT CAN BE PRES5T$ TO \R *OICE1 RESPECT+ 

:I* DUTY IS SIL5T4 ',:AT IS ! /&>D ( MORALITY & DUTY8' ,JU/ICE4 

,NOT ! >BITR>Y DECREES ?AT >E 9 =CE 9 A P>TICUL> CLIMATE2 BUT 

?OSE LAWS ( REASON ?AT >E EQUALLY OBLIGATORY :]EV] MAN IS TO BE F\ND4 

,!RE IS AN OBVI\S DI/9CTION BETWE5 ?OSE P>TICUL>S 9 EA* 9/ANCE 

:I* CON/ITUTE ! P]MAN5T NATURE ( ! CASE BE=E US1 & ?OSE 9T]POSITIONS 

( A P]EMPTORY AU?ORITY TO :I* IT MAY BE PRUD5T TO SUBMIT1 BUT :I* 

CANNOT ALT] \R IDEAS ( ! CONDUCT TO :I* 9DEP5D5T MAN \<T TO ADH]E4 

,:AT !N >E ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT WILL RESULT FROM ! OB$I5CE ( COMPULSION1 

& NOT ( ! UND]/&+8 

,NO PR9CIPLE ( MORAL SCI5CE CAN BE MORE OBVI\S & FUNDAM5TAL ?AN 

?AT ! MOTIVE BY :I* WE >E 9DUC$ TO AN ACTION CON/ITUTES AN ESS5TIAL 

P>T ( ITS *>ACT]4 ,?IS IDEA HAS P]HAPS SOMETIMES BE5 C>RI$ TOO F>4 

,A GOOD MOTIVE IS ( LITTLE VALUE :5 IT IS NOT JO9$ TO A SALUT>Y EX]TION4 

,BUT1 )\T A GOOD MOTIVE1 ! MO/ EXT5SIVELY USEFUL ACTION ?AT EV] 

WAS P]=M$ CAN CONTRIBUTE LITTLE TO ! IMPROVEM5T OR HONOR ( HIM ?AT 

P]=MS IT4 ,WE [E HIM NO RESPECT IF HE HAS BE5 9DUC$ TO P]=M IT BY 

IDEAS ( P]SONAL ADVANTAGE1 OR ! 9FLU5CE ( A BRIBE4 ,IT IS1 9 SOME 

RESPECTS1 WORSE1 IF ! MOTIVE ?AT GOV]N$ HIM W]E ! S5TIM5T ( FE>4 

,IF WE HOLD 9 ANY E/IMATION ! ATTRIBUTES ( MAN1 IF WE DESIRE ! IMPROVEM5T 

( \R SPECIES1 WE \<T P>TICUL>LY TO DESIRE ?AT !Y %\LD BE L$ 9 

! PA? ( USEFULNESS BY G5]\S & LIB]AL CONSID]ATIONS1 ?AT !IR 

OB$I5CE %\LD BE ! OB$I5CE ( ! HE>T1 & NOT ?AT ( A SLAVE4 

,NO?+ CAN BE ( HI<] IMPORTANCE TO ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! HUMAN M9D 

?AN ?AT1 :ATEV] BE ! CONDUCT WE MAY BE COMPELL$ TO PURSUE1 WE %\LD 

HAVE DI/9CT & ACCURATE NOTIONS ( ! M]ITS ( EV]Y MORAL QUE/ION 

9 :I* WE MAY BE CONC]N$4 ,9 ALL D\BTFUL QUE/IONS1 !RE >E BUT TWO 

CRIT]IA POSSIBLE1 ! DECISIONS ( O!R M5'S WISDOM1 & ! DECISIONS 

( \R [N UND]/&+4 ,:I* ( !SE IS CON=MABLE TO ! NATURE ( 

MAN8 ,CAN WE SURR5D] \R [N UND]/&+8 ,H[EV] WE MAY /RA9 AFT] 

IMPLICIT FAI?1 WILL NOT CONSCI5CE 9 SPITE ( \RSELVES :ISP] US1 ',! 

DECREE IS EQUITABLE1 & ?IS IS F\ND$ 9 MI/AKE8' ,WILL !RE NOT BE 9 

! M9DS ( ! VOT>IES ( SUP]/ITION A P]PETUAL DISSATISFACTION1 A 

DESIRE TO BELIEVE :AT IS DICTAT$ TO !M1 ACCOMPANI$ ) A WANT ( ?AT 

9 :I* BELIEF CONSI/S1 EVID5CE & CONVICTION8 ,IF WE C\LD SURR5D] 

\R UND]/&+1 :AT SORT ( BE+S %\LD WE BECOME8 

,! DIRECT T5D5CY ( CO]CION IS TO SET \R UND]/&+ & \R FE>S1 

\R DUTY & \R WEAKNESS1 AT V>IANCE ) EA* O!R4 ,CO]CION FIR/ ANNIHILATES 

! UND]/&+ ( ! SUBJECT UPON :OM IT IS EX]CIS$1 & !N ( HIM 

:O EMPLOYS IT4 ,DRESS$ 9 ! SUP9E PR]OGATIVES ( A MA/]1 HE IS EXCUS$ 

FROM CULTIVAT+ ! FACILITIES ( A MAN4 ,:AT W\LD NOT MAN HAVE BE51 LONG 

BE=E ?IS1 IF ! PR\DE/ ( US HAD NO HOPES BUT 9 >GUM5T1 IF HE KNEW 

( NO RESORT BEYOND1 IF HE W]E OBLIG$ TO %>P5 HIS FACULTIES1 & COLLECT 

HIS P[]S1 AS ! ONLY MEANS ( EFFECT+ HIS PURPOSES8 

,LET US REFLECT A LITTLE UPON ! SPECIES ( 9FLU5CE ?AT CO]CION EMPLOYS4 

,IT AV]S TO ITS VICTIM ?AT HE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE 9 ! WRONG1 BECAUSE 

,I AM MORE VIGOR\S OR MORE CUNN+ ?AN HE4 ,WILL VIGOR & CUNN+ BE ALWAYS 

ON ! SIDE ( TRU?8 ,IT APPEALS TO =CE1 & REPRES5TS SUP]IOR /R5G? 

AS ! /&>D ( JU/ICE4 ,EV]Y SU* EX]TION IMPLIES 9 ITS NATURE A SPECIES 

( CONTE/4 ,! CONTE/ IS (T5 DECID$ BE=E IT IS BR\<T TO OP5 TRIAL1 

BY ! DESPAIR ( ONE ( ! P>TIES4 ,! >DOR & P>OXYSM ( PASSION 

BE+ OV]1 ! (F5D] SURR5D]S HIMSELF 9TO ! H&S ( HIS SUP]IORS1 

& CALMLY AWAITS ! DECL>ATION ( !IR PLEASURE4 ,BUT IT IS NOT ALWAYS 

SO4 ,! DEPR$ATOR ?AT BY MA9 =CE SURM\NTS ! /R5G? ( HIS PURSU]S1 

OR BY /RATAGEM & +5UITY ESCAPES !IR TOILS1 SO F> AS ?IS >GUM5T 

IS VALID1 PROVES ! JU/ICE ( HIS CAUSE4 ,:O CAN REFRA9 FROM 9DIGNATION 

:5 HE SEES JU/ICE ?US MIS]ABLY PRO/ITUT$8 ,:O DOES NOT FEEL1 ! MOM5T 

! CONTE/ BEG9S1 ! FULL EXT5T ( ! ABSURDITY ?AT ! APPEAL 9CLUDES8 

,! MAGI/RACY1 ! REPRES5TATIVE ( ! SOCIAL SY/EM1 ?AT DECL>ES W> 

AGA9/ ONE ( ITS MEMB]S1 9 BEHALF ( JU/ICE1 OR 9 BEHALF ( OPPRESSION1 

APPE>S ALMO/ EQUALLY1 9 BO? CASES1 5TITL$ TO \R C5SURE4 ,9 ! FIR/ 

CASE1 WE SEE TRU? ?R[+ ASIDE H] NATIVE >MS & H] 9TR9SIC ADVANTAGE1 

& PUTT+ H]SELF UPON A LEVEL ) FALSEHOOD4 ,9 ! SECOND1 WE SEE FALSEHOOD 

CONFID5T 9 ! CASUAL ADVANTAGE %E POSSESSES1 >TFULLY EXT+UI%+ ! 

NEW BORN LI<T ?AT W\LD %AME H] 9 ! MID/ ( H] USURP$ AU?ORITY4 

,! EXHIBITION 9 BO? IS ?AT ( AN 9FANT CRU%$ 9 ! M]CILESS GRASP 

( A GIANT4 

,NO SOPHI/RY CAN BE MORE GROSS ?AN ?AT :I* PRET5DS TO BR+ ! P>TIES 

TO AN IMP>TIAL HE>+4 ,OBS]VE ! CONSI/5CY ( ?IS REASON+6 ,WE FIR/ 

V9DICATE POLITICAL CO]CION1 BECAUSE ! CRIM9AL HAS COMMITT$ AN (F5SE 

AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE1 & !N PRET5D1 :ILE WE BR+ HIM TO ! 

B> ( ! COMMUNITY1 ! (F5D$ P>TY1 ?AT WE BR+ HIM BE=E AN IMP>TIAL 

UMPIRE4 ,?US 9 ,5GL&1 ! K+ BY HIS ATTORNEY IS ! PROSECUTOR1 & 

! K+ BY HIS REPRES5TATIVE IS ! JUDGE4 ,H[ LONG %ALL SU* 9CONSI/5CIES 

IMPOSE ON MANK9D8 ,! PURSUIT COMM5C$ AGA9/ ! SUPPOS$ (F5D] IS 

! POSSE COMITATUS1 ! >M$ =CE ( ! :OLE1 DRAWN \T 9 SU* PORTIONS 

AS MAY BE JUDG$ NECESS>Y2 &1 :5 SEV5 MILLIONS ( M5 HAVE GOT ONE 

POOR1 UNASSI/$ 9DIVIDUAL 9 !IR P[]1 !Y >E !N AT LEISURE TO TORTURE 

OR TO KILL HIM1 & TO MAKE HIS AGONIES A SPECTACLE TO GLUT !IR F]OCITY4 

,! >GUM5T AGA9/ POLITICAL CO]CION IS EQUALLY /RONG AGA9/ ! 

9FLICTION ( PRIVATE P5ALTIES1 BETWE5 MA/] & SLAVE1 & BETWE5 P>5T 

& *ILD4 ,!RE WAS1 9 REALITY1 NOT ONLY MORE ( GALLANTRY1 BUT MORE ( 

REASON 9 ! ,GO?IC SY/EM ( TRIAL BY DUEL ?AN 9 !SE4 ,! TRIAL ( 

=CE IS OV] 9 !SE1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SAID1 BE=E ! EX]TION ( =CE 

IS BEGUN4 ,ALL ?AT REMA9S IS ! LEISURELY 9FLICTION ( TORTURE1 MY P[] 

TO 9FLICT IT BE+ PLAC$ 9 MY JO9TS & MY S9EWS4 ,?IS :OLE >GUM5T 

SEEMS LIABLE TO AN IRRESI/IBLE DILEMMA4 ,! RI<T ( ! P>5T OV] HIS 

(FSPR+ LIES EI!R 9 HIS SUP]IOR /R5G?1 OR HIS SUP]IOR REASON4 ,IF 

9 HIS /R5G?1 WE HAVE ONLY TO APPLY ?IS RI<T UNIV]SALLY 9 ORD] TO 

DRIVE ALL MORALITY \T ( ! WORLD4 ,IF 9 HIS REASON1 9 ?AT REASON LET 

HIM CONFIDE4 ,IT IS A POOR >GUM5T ( MY SUP]IOR REASON ?AT ,I AM UNABLE 

TO MAKE JU/ICE BE APPREH5D$ & FELT1 9 ! MO/ NECESS>Y CASES1 )\T 

! 9T]V5TION ( BL[S4 

,LET US CONSID] ! EFFECT ?AT CO]CION PRODUCES UPON ! M9D ( HIM 

AGA9/ :OM IT IS EMPLOY$4 ,IT CANNOT BEG9 ) CONV9C+2 IT IS NO >GUM5T4 

,IT BEG9S ) PRODUC+ ! S5SATION ( PA91 & ! S5TIM5T ( DI/A/E4 

,IT BEG9S ) VIOL5TLY ALI5AT+ ! M9D FROM ! TRU? ) :I* WE 

WI% IT TO BE IMPRESS$4 ,IT 9CLUDES 9 IT A TACIT CONFESSION ( IMBECILITY4 

,IF HE :O EMPLOYS CO]CION AGA9/ ME C\LD MOLD ME TO HIS PURPOSES BY >GUM5T1 

NO D\BT HE W\LD4 ,HE PRET5DS TO PUNI% ME BECAUSE HIS >GUM5T IS /RONG2 

BUT LIE REALLY PUNI%ES ME BECAUSE HIS >GUM5T IS WEAK4 

,N,O,T,E,S 

#a4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I4 

#b4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,I,I 

,( ,! ,P,U,R,P,O,S,E,S ,( ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T 

,LET US PROCE$ TO CONSID] ! ?REE PR9CIPAL 5DS ?AT PUNI%M5T PROPOSES 

TO ITSELF1 RE/RA9T1 RE=MATION & EXAMPLE4 ,UND] EA* ( !SE HEADS 

! >GUM5TS ON ! AFFIRMATIVE SIDE MU/ BE ALL[$ TO BE COG5T1 NOT IRRESI/IBLE4 

,UND] EA* ( !M CONSID]ATIONS WILL OCCUR ?AT WILL OBLIGE US TO D\BT 

UNIV]SALLY ( ! PROPRIETY ( PUNI%M5T4 

,! FIR/ & MO/ 9NOC5T ( ALL ! CLASSES ( CO]CION IS ?AT :I* 

IS EMPLOY$ 9 REPELL+ ACTUAL =CE4 ,?IS HAS BUT LITTLE TO DO ) ANY 

SPECIES ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 BUT MAY NEV]!LESS DES]VE TO BE FIR/ 

CONSID]$4 ,9 ?IS CASE ,I AM EMPLOY$ 7SUPPOSE1 = EXAMPLE1 A DRAWN SWORD 

IS PO9T$ AT MY [N BREA/ OR ?AT ( ANO!R1 ) ?REATS ( 9/ANT DE/RUCTION7 

9 PREV5T+ A MIS*IEF ?AT SEEMS AB\T 9EVITABLY TO 5SUE4 ,9 ?IS CASE 

!RE APPE>S TO BE NO TIME = EXP]IM5TS4 ,& YET1 EV5 H]E1 A /RICT 

RESE>* WILL SUGGE/ TO US IMPORTANT D\BTS4 ,! P[]S ( REASON & TRU? 

>E YET UNFA?OM$4 ,?AT TRU? :I* ONE MAN CANNOT COMMUNICATE 9 LESS ?AN 

A YE>1 ANO!R CAN COMMUNICATE 9 A =TNI<T4 ,! %ORTE/ T]M MAY HAVE 

AN UND]/&+ COMM5SURATE TO IT4 ,:5 ,M>IUS SAID1 ) A /]N LOOK 

& A COMM&+ C\NT5ANCE1 TO ! SOLDI] ?AT WAS S5T D[N 9TO HIS 

DUNGEON TO ASSASS9ATE HIM1 ',WRET*1 HAVE Y\ ! TEM]ITY TO KILL ,M>IUS 

,I' & ) !SE FEW WORDS DROVE HIM TO FLI<T2 IT WAS ?AT ! GR&EUR 

( ! IDEA CONCEIV$ 9 HIS [N M9D MADE ITS WAY ) IRRESI/IBLE =CE 

TO ! M9D ( HIS EXECUTION]4 ,HE HAD NO >MS = RESI/ANCE2 HE HAD NO 

V5GEANCE TO ?REAT52 HE WAS DEBILITAT$ & DES]T$2 IT WAS BY ! =CE 

( S5TIM5T ONLY ?AT HE DIS>M$ HIS DE/ROY]4 ,IF !RE W]E FALSEHOOD 

& PREJUDICE MIX$ ) ! IDEA COMMUNICAT$1 9 ?IS CASE1 CAN WE BELIEVE 

?AT TRU? IS NOT /ILL MORE P[]FUL8 ,IT W\LD BE WELL = ! HUMAN SPECIES 

IF !Y W]E ALL1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 LIKE ,M>IUS1 ALL ACCU/OM$ TO PLACE AN 

9TREPID CONFID5CE 9 ! S+LE 5]GY ( 9TELLECT4 ,:O %ALL SAY :AT 

!RE IS ?AT W\LD BE IMPOSSIBLE TO M5 ?US BOLD1 & ACTUAT$ ONLY BY 

! PURE/ S5TIM5TS8 ,:O %ALL SAY H[ F> ! :OLE SPECIES MI<T BE IMPROV$1 

DID !Y CEASE TO RESPECT =CE 9 O!RS1 & DID !Y REFUSE TO EMPLOY 

IT = !MSELVES8 

,! DIFF]5CE H[EV] BETWE5 ?IS SPECIES ( CO]CION1 & ! SPECIES 

:I* USUALLY BE>S ! D5OM9ATION ( PUNI%M5T1 IS OBVI\S4 ,PUNI%M5T 

IS EMPLOY$ AGA9/ AN 9DIVIDUAL :OSE VIOL5CE IS OV]4 ,HE IS1 AT PRES5T1 

5GAG$ 9 NO HO/ILITY AGA9/ ! COMMUNITY1 OR ANY ( ITS MEMB]S4 ,HE 

IS QUIETLY PURSU+1 IT MAY BE1 ?OSE OCCUPATIONS :I* >E B5EFICIAL TO 

HIMSELF1 & 9JURI\S TO NONE4 ,UPON :AT PRET5SE IS ?IS MAN TO BE ! 

SUBJECT ( VIOL5CE8 

,= RE/RA9T4 ,RE/RA9T FROM :AT8 ',FROM SOME FUTURE 9JURY :I* IS 

TO BE FE>$ LIE WILL COMMIT4' ,?IS IS ! V]Y >GUM5T :I* HAS BE5 EMPLOY$ 

TO JU/IFY ! MO/ EXECRABLE TYRANNIES4 ,BY :AT REASON+S HAVE ! 9QUISITION1 

! EMPLOYM5T ( SPIES1 & ! V>I\S K9DS ( PUBLIC C5SURE DIRECT$ 

AGA9/ OP9ION BE5 V9DICAT$ ,BY RECOLLECT+ ?AT !RE IS AN 9TIMATE 

CONNECTION BETWE5 M5'S OP9IONS & !IR CONDUCT2 ! IMMORAL S5TIM5TS 

LEAD1 BY A V]Y PROBABLE CONSEQU5CE1 TO IMMORAL ACTIONS4 ,!RE IS NOT MORE 

REASON1 9 MANY CASES AT LEA/1 TO APPREH5D ?AT ! MAN :O HAS ONCE COMMITT$ 

ROBB]Y WILL COMMIT IT AGA9 ?AN ! MAN :O HAS DISSIPAT$ HIS PROP]TY 

AT ! GAM+-TABLE OR :O IS ACCU/OM$ TO PR(ESS ?AT1 UPON ANY EM]G5CY1 

BE WILL NOT SCRUPLE TO HAVE REC\RSE TO ?IS EXP$I5T4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE 

OBVI\S ?AN ?AT1 :ATEV] PRECAUTIONS MAY BE ALL[ABLE ) RESPECT TO 

! FUTURE1 JU/ICE WILL RELUCTANTLY CLASS AMONG !SE PRECAUTIONS A VIOL5CE 

TO BE COMMITT$ ON MY NEI<BOR4 ,NOR IT IS (T5] UNJU/ ?AN IT IS SUP]FLU\S4 

,:Y NOT >M MYSELF ) VIGILANCE & 5]GY1 9/EAD ( LOCK+ UP EV]Y 

MAN :OM MY IMAG9ATION MAY BID ME FE>1 ?AT ,I MAY SP5D MY DAYS 9 UNDI/URB$ 

9ACTIVITY8 ,IF COMMUNITIES1 9/EAD ( ASPIR+1 AS !Y HAVE HI!RTO DONE1 

TO EMBRACE A VA/ T]RITORY1 & GLUT !IR VANITY ) IDEAS ( EMPIRE1 

W]E CONT5T$ ) A SMALL DI/RICT1 ) A PROVISO ( CONF$]ATION 9 

CASES ( NECESSITY1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL W\LD !N LIVE UND] ! PUBLIC EYE2 

& ! DISAPPROBATION ( HIS NEI<BORS1 A SPECIES ( CO]CION NOT D]IV$ 

FROM ! CAPRICE ( M51 BUT FROM ! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 W\LD 9EVITABLY 

OBLIGE HIM EI!R TO RE=M OR TO EMIGRATE4 - ,! SUM ( ! >GUM5TS UND] 

?IS HEAD IS ?AT ALL PUNI%M5T = ! SAKE ( RE/RA9T IS PUNI%M5T 

UPON SUSPICION1 A SPECIES ( PUNI%M5T ! MO/ ABHORR5T TO REASON1 & 

>BITR>Y 9 ITS APPLICATION1 ?AT CAN BE DEVIS$4 

,! SECOND OBJECT :I* PUNI%M5T MAY BE IMAG9$ TO PROPOSE TO ITSELF 

IS RE=MATION4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 V>I\S OBJECTIONS ?AT MAY BE (F]$ 

TO IT 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW4 ,CO]CION CANNOT CONV9CE1 CANNOT CONCILIATE1 

BUT ON ! CONTR>Y ALI5ATES ! M9D ( HIM AGA9/ :OM IT IS EMPLOY$4 

,CO]CION HAS NO?+ 9 COMMON ) REASON1 & !RE=E CAN HAVE NO PROP] 

T5D5CY TO ! CULTIVATION ( VIRTUE4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT REASON IS NO?+ 

MORE ?AN A COLLATION & COMP>ISON ( V>I\S EMOTIONS & FEEL+S2 BUT 

!Y MU/ BE ! FEEL+S ORIG9ALLY1 APPROPRIATE TO ! QUE/ION1 NOT ?OSE 

:I* AN >BITR>Y WILL1 /IMULAT$ BY ! POSSESSION ( P[]1 MAY ANNEX 

TO IT4 ,REASON IS OMNIPOT5T3 IF MY CONDUCT BE WRONG1 A V]Y SIMPLE /ATEM5T1 

FL[+ FROM A CLE> & COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 WILL MAKE IT APPE> TO BE SU*2 

NOR IS IT PROBABLE ?AT !RE IS ANY P]V]S5ESS ?AT W\LD P]SI/ 9 VISE 

9 ! FACE ( ALL ! RECOMM5DATIONS ) :I* VIRTUE MI<T BE 9VE/$1 

& ALL ! BEAUTY 9 :I* IT MI<T BE DISPLAY$4 

,BUT TO ?IS IT MAY BE ANSW]$ '?AT ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT MAY 9DE$ 

BE AB/RACT$LY TRUE1 BUT ?AT IT IS NOT TRUE RELATIVE TO ! PRES5T IMP]FECTION 

( HUMAN FACULTIES4 ,! GR& REQUISITE = ! RE=MATION & IMPROVEM5T 

( ! HUMAN SPECIES SEEMS TO CONSI/ 9 ! R\S+ ( ! M9D4 ,IT IS = 

?IS REASON ?AT ! S*OOL ( ADV]SITY HAS SO (T5 BE5 CONSID]$ AS 

! S*OOL ( VIRTUE47#a"97 ,9 AN EV5 C\RSE ( EASY & PROSP]\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 

! FACULTIES SLEEP4 ,BUT1 :5 GREAT & URG5T OCCASION IS PRES5T$1 IT 

%\LD SEEM ?AT ! M9D RISES TO ! LEVEL ( ! OCCASION4 ,DIFFICULTIES 

AWAK5 VIGOR & 5G5D] /R5G?2 & IT WILL FREQU5TLY HAPP5 ?AT ! 

MORE Y\ *ECK & OPPRESS ME1 ! MORE WILL MY FACULTIES SWELL1 TILL !Y 

BUR/ ALL ! OB/ACLES ( OPPRESSION4' 

,! OP9ION ( ! EXCELL5CE ( ADV]SITY IS BUILT UPON A V]Y OBVI\S 

MI/AKE4 ,IF WE WILL DIVE/ \RSELVES ( P>ADOX & S+UL>ITY1 WE %ALL 

P]CEIVE ?AT ADV]SITY IS A BAD ?+1 BUT ?AT !RE IS SOME?+ ELSE 

?AT IS WORSE4 ,M9D CAN NEI!R EXI/1 NOR BE IMPROV$1 )\T ! RECEPTION 

( IDEAS4 ,IT WILL IMPROVE MORE 9 A CALAMIT\S ?AN A TORPID /ATE4 ,A MAN 

WILL SOMETIMES BE F\ND WIS] AT ! 5D ( HIS C>E]1 :O HAS BE5 TREAT$ 

) SEV]ITY ?AN ) NEGLECT4 ,BUT1 BECAUSE SEV]ITY IS ONE WAY ( G5]AT+ 

?\<T1 IT DOES NOT FOLL[ ?AT IT IS ! BE/4 

,IT HAS ALREADY BE5 %[N ?AT CO]CION1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 IS 9JU/ICE4 

,CAN 9JU/ICE BE ! BE/ MODE ( DISSEM9AT+ PR9CIPLES ( EQUITY & 

REASON8 ,OPPRESSION1 EX]CIS$ TO A C]TA9 EXT5T1 IS ! MO/ RU9\S ( 

ALL ?+S4 ,:AT IS IT BUT ?IS ?AT HAS HABITUAT$ MANK9D TO SO MU* IGNORANCE 

& VISE = SO MANY ?\S& YE>S8 ,IS IT PROBABLE ?AT ?AT :I* HAS BE5 

?US T]RIBLE 9 ITS CONSEQU5CES %\LD1 UND] ANY V>IATION ( CIRCUM/ANCES1 

BE MADE A S\RCE ( EM95T GOOD8 ,ALL CO]CION S\RS ! M9D4 ,HE ?AT SUFF]S 

IT IS PRACTICALLY P]SUAD$ ( ! WANT ( A PHILAN?ROPY SUFFICI5TLY 5L>G$1 

9 ?OSE ) :OM HE HAS 9T]C\RSE4 ,HE FEELS ?AT JU/ICE PREVAILS ONLY 

) GREAT LIMITATIONS1 & ?AT HE CANNOT DEP5D UPON BE+ TREAT$ ) 

JU/ICE4 ,! LESSON :I* CO]CION READS TO HIM IS1 ',SUBMIT TO =CE1 & 

ABJURE REASON4 ,BE NOT DIRECT$ BY ! CONVICTIONS ( Y\R UND]/&+1 

BUT BY ! BASE/ P>T ( Y\R NATURE1 ! FE> ( P]SONAL PA91 & A COMPULSORY 

AWE ( ! 9JU/ICE ( O!RS4' ,IT WAS ?US ,ELIZABE? ( ,5GL& & ,FR$]IC 

( ,PRUSSIA W]E $UCAT$ 9 ! S*OOL ( ADV]SITY4 ,! WAY 9 :I* !Y 

PR(IT$ BY ?IS DISCIPL9E WAS BY F9D+ RES\RCES 9 !IR [N M9DS1 

5ABL+ !M TO REG>D1 ) AN UNCONQU]$ SPIRIT1 ! VIOL5CE EMPLOY$ 

AGA9/ !M4 ,CAN ?IS BE ! BE/ MODE ( =M+ M5 TO VIRTUE8 ,IF IT BE1 

P]HAPS IT IS FUR!R REQUISITE ?AT ! CO]CION WE USE %\LD BE FLAGRANTLY 

UNJU/1 S9CE ! IMPROVEM5T SEEMS TO LIE1 NOT 9 SUBMISSION1 BUT RESI/ANCE4 

,BUT IT IS C]TA9 ?AT TRU? IS ADEQUATE TO EXCITE ! M9D1 )\T ! 

