,BOOK #c 
,PR9CIPLES ( ,GOV]NM5T 

,PEOPLE 3 

,AU?OR 3 ,WILLIAM ,GODW9 

,TEXT 3 

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,HAV+ 9 ! PREC$+ BOOK ATTEMPT$ A G5]AL DEL9EATION ( ! PR9CIPLES ( RATIONAL SOCIETY1 IT IS PROP] ?AT WE1 9 ! NEXT PLACE1 PROCE$ TO ! TOPIC ( GOV]NM5T4 

,IT HAS HI!RTO BE5 ! P]SUASION ( COMMUNITIES ( M5 9 ALL AGES & C\NTRIES ?AT !RE >E OCCASIONS1 9 :I* IT BECOMES NECESS>Y1 TO SUP]S$E PRIVATE JUDGM5T = ! SAKE ( PUBLIC GOOD1 & TO CONTROL ! ACTS ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 BY AN ACT TO BE P]=M$ 9 ! NAME ( ! :OLE4 

,PREVI\SLY TO \R DECID+ UPON ?IS QUE/ION1 IT WILL BE ( ADVANTAGE TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T1 & ! MANN] 9 :I* ?IS CONTROL MAY BE EX]CIS$ ) ! SMALLE/ DEGREE ( VIOL5CE & USURPATION 9 REG>D TO ! 9DIVIDUAL4 ,?IS PO9T1 BE+ DET]M9$1 WILL ASSI/ US F9ALLY TO ASC]TA9 BO? ! QUANTITY ( EVIL :I* GOV]NM5T 9 ITS BE/ =M 9VOLVES1 & ! URG5CY ( ! CASE :I* HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ TO DEM& ITS 9T]F]5CE4 

,!RE CAN BE LITTLE GR\ND TO QUE/ION ! NECESSITY1 & CONSEQU5TLY ! JU/ICE1 ( =CE TO BE1 9 SOME CASES1 9T]POS$ BETWE5 9DIVIDUAL & 9DIVIDUAL4 ,VIOL5CE IS SO PROMPT A MODE ( DECID+ DIFF]5CES ( OP9ION & CONT5TIONS ( PASSION ?AT !RE WILL 9FALLIBLY BE SOME P]SONS :O WILL RESORT TO ?IS MODE4 ,H[ IS !IR VIOL5CE TO BE REPRESS$1 OR PREV5T$ FROM BE+ ACCOMPANI$ OCCASIONALLY ) ! MO/ TRAGICAL EFFECTS8 ,VIOL5CE MU/ NECESS>ILY BE PREC$$ BY AN OP9ION ( ! M9D DICTAT+ ?AT VIOL5CE2 &1 AS HE :O FIR/ HAS RESORT TO =CE 9/EAD ( >GUM5T1 IS UNQUE/IONABLY ]RONE\S1 ! BE/ & MO/ DESIRABLE MODE ( CORRECT+ HIM IS BY CONV9C+ HIM ( HIS ]ROR4 ,BUT ! URG5CY ( ! CASE :51 = EXAMPLE1 A DAGG] IS PO9T$ TO MY [N BREA/ OR ?AT ( ANO!R1 MAY BE SU* AS NOT TO AF=D TIME = EXPO/ULATION4 ,H5CE ! PROPRIETY & DUTY ( DEF5SE4 

,IS NOT DEF5SE EQUALLY NECESS>Y1 ON ! P>T ( A COMMUNITY1 AGA9/ A =EIGN 5EMY1 OR ! CONTUMACY ( ITS [N MEMB]S8 ,?IS IS P]HAPS ! MO/ =CIBLE VIEW 9 :I* ! >GUM5T 9 FAVOR ( ! 9/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T HAS YET BE5 PLAC$4 ,BUT1 WAIV+ ?IS QUE/ION = ! PRES5T1 ! 9QUIRY N[ PROPOS$ IS1 IF ACTION ON ! P>T ( ! COMMUNITY %\LD 9 ANY 9 /ANCE BE F\ND REQUISITE1 9 :AT MANN] IS IT PROP] OR JU/ ?AT ! =CE1 ACT+ 9 BEHALF ( ! COMMUNITY1 %\LD BE ORGANIZ$8 

,!RE >E ?REE HYPO!SES ?AT HAVE BE5 PR9CIPALLY MA9TA9$ UPON ?IS SUBJECT4 ,FIR/1 ! SY/EM ( =CE1 ACCORD+ TO :I* IT IS AFFIRM$ 0?AT1 9ASMU* AS IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! GREAT MASS ( MANK9D %\LD BE HELD UND] ! SUBJECTION ( COMPULSORY RE/RA9T1 !RE CAN BE NO O!R CRIT]ION ( ?AT RE/RA9T ?AN ! P[] ( ! 9DIVIDUALS :O LAY CLAIM TO ITS EX]CISE1 ! F\NDATION ( :I* P[] EXI/S1 9 ! UNEQUAL DEGREES 9 :I* CORPORAL /R5G?1 & 9TELLECTUAL SAGACITY1 >E DI/RIBUT$ AMONG MANK9D40 

,!RE IS A SECOND CLASS ( REASON]S1 :O D$UCE ! ORIG9 ( ALL GOV]NM5T FROM DIV9E RI<T1 & AFFIRM 0?AT1 AS M5 D]IV$ !IR EXI/5CE FROM AN 9F9ITE CREATOR AT FIR/1 SO >E !Y /ILL SUBJECT TO HIS PROVID5TIAL C>E1 & ( CONSEQU5CE [E ALLEGIANCE TO !IR CIVIL GOV]NORS1 AS TO A P[] :I* HE HAS ?\<T FIT TO SET OV] !M40 

,! ?IRD SY/EM IS ?AT :I* HAS BE5 MO/ USUALLY MA9TA9$ BY ! FRI5DS ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE2 ! SY/EM ACCORD+ TO :I* ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ANY SOCIETY >E SUPPOS$ TO HAVE 5T]$ 9TO A CONTRACT ) !IR GOV]NORS OR ) EA* O!R1 & :I* F\NDS ! AU?ORITY ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! CONS5T ( ! GOV]N$4 

,! FIR/ TWO ( !SE HYPO!SES MAY EASILY BE DISMISS$4 ,?AT ( =CE APPE>S TO PROCE$ UPON ! TOTAL NEGATION ( AB/RACT & IMMUTABLE JU/ICE1 AFFIRM+ EV]Y GOV]NM5T TO BE RI<T ?AT IS POSSESS$ ( P[] SUFFICI5T TO 5=CE ITS DECREES4 ,IT PUTS A VIOL5T T]M9ATION UPON ALL POLITICAL SCI5CE2 & IS CALCULAT$ = NO?+ FUR!R ?AN TO P]SUADE M5 TO SIT D[N QUIETLY UND] !IR PRES5T DISADVANTAGES1 :ATEV] !Y MAY BE1 & NOT EX]T !MSELVES TO DISCOV] A REM$Y = ! EVILS !Y SUFF]4 ,! SECOND HYPO!SIS IS ( AN EQUIVOCAL NATURE4 ,IT EI!R CO9CIDES ) ! FIR/1 & AFFIRMS ALL EXI/+ P[] TO BE ALIKE ( DIV9E D]IVATION2 OR IT MU/ REMA9 TOTALLY USELESS1 TILL A CRIT]ION CAN BE F\ND TO DI/+UI% ?OSE GOV]NM5TS :I* >E APPROV$ BY ,GOD FROM ?OSE :I* CANNOT LAY CLAIM TO ?AT SANCTION4 ,! CRIT]ION ( PATRI>*AL DESC5T WILL BE ( NO AVAIL TILL ! TRUE CLAIMANT & RI<TFUL HEIR CAN BE DISCOV]$4 ,IF WE MAKE UTILITY & JU/ICE ! TE/ ( ,GOD'S APPROBATION1 ?IS HYPO!SIS WILL BE LIABLE TO LITTLE OBJECTION2 BUT !N ON ! O!R H& LITTLE WILL BE GA9$ BY IT1 S9CE ?OSE :O HAVE NOT 9TRODUC$ DIV9E RI<T 9TO ! >GUM5T WILL YET READILY GRANT ?AT A GOV]NM5T :I* CAN BE %[N TO BE AGREEABLE TO UTILITY & JU/ICE IS A RI<TFUL GOV]NM5T4 

,! ?IRD HYPO!SIS DEM&S A MORE C>EFUL EXAM9ATION4 ,IF ANY ]ROR HAVE 9S9UAT$ ITSELF 9TO ! SUPPORT ( TRU?1 IT BECOMES ( P>TICUL> CONSEQU5CE TO DETECT IT4 ,NO?+ CAN BE ( MORE IMPORTANCE ?AN TO SEP>ATE PREJUDICE & MI/AKE ON ! ONE H& FROM REASON & DEMON/RATION ON ! O!R4 ,:]EV] !Y HAVE BE5 CONF\ND$1 ! CAUSE ( TRU? MU/ NECESS>ILY BE ! SUFF]]4 ,! CAUSE1 SO F> FROM BE+ 9JUR$ BY A DISSOLUTION ( ! UNNATURAL ALLIANCE1 MAY BE EXPECT$ TO D]IVE FROM ?AT DISSOLUTION A SUP]IOR DEGREE ( PROSP]ITY & LU/]4  

  
  

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,UPON ! FIR/ /ATEM5T ( ! SY/EM ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT V>I\S DIFFICULTIES PRES5T !MSELVES4 ,:O >E ! P>TIES TO ?IS CONTRACT8 ,= :OM DID !Y CONS5T1 = !MSELVES ONLY1 OR = O!RS8 ,= H[ LONG A TIME IS ?IS CONTRACT TO BE CONSID]$ AS B9D+8 ,IF ! CONS5T ( EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL BE NECESS>Y1 9 :AT MANN] IS ?AT CONS5T TO BE GIV58 ,IS IT TO BE TACIT1 OR DECL>$ 9 EXPRESS T]MS8 

,LITTLE WILL BE GA9$ = ! CAUSE ( EQUALITY & JU/ICE IF \R ANCE/ORS1 AT ! FIR/ 9/ITUTION ( GOV]NM5T1 HAD A RI<T 9DE$ ( *OOS+ ! SY/EM ( REGULATIONS UND] :I* !Y ?\<T PROP] TO LIVE1 BUT AT ! SAME TIME C\LD B>T] AWAY ! UND]/&+S & 9DEP5D5CE ( ALL ?AT CAME AFT] !M1 TO ! LATE/ PO/]ITY4 ,BUT1 IF ! CONTRACT MU/ BE R5EW$ 9 EA* SUCCESSIVE G5]ATION1 :AT P]IODS MU/ BE FIX$ ON = ?AT PURPOSE8 ,& IF ,I BE OBLIG$ TO SUBMIT TO ! E/ABLI%$ GOV]NM5T TILL MY TURN COMES TO ASS5T TO IT1 UPON :AT PR9CIPLE IS ?AT OBLIGATION F\ND$8 ,SURELY NOT UPON ! CONTRACT 9TO :I* MY FA!R 5T]$ BE=E ,I WAS BORN8 

,SECONDLY1 :AT IS ! NATURE ( ! CONS5T 9 CONSEQU5CE ( :I* ,I AM TO BE RECKON$ A P>TY TO ! FRAME ( ANY POLITICAL CON/ITUTION8 ,IT IS USUALLY SAID 0?AT ACQUIESC5CE IS SUFFICI5T2 & ?AT ?IS ACQUIESC5CE IS TO BE 9F]R$ FROM MY LIV+ QUIETLY UND] ! PROTECTION ( ! LAWS40 ,BUT IF ?IS BE TRUE1 AN 5D IS AS EFFECTUALLY PUT TO ALL POLITICAL SCI5CE1 ALL DISCRIM9ATION ( BETT] & WORSE1 AS BY ANY SY/EM 9V5T$ BY ! MO/ SLAVI% SYCOPHANT4 ,UPON ?IS HYPO!SIS EV]Y GOV]NM5T ?AT IS QUIETLY SUBMITT$ TO IS A LAWFUL GOV]NM5T1 :E!R IT BE ! USURPATION ( ,CROMWELL1 OR ! TYRANNY ( ,CALIGULA4 ,ACQUIESC5CE IS FREQU5TLY NO?+ MORE1 ?AN A *OICE ON ! P>T ( ! 9DIVIDUAL1 ( :AT HE DEEMS ! LEA/ EVIL4 ,9 MANY CASES IT IS NOT SO MU* AS ?IS1 S9CE ! PEASANT & ! >TISAN1 :O =M ! BULK ( A NATION1 H[EV] DISSATISFI$ ) ! GOV]NM5T ( !IR C\NTRY1 SELDOM HAVE IT 9 !IR P[] TO TRANSPORT !MSELVES TO ANO!R4 ,IT IS ALSO TO BE OBS]V$ UPON ! SY/EM ( ACQUIESC5CE1 ?AT IT IS 9 LITTLE AGREEM5T ) ! E/ABLI%$ OP9IONS & PRACTICES ( MANK9D4 ,?US :AT HAS BE5 CALL$ ! LAW ( NATIONS1 LAYS LEA/ /RESS UPON ! ALLEGIANCE ( A =EIGN] SETTL+ AMONG US1 ?\< HIS ACQUIESC5CE IS C]TA9LY MO/ COMPLETE2 :ILE NATIVES REMOV+ 9TO AN UN9HABIT$ REGION >E CLAIM$ BY ! MO!R C\NTRY1 & REMOV+ 9TO A NEI<BOR+ T]RITORY >E PUNI%$ BY MUNICIPAL LAW1 IF !Y TAKE >MS AGA9/ ! C\NTRY 9 :I* !Y W]E BORN4 ,BUT SURELY ACQUIESC5CE CAN SC>CELY BE CON/RU$ 9TO CONS5T1 :ILE ! 9DIVIDUALS CONC]N$ >E :OLLY UNAPPRIZ$ ( ! AU?ORITY 9T5D$ TO BE RE/$ UPON IT47#a"97 

,LOCKE1 ! GREAT *AMPION ( ! DOCTR9E ( AN ORIG9AL CONTRACT1 HAS BE5 AW>E ( ?IS DIFFICULTY1 & !RE=E OBS]VES ?AT 0A TACIT CONS5T 9DE$ OBLIGES A MAN TO OBEY ! LAWS ( ANY GOV]NM5T1 AS LONG AS HE HAS ANY POSSESSIONS1 OR 5JOYM5T ( ANY P>T ( ! DOM9IONS ( ?AT GOV]NM5T2 BUT NO?+ CAN MAKE A MAN A MEMB] ( ! COMMONWEAL?1 BUT HIS ACTUALLY 5T]+ 9TO IT BY POSITIVE 5GAGEM5T & EXPRESS PROMISE & COMPACT407#b"97 ,A S+UL> DI/9CTION6 IMPLY+ UPON ! FACE ( IT ?AT AN ACQUIESC5CE1 SU* AS HAS JU/ BE5 DESCRIB$ IS SUFFICI5T TO R5D] A MAN AM5ABLE TO ! P5AL REGULATIONS ( SOCIETY2 BUT ?AT HIS [N CONS5T IS NECESS>Y TO 5TITLE HIM TO ! PRIVILEGES ( A CITIZ54 

,A ?IRD OBJECTION TO ! SOCIAL CONTRACT WILL SUGGE/ ITSELF1 AS SOON AS WE ATTEMPT TO ASC]TA9 ! EXT5T ( ! OBLIGATION1 EV5 SUPPOS+ IT TO HAVE BE5 5T]$ 9TO 9 ! MO/ SOLEMN MANN] BY EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY4 ,ALL[+ ?AT ,I AM CALL$ UPON1 AT ! P]IOD ( MY COM+ ( AGE = EXAMPLE1 TO DECL>E MY ASS5T OR DISS5T TO ANY SY/EM ( OP9IONS1 OR ANY CODE ( PRACTICAL 9/ITUTES2 = H[ LONG A P]IOD DOES ?IS DECL>ATION B9D ME8 ,AM ,I PRECLUD$ FROM BETT] 9=MATION = ! :OLE C\RSE ( MY LIFE8 ,&1 IF NOT = MY :OLE LIFE1 :Y = A YE>1 A WEEK OR EV5 AN H\R8 ,IF MY DELIB]ATE JUDGM5T1 OR MY REAL S5TIM5T1 BE ( NO AVAIL 9 ! CASE1 9 :AT S5SE CAN IT BE AFFIRM$ ?AT ALL LAWFUL GOV]NM5T IS F\ND$ 9 CONS5T8 

,BUT ! QUE/ION ( TIME IS NOT ! ONLY DIFFICULTY4 ,IF Y\ DEM& MY ASS5T TO ANY PROPOSITION1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT ! PROPOSITION %\LD BE /AT$ SIMPLY & CLE>LY4 ,SO NUM]\S >E ! V>IETIES ( HUMAN UND]/&+1 9 ALL CASES :]E ITS 9DEP5D5CE & 9TEGRITY >E SUFFICI5TLY PRES]V$1 ?AT !RE IS LITTLE *ANCE ( ANY TWO M5 COM+ TO A PRECISE AGREEM5T1 AB\T T5 SUCCESSIVE PROPOSITIONS ?AT >E 9 !IR [N NATURE OP5 TO DEBATE4 ,:AT !N CAN BE MORE ABSURD1 ?AN TO PRES5T TO ME ! LAWS ( ,5GL& 9 FIFTY VOLUMES FOLIO1 & CALL UPON ME TO GIVE AN HONE/ & UN9FLU5C$ VOTE UPON !IR CONT5TS8 

,BUT ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 CONSID]$ AS ! F\NDATION ( CIVIL GOV]NM5T1 REQUIRES ( ME MORE ?AN ?IS4 ,I AM NOT ONLY OBLIG$ TO CONS5T TO ALL ! LAWS ?AT >E ACTUALLY UPON RECORD1 BUT TO ALL ! LAWS ?AT %ALL H]EAFT] BE MADE4 ,IT WAS UND] ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT ?AT ,R\SSEAU1 9 TRAC+ ! CONSEQU5CES ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT1 WAS L$ TO ASS]T ?AT 0! GREAT BODY ( ! PEOPLE 9 :OM ! SOV]EIGN AU?ORITY RESIDES CAN NEI!R DELEGATE NOR RESIGN IT4 ,! ESS5CE ( ?AT AU?ORITY10 HE ADDS1 0IS ! G5]AL WILL2 & WILL CANNOT BE REPRES5T$4 ,IT MU/ EI!R BE ! SAME OR ANO!R2 !RE IS NO ALT]NATIVE4 ,! DEPUTIES ( ! PEOPLE CANNOT BE ITS REPRES5TATIVES2 !Y >E M]ELY ITS ATTORNEYS4 ,! LAWS :I* ! COMMUNITY DOES NOT RATIFY 9 P]SON1 >E NO LAWS1 >E NULLITIES407#c"97 