AID ( ADV]SITY4 ,BY TRU? IS H]E UND]/OOD A JU/ VIEW ( ALL ! ATTRACTIONS 

( 9DU/RY1 KN[L$GE & B5EVOL5CE4 ,IF ,I APPREH5D ! VALUE ( ANY PURSUIT1 

%ALL ,I NOT 5GAGE 9 IT8 ,IF ,I APPREH5D IT CLE>LY1 %ALL ,I NOT 5GAGE 9 

IT ZEAL\SLY8 ,IF Y\ W\LD AWAK5 MY M9D 9 ! MO/ EFFECTUAL MANN]1 SPEAK 

TO ! G5U9E & HONORABLE FEEL+S ( MY NATURE4 ,= ?AT PURPOSE1 ?OR\<LY 

UND]/& Y\RSELF ?AT :I* Y\ W\LD RECOMM5D TO ME1 IMPREGNATE Y\R 

M9D ) ITS EVID5CE1 & SPEAK FROM ! CLE>NESS ( Y\R VIEW1 & ) 

FULLNESS ( CONVICTION4 ,W]E WE ACCU/OM$ TO AN $UCATION 9 :I* TRU? 

WAS NEV] NEGLECT$ FROM 9DOL5CE1 OR TOLD 9 A WAY TREA*]\S TO ITS EXCELL5CE1 

9 :I* ! PRECEPTOR SUBJECT$ HIMSELF TO ! P]PETUAL DISCIPL9E ( F9D+ 

! WAY TO COMMUNICATE IT ) BREVITY & =CE1 BUT )\T PREJUDICE & 

ACRIMONY1 IT CANNOT BE BELIEV$ BUT ?AT SU* AN $UCATION W\LD BE MORE 

EFFECTUAL = ! IMPROVEM5T ( ! M9D1 ?AN ALL ! MODES ( ANGRY OR 

B5EVOL5T CO]CION ?AT EV] W]E DEVIS$4 

,! LA/ OBJECT :I* PUNI%M5T PROPOSES IS EXAMPLE4 ,HAD LEGISLATORS 

CONF9$ !IR VIEWS TO RE=MATION & RE/RA9T1 !IR EX]TIONS ( P[]1 

?\< MI/AK51 W\LD /ILL HAVE BORNE ! /AMP ( HUMANITY4 ,BUT1 ! MOM5T 

V5GEANCE PRES5T$ ITSELF AS A /IMULUS ON ! ONE SIDE1 OR ! EXHIBITION 

( A T]RIBLE EXAMPLE ON ! O!R1 NO B>B>ITY WAS ?\<T TOO GREAT4 ,+5I\S 

CRUELTY WAS BUSI$ TO F9D NEW MEANS ( TORTUR+ ! VICTIM1 OR ( R5D]+ 

! SPECTACLE IMPRESSIVE & HORRIBLE4 

,IT HAS LONG S9CE BE5 OBS]V$ ?AT ?IS SY/EM ( POLICY CON/ANTLY 

FAILS ( ITS PURPOSE4 ,FUR!R REF9EM5TS 9 B>B>ITY PRODUCE A C]TA9 

IMPRESSION1 SO LONG AS !Y >E NEW2 BUT ?IS IMPRESSION SOON VANI%ES1 & 

! :OLE SCOPE ( A GLOOMY 9V5TION IS EXHAU/$ 9 VA947#b"97 ,! REASON 

( ?IS PH5OM5ON IS ?AT1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! =CE ) :I* NOVELTY 

/RIKES ! IMAG9ATION1 ! 9H]5T NATURE ( ! SITUATION SPE$ILY RECURS1 

& ASS]TS ITS 9DE/RUCTIBLE EMPIRE4 ,WE FEET ! EM]G5CIES TO :I* WE 

>E EXPOS$1 & WE FEEL1 OR ?9K WE FEEL1 ! DICTATES ( REASON 9CIT+ 

US TO !IR RELIEF4 ,:ATEV] IDEAS WE =M 9 OPPOSITION TO ! M&ATES 

( LAW1 WE DRAW1 ) S9C]ITY1 ?\< IT MAY BE ) SOME MIXTURE ( MI/AKE1 

FROM ! ESS5TIAL CONDITIONS ( \R EXI/5CE4 ,WE COMP>E !M ) ! 

DESPOTISM :I* SOCIETY EX]CISES 9 ITS CORPORATE CAPACITY2 &1 ! MORE 

FREQU5T IS \R COMP>ISON1 ! GREAT] >E \R MURMURS & 9DIGNATION AGA9/ 

! 9JU/ICE TO :I* WE >E EXPOS$4 ,BUT 9DIGNATION IS NOT A S5TIM5T 

?AT CONCILIATES2 B>B>ITY POSSESSES NONE ( ! ATTRIBUTES ( P]SUASION4 

,IT MAY T]RIFY2 BUT IT CANNOT PRODUCE 9 US C&OR & DOCILITY4 ,?US ULC]AT$ 

) 9JU/ICE1 \R DI/RESSES1 \R TEMPTATIONS1 & ALL ! ELOQU5CE ( 

FEEL+ PRES5T !MSELVES AGA9 & AGA94 ,IS IT ANY WOND] !Y %\LD 

PROVE VICTORI\S8 

,PUNI%M5T = EXAMPLE IS LIABLE TO ALL ! OBJECTIONS :I* >E URG$ 

AGA9/ PUNI%M5T = RE/RA9T OR RE=MATION1 & TO C]TA9 O!R OBJECTIONS 

PECULI> TO ITSELF4 ,IT IS EMPLOY$ AGA9/ A P]SON NOT N[ 9 ! COMMISSION 

( (F5SE1 & ( :OM WE CAN ONLY SUSPECT ?AT HE EV] WILL (F5D4 ,IT 

SUP]S$ES >GUM5T1 REASON & CONVICTION1 & REQUIRES US TO ?9K SU* 

A SPECIES ( CONDUCT \R DUTY1 BECAUSE SU* IS ! GOOD PLEASURE ( \R SUP]IORS1 

& BECAUSE1 AS WE >E TAU<T BY ! EXAMPLE 9 QUE/ION1 !Y WILL MAKE 

US RUE \R /UBBORNNESS IF WE ?9K O!RWISE4 ,9 ADDITION TO ?IS IT IS 

TO BE REMEMB]$ ?AT1 :5 ,I AM MADE TO SUFF] AS AN EXAMPLE TO O!RS1 

,I AM MYSELF TREAT$ ) SUP]CILI\S NEGLECT1 AS IF ,I W]E TOTALLY 9CAPABLE 

( FEEL+ & MORALITY4 ,IF Y\ 9FLICT PA9 UPON ME1 Y\ >E EI!R JU/ 

OR UNJU/1 ,IF Y\ BE JU/1 IT %\LD SEEM NECESS>Y ?AT !RE %\LD BE 

SOME?+ 9 ME ?AT MAKES ME ! FIT SUBJECT ( PA91 EI!R ABSOLUTE DES]T1 

:I* IS ABSURD1 OR MIS*IEF ,I MAY BE EXPECT$ TO P]PETRATE1 OR LA/LY1 

A T5D5CY 9 :AT Y\ DO TO PRODUCE MY RE=MATION4 ,IF ANY ( !SE BE ! 

REASON :Y ! SUFF]+ ,I UND]GO IS JU/1 !N EXAMPLE IS \T ( ! QUE/ION3 

IT MAY BE AN 9CID5TAL CONSEQU5CE ( ! PROC$URE1 BUT IT =MS NO P>T 

( ITS PR9CIPLE4 ,IT MU/ SURELY BE A V]Y 9>TIFICIAL & 9JUDICI\S S*EME 

= GUID+ ! S5TIM5TS ( MANK9D1 TO FIX UPON AN 9DIVIDUAL AS A SUBJECT 

( TORTURE OR DEA?1 RESPECT+ :OM ?IS TREATM5T HAS NO DIRECT FITNESS1 

M]ELY ?AT WE MAY BID O!RS LOOK ON1 & D]IVE 9/RUCTION FROM HIS MIS]Y4 

,?IS >GUM5T WILL D]IVE ADDITIONAL =CE FROM ! REASON+S ( ! FOLL[+ 

*APT]4 B> 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

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,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

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,A FUR!R CONSID]ATION1 CALCULAT$ TO %[ NOT ONLY ! ABSURDITY ( 

PUNI%M5T = EXAMPLE1 BUT ! 9IQUITY ( PUNI%M5T 9 G5]AL1 IS ?AT 

DEL9QU5CY & PUNI%M5T >E1 9 ALL CASES1 9COMM5SURABLE4 ,NO /&>D 

( DEL9QU5CY EV] HAS BE51 OR EV] CAN BE1 DISCOV]$4 ,NO TWO CRIMES W]E 

EV] ALIKE2 & !RE=E ! R$UC+ !M1 EXPLICITLY OR IMPLICITLY1 TO 

G5]AL CLASSES1 :I* ! V]Y IDEA ( EXAMPLE IMPLIES1 IS ABSURD4 ,NOR IS 

IT LESS ABSURD TO ATTEMPT TO PROPORTION ! DEGREE ( SUFF]+ TO ! DEGREE 

( DEL9QU5CY1 :5 ! LATT] CAN NEV] BE DISCOV]$4 ,LET US 5DEAVOR 

TO CLE> ! TRU? ( !SE PROPOSITIONS4 

,MAN1 LIKE EV]Y O!R MA*9E ! OP]ATIONS ( :I* CAN BE MADE ! 

OBJECT ( \R S5SES1 MAY1 9 A C]TA9 S5SE1 BE AFFIRM$ TO CONSI/ ( 

TWO P>TS1 ! EXT]NAL & ! 9T]NAL4 ,! =M :I* HIS ACTIONS ASSUME 

IS ONE ?+2 ! PR9CIPLE FROM :I* !Y FL[ IS ANO!R4 ,) ! =M] 

IT IS POSSIBLE WE %\LD BE ACQUA9T$2 RESPECT+ ! LATT] !RE IS NO 

SPECIES ( EVID5CE ?AT CAN ADEQUATELY 9=M US4 ,%ALL WE PROPORTION ! 

DEGREE ( SUFF]+ TO ! =M] OR ! LATT]1 TO ! 9JURY SU/A9$ 

BY ! COMMUNITY1 OR TO ! QUANTITY ( ILL 9T5TION CONCEIV$ BY ! (F5D]8 

,SOME PHILOSOPH]1 S5SIBLE ( ! 9SCRUTABILITY ( 9T5TION1 HAVE DECL>$ 

9 FAVOR ( \R ATT5D+ TO NO?+ BUT ! 9JURY SU/A9$4 ,! HUMANE 

& B5EVOL5T ,BECC>IA HAS TREAT$ ?IS AS A TRU? ( ! UTMO/ IMPORTANCE1 

'UN=TUNATELY NEGLECT$ BY ! MAJORITY ( POLITICAL 9/ITUT]S1 & PRE 

S]V$ ONLY 9 ! DISPASSIONATE SPECULATION ( PHILOSOPH]S47#a"97 

,IT IS TRUE ?AT WE MAY1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 BE TOL]ABLY 9=M$ RESPECT+ 

EXT]NAL ACTIONS1 & ?AT !RE WILL1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 APPE> TO BE NO GREAT 

DIFFICULTY 9 R$UC+ !M TO G5]AL RULES4 ,MURD]1 ACCORD+ TO ?IS SY/EM1 

SUPPOSE1 WILL BE ! EX]TION ( ANY SPECIES ( ACTION AFFECT+ MY NEI<BOR 

SO AS ?AT ! CONSEQU5CES T]M9ATE 9 DEA?4 ,! DIFFICULTIES ( ! MAGI/RATE 

>E MU* ABRIDG$ UPON ?IS PR9CIPLE1 ?\< !Y >E BY NO MEANS ANNIHILAT$4 

,IT IS WELL KN[N H[ MANY SUBTLE DISQUISITIONS1 LUDICR\S OR TRAGICAL ACCORD+ 

TO ! TEMP] ) :I* WE VIEW !M1 HAVE BE5 9TRODUC$ TO DET]M9E1 

9 EA* P>TICUL> 9/ANCE1 :E!R ! ACTION W]E OR W]E NOT ! REAL 

OCCASION ( ! DEA?4 ,IT NEV] CAN BE DEMON/RATIVELY ASC]TA9$4 

,BUT DISMISS+ ?IS DIFFICULTY1 H[ COMPLICAT$ IS ! 9IQUITY ( TREAT+ 

ALL 9/ANCES ALIKE 9 :I* ONE MAN HAS OCCASION$ ! DEA? ( ANO!R8 

,%ALL WE ABOLI% ! IMP]FECT DI/9CTIONS1 :I* ! MO/ ODI\S TYRANNIES 

HAVE HI!RTO ?\<T !MSELVES COMPELL$ TO ADMIT1 BETWE5 *ANCE-M$LEY1 

MANSLAU<T] & MALICE PREP5SE8 ,%ALL WE 9FLICT ON ! MAN :O1 9 5DEAVOR+ 

TO SAVE ! LIFE ( A DR[N+ FELL[ CREATURE1 OV]SETS A BOAT1 & OCCASIONS 

! DEA? ( A SECOND1 ! SAME SUFF]+ AS ON HIM :O1 FROM GLOOMY & 

VICI\S HABITS1 IS 9CIT$ TO ! MURD] ( HIS B5EFACTOR8 ,9 REALITY1 ! 

9JURY SU/A9$ BY ! COMMUNITY IS1 BY NO MEANS1 ! SAME AS !SE TWO 

CASES2 ! 9JURY SU/A9$ BY ! COMMUNITY IS TO BE MEASUR$ BY ! ANTISOCIAL 

DISPOSITIONS ( ! (F5D]1 &1 IF ?AT W]E ! RI<T VIEW ( ! SUBJECT1 

BY1 ! 5C\RAGEM5T AF=D$ TO SIMIL> DISPOSITIONS FROM HIS IMPUNITY4 

,BUT ?IS LEADS US AT ONCE FROM ! EXT]NAL ACTION TO ! UNLIMIT$ CONSID]ATION 

( ! 9T5TION ( ! ACTOR4 ,! 9IQUITY ( ! WRITT5 LAWS ( SOCIETY 

IS ( PRECISELY ! SAME NATURE1 ?\< NOT ( SO ATROCI\S A DEGREE1 9 

! CONFUSION !Y ACTUALLY 9TRODUCE BETWE5 V>I\S 9T5TIONS1 AS IF ?IS 

CONFUSION W]E UNLIMIT$4 ,ONE MAN %ALL COMMIT MURD] TO REMOVE A TR\BLESOME 

OBS]V] ( HIS DEPRAV$ DISPOSITION1 :O WILL O!RWISE C\NT]ACT & EXPOSE 

HIM TO ! WORLD4 ,A SECOND1 BECAUSE HE CANNOT HE> ! +5U\S S9C]ITY 

) :I* HE IS TOLD ( HIS VISES4 ,A ?IRD1 FROM HIS 9TOL]ABLE 5VY ( 

SUP]IOR M]IT4 ,A F\R?1 BECAUSE HE KN[S ?AT HIS ADV]S>Y M$ITATES AN 

ACT PREGNANT ) EXT5SIVE MIS*IEF1 & P]CEIVES NO O!R MODE BY :I* 

ITS P]PETRATION CAN BE PREV5T$4 ,A FIF?1 9 DEF5SE ( HIS FA!R'S LIFE 

OR HIS DAU<T]'S *A/ITY4 ,EA* ( !SE M51 EXCEPT P]HAPS ! LA/1 MAY 

ACT EI!R FROM MOM5T>Y IMPULSE1 OR FROM ANY ( ! 9F9ITE %ADES & 

DEGREES ( DELIB]ATION4 ,W\LD Y\ AW>D ONE 9DIVIDUAL PUNI%M5T TO ALL 

!SE V>IETIES ( ACTION8 ,CAN A SY/EM ?AT LEVELS !SE 9EQUALITIES1 & 

CONF\NDS !SE DIFF]5CES1 BE PRODUCTIVE ( GOOD8 ,?AT WE MAY R5D] M5 

B5EFIC5T T[>DS EA* O!R1 %ALL WE SUBV]T ! V]Y NATURE ( RI<T 

& WRONG8 ,OR IS IT NOT ?IS SY/EM1 FROM :ATEV] PRET5SES 9TRODUC$1 

CALCULAT$ 9 ! MO/ P[]FUL MANN] TO PRODUCE G5]AL 9JURY8 ,CAN !RE 

BE A MORE FLAGRANT 9JURY ?AN TO 9SCRIBE1 AS WE DO 9 EFFECT1 UPON \R 

C\RTS ( JUDGM5T1 0,?IS IS ! ,HALL ( ,JU/ICE1 9 :I* ! PR9CIPLES 

( RI<T & WRONG >E DAILY & SY/EMATICALLY SLI<T$1 & (F5SES ( 

A ?\S& DIFF]5T MAGNITUDES >E CONF\ND$ TOGE!R1 BY ! 9SOL5T 

SUP95ESS ( ! LEGISLATOR1 & ! UNFEEL+ SELFI%NESS ( ?OSE :O 

HAVE 5GROSS$ ! PRODUCE ( ! G5]AL LABOR TO !IR P>TICUL> EMOLUM5T60 

,BUT SUPPOSE1 SECONDLY1 ?AT WE W]E TO TAKE ! 9T5TION ( ! (F5D]1 

& ! FUTURE 9JURY TO BE APPREH5D$1 AS ! /&>D ( IMPROVEM5T4 

,?IS W\LD NO D\BT BE A CONSID]ABLE IMPROVEM5T4 ,?IS W\LD BE ! TRUE 

MODE ( RECONCIL+ PUNI%M5T & JU/ICE1 IF1 = REASONS ALREADY ASSIGN$1 

!Y W]E NOT1 9 !IR [N NATURE1 9COMPATIBLE4 ,IT IS E>NE/LY TO BE DESIR$ 

?AT ?IS MODE ( ADM9I/]+ RETRIBUTION %\LD BE S]I\SLY ATTEMPT$4 

,IT IS HOP$ ?AT M5 WILL ONE DAY1 ATTEMPT TO E/ABLI% AN ACCURATE CRIT]ION1 

& NOT GO ON = EV]1 AS !Y1 HAVE HI!RTO DONE1 ) A SOV]EIGN CONTEMPT 

( EQUITY & REASON4 ,?IS ATTEMPT W\LD LEAD1 BY A V]Y OBVI\S PROCESS1 

TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL PUNI%M5T4 

,IT W\LD IMM$IATELY LEAD TO ! ABOLITION ( ALL CRIM9AL LAW4 ,AN 5LI<T5$ 

& REASONABLE JUDICATURE W\LD HAVE REC\RSE1 9 ORD] TO DECIDE UPON ! 

CAUSE BE=E !M1 TO NO CODE BUT ! CODE ( REASON4 ,!Y W\LD FEEL ! 

ABSURDITY ( O!R M5'S TEA*+ !M :AT !Y %\LD ?9K1 & PRET5D+ 

TO UND]/& ! CASE BE=E IT HAPP5$1 BETT] ?AN !Y :O HAD ALL ! 

CIRCUM/ANCES UND] !IR 9SPECTION4 ,!Y W\LD FEEL ! ABSURDITY ( BR++ 

EV]Y (F5SE TO BE COMP>$ ) A C]TA9 NUMB] ( MEASURES PREVI\SLY 

9V5T$1 & COMPELL+ IT TO AGREE ) ONE ( !M4 ,BUT WE %ALL %ORTLY 

HAVE OCCASION TO RETURN TO ?IS TOPIC47#b"97 

,! GREAT ADVANTAGE ?AT W\LD RESULT FROM M5'S DET]M9+ TO GOV]N 

!MSELVES1 9 ! SUFF]+ TO BE 9FLICT$1 BY ! MOTIVES ( ! (F5D]1 

& ! FUTURE 9JURY TO BE APPREH5D$1 W\LD CONSI/ 9 !IR BE+ TAU<T 

H[ VA9 & PRESUMPTU\S IT IS 9 !M TO ATTEMPT TO WIELD ! ROD ( RETRIBUTION4 

,:O IS IT ?AT1 9 HIS SOB] REASON1 WILL PRET5D TO ASSIGN ! MOTIVES ?AT 

9FLU5C$ ME 9 ANY >TICLE ( MY CONDUCT1 & UPON !M TO F\ND A GRAVE1 

P]HAPS A CAPITAL1 P5ALTY AGA9/ ME8 ,! ATTEMPT W\LD BE 9IQUIT\S & 

ABSURD1 EV5 ?\< ! 9DIVIDUAL :O WAS TO JUDGE ME HAD MADE ! LONGE/ 

OBS]VATION ( MY *>ACT]1 & BE5 MO/ 9TIMATELY ACQUA9T$ ) ! 

S]IES ( MY ACTIONS4 ,H[ (T5 DOES A MAN DECEIVE HIMSELF 9 ! MOTIVES 

( HIS CONDUCT1 & ASSIGN TO ONE PR9CIPLE :AT1 9 REALITY1 PROCE$$ FROM 

ANO!R8 ,CAN WE EXPECT ?AT A M]E SPECTATOR %\LD =M A JUDGM5T SUFFICI5TLY 

CORRECT1 :5 HE :O HAS ALL ! S\RCES ( 9=MATION 9 HIS H&S IS NEV]!LESS 

MI/AK58 ,IS IT NOT TO BE ?IS H\R A DISPUTE AMONG PHILOSOPH]S :E!R 

,I BE CAPABLE ( DO+ GOOD TO MY NEI<BOR = HIS [N SAKE8 ',TO ASC]TA9 

! 9T5TION ( A MAN1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO BE PRECISELY 9=M$ ( ! ACTUAL 

IMPRESSION ( ! OBJECTS UPON HIS S5SES1 & ( ! PREVI\S DISPOSITION 

( HIS M9D1 BO? ( :I* V>Y 9 DIFF]5T P]SONS1 & EV5 9 ! SAME 

P]SON AT DIFF]5T TIMES1 ) A RAPIDITY COMM5SURATE TO ! SUCCESSION 

( IDEAS1 PASSIONS & CIRCUM/ANCES4'7#c"97 ,MEAN:ILE ! 9DIVIDUALS :OSE 

(FICE IT IS TO JUDGE ( ?IS 9SCRUTABLE MY/]Y >E POSSESS$ ( NO PREVI\S 

KN[L$GE1 UTT] /RANG]S TO ! P]SON ACCUS$1 & COLLECT+ !IR ONLY 

MAT]IALS FROM ! 9=MATION ( TWO OR ?REE IGNORANT & PREJUDIC$ WITNESSES4 

,:AT A VA/ TRA9 ( ACTUAL & POSSIBLE MOTIVES 5T] 9TO ! HI/ORY 

( A MAN1 :O HAS BE5 9CIT$ TO DE/ROY ! LIFE ( ANO!R8 ,CAN Y\ TELL 

H[ MU* 9 !SE !RE WAS ( APPREH5D$ JU/ICE1 & H[ MU* ( 9ORD9ATE 

SELFI%NESS8 ,H[ MU* ( SUDD5 PASSION1 & H[ MU* ( ROOT$ DEPRAVITY8 

,H[ MU* ( 9TOL]ABLE PROVOCATION1 & H[ MU* ( SPONTANE\S WRONG8 ,H[ 

MU* ( ?AT SUDD5 9SANITY :I* HURRIES ! M9D 9TO A C]TA9 ACTION 

BY A SORT ( 9CONT95CE ( NATURE1 ALMO/ )\T ANY ASSIGNABLE MOTIVE1 

& H[ MU* ( 9CURABLE HABIT8 ,CONSID] ! UNC]TA9TY ( HI/ORY4 ,DO 

WE NOT /ILL DISPUTE :E!R ,CIC]O W]E MORE A VA9 OR A VIRTU\S MAN1 :E!R 

! H]OES ( ANCI5T ,ROME W]E IMPELL$ BY VA9 GLORY OR DIS9T]E/$ B5EVOL5CE1 

:E!R ,VOLTAIRE W]E ! /A9 ( HIS SPECIES1 OR !IR MO/ G5]\S & 

9TREPID B5EFACTOR8 ,UPON !SE SUBJECTS MOD]ATE M5 P]PETUALLY QUOTE ! 

IMP5ETRABL5ESS ( ! HUMAN HE>T4 ,WILL MOD]ATE M5 PRET5D ?AT WE HAVE 

NOT AN HUNDR$ TIMES MORE EVID5CE UPON :I* TO F\ND \R JUDGM5T 9 !SE 

CASES ?AN 9 ?AT ( ! MAN :O WAS TRI$ LA/ WEEK AT ! ,OLD ,BAILEY8 

,?IS P>T ( ! SUBJECT WILL BE PUT 9 A /RIK+ LI<T IF WE RECOLLECT 

! N>RATIVES ?AT HAVE BE5 PUBLI%$ BY CONDEMN$ CRIM9ALS4 ,9 H[ DIFF]5T 

A LI<T DO !Y PLACE ! TRANSACTIONS ?AT PROV$ FATAL TO !M1 FROM ! 

CON/RUCTION ?AT WAS PUT UPON !M BY !IR JUDGES8 ,& YET !SE N>RATIVES 

W]E WRITT5 UND] ! MO/ AWFUL CIRCUM/ANCES1 & MANY ( !M )\T 

! LEA/ HOPE ( MITIGAT+ !IR FATE1 & ) M>KS ( ! DEEPE/ S9C]ITY4 

,:O WILL SAY ?AT ! JUDGE1 ) HIS SL5D] PITTANCE ( 9=MATION1 WAS 

MORE COMPET5T TO DECIDE UPON ! MOTIVES ?AN ! PRISON] AFT] ! SEV]E/ 

SCRUT9Y ( HIS [N M9D8 ,H[ FEW >E ! TRIALS :I* AN HUMANE & JU/ 

MAN CAN READ1 T]M9AT+ 9 A V]DICT ( GUILTY1 )\T FEEL+ AN UNCONTROLLABLE 

REPUGNANCE AGA9/ ! V]DICT8 ,IF !RE BE ANY SI<T MORE HUMILIAT+ ?AN 

ALL O!RS1 IT IS ?AT ( A MIS]ABLE VICTIM ACKN[L$G+ ! JU/ICE ( 

A S5T5CE AGA9/ :I* EV]Y 5LI<T5$ SPECTATOR EXCLAIMS ) HORROR4 

,BUT ?IS IS NOT ALL4 ,! MOTIVE1 :5 ASC]TA9$1 IS A SUBORD9ATE P>T 

( ! QUE/ION4 ,! PO9T UPON :I* ONLY SOCIETY CAN EQUITABLY ANIMADV]T1 

IF IT HAD ANY JURISDICTION 9 ! CASE1 IS A PO9T1 IF POSSIBLE1 /ILL MORE 

9SCRUTABLE 9SCRUTABLE ?AN ?AT ( :I* WE HAVE BE5 TREAT+4 ,A LEGAL 

9QUISITION 9TO ! M9DS ( M51 CONSID]$ BY ITSELF1 ALL RATIONAL 5QUIR]S 

HAVE AGRE$ TO CONDEMN4 ,:AT WE WANT TO ASC]TA9 IS NOT ! 9T5TION ( 

! (F5D]1 BUT ! *ANCE ( HIS (F5D+ AGA94 ,= ?IS PURPOSE WE 

REASONABLY 9QUIRE FIR/ 9TO HIS 9T5TION4 ,BUT1 :5 WE HAVE F\ND ?IS1 

\R TASK IS BUT BEGUN4 ,?IS IS ONE ( \R MAT]IALS1 TO 5ABLE US TO CALCULATE 

! PROBABILITY ( HIS REPEAT+ HIS (F5SE1 OR BE+ IMITAT$ BY O!RS4 

,WAS ?IS AN HABITUAL /ATE ( HIS M9D1 OR WAS IT A CRISIS 9 HIS HI/ORY 

LIKELY TO REMA9 A UNIQUE8 ,:AT EFFECT HAS EXP]I5CE PRODUC$ ON HIM2 OR 

:AT LIKELIHOOD IS !RE ?AT ! UNEAS9ESS & SUFF]+ ?AT ATT5D ! 

P]PETRATION ( EM95T WRONG MAY HAVE WORK$ A SALUT>Y *ANGE 9 HIS M9D8 

,WILL HE H]EAFT] BE PLAC$ 9 CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT %ALL IMPEL HIM TO ! 

SAME 5ORMITY8 ,PRECAUTION IS1 9 ITS [N NATURE1 A /EP 9 A HI< DEGREE 

PREC>I\S4 ,PRECAUTION ?AT CONSI/S 9 9FLICT+ 9JURY ON ANO!R WILL 

AT ALL TIMES BE ODI\S TO AN EQUITABLE M9D4 ,MEAN:ILE1 BE IT OBS]V$ ?AT 

ALL :I* HAS BE5 SAID UPON ! UNC]TA9TY ( CRIME T5DS TO AGGRAVATE 

! 9JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T = ! SAKE ( EXAMPLE4 ,S9CE ! CRIME UPON 

:I* ,I ANIMADV]T 9 ONE MAN CAN NEV] BE ! SAME AS ! CRIME ( ANO!R1 

IT IS AS IF ,I %\LD AW>D A GRIEV\S P5ALTY AGA9/ P]SONS ) ONE EYE1 

TO PREV5T ANY MAN 9 FUTURE FROM PUTT+ \T HIS EYES BY DESIGN4 

,ONE MORE >GUM5T1 CALCULAT$ TO PROVE ! ABSURDITY ( ! ATTEMPT TO 

PROPORTION DEL9QU5CY & SUFF]+ TO EA* O!R1 MAY BE D]IV$ FROM ! 

IMP]FECTION ( EVID5CE4 ,! V]ACITY ( WITNESSES WILL1 TO AN IMP>TIAL 

SPECTATOR1 BE A SUBJECT ( CONT9UAL D\BT4 ,!IR COMPET5CE1 SO F> AS RELATES 

TO JU/ OBS]VATION & ACCURACY ( UND]/&+1 WILL BE /ILL MORE D\BTFUL4 

,ABSOLUTE IMP>TIALITY IT W\LD BE ABSURD TO EXPECT FROM !M4 ,H[ MU* WILL 

EV]Y WORD & EV]Y ACTION COME DI/ORT$ BY ! M$IUM ?R\< :I* IT 

IS TRANSMITT$8 ,! GUILT ( A MAN1 TO SPEAK 9 ! PHRASEOLOGY ( LAW1 MAY 

BE PROV$ EI!R BY DIRECT OR CIRCUM/ANTIAL EVID5CE4 ,I AM F\ND NE> TO 

! BODY ( A MAN NEWLY MURD]$4 ,I COME \T ( HIS AP>TM5T ) A BLOODY 

KNIFE 9 MY H&1 OR ) BLOOD UPON MY CLO!S4 ,IF UND] !SE CIRCUM/ANCES1 

& UNEXPECT$LY *>G$ ) MURD]1 ,I FALT] 9 MY SPEE*1 OR BETRAY P]TURBATION 

9 MY C\NT5ANCE1 ?IS IS 9 ADDITIONAL PRO(4 ,:O DOES NOT KN[ ?AT !RE 

IS NOT A MAN 9 ,5GL&1 H[EV] BLAMELESS A LIFE HE MAY LEAD1 :O IS SECURE 

?AT HE %ALL NOT 5D IT AT ! GALL[S8 ,?IS IS ONE ( ! MO/ OBVI\S 

& UNIV]SAL BLESS+S ?AT CIVIL GOV]NM5T HAS TO BE/[4 ,9 :AT IS CALL$ 

DIRECT EVID5CE1 IT IS NECESS>Y TO ID5TIFY ! P]SON ( ! (F5D]4 

,H[ MANY 9/ANCES >E !RE UPON RECORD ( P]SONS CONDEMN$ UPON ?IS EVID5CE 

:O1 AFT] !IR DEA?1 HAVE BE5 PROV$ 5TIRELY 9NOC5T8 ,SIR ,WALT] ,RALEI<1 

:5 A PRISON] 9 ! ,T[]1 HE>D SOME HI< WORDS ACCOMPANI$ ) BL[S 

UND] HIS W9D[4 ,HE 9QUIR$ ( SEV]AL EYE-WITNESSES1 :O 5T]$ HIS AP>TM5T 

9 SUCCESSION1 9TO ! NATURE ( ! TRANSACTION4 ,BUT ! /ORY !Y TOLD 

V>I$ 9 SU* MAT]IAL CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT HE C\LD =M NO JU/ IDEA ( 

:AT HAD BE5 DONE4 ,HE APPLI$ ?IS TO PROVE ! UNC]TA9TY ( HI/ORY4 

,! P>ALLEL W\LD HAVE BE5 MORE /RIK+ IF HE HAD APPLI$ IT TO CRIM9AL 

SUITS4 

,BUT1 SUPPOS+ ! EXT]NAL ACTION1 ! FIR/ P>T ( ! QUE/ION TO 

BE ASC]TA9$1 WE HAVE NEXT TO DISCOV] ?R\< ! SAME G>BL$ & CONFUS$ 

M$IUM ! 9T5TION4 ,H[ FEW M5 %\LD ,I *OOSE TO 5TRU/ ) ! DRAW+ 

UP A N>RATIVE ( SOME DELICATE & 9T]E/+ TRANSACTION ( MY LIFE8 ,H[ 

FEW1 ?\<1 CORPORALLY SPEAK+1 !Y W]E WITNESSES ( :AT WAS DONE1 W\LD 

JU/LY DESCRIBE MY MOTIVES1 & PROP]LY REPORT & 9T]PRET MY WORDS8 ,YET1 

9 AN AFFAIR ?AT 9VOLVES MY LIFE1 MY FAME & FUTURE USEFULNESS1 ,I AM OBLIG$ 

TO TRU/ TO ANY VULG> & CASUAL OBS]V]4 

,A MAN PROP]LY CONFID5T 9 ! =CE ( TRU? W\LD CONSID] A PUBLIC 

LIBEL UPON HIS *>ACT] AS A TRIVIAL MIS=TUNE4 ,BUT A CRIM9AL TRIAL 9 

A C\RT ( JU/ICE IS 9EXPRESSIBLY DIFF]5T4 ,FEW M51 ?US CIRCUM/ANC$1 

CAN RETA9 ! NECESS>Y PRES5CE ( M9D1 & FRE$OM FROM EMB>RASSM5T4 

,BUT IF !Y DO1 IT IS ) A COLD & UNWILL+ E> ?AT !IR TALE IS HE>D4 

,IF ! CRIME *>G$ AGA9/ !M BE ATROCI\S1 !Y >E HALF CONDEMN$ 9 

! PASSIONS ( MANK9D BE=E !IR CAUSE IS BR\<T TO A TRIAL4 ,ALL ?AT 

IS 9T]E/+ TO !M IS DECID$ AMID ! FIR/ BUR/ ( 9DIGNATION2 

& IT IS WELL IF !IR /ORY BE IMP>TIALLY E/IMAT$ T5 YE>S AFT] !IR 

BODY HAS MOLD]$ 9 ! GRAVE4 ,:Y1 IF A CONSID]ABLE TIME ELAPSE BETWE5 

! TRIAL & ! EXECUTION1 DO WE F9D ! SEV]ITY ( ! PUBLIC *ANG$ 

9TO COMPASSION8 ,= ! SAME REASON ?AT A MA/]1 IF HE DO NOT BEAT HIS 

SLAVE 9 ! MOM5T ( RES5TM5T1 (T5 FEELS A REPUGNANCE TO ! BEAT+ 

HIM AT ALL4 ,NOT SO MU*1 P]HAPS1 AS IS COMMONLY SUPPOS$1 FROM =GETFULNESS 

( ! (F5SE1 AS ?AT ! S5TIM5TS ( REASON HAVE TIME TO RECUR1 & 

HE FEELS1 9 A CONFUS$ & 9DEF9ITE MANN]1 ! 9JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T4 

,?US EV]Y CONSID]ATION T5DS TO %[ ?AT A MAN TRI$ = A CRIME IS A 

POOR DES]T$ 9DIVIDUAL1 ) ! :OLE =CE ( ! COMMUNITY CONSPIR+ 

HIS RU94 ,! CULPRIT ?AT ESCAPES1 H[EV] CONSCI\S ( 9NOC5CE1 LIFTS 

UP HIS H&S ) A/ONI%M5T1 & CAN SC>CELY BELIEVE HIS S5SES1 HAV+ 

SU* MI<TY ODDS AGA9/ HIM4 ,IT IS EASY = A MAN :O DESIRES TO %AKE (F 

AN IMPUTATION UND] :I* HE LABORS TO TALK ( BE+ PUT ON HIS TRIAL2 BUT 

NO MAN EV] S]I\SLY WI%$ = ?IS ORDEAL :O KNEW :AT A TRIAL WAS4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,QUE/A E UNA DI QUELLE PALPABILI V]ITA1 *E P] UNA 

M>AVIGLIOSA COMB9AZIONE DI CIRCON/ANZE NON SONO CON DECISA SICUREZZA CONOSCIUTE1 

*E DA ALCUNI PO*I P5SATORI UOM9I D'OGNI NAZIONE1 E D'OGNI SECOLO4' ,DEI 

,DELITTI E DELLE ,P5E4 

#b4 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

#c4 ',QUE/A .<L'9T5ZIONE.> DIP5DE DALLA IMPRESSIONE ATTUALE DEGLI IGGETTI1 

E DALLA PREC$5TE DISPOSIZIONE DELLA M5TE3 ESSE V>IANO 9 TUTTI GLI UOM9I 

E 9 CIASCUN UOMO COLLA VELOCISSIMA SUCCESSIONE DELLE IDEE1 DELLE PASSIONI1 

E DELLE CIRCO/ANZE4' ,HE ADDS1 ',S>EBBE DUNQUE NECESS>IO =M>E NON SOLO 

UN CODICE P>TICOL>E P] CIASCUN CITTAD9O1 MA UNA NUOVA LEGGE AD OGNI DELTITTO4' 

,DEI ,DELITTI E DELLE ,P5E4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,V 

,( ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T ,C,O,N,S,I,D,],$ ,A,S ,A ,T,E,M,P,O,R,>,Y ,E,X,P,$,I,5,T 

,?US MU* = ! G5]AL M]ITS ( PUNI%M5T1 CONSID]$ AS AN 9/RUM5T 

TO BE APPLI$ 9 ! GOV]NM5T ( M54 ,IT IS TIME ?AT WE %\LD 9QUIRE 

9TO ! APOLOGY :I* MAY BE (F]$ 9 ITS BEHALF1 AS A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T4 

,NO 9TRODUCTION SEEM$ MORE PROP] TO ?IS 9QUIRY ?AN SU* A REVIEW ( 

! SUBJECT UPON A COMPREH5SIVE SCALE2 ?AT ! READ] MI<T BE 9SPIR$ 

) A SUITABLE REPUGNANCE AGA9/ SO P]NICI\S A SY/EM1 & PREP>$ FIRMLY 

TO RESI/ ITS ADMISSION1 9 ALL CASES :]E ITS NECESSITY CANNOT BE CLE>LY 

DEMON/RAT$4 

,! >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( PUNI%M5T AS A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T >E OBVI\S4 

,IT MAY BE ALLEG$ ?AT 'H[EV] SUITABLE AN 5TIRE IMMUNITY 9 ?IS RESPECT 

MAY BE TO ! NATURE ( M9D ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 IT IS IMPRACTICABLE ) 

REG>D TO M5 AS WE N[ F9D !M4 ,! HUMAN SPECIES IS AT PRES5T 9FECT$ 

) A ?\S& VISES1 ! (FSPR+ ( E/ABLI%$ 9JU/ICE4 ,!Y >E FULL 

( FACTITI\S APPETITES & P]V]SE HABITS3 HEAD/RONG 9 EVIL1 9VET]ATE 

9 SELFI%NESS1 )\T SYMPA?Y & =BE>ANCE = ! WELF>E ( O!RS4 

,9 TIME !Y MAY BECOME ACCOMMODAT$ TO ! LESSONS ( REASON2 BUT AT PRES5T 

!Y W\LD BE F\ND DEAF TO H] M&ATES1 & EAG] TO COMMIT EV]Y SPECIES 

( 9JU/ICE4' 

,ONE ( ! REM>KS ?AT MO/ IRRESI/IBLY SUGGE/ !MSELVES UPON ?IS 

/ATEM5T IS ?AT PUNI%M5T HAS NO PROP] T5D5CY TO PREP>E M5 = A 

/ATE 9 :I* PUNI%M5T %ALL CEASE4 ,IT W]E IDLE TO EXPECT ?AT =CE 

%\LD BEG9 TO DO ?AT :I* IT IS ! (FICE ( TRU? TO F9I%1 %\LD 

FIT M51 BY SEV]ITY & VIOL5CE1 TO 5T] ) MORE FAVORABLE AUSPICES 

9TO ! S*OOLS ( REASON4 

,BUT1 TO OMIT ?IS GROSS MISREPRES5TATION 9 BEHALF ( ! SUPPOS$ UTILITY 

( PUNI%M5T1 IT IS ( IMPORTANCE1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO OBS]VE ?AT !RE 

IS A COMPLETE & UNANSW]ABLE REM$Y TO ?OSE EVILS1 ! CURE ( :I* HAS 

HI!RTO BE5 S\<T 9 PUNI%M5T1 ?AT IS )9 ! REA* ( EV]Y COMMUNITY1 

:5EV] !Y %ALL BE P]SUAD$ TO ADOPT IT4 ,!RE IS A /ATE ( SOCIETY1 

! \TL9E ( :I* HAS BE5 ALREADY SKET*$17#a"97 ?AT1 BY ! M]E SIMPLICITY 

( ITS /RUCTURE1 W\LD LEAD TO ! EXT]M9ATION ( (F5SE3 A /ATE 9 

:I* TEMPTATION W\LD BE ALMO/ UNKN[N1 TRU? BR\<T D[N TO ! LEVEL 

( ALL APPREH5SIONS1 & VISE SUFFICI5TLY *ECK$1 BY ! G5]AL DISC\NT5ANCE1 

& SOB] CONDEMNATION ( EV]Y SPECTATOR4 ,SU* >E ! CONSEQU5CES ?AT 

MI<T BE EXPECT$ TO SPR+ FROM AN ABOLITION ( ! CRAFT & MY/]Y ( 

GOV]N+2 :ILE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! 9NUM]ABLE MURD]S ?AT >E DAILY 

COMMITT$ UND] ! SANCTION ( LEGAL =MS >E SOLELY TO BE ASCRIB$ TO 

! P]NICI\S NOTION ( AN EXT5SIVE T]RITORY2 TO ! DREAMS ( GLORY1 

EMPIRE & NATIONAL GREATNESS1 :I* HAVE HI!RTO PROV$ ! BANE ( ! 

HUMAN SPECIES1 )\T PRODUC+ 5TIRE B5EFIT & HAPP9ESS TO A S+LE 

9DIVIDUAL4 

,ANO!R OBS]VATION :I* ?IS CONSID]ATION IMM$IATELY SUGGE/S IS ?AT 

IT IS NOT1 AS ! OBJECTION SUPPOS$1 BY ANY MEANS NECESS>Y ?AT MANK9D 

%\LD PASS ?R\< A /ATE ( PURIFICATION1 & BE FRE$ FROM ! VICI\S 

PROP5SITIES :I* ILL CON/ITUT$ GOV]NM5TS HAVE IMPLANT$1 BE=E !Y 

CAN BE DISMISS$ FROM ! CO]CION TO :I* !Y >E AT PRES5T SUBJECT$4 

,!IR /ATE W\LD 9DE$ BE HOPELESS IF IT W]E NECESS>Y ?AT ! CURE %\LD 

BE EFFECT$ BE=E WE W]E AT LIB]TY TO DISC>D ?OSE PRACTICES TO :I* 

! DISEASE [ES ITS MO/ AL>M+ SYMPTOMS4 ,BUT IT IS ! *>ACT]I/IC 

( A WELL =M$ SOCIETY1 NOT ONLY TO MA9TA9 9 ITS MEMB]S ?OSE VIRTUES 

) :I* !Y >E ALREADY IMBU$1 BUT TO EXTIRPATE !IR ]RORS1 & R5D] 

!M B5EVOL5T & JU/ TO EA* O!R4 ,IT FREES US FROM ! 9FLU5CE ( 

?OSE PHANTOMS :I* BE=E MISL$ US1 %[S US \R TRUE ADVANTAGE AS CONSI/+ 

9 9DEP5D5CE & 9TEGRITY1 & B9DS US1 BY ! G5]AL CONS5T ( \R 

FELL[ CITIZ5S1 TO ! DICTATES ( REASON MORE /RONGLY ?AN ) FETT]S 

( IRON4 ,IT IS NOT TO ! S\ND ( 9TELLECTUAL HEAL? ?AT ! REM$Y SO 

URG5TLY ADDRESSES ITSELF AS TO ?OSE :O >E 9FECT$ ) DISEASES ( ! 

M9D4 ,! ILL PROP5SITIES ( MANK9D NO O!RWISE T5D TO PO/PONE ! ABOLITION 

( CO]CION ?AN AS !Y PREV5T !M FROM P]CEIV+ ! ADVANTAGES ( POLITICAL 

SIMPLICITY4 ,! MOM5T 9 :I* !Y CAN BE P]SUAD$ TO ADOPT ANY RATIONAL 

PLAN = ?IS ABOLITION IS ! MOM5T 9 :I* ! ABOLITION \<T TO BE 

EFFECT$4 

,A FUR!R CONSEQU5CE ?AT MAY BE D$UC$ FROM ! PR9CIPLES ?AT HAVE 

BE5 DELIV]$ IS ?AT A CO]CION TO BE EMPLOY$ UPON ITS [N MEMB]S CAN1 

9 NO CASE1 BE ! DUTY ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,! COMMUNITY IS ALWAYS COMPET5T 

TO *ANGE ITS 9/ITUTIONS1 & ?US TO EXTIRPATE (F5SE 9 A WAY 9F9ITELY 

MORE RATIONAL & JU/ ?AN ?AT ( PUNI%M5T4 ,IF1 9 ?IS S5SE1 PUNI%M5T 

HAS BE5 DEEM$ NECESS>Y AS A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T1 ! OP9ION ADMITS ( 

SATISFACTORY REFUTATION4 ,PUNI%M5T CAN AT NO TIME1 EI!R P]MAN5TLY OR 

PROVISIONALLY1 MAKE P>T ( ANY POLITICAL SY/EM ?AT IS BUILT UPON ! PR9CIPLES 

( REASON4 

,BUT1 ?\<1 9 ?IS S5SE1 PUNI%M5T CANNOT BE ADMITT$ = SO MU* 

AS A TEMPOR>Y EXP$I5T1 !RE IS ANO!R S5SE 9 :I* IT MU/ BE SO ADMITT$4 

,CO]CION1 EX]CIS$ 9 ! NAME ( ! /ATE UPON ITS RESPECTIVE MEMB]S1 

CANNOT BE ! DUTY ( ! COMMUNITY2 BUT CO]CION MAY BE ! DUTY ( 9DIVIDUALS 

)9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,! DUTY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 9 !IR POLITICAL CAPACITY1 

IS1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 TO 5DEAVOR TO MELIORATE ! /ATE ( SOCIETY 9 

:I* !Y EXI/1 & TO BE 9DEFATIGABLE 9 DETECT+ ITS IMP]FECTIONS4 

,BUT1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 IT BEHOOVES !M TO RECOLLECT ?AT !IR EF=TS 

CANNOT BE EXPECT$ TO MEET ) 9/ANT SUCCESS1 ?AT ! PROGRESS ( KN[L$GE 

HAS1 9 ALL CASES1 BE5 GRADUAL1 & ?AT !IR OBLIGATION TO PROMOTE ! 

WELF>E ( SOCIETY DUR+ ! 9T]M$IATE P]IOD IS C]TA9LY NOT LESS REAL 

?AN !IR OBLIGATION TO PROMOTE ITS FUTURE & P]MAN5T ADVANTAGE4 ,EV5 

! FUTURE ADVANTAGE CANNOT BE EFFECTUALLY PROCUR$ IF WE BE 9ATT5TIVE 

TO ! PRES5T SECURITY4 ,BUT1 AS LONG AS NATIONS %ALL BE SO F> MI/AK5 

AS TO 5DURE A COMPLEX GOV]NM5T1 & AN EXT5SIVE T]RITORY1 CO]CION WILL 

BE 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y TO G5]AL SECURITY4 ,IT IS !RE=E ! DUTY 

( 9DIVIDUALS TO TAKE AN ACTIVE %>E UPON OCCASION 9 SO MU* CO]CION1 

& 9 SU* P>TS ( ! EXI/+ SY/EM1 AS %ALL BE SUFFICI5T TO C\NT]ACT 

! GR[? ( UNIV]SAL VIOL5CE & TUMULT4 ,IT IS UNWOR?Y ( A RATIONAL 

5QUIR] TO SAY1 ',!SE ?+S >E NECESS>Y1 BUT ,I AM NOT OBLIG$ TO TAKE 

MY %>E 9 !M4' ,IF !Y BE NECESS>Y1 !Y >E NECESS>Y = ! G5]AL 

WELF>E2 ( CONSEQU5CE1 >E VIRTU\S1 & :AT NO JU/ MAN WILL REFUSE TO 

P]=M4 

,! DUTY ( 9DIVIDUALS IS1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 SIMIL> TO ! DUTY ( 9DEP5D5T 

COMMUNITIES UPON ! SUBJECT ( W>4 ,IT IS WELL KN[N :AT HAS BE5 ! PREVAIL+ 

POLICY ( PR9CES UND] ?IS HEAD4 ,PR9CES1 ESPECIALLY ! MO/ ACTIVE & 

5T]PRIS+ AMONG !M1 >E SEIZ$ ) AN 9EXT+UI%ABLE RAGE = AUGM5T+ 

!IR DOM9IONS4 ,! MO/ 9NOC5T & 9(F5SIVE CONDUCT ON ! P>T ( 

!IR NEI<BORS WILL NOT1 AT ALL TIMES1 BE A SUFFICI5T SECURITY AGA9/ 

!IR AMBITION4 ,!Y 9DE$ SEEK TO DISGUISE !IR VIOL5CE UND] PLAUSIBLE 

PRET5SES2 BUT IT IS WELL KN[N ?AT1 :]E NO SU* PRET5SES OCCUR1 !Y 

>E NOT1 ON ?AT ACC\NT1 DISPOS$ TO REL9QUI% ! PURSUIT4 ,LET US IMAG9E 

!N A L& ( FREEM5 9VAD$ BY ONE ( !SE DESPOTS4 ,:AT CONDUCT DOES 

IT BEHOOVE !M TO ADOPT8 ,WE >E NOT YET WISE 5\< TO MAKE ! SWORD DROP 

\T ( ! H&S ( \R OPPRESSORS1 BY ! M]E =CE ( REASON4 ,W]E WE 

RESOLV$1 LIKE QUAK]S1 NEI!R TO OPPOSE NOR1 :]E IT C\LD BE AVOID$1 

TO SUBMIT TO !M1 MU* BLOOD%$ MI<T P]HAPS BE PREV5T$3 BUT A MORE 

LA/+ EVIL W\LD RESULT4 ,!Y W\LD FIX G>RISONS 9 \R C\NTRY1 & TORM5T 

US ) P]PETUAL 9JU/ICE4 ,SUPPOS+ IT W]E EV5 GRANT$ ?AT1 IF ! 