,! DIFFICULTY H]E /AT$1 HAS BE5 5DEAVOR$ TO BE PROVID$ AGA9/ BY SOME LATE ADVOCATES = LIB]TY1 9 ! WAY ( ADDRESSES ( ADHESION2 ADDRESSES ORIG9AT+ 9 ! V>I\S DI/RICTS & DEP>TM5TS ( A NATION1 & )\T :I* NO REGULATION ( CON/ITUTIONAL IMPORTANCE IS TO BE DEEM$ VALID4 ,BUT ?IS IS A V]Y SUP]FICIAL REM$Y4 ,! ADDRESS]S ( C\RSE HAVE SELDOM ANY O!R ALT]NATIVE1 ?AN ?AT ABOVE ALLUD$ TO1 ( 9DISCRIM9ATE ADMISSION OR REJECTION4 ,!RE IS AN 9F9ITE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 ! FIR/ DELIB]ATION1 & ! SUBSEQU5T EX]CISE ( A NEGATIVE ,! =M] IS A REAL P[]1 ! LATT] IS SELDOM MORE ?AN ! %AD[ ( A P[]4 ,NOT TO ADD1 ?AT ADDRESSES >E A MO/ PREC>I\S & EQUIVOCAL MODE ( COLLECT+ ! S5SE ( A NATION4 ,!Y >E USUALLY VOT$ 9 A TUMULTU\S & SUMM>Y MANN]2 !Y >E C>RI$ ALONG BY ! TIDE ( P>TY2 & ! SIGNATURES ANNEX$ TO !M >E OBTA9$ BY 9DIRECT & ACCID5TAL ME?ODS1 :ILE MULTITUDES ( BY/&]S1 UNLESS UPON SOME EXTRAORD9>Y OCCASION1 REMA9 IGNORANT ( OR 9DIFF]5T TO ! TRANSACTION4 

,LA/LY1 IF GOV]NM5T BE F\ND$ 9 ! CONS5T ( ! PEOPLE1 IT CAN HAVE NO P[] OV] ANY 9DIVIDUAL BY :OM ?AT CONS5T IS REFUS$4 ,IF A TACIT CONS5T BE NOT SUFFICI5T1 /ILL LESS CAN ,I BE DEEM$ TO HAVE CONS5T$ TO A MEASURE UPON :I* ,I PUT AN EXPRESS NEGATIVE4 ,?IS IMM$IATELY FOLL[S FROM ! OBS]VATIONS ( ,R\SSEAU4 ,IF ! PEOPLE1 OR ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :OM ! PEOPLE IS CON/ITUT$1 CANNOT DELEGATE !IR AU?ORITY TO A REPRES5TATIVE1 NEI!R CAN ANY 9DIVIDUAL DELEGATE HIS AU?ORITY TO A MAJORITY1 9 AN ASSEMBLY ( :I* HE IS HIMSELF A MEMB]4 ,?AT MU/ SURELY BE A S+UL> SPECIES ( CONS5T1 ! EXT]NAL 9DICATIONS ( :I* >E (T5 TO BE F\ND1 9 AN UNREMITT+ OPPOSITION 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 & COMPULSORY SUBJECTION 9 ! SECOND4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,HUME'S ,ESSAYS1 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,ESSAY XII4 

#b4 ,TREATISE ( ,GOV]NM5T1 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 VIII1 8 #a#a#i1 #a#b#b4 

#c4 ',LA S\V]A9ETE NE PEUT ETRE REPRES5TEE1 P> LE MEME RAISON QU'ELLE NE PEUT ETRE ALI5EE2 ELLE CONSI/E ESS5TIELLEM5T DANS LA VOLONTE G5]ALE1 ET LA VOLONTE NE SE REPRES5TE PO9T3 ELLE E/ LA MEME1 \ ELLE E/ AUTRE2 IL N'Y A PO9T DE MILIEU4 ,LES DEPUTES DU PEUPLE NE SONT DONC PO9T SES REPRES5TANS1 ILS NE SONT QUE SES COMMISSAIRES2 ILS NE PEUV5T RI5 CONCLURE DEF9ITIVEM5T4 ,T\TE LOI QUE LE PEUPLE 5 P]SONNE N'A PAS RATIFIEE1 E/ NULLE2 CE N'E/ PO9T UNE LOI4' ,DU ,CONTRAT ,SOCIAL1 ,LIV4 ,I,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,X,V4  

  
  

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,! :OLE PR9CIPLE ( AN ORIG9AL CONTRACT RE/S UPON ! OBLIGATION UND] :I* WE >E CONCEIV$ TO BE PLAC$ TO OBS]VE \R PROMISES4 ,! REASON+ UPON :I* IT IS F\ND$ IS 0?AT WE HAVE PROMIS$ OB$I5CE TO GOV]NM5T1 & !RE=E >E B\ND TO OBEY40 ,! DOCTR9E ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT W\LD NEV] HAVE BE5 ?\<T WOR? ! =MALITY ( AN >GUM5T HAD IT NOT BE5 PRESUM$ TO BE ONE ( \R FIR/ & P>AM\NT OBLIGATIONS TO P]=M \R 5GAGEM5TS4 ,IT MAY BE PROP] !RE=E TO 9QUIRE 9TO ! NATURE ( ?IS OBLIGATION4 

,& H]E ! FIR/ OBS]VATION ?AT (F]S ITSELF1 UPON ! PR9CIPLE ( ! DOCTR9ES ALREADY DELIV]$17#a"97 IS ?AT PROMISES & COMPACTS >E 9 NO S5SE ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY4 

,! F\NDATION ( MORALITY IS JU/ICE4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( VIRTUE IS AN IRRESI/IBLE D$UCTION FROM ! WANTS ( ONE MAN1 & ! ABILITY ( ANO!R TO RELIEVE !M4 ,IT IS NOT BECAUSE ,I HAVE PROMIS$ ?AT ,I AM B\ND TO DO ?AT = MY NEI<BOR :I* WILL BE B5EFICIAL TO HIM & NOT 9JURI\S TO ME4 ,?IS IS AN OBLIGATION :I* >ISES \T ( NO COMPACT1 DIRECT OR UND]/OOD2 & W\LD /ILL REMA91 ?\< IT W]E IMPOSSIBLE ?AT ,I %\LD EXP]I5CE A RETURN1 EI!R FROM HIM OR ANY O!R HUMAN BE+4 ,IT IS NOT ON ACC\NT ( ANY PROMISE OR PREVI\S 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I AM B\ND TO TELL MY NEI<BOR ! TRU?4 ,UND\BT$LY ONE ( ! REASONS :Y ,I %\LD DO SO IS BECAUSE ! OBVI\S USE ( ! FACULTY ( SPEE* IS TO 9=M1 & NOT TO MISLEAD4 ,BUT IT IS AN ABSURD ACC\NT ( ?IS MOTIVE1 TO SAY ?AT MY HAV+ REC\RSE TO ! FACULTY ( SPEE* AM\NTS TO A TACIT 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I WILL USE IT = ITS G5U9E PURPOSES4 ,! TRUE GR\ND ( CONFID5CE BETWE5 MAN & MAN IS ! KN[L$GE WE HAVE ( ! MOTIVES BY :I* ! HUMAN M9D IS 9FLU5C$2 \R P]CEPTION ?AT ! MOTIVES TO DECEIVE CAN BUT R>ELY OCCUR1 :ILE ! MOTIVES TO V]ACITY WILL GOV]N ! /REAM ( HUMAN ACTIONS4 

,?IS POSITION WILL BE MADE /ILL MORE 9CONTROV]TIBLE IF WE BE/[ A MOM5T'S ATT5TION UPON ! QUE/ION1 ,:Y %\LD WE OBS]VE \R PROMISES8 ,! ONLY RATIONAL ANSW] ?AT CAN BE MADE IS BECAUSE IT T5DS TO ! WELF>E ( 9TELLIG5T BE+S4 ,BUT ?IS ANSW] IS EQUALLY COG5T IF APPLI$ TO ANY O!R BRAN* ( MORALITY4 ,IT IS !RE=E ABSURD TO RE/ ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY ?US CIRCUIT\SLY UPON PROMISES1 :5 IT MAY ) EQUAL PROPRIETY BE RE/$ UPON ?AT FROM :I* PROMISES !MSELVES D]IVE !IR OBLIGATION47#b"97 

,AGA92 :5 ,I 5T] 9TO AN 5GAGEM5T1 ,I 5GAGE = ?AT :I* IS 9 ITS [N NATURE CONDUCIVE TO HUMAN HAPP9ESS1 OR :I* IS NOT SO4 ,CAN MY 5GAGEM5T ALWAYS R5D] ?AT :I* BE=E WAS 9JURI\S AGREEABLE TO1 & ?AT :I* WAS B5EFICIAL ! OPPOSITE ( DUTY8 ,PREVI\SLY TO MY 5T]+ 9TO A PROMISE1 !RE IS SOME?+ :I* ,I \<T TO PROMISE1 & SOME?+ :I* ,I \<T NOT4 ,PREVI\SLY TO MY 5T]+ 9TO A PROMISE1 ALL MODES ( ACTION W]E NOT 9DIFF]5T4 ,NAY1 ! V]Y OPPOSITE ( ?IS IS TRUE4 ,EV]Y CONCEIVABLE MODE ( ACTION HAS ITS APPROPRIATE T5D5CY1 & %ADE ( T5D5CY1 TO B5EFIT1 OR TO MIS*IEF1 & CONSEQU5TLY ITS APPROPRIATE CLAIM TO BE P]=M$ OR AVOID$4 ,?US CLE>LY DOES IT APPE> ?AT PROMISES & COMPACTS >E NOT ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY4 

,SECONDLY1 ,I OBS]VE ?AT PROMISES >E1 ABSOLUTELY CONSID]$1 AN EVIL1 & /& 9 OPPOSITION TO ! G5U9E & :OLESOME EX]CISE ( AN 9TELLECTUAL NATURE4 

,JU/ICE HAS ALREADY APPE>$ TO BE ! SUM ( MORAL & POLITICAL DUTY4 ,BUT ! MEASURE ( JU/ICE IS ! USEFUL OR 9JURI\S *>ACT]S ( ! M5 ) :OM ,I AM CONC]N$2 ! CRIT]ION ( JU/ICE IS ! 9FLU5CE MY CONDUCT WILL HAVE UPON ! /OCK ( G5]AL GOOD4 ,H5CE IT 9EVITABLY FOLL[S ?AT ! MOTIVES BY :I* DUTY REQUIRES ME TO GOV]N MY ACTIONS MU/ BE SU* AS >E ( G5]AL APPLICATION4 

,:AT IS IT !N TO :I* ! OBLIGATION ( A PROMISE APPLIES8 ,:AT ,I HAVE PROMIS$ IS :AT ,I \<T TO HAVE P]=M$1 IF NO PROMISE HAD 9T]V5$1 OR IT IS NOT4 ,IT IS CONDUCIVE1 OR NOT CONDUCIVE1 TO ! G5]AT+ ( HUMAN HAPP9ESS4 ,IF IT BE ! =M]1 !N PROMISE COMES 9 M]ELY AS AN ADDITIONAL 9DUCEM5T1 9 FAVOR ( ?AT :I*1 9 ! EYE ( MORALITY1 WAS ALREADY ( 9DISP5SABLE OBLIGATION4 -- ,IT TEA*ES ME TO DO SOME?+ FROM A PREC>I\S & TEMPOR>Y MOTIVE :I* \<T TO BE DONE = ITS 9TR9SIC RECOMM5DATIONS4 ,IF !RE=E RI<T MOTIVES & A PURE 9T5TION >E CON/ITU5T P>TS ( VIRTUE1 PROMISES >E CLE>LY AT V>IANCE ) VIRTUE4 

,BUT PROMISES WILL NOT ALWAYS COME 9 RE9=CEM5T ( ?AT :I* WAS DUTY BE=E ! PROMISE WAS MADE4 ,:5 IT IS O!RWISE1 !RE IS OBVI\SLY A CONT5TION BETWE5 :AT W\LD HAVE BE5 OBLIGATORY1 IF NO PROMISE HAD 9T]V5$1 & :AT ! PROMISE :I* HAS BE5 GIV5 HAS A T5D5CY TO R5D] OBLIGATORY4 

,NOR CAN IT ) MU* COG5CY BE ALLEG$ 9 ?IS >GUM5T ?AT PROMISES MAY AT LEA/ ASSUME AN EMPIRE OV] ?+S 9DIFF]5T4 ,!RE IS NO?+ :I* IS TRULY 9DIFF]5T4 ,ALL ?+S 9 ! UNIV]SE >E CONNECT$ TOGE!R47#c"97 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT MANY ( !SE L9KS 9 HUMAN AFFAIRS >E TOO SUBTLE TO BE TRAC$ BY \R GROSS] OPTICS4 ,BUT WE %\LD OBS]VE AS MANY ( !M AS WE >E ABLE4 ,HE ?AT IS EASILY SATISFI$ AS TO ! MORALITY ( HIS CONDUCT WILL SUPPOSE ?AT QUE/IONS ( DUTY >E ( R>E OCCURR5CE1 & P]HAPS LAM5T ?AT !RE IS SO LITTLE )9 HIS SPH]E TO P]=M4 ,BUT HE ?AT IS ANXI\SLY ALIVE TO ! 9SPIRATIONS ( VIRTUE WILL SC>CELY F9D AN H\R 9 :I* HE CANNOT1 BY ACT OR PREP>ATION7 CONTRIBUTE TO ! G5]AL WEAL4 ,IF !N EV]Y %ILL+ ( \R PROP]TY1 & EV]Y FACULTY ( \R M9D1 HAVE RECEIV$ !IR DE/9ATION FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( UNALT]ABLE JU/ICE1 PROMISES HAVE SC>CELY AN ATOM ( GR\ND UPON :I* !Y CAN PROP]LY & LEGITIMATELY BE CALL$ TO DECIDE4 

,!RE IS ANO!R CONSID]ATION ( GREAT WEI<T 9 ?IS CASE4 ,\R FACULTIES & \R POSSESSIONS >E ! MEANS BY :I* WE >E 5ABL$ TO B5EFIT O!RS4 ,\R TIME IS ! !AT] 9 :I* ONLY !SE MEANS CAN UNFOLD !MSELVES4 ,!RE IS NO?+ ! RI<T DISPOSAL ( :I* IS MORE SACR$4 ,9 ORD] TO ! EMPLOY+ \R FACULTIES & \R POSSESSIONS 9 ! WAY MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! G5]AL GOOD1 WE >E B\ND TO ACQUIRE ALL ! 9=MATION :I* \R OPPORTUNITIES 5ABLE US TO ACQUIRE4 ,N[ ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL MEANS ( 9=MATION IS TIME4 ,WE MU/ !RE=E DEVOTE TO ?AT OBJECT ALL ! TIME \R SITUATION WILL ALL[4 ,BUT WE ABRIDGE1 & ?AT 9 ! MO/ ESS5TIAL PO9T1 ! TIME ( GA9+ 9=MATION1 IF WE B9D \RSELVES TODAY TO ! CONDUCT WE WILL OBS]VE TWO MON?S H5CE4 ,HE :O ?US ANTICIPATES UPON ! /ORES ( KN[L$GE IS C]TA9LY NOT LESS IMPROVID5T ?AN HE :O LIVES BY ANTICIPAT+ ! /ORES ( =TUNE4 

,AN ACTIVE & CONSCI5TI\S MAN WILL CONT9UALLY ADD TO HIS MAT]IALS ( JUDGM5T4 ,NOR IS IT 5\< TO SAY ?AT EV]Y MAN \<T TO REG>D HIS JUDGM5T AS IMMATURE1 & LOOK =W>D ) IMPATI5CE TO ! MOM5T :I* %ALL DETECT HIS PRES5T OV]SI<TS4 ,BESIDE ?IS1 IT WILL ALWAYS HAPP5 ?AT1 H[EV] MATURE ! FACULTIES ( ANY 9DIVIDUAL MAY DES]VE TO BE CONSID]$1 HE WILL BE P]PETUALLY ACQUIR+ NEW 9=MATION AS TO ?AT RESPECT+ :I* HIS CONDUCT IS TO BE DECID$ AT SOME FUTURE P]IOD4 ,LET ! CASE BE ( AN 9D5TUR$ S]VANT4 ,:Y %\LD ,I1 UNLESS !RE BE SOME?+ 9 ! CIRCUM/ANCES OBLIG+ ME TO SUBMIT TO ?IS DISADVANTAGE1 5GAGE TO ALL[ HIM TO RESIDE = A T]M ( YE>S UND] MY RO(1 & TO EMPLOY T[>DS HIM A UNI=M MODE ( TREATM5T1 :ATEV] HIS *>ACT] MAY PROVE 9 ! SEQUEL8 ,:Y %\LD HE 5GAGE TO LIVE ) & S]VE ME H[EV] TYRANNICAL1 CRUEL OR ABSURD MAY BE MY C>RIAGE T[>DS HIM8 ,WE %ALL BO? ( US H]EAFT] KN[ MORE ( EA* O!R1 & ( ! B5EFITS OR 9CONV5I5CES ATT5DANT ON \R CONNECTION4 ,:Y PRECLUDE \RSELVES FROM4 ! USE ( ?IS KN[L$GE8 ,SU* A SITUATION WILL 9EVITABLY G5]ATE A P]PETUAL /RUGGLE BETWE5 ! 9DEP5D5T DICTATES ( REASON1 & ! CONDUCT :I* ! P>TICUL> COMPACT 9TO :I* WE HAVE 5T]$ MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO PRESCRIBE4 

,IT FOLL[S FROM :AT HAS BE5 H]E ADDUC$ ?AT PROMISES1 9 ! SAME S5SE AS HAS ALREADY BE5 OBS]V$ ( GOV]NM5T1 >E AN EVIL1 ?\<1 IT MAY BE1 9 SOME CASES A NECESS>Y EVIL4 -- ,TO REMOVE ! OBSCURITY :I* MI<T O!RWISE ACCOMPANY ?IS MODE ( EXPRESSION1 IT IS P]HAPS PROP] TO ADV]T TO ! S5SE 9 :I* ! WORD EVIL IS H]E US$4 

,EVIL MAY BE EI!R G5]AL OR 9DIVIDUAL3 AN EV5T MAY EI!R BE PRODUCTIVE ( EVIL 9 ITS DIRECT & IMM$IATE OP]ATION1 OR 9 A JU/ BALANCE & COMPREH5SIVE E/IMATE ( ALL ! EFFECTS ) :I* IT IS PREGNANT4 ,9 :I* SOEV] ( !SE S5SES ! WORD IS UND]/OOD1 ! EVIL IS NOT IMAG9>Y1 BUT REAL4 

,EVIL IS A T]M :I* DIFF]S FROM PA9 ONLY AS IT HAS A MORE COMPREH5SIVE MEAN+4 ,IT MAY BE DEF9$ TO SIGNIFY :ATEV] IS PA9FUL ITSELF1 OR IS CONNECT$ ) PA91 AS AN ANTEC$5T IS CONNECT$ ) ITS CONSEQU5T4 ,?US EXPLA9$1 IT APPE>S ?AT A ?+ NOT IMM$IATELY PA9FUL MAY BE EVIL1 BUT 9 A SOME:AT IMPROP] & IMP]FECT S5SE4 ,IT BE>S ! NAME ( EVIL NOT UPON ITS [N ACC\NT4 ,NO?+ IS EVIL 9 ! FULLE/ S5SE BUT PA94 

,TO ?IS IT MAY BE ADD$ ?AT PA9 IS ALWAYS AN EVIL4 ,PLEASURE & PA91 HAPP9ESS & MIS]Y1 CON/ITUTE ! :OLE ULTIMATE SUBJECT ( MORAL 9QUIRY4 ,!RE IS NO?+ DESIRABLE BUT ! OBTA9+ ( ! ONE & ! AVOID+ ( ! O!R4 ,ALL ! RESE>*ES ( HUMAN IMAG9ATION CANNOT ADD A S+LE >TICLE TO ?IS SUMM>Y ( GOOD4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT1 :]EV] PA9 EXI/S1 !RE IS EVIL4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 !RE W\LD BE NO SU* ?+ AS EVIL4 ,IF PA9 9 ONE 9DIVIDUAL BE NOT AN EVIL1 !N IT W\LD NOT BE AN EVIL = PA9 TO BE FELT BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL ?AT EXI/S1 & =EV]4 ,! UNIV]SE IS NO MORE ?AN A COLLECTION ( 9DIVIDUALS4 

,TO ILLU/RATE ?IS BY AN OBVI\S EXAMPLE4 ,! AMPUTATION ( A LEG IS AN EVIL ( CONSID]ABLE MAGNITUDE4 ,! PA9 ATT5DANT ON ! OP]ATION IS EXQUISITE4 ,! CURE IS SL[ & TORM5T+4 ,:5 CUR$1 ! MAN :O HAS SUFF]$ ! AMPUTATION IS PRECLUD$ = EV] FROM A V>IETY BO? ( AGREEABLE AMUSEM5TS & USEFUL OCCUPATIONS4 ,SUPPOSE HIM TO SUFF] ?IS OP]ATION FROM PURE WANTONNESS1 & WE %ALL !N SEE ITS CALAMITY 9 ! MO/ /RIK+ LI<T4 ,SUPPOSE1 ON ! O!R H&1 ! OP]ATION TO BE ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE = /OPP+ A MORTIFICATION1 & IT BECOMES RELATIVELY GOOD4 ,BUT IT DOES NOT1 UPON ?IS ACC\NT1 CEASE TO BE AN ABSOLUTE EVIL4 ,! PA9FUL S5SATION1 AT LEA/ TO A CONSID]ABLE DEGREE1 REMA9S2 & ! ABRIDGM5T ( HIS PLEASURES & UTILITY = ! RE/ ( HIS LIFE IS 9 NO RESPECT ALT]$4 

,! CASE ( PROMISES IS CONSID]ABLY SIMIL> TO ?IS4 ,SO F> AS !Y HAVE ANY EFFECT1 !Y DEPOSE US1 AS TO ! P>TICUL> TO :I* !Y RELATE1 FROM ! USE ( \R [N UND]/&+2 !Y CALL (F \R ATT5TION FROM ! DIRECT T5D5CIES ( \R CONDUCT1 & FIX IT UPON A M]ELY LOCAL & PREC>I\S CONSID]ATION4 ,!RE MAY BE CASES 9 :I* !Y >E NECESS>Y & \<T TO BE EMPLOY$3 BUT WE %\LD NEV] SUFF] \RSELVES BY !IR TEMPOR>Y UTILITY TO BE 9DUC$ TO =GET !IR 9TR9SIC NATURE1 & ! DEM]ITS :I* ADH]E TO !M 9DEP5D5TLY ( ANY PECULI> CONCURR5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,?IRDLY1 IT MAY BE ADD$ TO ! PREC$+ OBS]VATIONS ?AT PROMISES >E BY NO MEANS ( SO FREQU5T NECESSITY AS HAS BE5 (T5 IMAG9$4 

,IT MAY BE ASK$1 0,H[1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( PROMISES1 CAN ! AFFAIRS ( ! WORLD BE C>RI$ ON80 ,TO ?IS IT WILL BE A SUFFICI5T ANSW] 9 ! MAJORITY ( 9/ANCES TO SAY ?AT !Y WILL BE BE/ C>RI$ ON BY RATIONAL & 9TELLIG5T BE+S ACT+ AS IF !Y W]E RATIONAL & 9TELLIG5T4 ,:Y %\LD IT BE SUPPOS$ ?AT AFFAIRS W\LD NOT = ! MO/ P>T GO ON SUFFICI5TLY WELL1 ?\< MY NEI<BOR C\LD NO FUR!R DEP5D UPON MY ASSI/ANCE ?AN IT APPE>$ REASONABLE TO GRANT IT8 ,?IS WILL1 UPON MANY OCCASIONS1 BE A SUFFICI5T DEP5D5CE1 IF ,I BE HONE/2 NOR WILL HE1 IF HE BE HONE/1 DESIRE ANY?+ FUR!R4 

,BUT IT WILL BE ALLEG$1 0,HUMAN PURSUITS >E (T5 ( A CONT9U$ T5OR1 MADE UP ( A S]IES ( ACTIONS1 EA* ( :I* IS ADOPT$1 NOT = ITS [N SAKE1 BUT = ! SAKE ( SOME CONCLUSION 9 :I* IT T]M9ATES4 ,MANY ( !SE DEP5D = !IR SUCCESS UPON COOP]ATION & CONC]T4 ,IT IS !RE=E NECESS>Y ?AT ,I %\LD HAVE SOME CLE> & SPECIFIC REASON TO DEP5D UPON ! FIDELITY ( MY COADJUTOR1 ?AT SO ,I MAY NOT BE 9 DANG]1 :5 ,I HAVE = A L5G? ( TIME P]SI/$ 9 MY EX]TIONS1 ( BE+ FRU/RAT$ BY SOME *ANGE ?AT HIS S5TIM5TS HAVE UND]GONE 9 ! 9T]VAL40 ,TO ?IS IT MAY BE REPLI$ ?AT SU* A PL$GE ( FIDELITY IS LESS FREQU5TLY NECESS>Y ?AN IS ORD9>ILY IMAG9$4 ,W]E IT TO BE SUP]S$$ 9 A V>IETY ( CASES1 M5 W\LD BE TAU<T TO HAVE MORE REG>D TO !IR [N EX]TIONS1 & LESS TO ! ASSI/ANCE ( O!RS1 :I* CAPRICE MAY REFUSE1 OR JU/ICE OBLIGE !M TO )HOLD4 ,!Y W\LD ACQUIRE SU* M]IT AS %\LD OBLIGE EV]Y HONE/ MAN1 IF NE$FUL1 TO HA/5 TO !IR SUCCOR2 & 5GAGE 9 SU* PURSUITS AS1 NOT DEP5D+ UPON ! MOM5T>Y CAPRICE ( 9DIVIDUALS1 RE/$ = !IR SUCCESS UPON ! LESS PREC>I\S NATURE ( G5]AL CIRCUM/ANCES4 

,HAV+ SPECIFI$ ! V>I\S LIMITATIONS ?AT EXI/ AS TO ! UTILITY ( PROMISES1 IT REMA9S = US TO DISCUSS !IR =M & OBLIGATION 9 ! CASES :]E !Y MAY BE CONCEIV$ TO BE NECESS>Y4 

,PROMISES >E ( TWO K9DS1 P]FECT & IMP]FECT4 ,A P]FECT PROMISE IS :]E ! DECL>ATION ( 9T5TION IS MADE BY ME1 = ! EXPRESS PURPOSE ( S]V+ AS A GR\ND ( EXPECTATION TO MY NEI<BOR RESPECT+ MY FUTURE CONDUCT4 ,AN IMP]FECT PROMISE IS :]E IT ACTUALLY ?US S]VES AS A GR\ND ( EXPECTATION1 ?\< ?AT WAS NOT MY PURPOSE :5 ,I MADE ! DECL>ATION4 ,IMP]FECT PROMISES >E ( TWO CLASSES3 ,I MAY HAVE REASON1 OR ,I MAY HAVE NO REASON1 TO KN[1 :5 ,I MAKE ! DECL>ATION1 ?AT IT WILL BE ACT$ UPON BY MY NEI<BOR1 ?\< NOT ASSUM+ ! SPECIFIC =M ( AN 5GAGEM5T4 

,AS TO IMP]FECT PROMISES IT MAY BE OBS]V$ ?AT !Y >E :OLLY UNAVOIDABLE4 ,NO MAN CAN ALWAYS REFRA9 FROM DECL>+ HIS 9T5TION AS TO HIS FUTURE CONDUCT4 ,NAY1 IT %\LD SEEM ?AT1 9 MANY CASES1 IF A MAN 9QUIRE ( ME ! /ATE ( MY M9D 9 ?IS RESPECT1 DUTY OBLIGES ME TO 9=M HIM ( ?IS AS ,I W\LD ( ANY O!R FACT4 ,W]E IT O!RWISE1 A P]PETUAL COLDNESS & RES]VE W\LD P]VADE ALL HUMAN 9T]C\RSE4 ,BUT ! IMPROVEM5T ( MANK9D RE/S UPON NO?+ SO ESS5TIALLY AS UPON ! HABITUAL PRACTICE ( C&OR1 FRANKNESS & S9C]ITY4 

,P]FECT PROMISES WILL ALSO 9 V>I\S 9/ANCES OCCUR4 ,I HAVE OCCASION = AN 9T]VIEW ) A P>TICUL> P]SON1 TOMORR[4 ,I 9=M HIM ( MY 9T5TION ( BE+ UPON A C]TA9 SPOT AT A GIV5 H\R ( ! DAY4 ,IT IS CONV5I5T TO HIM TO GO TO ! SAME PLACE AT ! SAME TIME1 = ! PURPOSE ( MEET+ ME4 ,9 ?IS CASE1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO PREV5T ! MUTUAL DECL>ATION ( 9T5TION FROM S]V+ AS A SORT ( PL$GE ( ! P]=MANCE4 ,QUALIFY+ EXPRESSIONS WILL MAKE LITTLE ALT]ATION3 ! ORD9>Y CIRCUM/ANCES :I* QUALIFY 5GAGEM5TS WILL 9 MO/ CASES BE UND]/OOD1 :E!R !Y >E /AT$ OR NO4 ,APPO9TM5TS ( ?IS SORT1 SO F> FROM DES]V+ TO BE UNI=MLY AVOID$1 \<T 9 MANY CASES TO BE S\<T1 ?AT !RE MAY BE AS LITTLE WA/E ( TIME OR EX]TION ON EI!R SIDE AS ! NATURE ( ! SITUATION WILL ADMIT4 

,TO PROCE$ FROM ! MANN] 9 :I* 5GAGEM5TS >E MADE TO ! OBLIGATION ?AT RESULTS FROM !M4 ,?IS OBLIGATION IS ( DIFF]5T DEGREES ACCORD+ TO ! NATURE ( ! CASE2 BUT IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO D5Y ?AT IT MAY BE ( ! MO/ S]I\S IMPORT4 ,WE HAVE ALREADY SE5 ?AT EA* MAN IS 5TITL$ TO HIS SPH]E ( DISCRETION1 :I* ANO!R MAY NOT1 UNLESS UND] ! MO/ IMP]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 9FR+E47#d"97 ,BUT ,I 9FR+E IT AS SUB/ANTIALLY BY LEAD+ HIM 9TO A C]TA9 SPECIES ( CONDUCT ?R\< ! MEANS ( DELUSIVE EXPECTATIONS1 AS BY ANY SY/EM ( USURPATION IT IS POSSIBLE TO EMPLOY4 ,A P]SON PROMISES ME1 ,I WILL SUPPOSE1 FIVE HUNDR$ P\NDS = A C]TA9 COMMODITY1 A BOOK IT MAY BE1 :I* ,I AM TO MANUFACTURE4 ,I AM OBLIG$ TO SP5D SEV]AL MON?S 9 ! PRODUCTION4 ,SURELY1 AFT] ?IS1 HE CAN R>ELY BE JU/IFI$ 9 DISAPPO9T+ ME1 & SAY+ ,I HAVE F\ND A BETT] OBJECT UPON :I* TO EMPLOY MY MONEY4 ,! CASE IS NE>LY SIMIL> TO ?AT ( ! LABOR] :O1 AFT] HAV+ P]=M$ HIS DAY'S WORK1 %\LD BE REFUS$ HIS WAGES4 ,TAKE ! CASE ! O!R WAY1 & SUPPOSE ?AT1 ,I HAV+ CONTRACT$ TO PRODUCE ! COMMODITY1 ! O!R P>TY TO ! CONTRACT HAS ADVANC$ ME ?REE \T ( ! FIVE HUNDR$ P\NDS4 ,SUPPOSE FUR!R1 ?AT ,I AM UNABLE TO REPLACE ?IS SUM4 ,SURELY ,I AM NOT AT LIB]TY TO DISP5SE MYSELF FROM ! P]=MANCE ( MY 5GAGEM5T4 

,! CASE H]E IS ( ! SAME NATURE AS ( ANY O!R SPECIES ( PROP]TY4 ,PROP]TY IS SACR$3 !RE IS BUT ONE WAY 9 :I* DUTY REQUIRES ! POSSESSOR TO DISPOSE ( IT1 BUT ,I MAY NOT =CIBLY 9T]F]E1 & DISPOSE ( IT 9 ! BE/ WAY 9 HIS /EAD4 ,?IS IS ! ORD9>Y LAW ( PROP]TY1 AS D]IV$ FROM ! PR9CIPLES ( UNIV]SAL MORALITY47#e"97 ,BUT !RE >E CASES ?AT SUP]S$E ?IS LAW4 ,! PR9CIPLE ?AT ATTRIBUTES TO EV]Y MAN ! DISPOSAL ( HIS PROP]TY1 AS WELL AS ?AT DI/RIBUTES TO EV]Y MAN HIS SPH]E ( DISCRETION1 D]IVES ITS =CE 9 BO? 9/ANCES FROM ! CONSID]ATION ?AT A GREAT] SUM ( HAPP9ESS WILL RESULT FROM ITS OBS]VANCE ?AN ITS 9FR+EM5T4 ,:]EV] !RE=E ! CONTR>Y TO ?IS IS CLE>LY ! CASE1 !RE ! =CE ( ! PR9CIPLE IS SUSP5D$4 ,:AT %ALL PREV5T ME FROM TAK+ BY =CE FROM MY NEI<BOR'S /ORE1 IF ! ALT]NATIVE BE ?AT ,I MU/ O!RWISE P]I% ) HUNG]8 ,:AT %ALL PREV5T ME FROM SUPPLY+ ! DI/RESS ( MY NEI<BOR FROM PROP]TY ?AT1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 IS NOT MY [N1 IF ! EM]G5CE BE T]RIBLE1 & WILL NOT ADMIT ( DELAY8 ,NO?+2 UNLESS IT BE ! PUNI%M5T ?AT IS RES]V$ = SU* CONDUCT 9 SOME 9/ANCES2 S9CE IT IS NO MORE FITT+ ?AT ,I %\LD BR+ UPON MYSELF CALAMITY & DEA? ?AN ?AT ,I %\LD SUFF] !M TO FALL UPON ANO!R4 

,! VE/+ ( PROP]TY 9 ANY 9DIVIDUAL ADMITS ( DIFF]5T DEGREES ( FULLNESS1 &1 9 PROPORTION TO ?AT FULLNESS1 WILL BE ! MIS*IEF RESULT+ FROM ITS VIOLATION4 ,IF1 !N1 IT APPE> ?AT1 EV5 :5 ! VE/+ AM\NTS TO ! FULLNESS ( REGUL> POSSESSION1 !RE >E CASES 9 :I* IT \<T TO BE VIOLAT$1 ! DIFF]5T DEGREES ?AT FALL %ORT ( ?IS WILL ADMIT ( /ILL GREAT] MODIFICATION4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT ! :OLE MULTITUDE ( MORALI/S ASSURES US ?AT ! SUM ,I [E TO ANO!R MAN IS AS LITTLE TO BE 9FR+$ UPON AS ! WEAL? ( :I* HE IS 9 POSSESSION4 ,EV]YONE FEELS ! FALLACY ( ?IS MAXIM4 ,! SUM ,I [E TO ANO!R MAY 9 MANY CASES BE PAID1 AT MY PLEASURE1 EI!R TODAY OR TOMORR[1 EI!R ?IS WEEK OR NEXT4 ,! MEANS ( PAYM5T1 P>TICUL>LY ) A MAN ( SL5D] RES\RCES1 MU/ NECESS>ILY BE FLUCTUAT+1 & HE MU/ EMPLOY HIS DISCRETION AS TO ! PROPORTION BETWE5 HIS NECESS>Y & HIS GRATUIT\S DISBURSEM5TS4 ,:5 HE ULTIMATELY FAILS ( PAYM5T1 ! MIS*IEF HE PRODUCES IS REAL1 BUT IS NOT SO GREAT1 AT LEA/ 9 ORD9>Y CASES1 AS ?AT :I* ATT5DS UPON ROBB]Y4 ,9 F9E1 IT IS A LAW RESULT+ FROM ! NECESSITY ( NATURE ?AT HE :O HAS ANY SPECIES ( PROP]TY 9 TRU/1 = H[EV] %ORT A TIME1 MU/ HAVE A DISCRETION1 SOMETIMES LESS & SOMETIMES GREAT]1 AS TO ! DISPOSAL ( IT4 