9VAD$ NATION %\LD DEMEAN ITSELF ) UNALT]ABLE CON/ANCY1 ! 9VAD]S 

W\LD BECOME TIR$ ( !IR FRUITLESS USURPATION1 IT W\LD PROVE BUT LITTLE4 

,AT PRES5T WE HAVE TO DO1 NOT ) NATIONS ( PHILOSOPH]S1 BUT ) NATIONS 

( M5 :OSE VIRTUES >E ALLOY$ ) WEAKNESS1 FLUCTUATION & 9CON/ANCY4 

,AT PRES5T IT IS \R DUTY TO CONSULT RESPECT+ ! PROC$URE :I*1 TO SU* 

NATIONS1 MAY BE ATT5D$ ) ! MO/ FAVORABLE RESULT4 ,IT IS !RE=E 

PROP] ?AT WE %\LD *OOSE ! LEA/ CALAMIT\S MODE ( OBLIG+ ! 5EMY 

SPE$ILY TO )DRAW HIMSELF FROM \R T]RITORIES4 

,! CASE ( 9DIVIDUAL DEF5SE IS ( ! SAME NATURE4 ,IT DOES NOT APPE> 

?AT ANY ADVANTAGE CAN RESULT FROM MY =BE>ANCE1 ADEQUATE TO ! DISADVANTAGES 

( SUFF]+ MY [N LIFE1 OR ?AT ( ANO!R1 A PECULI>LY VALUABLE MEMB] 

( ! COMMUNITY1 AS IT MAY HAPP51 TO BECOME A PREY TO ! FIR/ RUFFIAN 

:O 9CL9ES TO DE/ROY IT4 ,=BE>ANCE1 9 ?IS CASE1 WILL BE ! CONDUCT 

( A S+UL> 9DIVIDUAL1 & ITS EFFECT MAY V]Y PROBABLY BE TRIFL+4 ,H5CE 

IT APPE>S ?AT ,I \<T TO >RE/ ! VILLA9 9 ! EXECUTION ( HIS DESIGNS1 

?\< AT ! EXP5SE ( A C]TA9 DEGREE ( CO]CION4 

,! CASE ( AN (F5D] :O APPE>S TO BE H>D5$ 9 GUILT1 & TO TRADE 

9 ! VIOLATION ( SOCIAL SECURITY1 IS CLE>LY P>ALLEL TO !SE4 ,I \<T 

TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ ! DESPOT BY :OM MY C\NTRY IS 9VAD$1 BECAUSE 

MY CAPACITY DOES NOT 5ABLE ME BY >GUM5TS TO PREVAIL ON HIM TO DESI/1 

& BECAUSE MY C\NTRYM5 WILL NOT PRES]VE !IR 9TELLECTUAL 9DEP5D5CE 

9 ! MID/ ( OPPRESSION4 ,= ! SAME REASON ,I \<T TO TAKE UP >MS AGA9/ 

! DOME/IC SPOIL]1 BECAUSE ,I AM UNABLE EI!R TO P]SUADE HIM TO DESI/1 

OR ! COMMUNITY TO ADOPT A JU/ POLITICAL 9/ITUTION BY MEANS ( :I* 

SECURITY MI<T BE MA9TA9$ CONSI/5TLY ) ! ABOLITION ( PUNI%M5T4 

,TO UND]/& ! FULL EXT5T ( ?IS DUTY1 IT IS 9CUMB5T UPON US TO 

REM>K ?AT AN>*Y AS IT IS USUALLY UND]/OOD 1 & A WELL CONCEIV$ =M 

( SOCIETY )\T GOV]NM5T1 >E EXCE$+LY DIFF]5T FROM EA* O!R4 

,IF ! GOV]NM5T ( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 W]E DISSOLV$ TOMORR[1 UNLESS ?AT DISSOLUTION 

W]E ! RESULT ( CONSI/5T & DIGE/$ VIEWS ( POLITICAL TRU? PREVI\SLY 

DISSEM9IAT$ AMONG ! 9HABITANTS1 IT W\LD BE V]Y F> FROM LEAD+ TO 

! ABOLITION ( VIOL5CE4 ,9DIVIDUALS1 FRE$ FROM ! T]RORS BY :I* !Y 

HAD BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO BE RE/RA9$1 & NOT YET PLAC$ UND] ! HAPPI] 

& MORE RATIONAL RE/RA9T ( PUBLIC 9SPECTION1 OR CONV9C$ ( ! WISDOM 

( RECIPROCAL =BE>ANCE1 W\LD BREAK \T 9TO ACTS ( 9JU/ICE1 :ILE 

O!R 9DIVIDUALS1 :O DESIR$ ONLY ?AT ?IS IRREGUL>ITY %\LD CEASE1 

W\LD F9D !MSELVES OBLIG$ TO ASSOCIATE = ITS =CIBLE SUPPRESSION4 

,WE %\LD HAVE ALL ! EVILS & COMPULSORY RE/RA9T TO A REGUL> GOV]NM5T1 

AT ! SAME TIME ?AT WE W]E DEPRIV$ ( ?AT TRANQUILITY & LEISURE :I* 

>E ITS ONLY ADVANTAGES4 

,IT MAY NOT BE USELESS 9 ?IS PLACE TO CONSID]1 MORE ACCURATELY ?AN 

WE HAVE HI!RTO DONE1 ! EVILS ( AN>*Y4 ,SU* A REVIEW MAY AF=D US 

A CRIT]ION BY :I* TO DISC]N1 AS WELL ! COMP>ATIVE VALUE ( DIFF]5T 

9/ITUTIONS1 AS ! PRECISE DEGREE ( CO]CION :I* IS REQUIR$ = ! 

EXCLUSION ( UNIV]SAL VIOL5CE & TUMULT4 

,AN>*Y1 9 ITS [N NATURE1 IS AN EVIL ( %ORT DURATION4 ,! MORE HORRIBLE 

>E ! MIS*IEFS IT 9FLICTS1 ! MORE DOES IT HA/5 TO A CLOSE4 ,BUT IT 

IS NEV]!LESS NECESS>Y ?AT WE %\LD CONSID] BO? :AT IS ! QUANTITY 

( MIS*IEF IT PRODUCES 9 A GIV5 P]IOD1 & :AT IS ! SC5E 9 :I* 

IT PROMISES TO CLOSE4 ,! FIR/ VICTIM ?AT IS SACRIFIC$ AT ITS %R9E IS 

P]SONAL SECURITY4 ,EV]Y MAN :O HAS A SECRET FOE \<T TO DREAD ! DAGG] 

( ?AT FOE4 ,!RE IS NO D\BT ?AT1 9 ! WOR/ AN>*Y1 MULTITUDES ( 

M5 WILL SLEEP 9 HAPPY OBSCURITY4 ,BUT WOE TO HIM :O1 BY :ATEV] MEANS1 

EXCITES ! 5VY1 ! JEAL\SY OR ! SUSPICION ( HIS NEI<BOR6 ,UNBRIDL$ 

F]OCITY 9/ANTLY M>KS HIM = ITS PREY4 ,?IS IS 9DE$ ! PR9CIPAL EVIL 

( SU* A /ATE1 ?AT ! WISE/1 ! BRI<TE/1 ! MO/ G5]\S & BOLD 

WILL (T5 BE MO/ EXPOS$ TO AN IMMATURE FATE4 ,9 SU* A /ATE WE MU/ BID 

F>EWELL TO ! PATI5T LUCUBRATIONS ( ! PHILOSOPH]1 & ! LABOR ( 

! MIDNI<T OIL4 ,ALL IS H]E1 LIKE ! SOCIETY 9 :I* IT EXI/S1 IMPATI5T 

& HEADLONG4 ,M9D WILL FREQU5TLY BUR/ =?1 BUT ITS APPE>ANCE WILL BE 

LIKE ! CORUSCATIONS ( ! METEOR1 NOT LIKE ! MILD & EQUABLE ILLUM9ATION 

( ! SUN4 ,M5 :O />T =? 9TO SUDD5 5]GY WILL RESEMBLE 9 TEMP] 

! /ATE ?AT BR\<T !M TO ?IS UNLOOK$ = GREATNESS4 ,!Y WILL BE 

RIGOR\S1 UNFEEL+ & FI]CE2 & !IR UNGOV]N$ PASSIONS WILL (T5 

NOT /OP AT EQUALITY1 BUT 9CITE !M TO GRASP AT P[]4 

,) ALL !SE EVILS1 WE MU/ NOT HA/ILY CONCLUDE ?AT ! MIS*IEFS 

( AN>*Y >E WORSE ?AN ?OSE :I* GOV]NM5T IS QUALIFI$ TO PRODUCE4 

,) RESPECT TO P]SONAL SECURITY1 AN>*Y IS P]HAPS A CONDITION MORE DEPLORABLE 

?AN DESPOTISM2 BUT !N IT IS TO BE CONSID]$ ?AT DESPOTISM IS AS P]5NIAL 

AS AN>*Y IS TRANSITORY4 ,DESPOTISM1 AS IT EXI/$ UND] ! ,ROMAN EMP]ORS1 

M>K$ \T WEAL? = ITS VICTIM1 & ! GUILT ( BE+ RI* NEV] FAIL$ 

TO CONVICT ! ACCUS$ ( EV]Y O!R CRIME4 ,?IS DESPOTISM CONT9U$ = 

C5TURIES4 ,DESPOTISM1 AS IT HAS EXI/$ 9 MODEM ,EUROPE1 HAS BE5 EV] FULL 

( JEAL\SY & 9TRIGUE1 A TOOL TO ! RAGE ( C\RTI]S1 & ! RES5TM5T 

( WOM54 ,HE ?AT D>$ UTT] A WORD AGA9/ TYRANT1 OR 5DEAVOR TO 9/RUCT 

HIS C\NTRYM5 9 !IR 9T]E/S WAS NEV] SECURE ?AT ! NEXT MOM5T W\LD 

NOT CONDUCT HIM TO A DUNGEON4 ,H]E DESPOTISM WREAK$ H] V5GEANCE AT LEISURE2 

& =TY YE>S ( MIS]Y & SOLITUDE W]E SOMETIMES 9SUFFICI5T TO SATIATE 

H] FURY4 ,NOR WAS ?IS ALL4 ,AN USURPATION ?AT DEFI$ ALL ! RULES ( JU/ICE 

WAS OBLIG$ TO PUR*ASE ITS [N SAFETY BY ASSI/+ TYRANNY ?R\< ALL ITS 

SUBORD9ATE RANKS4 ,H5CE ! RI<TS ( NOBILITY1 ( FEUDAL VASSALAGE1 ( 

PRIMOG5ITURE1 ( F9ES & 9H]ITANCE4 ,:5 ! PHILOSOPHY ( LAW %ALL 

BE PROP]LY UND]/OOD1 ! TRUE KEY TO ITS SPIRIT & HI/ORY WILL PROBABLY 

BE F\ND1 NOT1 AS SOME M51 HAVE FONDLY IMAG9$1 9 A DESIRE TO SECURE ! 

HAPP9ESS ( MANK9D1 BUT 9 ! V5AL COMPACT BY :I* SUP]IOR TYRANTS 

HAVE PUR*AS$ ! C\NT5ANCE & ALLIANCE ( ! 9F]IOR4 

,!RE IS ONE PO9T REMA9+ 9 :I* AN>*Y & DESPOTISM >E /RONGLY 

CONTRA/$ ) EA* O!R4 ,AN>*Y AWAK5S ?\<T1 & DIFFUSES 5]GY 

& 5T]PRISE ?R\< ! COMMUNITY1 ?\< IT DOES NOT EFFECT ?IS 9 ! 

BE/ MANN]1 AS ITS FRUITS1 =C$ 9TO RIP5ESS1 MU/ NOT BE EXPECT$ TO 

HAVE ! VIGOR\S /AM9A ( TRUE EXCELL5CE4 ,BUT1 9 DESPOTISM1 M9D IS 

TRAMPL$ 9TO AN EQUALITY ( ! MO/ ODI\S SORT4 ,EV]Y?+ ?AT PROMISES 

GREATNESS IS DE/9$ TO FALL UND] ! EXT]M9AT+ H& ( SUSPICION & 

5VY4 ,9 DESPOTISM1 !RE IS NO 5C\RAGEM5T TO EXCELL5CE4 ,M9D DELI<TS 

TO EXPATIATE1 9 A FIELD :]E EV]Y SPECIES ( DI/9CTION IS )9 ITS 

REA*4 ,A S*EME ( POLICY UND] :I* ALL M5 >E FIX$ 9 CLASSES1 OR LEVEL$ 

) ! DU/1 AF=DS IT NO 5C\RAGEM5T TO PURSUE ITS C>E]4 ,! 9HABITANTS 

( C\NTRIES 9 :I* DESPOTISM IS COMPLETE >E FREQU5TLY BUT A MORE VICI\S 

SPECIES ( BRUTES4 ,OPPRESSION /IMULATES !M TO MIS*IEF & PIRACY & 

SUP]IOR =CE ( M9D (T5 DISPLAYS ITSELF ONLY 9 DEEP] TREA*]Y1 OR 

MORE D>+ 9JU/ICE4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ 9T]E/+ QUE/IONS1 9 RELATION TO AN>*Y1 IS ?AT1( 

! RESULT 9 :I* IT MAY BE EXPECT$ TO T]M9ATE4 ,! POSSIBILITIES AS 

TO ?IS T]M9ATION >E AS WIDE AS ! V>I\S S*EMES ( SOCIETY :I* ! 

HUMAN IMAG9ATION CAN CONCEIVE4 ,AN>*Y MAY & HAS T]M9AT$ 9 DESPOTISM2 

&1 9 ?AT CASE1 ! 9TRODUCTION ( AN>*Y WILL ONLY S]VE TO AFFLICT 

US ) V>IETY ( EVILS4 ,IT MAY LEAD TO A MODIFICATION ( DESPOTISM1 A MILD] 

& MORE EQUITABLE GOV]NM5T ?AN ?AT :I* HAD GONE BE=E4 ,IT CANNOT 

IMM$IATELY LEAD TO ! BE/ =M ( SOCIETY1 S9CE IT NECESS>ILY LEAVES 

MANK9D 9 A /ATE ( F]M5T1 :I* REQUIRES A /RONG H& TO CONTROL1 & 

A SL[ & W>Y PROCESS TO TRANQUILIZE4 

,! SC5E 9 :I* AN>*Y %ALL T]M9ATE PR9CIPALLY DEP5DS UPON ! 

/ATE ( M9D BY :I* IT HAS BE5 PREC$$4 ,ALL MANK9D W]E 9 A /ATE 

( AN>*Y1 ?AT IS1 )\T GOV]NM5T1 PREVI\SLY TO !IR BE+ 9 A /ATE 

( POLICY4 ,IT W\LD NOT BE DIFFICULT TO F9D1 9 ! HI/ORY ( ALMO/ EV]Y 

C\NTRY1 A P]IOD ( AN>*Y4 ,! PEOPLE ( ,5GL& W]E 9 A /ATE ( AN>*Y 

IMM$IATELY BE=E ! ,RE/ORATION4 ,! ,ROMAN PEOPLE W]E 9 A /ATE ( AN>*Y 

AT ! MOM5T ( !IR SECESSION TO ! ,SACR$ ,M\NTA94 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S 

?AT AN>*Y IS NEI!R SO GOOD NOR SO ILL A ?+ 9 RELATION TO ITS CONSEQU5CES 

AS IT HAS SOMETIMES BE5 REPRES5T$4 

,LITTLE GOOD CAN BE EXPECT$ FROM ANY SPECIES ( AN>*Y ?AT %\LD SUBSI/1 

= 9/ANCE1 AMONG ,AM]ICAN SAVAGES4 ,9 ORD] TO AN>*Y BE+ R5D]$ 

A SE$-PLOT ( FUTURE JU/ICE1 REFLECTION & 9QUIRY MU/ HAVE GONE BE=E1 

! REGIONS ( PHILOSOPHY MU/ HAVE BE5 P5ETRAT$1 & POLITICAL TRU? 

HAVE OP5$ H] S*OOL TO MANK9D4 ,IT IS = ?IS REASON ?AT ! REVOLUTIONS 

( ! PRES5T AGE 7= REVOLUTION IS A SPECIES ( AN>*Y7 PROMISE A MORE 

AUSPICI\S ULTIMATE RESULT ?AN ! REVOLUTIONS ( ANY =M] P]IOD4 ,= 

! SAME REASON1 ! MORE AN>*Y CAN BE HELD AT BAY1 ! MORE =TUNATE 

WILL IT BE = MANK9D4 ,FALSEHOOD MAY GA9 BY PRECIPITAT+ ! CRISIS2 BUT 

A G5U9E & 5LI<T5$ PHILAN?ROPY WILL WAIT1 ) UNALT]$ PATI5CE1 

= ! H>VE/ ( 9/RUCTION4 ,! >RIVAL ( ?AT H>VE/ MAY BE SL[1 

BUT IT IS P]HAPS 9FALLIBLE4 ,IF VIGILANCE & WISDOM BE SUCCESSFUL 9 !IR 

PRES5T OPPOSITION TO AN>*Y1 EV]Y B5EFIT MAY ULTIMATELY BE EXPECT$1 

UNT>NI%$ ) VIOL5CE1 & UN/A9$ ) BLOOD4 

,!SE OBS]VATIONS >E CALCULAT$ TO LEAD US TO AN ACCURATE E/IMATE ( 

! MIS*IEFS ( AN>*Y1 &1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 TO %[ ! IMPORTANCE WE 

>E B\ND TO ATTA* TO ! EXCLUSION ( IT4 ,GOV]NM5T IS FREQU5TLY A S\RCE 

( PECULI> EVILS2 BUT AN 5L>G$ VIEW WILL TEA* US TO 5DURE ?OSE EVILS 

:I* EXP]I5CE SEEMS TO EV9CE >E 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! F9AL B5EFIT ( 

MANK9D4 ,FROM ! SAVAGE /ATE TO ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( CIVILIZATION1 ! 

PASSAGE IS LONG & >DU\S2 &1 IF WE ASPIRE TO ! F9AL RESULT1 WE MU/ 

SUBMIT TO ?AT PORTION ( MIS]Y & VISE :I* NECESS>ILY FILLS ! SPACE 

BETWE54 ,IF WE W\LD FREE \RSELVES FROM !SE 9CONV5I5CES1 UNLESS \R 

ATTEMPT BE BO? SKILLFUL & CAUTI\S1 WE %ALL BE 9 DANG]1 BY \R IMPATI5CE1 

( PRODUC+ WORSE EVILS ?AN ?OSE WE W\LD ESCAPE4 ,N[ IT IS ! FIR/ 

PR9CIPLE ( MORALITY & JU/ICE ?AT DIRECTS US1 :]E ONE ( TWO EVILS 

IS 9EVITABLE1 TO *OOSE ! LEA/4 ,( CONSEQU5CE1 ! WISE & JU/ MAN1 

BE+ UNABLE1 AS YET1 TO 9TRODUCE ! =M ( SOCIETY :I* HIS UND]/&+ 

APPROVES1 WILL CONTRIBUTE TO ! SUPPORT ( SO MU* CO]CION AS IS NECESS>Y 

TO EXCLUDE :AT IS WORSE1 AN>*Y4 

,IF !N CON/RA9T AS ! ANTAGONI/ ( CON/RA9T MU/ 9 C]TA9 CASES1 

& UND] TEMPOR>Y CIRCUM/ANCES1 BE ADMITT$1 IT IS AN 9T]E/+ 9QUIRY 

TO ASC]TA9 :I* ( ! ?REE 5DS ( PUNI%M5T1 ALREADY 5UM]AT$1 MU/ 

BE SELECT$ BY ! 9DIVIDUALS BY :OM PUNI%M5T IS EMPLOY$4 ,& H]E IT 

WILL BE SUFFICI5T V]Y BRIEFLY TO RECOLLECT ! REASON+S ?AT HAVE BE5 

/AT$ UND] EA* ( !SE HEADS4 ,IT CANNOT BE RE=MATION4 ,RE=MATION IS 

IMPROVEM5T2 & NO?+ CAN TAKE PLACE 9 A MAN WOR?Y ! NAME ( IMPROVEM5T 

O!RWISE ?AN BY AN APPEAL TO ! UNBIASS$ JUDGM5T ( HIS M9D1 & ! 

ESS5TIAL FEEL+S ( HIS NATURE4 ,IF ,I W\LD IMPROVE A MAN'S *>ACT]1 :O 

IS !RE ?AT KN[S NOT ?AT ! ONLY EFFECTUAL MODE IS BY REMOV+ ALL EXTR9SIC 

9FLU5CES & 9CITEM5TS1 BY 9DUC+ HIM TO OBS]VE1 TO REASON & 9QUIRE1 

BY LEAD+ HIM TO ! =M+ A S]IES ( S5TIM5TS ?AT >E TRULY HIS [N1 

& NOT SLAVI%LY MODEL$ UPON ! S5TIM5TS ( ANO!R8 

,TO CONCEIVE ?AT COMPULSION & PUNI%M5T >E ! PROP] MEANS ( RE=MATION 

IS ! S5TIM5T ( A B>B>IAN2 CIVILIZATION & SCI5CE >E CALCULAT$ 

TO EXPLODE SO F]OCI\S AN IDEA4,IT WAS ONCE UNIV]SALLY ADMITT$ & APPROV$2 

IT IS N[ NECESS>ILY UPON ! DECL9E4 

,PUNI%M5T MU/ EI!R ULTIMATELY SUCCE$ 9 IMPOS+ ! S5TIM5TS IT 

IS EMPLOY$ TO 9CULCATE UPON ! M9D ( ! SUFF]]2 OR IT MU/ =CIBLY 

ALI5ATE HIM AGA9/ !M4 

,! LA/ ( !SE CAN NEV] BE ! 9T5TION ( ITS EMPLOY]1 OR HAVE 

A T5D5CY TO JU/IFY ITS APPLICATION4 ,IF IT W]E SO1 PUNI%M5T \<T TO 

FOLL[ UPON DEVIATIONS FROM VISE1 NOT DEVIATIONS FROM VIRTUE4 ,YET TO ALI5ATE 

! M9D ( ! SUFF]] FROM ! 9DIVIDUAL ?AT PUNI%ES1 & FROM ! 

S5TIM5TS HE 5T]TA9S1 IS P]HAPS ! MO/ COMMON EFFECT ( PUNI%M5T4 

,LET US SUPPOSE H[EV] ?AT ITS EFFECT IS ( AN OPPOSITE NATURE2 ?AT 

IT PRODUCES OB$I5CE1 & EV5 A *ANGE ( OP9ION4 ,:AT SORT ( A BE+ 

DOES IT LEAVE ! MAN ?US RE=M$8 ,HIS OP9IONS >E NOT *ANG$ UPON EVID5CE4 

,HIS CONV]SION IS ! RESULT ( FE>4 ,S]VILITY HAS OP]AT$ ?AT )9 

HIM :I* LIB]AL 9QUIRY & 9/RUCTION W]E NOT ABLE TO DO4 

,PUNI%M5T UND\BT$LY MAY *ANGE A MAN'S BEHAVIOR4 ,IT MAY R5D] HIS 

EXT]NAL CONDUCT B5EFICIAL FROM 9JURI\S1 ?\< IT IS NO V]Y PROMIS+ 

EXP$I5T = ?AT PURPOSE4 ,BUT IT CANNOT IMPROVE HIS S5TIM5TS1 OR LEAD 

HIM TO ! =M ( RI<T PROCE$+ BUT BY ! BASE/ & MO/ DESPICABLE 

MOTIVES4 ,IT LEAVES HIM A SLAVE1 DEVOT$ TO AN EXCLUSIVE SELF-9T]E/1 & 

ACTUAT$ BY FE>1 ! MEANE/ ( ! SELFI% PASSIONS4 

,BUT IT MAY BE SAID1 'H[EV] /RONG MAY BE ! REASONS ,I AM ABLE TO COMMUNICATE 

TO A MAN 9 ORD] TO HIS RE=MATION1 HE MAY BE RE/LESS & IMPATI5T ( 

EXPO/ULATION1 & ( CONSEQU5CE R5D] IT NECESS>Y ?AT ,I %\LD RETA9 

HIM BY =CE1 TILL ,I CAN PROP]LY 9/ILL !SE REASONS 9TO HIS M9D'4 ,IT 

MU/ BE REMEMB]$ ?AT ! IDEA H]E IS NOT ?AT ( PRECAUTION1 TO PREV5T 

! MIS*IEFS HE MI<T P]PETRATE1 = ?AT BELONGS TO ANO!R ( ! ?REE 

5DS ( PUNI%M5T1 ?AT ( RE/RA9T4 ,BUT1 SEP>ATELY FROM ?IS IDEA1 ! 

>GUM5T IS PECULI>LY WEAK4 ,IF ! REASONS ,I HAVE TO COMMUNICATE BE ( AN 

5]GETIC & IMPRESSIVE NATURE IF !Y /& =W>D P]SPICU\S & DI/9CT 

9 MY [N M9D1 IT WILL BE /RANGE IF !Y DO NOT1 AT ! \TSET1 EXCITE 

CURIOSITY & ATT5TION 9 HIM TO :OM !Y >E ADDRESS$4 ,IT IS MY DUTY 

TO *OOSE A PROP] REASON TO COMMUNICATE !M1 & NOT TO BETRAY ! CAUSE 

( JU/ICE BY AN ILL-TIM$ IMPATI5CE4 ,?IS PRUD5CE ,I %\LD 9FALLIBLY 

EX]CISE IF MY OBJECT W]E TO OBTA9 SOME?+ 9T]E/+ TO MYSELF2 :Y 

%\LD ,I BE LESS QUICK-SI<T$ :5 ,I PURPOSE ! B5EFIT ( ANO!R8 ,IT 

IS A MIS]ABLE WAY ( PREP>+ A MAN = CONVICTION TO COMPEL HIM BY VIOL5CE 

TO HE> AN EXPO/ULATION :I* HE IS EAG] TO AVOID4 ,!SE >GUM5TS PROVE1 

NOT ?AT WE %\LD LOSE SI<T ( RE=MATION1 IF PUNI%M5T = ANY O!R 

REASON APPE> TO BE NECESS>Y2 BUT ?AT RE=MATION CANNOT REASONABLY BE 

MADE ! OBJECT ( PUNI%M5T4 

,PUNI%M5T = ! SAKE ( EXAMPLE IS A !ORY1 ?AT CAN NEV] BE JU/LY 

MA9TA9$4 ,! SUFF]+ PROPOS$ TO BE 9FLICT$1 CONSID]$ ABSOLUTELY1 

IS EI!R RI<T OR WRONG4 ,IF IT BE RI<T1 IT %\LD BE 9FLICT$ = ITS 

9TR9SIC RECOMM5DATIONS4 ,IF IT BE WRONG1 :AT SORT ( EXAMPLE DOES IT DISPLAY8 

,TO DO A ?+ = ! SAKE ( EXAMPLE IS1 9 O!R WORDS1 TO DO A ?+ TODAY 

9 ORD] TO PROVE ?AT ,I WILL DO A SIMIL> ?+ TOMORR[4 ,?IS MU/ ALWAYS 

BE A SUBORD9ATE CONSID]ATION4 ,NO >GUM5T HAS BE5 SO GROSSLY ABUS$ AS 

?IS ( EXAMPLE4 ,WE F\ND IT1 UND] ! SUBJECT ( W>17#b"97 EMPLOY$ TO PROVE 

! PROPRIETY ( MY DO+ A ?+ O!RWISE WRONG1 9 ORD] TO CONV9CE ! 