,TO RETURN ONCE MORE TO ! MA9 PR9CIPLE 9 ?IS GRADATION4 ,! PROP]TY1 MO/ COMPLETELY SANCTION$ BY ALL ! G5]AL RULES ?AT CAN BE DEVIS$1 IS YET NOT 9VIOLABLE4 ,! IMP]I\S PR9CIPLE ( SELF-PRES]VATION MAY AU?ORIZE ME TO VIOLATE IT4 ,A GREAT & EM95T BALANCE ( GOOD TO ! PUBLIC MAY AU?ORIZE ITS VIOLATION2 & UPON ?IS GR\ND WE SEE PROPRIETORS OCCASIONALLY COMPELL$ TO P>T ) !IR POSSESSIONS1 UND] EV]Y MODE ( GOV]NM5T 9 ! WORLD4 ,AS A G5]AL MAXIM IT MAY BE ADMITT$ ?AT =CE IS A LEGITIMATE MEANS ( PREV5TION1 :]E ! ALT]NATIVE IS COMPLETE1 & ! EMPLOYM5T ( =CE WILL NOT PRODUCE A GREAT] EVIL1 OR SUBV]T ! G5]AL TRANQUILITY4 ,BUT1 IF DIRECT =CE BE 9 C]TA9 CASES JU/IFIABLE1 9DIRECT =CE1 OR ! EMPLOYM5T ( ! MEANS PLAC$ 9 MY H&S )\T AN ANXI\S 9QUIRY RESPECT+ ! SUBORD9ATE REGULATIONS ( PROP]TY1 :]E ! B5EFIT TO BE PRODUC$ IS CLE>1 IS /ILL MORE JU/IFIABLE4 ,UPON ?IS GR\ND1 IT MAY BE MY DUTY TO RELIEVE1 UPON SOME OCCASIONS1 ! WRET*$NESS ( MY NEI<BOR1 )\T HAV+ FIR/ BALANC$ ! DEBTOR & CR$ITOR SIDE ( MY ACC\NTS1 OR :5 ,I KN[ ?AT BALANCE TO BE AGA9/ ME4 ,UPON ?IS GR\ND1 EV]Y PROMISE IS CONSID]$ AS GIV5 UND] A RES]VE = UN=ESE5 & IMP]I\S CIRCUM/ANCES1 :E!R ?AT RES]VE BE SPECIFICALLY /AT$ OR NO4 ,UPON ! SAME GR\ND AN APPO9TM5T = AN 9T]VIEW IS CONSID]$ AS SUBJECT TO A SIMIL> RES]VE2 ?\< ! TIME ( MY NEI<BOR :I* ,I DISSIPATE UPON ?AT SUPPOSITION1 IS AS REAL A PROP]TY AS HIS WEAL?1 IS A P>T ( ?AT SPH]E OV] :I* EV]Y MAN IS 5TITL$ TO ! EX]CISE ( HIS SEP>ATE DISCRETION4 ,IT IS IMPOSSIBLE ?AT HUMAN SOCIETY CAN SUBSI/ )\T FREQU5T 5CROA*M5TS ( ONE MAN UPON HIS NEI<BOR3 WE SUFFICI5TLY DIS*>GE \R DUTY IF WE HABITUALLY RECOLLECT ?AT EA* MAN HAS HIS PROV9CE1 & 5DEAVOR TO REGULATE \R CONDUCT ACCORD+LY4 

,!SE PR9CIPLES >E CALCULAT$ TO SET 9 A CLE>] LI<T ?AN !Y HAVE (T5 BE5 EXHIBIT$ ! CASES ?AT AU?ORIZE ! VIOLATION ( PROMISES4 ,COMPACT IS NOT ! F\NDATION ( MORALITY2 ON ! CONTR>Y1 IT IS AN EXP$I5T TO :I* WE >E SOMETIMES OBLIG$ TO HAVE RESORT1 BUT ! 9TRODUCTION ( :I* MU/ ALWAYS BE REG>D$ BY AN 5LI<T5$ OBS]V] ) JEAL\SY4 ,IT \<T NEV] TO BE CALL$ =? BUT 9 CASES ( ! CLE>E/ NECESSITY4 ,IT IS NOT ! PR9CIPLE UPON :I* \R COMMON HAPP9ESS REPOSES2 IT IS ONLY ONE ( ! MEANS = SECUR+ ?AT HAPP9ESS4 ,! ADH]5CE TO PROMISES !RE=E1 AS WELL AS !IR EMPLOYM5T 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 MU/ BE DECID$ BY ! G5]AL CRIT]ION1 & MA9TA9$ ONLY SO F> AS1 UPON A COMPREH5SIVE VIEW1 IT %ALL BE F\ND PRODUCTIVE ( A BALANCE ( HAPP9ESS4 

,!RE IS FUR!R AN IMPORTANT DI/9CTION TO BE MADE BETWE5 A PROMISE GIV5 )\T AN 9T5TION TO P]=M IT1 & A PROMISE :I* 9=MATION1 AFT]W>DS ACQUIR$1 P]SUADES ME TO VIOLATE4 ,! FIR/ CAN SC>CELY 9 ANY 9/ANCE TAKE PLACE )\T FIX+ A /A9 UPON ! PROMIS]1 & EXHIBIT+ HIM1 TO SAY ! LEA/1 AS A MAN GREATLY DEFICI5T 9 DELICACY ( MORAL DISCRIM9ATION4 ,! CASE ( ! SECOND IS 9COMP>ABLY DIFF]5T4 ,EV]Y 5GAGEM5T 9TO :I* ,I HAVE 5T]$ AN ADH]5CE TO :I* ,I %ALL AFT]W>DS F9D TO BE A MAT]IAL OB/ACLE TO MY UTILITY 7SUPPOSE AN 5GAGEM5T NOT TO WRITE ANY?+ 9 D]OGATION ( ! ?IRTY-N9E >TICLES7 \<T TO BE VIOLAT$3 NOR CAN !RE BE ANY LIMITATION UPON ?IS MAXIM1 EXCEPT :]E ! VIOLATION WILL GREATLY 5CROA* UPON ! PROV9CE & JURISDICTION ( MY NEI<BOR4 

,LET US APPLY !SE REM>KS UPON ! NATURE ( PROMISES TO ! DOCTR9E ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,IT IS NOT ?R\< ! M$IUM ( ANY SUPPOS$ PROMISE OR 5GAGEM5T ?AT WE >E 9DUC$ TO BELIEVE ?AT ! CONDUCT ( \R NEI<BOR WILL NOT BE RIDICUL\SLY 9CONSI/5T OR WANTONLY MALICI\S4 ,IF HE PROTE/ 9 ! MO/ SOLEMN WAY AGA9/ BE+ CONCLUD$ BY ANY SU* PROMISE1 AT ! SAME TIME ?AT HE CONDUCTS HIMSELF 9 A RATIONAL & SOB] MANN]1 HE WILL NOT F9D US LESS DISPOS$ TO CONFIDE 9 HIM4 ,WE DEP5D AS READILY UPON A =EIGN] ?AT HE WILL NOT BREAK ! LAWS1 & EXPOSE HIMSELF TO !IR P5ALTIES 7= ?IS HAS BE5 SUPPOS$ TO BE ONE ( ! PR9CIPAL BRAN*ES ( ! SOCIAL CONTRACT71 AS WE DO UPON \R C\NTRYMAN4 ,IF WE DO NOT DEP5D EQUALLY UPON ! ,>ABS :O 9HABIT ! PLA9S ( ,ASIA1 IT IS NOT BECAUSE WE IMPUTE TO !M A DEFICI5CY 9 !IR SOCIAL CONTRACT1 BUT BECAUSE WE >E IGNORANT ( !IR PR9CIPLES ( CONDUCT1 OR KN[ ?AT ?OSE PR9CIPLES DO NOT AF=D US A SUFFICI5T SECURITY AS TO ! P>TICUL>S ( \R 9T]C\RSE ) !M4 ,TELL A MAN :AT WILL BE ! SOLID & SUB/ANTIAL EFFECTS ( HIS PROCE$+1 H[ IT WILL AFFECT HIS NEI<BORS1 & :AT 9FLU5CE IT WILL HAVE UPON HIS [N HAPP9ESS1 & Y\ SPEAK TO ! UNALI5ABLE FEEL+S ( ! HUMAN M9D4 ,BUT TELL HIM ?AT1 PUTT+ !SE ?+S = ! PRES5T \T ( \R CONSID]ATION1 IT IS SUFFICI5T ?AT HE HAS PROMIS$ A C]TA9 CONDUCT1 OR ?AT1 IF HE HAVE NOT EXPRESSLY PROMIS$ IT1 HE HAS PROMIS$ IT BY IMPLICATION1 OR ?AT1 IF HE HAVE NOT PROMIS$ IT1 HIS ANCE/ORS A FEW G5]ATIONS BACK PROMIS$ IT = HIM2 & Y\ SPEAK ( A MOTIVE ?AT SC>CELY F9DS A SYMPA!TIC *ORD 9 ONE HUMAN BREA/1 & ?AT FEW WILL SO MU* AS UND]/&4 

,FEW ?+S CAN BE MORE ABSURD ?AN TO TALK ( \R HAV+ PROMIS$ OB$I5CE TO ! LAWS4 ,IF ! LAWS DEP5D UPON PROMISES = !IR EXECUTION1 :Y >E !Y ACCOMPANI$ ) SANCTIONS8 ,:Y IS IT CONSID]$ AS ! GREAT >CANUM ( LEGISLATION TO MAKE LAWS ?AT >E EASY ( EXECUTION1 & ?AT NE$ NO ASSI/ANCE FROM ! EXECRABLE 9T]V5TION ( OA?S & 9=M]S8 ,AGA91 :Y %\LD ,I PROMISE ?AT ,I WILL DO EV]Y?+ ?AT A C]TA9 P[]1 CALL$ ! GOV]NM5T1 %ALL IMAG9E IT CONV5I5T1 OR DECIDE ?AT IT IS FITT+1 = ME TO DO8 ,IS !RE 9 ?IS EI!R MORALITY1 OR JU/ICE1 OR COMMON S5SE8 ,DOES BRUTE =CE ALONE COMMUNICATE TO ITS POSSESSOR A SUFFICI5T CLAIM UPON MY V5]ATION8 ,=1 BE IT OBS]V$1 ! WISDOM OR DUTY ( OB$I5CE PROCE$S UPON EXACTLY ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 :E!R IT BE TO A TYRANT1 OR TO ! MO/ REGUL>LY ELECT$ H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE P[] TO :I* ,I CAN YIELD A HE>T-FELT OB$I5CE1 ! DECISION ( MY [N UND]/&+1 ! DICTATE ( MY [N CONSCI5CE4 ,! DECREES ( ANY O!R P[]1 ESPECIALLY IF ,I HAVE A FIRM & 9DEP5D5T M9D1 ,I %ALL OBEY ) RELUCTANCE & AV]SION4 ,MY OB$I5CE IS PURELY AN AFFAIR ( COMPOSITION3 ,I *OOSE TO DO ?AT :I*1 9 ITSELF CONSID]$1 MY JUDGM5T DISAPPROVES1 RA!R ?AN 9CUR ! GREAT] EVIL :I* ! P[] FROM :OM ! M&ATE ISSUES ANNEXES TO MY DISOB$I5CE47#f"97 

,!RE IS ANO!R PR9CIPLE CONC]N$ 9 ?IS SUBJECT1 & ?AT IS S9C]ITY3 ,I MAY NOT EVADE ! LAWS ( ! SOCIETY BY ANY DI%ONORABLE SUBT]FUGE OR CONTEMPTIBLE DUPLICITY4 ,BUT ! OBLIGATION ( S9C]ITY1 LIKE ALL ! O!R GREAT PR9CIPLES ( MORALITY1 IS NOT F\ND$ 9 PROMISES1 BUT 9 ! 9DEFEASIBLE B5EFIT ANNEX$ TO ITS OBS]VANCE4 ,ADD TO :I*1 ! S9C]ITY ,I AM B\ND TO PRACTICE T[>DS ! MAGI/RATE1 P>TICUL>LY 9 A CASE :]E HIS REQUISITION %ALL BE UNJU/1 IS NOT DIFF]5T 9 ITS PR9CIPLE1 & IS C]TA9LY ( NO HI<] OBLIGATION1 ?AN ! S9C]ITY ,I AM B\ND TO PRACTICE T[>DS A PRIVATE 9DIVIDUAL4 

,LET US H[EV] SUPPOSE ?AT ! ASS]TION ( AN IMPLI$ CONTRACT 9 EV]Y COMMUNITY IS TRUE1 OR LET US TAKE ! CASE :]E AN ACTUAL 5GAGEM5T HAS BE5 5T]$ 9TO BY ! MEMB]S ( ! SOCIETY4 ,?IS APPE>S FROM :AT HAS BE5 ALREADY DELIV]$ TO BE ( ?AT CLASS ( PROMISES :I* >E ( SLI<TE/ OBLIGATION4 ,9 ! NOTION ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT LITTLE IS MADE OV]1 LITTLE EXPECTATION IS EXCIT$1 & !RE=E LITTLE MIS*IEF IS 9CLUD$ 9 ITS BREA*4 ,:AT WE MO/ EXPECT & REQUIRE 9 A MEMB] ( ! SAME COMMUNITY IS ! QUALITIES ( A MAN1 & ! CONDUCT ?AT \<T TO BE OBS]V$ 9DIFF]5TLY BY A NATIVE OR A /RANG]4 ,:]E A PROMISE OR AN OA? IS IMPOS$ UPON ME SUP]FLU\SLY1 AS IS ALWAYS ! CASE ) PROMISES ( ALLEGIANCE2 OR :]E ,I AM COMPELL$ TO MAKE IT BY ! OP]ATION ( A P5ALTY2 ! TREATM5T ,I SUFF] IS ATROCI\SLY UNJU/1 & ( CONSEQU5CE ! BREA* ( SU* A PROMISE IS PECULI>LY SUSCEPTIBLE ( APOLOGY4 ,A PROMISE ( ALLEGIANCE IS A DECL>ATION ?AT ,I APPROVE ! ACTUAL CON/ITUTION ( ?+S1 &1 SO F> AS IT IS B9D+1 AN 5GAGEM5T ?AT ,I WILL CONT9UE TO SUPPORT ?AT CON/ITUTION4 ,BUT ,I %ALL SUPPORT = AS LONG A TIME1 & 9 AS GREAT A DEGREE1 AS ,I APPROVE ( IT1 )\T NE$+ ! 9T]V5TION ( A PROMISE ,IT WILL BE MY DUTY NOT TO UND]TAKE ITS DE/RUCTION BY PRECIPITATE & UNPROMIS+ MEANS1 = A MU* MORE COG5T REASON ?AN CAN BE D$UC$ FROM ANY PROMISE ,I HAVE MADE4 ,AN 5GAGEM5T = ANY?+ FUR!R ?AN ?IS IS BO? IMMORAL & ABSURD3 IT IS AN 5GAGEM5T TO A NON-5TITY1 A CON/ITUTION2 A PROMISE ?AT ,I WILL AB/A9 FROM DO+ ?AT :I* ,I BELIEVE TO BE B5EFICIAL TO MY FELL[ CITIZ5S4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*4,I,I1 @&C4 

#b4 ,HUME'S ,ESSAYS1 ,P>T ,I,I1 ,ESSAY XII4 

#c4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V4 

#d4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V4 

#e4 ,BOOK ,V,I,I,I4 

#f4 ,*AP4 ,V,I4 

,*,A,P,T,] ,I,V 

,( ,P,O,L,I,T,I,C,A,L ,A,U,?,O,R,I,T,Y  

  
  

,HAV+ REJECT$ ! HYPO!SES ?AT HAVE MO/ G5]ALLY BE5 ADVANC$ AS TO ! RATIONAL BASIS ( A POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 LET US 9QUIRE :E!R WE MAY NOT >RIVE AT ! SAME OBJECT BY A SIMPLE 9VE/IGATION ( ! OBVI\S REASON ( ! CASE1 )\T REF9EM5T ( SY/EM OR FICTION ( PROCESS4 

,GOV]NM5T !N BE+ FIR/ SUPPOS$ NECESS>Y = ! WELF>E ( MANK9D1 ! MO/ IMPORTANT PR9CIPLE ?AT CAN BE IMAG9$ RELATIVE TO ITS /RUCTURE SEEMS TO BE ?IS2 ?AT1 AS GOV]NM5T IS A TRANSACTION 9 ! NAME & = ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE1 EV]Y MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY \<T TO HAVE SOME %>E 9 ! SELECTION ( ITS MEASURES4 ,! >GUM5TS 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS PROPOSITION >E V>I\S4 

,FIR/1 IT HAS ALREADY APPE>$ ?AT !RE IS NO SATISFACTORY CRIT]ION M>K+ \T ANY MAN1 OR SET ( M51 TO PRESIDE OV] ! RE/4 

,SECONDLY1 ALL M5 >E P>TAK]S ( ! COMMON FACULTY1 REASON2 & MAY BE SUPPOS$ TO HAVE SOME COMMUNICATION ) ! COMMON 9/RUCTOR1 TRU?4 ,IT W\LD BE WRONG 9 AN AFFAIR ( SU* MOM5T\S CONC]N ?AT ANY *ANCE = ADDITIONAL WISDOM %\LD BE REJECT$2 NOR CAN WE TELL1 9 MANY CASES1 TILL AFT] ! EXP]IM5T1 H[ EM95T ANY 9DIVIDUAL MAY BE F\ND 9 ! BUS9ESS ( GUID+ & DELIB]AT+ = HIS FELL[S4 

,?IRDLY1 GOV]NM5T IS A CONTRIVANCE 9/ITUT$ = ! SECURITY ( 9DIVIDUALS2 & IT SEEMS BO? REASONABLE ?AT EA* MAN %\LD HAVE A %>E 9 PROVID+ = HIS [N SECURITY2 & PROBABLE ?AT P>TIALITY & CABAL WILL BY ?IS MEANS BE MO/ EFFECTUALLY EXCLUD$4 

,LA/LY1 TO GIVE EA* MAN A VOICE 9 ! PUBLIC CONC]NS COMES NE>E/ TO ?AT FUNDAM5TAL PURPOSE ( :I* WE %\LD NEV] LOSE SI<T1 ! UNCONTROLL$ EX]CISE ( PRIVATE JUDGM5T4 ,EA* MAN WILL ?US BE 9SPIR$ ) A CONSCI\SNESS ( HIS [N IMPORTANCE1 & ! SLAVI% FEEL+S ?AT %R9K UP ! S\L 9 ! PRES5CE ( AN IMAG9$ SUP]IOR WILL BE UNKN[N4 

,ADMITT+ !N ! PROPRIETY ( EA* MAN HAV+ A %>E 9 DIRECT+ ! AFFAIRS ( ! :OLE 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE1 IT SEEMS NECESS>Y ?AT HE %\LD CONCUR 9 ELECT+ A H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES1 IF HE BE ! MEMB] ( A L>GE /ATE2 OR1 EV5 9 A SMALL ONE1 ?AT HE %\LD ASSI/ 9 ! APPO9TM5T ( (FIC]S & ADM9I/RATORS27#a"97 :I* IMPLIES1 FIR/1 A DELEGATION ( AU?ORITY TO !SE (FIC]S1 &1 SECONDLY1 A TACIT CONS5T1 OR RA!R AN ADMISSION ( ! NECESSITY1 ?AT ! QUE/IONS TO BE DEBAT$ %\LD ABIDE ! DECISION ( A MAJORITY4 

,BUT TO ?IS SY/EM ( DELEGATION ! SAME OBJECTIONS MAY BE URG$ ?AT W]E CIT$ FROM ,R\SSEAU UND] ! HEAD ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,IT MAY BE ALLEG$ ?AT 0IF IT BE ! BUS9ESS ( EV]Y MAN TO EX]CISE HIS [N JUDGM5T1 HE CAN 9 NO 9/ANCE SURR5D] ?IS FUNCTION 9TO ! H&S ( ANO!R40 

,TO ?IS OBJECTION IT MAY BE ANSW]$1 FIR/1 ?AT ! P>ALLEL IS BY NO MEANS COMPLETE BETWE5 AN 9DIVIDUAL'S EX]CISE ( HIS JUDGM5T 9 A CASE ?AT IS TRULY HIS [N1 & HIS EX]CISE ( HIS JUDGM5T 9 AN >TICLE :]E ! PROV9CE ( A GOV]NM5T IS ALREADY ADMITT$4 ,IF !RE BE SOME?+ CONTR>Y TO ! SIMPLE/ IDEAS ( JU/ICE 9 SU* A DELEGATION1 ?IS IS AN EVIL 9SEP>ABLE FROM POLITICAL GOV]NM5T4 ,! TRUE & ONLY ADEQUATE APOLOGY ( GOV]NM5T IS NECESSITY2 ! (FICE ( COMMON DELIB]ATION IS SOLELY TO SUPPLY ! MO/ ELIGIBLE MEANS ( MEET+ ?AT NECESSITY4 

,SECONDLY1 ! DELEGATION WE >E H]E CONSID]+ IS NOT1 AS ! WORD 9 ITS MO/ OBVI\S S5SE MAY SEEM TO IMPLY1 ! ACT ( ONE MAN COMMITT+ TO ANO!R A FUNCTION :I*1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 IT BECAME HIM TO EX]CISE = HIMSELF4 ,DELEGATION1 9 EV]Y 9/ANCE 9 :I* IT CAN BE RECONCIL$ ) JU/ICE1 PROPOSES = ITS OBJECT ! G5]AL GOOD4 ,! 9DIVIDUALS TO :OM ! DELEGATION IS MADE >E EI!R MORE LIKELY1 FROM TAL5TS OR LEISURE1 TO P]=M ! FUNCTION 9 ! MO/ ELIGIBLE MANN]1 OR !RE IS AT LEA/ SOME PUBLIC 9T]E/ REQUIR+ ?AT IT %\LD BE P]=M$ BY ONE OR A FEW P]SONS1 RA!R ?AN BY EV]Y 9DIVIDUAL = HIMSELF4 ,?IS IS ! CASE :E!R 9 ?AT FIR/ & SIMPLE/ ( ALL POLITICAL DELEGATIONS1 ! PR]OGATIVE ( A MAJORITY1 OR 9 ! ELECTION ( A H\SE ( REPRES5TATIVES1 OR 9 ! APPO9TM5T ( PUBLIC (FIC]S4 ,N[ ALL CONTE/ AS TO ! P]SON :O %ALL EX]CISE A C]TA9 FUNCTION & ! PROPRIETY ( RESIGN+ IT IS FRIVOL\S ! MOM5T IT IS DECID$ H[ & BY :OM IT CAN MO/ ADVANTAGE\SLY BE EX]CIS$4 ,IT IS ( NO CONSEQU5CE ?AT ,I AM ! P>5T ( A *ILD :5 IT HAS ONCE BE5 ASC]TA9$ ?AT ! *ILD WILL LIVE ) GREAT] B5EFIT UND] ! SUP]9T5D5CE ( A /RANG]4 

,LA/LY1 IT IS A MI/AKE TO IMAG9E ?AT ! PROPRIETY ( RE/RA9+ ME1 :5 MY CONDUCT IS 9JURI\S1 RISES \T ( ANY DELEGATION ( M9E4 ,! JU/ICE ( EMPLOY+ =CE UPON C]TA9 EM]G5CIES WAS AT LEA/ EQUALLY COG5T BE =E ! EXI/5CE ( SOCIETY47#b"97 ,=CE \<T NEV] TO BE RESORT$ TO BUT 9 CASES ( ABSOLUTE NECESSITY2 &1 :5 SU* CASES OCCUR1 IT IS ! DUTY ( EV]Y MAN TO DEF5D HIMSELF FROM VIOLATION4 ,!RE IS !RE=E NO DELEGATION NECESS>Y ON ! P>T ( ! (F5D]2 BUT ! COMMUNITY1 9 ! C5SURE IT EX]CISES OV] HIM1 PUTS ITSELF 9 ! PLACE ( ! 9JUR$ P>TY4 

,FROM :AT IS H]E /AT$1 WE MAY BE 5ABL$ TO =M ! CLE>E/ & MO/ UNEXCEPTIONABLE IDEA ( ! NATURE ( GOV]NM5T4 ,EV]Y MAN1 AS WAS =M]LY OBS]V$17#c"97 HAS A SPH]E ( DISCRETION2 ?AT SPH]E IS LIMIT$ BY ! COORD9ATE SPH]E ( HIS NEI<BOR4 ,! MA9T5ANCE ( ?IS LIMITATION1 ! (FICE ( TAK+ C>E ?AT NO MAN EXCE$S HIS SPH]E1 IS ! FIR/ BUS9ESS ( GOV]NM5T4 ,ITS P[]S1 9 ?IS RESPECT1 >E A COMB9ATION ( ! P[]S ( 9DIVIDUALS TO CONTROL ! EXCESSES ( EA* O!R4 ,H5CE IS D]IV$ TO ! 9DIVIDUALS ( ! COMMUNITY A SECOND & 9DIRECT PROV9CE1 ( PROVID+1 BY !MSELVES OR !IR REPRES5TATIVES1 ?AT ?IS CONTROL IS NOT EX]CIS$ 9 A DESPOTICAL MANN]1 OR C>RI$ TO AN UNDUE EXCESS4 

,IT MAY P]HAPS BE IMAG9$ BY SOME P]SONS ?AT ! DOCTR9E H]E DELIV]$1 ( ! JU/ICE ( PROCE$+ 9 COMMON CONC]NS BY A COMMON DELIB]ATION1 IS NE>LY CO9CID5T ) ?AT :I* AFFIRMS A LAWFUL GOV]NM5T TO D]IVE ITS AU?ORITY FROM A SOCIAL CONTRACT4 ,LET US CONSID] :AT IS ! TRUE DIFF]5CE BETWE5 !M3 & ?IS SEEMS PR9CIPALLY TO LIE 9 ! FOLL[+ P>TICUL>4 

,! PR9CIPLE ( A SOCIAL CONTRACT IS AN 5GAGEM5T TO :I* A MAN IS B\ND BY HONOR1 FIDELITY OR CONSI/5CY TO ADH]E4 ,ACCORD+ TO ! PR9CIPLE H]E LAID D[N1 HE IS B\ND TO NO?+4 ,HE JO9S 9 ! COMMON DELIB]ATION BECAUSE HE =ESEES ?AT SOME AU?ORITY WILL BE EX]CIS$1 & BECAUSE ?IS IS ! BE/ *ANCE ?AT (F]S ITSELF = APPROXIMAT+ ! EX]CISE ( ?AT AU?ORITY1 TO ! DICTATES ( HIS [N UND]/&+4 ,BUT1 :5 ! DELIB]ATION IS OV]1 HE F9DS HIMSELF AS MU* DIS5GAG$ AS EV]4 ,IF HE CON=M TO ! M&ATE ( AU?ORITY1 IT IS EI!R BECAUSE HE 9DIVIDUALLY APPROVES IT1 OR FROM A PR9CIPLE ( PRUD5CE1 BECAUSE HE =ESEES ?AT A GREAT] MASS ( EVIL WILL RESULT FROM HIS DISOB$I5CE ?AN ( GOOD4 ,HE OBEYS ! FREE/ & BE/ CON/ITUT$ AU?ORITY1 UPON ! SAME PR9CIPLE ?AT W\LD LEAD HIM1 9 MO/ 9/ANCES1 TO YIELD OB$I5CE TO A DESPOTISM2 ONLY ) ?IS DIFF]5CE1 ?AT1 IF ! ACT ( AU?ORITY BE ]RONE\S1 HE F9DS IT LESS PROBABLE ?AT IT WILL BE CORRECT$ 9 ! FIR/ 9/ANCE ?AN 9 ! SECOND1 S9CE IT PROCE$S FROM ! ]RONE\S JUDGM5T ( A :OLE PEOPLE4 -- ,BUT ALL ?IS WILL APPE> ) ADDITIONAL EVID5CE :5 WE COME TO TREAT ( ! SUBJECT ( OB$I5CE4 

,TOO MU* /RESS HAS UND\BT$LY BE5 LAID UPON ! IDEA1 AS ( A GR& & MAGNIFIC5T SPECTACLE1 ( A NATION DECID+ = ITSELF UPON SOME GREAT PUBLIC PR9CIPLE1 & ( ! HI<E/ MAGI/RACY YIELD+ ITS CLAIMS :5 ! G5]AL VOICE HAS PRON\NC$4 ,! VALUE ( ! :OLE MU/ AT LA/ DEP5D UPON ! QUALITY ( !IR DECISION4 ,TRU? CANNOT BE MADE MORE TRUE BY ! NUMB] ( ITS VOT>IES4 ,NOR IS ! SPECTACLE MU* LESS 9T]E/+ ( A SOLIT>Y 9DIVIDUAL1 BE>+ HIS UNDAUNT$ TE/IMONY 9 FAVOR ( JU/ICE1 ?\< OPPOS$ BY MISGUID$ MILLIONS4 ,)9 C]TA9 LIMITS H[EV] ! BEAUTY ( ! EXHIBITION MAY BE ACKN[L$G$4 ,?AT A NATION %\LD EX]CISE UNDIM9I%$ ITS FUNCTION ( COMMON DELIB]ATION IS A /EP GA9$1 & A /EP ?AT 9EVITABLY LEADS TO AN IMPROVEM5T ( ! *>ACT] ( 9DIVIDUALS4 ,?AT M5 %\LD AGREE 9 ! ASS]TION ( TRU? IS NO UNPLEAS+ EVID5CE ( !IR VIRTUE4 ,LA/LY1 ?AT AN 9DIVIDUAL1 H[ EV] GREAT MAY BE HIS IMAG9>Y ELEVATION1 %\LD BE OBLIG$ TO YIELD HIS P]SONAL PRET5SIONS TO ! S5SE ( ! COMMUNITY AT LEA/ BE>S ! APPE>ANCE ( A PRACTICAL CONFIRMATION ( ! GREAT PR9CIPLE ?AT ALL PRIVATE CONSID]ATIONS MU/ YIELD TO ! G5]AL GOOD4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 ,WE %ALL BE L$1 9 A SUBSEQU5T BRAN* ( ?IS 9QUIRY1 TO 9VE/IGATE H[ F> EI!R ( !SE MEASURES IS 9SEP>ABLE FROM ! MA9T5ANCE ( SOCIAL ORD]4 ,BOOK ,V1 ,*AP4 ,X,X,I,V4 

#b4 ,*AP4 ,I4 

#c4 ,BOOK ,I,I1 ,*AP4 ,V4  

  
  

,*,A,P,T,] ,V 

,( ,L,E,G,I,S,L,A,T,I,O,N 

,HAV+ ?US F> 9VE/IGAT$ ! NATURE ( POLITICAL FUNCTIONS1 IT SEEMS NECESS>Y ?AT SOME EXPLANATION %\LD BE GIV5 UPON ! SUBJECT ( LEGISLATION4 0,:O IS IT ?AT HAS AU?ORITY TO MAKE LAWS8 ,:AT >E ! *>ACT]I/ICS ( ?AT MAN OR BODY ( M5 9 :OM ! TREM5D\S FACULTY IS VE/$ ( PRESCRIB+ TO ! RE/ ( ! COMMUNITY :AT !Y >E TO P]=M1 & :AT TO AVOID80 

,! ANSW] TO !SE QUE/IONS IS EXCE$+LY SIMPLE3 ,LEGISLATION1 AS IT HAS BE5 USUALLY UND]/OOD1 IS NOT AN AFFAIR ( HUMAN COMPET5CE4 ,IMMUTABLE REASON IS ! TRUE LEGISLATOR1 & H] DECREES IT BEHOOVES US TO 9VE/IGATE4 ,! FUNCTIONS ( SOCIETY EXT5D1 NOT TO ! MAK+1 BUT ! 9T]PRET+ ( LAW2 IT CANNOT DECREE1 IT CAN ONLY DECL>E ?AT :I* ! NATURE ( ?+S HAS ALREADY DECRE$1 & ! PROPRIETY ( :I* IRRESI/IBLY FL[S FROM ! CIRCUM/ANCES ( ! CASE4 

,MONTESQUIEU SAYS ?AT 09 A FREE /ATE1 EV]Y MAN WILL BE HIS [N LEGISLATOR407#a"97 ,?IS IS NOT TRUE1 9 MATT]S ! MO/ PURELY 9DIVIDUAL1 UNLESS 9 ! LIMIT$ S5SE ALREADY EXPLA9$4 ,IT IS ! (FICE ( CONSCI5CE TO DET]M9E1 0NOT LIKE AN ,ASIATIC CADI1 ACCORD+ TO ! EBBS & FL[S ( HIS [N PASSIONS1 BUT LIKE A ,BRITI% JUDGE1 :O MAKES NO NEW LAW1 BUT FAI?FULLY DECL>ES ?AT LAW :I* HE F9DS ALREADY WRITT5407#b"97 ,! SAME DI/9CTION IS TO BE MADE UPON ! SUBJECT ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY4 ,ALL GOV]NM5T IS1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 EXECUTIVE4 ,IT HAS APPE>$ TO BE NECESS>Y1 ) RESPECT TO M5 AS WE AT PRES5T F9D !M1 ?AT =CE %\LD SOMETIMES BE EMPLOY$ 9 REPRESS+ 9JU/ICE2 & = ! SAME REASONS ?AT ?IS =CE %\LD1 AS F> AS POSSIBLE1 BE VE/$ 9 ! COMMUNITY4 ,TO ! PUBLIC SUPPORT ( JU/ICE !RE=E ! AU?ORITY ( ! COMMUNITY EXT5DS4 ,BUT NO SOON] DOES IT W&] 9 ! SMALLE/ DEGREE FROM ! L9E ( JU/ICE ?AN ITS PROP] AU?ORITY IS AT AN 5D2 IT MAY BE SUBMITT$ TO BY ITS SUBJECTS FROM NECESSITY2 FROM NECESSITY IT MAY BE EX]CIS$1 AS AN 9DIVIDUAL COMPLIES ) HIS ILL-9=M$ CONSCI5CE 9 DEFAULT ( AN 5LI<T5$ ONE2 BUT IT \<T NEV] TO CONF\ND$ ) ! LESSONS ( REAL DUTY1 OR ! DECISIONS ( IMP>TIAL TRU?4 

,N,O,T,E,S3 

#a4 0,DANS ETAT LIBRE1 T\T HOMME QUI E/ C5SE AVOIR UNE AME LIBRE1 DOIT ETRE G\V]NE P> LUI-MEME40 ,ESPRIT DES LOIS2 ,LIV4 ,X,I1 ,*4 VI4 

#b4 ,/]NE'S ,S]MONS -- ,( A ,GOOD ,CONSCI5CE4  

  
  

,*,A,P,T,] ,V,I 

,( ,O,B,$,I,5,C,E  

  
  

,! TWO GREAT QUE/IONS UPON :I* ! !ORY ( GOV]NM5T DEP5DS >E3 ,UPON :AT F\NDATION CAN POLITICAL AU?ORITY ) ! GREATE/ PROPRIETY RE/8 &1 ,:AT >E ! CONSID]ATIONS :I* B9D US TO POLITICAL OB$I5CE8 ,HAV+ 5T]$ AT L5G? 9TO ! FIR/ ( !SE QUE/IONS1 IT IS TIME ?AT WE %\LD PROCE$ TO ! EXAM9ATION ( ! SECOND4 