OPPOSITE P>TY ?AT ,I %\LD1 :5 OCCASION (F]$1 DO SOME?+ ELSE ?AT 

WAS RI<T4 ,HE WILL DISPLAY ! BE/ EXAMPLE1 :O C>EFULLY /UDIES ! PR9CIPLES 

( JU/ICE1 & ASSIDU\SLY PRACTICES !M4 ,A BETT] EFFECT WILL BE PRODUC$ 

9 HUMAN SOCIETY BY MY CONSCI5TI\S ADH]5CE TO !M ?AN BY MY ANXIETY 

TO CREATE A SPECIFIC EXPECTATION RESPECT+ MY FUTURE CONDUCT4 ,?IS >GUM5T 

WILL BE /ILL FUR!R 5=C$ IF WE RECOLLECT :AT HAS ALREADY BE5 SAID 

RESPECT+ ! 9EXHAU/IBLE DIFF]5CES ( DIFF]5T CASES1 & ! IMPOSSIBILITY 

( R$UC+ !M TO G5]AL RULES47#c"97 

,! ?IRD OBJECT ( PUNI%M5T ACCORD+ TO ! 5UM]ATION ALREADY MADE 

IS RE/RA9T4 ,IF PUNI%M5T BE1 9 ANY CASE1 TO BE ADMITT$1 ?IS IS ! 

ONLY OBJECT IT CAN REASONABLY PROPOSE TO ITSELF4 ,! S]I\S OBJECTIONS TO 

:I*1 EV5 9 ?IS PO9T ( VIEW1 IT IS LIABLE HAVE BE5 /AT$ 9 ANO!R 

/AGE ( ! 9QUIRY37#d"97 ! AM\NT ( ! NECESSITY T5D+ TO SUP]S$E 

!SE OBJECTIONS HAS ALSO BE5 CONSID]$4 ,! SUBJECT ( ?IS *APT] IS 

( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 PROPORTION TO ! L5G? ( TIME ?AT MAY POSSIBLY 

ELAPSE BE=E ANY CONSID]ABLE P>T ( MANK9D %ALL BE P]SUAD$ TO EX*ANGE 

! PRES5T COMPLEXITY ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION = A MODE :I* PROMISES 

TO SUP]S$E ! NECESSITY ( PUNI%M5T4 ,IT IS HI<LY UNWOR?Y ( ! CAUSE 

( TRU?1 TO SUPPOSE ?AT1 DUR+ ?IS 9T]VAL1 ,I HAVE NO ACTIVE DUTIES 

TO P]=M1 ?AT ,I AM NOT OBLIG$ TO COOP]ATE = ! PRES5T WELF>E ( 

! COMMUNITY1 AS WELL AS = ITS FUTURE REG5]ATION4 ,! TEMPOR>Y OBLIGATION 

?AT >ISES \T ( ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE EXACTLY CORRESPONDS ) :AT WAS =M]LY 

DELIV]$ ON ! SUBJECT ( DUTY4 ,DUTY IS ! BE/ POSSIBLE APPLICATION ( 

A GIV5 P[] TO ! PROMOTION ( ! G5]AL GOOD47#e"97 ,BUT MY P[] DEP5DS 

UPON ! DISPOSITION ( ! M5 BY :OM ,I AM SURR\ND$4 ,IF ,I W]E 5LI/$ 

9 AN >MY ( C[>DS1 IT MI<T BE MY DUTY TO RETREAT1 ?\<1 ABSOLUTELY 

CONSID]$1 IT %\LD HAVE BE5 ! DUTY ( ! >MY TO COME TO BL[S4 ,UND] 

EV]Y POSSIBLE CIRCUM/ANCE1 IT ,IS MY DUTY TO ADVANCE ! G5]AL GOOD1 BY 

! BE/ MEANS :I* ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* ,I AM PLAC$ WILL ADMIT4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,X,I,I4 

#b4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,V,I4 

#c4 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 

#d4 ,*AP4 ,I,I,I4 

#e4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 

,*APT] ,V,I 

,S,C,A,L,E ,( ,P,U,N,I,%,M,5,T 

,IT IS TIME TO PROCE$ TO ! CONSID]ATION ( C]TA9 9F]5CES ?AT 

MAY BE D$UC$ FROM ! !ORY ( PUNI%M5T :I* HAS N[ BE5 DELIV]$2 

NOR CAN ANY?+ BE ( GREAT] IMPORTANCE ?AN !SE 9F]5CES WILL BE F\ND1 

TO ! VIRTUE1 ! HAPP9ESS & IMPROVEM5T ( MANK9D4 

,&1 FIR/1 IT EVID5TLY FOLL[S ?AT PUNI%M5T IS AN ACT ( PA9FUL 

NECESSITY1 9CONSI/5T ) ! TRUE *>ACT] & G5IUS ( M9D1 ! PRACTICE 

( :I* IS TEMPOR>ILY IMPOS$ UPON US BY ! CORRUPTION & IGNORANCE ?AT 

REIGN AMONG MANK9D4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE ABSURD ?AN TO LOOK TO IT AS A S\RCE 

( IMPROVEM5T4 ,IT CONTRIBUTES TO ! G5]ATION ( EXCELL5CE1 JU/ AS ! 

KEEP] ( ! C\RSE CONTRIBUTES TO ! FLEETNESS ( ! RACE4 ,NO?+ CAN 

BE MORE UNJU/ ?AN TO HAVE REC\RSE TO IT1 BUT UPON ! MO/ UNQUE/IONABLE 

EM]G5CY4 ,9/EAD ( MULTIPLY+ OCCASIONS ( CO]CION1 & APPLY+ IT 

AS ! REM$Y ( EV]Y MORAL EVIL1 ! TRUE POLITICIAN WILL ANXI\SLY CONF9E 

IT )9 ! N>R[E/ LIMITS1 & P]PETUALLY SEEK TO DIM9I% ! OCCASIONS 

( ITS EMPLOYM5T4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE REASON :I* CAN1 9 ANY CASE1 BE ADMITT$ 

AS ITS APOLOGY1 & ?AT IS :]E ! ALL[+ ! (F5D] TO BE AT L>GE 

%ALL BE NOTORI\SLY HAZ>D\S TO PUBLIC SECURITY 4 

,SECONDLY1 ! CONSID]ATION ( RE/RA9T AS ! ONLY JU/IFIABLE GR\ND 

( PUNI%M5T WILL FURNI% US ) A SIMPLE & SATISFACTORY CRIT]ION BY 

:I* TO MEASURE ! JU/ICE ( ! SUFF]+ 9FLICT$4 

,! 9FLICTION ( A L+]+ & TORM5T+ DEA? CANNOT BE V9DICAT$ 

UPON ?IS HYPO!SIS2 = SU* 9FLICTION CAN ONLY BE DICTAT$ BY S5TIM5TS 

( RES5TM5T ON ! ONE H&1 OR BY ! DESIRE TO EXHIBIT A T]RIBLE EXAMPLE 

ON ! O!R4 

,TO DEPRIVE AN (F5D] ( HIS LIFE 9 ANY MANN] WILL APPE> TO BE UNJU/1 

AS IT SEEMS ALWAYS SUFFICI5TLY PRACTICABLE1 )\T ?IS1 TO PREV5T HIM 

FROM FUR!R (F5SE4 ,PRIVATION ( LIFE1 ?\< BY NO MEANS ! GREATE/ 

9JURY ?AT CAN BE 9FLICT$1 MU/ ALWAYS BE CONSID]$ AS A V]Y S]I\S 

9JURY2 S9CE IT PUTS A P]PETUAL CLOSE UPON ! PROSPECTS ( ! SUFF]] 

AS TO ALL ! 5JOYM5TS1 ! VIRTUES & ! EXCELL5CE ( A HUMAN BE+4 

,9 ! /ORY ( ?OSE :OM ! M]CILESS LAWS ( ,EUROPE DOOM TO DE/RUCTION1 

WE SOMETIMES MEET ) P]SONS :O1 SUBSEQU5TLY TO !IR (F5SE1 HAVE SUCCE$$ 

TO A PL5TIFUL 9H]ITANCE1 OR :O = SOME O!R REASON APPE> TO HAVE HAD 

! FAIRE/ PROSPECTS ( TRANQUILITY & HAPP9ESS OP5$ UPON !M4 ,!IR 

/ORY1 ) A LITTLE ACCOMMODATION1 MAY BE CONSID]$ AS ! /ORY ( EV]Y 

(F5D]4 ,IF !RE BE ANY MAN :OM IT MAY BE NECESS>Y1 = ! SAFETY ( 

! :OLE1 TO PUT UND] RE/RA9T1 ?IS CIRCUM/ANCE IS A P[]FUL PLEA TO 

! HUMANITY & JU/ICE ( ?OSE :O CONDUCT ! AFFAIRS ( ! COMMUNITY1 

9 HIS BEHALF4 ,?IS IS ! MAN :O MO/ /&S 9 NE$ ( !IR ASSI/ANCE4 

,IF !Y TREAT$ HIM ) K9DNESS1 9/EAD ( SUP]CILI\S & UNFEEL+ 

NEGLECT1 IF !Y MADE HIM UND]/& ) H[ MU* RELUCTANCE !Y HAD BE5 

9DUC$ TO EMPLOY ! =CE ( ! SOCIETY AGA9/ HIM1 IF !Y REPRES5T$ 

! TRUE /ATE ( ! CASE ) CALMNESS1 P]SPICUITY & B5EVOL5CE TO 

HIS M9D1 IF !Y EMPLOY$ ?OSE PRECAUTIONS :I* AN HUMANE DISPOSITION 

W\LD NOT FAIL TO SUGGE/1 TO KEEP FROM HIM ! MOTIVES ( CORRUPTION & 

OB/9ACY1 HIS RE=MATION W\LD BE ALMO/ 9FALLIBLE4 ,!SE >E ! PROSPECTS 

TO :I* HIS WANTS & HIS MIS=TUNES P[]FULLY 5TITLE HIM2 & IT IS 

FROM !SE PROSPECTS ?AT ! H& ( ! EXECUTION] CUTS HIM (F = EV]4 

,IT IS A MI/AKE TO SUPPOSE ?AT ?IS TREATM5T ( CRIM9ALS T5DS TO MULTIPLY 

CRIMES4 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 FEW M5 W\LD 5T] UPON A C\RSE ( VIOL5CE ) 

! C]TA9TY ( BE+ OBLIG$1 BY A SL[ & PATI5T PROCESS1 TO AMPUTATE 

!IR ]RORS4 ,IT IS ! UNC]TA9TY ( PUNI%M5T UND] ! EXI/+ =MS 

?AT MULTIPLIES CRIMES4 ,REMOVE ?IS UNC]TA9TY1 & IT W\LD BE AS REASONABLE 

TO EXPECT ?AT A MAN W\LD WILLFULLY BREAK HIS LEG1 = ! SAKE ( BE+ 

CUR$ BY A SKILLFUL SURGEON4 ,:ATEV] G5TL5ESS ! 9TELLECTUAL PHYSICIAN 

MAY DISPLAY1 IT IS NOT TO BE BELIEV$ ?AT M5 CAN P>T ) ROOT$ HABITS 

( 9JU/ICE & VISE )\T CONSID]ABLE PA94 

,! TRUE REASONS 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* !SE =LORN & DES]T$ MEMB]S 

( ! COMMUNITY >E BR\<T TO AN IGNOM9I\S DEA? >E1 FIR/1 ! PECULI> 

9IQUITY ( ! CIVIL 9/ITUTIONS ( ?AT COMMUNITY1 &1 SECONDLY1 ! 

SUP95ESS & APA?Y ( !IR SUP]IORS4 ,9 REPUBLICAN & SIMPLE =MS 

( GOV]NM5T1 PUNI%M5TS >E R>E1 & ! PUNI%M5T ( DEA? ALMO/ UNKN[N4 

,ON ! O!R H&1 ! MORE !RE IS 9 ANY C\NTRY ( 9EQUALITY & OPPRESSION1 

! MORE PUNI%M5TS >E MULTIPLI$4 ,! MORE ! 9/ITUTIONS ( SOCIETY 

CONTRADICT ! G5U9E S5TIM5TS ( ! HUMAN M9D1 ! MORE SEV]ELY IS 

IT NECESS>Y TO AV5GE !IR VIOLATION4 ,AT ! SAME TIME ! RI* & TITL$ 

MEMB]S ( ! COMMUNITY1 PR\D ( !IR FANCI$ EM95CE1 BEHOLD1 ) TOTAL 

UNCONC]N1 ! DE/RUCTION ( ! DE/ITUTE & ! WRET*$1 DISDA9+ 

TO RECOLLECT ?AT1 IF !RE BE ANY 9TR9SIC DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M1 IT 

IS ! (FSPR+ ( !IR DIFF]5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 & ?AT ! MAN :OM 

!Y N[ SO MU* DESPISE MI<T HAVE BE5 F\ND AS ACCOMPLI%$ & SUSCEPTIBLE 

AS !Y IF HE HAD ONLY *ANG$ SITUATIONS4 ,:5 WE BEHOLD A COMPANY ( POOR 

WRET*ES BR\<T \T = EXECUTION1 REFLECTION WILL PRES5T TO \R AFFRI<T$ 

FANCY ALL ! HOPES & POSSIBILITIES :I* >E ?US BRUTALLY EXT+UI%$1 

! G5IUS1 ! D>+ 9V5TION1 ! UN%R9K+ FIRMNESS1 ! T5D] *>ITIES 

& >D5T B5EVOL5CE1 :I* HAVE OCCASIONALLY1 UND] ?IS SY/EM1 BE5 

SACRIFIC$1 AT ! %R9E ( TORPID LUXURY & UNREL5T+ AV>ICE4 

,! SPECIES ( SUFF]+ COMMONLY KN[N BY ! APPELLATION ( CORPORAL 

PUNI%M5T IS ALSO PROSCRIB$ BY ! SY/EM ABOVE E/ABLI%$4 ,CORPORAL PUNI%M5T1 

UNLESS SO F> AS IT IS 9T5D$ = EXAMPLE1 APPE>S1 9 ONE RESPECT1 9 

A V]Y LUDICR\S PO9T ( VIEW 4 ,IT IS AN EXP$ITI\S MODE ( PROCE$+ 

:I* HAS BE5 9V5T$ 9 ORD] TO COMPRESS ! EFFECT ( MU* REASON+ 

& LONG CONF9EM5T1 ?AT MI<T O!RWISE HAVE BE5 NECESS>Y1 9TO A V]Y 

%ORT COMPASS4 ,9 ANO!R VIEW1 IT IS DIFFICULT TO EXPRESS ! ABHORR5CE 

IT \<T TO CREATE4 ,! G5U9E PROP5SITY ( MAN IS TO V5]ATE M9D 9 

HIS FELL[ MAN4 ,) :AT DELI<T DO WE CONTEMPLATE ! PROGRESS ( 9TELLECT1 

ITS EF=TS = ! DISCOV]Y ( TRU?1 ! H>VE/ ( VIRTUE ?AT SPR+S 

UP UND] ! G5IAL 9FLU5CE ( 9/RUCTION1 ! WISDOM ?AT IS G5]AT$ 

?R\< ! M$IUM ( UNRE/RICT$ COMMUNICATION8 ,H[ COMPLETELY DO VIOL5CE 

& CORPORAL 9FLICTION REV]SE ! SC5E8 ,FROM ?IS MOM5T1 ALL ! :OLESOME 

AV5UES ( M9D >E CLOS$1 &1 ON EV]Y SIDE1 WE SEE !M GU>D$ ) 

A TRA9 ( DISGRACEFUL PASSIONS1 HATR$1 REV5GE1 DESPOTISM1 CRUELTY1 HYPOCRISY1 

CONSPIRACY & C[>DICE4 ,MAN BECOMES ! 5EMY ( MAN2 & /RONG] >E 

SEIZ$ ) ! LU/ ( UNBRIDL$ DOM9ATION1 & ! WEAK] %R9K1 ) 

HOPELESS DISGU/1 FROM ! APPROA* ( A FELL[4 ,) :AT FEEL+S MU/ 

AN 5LI<T5$ OBS]V] CONTEMPLATE ! FURR[ ( A LA% IMPR9T$ UPON ! 

BODY ( A MAN8 ,:AT HE>T BEATS NOT 9 UNISON ) ! SUBLIME LAW ( ANTIQUITY1 

',?\ %ALT NOT 9FLICT /RIPES UPON ! BODY ( A ,ROMAN8' ,!RE IS BUT ONE 

ALT]NATIVE 9 ?IS CASE1 ON ! P>T ( ! SUFF]]4 ,EI!R HIS M9D MU/ 

BE SUBDU$ BY ! >BITR>Y DICTATES ( ! SUP]IOR 7= TO HIM ALL IS >BITR>Y 

?AT DOES NOT /& APPROV$ TO ! JUDGM5T ( HIS [N UND]/&+72 

HE WILL BE GOV]N$ BY SOME?+ ?AT IS NOT REASON1 & A%AM$ ( SOME?+ 

?AT IS NOT DISGRACE2 OR ELSE EV]Y PANG HE 5DURES WILL EXCITE ! HONE/ 

9DIGNATION ( HIS HE>T1 & FIX ! CLE> DISAPPROBATION ( HIS 9TELLECT1 

WILL PRODUCE CONTEMPT & ALI5ATION AGA9/ HIS PUNI%]4 

,! JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T IS BUILT UPON ?IS SIMPLE PR9CIPLE3 ,EV]Y MAN 

IS B\ND TO EMPLOY SU* MEANS AS %ALL SUGGE/ !MSELVES = PREV5T+ 

EVILS SUBV]SIVE ( G5]AL SECURITY1 IT BE+ FIR/ ASC]TA9$1 EI!R 

BY EXP]I5CE OR REASON+1 ?AT ALL MILD] ME?ODS >E 9ADEQUATE TO ! 

EXIG5CY ( ! CASE4 ,! CONCLUSION FROM ?IS PR9CIPLE IS ?AT WE >E B\ND1 

UND] C]TA9 URG5T CIRCUM/ANCES1 TO DEPRIVE ! (F5D] ( ! LIB]TY 

HE HAS ABUS$4 ,FUR!R ?AN ?IS P]HAPS NO CIRCUM/ANCE CAN AU?ORIZE US4 

,HE :OSE P]SON IS IMPRISON$ 7IF ?AT BE ! RI<T K9D ( SECLUSION7 CANNOT 

9T]RUPT ! PEACE ( HIS FELL[S2 & ! 9FLICTION ( FUR!R EVIL1 :5 

HIS P[] TO 9JURE IS REMOV$1 IS ! WILD & UNAU?ORIZ$ DICTATE ( V5GEANCE 

& RAGE1 ! WANTON SPORT ( UNQUE/ION$ SUP]IORITY 4 

,:5 9DE$ ! P]SON ( ! (F5D] HAS BE5 FIR/ SEIZ$1 !RE IS 

A FUR!R DUTY 9CUMB5T ON HIS PUNI%]1 ! DUTY ( 5DEAVOR+ HIS RE=M4 

,BUT ?IS MAKES NO P>T ( ! DIRECT CONSID]ATION4 ,! DUTY ( EV]Y MAN 

TO CONTRIBUTE TO ! 9TELLECTUAL HEAL? ( HIS NEI<BOR IS ( G5]AL APPLICATION4 

,BESIDE :I* IT IS PROP] TO RECOLLECT1 :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY PROV$4 ?AT 

CO]CION ( NO SORT IS AMONG ! LEGITIMATE MEANS ( RE=MATION4 ,RE/RA9 

! (F5D] AS LONG AS ! SAFETY ( ! COMMUNITY PRESCRIBES IT1 = ?IS 

IS JU/4 ,RE/RA9 HIM NOT AN 9/ANT FROM A SIMPLE VIEW TO HIS [N IMPROVEM5T1 

= ?IS IS CONTR>Y TO REASON & MORALITY4 

,MEAN:ILE1 !RE IS ONE CIRCUM/ANCE BY MEANS ( :I* RE/RA9T & RE=MATION 

>E CLOSELY CONNECT$4 ,! P]SON ( ! (F5D] IS TO BE RE/RA9$ AS 

LONG AS ! PUBLIC SAFETY W\LD BE 5DANG]$ BY HIS LIB]ATION4 ,BUT ! 

PUBLIC SAFETY WILL CEASE TO BE 5DANG]$ AS SOON AS HIS PROP5SITIES & 

DISPOSITIONS HAVE UND]GONE A *ANGE4 ,! CONNECTION :I* ?US RESULTS FROM 

! NATURE ( ?+S R5D]S IT NECESS>Y ?AT1 9 DECID+ UPON ! SPECIES 

( RE/RA9T TO BE IMPOS$1 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES BE CONSID]$ JO9TLY1 H[ 

! P]SONAL LIB]TY ( ! (F5D] MAY BE LEA/ 5TR5*$ UPON1 & H[ 

HIS RE=MATION MAY BE BE/ PROMOT$4 

,! MO/ COMMON ME?OD PURSU$ 9 DEPRIV+ ! (F5D] ( ! LIB]TY 

HE HAS ABUS$ IS TO ]ECT A PUBLIC JAIL1 9 :I* (F5D]S ( EV]Y DESCRIPTION 

>E ?RU/ TOGE!R1 & LEFT TO =M AMONG !MSELVES :AT SPECIES ( SOCIETY 

!Y CAN4 ,V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES CONTRIBUTE TO IMBUE !M ) HABITS ( 9DOL5CE 

& VISE1 & TO DISC\RAGE 9DU/RY2 & NO EF=T IS MADE TO REMOVE OR 

S(T5 !SE CIRCUM/ANCES4 ,IT CANNOT BE NECESS>Y TO EXPATIATE UPON ! 

ATROCI\SNESS ( ?IS SY/EM4 ,JAILS >E1 TO A PROV]B1 SEM9>IES ( VISE2 

& HE MU/ BE AN UNCOMMON PR(ICI5T 9 ! PASSION & ! PRACTICE ( 

9JU/ICE1 OR A MAN ( SUBLIME VIRTUE1 :O DOES NOT COME \T ( !M A MU* 

WORSE MAN ?AN HE 5T]$4 

,AN ACTIVE OBS]V] ( MANK9D17#a"97 ) ! PURE/ 9T5TIONS1 & :O 

HAD PAID A S+UL> ATT5TION TO ?IS SUBJECT1 WAS /RUCK ) ! MIS*IEV\S 

T5D5CY ( ! REIGN+ SY/EM1 & CALL$ ! ATT5TION ( ! PUBLIC TO 

A S*EME ( SOLIT>Y IMPRISONM5T4 ,BUT ?IS1 ?\< FREE FROM ! DEFECTS 

( ! E/ABLI%$ MODE1 IS LIABLE TO V]Y WEI<TY OBJECTIONS4 

,IT MU/ /RIKE EV]Y REFLECT+ M9D AS UNCOMMONLY TYRANNICAL & SEV]E4 

,IT CANNOT !RE=E BE ADMITT$ 9TO ! SY/EM ( MILD CO]CION :I* =MS 

! TOPIC ( \R 9QUIRY4 ,MAN IS A SOCIAL ANIMAL4 ,H[ F> HE IS NECESS>ILY 

SO WILL APPE> IF WE CONSID] ! SUM ( ADVANTAGES RESULT+ FROM ! SOCIAL1 

& ( :I* HE W\LD BE DEPRIV$ 9 ! SOLIT>Y /ATE4 ,BUT1 9DEP5D5TLY 

( HIS ORIG9AL /RUCTURE1 HE IS EM95TLY SOCIAL BY HIS HABITS4 ,WILL Y\ 

DEPRIVE ! MAN Y\ IMPRISON ( PAP] & BOOKS1 ( TOOLS & AMUSEM5TS8 

,ONE ( ! >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( SOLIT>Y IMPRISONM5T IS ?AT IT IS NECESS>Y 

! (F5D] %\LD BE CALL$ (F FROM WRONG HABITS ( ?9K+1 & OBLIG$ 

TO 5T] 9TO HIMSELF4 ,?IS ! ADVOCATES ( SOLIT>Y IMPRISONM5T PROBABLY 

BELIEVE WILL BE MO/ EFFECTUALLY DONE ! FEW] BE ! AVOCATIONS ( ! 