,ONE ( ! MO/ POPUL> !ORIES1 RELATIVE TO ! F\NDATION ( POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 WE HAVE SE5 TO BE ?AT ( AN ORIG9AL CONTRACT1 AFFIRM+ ?AT ! CRIT]ION ( POLITICAL JU/ICE IS TO BE F\ND 9 ! CONV5TIONS & RULES :I* HAVE BE5 ADJU/$ BY ! COMMUNITY AT L>GE4 ,9 PURSUANCE ( ?IS ORIG9AL POSITION1 ! SAME !ORI/S HAVE NECESS>ILY GONE ON & AFFIRM$ ?AT ! TRUE S\RCE ( OBLIGATION TO POLITICAL OB$I5CE WAS TO BE F\ND 9 ! SAME PR9CIPLE1 & ?AT1 9 OBEY+ A GOV]NM5T REGUL>LY CON/ITUT$1 WE DID NO?+ MORE ?AN P]=M \R 5GAGEM5TS4 

,! REASON+S 9 SUPPORT ( ?IS HYPO!SIS >E OBVI\S4 0,SUPPOSE A NUMB] ( P]SONS LIV+ 9 ANY NEI<BORHOOD %\LD P]CEIVE ?AT GREAT COMMON B5EFIT W\LD ACCRUE FROM BUILD+ A BRIDGE1 S9K+ A CANAL1 OR MAK+ A HI<WAY4 ,! SIMPLE/ MODE = !M TO ADOPT IS TO CONSULT TOGE!R1 & RAISE ! MONEY NECESS>Y = EFFECT+ ?IS DESIRABLE PURPOSE1 BY EA* MAN ASSESS+ HIMSELF ACCORD+ TO HIS ABILITY1 & CONTRIBUT+ HIS QUOTA TO A COMMON FUND4 ,N[ IT IS PLA9 ?AT1 9 ?IS CASE1 EA* PAYS HIS ASSESSM5T 7SUPPOS+ ! PAYM5T TO BE VOLUNT>Y7 9 CONSID]ATION ( ! PREVI\S AGREEM5T2 HIS CONTRIBUTION W\LD BE ( NO AVAIL1 H[EV] DESIRABLE WAS ! OBJECT TO BE EFFECT$1 HAD HE NOT REASON TO DEP5D UPON ! RE/ ( ! NEI<BORHOOD1 ?AT !Y W\LD PAY !IRS4 ,BUT GOV]NM5T0' SAYS ! ADVOCATE ( AN ORIG9AL CONTRACT1 0:5 REGUL>LY CON/ITUT$1 IS PRECISELY SU* A PROVISION AS ! ONE H]E /AT$ = BUILD+ A BRIDGE1 OR MAK+ A ROAD3 IT IS A CONSULTATION & SETTLEM5T AMONG ! DIFF]5T MEMB]S ( A COMMUNITY AS TO ! REGULATIONS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO ! B5EFIT ( ! :OLE4 ,IT IS UPON ?IS PR9CIPLE ?AT TAXES >E PAID1 & ?AT ! =CE ( ! COMMUNITY IS DRAWN \T 9 SU* PROPORTIONS AS >E NECESS>Y TO REPRESS ! EXT]NAL OR 9T]NAL DI/URB]S ( ITS TRANQUILITY4 ,! GR\ND !RE=E UPON :I* EA* MAN CONTRIBUTES HIS %>E ( EF=T OR PROP]TY IS ?AT HE MAY P]=M HIS CONTRACT1 & DIS*>GE ?AT = :I* HE HAS 5GAG$ AS A MEMB] ( ! COMMUNITY40 

,! REFUTATION ( ?IS HYPO!SIS HAS BE5 ANTICIPAT$ 9 ! PREC$+ *APT]S4 -- ,GOV]NM5T CAN ) NO PROPRIETY BE COMP>$ TO ! CON/RUCTION ( A BRIDGE OR A CANAL1 A MATT] ( M]E CONV5I5CE & REF9EM5T4 ,IT IS SUPPOS$ TO BE ( ! MO/ IRRESI/IBLE NECESSITY2 IT IS 9DISPUTABLY AN AFFAIR ( H>D%IP & RE/RA9T4 ,IT CON/ITUTES O!R M5 ! >BITRATORS ( MY ACTIONS1 & ! ULTIMATE DISPOS]S ( MY DE/9Y4 -- ,ALMO/ EV]Y MEMB] ( EV]Y COMMUNITY ?AT HAS EXI/$ ON ! FACE ( ! E>? MI<T REASONABLY SAY1 0,I KN[ ( NO SU* CONTRACT AS Y\ DESCRIBE2 ,I NEV] 5T]$ 9TO ANY SU* 5GAGEM5T2 ,I NEV] PROMIS$ TO OBEY2 IT MU/ !RE=E BE AN 9IQUIT\S IMPOSITION TO CALL UPON ME TO DO SOME?+ UND] PRET5SE ( A PROMISE ,I NEV] MADE40 -- ,! REASON A MAN LIVES UND] ANY P>TICUL> GOV]NM5T IS P>TLY NECESSITY2 HE CANNOT EASILY AVOID LIV+ UND] SOME GOV]NM5T & IT IS (T5 SC>CELY 9 HIS P[]S TO AB&ON ! C\NTRY 9 :I* HE WAS BORN3 IT IS ALSO P>TLY A *OICE ( EVILS2 NO MAN CAN BE SAID1 9 ?IS CASE1 TO 5JOY ?AT FRE$OM :I* IS ESS5TIAL TO =M+ A CONTRACT1 UNLESS IT C\LD BE %[N ?AT HE HAD A P[] ( 9/ITUT+1 SOME:]E1 A GOV]NM5T ADAPT$ TO HIS [N CONCEPTIONS4 -- ,GOV]NM5T 9 REALITY1 AS HAS ABUNDANTLY APPE>$ IS A QUE/ION ( =CE1 & NOT ( CONS5T4 ,IT IS DESIRABLE ?AT A GOV]NM5T %\LD BE MADE AS AGREEABLE AS POSSIBLE TO ! IDEAS & 9CL9ATIONS ( ITS SUBJECTS2 & ?AT !Y %\LD BE CONSULT$1 AS EXT5SIVELY AS MAY BE1 RESPECT+ ITS CON/RUCTION & REGULATIONS4 ,BUT1 AT LA/1 ! BE/ CON/ITUT$ GOV]NM5T ?AT CAN BE =M$1 P>TICUL>LY = A L>GE COMMUNITY1 WILL CONTA9 MANY PROVISIONS ?AT1 F> FROM HAV+ OBTA9$ ! CONS5T ( ALL ITS MEMB]S1 5C\NT] EV5 9 !IR \TSET A /R5U\S1 ?\< 9EFFECTUAL1 OPPOSITION4 -- ,FROM ! :OLE ( !SE REASON+S IT APPE>S ?AT1 9 ?OSE MEASURES :I* HAVE ! CONCURR5CE ( MY JUDGM5T1 ,I MAY REASONABLY BE EXPECT$ TO COOP]ATE ) WILL+NESS & ZEAL2 BUT1 = ! RE/1 MY ONLY JU/IFIABLE GR\ND ( OB$I5CE IS ?AT ,I WILL NOT DI/URB ! REPOSE ( ! COMMUNITY1 OR ?AT ,I DO NOT P]CEIVE ! QUE/ION TO BE ( SUFFICI5T MAGNITUDE TO AU?ORIZE ME 9 9CURR+ ! P5ALTY4 

,TO UND]/& ! SUBJECT ( OB$I5CE ) SUFFICI5T ACCURACY1 IT IS NECESS>Y ?AT WE %\LD ATT5D TO ! V>I\S %ADES ( MEAN+ ( :I* ! WORD IS SUSCEPTIBLE4 

,EV]Y VOLUNT>Y ACTION IS AN ACT ( OB$I5CE2 9 P]=M+ IT1 WE COMPLY ) SOME VIEW1 & >E GUID$ BY SOME 9CITEM5T OR MOTIVE4 

,! PURE/ K9D ( OB$I5CE IS :]E AN ACTION FL[S FROM ! 9DEP5D5T CONVICTION ( \R PRIVATE JUDGM5T1 :]E WE >E DIRECT$1 NOT BY ! PREC>I\S & MUTABLE 9T]F]5CE ( ANO!R1 BUT BY A RECOLLECTION ( ! 9TR9SIC & 9DEFEASIBLE T5D5CY ( ! ACTION TO BE P]=M$47#a"97 ,9 ?IS CASE ! OBJECT ( OB$I5CE IS ! DICTATE ( ! UND]/&+3 ! ACTION MAY OR MAY NOT BE SU* AS MY NEI<BORS OR ! COMMUNITY WILL APPROVE1 BUT ?IS APPROBATION DOES NOT CON/ITUTE ITS DIRECT MOTIVE4 

,! K9D ( OB$I5CE :I* /&S NEXT TO ?IS 9 ITS DEGREE ( VOLUNT>9ESS >ISES 9 ! FOLL[+ MANN]4 ,EV]Y MAN IS CAPABLE ( COMP>+ HIMSELF ) HIS FELL[4 ,EV]Y MAN WILL F9D ?AT !RE >E SOME PO9TS 9 :I* HE IS EQUAL TO OR P]HAPS ! SUP]IOR ( O!R M51 BUT !RE >E C]TA9LY SOME PO9TS 9 :I* O!R M5 >E SUP]IOR TO HIM4 ,! SUP]IORITY 9 QUE/ION 9 ! PRES5T 9/ANCE IS SUP]IORITY ( 9TELLECT OR 9=MATION4 ,IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT ! PO9T 9 :I* ANO!R MAN SURPASSES ME IS A PO9T ( SOME IMPORTANCE TO MY WELF>E OR CONV5I5CE4 ,I WANT1 = EXAMPLE1 TO S9K A WELL4 ,IT MAY HAPP5 ?AT ,I HAVE NOT ! LEISURE OR ! MEANS TO ACQUIRE ! SCI5CE NECESS>Y = ?IS PURPOSE4 ,UPON ?AT SUPPOSITION1 ,I AM NOT TO BE BLAM$ IF ,I EMPLOY A BUILD] = ! FIR/ OR A ME*ANIC = ! SECOND2 NOR %ALL ,I BE LIABLE IF ,I WORK 9 P]SON UND] HIS DIRECTION4 ,?IS SORT ( OB$I5CE IS DI/+UI%$ BY ! APPELLATION ( CONFID5CE2 & TO JU/IFY1 9 A MORAL VIEW1 ! REPOS+ ( CONFID5CE1 ! ONLY ?+ NECESS>Y IS ?AT IT %\LD BE FITT] & MORE B5EFICIAL1 ALL ?+S CONSID]$1 ?AT ! FUNCTION TO BE P]=M$ %\LD BE P]=M$ BY ME4 

,! ?IRD & LA/ K9D ( OB$I5CE NECESS>Y TO BE ADV]T$ TO UPON ! PRES5T OCCASION IS :]E ,I DO ?AT :I* IS NOT PRESCRIB$ TO ME BY MY PRIVATE JUDGM5T1 M]ELY ON ACC\NT ( ! MIS*IEV\S CONSEQU5CES ?AT ,I =ESEE WILL BE ANNEX$ TO MY OMISSION BY ! >BITR>Y 9T]F]5CE ( SOME VOLUNT>Y BE+4 

,! MO/ IMPORTANT OBS]VATION ?AT >ISES UPON ! /ATEM5T ( SCALE ( OB$I5CE 9 ! SECOND DEGREE \<T TO BE GU>D$ ) AS MU* JEAL\SY1 & KEPT TO ! P]SON YIELD+ OB$I5CE )9 AS N>R[ LIMITS AS POSSIBLE4 ,! LA/ SORT ( OB$I5CE WILL FREQU5TLY BE NECESS>Y4 ,VOLUNT>Y BE+S CON/ITUTE A L>GE PORTION ( ! UNIV]SE2 WE %ALL (T5 HAVE OCCASION TO =ESEE !IR >BITR>Y DET]M9ATIONS & CONDUCT1 NOR CAN KN[L$GE1 AS SU*1 9 ANY 9/ANCE FAIL TO BE A DESIRABLE ACQUISITION2 \R CONDUCT !RE=E MU/ & \<T TO BE MODIFI$ BY !IR 9T]F]5CES4 ,MORALITY1 AS HAS ALREADY BE5 FREQU5TLY OBS]V$1 CONSI/S 5TIRELY 9 AN E/IMATE ( CONSEQU5CES2 HE IS ! TRULY VIRTU\S MAN :O PRODUCES ! GREATE/ PORTION ( B5EFIT HIS SITUATION WILL ADMIT4 ,! MO/ EXALT$ MORALITY 9DE$1 ?AT 9 :I* ! HE>T REPOSES ) ! MO/ UNM+L$ SATISFACTION1 RELATES TO ! 9H]5T & 9DEFEASIBLE T5D5CIES ( ACTIONS4 ,BUT WE %ALL BE BY NO MEANS EXCUSABLE IF WE OV]LOOK1 9 \R SY/EM ( CONDUCT1 ! >BITR>Y AW>DS ( O!R M54 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE C]TA9 ?AN ?AT AN ACTION1 SUPPOSE ( 9F]IOR MOM5T OR UTILITY1 :I* = ITS [N SAKE MI<T BE RI<T TO BE P]=M$1 IT MAY BECOME MY DUTY TO NEGLECT IF ,I KN[ ?AT BY P]=M+ IT ,I %ALL 9CUR ! P5ALTY ( DEA?4 

,! MIS*IEFS ATT5DANT ON ! FREQU5T RECURR5CE ( ?IS SPECIES ( OB$I5CE1 & ! GR\NDS UPON :I* ITS 9T]F]5CE IS TO BE GU>D$ AGA9/1 AS EXT5SIVELY AS CIRCUM/ANCES WILL ADMIT1 HAVE ALREADY BE5 /AT$47#b"97 ,YET OB$I5CE FL[+ FROM ! CONSID]ATION ( A P5ALTY IS LESS A S\RCE ( DEGRADATION & DEPRAVITY ?AN A HABIT ( OB$I5CE F\ND$ 9 CONFID5CE4 ,! MAN :O YIELDS IT MAY RES]VE1 9 ITS MO/ ESS5TIAL S5SE1 HIS 9DEP5D5CE4 ,HE MAY BE 9=M$ 9 JUDGM5T1 & RESOLV$ 9 PURPOSE1 AS TO EV]Y MORAL & SOCIAL OBLIGATION4 ,HE MAY SUFF] HIS UND]/&+ NEI!R TO BE S$UC$ NOR CONF\ND$2 HE MAY OBS]VE1 9 ITS FULLE/ EXT5T1 ! MI/AKE & PREPOSSESSION ( HIS NEI<BOR1 TO :I* HE ?US F9DS IT NECESS>Y TO ACCOMMODATE HIMSELF4 ,IT SEEMS POSSIBLE ?AT HE :O ?US PITIES ! FOLLY1 :ILE HE COMPLIES ) ! NECESSITY1 MAY /ILL1 EV5 UND] ?IS DISCIPL9E1 GR[ 9 DISCRIM9ATION & SAGACITY4 

,! GREATE/ MIS*IEF ?AT CAN >ISE 9 ! PROGRESS ( OB$I5CE IS1 :]E IT %ALL LEAD US1 9 ANY DEGREE1 TO DEP>T FROM ! 9DEP5D5CE ( \R UND]/&+1 A DEP>TURE G5]AL & UNLIMIT$ CONFID5CE NECESS>ILY 9CLUDES4 ,9 ?IS VIEW1 ! BE/ ADVICE ?AT C\LD BE GIV5 TO A P]SON 9 A /ATE ( SUBJECTION IS1 0,COMPLY1 :]E ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE DEM&S IT2 BUT CRITICIZE :ILE Y\ COMPLY4 ,OBEY ! UNJU/ M&ATES ( Y\R GOV]NORS2 = ?IS PRUD5CE & ! CONSID]ATION ( ! COMMON SAFETY MAY REQUIRE2 BUT TREAT !M ) NO FALSE L5ITY1 REG>D !M ) NO 9DULG5CE4 ,OBEY2 ?IS MAY BE RI<T2 BUT BEW>E ( REV]5CE4 ,REV]5CE IS NO?+ BUT WISDOM & SKILL3 GOV]NM5T MAY BE VE/$ 9 ! FITTE/ P]SONS2 !N !Y >E 5TITL$ TO REV]5CE1 BECAUSE !Y >E WISE1 & NOT BECAUSE !Y >E GOV]NORS3 & IT MAY BE VE/$ 9 ! WOR/4 ,OB$I5CE WILL OCCASIONALLY BE RI<T 9 BO? CASES3 Y\ MAY RUN S\? TO AVOID A WILD BEA/ ADVANC+ 9 ?AT DIRECTION1 ?\< Y\ WANT TO GO NOR?4 ,BUT BE UPON Y\R GU>D AGA9/ CONF\ND+ ?+S SO TOTALLY UNCONNECT$ ) EA* O!R AS A PURELY POLITICAL OB$I5CE & RESPECT4 ,GOV]NM5T IS NO?+ BUT REGULAT$ =CE2 =CE IS ITS APPROPRIATE CLAIM ON Y\ ATT5TION4 IT IS ! BUS9ESS ( 9DIVIDUALS TO P]SUADE2 ! T5D5CY ( CONC5TRAT$ /R5G? IS ONLY TO GIVE CONSI/5CY & P]MAN5CE TO AN 9FLU5CE MORE COMP5DI\S ?AN P]SUASION40 

,ALL ?IS WILL BE MADE SOME:AT CLE>] IF WE REFLECT ON ! PROP] CORRELATIVE ( OB$I5CE1 AU?ORITY3 & H]E LET US RECUR TO ! ?REE SORTS ( OB$I5CE ABOVE SPECIFI$4 

,! FIR/ K9D ( AU?ORITY1 !N1 IS ! AU?ORITY ( REASON1 :AT IS REALLY SU*1 OR IS CONCEIV$ TO BE SU*4 ,! T]MS1 BO? AU?ORITY & OB$I5CE1 >E LESS FREQU5TLY EMPLOY$ 9 ?IS S5SE ?AN 9 EI!R ( ! FOLL[+4 

,! SECOND K9D ( AU?ORITY IS ?AT :I* DEP5DS = ITS VALIDITY UPON ! CONFID5CE ( HIM ) :OM IT PREVAILS1 & IS :]E1 NOT HAV+ MYSELF ACQUIR$ SU* 9=MATION AS TO 5ABLE ME TO =M A JUDICI\S OP9ION1 ,I YIELD A GREAT] OR LESS DEGREE ( DEF]5CE TO ! KN[N S5TIM5T & DECISION ( ANO!R4 ,?IS SEEMS TO BE ! /RICTE/ & MO/ PRECISE MEAN+ ( ! WORD AU?ORITY2 AS OB$I5CE1 9 ITS MO/ REF9$ S5SE1 D5OTES ?AT COMPLIANCE :I* IS ! (FSPR+ ( RESPECT4 

,AU?ORITY 9 ! LA/ ( ! ?REE S5SES ALLUD$ TO IS :]E A MAN1 9 ISSU+ HIS PRECEPT1 DOES NOT DELIV] ?AT :I* MAY BE NEGLECT$ ) IMPUNITY2 BUT HIS REQUISITION IS ATT5D$ ) A SANCTION1 & ! VIOLATION ( IT WILL BE FOLL[$ ) A P5ALTY4 ,?IS IS ! SPECIES ( AU?ORITY :I* PROP]LY CONNECTS ITSELF ) ! IDEA ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IT IS A VIOLATION ( POLITICAL JU/ICE TO CONF\ND ! AU?ORITY :I* DEP5DS UPON =CE1 ) ! AU?ORITY :I* >ISES FROM REV]5CE & E/EEM2 ! MODIFICATION ( MY CONDUCT :I* MI<T BE DUE 9 ! CASE ( A WILD BEA/1 ) ! MODIFICATION :I* IS DUE TO SUP]IOR WISDOM4 ,!SE TWO K9DS ( AU?ORITY MAY HAPP5 TO VE/ 9 ! SAME P]SON2 BUT !Y >E ALTOGE!R DI/9CT & 9DEP5D5T ( EA* O!R4 

,! CONSEQU5CE :I* HAS FL[$ FROM CONF\ND+ !M HAS BE5 A GREAT] DEBASEM5T ( ! HUMAN *>ACT] ?AN C\LD EASILY HAVE FOLL[$ UPON DIRECT & UNQUALIFI$ SLAV]Y4 ,! PR9CIPLE ( CONFID5CE1 & ! LIMITATIONS ) :I* IT \<T TO BE ATT5D$1 >E CAPABLE ( AN EASY & CONV9C+ EXPLICATION4 ,I AM B\ND1 TO ! FULLE/ EXT5T ?AT IS CONSI/5T ) MY OPPORTUNITIES & SITUATION1 TO EX]CISE MY UND]/&+4 ,MAN IS ! ORNAM5T ( ! UNIV]SE ONLY 9 PROPORTION AS HE CONSULTS HIS JUDGM5T4 ,:ATEV] ,I SUBMIT TO FROM ! IRRESI/IBLE IMPULSE ( NECESSITY IS NOT M9E1 & DEBASES ME ONLY AS IT T5DS GRADUALLY TO %ACKLE ! 9TREPIDITY ( MY *>ACT]4 ,) RESPECT TO SOME M5 !RE=E IT MAY BE 9NOXI\S4 ,BUT1 :]E ,I MAKE ! VOLUNT>Y SURR5D] ( MY UND]/&+1 & COMMIT MY CONSCI5CE TO ANO!R MAN'S KEEP+1 ! CONSEQU5CE IS CLE>4 ,I !N BECOME ! MO/ MIS*IEV\S & P]NICI\S ( ANIMALS4 ,I ANNIHILATE MY 9DIVIDUALITY AS A MAN1 & DISPOSE ( MY =CE AS AN ANIMAL TO HIM AMONG MY NEI<BORS :O %ALL HAPP5 TO EXCEL 9 IMPO/URE & >TIFICE1 & TO BE LEA/ UND] RE/RA9T FROM ! SCRUPLES ( 9TEGRITY & JU/ICE4 ,I PUT AN 5D1 AS TO MY [N %>E1 TO ?AT HAPPY COLLISION ( UND]/&+S UPON :I* ! HOPES ( HUMAN IMPROVEM5T DEP5D4 ,I CAN HAVE NO G5U9E =TITUDE1 = =TITUDE IS ! (FSPR+ ( CONVICTION4 ,I CAN HAVE NO CONSCI\S 9TEGRITY1 = ,I DO NOT UND]/& MY [N PR9CIPLES1 & HAVE NEV] BR\<T !M TO ! TE/ ( EXAM9ATION4 ,I AM ! READY TOOL ( 9JU/ICE1 CRUELTY & PR(LIGACY2 &1 IF AT ANY TIME ,I AM NOT EMPLOY$ 9 !IR PURPOSES1 IT IS ! RESULT ( ACCID5T1 NOT ( MY [N PRECAUTION & HONE/Y4 

,! UND]/&+ MU/ FIR/ BE CONSULT$1 & !N1 NO D\BT1 CONFID5CE WILL COME 9 = ITS %>E ( JURISDICTION4 ,! CONSID]ATIONS :I* WILL HAVE 9FLU5CE 9 ! M9D ( AN IMP>TIAL 5QUIR] TO 5=CE1 OR TO GIVE AN AIR ( D\BTFULNESS TO1 HIS OP9IONS1 >E NUM]\S4 ,AMONG !SE1 HE WILL NOT REFUSE ATT5TION TO ! /ATE ( OP9ION 9 ! PRES5T OR ANY PREC$+ G5]ATION ( M54 ,9 ! MEANTIME IT WILL R>ELY HAPP5 ?AT ! AU?ORITY ( O!R M5'S JUDGM5T 9 CASES ( G5]AL 9QUIRY WILL BE ( GREAT WEI<T4 ,EI!R M5 ( EQUAL TAL5TS & 9TEGRITY HAVE EMBRAC$ BO? SIDES2 OR !IR PREJUDICE1 & DEFICI5CY AS TO ! MAT]IALS ( JUDG+1 HAVE BE5 SU* AS EXTREMELY TO WEAK5 !IR TE/IMONY4 ,ADD TO ?IS1 ?AT ! ONLY GR\ND ( OP9ION1 /RICTLY SO CALL$1 IS ! 9TR9SIC EVID5CE ( ! OP9ION ITSELF2 UPON ?AT \R JUDGM5T MU/ BE =M$2 & ! DECISION ( O!RS CAN HAVE NO EFFECT BUT ?AT ( 9CREAS+ OR DIM9I%+ \R D\BT ( ! RECTITUDE ( \R [N P]CEPTIONS4 ,! DIRECT PROV9CE ( CONFID5CE IS TO SUPPLY1 9 ! BE/ WAY ! CASE WILL ADMIT1 ! DEFECT ( \R KN[L$GE2 BUT IT CAN NEV]1 /RICTLY SPEAK+1 FURNI% KN[L$GE ITSELF4 ,ITS PROP] USE BELONGS RA!R TO ! CIRCUM/ANCE ( ACTIONS IMM$IATELY TO BE DET]M9$ ON1 ?AN TO MATT]S ( SPECULATION & PR9CIPLE4 ,?US1 ,I \<T NOT P]HAPS TO REFUSE WEI<T TO ! ADVICE ( SOME M51 EV5 :5 ! REASONS BY :I* !Y 5=CE !IR ADVICE >E CONCEIV$ BY ME TO BE PROBLEMATICAL3 & ?US1 ,I AM B\ND1 AS BE=E /AT$1 TO TRU/ ANO!R1 9 ! MOM5T ( EM]G5CY1 9 ! >T HE HAS /UDI$1 RA!R ?AN MYSELF BY :OM ?AT /UDY WAS NEV] UND]TAK54 ,EXCEPT :5 ! NATURE ( MY SITUATION CALLS UPON ME TO ACT1 ,I %ALL DO MORE WISELY 9 REFRA9+ FROM ANY DECISION1 9 QUE/IONS :]E ,I AM NOT ASSI/$ TO DECIDE BY 9=MATION ?AT IS PROP]LY MY [N4 

,ONE ( ! LESSONS MO/ ASSIDU\SLY 9CULCAT$ UPON MANK9D 9 ALL AGES & C\NTRIES IS ?AT ( REV]5CE TO \R SUP]IORS4 ,IF BY ?IS MAXIM BE 9T5D$ \R SUP]IORS 9 WISDOM1 IT MAY BE ADMITT$1 BUT ) SOME QUALIFICATION4 ,BUT1 IF IT IMPLY \R SUP]IORS 9 /ATION ONLY1 NO?+ CAN BE MORE CONTR>Y TO REASON & JU/ICE4 ,IS IT NOT 5\< ?AT !Y HAVE USURP$ C]TA9 ADVANTAGES OV] US TO :I* !Y CAN %[ NO EQUITABLE CLAIM2 & MU/ WE ALSO HUMBLE \R C\RAGE1 & R5\NCE \R 9 DEP5D5CE1 9 !IR PRES5CE8 ,:Y REV]5CE A MAN BECAUSE HE HAPP5S TO BE BORN TO C]TA9 PRIVILEGES2 OR BECAUSE A CONCURR5CE ( CIRCUM/ANCES 7= WISDOM1 AS WE HAVE ALREADY SE51 GIVES A CLAIM TO RESPECT UTT]LY DI/9CT FROM P[]7 HAS PROCUR$ HIM A %>E 9 ! LEGISLATIVE OR EXECUTIVE GOV]NM5T ( \R C\NTRY8 ,LET HIM CONT5T HIMSELF ) ! OB$I5CE :I* IS ! RESULT ( =CE2 = TO ?AT ONLY IS HE 5TITL$4 

,REV]5CE TO \R SUP]IORS 9 WISDOM IS TO BE ADMITT$1 BUT ) CONSID]ABLE LIMITATIONS4 ,I AM B\ND1 AS HAS ALREADY APPE>$1 TO REPOSE C]TA9 FUNCTIONS1 SU* AS ?AT ( BUILD+ MY H\SE1 OR $UCAT+ MY *ILD1 9 ! H&S ( HIM BY :OM ?OSE FUNCTIONS WILL MO/ PROP]LY BE DIS*>G$4 ,IT MAY BE RI<T ?AT ,I %\LD ACT UND] ! P]SON TO :OM ,I HAVE ?US GIV5 MY SUFFRAGE1 9 CASES :]E ,I HAVE REASON TO BE P]SUAD$ ( HIS SKILL1 & CAN NOT BE EXPECT$ TO ACQUIRE ! NECESS>Y SKILL MYSELF4 ,BUT 9 ?OSE CASES ( G5]AL JU/ICE :I* >E EQUALLY )9 ! PROV9CE ( EV]Y HUMAN UND]/&+1 ,I AM A DES]T] FROM ! REQUISITIONS ( DUTY IF ,I DO NOT ASSIDU\SLY EX]T MY FACULTIES1 OR IF ,I BE F\ND TO ACT CONTR>Y TO ! CONCLUSIONS !Y W\LD DICTATE1 FROM DEF]5CE TO ! OP9IONS ( ANO!R4 -- ,! REV]5CE WE >E H]E CONSID]+ IS A REV]5CE PROMPT+ US TO SOME K9D ( OB$I5CE2 !RE IS ANO!R K9D1 T]M9AT+ 9 E/EEM ONLY1 ?AT1 SO F> FROM DES]V+ TO BE CONF9$ )9 !SE /RICT LIMITATIONS1 WE >E B\ND TO EXT5D TO EV]Y MAN :O IS ! POSSESSOR ( E/IMABLE QUALITIES4 

,! REV]5CE :I* IS DUE FROM A *ILD TO HIS P>5T1 OR RA!R TO HIS S5IOR 9 AGE & EXP]I5CE1 FALLS UND] ! SAME RULES AS HAVE ALREADY BE5 DELIV]$4 ,:]EV] ,I HAVE GOOD REASON TO BELIEVE ?AT ANO!R P]SON KN[S BETT] ?AN MYSELF :AT IS PROP] TO BE DONE1 !RE ,I \<T TO CON=M TO HIS DIRECTION4 ,BUT ! ADVANTAGE :I* HE POSSESSES MU/ BE OBVI\S1 O!RWISE ,I %ALL NOT BE JU/IFI$ 9 MY PROCE$+4 ,IF ,I TAKE 9TO ! ACC\NT EV]Y *ANCE = ADVANTAGE1 ,I %ALL NEV] ACT UPON ! RESULT ( MY [N REFLECTIONS4 ,! M9D ( ONE MAN IS ESS5TIALLY DI/9CT FROM ! M9D ( ANO!R4 ,IF EA* DO NOT PRES]VE HIS 9DIVIDUALITY1 ! JUDGM5T ( ALL WILL BE FEEBLE1 & ! PROGRESS ( \R COMMON UND]/&+ 9EXPRESSIBLY RET>D$4 ,H5CE IT FOLL[S ?AT ! DEF]5CE ( A *ILD BECOMES VICI\S :5EV] HE HAS REASON TO D\BT ?AT ! P>5T POSSESSES ESS5TIAL 9=MATION ( :I* HE IS DEPRIV$4 ,NO?+ CAN BE MORE NECESS>Y = ! G5]AL B5EFIT ?AN ?AT WE %\LD DIVE/ \RSELVES1 AS SOON AS ! PROP] P]IOD >RIVES1 ( ! %ACKLES ( 9FANCY2 ?AT HUMAN LIFE %\LD NOT BE ONE ET]NAL *ILDHOOD2 BUT ?AT M5 %\LD JUDGE = !MSELVES1 UNFETT]$ BY ! PREJUDICES ( $UCATION1 OR ! 9/ITUTIONS ( !IR C\NTRY4 

,TO A GOV]NM5T1 !RE=E1 ?AT TALK$ TO US ( DEF]5CE TO POLITICAL AU?ORITY1 & HONOR TO BE R5D]$ TO \R SUP]IORS1 \R ANSW] %\LD BE3 0,IT IS Y\RS TO %ACKLE ! BODY1 & RE/RA9 \R EXT]NAL ACTIONS2 ?AT IS A RE/RA9T WE UND]/&4 ,ANN\NCE Y\R P5ALTIES2 & WE WILL MAKE \R ELECTION ( SUBMISSION OR SUFF]+4 ,BUT DO NOT SEEK TO 5?RALL$ \R M9DS4 ,EXHIBIT Y\R =CE 9 ITS PLA9E/ =M1 = ?AT IS Y\R PROV9CE2 BUT SEEK NOT TO 9VEIGLE & MISLEAD US4 ,OB$I5CE & EXT]NAL SUBMISSION IS ALL Y\ >E 5TITL$ TO CLAIM2 Y\ CAN HAVE NO RI<T TO EXTORT \R DEF]5CE1 & COMM& US NOT TO SEE1 & DISAPPROVE (1 Y\R ]RORS40 ,9 ! MEANTIME IT %\LD BE OBS]V$ ?AT IT IS BY NO MEANS A NECESS>Y CONSEQU5CE ?AT WE %\LD DISAPPROVE ( ALL ! MEASURES ( GOV]NM5T2 BUT !RE MU/ BE DISAPPROBATION :]EV] !RE IS A QUE/ION ( /RICT POLITICAL OB$I5CE4 

,A COROLL>Y :I* FL[S FROM !SE PR9CIPLES IS DES]V+ ( \R ATT5TION4 ,CONFID5CE IS 9 ALL CASES ! (FSPR+ ( IGNORANCE4 ,IT MU/ !RE=E CONT9UALLY DECL9E1 9 RELATION1 AS WAS ABOVE /AT$1 TO 0?OSE CASES ( G5]AL JU/ICE :I* >E EQUALLY )9 ! PROV9CE ( EV]Y HUMAN UND]/&+10 9 PROPORTION AS WISDOM & VIRTUE %ALL 9CREASE4 ,BUT ! QUE/IONS ?AT BELONG TO ! DEP>TM5T ( GOV]NM5T >E QUE/IONS ( G5]AL JU/ICE4 ,! CONDUCT ( AN 5LI<T5$ & VIRTU\S MAN CAN ONLY BE CON=MABLE TO ! REGULATIONS ( GOV]NM5T SO F> AS ?OSE REGULATIONS >E ACCID5TALLY CO9CID5T ) HIS PRIVATE JUDGM5T1 OR AS HE ACTS ) PRUD5T & JUDICI\S SUBMISSION TO ! NECESSITY ( ! CASE4 ,HE WILL NOT ACT FROM CONFID5CE2 = HE HAS HIMSELF EXAM9$1 AS IT WAS HIS DUTY TO DO1 ! M]ITS ( ! ACTION3 & HE HAS NOT FAIL$ TO DETECT ! IMPO/URE ?AT W\LD P]SUADE US !RE IS A MY/]Y 9 GOV]NM5T :I* UN9ITIAT$ MORTALS MU/ NOT PRESUME TO P5ETRATE4 ,N[ IT IS SUFFICI5TLY KN[N ?AT ! EMPIRE ( GOV]NM5T IS BUILT 9 OP9ION27#c"97 NOR IS IT 5\< = ?IS PURPOSE ?AT WE REFUSE TO CONTRIBUTE TO OV]TURN IT BY VIOL5CE1 ! OP9ION MU/ GO TO ! EXT5T ( PROMPT+ US TO ACTUAL SUPPORT4 ,NO GOV]NM5T CAN SUBSI/ 9 A NATION ! 9DIVIDUALS ( :I* %ALL M]ELY AB/A9 FROM TUMULTU\S RESI/ANCE1 :ILE 9 !IR G5U9E S5TIM5TS !Y C5SURE & DESPISE ITS 9/ITUTION4 ,9 O!R WORDS1 GOV]NM5T CANNOT PROCE$ BUT UPON CONFID5CE1 AS CONFID5CE ON ! O!R H& CANNOT EXI/ )\T IGNORANCE4 ,! TRUE SUPPORT]S ( GOV]NM5T >E ! WEAK & UN9=M$1 & NOT ! WISE4 ,9 PROPORTION AS WEAKNESS & IGNORANCE %ALL DIM9I%1 ! BASIS ( GOV]NM5T WILL ALSO DECAY4 ,?IS H[EV] IS AN EV5T :I* \<T NOT TO BE CONTEMPLAT$ ) AL>M4 ,A CATA/ROPHE ( ?IS DESCRIPTION W\LD BE ! TRUE EU?ANASIA ( GOV]NM5T4 ,IF ! ANNIHILATION ( BL9D CONFID5CE & IMPLICIT OP9ION CAN AT ANY TIME BE EFFECT$1 !RE WILL NECESS>ILY SUCCE$ 9 !IR PLACE AN UN=C$ CONCURR5CE ( ALL 9 PROMOT+ ! G5]AL WELF>E4 ,BUT1 :ATEV] MAY BE ! EV5T 9 ?IS RESPECT1 & ! FUTURE HI/ORY ( POLITICAL SOCIETIES17#d"97 WE %ALL DO WELL TO REMEMB] ?IS *>ACT]I/IC ( GOV]NM5T1 & APPLY IT AS ! UNIV]SAL T\*/ONE ( ! 9/ITUTION ITSELF4 ,AS 9 ! COMM5CEM5T ( ! PRES5T ,BOOK WE F\ND GOV]NM5T 9DEBT$ = ITS EXI/5CE TO ! ]RORS & P]V]S5ESS ( A FEW1 SO IT N[ APPE>S ?AT IT CAN NO O!RWISE BE P]PETUAT$ ?AN BY ! 9FANT9E & UN9/RUCT$ CONFID5CE ( ! MANY4 ,IT MAY BE TO A C]TA9 DEGREE D\BTFUL :E!R ! HUMAN SPECIES WILL EV] BE EMANCIPAT$ FROM !IR PRES5T SUBJECTION & PUPILAGE1 BUT LET IT NOT BE =GOTT5 ?AT ?IS IS !IR CONDITION4 ,! RECOLLECTION WILL BE SALUT>Y TO 9DIVIDUALS1 & MAY ULTIMATELY BE PRODUCTIVE ( B5EFIT TO ALL4 