PRISON]4 ,BUT LET US SUPPOSE ?AT HE IS 9DULG$ 9 !SE P>TICUL>S1 & 

ONLY DEPRIV$ ( SOCIETY4 ,H[ MANY M5 >E !RE ?AT CAN D]IVE AMUSEM5T 

FROM BOOKS8 ,WE >E1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 ! CREATURES ( HABIT1 & IT IS SC>CELY 

TO BE EXPECT$ FROM ORD9>Y M5 ?AT !Y %\LD MOLD !MSELVES TO ANY 

SPECIES ( EMPLOYM5T TO :I* 9 !IR Y\? !Y W]E /RANG]S4 ,BUT HE 

?AT IS MO/ FOND ( /UDY HAS HIS MOM5TS :5 /UDY PLEASES NO LONG]4 

,! S\L YE>NS1 ) 9EXPLICABLE LONG+S1 = ! SOCIETY ( ITS LIKE4 

,BECAUSE ! PUBLIC SAFETY UNWILL+LY COMM&S ! CONF9EM5T ( AN (F5D]1 

MU/ HE = ?AT REASON NEV] LI<T UP HIS C\NT5ANCE ) A SMILE8 ,:O 

CAN TELL ! SUFF]+S ( HIM :O IS CONDEMN$ TO UN9T]RUPT$ SOLITUDE8 

,:O CAN TELL ?AT ?IS IS NOT1 TO ! MAJORITY ( MANK9D1 ! BITT]E/ 

TORM5T ?AT HUMAN +5UITY CAN 9FLICT8 ,A M9D SUFFICI5TLY SUBLIME MI<T 

P]HAPS CONQU] ?IS 9CONV5I5CE3 BUT ! P[]S ( SU* A M9D DO NOT 

5T] 9TO ! PRES5T QUE/ION4 

,FROM ! EXAM9ATION ( SOLIT>Y IMPRISONM5T1 9 ITSELF CONSID]$1 WE 

>E NATURALLY L$ TO 9QUIRE 9TO ITS REAL T5D5CY AS TO ! >TICLE ( 

RE=MATION4 ,TO BE VIRTU\S1 IT IS REQUISITE ?AT WE %\LD CONSID] M51 

& !IR RELATION TO EA* O!R4 ,AS A PRELIM9>Y TO ?IS /UDY1 IS IT NECESS>Y 

?AT WE %\LD BE %UT \T FROM ! SOCIETY ( M58 ,%ALL WE BE MO/ EFFECTUALLY 

=M$ TO JU/ICE1 B5EVOL5CE & PRUD5CE 9 \R 9T]C\RSE ) EA* 

O!R1 9 A /ATE ( SOLITUDE8 ,WILL NOT \R SELFI% & UNSOCIAL DISPOSITIONS 

BE P]PETUALLY 9CREAS$8 ,:AT TEMPTATION HAS HE TO ?9K ( B5EVOL5CE 

OR JU/ICE1 :O HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO EX]CISE IT8 ,! TRUE SOIL 9 :I* 

ATROCI\S CRIMES >E F\ND TO G]M9ATE IS A GLOOMY & MOROSE DISPOSITION4 

,WILL HIS HE>T BECOME MU* EI!R S(T5$ OR EXP&$1 :O BREA!S ! 

ATMOSPH]E ( A DUNGEON8 ,SURELY IT W\LD BE BETT] 9 ?IS RESPECT TO IMITATE 

! SY/EM ( ! UNIV]SE1 &1 IF WE W\LD TEA* JU/ICE & HUMANITY TRANSPLANT 

?OSE WE W\LD TEA* 9TO A SIMPLE & REASONABLE /ATE ( SOCIETY4 ,SOLITUDE1 

ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 MAY 9/IGATE US TO S]VE \RSELVES1 BUT NOT TO S]VE 

\R NEI<BORS4 ,SOLITUDE1 IMPOS$ UND] TOO FEW LIMITATIONS1 MAY BE A NURS]Y 

= MADM5 & IDIOTS1 BUT NOT = USEFUL MEMB]S ( SOCIETY4 

,ANO!R IDEA :I* HAS SUGGE/$ ITSELF ) REG>D TO ! REMOVAL ( 

(F5D]S FROM ! COMMUNITY !Y HAVE 9JUR$ IS ?AT ( R$UC+ !M TO 

A /ATE ( SLAV]Y OR H>D LABOR4 ,! TRUE REFUTATION ( ?IS SY/EM IS 

ANTICIPAT$ 9 :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY SAID4 ,TO ! SAFETY ( ! COMMUNITY 

IT IS UNNECESS>Y4 ,AS A MEANS TO ! RE=MATION ( ! (F5D]1 IT IS 9EXPRESSIBLY 

ILL-CONCEIV$4 ,MAN IS AN 9TELLECTUAL BE+4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO MAKE HIM 

VIRTU\S BUT 9 CALL+ =? HIS 9TELLECTUAL P[]S4 ,!RE IS NO WAY TO 

MAKE HIM VIRTU\S BUT BY MAK+ HIM 9DEP5D5T4 ,HE MU/ /UDY ! LAWS ( 

NATURE1 & ! NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ( ACTIONS1 NOT ! >BITR>Y CAPRICE 

( HIS SUP]IOR4 ,DO Y\ DESIRE ?AT ,I %\LD WORK8 ,DO NOT DRIVE ME TO IT 

) ! :IP2 =1 IF1 BE=E1 ,I ?\<T IT BETT] TO BE IDLE1 ?IS WILL 

BUT 9CREASE MY ALI5ATION4 ,P]SUADE MY UND]/&+1 & R5D] IT ! 

SUBJECT ( MY *OICE4 ,IT CAN ONLY BE BY ! MO/ DEPLORABLE P]V]SION ( 

REASON ?AT WE CAN BE 9DUC$ TO BELIEVE ANY SPECIES ( SLAV]Y1 FROM ! 

SLAV]Y ( ! S*OOL-BOY TO ?AT ( ! MO/ UN=TUNATE ,NEGRO 9 \R ,WE/ 

,9DIA PLANTATIONS1 FAVORABLE TO VIRTUE47#b"97 

,A S*EME GREATLY PREF]ABLE TO ANY ( !SE1 & :I* HAS BE5 TRI$ 

UND] V>I\S =MS1 IS ?AT ( TRANSPORTATION OR BANI%M5T4 ,?IS S*EME 

UND] ! MO/ JUDICI\S MODIFICATIONS1 IS LIABLE TO OBJECTION4 ,IT W\LD 

HE /RANGE IF ANY S*EME ( CO]CION OR VIOL5CE W]E NOT SO4 ,BUT IT HAS 

BE5 MADE APPE> /ILL MORE EXCEPTIONAL ?AN IT WILL HE F\ND 9 ITS 9TR9SIC 

NATURE BY ! CRUDE & 9COH]5T CIRCUM/ANCES ) :I* IT HAS USUALLY 

BE5 EXECUT$4 

,BANI%M5T 9 ITS SIMPLE =M1 ?AT IS1 A M]E PROHIBITION ( RESID5CE 

HAS1 AT LEA/ 9 C]TA9 AGGRAVAT$ CASES1 A /RONG APPE>ANCE ( 9JU/ICE4 

,! CITIZ5 :OSE PRES5CE WE WILL NOT 5DURE 9 \R [N C\NTRY1 WE HAVE 

A V]Y QUE/IONABLE RI<T TO IMPOSE UPON ANY O!R4 

,BANI%M5T HAS SOMETIMES BE5 JO9$ ) SLAV]Y4 ,SU* WAS ! PRACTICE 

( ,GREAT ,BRITA9 PREVI\SLY TO ! DEFECTION ( H] ,AM]ICAN COLONIES4 ,?IS 

CANNOT /& 9 NE$ ( A SEP>ATE REFUTATION4 

,A V]Y USUAL SPECIES ( BANI%M5T IS REMOVAL TO A C\NTRY YET UNSETTL$4 

,SOME?+ MAY BE ALLEG$ 9 FAVOR ( ?IS MODE ( PROCE$+4 ,! LABOR 

BY :I* ! UNDISCIPL9$ M9D IS BE/ WEAN$ FROM ! VICI\S HABITS ( 

A CORRUPT SOCIETY IS ! LABOR1 NOT :I* IS PRESCRIB$ BY ! M&ATE ( 

A SUP]IOR1 BUT :I* IS IMPOS$ BY ! NECESSITY ( SUBSI/5CE4 ,! FIR/ 

SETTLEM5T ( ,ROME1 BY ,ROMULUS & HIS VAGABONDS1 IS A HAPPY IMAGE ( ?IS1 

:E!R WE CONSID] IT AS A REAL HI/ORY1 OR AS ! +5I\S FICTION ( 

A WRIT] WELL ACQUA9T$ ) ! PR9CIPLES ( M9D4 ,M5 :O >E FRE$ FROM 

! 9JURI\S 9/ITUTIONS ( ,EUROPEAN GOV]NM5T1 & OBLIG$ TO BEG9 ! 

WORLD = !MSELVES1 >E 9 ! DIRECT ROAD TO BE VIRTU\S4 

,TWO CIRCUM/ANCES HAVE HI!RTO CONTRIBUT$ TO R5D] ?IS PROJECT ABORTIVE4 

,FIR/1 ?AT ! MO!R-C\NTRY PURSUES ?IS SPECIES ( COLONY ) H] HATR$4 

,! *IEF ANXIETY IS1 9 REALITY1 TO R5D] ITS RESID5CE ODI\S & UNCOM=TABLE1 

) ! VA9 IDEA ( DET]R+ (F5D]S4 ,! *IEF ANXIETY \<T TO BE 

TO SMOO? !IR DIFFICULTIES1 & CONTRIBUTE TO !IR HAPP9ESS4 ,WE %\LD 

RECOLLECT ?AT ! COLONI/S >E M51 = :OM WE \<T TO FEEL NO S5TIM5TS 

BUT ?OSE ( K9DNESS & COMPASSION4 ,IF WE W]E REASONABLE1 WE %\LD REGRET 

! CRUEL EXIG5CE ?AT OBLIGES US TO TREAT !M 9 A MANN] UNSUITABLE TO 

! NATURE ( M9D2 & HAV+ COMPLI$ ) ! DEM& ( ?AT EXIG5CE1 

WE %\LD NEXT BE ANXI\S TO CONF] UPON !M EV]Y B5EFIT 9 \R P[]4 

,BUT WE >E UNREASONABLE4 ,WE H>BOR A ?\S& SAVAGE FEEL+S ( RES5TM5T 

& V5GEANCE4 ,WE ?RU/ !M \T TO ! REMOTE/ CORN] ( ! WORLD4 ,WE 

SUBJECT !M TO P]I% BY MULTITUDES ) H>D%IP & HUNG]4 ,P]HAPS1 IF 

\R TREATM5T ( SU* UN=TUNATE M5 W]E SUFFICI5TLY HUMANE1 BANI%M5T 

TO ! ,HEBRIDES W\LD PROVE AS EFFECTUAL AS BANI%M5T TO ! ,ANTIPODES4 

,SECONDLY1 IT IS ABSOLUTELY NECESS>Y1 UPON ! PR9CIPLES H]E EXPLA9$1 

?AT !SE COLONI/S1 AFT] HAV+ BE5 SUFFICI5TLY PROVID$ 9 ! \TSET1 

%\LD BE LEFT TO !MSELVES4 ,WE DO WORSE ?AN NO?+ IF WE PURSUE !M 

9TO !IR OBSCURE RETREAT ) ! 9AUSPICI\S 9FLU5CE ( \R ,EUROPEAN 

9/ITUTIONS4 ,:Y TR\BLE \RSELVES ) S5D+ MAGI/RATES & (FIC]S 

TO GOV]N & DIRECT !M8 ,DO WE SUPPOSE ?AT1 IF LEFT TO !MSELVES1 !Y 

W\LD UNIV]SALLY DE/ROY EA* O!R8 ,ON ! CONTR>Y1 NEW SITUATIONS MAKE 

NEW M9DS4 ,! WOR/ CRIM9ALS1 :5 TURN$ ADRIFT 9 A BODY1 & R$UC$ 

TO FEEL ! *URLI% FANG ( NECESSITY1 CONDUCT !MSELVES UPON REASONABLE 

PR9CIPLES1 & HAVE BE5 F\ND TO PROCE$ ) A SAGACITY & PUBLIC SPIRIT 

?AT MI<T PUT ! PR\DE/ MON>*Y TO ! BLU%4 

,MEAN:ILE LET US NOT =GET ! 9H]5T VISES ( PUNI%M5T1 :I* PRES5T 

!MSELVES FROM :ATEV] PO9T ! SUBJECT IS VIEW$4 ,COLONIZATION MAY BE 

?\<T ! MO/ ELIGIBLE ( ?OSE EXP$I5TS :I* HAVE BE5 /AT$1 BUT 

IT IS ATT5D$ ) CONSID]ABLE DIFFICULTIES4 ,! COMMUNITY JUDGES ( A 

C]TA9 9DIVIDUAL ?AT HIS RESID5CE CANNOT BE TOL]AT$ AMONG !M CONSI/5TLY 

) ! G5]AL SAFETY4 ,9 D5Y+ HIM HIS *OICE AMONG O!R COMMUNITIES 

DO !Y NOT EXCE$ !IR COMMISSION8 ,:AT TREATM5T %ALL BE AW>D$ HIM 

IF HE RETURN FROM ! BANI%M5T TO :I* HE WAS S5T5C$8 -- ,!SE DIFFICULTIES 

7& MANY O!RS MI<T BE SUBJO9$ TO !SE7 >E CALCULAT$ TO BR+ BACK 

! M9D TO ! ABSOLUTE 9JU/ICE ( PUNI%M5T1 & TO R5D] US 9EXPRESSIBLY 

ANXI\S = ! P]IOD AT :I* IT %ALL BE ABOLI%$4 

,TO CONCLUDE4 ,! OBS]VATIONS ( ?IS *APT] >E RELATIVE TO A !ORY 

:I* AFFIRM$ ?AT IT MI<T BE ! DUTY ( 9DIVIDUALS1 BUT NEV] ( COMMUNITIES1 

TO EX]T A C]TA9 SPECIES ( POLITICAL CO]CION2 & :I* F\ND$ ?IS 

DUTY UPON A CONSID]ATION ( ! B5EFITS ( PUBLIC SECURITY4 ,UND] !SE 

CIRCUM/ANCES !N1 EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL IS B\ND TO JUDGE = HIMSELF1 & TO 

YIELD HIS C\NT5ANCE TO NO O!R CO]CION ?AN ?AT :I* IS 9DISP5SABLY 

NECESS>Y4 ,HE WILL1 NO D\BT1 5DEAVOR TO MELIORATE ?OSE 9/ITUTIONS1 

) :I* HE CANNOT PREVAIL UPON HIS C\NTRYM5 TO P>T4 ,HE WILL DECL9E 

ALL CONC]N 9 ! EXECUTION ( SU*1 AS ABUSE ! PLEA ( PUBLIC SECURITY 

TO ATROCI\S PURPOSES4 ,LAWS MAY EASILY BE F\ND 9 ALMO/ EV]Y CODE :I*1 

ON ACC\NT ( ! 9IQUITY ( !IR PROVISIONS1 >E SUFF]$ TO FALL 9TO 

DISUSE BY G5]AL CONS5T4 ,EV]Y LOV] ( JU/ICE WILL1 9 ?IS WAY1 CONTRIBUTE 

TO ! REPEAL ( LAWS ?AT WANTONLY USURP UPON ! 9DEP5D5CE ( MANK9D1 

:E!R BY ! MULTIPLICITY ( !IR RE/RICTIONS1 OR ! SEV]ITY ( !IR 

SANCTIONS4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,MR ,H[>D4 

#b4 ,! 9/ITUTION ( P]SONAL SLAV]Y HAS1 )9 A FEW YE>S1 MADE A 

CONSID]ABLE PROGRESS 9 ! ISL& ( ,GREAT ,BRITA94 ,! FIR/ /EP WAS 

?AT ( S5D+ CRIM9ALS1 :OSE GUILT WAS ( AN 9F]IOR DESCRIPTION1 TO 

RAISE BALLA/ FROM ! B$ ( ! ,?AMES4 ,! SECOND /EP1 MORE S]I\S 9 

ITS NATURE1 APPE>S TO HAVE RESULT$ FROM ! WELL 9T5D$1 BUT MISGUID$1 

PHILAN?ROPY ( ,MR ,H[>D4 ,?IS CONSI/$ 9 ! ]ECT+ JAILS ( SOLIT>Y 

CONF9EM5T 9 V>I\S P>TS ( ! C\NTRY4 ,! PRISON]S 9 !SE JAILS 

SP5D A L>GE PROPORTION ( !IR TIME %UT UP 9 SIL5T & DRE>Y CELLS1 

LIKE SO MANY MADM54 ,! RE/ ( !IR TIME IS EMPLOY$ 9 :AT IS CALL$ 

H>D LABOR1 UND] ! 9SPECTION ( C]TA9 IGNORANT & 9SOL5T TASKMA/]S4 

,IT IS ASS]T$ ?AT1 9 ONE ( !SE JAILS 7,CL]K5WELL ,NEW ,PRISON71 ITS 

UN=TUNATE T5ANTS >E 5GAG$ = FIVE H\RS 9 EA* DAY 9 TRUNDL+ A 

:EELB>R[ R\ND 9 A CIRCLE4 ,! CRUELTY ( ?IS IMPOSITION IS 9EXPRESSIBLY 

HEI<T5$ BY ITS IMPUD5T USELESSNESS4 ,FROM ?IS 9/ANCE WE MAY P]CEIVE 

?AT ! 9V5TIV5ESS ( TYRANNY DID NOT P]I% ) ! RACE ( ,DIONYSII4 

,CASES ( ?IS SORT IT IS \R DUTY1 AS CITIZ5S1 TO NOTICE1 ?AT ! *ANCE 

( !IR EXI/+ )\T ! KN[L$GE ( ?OSE TO :OSE PROV9CE !IR 

SUP]9T5D5CE BELONGS MAY BE REMOV$4 

,*APT] ,V,I,I 

,( ,E,V,I,D,5,C,E 

,HAV+ S\<T TO ASC]TA9 ! DECISION 9 :I* QUE/IONS ( (F5SE 

AGA9/ ! G5]AL SAFETY \<T TO T]M9ATE1 IT ONLY REMA9S UND] ?IS 

HEAD ( 9QUIRY TO CONSID] ! PR9CIPLES ACCORD+ TO :I* ! TRIAL %\LD 

BE CONDUCT$4 ,!SE PR9CIPLES MAY = ! MO/ P>T BE REF]R$ TO TWO PO9TS1 

! EVID5CE ?AT IS TO BE REQUIR$1 & ! ME?OD TO BE PURSU$ BY US 9 

CLASS+ (F5SES4 

,! DIFFICULTIES TO :I* ! SUBJECT ( EVID5CE IS LIABLE HAVE BE5 

/AT$ 9 ! E>LI] DIVISIONS ( ?IS WORK47#a"97 ,IT MAY BE WOR? :ILE1 

9 ?IS PLACE1 TO RECOLLECT ! DIFFICULTIES :I* ATT5D UPON ONE P>TICUL> 

CLASS ( EVID5CE1 IT BE+ SC>CELY POSSIBLE ?AT ! IMAG9ATION ( EV]Y 

READ] %\LD NOT SUFFICE HIM TO APPLY ?IS TEXT1 & TO P]CEIVE H[ EASILY 

! SAME K9D ( 5UM]ATION MI<T BE EXT5D$ TO ANY O!R CLASS4 

,IT HAS BE5 ASK$1 ',:Y 9T5TIONS >E NOT SUBJECT$ TO ! ANIMADV]SION 

( CRIM9AL JU/ICE1 9 ! SAME MANN] AS DIRECT ACTS ( (F5SE8' 

,! >GUM5TS 9 FAVOR ( !IR BE+ ?US SUBJECT$ >E OBVI\S4 ',! 

PROP] OBJECT ( POLITICAL SUP]9T5D5CE IS NOT ! PA/1 BUT ! FUTURE4 

,SOCIETY CANNOT JU/LY EMPLOY PUNI%M5T AGA9/ ANY 9DIVIDUAL1 H[EV] ATROCI\S 

MAY HAVE BE5 HIS MISDEMEANORS1 FROM ANY O!R ?AN A PROSPECTIVE CONSID]ATION1 

?AT IS1 A CONSID]ATION ( ! DANG] ) :I* HIS HABITS MAY BE PREGNANT 

TO ! G5]AL SAFETY4 ,PA/ CONDUCT CANNOT PROP]LY FALL UND] ! ANIMADV]SION 

( GOV]NM5T1 EXCEPT SO F> AS IT IS AN 9DICATION ( ! FUTURE4 ,BUT PA/ 

CONDUCT APPE>S1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 TO AF=D A SLI<T] PRESUMPTION AS TO :AT 

! DEL9QU5T WILL DO H]EAFT] ?AN DECL>$ 9T5TION4 ,! MAN :O PR(ESSES 

HIS DET]M9ATION TO COMMIT MURD] SEEMS TO BE SC>CELY A LESS DANG]\S 

MEMB] ( SOCIETY ?AN HE :O1 HAV+ ALREADY COMMITT$ MURD]1 HAS NO APP>5T 

9T5TION TO REPEAT HIS (F5SE4' ,YET ALL GOV]NM5TS HAVE AGRE$ EI!R 

TO PASS OV] ! M5ACE 9 SIL5CE1 OR TO SUBJECT ! (F5D] TO A MU* 

LESS DEGREE ( PUNI%M5T ?AN !Y EMPLOY AGA9/ HIM BY :OM ! CRIME 

HAS BE5 P]PETRAT$4 ,IT MAY BE RI<T P]HAPS TO YIELD !M SOME ATT5TION 

:5 !Y ?US AGREE 9 =BE>ANCE1 ?\< LITTLE IS PROBABLY DUE TO !IR 

AGREEM5T 9 9HUMANITY4 

,?IS DI/9CTION1 SO F> AS IT IS F\ND$ 9 REASON1 HAS RELATION PR9CIPALLY 

TO ! UNC]TA9TY ( EVID5CE4 ,BE=E ! 9T5TION ( ANY MAN CAN BE ASC]TA9$1 

9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE1 FROM ! CONSID]ATION ( ! WORDS HE HAS EMPLOY$1 

A V>IETY ( CIRCUM/ANCES MU/ BE TAK5 9TO ! ACC\NT4 ,! WITNESS HE>D 

! WORDS :I* W]E EMPLOY$ 3 DOES HE REPEAT !M ACCURATELY1 OR HAS NOT 

HIS WANT ( MEMORY CAUS$ HIM TO SUB/ITUTE1 9 ! ROOM ( SOME ( !M1 

WORDS ( HIS [N8 ,BE=E IT IS POSSIBLE TO DECIDE1 UPON ! CONFID5T EXPECTATION 

,I MAY 5T]TA91 ?AT !SE WORDS WILL BE FOLL[$ ) CORRESPOND5T ACTIONS1 

IT IS NECESS>Y ,I %\LD KN[ ! EXACT TONE ) :I* !Y W]E DELIV]$1 

& GE/URE ) :I* !Y W]E ACCOMPANI$4 ,IT IS NECESS>Y ,I %\LD BE 

ACQUA9T$ ) ! CONTEXT1 & ! OCCASION ?AT PRODUC$ !M4 ,!IR CON/RUCTION 

WILL DEP5D UPON ! QUANTITY ( MOM5T>Y HEAT OR ROOT$ MALICE ) :I* 

!Y W]E DELIV]$2 & WORDS :I* APPE> AT FIR/ SI<T ( TREM5D\S 

IMPORT WILL SOMETIMES BE F\ND1 UPON ACCURATE 9VE/IGATION1 TO HAVE HAD 

A MEAN+ PURELY IRONIC 9 ! M9D ( ! SPEAK]4 ,!SE CONSID]ATIONS1 

TOGE!R ) ! ODI\S NATURE ( PUNI%M5T 9 G5]AL1 & ! EXTREME 

MIS*IEF ?AT MAY ATT5D \R RE/RA9+ ! FACULTY ( SPEE*1 9 ADDITION 

TO ! RE/RA9T WE CONCEIVE \RSELVES OBLIG$ TO PUT ON M5'S ACTIONS1 WILL 

PROBABLY BE F\ND TO AF=D A SUFFICI5T REASON :Y WORDS \<T SELDOM OR 

NEV] TO BE MADE A TOPIC ( POLITICAL ANIMADV]SION4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,P>TICUL>LY *APT] ,I,V4 

,*APT] ,V,I,I,I 

,( ,L,A,W 

,A FUR!R >TICLE ( GREAT IMPORTANCE 9 ! TRIAL ( (F5SES IS ?AT 

( ! ME?OD TO BE PURSU$ BY US 9 CLASS+ !M1 & ! CONSEQU5T APPORTION+ 

! DEGREE ( ANIMADV]SION TO ! CASES ?AT MAY >ISE4 ,?IS >TICLE BR+S 

US TO ! DIRECT CONSID]ATION ( LAW1 :I* IS1 )\T D\BT1 ONE ( ! 

MO/ IMPORTANT TOPICS UPON :I* HUMAN 9TELLECT CAN BE EMPLOY$4 ,IT IS LAW 

?AT HAS HI!RTO BE5 REG>D$1 9 C\NTRIES CALL+ !MSELVES CIVILIZ$1 

AS ! /&>D BY :I* TO MEASURE ALL (F5SES & IRREGUL>ITIES ?AT 

FALL UND] PUBLIC ANIMADV]SION4 ,LET US FAIRLY 9VE/IGATE ! M]ITS ( 

?IS *OICE4 

,! COMP>ISON :I* HAS PRES5T$ ITSELF1 TO ?OSE BY :OM ! TOPIC 

HAS BE5 9VE/IGAT$1 HAS HI!RTO BE5 BETWE5 LAW ON ONE SIDE1 & ! 

>BITR>Y WILL ( A DESPOT ON ! O!R4 ,BUT IF WE W\LD E/IMATE TRULY ! 

M]ITS ( LAW1 WE %\LD FIR/ CONSID] IT AS IT IS 9 ITSELF1 & !N1 

IF NECESS>Y1 SE>* = ! MO/ ELIGIBLE PR9CIPLE ?AT MAY BE SUB/ITUT$ 

9 ITS PLACE4 

,IT HAS BE5 RECOMM5D$ AS 'AF=D+ 9=MATION TO ! DIFF]5T MEMB]S 

( ! COMMUNITY1 RESPECT+ ! PR9CIPLES :I* WILL BE ADOPT$ 9 DECID+ 

UPON !IR ACTIONS'4 ,IT HAS BE5 REPRES5T$ AS ! HI<E/ DEGREE ( 9IQUITY 

'TO TRY M5 BY AN EX PO/ FACTO LAW1 OR 9DE$ 9 ANY O!R MANN] ?AN BY 

! LETT] ( A LAW1 =MALLY MADE1 & SUFFICI5TLY PROMULGAT$'4 

,H[ F> IT WILL BE SAFE ALTOGE!R TO ANNIHILATE ?IS PR9CIPLE1 WE %ALL 

PRES5TLY HAVE OCCASION TO 9QUIRE4 ,IT IS OBVI\S1 AT FIR/ SI<T1 TO REM>K 

?AT IT IS ( MO/ IMPORTANCE 9 A C\NTRY :]E ! SY/EM ( JURISPRUD5CE 

IS MO/ CAPRICI\S & ABSURD4 ,IF IT BE DEEM$ CRIM9AL 9 ANY SOCIETY TO 

WE> CLO!S ( A P>TICUL> TEXTURE1 OR BUTTONS ( A P>TICUL> COMPOSITION1 

IT IS UNAVOIDABLE TO EXCLAIM ?AT IT IS HI< TIME ! JURISPRUD5CE ( ?AT 

SOCIETY %\LD 9=M ITS MEMB]S :AT >E ! FANTA/IC RULES BY :I* !Y 

MEAN TO PROCE$4 ,BUT1 IF A SOCIETY BE CONT5T$ ) ! RULES ( JU/ICE1 

& DO NOT ASSUME TO ITSELF ! RI<T ( DI/ORT+ OR ADD+ TO ?OSE RULES1 

!RE LAW IS EVID5TLY A LESS NECESS>Y 9/ITUTION4 ,! RULES ( JU/ICE 

W\LD BE MORE CLE>LY & EFFECTUALLY TAU<T BY AN ACTUAL 9T]C\RSE ) 

HUMAN SOCIETY1 UNRE/RA9$ BY ! FETT]S ( PREPOSSESSION1 ?AN !Y CAN 

BE BY CATE*ISMS & CODES47#a"97 

,ONE RESULT ( ! 9/ITUTION ( LAW IS ?AT ! 9/ITUTION1 ONCE BEGUN1 

CAN NEV] BE BR\<T TO A CLOSE4 ,$ICT IS HEAP$ UPON $ICT1 & VOLUME UPON 

VOLUME4 ,?IS WILL BE MO/ ! CASE :]E ! GOV]NM5T IS MO/ POPUL>1 

& ITS PROCE$+S HAVE MO/ 9 !M ( ! NATURE ( DELIB]ATION4 ,SURELY 

?IS IS NO SLI<T 9DICATION ?AT ! PR9CIPLE IS WRONG1 & ?AT1 ( CONSEQU5CE1 

! FUR!R WE PROCE$ 9 ! PA? IT M>KS \T TO US1 ! MORE WE %ALL 

BE BEWILD]$4 ,NO TALK CAN BE LESS HOPEFUL ?AN ?AT ( EFFECT+ A COALITION 

BETWE5 A RI<T PR9CIPLE & A WRONG4 ,HE ?AT S]I\SLY & S9C]ELY ATTEMPTS 

IT WILL P]HAPS EXPOSE HIMSELF TO MORE PALPABLE RIDICULE ?AN HE :O1 9/EAD 

( PR(ESS+ TWO OPPOSITE SY/EMS1 %\LD ADH]E TO ! WOR/4 

,!RE IS NO MAXIM MORE CLE> ?AN ?IS1 ',EV]Y CASE IS A RULE TO ITSELF4' 

,NO ACTION ( ANY MAN WAS EV] ! SAME AS ANY O!R ACTION HAD EV] ! SAME 

DEGREE ( UTILITY OR 9JURY4 ,IT %\LD SEEM TO BE ! BUS9ESS ( JU/ICE 

TO DI/+UI% ! QUALITIES ( M51 & NOT1 :I* HAS HI!RTO BE5 ! 

PRACTICE1 TO CONF\ND !M4 ,BUT :AT HAS BE5 ! RESULT ( AN ATTEMPT TO 

DO ?IS 9 RELATION TO LAW8 ,AS NEW CASES OCCUR1 ! LAW IS P]PETUALLY F\ND 

DEFICI5T4 ,H[ %\LD IT BE O!RWISE8 ,LAWGIV]S HAVE NOT ! FACULTY ( 

UNLIMIT$ PRESCI5CE1 & CANNOT DEF9E ?AT :I* IS B\NDLESS4 ,! ALT]NATIVE 

?AT REMA9S IS EI!R TO WRE/ ! LAW TO 9CLUDE A CASE :I* WAS NEV] 

9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( ITS AU?ORS1 OR TO MAKE A NEW LAW TO PROVIDE = 

?IS P>TICUL> CASE4 ,MU* HAS BE5 DONE 9 ! FIR/ ( !SE MODES4 ,! 

QUIBBLES ( LAWY]S1 & ! >TS BY :I* !Y REF9E & DI/ORT ! S5SE 

( ! LAW1 >E PROV]BIAL4 ,BUT1 ?\< MU* IS DONE1 EV]Y?+ CANNOT BE 

?US DONE4 ,! ABUSE WILL SOMETIMES BE TOO PALPABLE4 ,NOT TO SAY ?AT ! 

V]Y $UCATION ?AT 5ABLES ! LAWY]1 :5 HE IS EMPLOY$ = ! PROSECUTOR1 

TO F9D \T (F5SES ! LAWGIV] NEV] MEANT1 5ABLES HIM1 :5 HE IS EMPLOY$ 

= ! DEF5DANT1 TO DISCOV] SUBT]FUGES ?AT R$UCE ! LAW TO NULLITY4 

,IT IS !RE=E P]PETUALLY NECESS>Y TO MAKE NEW LAWS4 ,!SE LAWS1 9 ORD] 

TO ESCAPE EVASION1 >E FREQU5TLY T$I\S1 M9UTE & CIRCUMLOCUTORY4 ,! 

VOLUME 9 :I* JU/ICE RECORDS H] PRESCRIPTIONS IS = EV] 9CREAS+1 

& ! WORLD W\LD NOT CONTA9 ! BOOKS ?AT MI<T BE WRITT54 

,! CONSEQU5CE ( ! 9F9ITUDE ( LAW IS ITS UNC]TA9TY4 ,?IS /RIKES 

AT ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* LAW IS F\ND$4 ,LAWS W]E MADE TO PUT AN 5D 

TO AMBIGUITY 1 & ?AT EA* MAN MI<T KN[ :AT HE HAD TO EXPECT4 ,H[ WELL 

HAVE !Y ANSW]$ ?IS PURPOSE8 ,LET US 9/ANCE 9 ! >TICLE ( PROP]TY4 

,TWO M5 GO TO LAW = A C]TA9 E/ATE4 ,!Y W\LD NOT GO TO LAW IF !Y 

HAD NOT BO? ( !M AN OP9ION ( ! SUCCESS4 ,BUT WE MAY SUPPOSE !M P>TIAL 

9 !IR [N CASE4 ,!Y W\LD NOT CONT9UE TO GO TO LAW IF !Y W]E NOT 

BO? PROMIS$ SUCCESS BY !IR LAWY]S4 ,LAW WAS MADE ?AT A PLA9 MAN MI<T 

KN[ :AT HE HAD TO EXPECT2 & YET ! MO/ SKILLFUL PRACTITION]S DIFF] 

AB\T ! EV5T ( MY SUIT4 ,IT WILL SOMETIMES HAPP5 ?AT ! MO/ CELEBRAT$ 

PLEAD] 9 ! K+DOM1 OR ! FIR/ C\NSEL 9 ! S]VICE ( ! CR[N1 

%ALL ASSURE ME ( 9FALLIBLE SUCCESS1 FIVE M9UTES BE=E ANO!R LAW-(FIC]1 

/YL$ ! KEEP] ( ! K+'S CONSCI5CE1 BY SOME UNEXPECT$ JUGGLE DECIDES 

IT AGA9/ ME4 ,W\LD ! ISSUE HAVE BE5 EQUALLY UNC]TA9 IF ,I HAD HAD NO?+ 

TO TRU/ TO BUT ! PLA9 UNP]V]T$ S5SE ( A JURY ( MY NEI<BORS1 F\ND$ 

9 ! IDEAS !Y 5T]TA9$ ( G5]AL JU/ICE8 ,LAWY]S HAVE ABSURDLY MA9TA9$ 

?AT ! EXP5SIV5ESS ( LAW IS NECESS>Y TO PREV5T ! UNB\ND$ MULTIPLICATION 

( SUITS2 BUT ! TRUE S\RCE ( ?IS MULTIPLICATION IS UNC]TA9TY4 ,M5 

DO NOT QU>REL AB\T ?AT :I* IS EVID5T1 BUT ?AT :I* IS OBSCURE4 

,HE ?AT W\LD /UDY ! LAWS ( A C\NTRY ACCU/OM$ TO LEGAL SECURITY 

MU/ BEG9 ) ! VOLUMES ( ! /ATUTES4 ,HE MU/ ADD A /RICT 9QUIRY 

9TO ! COMMON OR UNWRITT5 LAW2 & HE \<T TO DIGRESS 9TO ! CIVIL1 

! ECCLESIA/ICAL & CANON LAW4 ,TO UND]/& ! 9T5TION ( ! AU?ORS 

( A LAW1 HE MU/ BE ACQUA9T$ ) !IR *>ACT]S & VIEWS1 & ) 

! V>I\S CIRCUM/ANCES TO :I* IT [$ ITS RISE1 & BY :I* IT WAS 

MODIFI$ :ILE UND] DELIB]ATION4 ,TO UND]/& ! WEI<T & 9T]PRETATION 

?AT WILL BE ALL[$ TO IT 9 A C\RT ( JU/ICE1 HE MU/ HAVE /UDI$ ! 

:OLE COLLECTION ( RECORDS1 DECISIONS & PREC$5TS4 ,LAW WAS ORIG9ALLY 

DEVIS$ ?AT ORD9>Y M5 MI<T KN[ :AT !Y HAD TO EXPECT2 & !RE IS 

NOT1 AT ?IS DAY1 A LAWY] EXI/+ 9 ,GREAT ,BRITA9 VA9-GLORI\S 5\< 

TO PRET5D ?AT HE HAS MA/]$ ! CODE4 ,NOR MU/ IT BE =GOTT5 ?AT TIME 

& 9DU/RY1 EV5 W]E !Y 9F9ITE1 W\LD NOT SUFFICE4 ,IT IS A LABYR9? 

)\T 5D 2 IT IS A MASS ( CONTRADICTIONS ?AT CANNOT BE DIS5TANGL$4 

,/UDY WILL 5ABLE ! LAWY] TO F9D 9 IT PLAUSIBLE1 P]HAPS UNANSW]ABLE1 

>GUM5TS = ANY SIDE ( ALMO/ ANY QUE/ION2 BUT IT W\LD >GUE ! UTMO/ 

FOLLY TO SUPPOSE ?AT ! /UDY ( LAW CAN LEAD TO KN[L$GE & C]TA9TY4 

,A FUR!R CONSID]ATION ?AT WILL DEMON/RATE ! ABSURDITY ( LAW 9 

ITS MO/ G5]AL ACCEPTATION IS ?AT IT IS ( ! NATURE ( PROPHECY 4 ,ITS 

TASK IS TO DESCRIBE :AT WILL BE ! ACTIONS ( MANK9D1 & TO DICTATE DECISIONS 

RESPECT+ !M4 ,ITS M]ITS1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 HAVE ALREADY BE5 DECID$ UND] 

! HEAD ( PROMISES47#b"97 ,! LANGUAGE ( SU* A PROC$URE IS ',WE >E SO 

WISE ?AT WE CAN DRAW NO ADDITIONAL KN[L$GE FROM CIRCUM/ANCES AS !Y 

OCCUR2 & WE PL$GE \RSELVES ?AT1 IF IT BE O!RWISE1 ! ADDITIONAL KN[L$GE 

WE ACQUIRE %ALL PRODUCE NO EFFECT UPON \R CONDUCT4' ,IT IS PROP] TO OBS]VE 

?AT ?IS SUBJECT ( LAW MAY BE CONSID]$1 9 SOME RESPECTS1 AS MORE PROP]LY 

BELONG+ TO ! TOPIC ( ! PREC$+ BOOK4 ,LAW T5DS1 NO LESS ?AN CRE$S1 

CATE*ISMS & TE/S1 TO FIX ! HUMAN M9D 9 A /AGNANT CONDITION1 & 

TO SUB/ITUTE A PR9CIPLE ( P]MAN5CE 9 ! ROOM ( ?AT UNCEAS+ PROGRESS 

:I* IS ! ONLY SALUBRI\S ELEM5T ( M9D4 ,ALL ! >GUM5TS !RE=E 

:I* W]E EMPLOY$ UPON ?AT OCCASION MAY BE APPLI$ TO ! SUBJECT N[ 

UND] CONSID]ATION4 

,! FABLE ( ,PROCRU/ES PRES5TS US ) A FA9T %AD[ ( ! P]PETUAL 

EF=T ( LAW4 ,9 DEFIANCE ( ! GREAT PR9CIPLE ( NATURAL PHILOSOPHY1 

?AT !RE >E NOT SO MU* AS TWO ATOMS ( MATT] ( ! SAME =M ?R\< 

! :OLE UNIV]SE1 IT 5DEAVORS TO R$UCE ! ACTIONS ( M51 :I* >E 

COMPOS$ ( A ?\S& EVANESC5T ELEM5TS1 TO ONE /&>D4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY 

SE5 ! T5D5CY ( ?IS 5DEAVOR 9 ! >TICLE ( MURD]47#c"97 ,IT WAS 

9 ! CONTEMPLATION ( ?IS SY/EM ( JURISPRUD5CE ?AT ! /RANGE MAXIM 

WAS 9V5T$ ?AT '/RICT JU/ICE W\LD (T5 PROVE ! HI<E/ 9JU/ICE4'7#d"97 

,!RE IS NO MORE REAL JU/ICE 9 5DEAVOR+ TO R$UCE ! ACTIONS ( M5 

9TO CLASSES ?AN !RE WAS 9 ! S*EME TO :I* WE HAVE JU/ ALLUD$1 

( R$UC+ ALL M5 TO ! SAME /ATURE4 ,IF1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 JU/ICE BE 

A RESULT FL[+ FROM ! CONTEMPLATION ( ALL ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( EA* 

9DIVIDUAL CASE1 IF ONLY ! CRIT]ION ( JU/ICE BE G5]AL UTILITY1 ! 

9EVITABLE CONSEQU5CE IS ?AT ! MORE WE HAVE ( JU/ICE1 ! MORE WE %ALL 

HAVE ( TRU?1 VIRTUE & HAPP9ESS4 

,FROM ALL !SE CONSID]ATIONS WE CAN SC>CELY HESITATE TO CONCLUDE UNIV]SALLY 

?AT LAW IS AN 9/ITUTION ( ! MO/ P]NICI\S T5D5CY4 

,! SUBJECT WILL RECEIVE SOME ADDITIONAL ELUCIDATION IF WE CONSID] ! 

P]NICI\SNESS ( LAW 9 ITS IMM$IATE RELATION TO ?OSE :O PRACTICE IT4 

,IF !RE \<T TO BE NO SU* ?+ AS LAW1 ! PR(ESSION ( LAWY] IS NO 

D\BT 5TITL$ TO \R DISAPPROBATION4 ,A LAWY] CAN SC>CELY FAIL TO BE A 

DI%ONE/ MAN4 ,?IS IS LESS A SUBJECT = C5SURE ?AN = REGRET4 ,M5 >E1 

9 AN EM95T DEGREE1 ! CREATURES ( ! CIRCUM/ANCES UND] :I* !Y 

>E PLAC$4 ,HE ?AT IS HABITUALLY GOAD$ BY ! 9C5TIVES ( VISE WILL NOT 

FAIL TO BE VICI\S4 ,HE ?AT IS P]PETUALLY CONV]SANT 9 QUIBBLES1 FALSE 

COLORS & SOPHI/RY CANNOT EQUALLY CULTIVATE ! G5]\S EMOTIONS ( ! 

S\L1 & ! NICE DISC]NM5T ( RECTITUDE4 ,IF A S+LE 9DIVIDUAL CAN BE 

F\ND :O IS BUT SUP]FICIALLY TA9T$ ) ! CONTAGION1 H[ MANY M5 ON 

! O!R H& 9 :OM !RE APPE>$ A PROMISE ( ! SUBLIME/ VIRTUES 

HAVE BY ?IS TRADE BE5 R5D]$ 9DIFF]5T TO CONSI/5CY1 OR ACCESSIBLE 

TO A BRIBE8 ,BE IT OBS]V$ ?AT !SE REM>KS APPLY PR9CIPALLY TO M5 EM95T 

OR SUCCESSFUL 9 !IR PR(ESSION4 ,HE ?AT 5T]S 9TO AN EMPLOYM5T C>ELESSLY1 

& BY WAY ( AMUSEM5T1 IS MU* LESS UND] ITS 9FLU5CE 7?\< EV5 HE 

WILL NOT ESCAPE7 ?AN HE ?AT 5T]S 9TO IT ) >DOR & DEVOTION4 

,LET US H[EV] SUPPOSE1 A CIRCUM/ANCE :I* IS P]HAPS ALTOGE!R IMPOSSIBLE1 

?AT A MAN %ALL BE A P]FECTLY HONE/ LAWY]4 ,HE IS DET]M9$ TO PLEAD 

NO CAUSE ?AT HE DOES NOT BELIEVE TO BE JU/1 & TO EMPLOY NO >GUM5T ?AT 

HE DOES NOT APPREH5D TO BE SOLID4 ,HE DESIGNS4 AS F> AS HIS SPH]E EXT5DS1 

TO /RIP LAW ( ITS AMBIGUITIES1 & TO SPEAK ! MANLY LANGUAGE ( REASON4 

,?IS MAN IS1 NO D\BT1 HI<LY RESPECTABLE1 SO F> AS RELATES TO HIMSELF2 

BUT IT MAY BE QUE/ION$ :E!R HE BE NOT A MORE P]NICI\S MEMB] ( SOCIETY 

?AN ! DI%ONE/ LAWY]4 ,! HOPES ( MANK9D 9 RELATION TO !IR FUTURE 

PROGRESS DEP5D UPON !IR OBS]V+ ! G5U9E EFFECTS ( ]RONE\S 9/ITUTIONS4 

,BUT ?IS MAN IS EMPLOY$ 9 S(T5+ & MASK+ !SE EFFECTS4 ,HIS CONDUCT 

HAS A DIRECT T5D5CY TO PO/PONE ! REIGN ( S\ND POLICY 1 & TO R5D] 

MANK9D TRANQUIL 9 ! MID/ ( IMP]FECTION & IGNORANCE4 

,:AT IS H]E /AT$ H[EV] 9 FAVOR ( ! DI%ONE/ LAWY]1 LIKE ?AT 

/AT$ 9 FAVOR ( AN IMBECILE MON>*17#e"97 %\LD BE CONSID]$ AS ADVANC$ 

9 ! WAY ( CONJECTURE ONLY4 ,AS !RE IS SOME PA9 :I* IS REQUISITE AS 

! MEANS ( AN OV]BALANCE ( PLEASURE1 SO !RE MAY1 9 A FEW EXTRAORD9>Y 

9/ANCES1 BE SOME VISE 7UND]/&+ BY VISE1 EVIL 9T5TION OR ROOT$ 

DEPRAVITY7 :I* IS PRODUCTIVE ( ! EFFECTS ( VIRTUE4 ,9 QUE/IONS ( 

?IS K9D H[EV]1 IT BECOMES US TO BE MORE ?AN USUALLY SCRUPUL\S & GU>D$4 

,IT IS ( ! MO/ P]NICI\S CONSEQU5CE = US TO CONF\ND ! DI/9CTIONS 

( VIRTUE & VISE4 ,IT CAN SC>CELY BE CONSID]$ AS ! P>T ( A PHILAN?ROPI/ 

TO REJOICE 9 ! DEPRAVITY ( O!RS4 ,IT IS SAF] = US1 9 ALMO/ EV]Y 

IMAG9ABLE 9/ANCE1 TO REG>D 'EV]Y DEP>TURE FROM 5ORM\S VISE1 AS SO 

MU* GA9$ TO ! CAUSE ( G5]AL HAPP9ESS'47#f"97 

,! ONLY PR9CIPLE :I* CAN BE SUB/ITUT$ 9 ! ROOM ( LAW IS ?AT 

( REASON EX]CIS+ AN UNCONTROLL$ JURISDICTION UPON ! CIRCUM/ANCES 

( ! CASE4 ,TO ?IS PR9CIPLE NO OBJECTION CAN >ISE ON ! SCORE ( WISDOM4 

,IT IS NOT TO BE SUPPOS$ ?AT !RE >E NOT M5 N[ EXI/+ :OSE 9TELLECTUAL 

ACCOMPLI%M5TS RISE TO ! LEVEL ( LAW4 ,LAW WE SOMETIMES CALL ! WISDOM 

( \R ANCE/ORS4 ,BUT ?IS IS A /RANGE IMPOSITION4 ,IT WAS AS FREQU5TLY 

! DICTATE ( !IR PASSION1 ( TIMIDITY1 JEAL\SY1 A MONOPOLIZ+ SPIRIT1 

& A LU/ ( P[] ?AT KNEW NO B\NDS4 ,>E WE NOT OBLIG$ P]PETUALLY TO 

REVISE & REMODEL ?IS MISNAM$ WISDOM ( \R ANCE/ORS8 TO CORRECT IT BY 

A DETECTION ( !IR IGNORANCE1 & A C5SURE ( !IR 9TOL]ANCE8 ,BUT IF 

M5 CAN BE F\ND AMONG US :OSE WISDOM IS EQUAL TO ! WISDOM ( LAW1 IT 

WILL SC>CELY BE MA9TA9$ ?AT ! TRU?S !Y HAVE TO COMMUNICATE WILL 

BE ! WORSE = HAV+ NO AU?ORITY BUT ?AT :I* !Y D]IVE FROM ! 

REASONS ?AT SUPPORT !M 4 

,IT MAY H[EV] BE ALLEG$ ?AT 'IF !RE BE LITTLE DIFFICULTY 9 SECUR+ 

A CURR5T PORTION ( WISDOM1 !RE MAY NEV]!LESS BE SOME?+ TO BE FE>$ 

FROM ! PASSIONS ( M54 ,LAW MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE BE5 CON/RUCT$ 9 

! TRANQUIL S]5ITY ( ! S\L1 A SUITABLE MONITOR1 TO *ECK ! 9FLAM$ 

M9D1 ) :I* ! REC5T MEMORY ( ILLS MI<T 9DUCE US TO PROCE$ TO 

! 9FLICTION ( PUNI%M5T4' ,?IS IS ! MO/ CONSID]ABLE >GUM5T ?AT 

CAN BE ADDUC$ 9 FAVOR ( ! PREVAIL+ SY/EM1 & !RE=E DES]VES 

A MATURE EXAM9ATION4 

,! TRUE ANSW] TO ?IS OBJECTION IS ?AT NO?+ CAN BE IMPROV$ BUT 

9 CON=MITY TO ITS NATURE4 ,IF WE CONSULT = ! WELF>E ( MAN1 WE MU/ 

BE> 9 M9D ! /RUCTURE ( MAN4 ,IT MU/ BE ADMITT$ ?AT WE >E IMP]FECT1 

IGNORANT1 ! SLAVES ( APPE>ANCE4 ,!SE DEFECTS CAN BE REMOV$ BY NO 9DIRECT 

ME?OD1 BUT ONLY BY ! 9TRODUCTION ( KN[L$GE4 ,A SPECIM5 ( ! 9DIRECT 

ME?OD WE HAVE 9 ! DOCTR9E ( SPIRITUAL 9FALLIBILITY4 ,IT WAS OBS]V$ 

?AT M5 W]E LIABLE TO ]ROR1 TO DISPUTE = EV] )\T COM+ TO A DECISION1 

& TO MI/AKE 9 !IR MO/ IMPORTANT 9T]E/S4 ,:AT WAS WANT+ WAS SUPPOS$ 

TO BE A CRIT]ION & A JUDGE ( CONTROV]SIES4 ,:AT WAS ATTEMPT$ WAS TO 

5DUE TRU? ) A VISIBLE =M1 & !N REPAIR TO ! ORACLE WE HAD ]ECT$4 

,! CASE RESPECT+ LAW IS P>ALLEL TO ?IS4 ,M5 W]E AW>E ( ! DECEITFULNESS 

( APPE>ANCES1 & !Y S\<T A TALISMAN TO GU>D !M FROM IMPOSITION4 

,SUPPOSE ,I W]E TO DET]M9E1 AT ! COMM5CEM5T ( EV]Y DAY1 UPON A C]TA9 

CODE ( PR9CIPLES TO :I* ,I W\LD CON=M ! CONDUCT ( ! DAY2 &1 

AT ! COMM5CEM5T ( EV]Y YE>1 ! CONDUCT ( ! YE>4 ,SUPPOSE ,I W]E 

TO DET]M9E ?AT NO CIRCUM/ANCES %\LD BE ALL[$1 BY ! LI<T !Y AF=D$1 

TO MODIFY MY CONDUCT1 LE/ ,I %\LD BECOME ! DUPE ( APPE>ANCES1 & ! 

SLAVE ( PASSION4 ,?IS IS A JU/ & ACCURATE IMAGE ( EV]Y SY/EM ( P]MAN5CE4 

,SU* SY/EMS >E =M$ UPON ! IDEA ( /OPP+ ! P]PETUAL MOTION ( 

! MA*9E1 LE/ IT %\LD SOMETIMES FALL 9TO DISORD] 4 

,?IS CONSID]ATION MU/ SUFFICI5TLY P]SUADE AN IMP>TIAL M9D ?AT1 

:ATEV] 9CONV5I5CES MAY >ISE FROM ! PASSIONS ( M51 ! 9TRODUCTION 

( FIX$ LAWS CANNOT BE ! G5U9E REM$Y 4 ,LET US CONSID] :AT W\LD BE 

! OP]ATION & PROGRESSIVE /ATE ( !SE PASSIONS1 PROVID$ M5 W]E 

TRU/$ TO ! GUIDANCE ( !IR [N DISCRETION4 ,SU* IS ! DISCIPL9E ?AT 

A REASONABLE /ATE ( SOCIETY EMPLOYS ) RESPECT TO MAN 9 HIS 9DIVIDUAL 

CAPACITY37#g"97 :Y %\LD IT NOT BE EQUALLY VALID ) RESPECT TO M5 ACT+ 

9 A COLLECTIVE CAPACITY8 ,9EXP]I5CE & ZEAL W\LD PROMPT ME TO RE/RA9 

MY NEI<BOR :5EV] HE IS ACT+ WRONG1 &1 BY P5ALTIES & 9CONV5I5CES 

DESIGN$LY 9T]POS$1 TO CURE HIM ( HIS ]RORS4 ,BUT REASON EV9CES ! 