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,( ,=MS ( ,GOV]NM5T 

,!RE IS ONE O!R TOPIC RELATIVE TO G5]AL PR9CIPLES ( GOV]NM5T1 :I* IT SEEMS FITT+ & USEFUL TO EXAM9E 9 ?IS PLACE4 0,IS !RE A S*EME ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION :I*1 AS COM+ NE>E/ TO P]FECTION1 \<T TO BE PRESCRIB$ TO ALL NATIONS2 OR1 ON ! O!R H&1 >E DIFF]5T =MS ( GOV]NM5T BE/ ADAPT$ TO ! CONDITION ( DIFF]5T NATIONS1 EA* WOR?Y TO BE COMM5D$ 9 ITS PECULI> PLACE1 BUT NONE PROP] TO BE TRANSPLANT$ TO ANO!R SOIL80 

,! LATT] P>T ( ?IS ALT]NATIVE IS ! CRE$ :I* HAS ORD9>ILY PREVAIL$2 BUT IT IS ATT5D$ ) OBVI\S OBJECTIONS4 

,IF ONE =M ( GOV]NM5T MAKES ONE NATION HAPPY1 :Y %\LD IT NOT EQUALLY CONTRIBUTE TO ! FELICITY ( ANO!R8 

,! PO9TS 9 :I* HUMAN BE+S RESEMBLE >E 9F9ITELY MORE CONSID]ABLE ?AN ?OSE 9 :I* !Y DIFF]4 ,WE HAVE ! SAME S5SES2 & ! IMPRESSIONS ON ?OSE S5SES :I* AFFLICT ME MAY ORD9>ILY BE EXPECT$ TO BE S\RCES ( ANGUI% TO Y\4 ,IT IS TRUE ?AT M5 DIFF] 9 !IR HABITS & TA/ES4 ,BUT !SE >E ACCID5TAL V>IETIES4 ,!RE IS BUT ONE P]FECTION TO MAN2 ONE ?+ MO/ HONORABLE2 ONE ?+ ?AT1 TO A WELL ORGANIZ$ & HEAL?FUL M9D1 WILL PRODUCE ! MO/ EXQUISITE PLEASURE4 ,ALL ELSE IS DEVIATION & ]ROR2 A DISEASE1 TO BE CUR$1 NOT TO BE 5C\RAG$4 ,S5SUAL PLEASURE ON ! ONE H&1 OR 9TELLECTUAL ON ! O!R1 IS1 ABSOLUTELY SPEAK+1 ! HI<E/ & MO/ DESIRABLE4 ,WE >E NOT TO MAKE TOO MU* ACC\NT ( ! P]V]SIONS ( TA/E4 ,M5 LONG 9UR$ TO SLAV]Y1 = EXAMPLE1 UND\BT$LY HAVE A LESS EXQUISITE S5SE ( ITS HATEFULNESS2 P]HAPS 9/ANCES MAY BE F\ND :]E IT IS BORNE )\T A MURMUR4 ,BUT ?IS IS BY NO MEANS A PRO( ?AT IT IS ! FIT & G5U9E /ATE ( ! BE+S :O SUFF] IT4 ,TO SU* M5 WE \<T TO SAY1 0,Y\ >E SATISFI$ ) AN OBLIVION ( ALL ?AT IS EM95T 9 MAN2 BUT WE WILL AWAKE Y\4 ,Y\ >E CONT5T$ ) IGNORANCE2 BUT WE WILL 5LI<T5 Y\4 ,Y\ >E NOT BRUTES3 Y\ >E NOT /ONES4 ,Y\ SLEEP AWAY EXI/5CE 9 A MIS]ABLE NEGLECT ( Y\R MO/ VALUABLE PRIVILEGES3 BUT Y\ >E CAPABLE ( EXQUISITE DELI<TS2 Y\ >E =M$ TO GL[ ) B5EVOL5CE1 TO EXPATIATE 9 ! FIELDS ( KN[L$GE1 TO ?RILL ) DIS9T]E/$ TRANSPORT1 TO 5L>GE Y\R ?\<TS1 SO AS TO TAKE 9 ! WOND]S ( ! MAT]IAL UNIV]SE1 & ! PR9CIPLES ?AT B\ND & ASC]TA9 ! G5]AL HAPP9ESS40 

,IF !N IT APPE>S ?AT ! MEANS :I* >E B5EFICIAL TO ONE MAN \<T1 9 ! MO/ IMPORTANT 9/ANCES1 TO BE DEEM$ MO/ DESIRABLE = O!RS1 ! SAME PR9CIPLE :I* APPLIES TO ALL O!R S\RCES ( MORAL 9FLU5CE WILL ALSO APPLY TO GOV]NM5T4 ,EV]Y POLITICAL SY/EM MU/ HAVE A C]TA9 9FLU5CE UPON ! MORAL /ATE ( ! NATION AMONG :OM IT EXI/S4 ,SOME >E MORE FAVORABLE1 OR LESS 9IMICAL1 TO ! G5]AL 9T]E/ ?AN O!RS4 ,?AT =M ( SOCIETY :I* IS MO/ CONDUCIVE TO IMPROVEM5T1 TO ! EXALT$ & P]MAN5T PLEASURE ( MAN7 ! S\ND POLITICIAN W\LD WI% TO SEE UNIV]SALLY REALIZ$4 

,SU* IS ! TRUE !ORY ( ?IS SUBJECT1 TAK5 9 ITS MO/ ABSOLUTE =M2 BUT !RE >E CIRCUM/ANCES ?AT QUALIFY ! UNIV]SALITY ( !SE PR9CIPLES4 

,! BE/ GIFT ?AT CAN BE COMMUNICAT$ TO MAN IS VALUABLE ONLY SO F> AS IT IS E/EEM$4 ,IT IS 9 VA9 ?AT Y\ HEAP UPON ME B5EFITS ?AT ,I NEI!R UND]/& NOR DESIRE4 ,! FACULTY ( UND]/&+ IS AN ESS5TIAL P>T ( EV]Y HUMAN BE+1 & CANNOT ) IMPUNITY BE OV] LOOK$1 9 ANY ATTEMPT TO ALT] OR MELIORATE HIS CONDITION4 ,GOV]NM5T1 9 P>TICUL>1 IS F\ND$ 9 OP9ION2 NOR CAN ANY ATTEMPT TO GOV]N M5 O!RWISE ?AN 9 CON=MITY TO !IR [N CONCEPTIONS BE EXPECT$ TO PROVE SALUT>Y4 ,A PROJECT !RE=E TO 9TRODUCE ABRUPTLY ANY SPECIES ( POLITICAL 9/ITUTION1 M]ELY FROM A VIEW TO ITS ABSOLUTE EXCELL5CE1 & )\T TAK+ 9TO ACC\NT ! /ATE ( ! PUBLIC M9D1 MU/ BE ABSURD & 9JURI\S4 ,! BE/ MODE ( POLITICAL SOCIETY WILL1 NO D\BT1 BE CONSID]$ BY ! 5LI<T5$ FRI5D ( HIS SPECIES1 AS ! ULTIMATE OBJECT ( HIS SPECULATIONS & EF=TS4 ,BUT HE WILL BE ON HIS GU>D AGA9/ PRECIPITATE MEASURES4 ,! ONLY MODE = ITS SECURE & AUSPICI\S E/ABLI%M5T IS ?R\< ! M$IUM ( A G5]AL PREF]5CE 9 ITS FAVOR4 

,! CONSEQU5CE :I* FL[S FROM ?IS VIEW ( ! SUBJECT IS1 9 A C]TA9 DEGREE1 FAVORABLE TO ! IDEAS :I* W]E /AT$ 9 ! BEG9N+ ( ! *APT]1 AS CON/ITUT+ ! MORE G5]AL & PREVAIL+ OP9ION4 

0,DIFF]5T =MS ( GOV]NM5T1 >E BE/ ADAPT$ TO ! CONDITION ( DIFF]5T NATIONS40 ,YET !RE IS ONE =M1 9 ITSELF CONSID]$1 BETT] ?AN ANY O!R =M4 ,EV]Y O!R MODE ( SOCIETY1 EXCEPT ?AT :I* CONDUCES TO ! BE/ & MO/ PLEASURABLE /ATE ( ! HUMAN SPECIES1 IS AT MO/ ONLY AN OBJECT ( TOL]ATION4 ,IT MU/ ( NECESSITY BE ILL 9 V>I\S RESPECTS2 IT MU/ 5TAIL MIS*IEFS2 IT MU/ FO/] UNSOCIAL & IMMORAL PREJUDICES4 ,YET UPON ! :OLE1 IT MAY BE1 LIKE SOME EXCRESC5CES & DEFECTS 9 ! HUMAN FRAME1 IT CANNOT IMM$IATELY BE REMOV$ )\T 9TRODUC+ SOME?+ WORSE4 ,9 ! MA*9E ( HUMAN SOCIETY ALL ! :EELS MU/ MOVE TOGE!R4 ,HE ?AT %\LD VIOL5TLY ATTEMPT TO RAISE ANY ONE P>T 9TO A CONDITION MORE EXALT$ ?AN ! RE/1 OR =CE IT TO />T AWAY FROM ITS FELL[S1 W\LD BE ! 5EMY1 & NOT ! B5EFACTOR1 ( HIS CONTEMPOR>IES4 

,IT FOLL[S H[EV]1 FROM ! PR9CIPLES ALREADY DETAIL$1 ?AT ! 9T]E/S ( ! HUMAN SPECIES REQUIRE A GRADUAL1 BUT UN9T]RUPT$ *ANGE4 ,HE :O %\LD MAKE !SE PR9CIPLES ! REGULATORS ( HIS CONDUCT W\LD NOT RA%LY 9SI/ UPON ! 9/ANT ABOLITION ( ALL EXI/+ ABUSES4 ,BUT HE W\LD NOT N\RI% !M ) FALSE PRAISE4 ,HE W\LD %[ NO 9DULG5CE TO !IR 5ORMITIES4 ,HE W\LD TELL ALL ! TRU? HE C\LD DISCOV]1 9 RELATION TO ! G5U9E 9T]E/S ( MANK9D4 ,TRU?1 DELIV]$ 9 A SPIRIT ( UNIV]SAL K9DNESS1 ) NO N>R[ RES5TM5TS OR ANGRY 9VECTIVE1 CAN SC>CELY BE DANG]\S1 OR FAIL1 SO F> AS RELATES TO ITS [N OP]ATION1 TO COMMUNICATE A SIMIL> SPIRIT TO ! HE>]4 ,TRU?1 H[EV] UNRES]V$ BE ! MODE ( ITS 5UNCIATION1 WILL BE SUFFICI5TLY GRADUAL 9 ITS PROGRESS4 ,IT WILL BE FULLY COMPREH5D$ ONLY BY SL[ DEGREES BY ITS MO/ ASSIDU\S VOT>IES2 & ! DEGREES WILL BE /ILL MORE TEMP]ATE BY :I* IT WILL P]VADE SO CONSID]ABLE A PORTION ( ! COMMUNITY AS TO R5D] !M MATURE = A *ANGE ( !IR COMMON 9/ITUTIONS4 

,AGA93 IF CONVICTION ( ! UND]/&+ BE ! COMPASS :I* IS TO DIRECT \R PROCE$+S 9 ! G5]AL AFFAIRS1 WE %ALL HAVE MANY RE=MS1 BUT NO REVOLUTIONS47#a"97 ,AS IT IS ONLY 9 A GRADUAL MANN] ?AT ! PUBLIC CAN BE 9/RUCT$1 A VIOL5T EXPLOSION 9 ! COMMUNITY IS BY NO MEANS ! MO/ LIKELY TO HAPP5 AS ! RESULT ( 9/RUCTION4 ,REVOLUTIONS >E ! PRODUCE ( PASSION1 NOT ( SOB] & TRANQUIL REASON4 ,!RE MU/ BE AN OB/9ATE RESI/ANCE TO IMPROVEM5T ON ! ONE SIDE1 TO 5G5D] A FURI\S DET]M9ATION ( REALIZ+ A SY/EM AT A /ROKE ON ! O!R4 ,! RE=M]S MU/ HAVE SUFF]$ FROM 9CESSANT C\NT]ACTION1 TILL1 9FLAM$ BY ! TREA*]Y & >T ( !IR OPPON5TS1 !Y >E WR\<T UP TO ! DESP]ATE /ATE ( IMAG9+ ?AT ALL MU/ BE SECUR$ 9 ! FIR/ FAVORABLE CRISIS1 AS ! ONLY ALT]NATIVE = ITS BE+ EV] SECUR$4 ,IT W\LD SEEM !RE=E ?AT ! DEM& ( ! EFFECTUAL ALLY ( ! PUBLIC HAPP9ESS1 UPON ?OSE :O 5JOY ! PRIVILEGES ( ! /ATE1 W\LD BE1 0,DO NOT GIVE US TOO SOON2 DO NOT GIVE US TOO MU*2 BUT ACT UND] ! 9CESSANT 9FLU5CE ( A DISPOSITION TO GIVE US SOME?+40 

,GOV]NM5T1 UND] :ATEV] PO9T ( VIEW WE EXAM9E ?IS TOPIC1 IS UN=TUNATELY PREGNANT ) MOTIVES TO C5SURE & COMPLA9T4 ,9CESSANT *ANGE1 EV]LA/+ 9NOVATION1 SEEM TO BE DICTAT$ BY ! TRUE 9T]E/S ( MAN K9D4 ,BUT GOV]NM5T IS ! P]PETUAL 5EMY ( *ANGE4 ,:AT WAS ADMIRABLY OBS]V$ ( A P>TICUL> SY/EM ( GOV]NM5T7#b"97 IS 9 A GREAT DEGREE TRUE ( ALL3 ,!Y 0LAY !IR H& ON ! SPR+ !RE IS 9 SOCIETY1 & PUT A /OP TO ITS MOTION40 ,!IR T5D5CY IS TO P]PETUATE ABUSE4 ,:ATEV] WAS ONCE ?\<T RI<T & USEFUL !Y UND] TAKE TO 5TAIL TO ! LATE/ PO/]ITY4 ,!Y REV]SE ! G5U9E PROP5SITIES ( MAN1 &1 9/EAD ( SUFF]+ US TO PROCE$1 TEA* US TO LOOK BACKW>D = P]FECTION4 ,!Y PROMPT US TO SEEK ! PUBLIC WELF>E1 NOT 9 ALT]ATION & IMPROVEM5T1 BUT 9 A TIMID REV]5CE = ! DECISIONS ( \R ANCE/ORS1 AS IF IT W]E ! NATURE ( ! HUMAN M9D ALWAYS TO DEG5]ATE1 & NEV] TO ADVANCE4 

,MAN IS 9 A /ATE ( P]PETUAL MUTATION4 ,HE MU/ GR[ EI!R BETT] OR WORSE1 EI!R CORRECT HIS HABITS OR CONFIRM !M4 ,! GOV]NM5T UND] :I* WE >E PLAC$ MU/ EI!R 9CREASE \R PASSIONS & PREJUDICES BY FANN+ ! FLAME1 OR1 BY GRADUALLY DISC\RAG+1 T5D TO EXTIRPATE !M4 ,9 REALITY1 IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO CONCEIVE A GOV]NM5T ?AT %ALL HAVE ! LATT] T5D5CY4 ,BY ITS V]Y NATURE POSITIVE 9/ITUTION HAS A T5D5CY TO SUSP5D ! ELA/ICITY & PROGRESS ( M9D4 ,EV]Y S*EME = EMBODY+ IMP]FECTION MU/ BE 9JURI\S4 ,?AT :I* IS TODAY A CONSID]ABLE MELIORATION WILL AT SOME FUTURE P]IOD1 IF PRES]V$ UNALT]$1 APPE> A DEFECT & DISEASE 9 ! BODY POLITIC4 ,IT IS E>NE/LY TO BE DESIR$ ?AT EA* MAN %\LD BE WISE 5\< TO GOV]N HIMSELF1 )\T ! 9T]V5TION ( ANY COMPULSORY RE/RA9T2 &1 S9CE GOV]NM5T1 EV5 9 ITS BE/ /ATE1 IS AN EVIL1 ! OBJECT PR9CIPALLY TO BE AIM$ AT IS ?AT WE %\LD HAVE AS LITTLE ( IT AS ! G5]AL PEACE ( HUMAN SOCIETY WILL P]MIT4 

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