FOLLY ( ?IS PROCE$+1 & TEA*ES ME ?AT1 IF HE BE NOT ACCU/OM$ TO 

DEP5D UPON ! 5]GIES ( 9TELLECT1 HE WILL NEV] RISE TO ! DIGNITY 

( A RATIONAL BE+4 ,AS LONG AS A MAN IS HELD 9 ! TRAMMELS ( OB$I5CE1 

& HABITUAT$ TO LOOK TO SOME =EIGN GUIDANCE = ! DIRECTION ( HIS 

CONDUCT1 HIS UND]/&+ & ! VIGOR ( HIS M9D WILL SLEEP4 ,DO ,I DESIRE 

TO RAISE HIM TO ! 5]GY ( :I* HE IS CAPABLE8 ,I MU/ TEA* HIM TO FEEL 

HIMSELF1 TO B[ TO NO AU?ORITY1 TO EXAM9E ! PR9CIPLES HE 5T]TA9S1 

& R5D] TO HIS M9D ! REASON ( HIS CONDUCT4 

,! HABITS :I* >E ?US SALUT>Y TO ! 9DIVIDUAL WILL BE EQUALLY SALUT>Y 

9 ! TRANSACTIONS ( COMMUNITIES4 ,M5 >E WEAK AT PRES5T1 BECAUSE !Y 

HAVE ALWAYS BE5 TOLD !Y >E WEAK1 & MU/ NOT BE TRU/$ ) !MSELVES4 

,TAKE !M \T ( !IR %ACKLES1 BID !M 9QUIRE1 REASON & JUDGE1 & 

Y\ WILL SOON F9D !M V]Y DIFF]5T BE+S4 ,TELL !M ?AT !Y HAVE PASSIONS1 

>E OCCASIONALLY HA/Y1 9TEMP]ATE & 9JURI\S1 BUT !Y MU/ BE TRU/$ 

) !MSELVES4 ,TELL !M ?AT ! M\NTA9S ( P>*M5T 9 :I* !Y 

HAVE BE5 HI!RTO 5TR5*$ >E FIT ONLY TO IMPOSE UPON AGES ( SUP]/ITION 

& IGNORANCE2 ?AT H5CE=? WE WILL HAVE NO DEP5D5CE BUT UPON !IR 

SPONTANE\S JU/ICE2 ?AT1 IF !IR PASSIONS BE GIGANTIC1 !Y MU/ RISE 

) GIGANTIC 5]GY TO SUBDUE !M2 ?AT1 IF !IR DECREES BE 9IQUIT\S1 

! 9IQUITY %ALL BE ALL !IR [N4 ,! EFFECT ( ?IS DISPOSITION ( ?+S 

WILL SOON BE VISIBLE2 M9D WILL RISE TO ! LEVEL ( ITS SITUATION2 JURIES 

& UMPIRES WILL BE P5ETRAT$ ) ! MAGNITUDE ( ! TRU/ REPOS$ 9 

!M4 

,IT MAY BE NO UN9/RUCTIVE SPECTACLE TO SURVEY ! PROGRESSIVE E/ABLI%M5T 

( JU/ICE 9 ! /ATE ( ?+S :I* IS H]E RECOMM5D$4 ,AT FIR/1 IT 

MAY BE1 A FEW DECISIONS WILL BE MADE UNCOMMONLY ABSURD OR ATROCI\S4 ,BUT 

! AU?ORS ( !SE DECISIONS WILL BE CONF\ND$1 ) ! UNPOPUL>ITY 

& DISGRACE 9 :I* !Y HAVE 9VOLV$ !MSELVES4 ,9 REALITY 1 :ATEV] 

W]E ! ORIG9AL S\RCE ( LAW1 IT SOON BECAME *]I%$ AS A CLOAK = 

OPPRESSION4 ,ITS OBSCURITY WAS ( USE TO MISLEAD ! 9QUISITIVE EYE ( ! 

SUFF]]4 ,ITS ANTIQUITY S]V$ TO DIV]T A CONSID]ABLE P>T ( ! ODIUM 

FROM ! P]PETRATOR ( ! 9JU/ICE TO ! AU?OR ( ! LAW2 &1 /ILL 

MORE1 TO DIS>M ?AT ODIUM BY ! 9FLU5CE ( SUP]/ITI\S AWE4 ,IT WAS 

WELL KN[N ?AT UNV>NI%$1 B>EFAC$ OPPRESSION C\LD NOT FAIL TO BE ! 

VICTIM ( ITS [N OP]ATIONS4 

,TO ?IS /ATEM5T IT MAY 9DE$ BE OBJECT$ '?AT BODIES ( M5 HAVE (T5 

BE5 F\ND CALL\S TO C5SURE1 & ?AT ! DISGRACE1 BE+ AMICABLY DIVID$1 

IS 9TOL]ABLE TO NONE'4 ,9 ?IS OBS]VATION !RE IS CONSID]ABLE =CE1 

BUT IT IS 9APPLICABLE TO ! PRES5T >GUM5T4 ,TO ?IS SPECIES ( ABUSE 

ONE ( TWO ?+ IS 9DISP5SABLY NECESS>Y1 EI!R NUMB]S ( SECRECY 4 

,TO ?IS ABUSE !RE=E IT WILL BE A SUFFICI5T REM$Y ?AT EA* JURISDICTION 

BE CONSID]ABLY LIMIT$1 & ALL TRANSACTIONS CONDUCT$ 9 AN OP5 & EXPLICIT 

MANN]4 -- ,TO PROCE$4 

,! JURIDICAL DECISIONS ?AT W]E MADE IMM$IATELY AFT] ! ABOLITION 

( LAW W\LD DIFF] LITTLE FROM ?OSE DUR+ ITS EMPIRE1 ,!Y W\LD BE ! 

DECISIONS ( PREJUDICE & HABIT4 ,BUT HABIT1 HAV+ LO/ ! C5T] AB\T 

:I* IT REVOLV$1 W\LD DIM9I% 9 ! REGUL>ITY ( ITS OP]ATIONS4 ,?OSE 

TO :OM ! >BITRATION ( ANY QUE/ION WAS 5TRU/$ W\LD FREQU5TLY RECOLLECT 

?AT ! :OLE CASE WAS COMMITT$ TO !IR DELIB]ATION2 & !Y C\LD NOT 

FAIL OCCASIONALLY TO EXAM9E !MSELVES RESPECT+ ! REASON ( ?OSE PR9CIPLES 

:I* HAD HI!RTO PASS$ UNCONTROV]T$4 ,!IR UND]/&+S W\LD GR[ 

5L>G$1 9 PROPORTION AS !Y FELT ! IMPORTANCE ( !IR TRU/1 & ! 

UNB\ND$ FRE$OM ( !IR 9VE/IGATION4 ,H]E !N W\LD COMM5CE AN AUSPICI\S 

ORD] ( ?+S1 ( :I* NO UND]/&+ ( MAN AT PRES5T 9 EXI/5CE 

CAN =ETELL ! RESULT1 ! DE?RONEM5T ( IMPLICIT FAI?1 & ! 9AUGURATION 

( REASON & JU/ICE4 

,SOME ( ! CONCLUSIONS ( :I* ?IS /ATE ( ?+S W\LD BE ! H>B+] 

HAVE BE5 ALREADY SE51 9 ! JUDGM5T ?AT W\LD BE MADE ( (F5SES AGA9/ 

! COMMUNITY47"97 ,(F5SES >GU+ A B\NDLESS V>IETY 9 ! DEPRAVITY FROM 

:I* !Y SPRUNG W\LD NO LONG] BE CONF\ND$ UND] SOME G5]AL NAME4 

,JURIES W\LD GR[ AS P]SPICACI\S 9 DI/+UI%+1 AS !Y >E N[ 9DISCRIM9ATE 

9 CONF\ND+1 ! M]IT ( ACTIONS & *>ACT]S4 

,! EFFECTS ( ! ABOLITION ( LAW1 AS IT RESPECTS ! >TICLE ( PROP]TY1 

W\LD NOT BE LESS AUSPICI\S4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE WOR?Y ( REGRET ?AN ! 

MANN] 9 :I* PROP]TY IS AT PRES5T ADM9I/]$1 SO F> AS RELATES TO 

C\RTS ( JU/ICE4 ,! D\BTFULNESS ( TITLES1 ! DIFF]5T MEASURES ( 

LEGISLATION AS !Y RELATE TO DIFF]5T CLASSES ( PROP]TY1 ! T$I\SNESS 

( SUITS1 & ! REMOVAL ( CAUSES BY APPEAL FROM C\RT TO C\RT1 >E A 

P]PETUAL R\ND ( >TIFICE & *ICANE TO ONE P>T ( ! COMMUNITY1 & 

( ANGUI% & MIS]Y TO ANO!R4 ,:O CAN DESCRIBE ! BAFFL$ HOPES1 ! 

FRUITLESS YE>S ( EXPECTATION1 :I* ?US CONSUME AWAY ! /R5G? & 

! LIVES ( NUM]\S 9DIVIDUALS8 ,9 VA9 IS ! 9T5TION ( A TE/ATOR1 

:ILE ! DISPUTES BETWE5 ! LEGAL & ! TE/AM5T>Y HEIR1 OR A M]E 

QUIBBLE UPON ! PHRASEOLOGY ( ! BEQUE/1 %ALL SUPPLY FOOD = 5DLESS 

CONTROV]SY4 ,9 VA9 %ALL BE ALL ! ASSURANCES ,I CAN HEAP TOGE!R = 

! E/ABLI%M5T ( MY RI<T1 S9CE ! OBSCURITY ( RECORDS1 & ! COMPLEXITY 

( LAW 1 WILL1 ALMO/ 9 ALL CASES1 5ABLE AN +5I\S MAN1 :O IS AT ! 

SAME TIME A RI* ONE1 TO DISPUTE MY T5URE4 ,! IMBECILITY ( LAW IS /RIK+LY 

ILLU/RAT$ BY ! VULG> MAXIM ( ! IMPORTANCE ( POSSESSION4 ,POSSESSION 

C\LD NOT BE ?US ADVANTAGE\S W]E IT NOT = ! OPPORTUNITY ?AT LAW AF=DS 

= PROCRA/9ATION & EVASION4 ,PROP]TY C\LD NOT BE ?US DISPUTABLE W]E 

! P]SONS :O >E CALL$ UPON TO DECIDE CONC]N+ IT LEFT TO ! DIRECTION 

( !IR [N UND]/&+4 ,! CONT5TION ( OPPOS+ CLAIMS >ISES MORE 

FROM ! J>GON 9 :I* !SE CLAIMS >E RECORD$ ?AN FROM ! COMPLEXITY 

( ! SUBJECT TO :I* !Y RELATE4 ,! 9T5TION ( A TE/ATOR IS MU* 

MORE EASILY SETTL$ ?AN ! QUIBBLES TO :I* ! EXPRESSION ( ?AT 9T5TION 

MAY BE SUBJECT$4 ,?OSE :O W]E APPO9T$ = ! DECISION ( SUITS W\LD 

NOT 9DE$ BE SU* GA9]S1 UND] ! SY/EM H]E DEL9EAT$1 AS AT PRES5T2 

BUT EV]Y O!R DESCRIPTION ( P]SONS ?AT W]E 9T]E/$ 9 QUE/IONS 

( PROP]TY W\LD1 NO D\BT1 F9D !IR ADVANTAGE4 

,AN OBS]VATION :I* CANNOT HAVE ESCAP$ ! READ] 9 ! P]USAL ( 

?IS *APT] IS ?AT LAW IS M]ELY RELATIVE TO ! EX]CISE ( POLITICAL 

=CE1 & MU/ P]I% :5 ! NECESSITY = ?AT =CE CEASES1 IF ! 9FLU5CE 

( TRU? DO NOT /ILL SOON] EXTIRPATE IT FROM ! PRACTICE ( MANK9D4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,BOOK ,V,I1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I,I4 

#b4 ,BOOK ,I,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,I,I,I4 

#c4 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 

#d4 ,SUMMUM JUS SUMMA 9JURIA4 

#e4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,V,I,I4 

#f4 ,BOOK ,I,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,I4 

#g4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,X4 

#h4 ,*AP4 ,I,V4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,X 

,( ,P,>,D,O,N,S 

,!RE IS ONE O!R TOPIC :I* BELONGS TO ! SUBJECT ( ! PRES5T BOOK1 

BUT :I* MAY BE DISMISS$ 9 A V]Y FEW WORDS1 BECAUSE1 ?\< IT HAS UNHAPPILY 

BE51 9 ALMO/ ALL CASES1 NEGLECT$ 9 PRACTICE1 IT IS A PO9T ?AT SEEMS 

TO ADMIT ( UNCOMMONLY SIMPLE & IRRESI/IBLE EVID5CE3 ,I MEAN ! TOPIC 

( P>DONS4 

,! V]Y WORD1 TO A REFLECT+ M9D1 IS FRAU<T ) ABSURDITY4 ',:AT 

IS ! RULE ?AT \<T1 9 ALL CASES1 TO DIRECT MY CONDUCT8' ,SURELY JU/ICE2 

UND]/&+ BY JU/ICE ! GREATE/ UTILITY ( ! :OLE MASS ( BE+S 

?AT MAY BE 9FLU5C$ BY MY CONDUCT4 ',:AT !N IS CLEM5CY8' ,IT CAN BE 

NO?+ BUT ! PITIABLE EGOTISM ( HIM :O IMAG9ES HE CAN DO SOME?+ 

BETT] ?AN JU/ICE4 ',IS IT RI<T ?AT ,I %\LD SUFF] CON/RA9T = A C]TA9 

(F5SE8' ,! REASONABL5ESS ( MY SUFF]+ MU/ BE F\ND$ 9 ITS CONSONANCE 

) ! G5]AL WELF>E4 ,HE !RE=E ?AT P>DONS ME 9IQUIT\SLY PREF]S 

! SUPPOS$ 9T]E/ ( AN 9DIVIDUAL1 & UTT]LY NEGLECTS :AT HE [ES 

TO ! :OLE4 ,HE BE/[S ?AT :I* ,I \<T NOT TO RECEIVE1 & :I* HE 

HAS NO RI<T TO GIVE4 ',IS IT RI<T1 ON ! CONTR>Y1 ?AT ,I %\LD NOT UND]GO 

! SUFF]+ 9 QUE/ION8 ,WILL HE1 BY RESCU+ ME FROM SUFF]+1 CONF] 

A B5EFIT ON ME1 & 9FLICT NO 9JURY ON O!RS8' ,HE WILL !N BE A NOTORI\S 

DEL9QU5T1 IF BE ALL[S ME TO SUFF]4 ,!RE IS 9DE$ A CONSID]ABLE DEFECT 

9 ?IS LA/ 1SUPPOSITION4 ,IF1 :ILE HE B5EFITS ME1 LIE 9FLICTS NO 9JURY 

UPON O!RS1 HE IS 9FALLIBLY P]=M+ A PUBLIC S]VICE4 ,IF ,I SUFF]$ 

9 ! >BITR>Y MANN] :I* ! SUPPOSITION 9CLUDES1 ! PUBLIC W\LD 

SU/A9 AN UNQUE/IONABLE 9JURY 9 ! 9JU/ICE ?AT WAS P]PETRAT$4 ,& 

YET ! MAN :O PREV5TS ?IS ODI\S 9JU/ICE HAS BE5 ACCU/OM$ TO >ROGATE 

TO HIMSELF ! ATTRIBUTE ( CLEM5T1 & ! APP>5TLY SUBLIME1 BUT1 9 

REALITY1 TYRANNICAL1 NAME ( =GIV5ESS4 ,=1 IF HE DO MORE ?AN HAS BE5 

H]E DESCRIB$1 9/EAD ( GLORY1 HE \<T TO TAKE %AME TO HIMSELF1 AS AN 

5EMY TO HUMAN K9D4 ,IF EV]Y ACTION1 & ESPECIALLY EV]Y ACTION 9 :I* 

! HAPP9ESS ( A RATIONAL BE+ IS CONC]N$1 BE SUSCEPTIBLE ( A C]TA9 

RULE1 !N CAPRICE MU/ BE 9 ALL CASES EXCLUD$3 !RE CAN BE NO ACTION 

:I*1 IF ,I NEGLECT1 ,I %ALL HAVE DIS*>G$ MY DUTY1 &1 IF ,I P]=M1 

,I %ALL BE 5TITL$ TO APPLAUSE4 

,! P]NICI\S EFFECT ( ! SY/EM ( P>DONS IS PECULI>LY GL>+4 

,IT WAS FIR/ 9V5T$ AS ! MIS]ABLE SUPPLEM5T TO A SANGU9>Y CODE1 ! 

ATROCI\SNESS ( :I* WAS SO CONSPICU\S ?AT ITS M9I/]S EI!R DREAD$ 

! RESI/ANCE ( ! PEOPLE1 IF IT W]E 9DISCRIM9ATELY EXECUT$1 OR !MSELVES 

%RUNK ) UNCONQU]ABLE REPUGNANCE FROM ! DEVA/ATION IT COMM&$4 ,! 

SY/EM ( P>DONS OBVI\SLY ASSOCIATES ) ! SY/EM ( LAW2 =1 ?\< 

WE MAY CALL EV]Y CASE1 = 9/ANCE1 9 :I* ONE MAN OCCASIONS ! DEA? 

( ANO!R1 BY ! NAME ( MURD]1 YET ! 9JU/ICE W\LD BE TOO GREAT TO 

APPLY TO ALL CASES ! SAME TREATM5T4 ,DEF9E MURD] AS ACCURATELY AS WE 

PLEASE1 ! SAME CONSEQU5CE1 ! SAME DISP>ITY ( CASES1 WILL OBTRUDE ITSELF4 

,IT IS NECESS>Y !RE=E TO HAVE A C\RT ( REASON TO :I* ! DECISIONS 

( A C\RT ( LAW %ALL BE BR\<T = REVISAL4 

,BUT H[ IS ?IS C\RT1 9EXPRESSIBLY MORE IMPORTANT ?AN ! O!R1 TO 

BE CON/ITUT$8 ,H]E LIES ! ESS5CE ( ! MATT]2 ! RE/ IS =M4 ,A 

JURY IS IMPANEL$ TO TELL Y\ ! G5ETICAL NAME ( ! ACTION2 A JUDGE 

PRESIDES1 TO READ \T ( ! VOLUME ( ! LAW ! PRESCRIPTION ANNEX$ TO 

?AT NAME2 LA/ ( ALL COMES ! C\RT ( 9QUIRY1 :I* IS TO DECIDE :E!R 

! PRESCRIPTION ( ! DISP5SATORY IS SUITABLE TO ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( 

?IS P>TICUL> CASE4 ,?IS AU?ORITY WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO 9VE/1 9 ! 

FIR/ 9/ANCE ) ! JUDGE1 & 9 ! LA/ RESORT ) ! K+ 9 C\NCIL4 

,N[1 PUTT+ ASIDE ! ,PROPRIETY OR IMPROPRIETY ( ?IS P>TICUL> SELECTION1 

!RE IS ONE GRIEV\S ABUSE :I* \<T TO /RIKE ! MO/ SUP]FICIAL OBS]V]4 

,!SE P]SONS ) :OM ! PR9CIPAL TRU/ IS REPOS$ CONSID] !IR FUNCTIONS 

9 ?IS RESPECT AS A MATT] PURELY 9CID5TAL1 EX]CISE !M ) SUP95ESS1 

&1 9 MANY 9/ANCES1 ) ! MO/ SCANTY MAT]IALS TO GUIDE !IR JUDGM5T4 

,?IS GR[S 9 A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE \T ( ! V]Y NAME ( P>DON1 BY :I* 

WE >E ACCU/OM$ TO UND]/& A WORK ( SUP]]OGATORY B5EVOL5CE4 

,FROM ! MANN] 9 :I* P>DONS >E DISP5S$ 9EVITABLY FL[S ! UNC]TA9TY 

( PUNI%M5T4 ,IT IS TOO EVID5T ?AT PUNI%M5T IS 9FLICT$ BY NO C]TA9 

RULES1 & !RE=E CREATES NO UNI=MITY ( EXPECTATION4 ,UNI=MITY ( 

TREATM5T1 & CON/ANCY ( EXPECTATIONS =M ! SOLE BASIS ( A G5U9E 

MORALITY4 ,9 A JU/ =M ( SOCIETY1 ?IS W\LD NEV] GO BEYOND ! SOB] 

EXPRESSION ( ?OSE S5TIM5TS ( APPROBATION OR DISAPPROBATION ) :I* 

DIFF]5T MODES ( CONDUCT 9EVITABLY IMPRESS US4 ,BUT1 IF WE AT PRES5T EXCE$ 

?IS L9E1 IT IS SURELY AN EXECRABLE REF9EM5T ( 9JU/ICE ?AT %\LD 

EXHIBIT ! P]PETUAL M5ACE ( SUFF]+1 UNACCOMPANI$ ) ANY C]TA9 

RULE =ETELL+ ITS APPLICATION4 ,NOT MORE ?AN ONE ?IRD ( ! (F5D]S 

:OM ! LAW CONDEMNS TO DEA? 9 ?IS METROPOLIS >E MADE TO SUFF] ! 

PUNI%M5T ?AT IS AW>D$4 ,IS IT POSSIBLE ?AT EA* (F5D] %\LD NOT 

FLATT] HIMSELF ?AT HE %ALL BE AMONG ! NUMB] ?AT ESCAPES8 ,SU* A SY/EM1 

TO SPEAK IT TRULY1 IS A LOTT]Y ( DEA?1 9 :I* EA* MAN DRAWS HIS TICKET 

= REPRIEVE OR EXECUTION1 AS UNDEF9ABLE ACCID5TS %ALL DECIDE4 

,IT MAY BE ASK$ :E!R '! ABOLITION ( LAW W\LD NOT PRODUCE EQUAL 

UNC]TA9TY8' ,BY NO MEANS4 ,! PR9CIPLES ( K+ & C\NCIL1 9 SU* CASES1 

>E V]Y LITTLE UND]/OOD1 EI!R BY !MSELVES OR O!RS4 ,! PR9CIPLES 

( A JURY ( HIS NEI<BORS1 COMMISSION$ TO PRON\NCE UPON ! :OLE ( 

! CASE1 ! CRIM9AL EASILY GUESSES4 ,HE HAS ONLY TO APPEAL TO HIS [N S5TIM5TS 

& EXP]I5CE4 ,REASON IS A ?\S& TIMES MORE EXPLICIT & 9TELLIGIBLE 

?AN LAW2 & :5 WE W]E ACCU/OM$ TO CONSULT H]1 ! C]TA9TY ( ! 

DECISIONS W\LD BE SU* AS M51 PRACTIC$ 9 \R PRES5T C\RTS1 >E TOTALLY 

UNABLE TO CONCEIVE4 

,ANO!R IMPORTANT CONSEQU5CE GR[S \T ( ! SY/EM ( P>DONS4 ,A SY/EM 

( P>DONS IS SY/EM ( UNMITIGAT$ SLAV]Y4 ,I AM TAU<T TO EXPECT A C]TA9 

DESIRABLE EV5T1 FROM :AT8 ,FROM ! CLEM5CY1 ! UNCONTROLL$1 UNM]IT$ 

K9DNESS ( A FELL[ MORTAL4 ,CAN ANY LESSON BE MORE DEGRAD+8 ,! PUSILLANIM\S 

S]VILITY ( ! MAN1 :O DEVOTES HIMSELF ) EV]LA/+ OBSEQUI\SNESS 

TO ANO!R1 BECAUSE ?AT O!R1 HAV+ BEGUN TO BE UNJU/1 REL5TS 9 HIS 

C>E]2 ! >DOR ) :I* HE CONFESSES ! EQUITY ( HIS S5T5CE & 

! 5ORMITY ( HIS DES]TS WILL CON/ITUTE A TALE ?AT FUTURE AGES WILL 

F9D IT DIFFICULT TO UND]/&4 

,:AT >E ! S5TIM5TS 9 ?IS RESPECT ?AT >E ALONE WOR?Y ( A RATIONAL 

BE+8 ,GIVE ME ?AT1 & ?AT ONLY1 :I* )\T 9JU/ICE Y\ CANNOT REFUSE4 

,MORE ?AN JU/ICE IT W\LD BE DISGRACEFUL = ME TO ASK1 & = Y\ TO BE/[4 

,I /& UPON ! F\NDATION ( RI<T4 ,?IS IS A TITLE :I* BRUTE =CE MAY 

REFUSE TO ACKN[L$GE1 BUT :I* ALL ! =CE 9 ! WORLD CANNOT ANNIHILATE4 

,BY RESI/+ ?IS PLEA1 Y\ MAY PROVE Y\RSELF UNJU/2 BUT1 9 YIELD+ TO 

IT1 Y\ GRANT ME BUT MY DUE4 ,IF1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 ,I BE ! FIT SUBJECT 

( A B5EFIT1 ! B5EFIT IS M]IT$3 M]IT1 9 ANY O!R S5SE1 IS CONTRADICTORY 

& ABSURD4 ,IF Y\ BE/[ UPON ME UNM]IT$ ADVANTAGE1 Y\ >E A RECREANT 

FROM ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,I MAY BE BASE 5\< ?ANK Y\2 BUT1 IF ,I W]E VIRTU\S1 

,I %\LD CONDEMN Y\4 

,!SE S5TIM5TS ALONE >E CONSI/5T ) TRUE 9DEP5D5CE ( M9D4 

,HE ?AT IS ACCU/OM$ TO REG>D VIRTUE AS AN AFFAIR ( FAVOR & GRACE CANNOT 

BE EM95TLY VIRTU\S4 ,IF HE OCCASIONALLY P]=M AN ACTION ( APP>5T K9DNESS1 

HE WILL APPLAUD ! G5]OSITY ( HIS S5TIM5TS2 &1 IF HE AB/A91 HE 

WILL ACQUIT HIMSELF ) ! QUE/ION1 ',MAY ,I NOT DO :AT ,I WILL ) MY 

[N8' ,9 ! SAME MANN]1 :5 HE IS TREAT$ B5EVOL5TLY BY ANO!R1 HE 

WILL1 9 ! FIR/ PLACE1 BE UNWILL+ TO EXAM9E /RICTLY 9TO ! REASONABL5ESS 

( ?IS TREATM5T1 BECAUSE B5EVOL5CE1 AS HE IMAG9ES1 IS NOT SUBJECT TO 

ANY 9FLEXIBILITY ( RULE2 &1 9 ! SECOND PLACE1 HE WILL NOT REG>D HIS 

B5EFACTOR ) ?AT ]ECT & UNEMB>RASS$ MI51 ?AT MANLY S5SE ( EQUALITY1 

:I* IS ! ONLY UNEQUIVOCAL BASIS ( VIRTUE & HAPP9ESS4 

,FROM 3 HTTP3_/_/WWW4EFM4BRIS4AC4UK_/4 

,*RONOLOGY 3 
,JANU>Y #b#g1 #bag 3 ,BOOK #g -- ,ADD$4 
,JANU>Y #a#a1 #bbb 3 ,BOOK #g -- ,UPDAT$4 

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